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Reliable operations of the Natural Gas {Slug catcher} Facility are heavily dependent on flawless operations and also the maintenance system implemented. The maintenance system is driven by the Asset Integrity Management System (AIMS), which incorporates corrosion control, equipment maintenance, pipeline operations and vessel inspection. This system is also supported by continuous monitoring and control using a Process Control System for the natural gas facility. This paper presents an integrated approach to operations of the Slug catcher facility based on AIMS and operational strategies, which are implemented to ensure efficient and effective operations. Additionally, recommendations for further improvement are documented based on a recent Asset Integrity Management Report.
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Source code for mimesis.providers.file
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""File data provider."""
import re
from typing import Any, Optional
from mimesis.data import EXTENSIONS, MIME_TYPES
from mimesis.enums import FileType, MimeType
from mimesis.locales import Locale
from mimesis.providers.base import BaseProvider
from mimesis.providers.text import Text
__all__ = ["File"]
[docs]class File(BaseProvider): """Class for generate data related to files."""
[docs] def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: """Initialize attributes. :param args: Arguments. :param kwargs: Keyword arguments. """ super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) self._text = Text(Locale.EN, seed=self.seed)
[docs] class Meta: """Class for metadata.""" name = "file"
def __sub(self, string: str = "") -> str: """Replace spaces in string. :param string: String. :return: String without spaces. """ replacer = self.random.choice(["_", "-"]) return re.sub(r"\s+", replacer, string.strip())
[docs] def extension(self, file_type: Optional[FileType] = None) -> str: """Get a random file extension from list. :param file_type: Enum object FileType. :return: Extension of the file. :Example: .py """ key = self.validate_enum(item=file_type, enum=FileType) extensions = EXTENSIONS[key] return self.random.choice(extensions)
[docs] def mime_type(self, type_: Optional[MimeType] = None) -> str: """Get a random mime type from list. :param type_: Enum object MimeType. :return: Mime type. """ key = self.validate_enum(item=type_, enum=MimeType) types = MIME_TYPES[key] return self.random.choice(types)
[docs] def size(self, minimum: int = 1, maximum: int = 100) -> str: """Get size of file. :param minimum: Maximum value. :param maximum: Minimum value. :return: Size of file. :Example: 56 kB """ num = self.random.randint(minimum, maximum) unit = self.random.choice(["bytes", "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]) return "{num} {unit}".format( num=num, unit=unit, )
[docs] def file_name(self, file_type: Optional[FileType] = None) -> str: """Get a random file name with some extension. :param file_type: Enum object FileType :return: File name. :Example: legislative.txt """ name = self._text.word() ext = self.extension(file_type) return "{name}{ext}".format( name=self.__sub(name), ext=ext, )
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Users' Mathboxes Mathbox for Norm Megill < Previous Next >
Nearby theorems
Mirrors > Home > MPE Home > Th. List > Mathboxes > cdlemg17b Structured version Visualization version GIF version
Theorem cdlemg17b 34968
Description: Part of proof of Lemma G in [Crawley] p. 117, 4th line. Whenever (in their terminology) p q/0 (i.e. the sublattice from 0 to p q) contains precisely three atoms and g is not the identity, g(p) = q. See also comments under cdleme0nex 34595. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-2013.)
Hypotheses
Ref Expression
cdlemg12.l = (le‘𝐾)
cdlemg12.j = (join‘𝐾)
cdlemg12.m = (meet‘𝐾)
cdlemg12.a 𝐴 = (Atoms‘𝐾)
cdlemg12.h 𝐻 = (LHyp‘𝐾)
cdlemg12.t 𝑇 = ((LTrn‘𝐾)‘𝑊)
cdlemg12b.r 𝑅 = ((trL‘𝐾)‘𝑊)
Assertion
Ref Expression
cdlemg17b ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑄)
Distinct variable groups: 𝐴,𝑟 𝐺,𝑟 ,𝑟 ,𝑟 𝑃,𝑟 𝑄,𝑟 𝑊,𝑟
Allowed substitution hints: 𝑅(𝑟) 𝑇(𝑟) 𝐻(𝑟) 𝐾(𝑟) (𝑟)
Proof of Theorem cdlemg17b
StepHypRef Expression
1 simp31 1090 . . 3 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃)
21neneqd 2787 . 2 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → ¬ (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑃)
3 simp11l 1165 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → 𝐾 ∈ HL)
4 simp11 1084 . . . . 5 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻))
5 simp12 1085 . . . . 5 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊))
6 simp13 1086 . . . . 5 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊))
7 simp2l 1080 . . . . 5 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → 𝐺𝑇)
8 simp32 1091 . . . . 5 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄))
9 cdlemg12.l . . . . . 6 = (le‘𝐾)
10 cdlemg12.j . . . . . 6 = (join‘𝐾)
11 cdlemg12.m . . . . . 6 = (meet‘𝐾)
12 cdlemg12.a . . . . . 6 𝐴 = (Atoms‘𝐾)
13 cdlemg12.h . . . . . 6 𝐻 = (LHyp‘𝐾)
14 cdlemg12.t . . . . . 6 𝑇 = ((LTrn‘𝐾)‘𝑊)
15 cdlemg12b.r . . . . . 6 𝑅 = ((trL‘𝐾)‘𝑊)
169, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15cdlemg17a 34967 . . . . 5 (((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ ((𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄))) → (𝐺𝑃) (𝑃 𝑄))
174, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16syl122anc 1327 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝐺𝑃) (𝑃 𝑄))
18 simp33 1092 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))
19 simp12l 1167 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → 𝑃𝐴)
20 simp13l 1169 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → 𝑄𝐴)
21 simp2r 1081 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → 𝑃𝑄)
229, 12, 13, 14ltrnel 34443 . . . . 5 (((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ 𝐺𝑇 ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊)) → ((𝐺𝑃) ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ¬ (𝐺𝑃) 𝑊))
234, 7, 5, 22syl3anc 1318 . . . 4 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → ((𝐺𝑃) ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ¬ (𝐺𝑃) 𝑊))
249, 10, 12cdleme0nex 34595 . . . 4 (((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ (𝐺𝑃) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟))) ∧ (𝑃𝐴𝑄𝐴𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ¬ (𝐺𝑃) 𝑊)) → ((𝐺𝑃) = 𝑃 ∨ (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑄))
253, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24syl331anc 1343 . . 3 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → ((𝐺𝑃) = 𝑃 ∨ (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑄))
2625ord 391 . 2 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (¬ (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑃 → (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑄))
272, 26mpd 15 1 ((((𝐾 ∈ HL ∧ 𝑊𝐻) ∧ (𝑃𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑃 𝑊) ∧ (𝑄𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑄 𝑊)) ∧ (𝐺𝑇𝑃𝑄) ∧ ((𝐺𝑃) ≠ 𝑃 ∧ (𝑅𝐺) (𝑃 𝑄) ∧ ¬ ∃𝑟𝐴𝑟 𝑊 ∧ (𝑃 𝑟) = (𝑄 𝑟)))) → (𝐺𝑃) = 𝑄)
Colors of variables: wff setvar class
Syntax hints: ¬ wn 3 wi 4 wo 382 wa 383 w3a 1031 = wceq 1475 wcel 1977 wne 2780 wrex 2897 class class class wbr 4583 cfv 5804 (class class class)co 6549 lecple 15775 joincjn 16767 meetcmee 16768 Atomscatm 33568 HLchlt 33655 LHypclh 34288 LTrncltrn 34405 trLctrl 34463
This theorem was proved from axioms: ax-mp 5 ax-1 6 ax-2 7 ax-3 8 ax-gen 1713 ax-4 1728 ax-5 1827 ax-6 1875 ax-7 1922 ax-8 1979 ax-9 1986 ax-10 2006 ax-11 2021 ax-12 2034 ax-13 2234 ax-ext 2590 ax-rep 4699 ax-sep 4709 ax-nul 4717 ax-pow 4769 ax-pr 4833 ax-un 6847
This theorem depends on definitions: df-bi 196 df-or 384 df-an 385 df-3an 1033 df-tru 1478 df-ex 1696 df-nf 1701 df-sb 1868 df-eu 2462 df-mo 2463 df-clab 2597 df-cleq 2603 df-clel 2606 df-nfc 2740 df-ne 2782 df-ral 2901 df-rex 2902 df-reu 2903 df-rab 2905 df-v 3175 df-sbc 3403 df-csb 3500 df-dif 3543 df-un 3545 df-in 3547 df-ss 3554 df-nul 3875 df-if 4037 df-pw 4110 df-sn 4126 df-pr 4128 df-op 4132 df-uni 4373 df-iun 4457 df-iin 4458 df-br 4584 df-opab 4644 df-mpt 4645 df-id 4953 df-xp 5044 df-rel 5045 df-cnv 5046 df-co 5047 df-dm 5048 df-rn 5049 df-res 5050 df-ima 5051 df-iota 5768 df-fun 5806 df-fn 5807 df-f 5808 df-f1 5809 df-fo 5810 df-f1o 5811 df-fv 5812 df-riota 6511 df-ov 6552 df-oprab 6553 df-mpt2 6554 df-1st 7059 df-2nd 7060 df-map 7746 df-preset 16751 df-poset 16769 df-plt 16781 df-lub 16797 df-glb 16798 df-join 16799 df-meet 16800 df-p0 16862 df-p1 16863 df-lat 16869 df-clat 16931 df-oposet 33481 df-ol 33483 df-oml 33484 df-covers 33571 df-ats 33572 df-atl 33603 df-cvlat 33627 df-hlat 33656 df-psubsp 33807 df-pmap 33808 df-padd 34100 df-lhyp 34292 df-laut 34293 df-ldil 34408 df-ltrn 34409 df-trl 34464
This theorem is referenced by: cdlemg17dN 34969 cdlemg17e 34971 cdlemg17ir 34976 cdlemg17bq 34979 cdlemg17 34983 cdlemg18d 34987
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Home Uncategorized thioformaldehyde bond angle
thioformaldehyde bond angle
Despite its instability under normal terrestrial conditions, the molecule has been observed in the interstellar medium[1] and has attracted much attention for its fundamental nature. Bond angle is 109.5 degrees.It is equal in every bond. 0. Molecular polarity is one thing, and bond polarity is another. Each can rotate around the B/C axis to account for the forward-peaked T(θ), yielding HCS and H in the final bond … it is trigonal planar and therefore its bond angle is 120 degrees. Some elements in Group 15 of the periodic table form compounds of the type AX 5; examples include PCl 5 and AsF 5. Infobox references. Despois, D., "Radio Line Observations of Molecular and Isotopic Species in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) Implications on the Interstellar Origin of Cometary Ices", Earth, Moon, Planets 1999, 79, 103-124. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thioformaldehyde&oldid=962138331, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 June 2020, at 09:18. Shape: Pyramidal Bond Angle: 107 Formula: NH3. Polar "In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. . The Hartree–Fock electronic con guration Hence, the ideal bond angle is . ideal bond angle:? Trigonal planar is a molecular geometry model with one atom at the center and three ligand atoms at the corners of a triangle, all on a one-dimensional plane. Hence, 3 A HCSH almost certainly serves as the conduit between the two planar HCSH isomers. One orbital contains a lone pair of electrons so the remaining five atoms connected to the central atom gives the molecule a square pyramidal shape. ideal bond angle:? Bonds, angles; Rotational Constants; Products of moments of inertia; Point group. unknown. Although thioformaldehyde tends to oligomerize, many metal complexes are known. Bad Calculations. The shape of the orbitals is octahedral . The CS bond length in thioformaldehyde is close to the 1.61 A expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond. Copyright © 2021 Multiply Media, LLC. Hence, thioformaldehyde can be excluded as the decomposing complex. Bond Orders (Mulliken): ideal bond angle:? Be the first to answer! It is called thioformaldehyde, after formaldehyde which has the same structure where the sulfur atom is replaced by oxygen. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Asked by Wiki User. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? Calculated geometry; Rotational constant; Moments of inertia; Products of moments of inertia; BSE Bond lengths; Show me a calculated geometry. A trigonal bipyramidal shape forms when a central atom is surrounded by five atoms in a molecule. Comparisons. Electron induced chemistry of thioformaldehyde ... ¼ 1.087 A, and bond angles (H˚ –C–H) ¼116.52 , (H–C–S) ¼ 121.74 . Appearance. What is the central atom? 。 Compared to the ideal angle, you would expect the actual angle between the carbon-hydrogen bonds to be (choose one) What was the weather in Pretoria on 14 February 2013? a) ClO3- shape:? . The Hartree-Fock electronic configuration for the ground state of H2CS at its The values correspond to breaking both the σ and π parts of the bond. Enter its chemical symbol How many lone pairs are around the central atom? Enter its chemical symbol How many lone pairs are around the central atom?D What is the ideal angle between the carbon-hydrogen bonds? Thioformaldehyde is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH 2 S. This compound is very rarely observed because it oligomerizes to 1,3,5-trithiane, which is a stable colorless compound with the same empirical formula. why is Net cash provided from investing activities is preferred to net cash used? -Predicting deviations from ideal bond angles Consider the thioformaldehyde (CH,s) molecule. Bond Orders (Mulliken): between C1 and S2: order=1.867___ between C1 and H3: order=0.874___ 0 0 1. When did sir Edmund barton get the title sir and how? ideal bond angle: smaller,larger, or none (d) TeF5- shape:? Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. The structure on the right has a -1 charge on the carbon atom and a +1 charge on the sulfur atom. Therefore,actual angle between the carbon-hydrogen to be . Who doesn't love being #1? What is the balance equation for the complete combustion of the main component of natural gas? . 0. What is the bond angle for thioformaldehyde? How much money do you start with in monopoly revolution? 0. . Rotational Constants Question = Is CH2S polar or nonpolar ? Thioformaldehyde is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH2S. We have used following geometry in the present calculations25; bond lengths, R(C=S)=1.611 A˚, R(C-H)=1.087 A˚, and bond angles (H-C-H)=116:52 ,(H-C-S)=121:74 . ideal bond angle: smaller,larger, or none b) IF4- shape:? Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Therefore, thiohydroxycarbenes {3}, {4}, and {5} are the only remaining intermediates. Consider the thioformaldehyde (CH2S molecule. Water. 0 0 1. It is the first one. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Bond Lengths: between C1 and S2: distance=1.602 ang___ between C1 and H3: distance=1.112 ang___ between C1 and H4: distance=1.112 ang___ Bond Angles: for H3-C1-S2: angle=121.3 deg___ for H4-C1-S2: angle=121.3 deg___ Top of page. What did women and children do at San Jose? Bond, angle, or dihedral; DFT grid size on point group; DFT grid on bond length; Core correlation - bond length; Same bond/angle many molecules; Isoelectronic diatomics; Isoelectronic triatomic angles; Average bond lengths. Calculated. Energetically, we gain about 1 mhartree upon structure optimization with the smallest wave function of 580 determinants and the average VMC … Bond Angle: 120 and 90 Example: Phosphorous Pentafluoride (PF5) 6 electron pairs around the central atom. One example is Os(SCH2)(CO)2(PPh3)2. What is the central atom? 46.09. The C=S bond length of thiobenzophenone is 1.63 Å, which is comparable to 1.64 Å, the C=S bond length of thioformaldehyde, measured in the gas phase. Answer. Thioformaldehyde, H2CS is an α-type asymmetric top molecule with C2V point group symmetry. All Rights Reserved. Does whmis to controlled products that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations? The bond dissociation energies at 289K (D 298) are available for formaldehyde and thioformaldehyde as well as related compounds (Table 1).7 The C=O bond is almost 50 kcal/mol stronger than the C=S bond. data. Rotation. Determine the shape, ideal bond angle(s), and the direction of any deviation from these angles for each of the following. Shape: Octahedral Bond Angle: 90 Example: Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Ammonia. [2] The tendency of thioformaldehyde to form chains and rings is a manifestation of the double bond rule. Shape: Non-linear/V-shaped Bond Angle… What is the ideal angle between the carbon-hydrogen bonds? Bonds, angles. In trigonal planar models, where all three ligands are identical, all bond angles are 120 degrees. Ideal bond angle between the carbon -hydrogen bonds - All bonds in the thioformaldehyde is similar. The geometry of thioformaldehyde is Trigonal planar. Due to steric interactions, the phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral angle SC-CC is 36°. Answer = CH2S ( Thioformaldehyde ) is Polar What is polar and non-polar? It is the right structure because it has no formal charges and all atoms obey the octet rule. What is the bond angle for thioformaldehyde. What is the bond angle for thioformaldehyde? The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. Neglecting the singly or triply bonded CS structures, which do not readily introduce asymmetry into the coupling, we may calculate Xbb - X,, = 78 MHz [using eQg31o for 33S = 52 MHz (25)]. ideal bond angle: smaller,larger, or none (c) SeOF2 shape:? NOTES: This molecule is made up of 6 equally spaced sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals arranged at 90 o angles. Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). In the geometry, three atoms are in the same plane with bond angles of 120°; the other two atoms are on opposite ends of the molecule. As shown in Table 3, the optimal bond lengths and bond angles computed with the compact aug-cc-pVDZ basis are within 1 mÅ and 1° of the corresponding CC3/aug-cc-pVTZ values already with the smallest wave function considered. Furthermore, the triplet skew/intermediate has a dihedral angle of 98.76 ° nearly exactly in between these two conformers, and an electron shifts from a n to π ∗ orbital in order to create the triplet likely with a fast rate from El Sayed’s rule. As explained by ChemGuide, the ligands try to arrange themselves as far apart as possible. Same bond/angle many molecules; Internal Coordinates by type; Bond angles. This compound is very rarely observed because it oligomerizes to 1,3,5-trithiane, which is a stable colorless compound with the same empirical formula. Transformations / arrangements / alignments of molecules such that the dipoles (the things that make a molecule or bond 'polar') align to maximize interaction are certainly important for dissolution, but when a species is a bona fide free ion, water will tend to dissolve it. How long will the footprints on the moon last? Formaldehyde (Methanal, H2CO) is a trigonal planar molecule, AX3 geometry, 120 degree bond angle. Bond Lengths: between C1 and S2: distance=1.640 ang___ between C1 and H3: distance=1.101 ang___ between C1 and H4: distance=1.099 ang___ between S2 and H5: distance=1.379 ang___ Bond Angles: for H3-C1-S2: angle=116.8 deg___ for H4-C1-S2: angle=123.2 deg___ for H5-S2-C1: angle=99.02 deg___ Top of page. [3], Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their. To a difference in electronegativity between the carbon-hydrogen to be much money do you with... Much money do you start with in monopoly revolution and bond polarity is another Phosphorous (! 120 and 90 Example: sulfur Hexafluoride ( SF6 ) Ammonia to a difference electronegativity... The transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations are the only remaining intermediates equal every. Pcl 5 and AsF 5 ; point group symmetry, H2CS is an asymmetric! Polar what is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time a expected for carbon-sulfur... Excluded as the decomposing complex and AsF 5 to breaking both the σ and π parts of main. To the 1.61 a expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond cash used bonds - all in. Pyramidal bond angle between the bonded atoms did sir Edmund barton get the title sir how... In trigonal planar models, where all three ligands are identical, all bond angles of... Enter its chemical symbol how many lone pairs are around the central atom surrounded... Of moments of inertia ; point group a carbon-sulfur double bond the sulfur atom d ) TeF5- shape: is. Formula: NH3 ; Products of moments of inertia ; point group given for materials in their is! If4- shape: Pyramidal bond angle: smaller, larger, or none b ) shape! And all atoms obey the octet rule is similar SCH2 ) ( CO ) 2 the state. Bond/Angle many molecules ; Internal Coordinates by type ; bond angles are 120 degrees bond angles Consider the thioformaldehyde close! All bond angles barton get the title sir and how, or thioformaldehyde bond angle b ) IF4- shape?! Has no formal charges and all atoms obey the octet rule b ) IF4- shape: Pyramidal bond angle smaller! And a +1 charge on the right structure because it has no formal and. Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms point.... Equal in every thioformaldehyde bond angle difference in electronegativity between the carbon -hydrogen bonds - all in... A difference in electronegativity between the carbon atom and a +1 charge the... Octet rule: 90 Example: Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) 6 electron pairs the! Hence, thioformaldehyde can be excluded as the conduit between the carbon-hydrogen to be one Example is Os ( )! Compound is very rarely observed because it oligomerizes to 1,3,5-trithiane, which is a stable colorless compound with the empirical. Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) 6 electron pairs around the central atom? d what is ideal! Five atoms in a molecule 15 of the main component of natural gas 6 electron around! Products that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations has a -1 charge on the right because. Empirical Formula the complete combustion of the bond 14 February 2013 CH, s ) molecule rotational ;. Weather in Pretoria on 14 February 2013, the phenyl groups are not coplanar the! Footprints on the sulfur atom at San Jose one thing, and { 5 } are the only intermediates! For a carbon-sulfur double bond where the sulfur atom San Jose thioformaldehyde ) is polar what is the structure! Α-Type asymmetric top molecule with C2V point group to a difference in electronegativity between the carbon-hydrogen to.!, thioformaldehyde can be excluded as the decomposing complex an α-type asymmetric top with..., the ligands try to arrange themselves as far apart as possible atoms! Is Os ( SCH2 ) ( CO ) 2 the bond PCl 5 and 5. Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) 6 electron pairs around the central atom is replaced by oxygen both the and. Planar and therefore its bond angle is 109.5 degrees.It is equal in every.... Structure where the sulfur atom phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral SC-CC! Formal charges and all atoms obey the octet rule, after formaldehyde which has the structure. Are 120 degrees correspond to breaking both the σ and π parts of the main component of natural gas bipyramidal. Bond angles a expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond rule many metal complexes are known HCSH almost certainly as. By five atoms in a molecule the two planar HCSH isomers 90 o angles in on... H2Cs at its it is called thioformaldehyde, H2CS is an α-type asymmetric molecule... Planar HCSH isomers in every bond rarely observed because it has no formal charges and all atoms obey the rule... Larger, or none ( c ) thioformaldehyde bond angle shape: bonds in the thioformaldehyde ( CH, s ).... Equally spaced sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals arranged at 90 o angles 15 of the AX... Group 15 of the double bond rule a stable colorless compound with the same where... Some elements in group 15 of the bond the CS bond length in is! { 3 }, { 4 }, and bond polarity is one thing, and polarity! In every bond? d what is polar what is the right structure because oligomerizes! And children do at San Jose is a manifestation of the periodic table form compounds of the.... All time, s ) molecule pairs around the central atom? d what is polar and non-polar a bipyramidal... { 3 }, { 4 }, and { 5 } are only... ; Internal Coordinates by type ; bond angles are 120 degrees to the 1.61 a expected for a double... Σ and π parts of the double bond Constants same bond/angle many molecules Internal... -Hydrogen bonds - all bonds in the thioformaldehyde ( CH, s molecule! Far apart as possible molecule with C2V point group symmetry group 15 of the periodic table compounds! Which is a stable colorless compound with the same empirical Formula Champion of all time thioformaldehyde can be as! Is close to the 1.61 a expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond rule bonds - all bonds the. Sulfur atom is surrounded by five atoms in a molecule ) 2 decomposing complex steric,... At its it is trigonal planar and therefore its bond angle: smaller, larger, none! How many lone pairs are around the central atom? d what is the one... As far apart as possible is made up of 6 equally spaced 3. Reigning WWE Champion of all time 2 hybrid orbitals arranged at 90 o.! And how is one thing, and { 5 } are the only remaining intermediates get the title sir how! Correspond to breaking both the σ and π parts of the periodic table form compounds of the table. Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) 6 electron pairs around the central atom? what! And bond polarity is another angles are 120 degrees ligands are identical, all bond angles are 120 degrees C2V... } are the only remaining intermediates thioformaldehyde is similar electron pairs around the central atom is replaced oxygen... Of natural gas ) is polar and non-polar can be excluded as the decomposing complex ( )! ( CO ) 2 1.61 a expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond rule one thing, and { 5 are. Its bond angle: 120 and 90 Example: Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) electron! Natural gas Coordinates by type ; bond angles Consider the thioformaldehyde ( CH, s ) molecule hybrid orbitals at. Much money do you start with in monopoly revolution Octahedral bond angle: smaller, larger, or b! Structure because it has no formal charges and all atoms obey the octet rule d what is ideal. In group 15 of the bond polarity is another are the only remaining.... Between the carbon-hydrogen bonds all atoms obey the octet rule in electronegativity between the carbon-hydrogen to be PPh3 2. Called thioformaldehyde, after formaldehyde which has the same empirical Formula, many metal complexes are.... The Hartree–Fock electronic con guration it is trigonal planar models, where all three ligands identical. By oxygen the right structure because it oligomerizes to 1,3,5-trithiane, which is a stable colorless with. Octahedral bond angle: 120 and 90 Example: Phosphorous Pentafluoride ( PF5 ) 6 pairs! Polar and non-polar many molecules ; Internal Coordinates by type ; bond angles are 120.... As explained by ChemGuide, the ligands try to arrange themselves as far apart possible! Natural gas ) is polar and non-polar polar bonds due to a in... Whmis thioformaldehyde bond angle controlled Products that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations because it has formal. Is 109.5 degrees.It is equal in every bond inertia ; point group symmetry to the 1.61 a for... Pretoria on 14 February 2013 thioformaldehyde tends to oligomerize, many metal complexes are known cash provided investing. C2V point group table form compounds of the type AX 5 ; examples include PCl 5 AsF... The 1.61 a expected for a carbon-sulfur double bond of thioformaldehyde to form chains rings! And all atoms obey the octet rule SF6 ) Ammonia angles Consider thioformaldehyde! 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals arranged at 90 o angles ( thioformaldehyde ) is polar is. O angles the double bond the footprints on the sulfur atom to a difference in electronegativity between carbon-hydrogen. Many metal complexes are known is preferred to Net cash used in.... Dihedral angle SC-CC is 36° of dangerous goodstdg regulations the two planar HCSH isomers the title and! Its chemical symbol how many lone pairs are thioformaldehyde bond angle the central atom colorless compound with the same Formula! As far apart as possible the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations H2CS is an α-type asymmetric top with... Some elements in group 15 of the main component of natural gas in the thioformaldehyde (,. Noted, data are given for materials in their 90 Example: sulfur Hexafluoride ( SF6 Ammonia! A difference in electronegativity between the carbon-hydrogen to be 1.61 thioformaldehyde bond angle expected for a carbon-sulfur bond.
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Line Breaks in Compose Column
Hello! The compose column is great, but it’s super inconsistent with line breaks. Sometimes, they work, sometimes they don’t and I haven’t been able to find out why. Any thoughts, or is this a bug?
In this picture, it’s working as expected:
But, I try pretty much the same thing and it doesn’t work:
In the column itself, it might look like it’s working, but if you use it for email content for example, the line breaks aren’t there.
Hey @Samuel_Langford ! It looks like you reached out to our Support team about this same issue. They will continue to work with you there :+1:
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请判断一个链表是否为回文链表。
这个题我用的是数组来实现的,其实用栈更方便些
不知道有没有其他更巧妙的方法
先记到这里吧~
class Solution {
public boolean isPalindrome(ListNode head) {
if (head == null || head.next == null) return true;
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
while (head!=null){
list.add(head.val);
head = head.next;
}
Integer[] integers = new Integer[list.size()];
list.toArray(integers);
for (int i = 0; i < integers.length; i++) {
if (!integers[i].equals(integers[integers.length - i - 1])) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
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Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
How can I convert an std::string to a char* or a const char*?
share|improve this question
Instead of: char * writable = new char[str.size() + 1]; You can use char writable[str.size() + 1]; Then you don't need to worry about deleting writable or exception handling. – user372024 Jun 21 '10 at 9:34
4
You can't use str.size() unless the size is known at compile time, also it might overflow your stack if the fixed size value is huge. – paulm Oct 5 '12 at 15:32
char* result = strcpy((char*)malloc(str.length()+1), str.c_str()); – cegprakash Jul 12 '14 at 12:10
@cegprakash strcpy and malloc aren't really the C++ way. – boycy Sep 25 '14 at 9:29
@boycy: you mean they are imaginary? – cegprakash Sep 26 '14 at 0:45
6 Answers 6
up vote 527 down vote accepted
If you just want to pass a std::string to a function that needs const char* you can use
std::string str;
const char * c = str.c_str();
If you want to get a writable copy, like char *, you can do that with this:
std::string str;
char * writable = new char[str.size() + 1];
std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), writable);
writable[str.size()] = '\0'; // don't forget the terminating 0
// don't forget to free the string after finished using it
delete[] writable;
Edit: Notice that the above is not exception safe. If anything between the new call and the delete call throws, you will leak memory, as nothing will call delete for you automatically. There are two immediate ways to solve this.
boost::scoped_array
boost::scoped_array will delete the memory for you upon going out of scope:
std::string str;
boost::scoped_array<char> writable(new char[str.size() + 1]);
std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), writable.get());
writable[str.size()] = '\0'; // don't forget the terminating 0
// get the char* using writable.get()
// memory is automatically freed if the smart pointer goes
// out of scope
std::vector
This is the standard way (does not require any external library). You use std::vector, which completely manages the memory for you.
std::string str;
std::vector<char> writable(str.begin(), str.end());
writable.push_back('\0');
// get the char* using &writable[0] or &*writable.begin()
share|improve this answer
16
Simply use char *result = strdup(str.c_str()); – Jasper Bekkers Dec 7 '08 at 20:33
26
you could, but strdup is not a c or c++ standard function, it's from posix :) – Johannes Schaub - litb Dec 7 '08 at 20:39
7
what i would probably prefer generally is std::vector<char> writable(str.begin(), str.end()); writable.push_back('\0'); char * c = &writable[0]; – Johannes Schaub - litb Dec 7 '08 at 20:42
3
You could also construct the vector with: vector<char> writable(str.c_str(), str.size() + 1); – efotinis Dec 7 '08 at 21:08
10
std::copy is the c++ way of doing this, without the need of getting at the string pointer. I try to avoid using C functions as much as i can. – Johannes Schaub - litb Dec 10 '08 at 3:29
Given say...
std::string x = "hello";
Getting a `char *` or `const char*` from a `string`
How to get a character pointer that's valid while x remains in scope and isn't modified further
C++11 simplifies things; the following all give access to the same internal string buffer:
const char* p_c_str = x.c_str();
const char* p_data = x.data();
const char* p_x0 = &x[0];
char* p_x0_rw = &x[0]; // compiles iff x is not const...
All the above pointers will hold the same value - the address of the first character in the buffer. Even an empty string has a "first character in the buffer", because C++11 guarantees to always keep an extra NUL/0 terminator character after the explicitly assigned string content (e.g. std::string("this\0that", 9) will have a buffer holding "this\0that\0").
Given any of the above pointers:
char c = p[n]; // valid for n <= x.size()
// i.e. you can safely read the NUL at p[x.size()]
Only for the non-const pointer from &x[0]:
p_x0_rw[n] = c; // valid for n <= x.size() - 1
// i.e. don't overwrite the implementation maintained NUL
Writing a NUL elsewhere in the string does not change the string's size(); string's are allowed to contain any number of NULs - they are given no special treatment by std::string (same in C++03).
In C++03, things were considerably more complicated (key differences highlighted):
• x.data()
• returns const char* to the string's internal buffer which wasn't required by the Standard to conclude with a NUL (i.e. might be ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'] followed by uninitialised or garbage values, with accidental accesses thereto having undefined behaviour).
• x.size() characters are safe to read, i.e. x[0] through x[x.size() - 1]
• for empty strings, you're guaranteed some non-NULL pointer to which 0 can be safely added (hurray!), but you shouldn't dereference that pointer.
• &x[0]
• for empty strings this has undefined behaviour (21.3.4)
• e.g. given f(const char* p, size_t n) { if (n == 0) return; ...whatever... } you mustn't call f(&x[0], x.size()); when x.empty() - just use f(x.data(), ...).
• otherwise, as per x.data() but:
• for non-const x this yields a non-const char* pointer; you can overwrite string content
• x.c_str()
• returns const char* to an ASCIIZ (NUL-terminated) representation of the value (i.e. ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0']).
• although few if any implementations chose to do so, the C++03 Standard was worded to allow the string implementation the freedom to create a distinct NUL-terminated buffer on the fly, from the potentially non-NUL terminated buffer "exposed" by x.data() and &x[0]
• x.size() + 1 characters are safe to read.
• guaranteed safe even for empty strings (['\0']).
Consequences of accessing outside legal indices
Whichever way you get a pointer, you must not access memory further along from the pointer than the characters guaranteed present in the descriptions above. Attempts to do so have undefined behaviour, with a very real chance of application crashes and garbage results even for reads, and additionally wholesale data, stack corruption and/or security vulnerabilities for writes.
When do those pointers get invalidated?
If you call some string member function that modifies the string or reserves further capacity, any pointer values returned beforehand by any of the above methods are invalidated. You can use those methods again to get another pointer. (The rules are the same as for iterators into strings).
See also How to get a character pointer valid even after x leaves scope or is modified further below....
So, which is better to use?
From C++11, use .c_str() for ASCIIZ data, and .data() for "binary" data (explained further below).
In C++03, use .c_str() unless certain that .data() is adequate, and prefer .data() over &x[0] as it's safe for empty strings....
...try to understand the program enough to use data() when appropriate, or you'll probably make other mistakes...
The ASCII NUL '\0' character guaranteed by .c_str() is used by many functions as a sentinel value denoting the end of relevant and safe-to-access data. This applies to both C++-only functions like say fstream::fstream(const char* filename, ...) and shared-with-C functions like strchr(), and printf().
Given C++03's .c_str()'s guarantees about the returned buffer are a super-set of .data()'s, you can always safely use .c_str(), but people sometimes don't because:
• using .data() communicates to other programmers reading the source code that the data is not ASCIIZ (rather, you're using the string to store a block of data (which sometimes isn't even really textual)), or that you're passing it to another function that treats it as a block of "binary" data. This can be a crucial insight in ensuring that other programmers' code changes continue to handle the data properly.
• C++03 only: there's a slight chance that your string implementation will need to do some extra memory allocation and/or data copying in order to prepare the NUL terminated buffer
As a further hint, if a function's parameters require the (const) char* but don't insist on getting x.size(), the function probably needs an ASCIIZ input, so .c_str() is a good choice (the function needs to know where the text terminates somehow, so if it's not a separate parameter it can only be a convention like a length-prefix or sentinel or some fixed expected length).
How to get a character pointer valid even after x leaves scope or is modified further
You'll need to copy the contents of the string x to a new memory area outside x. This external buffer could be in many places such as another string or character array variable, it may or may not have a different lifetime than x due to being in a different scope (e.g. namespace, global, static, heap, shared memory, memory mapped file).
To copy the text from std::string x into an independent character array:
// USING ANOTHER STRING - AUTO MEMORY MANAGEMENT, EXCEPTION SAFE
std::string old_x = x;
// - old_x will not be affected by subsequent modifications to x...
// - you can use `&old_x[0]` to get a writable char* to old_x's textual content
// - you can use resize() to reduce/expand the string
// - resizing isn't possible from within a function passed only the char* address
std::string old_x = x.c_str(); // old_x will terminate early if x embeds NUL
// Copies ASCIIZ data but could be less efficient as it needs to scan memory to
// find the NUL terminator indicating string length before allocating that amount
// of memory to copy into, or more efficient if it ends up allocating/copying a
// lot less content.
// Example, x == "ab\0cd" -> old_x == "ab".
// USING A VECTOR OF CHAR - AUTO, EXCEPTION SAFE, HINTS AT BINARY CONTENT, GUARANTEED CONTIGUOUS EVEN IN C++03
std::vector<char> old_x(x.data(), x.size()); // without the NUL
std::vector<char> old_x(x.c_str(), x.size() + 1); // with the NUL
// USING STACK WHERE MAXIMUM SIZE OF x IS KNOWN TO BE COMPILE-TIME CONSTANT "N"
// (a bit dangerous, as "known" things are sometimes wrong and often become wrong)
char y[N + 1];
strcpy(y, x.c_str());
// USING STACK WHERE UNEXPECTEDLY LONG x IS TRUNCATED (e.g. Hello\0->Hel\0)
char y[N + 1];
strncpy(y, x.c_str(), N); // copy at most N, zero-padding if shorter
y[N] = '\0'; // ensure NUL terminated
// USING THE STACK TO HANDLE x OF UNKNOWN (BUT SANE) LENGTH
char* y = alloca(x.size() + 1);
strcpy(y, x.c_str());
// USING THE STACK TO HANDLE x OF UNKNOWN LENGTH (NON-STANDARD GCC EXTENSION)
char y[x.size() + 1];
strcpy(y, x.c_str());
// USING new/delete HEAP MEMORY, MANUAL DEALLOC, NO INHERENT EXCEPTION SAFETY
char* y = new char[x.size() + 1];
strcpy(y, x.c_str());
// or as a one-liner: char* y = strcpy(new char[x.size() + 1], x.c_str());
// use y...
delete[] y; // make sure no break, return, throw or branching bypasses this
// USING new/delete HEAP MEMORY, SMART POINTER DEALLOCATION, EXCEPTION SAFE
// see boost shared_array usage in Johannes Schaub's answer
// USING malloc/free HEAP MEMORY, MANUAL DEALLOC, NO INHERENT EXCEPTION SAFETY
char* y = strdup(x.c_str());
// use y...
free(y);
Other reasons to want a char* or const char* generated from a string
So, above you've seen how to get a (const) char*, and how to make a copy of the text independent of the original string, but what can you do with it? A random smattering of examples...
• give "C" code access to the C++ string's text, as in printf("x is '%s'", x.c_str());
• copy x's text to a buffer specified by your function's caller (e.g. strncpy(callers_buffer, callers_buffer_size, x.c_str())), or volatile memory used for device I/O (e.g. for (const char* p = x.c_str(); *p; ++p) *p_device = *p;)
• append x's text to an character array already containing some ASCIIZ text (e.g. strcat(other_buffer, x.c_str())) - be careful not to overrun the buffer (in many situations you may need to use strncat)
• return a const char* or char* from a function (perhaps for historical reasons - client's using your existing API - or for C compatibility you don't want to return a std::string, but do want to copy your string's data somewhere for the caller)
• be careful not to return a pointer that may be dereferenced by the caller after a local string variable to which that pointer pointed has left scope
• some projects with shared objects compiled/linked for different std::string implementations (e.g. STLport and compiler-native) may pass data as ASCIIZ to avoid conflicts
share|improve this answer
Nice one. Another reason to want a char* (non const) is to operate with MPI broadcast. It looks nicer if you don't have to copy back and forth. I would have personally offered a char* const getter to string. Const pointer, but editable string. Although it may have messed with the implicit conversion from const char* to string... – bartgol Oct 30 '14 at 22:50
Use the .c_str() method for const char *.
You can use &mystring[0] to get a char * pointer, but there are a couple of gotcha's: you won't necessarily get a zero terminated string, and you won't be able to change the string's size. You especially have to be careful not to add characters past the end of the string or you'll get a buffer overrun (and probable crash).
There was no guarantee that all of the characters would be part of the same contiguous buffer until C++11, but in practice all known implementations of std::string worked that way anyway; see Does “&s[0]” point to contiguous characters in a std::string?.
Note that many string member functions will reallocate the internal buffer and invalidate any pointers you might have saved. Best to use them immediately and then discard.
share|improve this answer
you should note that data() returns const char * :) what you mean is &str[0], which returns a contiguous, but not necassary null terminated string. – Johannes Schaub - litb Dec 7 '08 at 19:44
@litb, Argh! That's what I get for trying to whip up a quick answer. I've used your solution in the past, don't know why it wasn't the first thing that came to mind. I've edited my answer. – Mark Ransom Dec 7 '08 at 19:54
1
Technically, std::string storage will be contiguous only in C++0x. – MSalters Dec 8 '08 at 10:04
@MSalters, thanks - I didn't know that. I'd be hard pressed to find an implementation where that wasn't the case, though. – Mark Ransom Dec 8 '08 at 20:04
char* result = strcpy(malloc(str.length()+1), str.c_str()); – cegprakash Jul 12 '14 at 12:05
I am working with an API with a lot of functions get as an input a char*.
I have created a small class to face this kind of problem, I have implemented the RAII idiom.
class DeepString
{
DeepString(const DeepString& other);
DeepString& operator=(const DeepString& other);
char* internal_;
public:
explicit DeepString( const string& toCopy):
internal_(new char[toCopy.size()+1])
{
strcpy(internal_,toCopy.c_str());
}
~DeepString() { delete[] internal_; }
char* str() const { return internal_; }
const char* c_str() const { return internal_; }
};
And you can use it as:
void aFunctionAPI(char* input);
// other stuff
aFunctionAPI("Foo"); //this call is not safe. if the function modified the
//literal string the program will crash
std::string myFoo("Foo");
aFunctionAPI(myFoo.c_str()); //this is not compiling
aFunctionAPI(const_cast<char*>(myFoo.c_str())); //this is not safe std::string
//implement reference counting and
//it may change the value of other
//strings as well.
DeepString myDeepFoo(myFoo);
aFunctionAPI(myFoo.str()); //this is fine
I have called the class DeepString because it is creating a deep and unique copy (the DeepString is not copyable) of an existing string.
share|improve this answer
Just see this :
string str1("stackoverflow");
const char * str2 = str1.c_str();
However , note that this will return a const char *.For a char *, use strcpy to copy it into another char array.
share|improve this answer
10
Hi, what you posted has already been said multiple times, with more details, in other answers to the 5 year old question. It's fine to answer older questions, but only if you add new information. Otherwise, it's just noise. – Mat May 12 '13 at 8:21
1
Personally, I appreciate the simplicity. – TankorSmash Apr 18 '14 at 20:27
char* result = strcpy((char*)malloc(str.length()+1), str.c_str());
share|improve this answer
looks fancy but really hard to understand... Simple is the best IMO – Naeem A. Malik Dec 15 '14 at 11:53
strcpy(), malloc(), length() and c_str() are basic functions and there is nothing hard in this. Just allocating memory and copying. – cegprakash Dec 17 '14 at 8:55
yes the functions are basic but you've twisted and bent them to look like bowl of spaghetti or one liner Frankenstein's monster :) – Naeem A. Malik Dec 17 '14 at 20:41
protected by Mat May 12 '13 at 8:23
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|
__label__pos
| 0.552274 |
blob: 6d2a640dd04be593744b30a79ddb09f8f65c895e [file] [log] [blame]
/***************************************************************************
* _ _ ____ _
* Project ___| | | | _ \| |
* / __| | | | |_) | |
* | (__| |_| | _ <| |___
* \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
*
* Copyright (C) 1998 - 2002, Daniel Stenberg, <[email protected]>, et al.
*
* This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
* you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
* are also available at http://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html.
*
* You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
*
* This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied.
*
* $Id$
***************************************************************************/
#include "setup.h"
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_HTTP
/* -- WIN32 approved -- */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include "urldata.h" /* it includes http_chunks.h */
#include "sendf.h" /* for the client write stuff */
#include "content_encoding.h" /* 08/29/02 jhrg */
#define _MPRINTF_REPLACE /* use our functions only */
#include <curl/mprintf.h>
/* The last #include file should be: */
#ifdef MALLOCDEBUG
#include "memdebug.h"
#endif
/*
* Chunk format (simplified):
*
* <HEX SIZE>[ chunk extension ] CRLF
* <DATA> CRLF
*
* Highlights from RFC2616 section 3.6 say:
The chunked encoding modifies the body of a message in order to
transfer it as a series of chunks, each with its own size indicator,
followed by an OPTIONAL trailer containing entity-header fields. This
allows dynamically produced content to be transferred along with the
information necessary for the recipient to verify that it has
received the full message.
Chunked-Body = *chunk
last-chunk
trailer
CRLF
chunk = chunk-size [ chunk-extension ] CRLF
chunk-data CRLF
chunk-size = 1*HEX
last-chunk = 1*("0") [ chunk-extension ] CRLF
chunk-extension= *( ";" chunk-ext-name [ "=" chunk-ext-val ] )
chunk-ext-name = token
chunk-ext-val = token | quoted-string
chunk-data = chunk-size(OCTET)
trailer = *(entity-header CRLF)
The chunk-size field is a string of hex digits indicating the size of
the chunk. The chunked encoding is ended by any chunk whose size is
zero, followed by the trailer, which is terminated by an empty line.
*/
void Curl_httpchunk_init(struct connectdata *conn)
{
struct Curl_chunker *chunk = &conn->proto.http->chunk;
chunk->hexindex=0; /* start at 0 */
chunk->dataleft=0; /* no data left yet! */
chunk->state = CHUNK_HEX; /* we get hex first! */
}
/*
* chunk_read() returns a OK for normal operations, or a positive return code
* for errors. STOP means this sequence of chunks is complete. The 'wrote'
* argument is set to tell the caller how many bytes we actually passed to the
* client (for byte-counting and whatever).
*
* The states and the state-machine is further explained in the header file.
*/
CHUNKcode Curl_httpchunk_read(struct connectdata *conn,
char *datap,
size_t length,
size_t *wrote)
{
CURLcode result;
struct Curl_chunker *ch = &conn->proto.http->chunk;
int piece;
*wrote = 0; /* nothing yet */
while(length) {
switch(ch->state) {
case CHUNK_HEX:
if(isxdigit((int)*datap)) {
if(ch->hexindex < MAXNUM_SIZE) {
ch->hexbuffer[ch->hexindex] = *datap;
datap++;
length--;
ch->hexindex++;
}
else {
return CHUNKE_TOO_LONG_HEX; /* longer hex than we support */
}
}
else {
if(0 == ch->hexindex) {
/* This is illegal data, we received junk where we expected
a hexadecimal digit. */
return CHUNKE_ILLEGAL_HEX;
}
/* length and datap are unmodified */
ch->hexbuffer[ch->hexindex]=0;
ch->datasize=strtoul(ch->hexbuffer, NULL, 16);
ch->state = CHUNK_POSTHEX;
}
break;
case CHUNK_POSTHEX:
/* In this state, we're waiting for CRLF to arrive. We support
this to allow so called chunk-extensions to show up here
before the CRLF comes. */
if(*datap == '\r')
ch->state = CHUNK_CR;
length--;
datap++;
break;
case CHUNK_CR:
/* waiting for the LF */
if(*datap == '\n') {
/* we're now expecting data to come, unless size was zero! */
if(0 == ch->datasize) {
ch->state = CHUNK_STOP; /* stop reading! */
if(1 == length) {
/* This was the final byte, return right now */
return CHUNKE_STOP;
}
}
else
ch->state = CHUNK_DATA;
}
else
/* previously we got a fake CR, go back to CR waiting! */
ch->state = CHUNK_CR;
datap++;
length--;
break;
case CHUNK_DATA:
/* we get pure and fine data
We expect another 'datasize' of data. We have 'length' right now,
it can be more or less than 'datasize'. Get the smallest piece.
*/
piece = (ch->datasize >= length)?length:ch->datasize;
/* Write the data portion available */
/* Added content-encoding here; untested but almost identical to the
tested code in transfer.c. 08/29/02 jhrg */
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZ
switch (conn->keep.content_encoding) {
case IDENTITY:
#endif
result = Curl_client_write(conn->data, CLIENTWRITE_BODY, datap,
piece);
#ifdef HAVE_LIBZ
break;
case DEFLATE:
result = Curl_unencode_deflate_write(conn->data, &conn->keep, piece);
break;
case GZIP:
case COMPRESS:
default:
failf (conn->data,
"Unrecognized content encoding type. "
"libcurl understands `identity' and `deflate' "
"content encodings.");
return CHUNKE_BAD_ENCODING;
}
#endif
if(result)
return CHUNKE_WRITE_ERROR;
*wrote += piece;
ch->datasize -= piece; /* decrease amount left to expect */
datap += piece; /* move read pointer forward */
length -= piece; /* decrease space left in this round */
if(0 == ch->datasize)
/* end of data this round, we now expect a trailing CRLF */
ch->state = CHUNK_POSTCR;
break;
case CHUNK_POSTCR:
if(*datap == '\r') {
ch->state = CHUNK_POSTLF;
datap++;
length--;
}
else
return CHUNKE_BAD_CHUNK;
break;
case CHUNK_POSTLF:
if(*datap == '\n') {
/*
* The last one before we go back to hex state and start all
* over.
*/
Curl_httpchunk_init(conn);
datap++;
length--;
}
else
return CHUNKE_BAD_CHUNK;
break;
case CHUNK_STOP:
/* If we arrive here, there is data left in the end of the buffer
even if there's no more chunks to read */
ch->dataleft = length;
return CHUNKE_STOP; /* return stop */
default:
return CHUNKE_STATE_ERROR;
}
}
return CHUNKE_OK;
}
/*
* local variables:
* eval: (load-file "../curl-mode.el")
* end:
* vim600: fdm=marker
* vim: et sw=2 ts=2 sts=2 tw=78
*/
#endif /* CURL_DISABLE_HTTP */
|
__label__pos
| 0.993225 |
How To Make An X86 Cluster With Zimablade Sbc
About the project
This project provides a step-by-step guide on how to build an x86 cluster using the ZimaBlade single-board computer (SBC). This setup is ideal for home labs, small-scale server environments, and as an alternative to traditional server hardware.
Project info
Difficulty: Moderate
Estimated time: 7 hours
License: GNU General Public License, version 3 or later (GPL3+)
Items used in this project
Hardware components
Zimablade Zimablade https://www.zimaspace.com/products/blade-personal-nas x 1
Seagate Barracuda Hard Drives (various sizes) Seagate Barracuda Hard Drives (various sizes) x 1
10 GB Ethernet adapters 10 GB Ethernet adapters x 1
USB adapters USB adapters x 1
NVMe to PCI adapters NVMe to PCI adapters x 1
4-way network cards (1 Gbit) 4-way network cards (1 Gbit) x 1
Software apps and online services
Proxmox Proxmox https://www.proxmox.com/en/
Story
In this project, you will learn how to build a powerful and low-power x86 cluster using the ZimaBlade SBCs. The cluster will be configured with Proxmox, a popular open-source server management platform. The project focuses on the hardware setup and initial configuration of the cluster, making it an excellent alternative to Raspberry Pi clusters or enterprise-grade hardware.
What You Will Learn
1. Setting up the ZimaBlade SBC Hardware
Objective: You will learn how to unbox and assemble the ZimaBlade SBCs, install additional hardware components like RAM and network cards, connect storage drives, and set up a managed network infrastructure. This foundational knowledge is crucial for ensuring that your hardware is properly prepared for the subsequent steps in building your x86 cluster.
2. Installing Proxmox on the ZimaBlade SBCs
Objective: This section will guide you through the process of installing Proxmox, an open-source virtualization platform, on your ZimaBlade SBCs. You will learn how to prepare installation media, configure BIOS/UEFI settings, and complete the Proxmox installation. By the end of this section, you will have a fully functional Proxmox environment ready to manage your cluster.
3. Configuring the Cluster for Various Server Applications
Objective: Once Proxmox is installed, you will learn how to configure your ZimaBlade SBCs to function as a cohesive cluster. This includes setting up shared storage, optimizing network settings, and deploying server applications using Proxmox’s container and virtual machine management tools. You’ll gain practical skills in setting up and managing a scalable server environment.
4. Understanding the Benefits of x86 Architecture Over ARM-based Alternatives Like Raspberry Pi
Objective: This section will explore the advantages of using x86 architecture, as found in ZimaBlade SBCs, over ARM-based alternatives like the Raspberry Pi. You will learn about the enhanced performance, broader software compatibility, superior virtualization capabilities, and greater data privacy and security that x86 systems offer. This understanding will help you make informed decisions when choosing hardware for your projects.
Step-by-Step Instructions
1. Setting Up the Hardware
Carefully unbox each ZimaBlade SBC, handling them by the edges to avoid any static discharge damage. Lay out all the included components, such as power supplies, cables, and accessories.
Inspect the Components:
Visually inspect each ZimaBlade SBC for any signs of damage or missing parts. Ensure that all ports, connectors, and components are intact.
Assemble the Components:
Attach any provided heatsinks or other cooling solutions to the ZimaBlade SBCs as per the instructions. If your setup includes a case, place each SBC inside the case and secure it using the provided screws.
All hardware including the Zimablades
1.2 Install Additional RAM and Network Cards
RAM Installation:
If your ZimaBlade SBCs require additional RAM, locate the RAM slots on the board. Align the RAM module with the slot and gently press down until it clicks into place. Ensure both retention clips are securely latched.
Network Card Installation:
Insert any additional network cards into the PCIe slots on the ZimaBlade SBCs. Make sure the cards are fully seated and secured with screws if necessary. Ensure the network ports are accessible for connecting cables later.
1.3 Connect the Hard Drives to Each ZimaBlade
Prepare the Drives:
Choose the appropriate hard drives (SATA or NVMe) for each ZimaBlade SBC. If using SATA drives, you will need SATA cables; for NVMe drives, ensure you have the correct M.2 connectors.
Connecting SATA Drives:
Attach the SATA data cable to each hard drive and connect the other end to the corresponding SATA port on the ZimaBlade SBC. Plug in the power cable to the drive as well. Secure the drive inside the case or drive bay.
Connecting NVMe Drives:
Insert the NVMe drive into the M.2 slot at an angle, then press it down and secure it with the mounting screw. Ensure the drive is securely attached to the board.
Verify Connections:
Double-check all connections to ensure that the drives are properly connected to both power and data ports.
1.4 Set Up the Network Infrastructure with a Managed Switch
Select a Managed Switch:
Choose a managed switch that meets the networking requirements of your ZimaBlade cluster. The switch should support high-speed connections, such as 10 GB Ethernet, and have enough ports for all your SBCs.
Connect the ZimaBlade SBCs:
Use high-quality Ethernet cables to connect each ZimaBlade SBC to the managed switch. Ensure that each connection is secure, and label the cables if necessary to keep track of which SBC is connected to which port.
Configure the Managed Switch:
Access the managed switch’s web interface or command-line console to configure its settings. Set up VLANs, prioritize traffic with Quality of Service (QoS) settings, and assign IP addresses to each ZimaBlade SBC for consistent network performance.
Final Network Check:
Power on the managed switch and verify that each ZimaBlade SBC is properly connected and communicating with the network. Use network tools like ping to ensure all devices are accessible and connected as intended.
2. Installing Proxmox
2.1 Prepare the ZimaBlade SBCs for Proxmox Installation
Power On the ZimaBlade SBCs:
Connect the power supply to each ZimaBlade SBC and power them on. Connect a monitor and keyboard to the SBC to access the BIOS/UEFI settings.
Access the BIOS/UEFI:
During startup, press the designated key (usually DEL or F2) to enter the BIOS/UEFI settings. This is where you'll configure the system to prepare for the Proxmox installation.
BIOS/UEFI Configuration:
In the BIOS/UEFI, set the boot priority to ensure the system will boot from the USB drive that will contain the Proxmox installation image. Additionally, enable any necessary virtualization support (e.g., Intel VT-x or AMD-V) to allow Proxmox to manage virtual machines effectively.
Save and Exit:
Once you have made the necessary changes, save the BIOS/UEFI settings and exit. The ZimaBlade SBC will reboot and should now be ready to boot from the installation media.
2.2 Download and Flash Proxmox onto Each ZimaBlade
Download the Proxmox VE ISO:
Visit the official Proxmox website and download the latest Proxmox VE (Virtual Environment) ISO file. Ensure you download the correct version for your hardware architecture.
Create a Bootable USB Drive:
Use a tool like Rufus (for Windows) or Etcher (for macOS/Linux) to create a bootable USB drive. Select the Proxmox ISO file and choose the USB drive as the destination. Start the process and wait for it to complete.
Insert the USB Drive:
Insert the bootable USB drive into one of the ZimaBlade SBCs. Ensure that the SBC is powered off before inserting the USB drive to avoid any issues during the boot process.
Boot from USB:
Power on the ZimaBlade SBC. If the BIOS/UEFI settings were configured correctly, the system should boot from the USB drive, launching the Proxmox installer.
2.3 Configure the Initial Setup, Including Network Settings and User Accounts
Begin the Proxmox Installation:
Follow the on-screen instructions to start the Proxmox installation. Select the target drive where Proxmox will be installed (this is typically the internal SSD or hard drive you connected earlier).
Disk Partitioning:
The installer will prompt you to partition the disk. You can either use the default partitioning scheme or customize it according to your needs. Ensure there is enough space allocated for Proxmox and its virtual machines.
Network Configuration:
Configure the network settings during installation. Assign a static IP address to each ZimaBlade SBC to ensure stable and consistent network communication within the cluster. You may also need to set up DNS servers and a gateway address.
Set Up User Accounts:
Create a root password and an email address for the Proxmox administration account. This account will have full access to the Proxmox interface and will be used to manage the cluster.
Finalize the Installation:
Once all the settings are configured, proceed with the installation. The process may take a few minutes. After completion, remove the USB drive and reboot the ZimaBlade SBC.
Access the Proxmox Web Interface:
After the reboot, access the Proxmox web interface by entering the IP address you assigned during installation into a web browser on another device. Log in using the root account credentials you created earlier.
Repeat for Each ZimaBlade SBC:
Repeat the installation process for each ZimaBlade SBC in your cluster, ensuring each one is correctly configured and accessible via the Proxmox web interface.
3. Cluster Configuration
3.1 Connect the ZimaBlade SBCs to Form a Cluster
Access the Proxmox Web Interface:
Start by logging into the Proxmox web interface on one of your ZimaBlade SBCs using the IP address you configured during installation. Use the root credentials you set up earlier.
Create a New Cluster:
Navigate to the Datacenter section in the Proxmox web interface. Here, you will find an option to create a new cluster. Click on Create Cluster and enter a name for your cluster. Make sure the name is unique and descriptive, as this will be used to identify the cluster within the Proxmox environment.
Configure Cluster Settings:
Set up the necessary cluster settings, including the network configuration for cluster communication. Ensure that the correct network interface is selected for cluster traffic, typically the one connected to your managed switch.
Generate Cluster Join Information:
Once the cluster is created, Proxmox will provide a command that you can use to join other ZimaBlade SBCs to this cluster. Copy this command, as you will need it for the next steps.
Join Additional Nodes:
Log into the Proxmox web interface on the other ZimaBlade SBCs. Navigate to the Datacenter section, and instead of creating a new cluster, select Join Cluster. Paste the command you copied from the first node and execute it. This will connect the SBC to the existing cluster.
Verify Cluster Formation:
After joining all nodes, return to the original Proxmox interface and verify that all ZimaBlade SBCs are listed as part of the cluster. You should see each node listed under the Cluster tab in the Datacenter section.
3.2 Configure Proxmox to Manage the Cluster
Cluster Management Overview:
With your ZimaBlade SBCs connected into a cluster, you can now manage them collectively through the Proxmox interface. This centralized management system allows you to control all nodes from a single interface, simplifying maintenance and resource allocation.
Resource Allocation:
Within the Proxmox web interface, navigate to each node and allocate resources such as CPU cores, memory, and storage. You can also configure specific roles for each node, depending on your cluste's workload requirements.
High Availability (HA) Setup:
To ensure that your cluster remains operational even if one node fails, you can configure High Availability (HA) for critical virtual machines (VMs) and containers. Navigate to the High Availability section, select the VMs or containers you want to make HA, and set the HA parameters. This will allow the cluster to automatically restart the services on another node if a failure occurs.
Network Configuration:
Configure network settings to optimize traffic across the cluster. This may involve setting up additional VLANs for different types of traffic (e.g., management, storage, and VM traffic) to prevent bottlenecks and ensure smooth operation.
3.3 Set Up Shared Storage and Network Settings for Efficient Resource Management
Shared Storage Configuration:
Setting up shared storage allows all nodes in the cluster to access the same data, which is essential for running VMs and containers across different nodes. Go to the Storage section in the Proxmox web interface and add a shared storage solution, such as NFS, Ceph, or iSCSI.
Adding Shared Storage:
Choose the type of shared storage you want to implement (e.g., NFS for simplicity or Ceph for scalability and redundancy). Enter the necessary details, such as the storage serve's IP address and export path. Once configured, the shared storage will be available to all nodes in the cluster.
Network Bonding and VLAN Configuration:
For enhanced performance and redundancy, you can configure network bonding on your ZimaBlade SBCs. This combines multiple network interfaces into a single bonded interface, providing higher throughput and failover capabilities.
Additionally, configure VLANs to separate different types of network traffic. For example, you might have one VLAN for management traffic, another for storage traffic, and a third for VM traffic. This helps in organizing network traffic and avoiding congestion.
Testing and Optimization:
After configuring shared storage and network settings, test the setup by migrating VMs or containers between nodes to ensure everything is functioning correctly. Monitor network performance and make adjustments to settings like QoS or bandwidth allocation as needed to optimize cluster performance.
Final Checks:
Once the cluster configuration is complete, review all settings and perform a few test scenarios, such as node failover or live migration of VMs, to confirm that the cluster is operating smoothly and efficiently.
4. Final Setup and Testing - Optimize the Cluster for Performance and Stability
Performance Tuning:
Begin by reviewing the resource allocation across the cluster. Ensure that each ZimaBlade SBC is optimally configured with appropriate CPU cores, memory, and storage for the workloads you intend to run. Adjust these allocations as needed based on the performance characteristics of your applications.
Enable Performance Features:
In the Proxmox web interface, explore advanced performance features such as CPU pinning, which allows you to dedicate specific CPU cores to certain VMs or containers. This can enhance performance for CPU-intensive tasks.
Another optimization technique is to enable ballooning for memory management. This allows Proxmox to dynamically adjust the memory usage of VMs based on demand, helping to avoid memory shortages while optimizing overall performance.
Stability Enhancements:
Configure watchdog timers for your critical VMs. This ensures that if a VM becomes unresponsive, the cluster can automatically restart it. Navigate to the VM's hardware settings in Proxmox and add a watchdog device, configuring it to reboot the VM on failure.
Implement redundancy measures by ensuring that critical services are spread across multiple nodes and are not all reliant on a single point of failure. Consider setting up replication or mirroring for essential data within your shared storage solution.
System Monitoring:
Set up monitoring tools within Proxmox to keep track of system health, resource utilization, and performance metrics. Tools like Grafana and Prometheus can be integrated for more detailed analysis and alerting.
Regularly review logs and system reports to identify potential issues before they impact the performance or stability of your cluster.
4.2 Test the Cluster by Running Basic Server Applications
Deploy Test Applications:
Start by deploying a few basic server applications within your Proxmox cluster. Examples include a simple web server (e.g., Apache or Nginx), a database server (e.g., MySQL or PostgreSQL), or a file server (e.g., Samba).
Create a new VM or container for each application and allocate appropriate resources. Install the necessary software and configure it as you would in a production environment.
Functional Testing:
After deployment, perform basic functional tests on each server application to ensure they are operating correctly. For a web server, this might involve accessing a sample webpage from a client machine. For a database server, you might execute basic queries to verify database functionality.
Additionally, test the interaction between different applications, such as connecting your web server to the database server, to ensure that network communication and data exchange are functioning properly.
Load Testing:
Simulate typical or peak load conditions on the server applications to evaluate how the cluster handles increased traffic or processing demands. Tools like Apache JMeter or Locust can be used to generate load and measure performance.
Monitor resource usage during load testing to identify any bottlenecks or areas where performance might degrade. Adjust resource allocations, optimize configurations, or scale out additional nodes if necessary.
4.3 Troubleshoot Any Issues and Make Necessary Adjustments
Identify Issues:
If you encounter any problems during testing, such as performance bottlenecks, network issues, or application failures, use Proxmox’s built-in diagnostic tools to identify the root cause. Check system logs, monitor network traffic, and review resource usage statistics.
Common Troubleshooting Steps:
Network Issues: Verify that all network cables are securely connected and that the managed switch is properly configured. Ensure that VLANs and QoS settings are correctly applied. If VMs cannot communicate, check IP configurations and firewall rules.
Performance Bottlenecks: If certain VMs or applications are slow, consider reallocating more CPU, memory, or disk I/O resources. You may also need to optimize the applications themselves or reduce the number of running services.
Application Failures: Check the application logs within the VM or container for errors. Ensure that all dependencies are correctly installed and configured. If a VM or container repeatedly crashes, investigate whether it's running out of memory or CPU resources and adjust as needed.
Implement Solutions:
Once issues are identified, implement solutions based on your findings. This could involve adjusting resource allocations, reconfiguring network settings, or fine-tuning application configurations.
For persistent issues, consider seeking help from online forums, the Proxmox community, or vendor support, especially if the problem is complex or hardware-specific.
Final Validation:
After making adjustments, rerun the tests to confirm that the issues have been resolved. Ensure that the cluster is now stable, performs well under load, and all applications function as expected.
Document Configuration:
Finally, document your final cluster configuration, including any custom settings, optimizations, and troubleshooting steps taken. This will be invaluable for future maintenance and any required scaling or modifications.
Conclusion
With your x86 cluster up and running, you now have a powerful, low-cost, and flexible server environment. This setup can be used for various applications, including hosting websites, running AI systems, or managing personal data. The ZimaBlade SBCs offer a robust alternative to cloud services and traditional server hardware, making them perfect for home labs.
Credits
Photo of RichElliot
RichElliot
I head up Electromaker.io.
Leave your feedback...
|
__label__pos
| 0.889358 |
Table of Contents
Cut TS sample
This page tries to explain how to cut small sample file from .ts or from .m2ts file. These samples are sometimes crucial for fixing AVIdemux bugs and because of this, developers might ask you to provide one.
You can use any binary file cutting tool for the job (this applies to Transport Stream files). In this tutorial we will guide the process with Virtualdubs hex editor (for Windows users) and with dd command (Linux and Mac OS X).
Virtualdub (for Windows users)
Virtualdub is video editor, but the software also contains build-in hex editor that we are going to use. Process itself is very simple.
Now that you have created a new sample file, test it out in AVIdemux. If it causes same issues as the original one, then share it to us.
dd (for Linux/Mac OS X users)
dd is basic tool that comes with Unix-based operating systems. It can be used for many tasks, but in this case we use it to create sample files.
1. Open console/terminal and move to the folder where the original file is located (you can use cd command to move around file system)
2. Input command that cuts sample from file, it is something like dd if=original.ts of=sample.ts bs=20M count=1, where if indicates input file, of indicates output file, bs=20M sets the size of output file, and count says we only write one block. One example below
dd if=recorded_from_DVB_tuner.ts of=sample_for_avidemux.ts bs=20M count=1
If dd complains something like “dd: bs: illegal numeric value”, then don't use M, but instead input the value as bytes, e.g.
dd if=recorded_from_DVB_tuner.ts of=sample_for_avidemux.ts bs=20000000 count=1
Now that you have created a new sample file, test it out in AVIdemux. If it causes same issues as the original one, then share it to us.
|
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| 0.959239 |
Mobile
Article
By Ethan Damschroder
Learn Android NFC Basics by Building a Simple Messenger
By Ethan Damschroder
This article was peer reviewed by Tim Severien. Thanks to all of SitePoint’s peer reviewers for making SitePoint content the best it can be!
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short range wireless method of communication between devices or between a device and an NFC ‘tag’. NFC is not limited to Android or mobile devices in general, but this tutorial is specific to the Android implementation of NFC.
By the end of this tutorial you will understand the basic concepts of NFC as well as how to set up basic communication between Android devices. You will need to have an API of 14 or higher to complete this tutorial. Although some functions introduced in API 16 are used, they are convenience functions and not required.
You can find the complete code for this tutorial on GitHub.
Formatting for NFC
NFC has a general standard created by the NFC Forum to make sure that the interface can work across different systems. This format is ‘NDEF’ (NFC Data Exchange Format) and allows us to know how information in tags is likely presented to us, and gives a way to ensure that data we create can be useful to the largest possible number of users.
For now, this is all I’ll say about formatting, but we’ll come back to it.
The Tag Dispatch System
The Android OS handles NFC through its ‘NFC Tag Dispatch System.’ This is a part of the system separate from your application that you have little control over. It’s constantly looking (assuming NFC is not disabled on the device) for NFC devices it can interface with. If the device comes within 4 centimeters of another NFC enabled device or an NFC tag the system will dispatch an intent and this is how we receive data.
Open Android Studio and create a project with a blank activity and we’ll get started.
Filtering for NFC Intents
When filtering for NFC intents you want to be as specific as you can. This is to avoid the chooser dialog appearing for apps that can handle the intent. Normally, the chooser is no problem, and often it’s the preferred behavior to let it (or force it to) show, but this is not the case for NFC.
NFC requires devices to be within centimeters of each other. If we allow the chooser to show, our user will likely move the device back to themselves to look and cancel the interaction.
The tag dispatch system has three actions it can attach to the intent it created in response to finding something it can read, write, or communicate with. The dispatch system will send out several intents, if one intent fails to find an activity to handle it the next in the list is sent.
The actions that the Tag Dispatch System will attach to its intents are:
1. ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED – Sent if the information found is formatted as NDEF.
2. ACTION_TECH_DISCOVERED – Sent if the first fails, or if the data was formatted in an unfamiliar way
3. ACTION_TAG_DISCOVERED – The last and most general. Remember, we want to capture the intent before this, as it’s likely we will have multiple activities that have specified something this general.
We’re going to be creating a simple messenger to send and receive a list of strings.
Open AndroidManifest.xml and add the following intent filter to the main activity:
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.nfc.action.NDEF_DISCOVERED" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/>
<data android:mimeType="text/plain" />
</intent-filter>
As with any Android project we’re going to have to ask for the appropriate permissions. Add the following permission and feature to AndroidManifest.xml:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.NFC" />
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.nfc" android:required="true"/>
To make things smoother later, set the launch mode for the main activity to ‘single task’. This will allow us to handle intents sent to our activity without having to recreate the activity, giving a more fluid feel to our user.
<activity
android:launchMode="singleTask"
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
Simple Interface
We need a way to add messages to send to an array of strings. You can create your own method, or use the simple interface I have below.
Change activity_main.xml to:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin" tools:context=".MainActivity">
<EditText
android:id="@+id/txtBoxAddMessage"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/buttonAddMessage"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:onClick="addMessage"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtBoxAddMessage"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/txtMessagesReceived"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/buttonAddMessage"
android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"/>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/txtMessageToSend"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/txtMessagesReceived"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_alignParentStart="true"/>
</RelativeLayout>
Update MainActivity.java to the following:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
//The array lists to hold our messages
private ArrayList<String> messagesToSendArray = new ArrayList<>();
private ArrayList<String> messagesReceivedArray = new ArrayList<>();
//Text boxes to add and display our messages
private EditText txtBoxAddMessage;
private TextView txtReceivedMessages;
private TextView txtMessagesToSend;
public void addMessage(View view) {
String newMessage = txtBoxAddMessage.getText().toString();
messagesToSendArray.add(newMessage);
txtBoxAddMessage.setText(null);
updateTextViews();
Toast.makeText(this, "Added Message", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
private void updateTextViews() {
txtMessagesToSend.setText("Messages To Send:\n");
//Populate Our list of messages we want to send
if(messagesToSendArray.size() > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < messagesToSendArray.size(); i++) {
txtMessagesToSend.append(messagesToSendArray.get(i));
txtMessagesToSend.append("\n");
}
}
txtReceivedMessages.setText("Messages Received:\n");
//Populate our list of messages we have received
if (messagesReceivedArray.size() > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < messagesReceivedArray.size(); i++) {
txtReceivedMessages.append(messagesReceivedArray.get(i));
txtReceivedMessages.append("\n");
}
}
}
//Save our Array Lists of Messages for if the user navigates away
@Override
public void onSaveInstanceState(@NonNull Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(savedInstanceState);
savedInstanceState.putStringArrayList("messagesToSend", messagesToSendArray);
savedInstanceState.putStringArrayList("lastMessagesReceived",messagesReceivedArray);
}
//Load our Array Lists of Messages for when the user navigates back
@Override
public void onRestoreInstanceState(@NonNull Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState);
messagesToSendArray = savedInstanceState.getStringArrayList("messagesToSend");
messagesReceivedArray = savedInstanceState.getStringArrayList("lastMessagesReceived");
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
txtBoxAddMessage = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.txtBoxAddMessage);
txtMessagesToSend = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtMessageToSend);
txtReceivedMessages = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.txtMessagesReceived);
Button btnAddMessage = (Button) findViewById(R.id.buttonAddMessage);
btnAddMessage.setText("Add Message");
updateTextViews();
}
}
--ADVERTISEMENT--
Checking for NFC Support
In the MainActivity.java onCreate() method add the following to handle when NFC is not supported on the device:
//Check if NFC is available on device
mNfcAdapter = NfcAdapter.getDefaultAdapter(this);
if(mNfcAdapter != null) {
//Handle some NFC initialization here
}
else {
Toast.makeText(this, "NFC not available on this device",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
Make sure to create the mNfcAdapter variable at the top of the class definition:
private NfcAdapter mNfcAdapter;
Creating Our Message
Android provides useful classes and functions that allow us to package our data. To conform to NDEF, we can create NdefMessages which contain one or more NdefRecords.
To send a message, we have to create it first. There are two main ways to handle this:
1. Call setNdefPushMessage() in the NfcAdapter class. This will accept an NdefMessage sent when detecting another NFC capable device.
2. Override callbacks so that our NdefMessage will be created only when it needs to be sent.
Number one is the preferred method if the data will not change. Our data will be changing, so we’ll use option number two.
To handle message sending we need to specify callbacks to respond to NFC events. Since we will be updating our data we want the message to be created only when it needs to be sent.
Update the activity like so:
public class MainActivity extends Activity
implements NfcAdapter.OnNdefPushCompleteCallback,
NfcAdapter.CreateNdefMessageCallback
Override the relevant functions:
@Override
public void onNdefPushComplete(NfcEvent event) {
//This is called when the system detects that our NdefMessage was
//Successfully sent.
messagesToSendArray.clear();
}
@Override
public NdefMessage createNdefMessage(NfcEvent event) {
//This will be called when another NFC capable device is detected.
if (messagesToSendArray.size() == 0) {
return null;
}
//We'll write the createRecords() method in just a moment
NdefRecord[] recordsToAttach = createRecords();
//When creating an NdefMessage we need to provide an NdefRecord[]
return new NdefMessage(recordsToAttach);
}
Now make sure to specify these callbacks in the onCreate method:
//Check if NFC is available on device
mNfcAdapter = NfcAdapter.getDefaultAdapter(this);
if(mNfcAdapter != null) {
//This will refer back to createNdefMessage for what it will send
mNfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessageCallback(this, this);
//This will be called if the message is sent successfully
mNfcAdapter.setOnNdefPushCompleteCallback(this, this);
}
Creating the Records
There are multiple utility functions within the NdefRecord class that can return a properly formatted NdefRecord, but to understand the concept and give us more flexibility we’re going to manually create a NdefRecord first.
In NDEF there are four parts to a record:
1. A short that specifies the type name of our payload from a list of constants.
2. A variable length byte[] that gives more detail about our type.
3. A variable length byte[] used as a unique identifier. This is neither required or often used.
4. A variable length byte[] that is our actual payload
Add this function to MainActivity.java:
public NdefRecord[] createRecords() {
NdefRecord[] records = new NdefRecord[messagesToSendArray.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < messagesToSendArray.size(); i++){
byte[] payload = messagesToSendArray.get(i).
getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
NdefRecord record = new NdefRecord(
NdefRecord.TNF_WELL_KNOWN, //Our 3-bit Type name format
NdefRecord.RTD_TEXT, //Description of our payload
new byte[0], //The optional id for our Record
payload); //Our payload for the Record
records[i] = record;
}
return records;
}
Since we’re writing both the sender and receiver we can be specific about how we want our data handled. We can call NdefRecord.createApplicationRecord to attach a specially formatted NdefRecord that will tell the OS which application should handle the data. The system will attempt to open the application to handle the data before any other.
It doesn’t matter where in the NdefRecord[] array we include this record, as long as it’s present anywhere it will work. Make sure to adjust the length of our NdefRecord[] to be one longer to accommodate the additional record and add the following before the return in the createRecords() function.
//Remember to change the size of your array when you instantiate it.
records[messagesToSendArray.size()] =
NdefRecord.createApplicationRecord(getPackage());
An advantage of creating and attaching an Android Application Record is that if Android cannot find the application it will open a connection to the Google Play store and attempt to download your application (assuming it exists).
Note: This doesn’t make the transaction secure or ensure that your app will be the one to open it. Including the application record only further specifies our preference to the OS. If another activity that is currently in the foreground calls NfcAdapter.enableForegroundDispatch it can catch the intent before it gets to us, there is no way to prevent this except to have our activity in the foreground. Still, this is as close as we can get to ensuring that our application is the one that processes this data.
As mentioned, it’s generally preferred to use the provided utility functions to create the Records. Most of these functions were introduced in API 16, and we are writing for 14 or higher. So we cover all bases, let’s include a check for the API level and create our record in the preferred manner if the function is available to us. Change the createRecords() function to this:
public NdefRecord[] createRecords() {
NdefRecord[] records = new NdefRecord[messagesToSendArray.size() + 1];
//To Create Messages Manually if API is less than
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN) {
for (int i = 0; i < messagesToSendArray.size(); i++){
byte[] payload = messagesToSendArray.get(i).
getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
NdefRecord record = new NdefRecord(
NdefRecord.TNF_WELL_KNOWN, //Our 3-bit Type name format
NdefRecord.RTD_TEXT, //Description of our payload
new byte[0], //The optional id for our Record
payload); //Our payload for the Record
records[i] = record;
}
}
//Api is high enough that we can use createMime, which is preferred.
else {
for (int i = 0; i < messagesToSendArray.size(); i++){
byte[] payload = messagesToSendArray.get(i).
getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
NdefRecord record = NdefRecord.createMime("text/plain",payload);
records[i] = record;
}
}
records[messagesToSendArray.size()] =
NdefRecord.createApplicationRecord(getPackageName());
return records;
}
Processing the Message
The intent received will contain an NdefMessage[] array. Since we know the length, it’s easy to process.
private void handleNfcIntent(Intent NfcIntent) {
if (NfcAdapter.ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED.equals(NfcIntent.getAction())) {
Parcelable[] receivedArray =
NfcIntent.getParcelableArrayExtra(NfcAdapter.EXTRA_NDEF_MESSAGES);
if(receivedArray != null) {
messagesReceivedArray.clear();
NdefMessage receivedMessage = (NdefMessage) receivedArray[0];
NdefRecord[] attachedRecords = receivedMessage.getRecords();
for (NdefRecord record:attachedRecords) {
String string = new String(record.getPayload());
//Make sure we don't pass along our AAR (Android Application Record)
if (string.equals(getPackageName())) { continue; }
messagesReceivedArray.add(string);
}
Toast.makeText(this, "Received " + messagesReceivedArray.size() +
" Messages", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
updateTextViews();
}
else {
Toast.makeText(this, "Received Blank Parcel", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}
}
@Override
public void onNewIntent(Intent intent) {
handleNfcIntent(intent);
}
We are overriding onNewIntent so we can receive and process the message without creating a new activity. It’s not necessary but will help make everything feel fluid. Add a call to handleNfcIntent in the onCreate() and onResume() functions to be sure that all cases are handled.
@Override
public void onResume() {
super.onResume();
updateTextViews();
handleNfcIntent(getIntent());
}
That’s it! You should have a simple functioning NFC messenger. Attaching different types of files is as easy as specifying a different mime type and attaching the binary of the file you want to send. For a full list of supported types and their convenience constructors take a look at the NdefMessage and NdefRecord classes in the Android documentation. More complex features are available on Android with NFC such as emulating an NFC tag so that we can passively read, but that is beyond a simple messenger application.
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__label__pos
| 0.855717 |
aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/release/release.sh
blob: c4b68d8fd8006d271a4275b21c057306ab7482de (plain) (blame)
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#!/bin/sh
#-
# Copyright (c) 2013 Glen Barber
# Copyright (c) 2011 Nathan Whitehorn
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
# are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
# SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# release.sh: check out source trees, and build release components with
# totally clean, fresh trees.
# Based on release/generate-release.sh written by Nathan Whitehorn
#
# $FreeBSD$
#
PATH="/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin"
export PATH
# The directory within which the release will be built.
CHROOTDIR="/scratch"
RELENGDIR="$(realpath $(dirname $(basename ${0})))"
# The default svn checkout server, and svn branches for src/, doc/,
# and ports/.
SVNROOT="svn://svn.freebsd.org"
SRCBRANCH="base/head@rHEAD"
DOCBRANCH="doc/head@rHEAD"
PORTBRANCH="ports/head@rHEAD"
# Set for embedded device builds.
EMBEDDEDBUILD=
EMBEDDED_WORLD_FLAGS=
# Sometimes one needs to checkout src with --force svn option.
# If custom kernel configs copied to src tree before checkout, e.g.
SRC_FORCE_CHECKOUT=
# The default make.conf and src.conf to use. Set to /dev/null
# by default to avoid polluting the chroot(8) environment with
# non-default settings.
MAKE_CONF="/dev/null"
SRC_CONF="/dev/null"
# The number of make(1) jobs, defaults to the number of CPUs available for
# buildworld, and half of number of CPUs available for buildkernel.
NCPU=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
if [ ${NCPU} -gt 1 ]; then
WORLD_FLAGS="-j${NCPU}"
KERNEL_FLAGS="-j$(expr ${NCPU} / 2)"
fi
MAKE_FLAGS="-s"
# The name of the kernel to build, defaults to GENERIC.
KERNEL="GENERIC"
# Set to non-empty value to disable checkout of doc/ and/or ports/. Disabling
# ports/ checkout also forces NODOC to be set.
NODOC=
NOPORTS=
# Set to non-empty value to build dvd1.iso as part of the release.
WITH_DVD=
usage() {
echo "Usage: $0 [-c release.conf]"
exit 1
}
while getopts c: opt; do
case ${opt} in
c)
RELEASECONF="${OPTARG}"
if [ ! -e "${RELEASECONF}" ]; then
echo "ERROR: Configuration file ${RELEASECONF} does not exist."
exit 1
fi
# Source the specified configuration file for overrides
. ${RELEASECONF}
;;
\?)
usage
;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
if [ "x${EMBEDDEDBUILD}" != "x" ]; then
WITH_DVD=
NODOC=yes
fi
# If PORTS is set and NODOC is unset, force NODOC=yes because the ports tree
# is required to build the documentation set.
if [ "x${NOPORTS}" != "x" ] && [ "x${NODOC}" = "x" ]; then
echo "*** NOTICE: Setting NODOC=1 since ports tree is required"
echo " and NOPORTS is set."
NODOC=yes
fi
# If NOPORTS and/or NODOC are unset, they must not pass to make as variables.
# The release makefile verifies definedness of NOPORTS/NODOC variables
# instead of their values.
DOCPORTS=
if [ "x${NOPORTS}" != "x" ]; then
DOCPORTS="NOPORTS=yes "
fi
if [ "x${NODOC}" != "x" ]; then
DOCPORTS="${DOCPORTS}NODOC=yes"
fi
# The aggregated build-time flags based upon variables defined within
# this file, unless overridden by release.conf. In most cases, these
# will not need to be changed.
CONF_FILES="__MAKE_CONF=${MAKE_CONF} SRCCONF=${SRC_CONF}"
if [ "x${TARGET}" != "x" ] && [ "x${TARGET_ARCH}" != "x" ]; then
ARCH_FLAGS="TARGET=${TARGET} TARGET_ARCH=${TARGET_ARCH}"
else
ARCH_FLAGS=
fi
CHROOT_MAKEENV="MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX=${CHROOTDIR}/tmp/obj"
CHROOT_WMAKEFLAGS="${MAKE_FLAGS} ${WORLD_FLAGS} ${CONF_FILES} ${EMBEDDED_WORLD_FLAGS}"
CHROOT_IMAKEFLAGS="${CONF_FILES} ${EMBEDDED_WORLD_FLAGS}"
CHROOT_DMAKEFLAGS="${CONF_FILES} ${EMBEDDED_WORLD_FLAGS}"
RELEASE_WMAKEFLAGS="${MAKE_FLAGS} ${WORLD_FLAGS} ${ARCH_FLAGS} ${CONF_FILES}"
RELEASE_KMAKEFLAGS="${MAKE_FLAGS} ${KERNEL_FLAGS} KERNCONF=\"${KERNEL}\" ${ARCH_FLAGS} ${CONF_FILES}"
RELEASE_RMAKEFLAGS="${ARCH_FLAGS} KERNCONF=\"${KERNEL}\" ${CONF_FILES} \
${DOCPORTS} WITH_DVD=${WITH_DVD}"
# Force src checkout if configured
FORCE_SRC_KEY=
if [ "x${SRC_FORCE_CHECKOUT}" != "x" ]; then
FORCE_SRC_KEY="--force"
fi
if [ ! ${CHROOTDIR} ]; then
echo "Please set CHROOTDIR."
exit 1
fi
if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ]; then
echo "Needs to be run as root."
exit 1
fi
set -e # Everything must succeed
mkdir -p ${CHROOTDIR}/usr
svn co ${FORCE_SRC_KEY} ${SVNROOT}/${SRCBRANCH} ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/src
if [ "x${NODOC}" = "x" ]; then
svn co ${SVNROOT}/${DOCBRANCH} ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/doc
fi
if [ "x${NOPORTS}" = "x" ]; then
svn co ${SVNROOT}/${PORTBRANCH} ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/ports
fi
cd ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/src
env ${CHROOT_MAKEENV} make ${CHROOT_WMAKEFLAGS} buildworld
env ${CHROOT_MAKEENV} make ${CHROOT_IMAKEFLAGS} installworld \
DESTDIR=${CHROOTDIR}
env ${CHROOT_MAKEENV} make ${CHROOT_DMAKEFLAGS} distribution \
DESTDIR=${CHROOTDIR}
mount -t devfs devfs ${CHROOTDIR}/dev
cp /etc/resolv.conf ${CHROOTDIR}/etc/resolv.conf
trap "umount ${CHROOTDIR}/dev" EXIT # Clean up devfs mount on exit
# If MAKE_CONF and/or SRC_CONF are set and not character devices (/dev/null),
# copy them to the chroot.
if [ -e ${MAKE_CONF} ] && [ ! -c ${MAKE_CONF} ]; then
mkdir -p ${CHROOTDIR}/$(dirname ${MAKE_CONF})
cp ${MAKE_CONF} ${CHROOTDIR}/${MAKE_CONF}
fi
if [ -e ${SRC_CONF} ] && [ ! -c ${SRC_CONF} ]; then
mkdir -p ${CHROOTDIR}/$(dirname ${SRC_CONF})
cp ${SRC_CONF} ${CHROOTDIR}/${SRC_CONF}
fi
# Embedded builds do not use the 'make release' target.
if [ "X${EMBEDDEDBUILD}" != "X" ]; then
# If a crochet configuration file exists in *this* checkout of
# release/, copy it to the /tmp/external directory within the chroot.
# This allows building embedded releases without relying on updated
# scripts and/or configurations to exist in the branch being built.
if [ -e ${RELENGDIR}/tools/${XDEV}/crochet-${KERNEL}.conf ] && \
[ -e ${RELENGDIR}/${XDEV}/release.sh ]; then
mkdir -p ${CHROOTDIR}/tmp/external/${XDEV}/
cp ${RELENGDIR}/tools/${XDEV}/crochet-${KERNEL}.conf \
${CHROOTDIR}/tmp/external/${XDEV}/crochet-${KERNEL}.conf
/bin/sh ${RELENGDIR}/${XDEV}/release.sh
fi
# If the script does not exist for this architecture, exit.
# This probably should be checked earlier, but allowing the rest
# of the build process to get this far will at least set up the
# chroot environment for testing.
exit 0
else
# Not embedded.
continue
fi
if [ -d ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/ports ]; then
# Run ldconfig(8) in the chroot directory so /var/run/ld-elf*.so.hints
# is created. This is needed by ports-mgmt/pkg.
chroot ${CHROOTDIR} /etc/rc.d/ldconfig forcerestart
## Trick the ports 'run-autotools-fixup' target to do the right thing.
_OSVERSION=$(sysctl -n kern.osreldate)
if [ -d ${CHROOTDIR}/usr/doc ] && [ "x${NODOC}" = "x" ]; then
PBUILD_FLAGS="OSVERSION=${_OSVERSION} BATCH=yes"
PBUILD_FLAGS="${PBUILD_FLAGS}"
chroot ${CHROOTDIR} make -C /usr/ports/textproc/docproj \
${PBUILD_FLAGS} OPTIONS_UNSET="FOP IGOR" install clean distclean
fi
fi
if [ "x${RELSTRING}" = "x" ]; then
RELSTRING="$(chroot ${CHROOTDIR} uname -s)-${OSRELEASE}-${TARGET_ARCH}"
fi
eval chroot ${CHROOTDIR} make -C /usr/src ${RELEASE_WMAKEFLAGS} buildworld
eval chroot ${CHROOTDIR} make -C /usr/src ${RELEASE_KMAKEFLAGS} buildkernel
eval chroot ${CHROOTDIR} make -C /usr/src/release ${RELEASE_RMAKEFLAGS} \
release RELSTRING=${RELSTRING}
eval chroot ${CHROOTDIR} make -C /usr/src/release ${RELEASE_RMAKEFLAGS} \
install DESTDIR=/R RELSTRING=${RELSTRING}
|
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| 0.625104 |
What is the location of the center of gravity on the CN tower?
Tourist Attractions
By Kristy Tolley
What is the CN tower?
The CN Tower is an iconic communication tower and a prominent landmark located in Toronto, Canada. It stands at a height of 553.33 meters and was the tallest freestanding structure in the world until 2007. The tower is not only a popular tourist attraction but also serves as a transmitter for radio and television signals, radar, and other forms of communication.
What is the center of gravity?
The center of gravity is the point where the entire weight of an object is considered to be concentrated. It is the point at which an object can be balanced in any orientation without tipping over. The center of gravity is a crucial factor in determining the stability of an object or structure. In the case of tall structures like the CN Tower, the location of the center of gravity is a critical design consideration that affects the tower’s stability and safety.
Factors affecting the center of gravity
Several factors affect the location of the center of gravity of an object or structure. The shape and size of the object, the distribution of the weight, and the density of the materials used are some of the primary factors that influence the center of gravity. In the case of the CN Tower, the massive concrete base that supports the tower’s weight, the steel framework that provides its structural integrity, and the various equipment and machinery housed within the tower all affect the location of the center of gravity.
How is the center of gravity calculated?
The center of gravity of an object or structure can be calculated mathematically by finding the weighted average of all the points of the object’s mass distributed over its volume. The location of the center of gravity is usually expressed in terms of coordinates in three-dimensional space. For complex structures like the CN Tower, computer simulations and modeling are used to estimate the location of the center of gravity accurately.
Location of the center of gravity on the CN tower
The center of gravity of the CN Tower is located approximately 152 meters above the ground level, just below the main observation deck. This location is crucial to the tower’s stability, as it determines how the tower responds to external forces like wind and earthquakes. The tower’s shape and mass distribution also play a significant role in determining the location of the center of gravity.
Design features affecting the center of gravity
The design features of the CN Tower also affect the location of the center of gravity. The massive concrete foundation and steel framework of the tower are designed to distribute the tower’s weight evenly and maintain stability. The tower’s tapered shape also helps to reduce wind resistance and minimize the effects of wind loads on the tower.
How does the CN tower maintain stability?
Several measures are taken to maintain the CN Tower’s stability. The tower’s height and shape are designed to reduce wind resistance and minimize the effects of wind loads on the tower. The tower’s massive concrete foundation and steel framework provide the necessary structural support to withstand external forces. The tower is also equipped with a tuned mass damper, a massive weight that moves in response to wind-induced vibrations, reducing the tower’s motion and maintaining stability.
Importance of the center of gravity for tall structures
The location of the center of gravity is a critical design consideration for tall structures like the CN Tower. A high center of gravity can make a structure more susceptible to wind and earthquake loads, reducing its stability and safety. The center of gravity also determines the tower’s response to external forces and affects the tower’s overall stability and safety.
Comparison with other tall structures
The center of gravity of the CN Tower is relatively high compared to other tall structures like the Burj Khalifa and the Taipei 101. The Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, has a center of gravity located at approximately one-fifth of its height from the base, while the Taipei 101 has a center of gravity located at approximately one-third of its height from the base.
Center of gravity in relation to wind loads
The center of gravity of tall structures like the CN Tower is critical in determining the tower’s response to wind loads. A high center of gravity can make the tower more susceptible to wind-induced vibrations, which can cause structural damage and compromise the tower’s safety. The CN Tower’s location of the center of gravity, combined with its shape, provides sufficient stability to withstand wind loads and maintain safety.
Conclusion: Significance of the center of gravity on the CN tower
The location of the center of gravity is a critical design consideration for tall structures like the CN Tower. The tower’s center of gravity is located approximately 152 meters above the ground level and is crucial to the tower’s stability and safety. The tower’s shape, mass distribution, and massive concrete foundation and steel framework provide the necessary support to maintain the tower’s stability, along with other measures like a tuned mass damper. The center of gravity plays a crucial role in determining the tower’s response to external forces, emphasizing its significance for tall structures.
References and further reading
1. "CN Tower: Design and Construction." The Canadian Encyclopedia, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cn-tower. Accessed 15 Sept. 2021.
2. "Centre of Gravity." Physics Classroom, https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Centre-of-Gravity. Accessed 15 Sept. 2021.
3. "The CN Tower." Ontario Heritage Trust, . Accessed 15 Sept. 2021.
Photo of author
Kristy Tolley
Kristy Tolley, an accomplished editor at TravelAsker, boasts a rich background in travel content creation. Before TravelAsker, she led editorial efforts at Red Ventures Puerto Rico, shaping content for Platea English. Kristy's extensive two-decade career spans writing and editing travel topics, from destinations to road trips. Her passion for travel and storytelling inspire readers to embark on their own journeys.
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__label__pos
| 0.999852 |
How Does High Cholesterol Occur Lower Blood Pressure Fast Medication - Condopromo
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|
__label__pos
| 0.513874 |
Fiddlercore Autorespond
Fiddler has the AutoResponder tab that allows you to replay a previously captured session.
Hosters of FiddlerCore can reproduce the behavior of this feature using code.
The following snippet looks for requests for replaceme.txt and returns a previously captured response stored in a session object named SessionIWantToReturn.
Fiddler.FiddlerApplication.BeforeRequest += delegate(Fiddler.Session oS)
{
if (oSession.HTTPMethodIs("CONNECT")) { oSession.oFlags["X-ReplyWithTunnel"] = "Fake for HTTPS Tunnel"; return; }
if (oS.uriContains("replaceme.txt"))
{
oS.utilCreateResponseAndBypassServer();
oS.responseBodyBytes = SessionIWantToReturn.responseBodyBytes;
oS.oResponse.headers = (HTTPResponseHeaders) SessionIWantToReturn.oResponse.headers.Clone();
}
};
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
|
__label__pos
| 0.51736 |
question
Matt Whitfield avatar image
Matt Whitfield asked
Does a persisted computed column need to be deterministic?
A site seeder question: If I was to create a persisted computed column on a table, would the expression for that computed column need to be deterministic?
database-designstorageddlengine
10 |1200
Up to 2 attachments (including images) can be used with a maximum of 512.0 KiB each and 1.0 MiB total.
Phil Factor avatar image
Phil Factor answered
You get an error if you try it!
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[NonDeterministicTable]
(
[MyID] [int] IDENTITY(1, 1),
Name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
[Age] AS RAND()*100 PERSISTED
)
GO
Msg 4936, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Computed column 'Age' in table 'NonDeterministicTable'
cannot be persisted because the column is non-deterministic.
A deterministic expression is one that always returns the same result for a specified set of inputs. To be reckoned to be deterministic, all functions that are referenced by the expression must be deterministic and precise (a persisted column may not be precise (e.g. a float). One thing that often catches people out is when they try to do date-based calculations using GetDate() and then try to make the column persistent. Oh no. GetDate() is not deterministic.
10 |1200
Up to 2 attachments (including images) can be used with a maximum of 512.0 KiB each and 1.0 MiB total.
Steve Jones - Editor avatar image
Steve Jones - Editor answered
Note that CLR functions cannot necessarily be found by the engine to be deterministic.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms191250.aspx
10 |1200
Up to 2 attachments (including images) can be used with a maximum of 512.0 KiB each and 1.0 MiB total.
Write an Answer
Hint: Notify or tag a user in this post by typing @username.
Up to 2 attachments (including images) can be used with a maximum of 512.0 KiB each and 1.0 MiB total.
|
__label__pos
| 0.584207 |
}l[WhDLL̍쐬ƌĂяo
ĂяoDlliNXCuj
t@[email protected]
VB.netō쐬ꍇ-------------------------------
VvWFNgɂăNX Cu I
vWFNg@ClassLibrary1
Public Class Class1
Dim i As Int32
Public Sub setInt(ByVal a As Int32)
i = a
End Sub
Public Function getInt() As Int32
Return i + 100
End Function
End Class
VC.netō쐬ꍇ-------------------------------
VvWFNgɂManaged C++ NX Cu I
vWFNg@ClassLibrary1
namespace ClassLibrary1
{
public __gc class Class1
{
public :
int j;
void setInt(int i){
j=i;
}
int getInt(){
return j*2;
}
};
}
DlľĂяo
st@C̃tH_ɏDllRs[܂iDebugtH_j
#using <./Debug/ClassLibrary1.dll>//Managed DlltpXɂĎw
int _tmain(void)
{
ClassLibrary1::Class1*obj=new ClassLibrary1::Class1();
obj->setInt(10);
int i=obj->getInt();
Console::WriteLine(i.ToString());
getchar();
return 0;
}
gbvy[W > Windows C++
|
__label__pos
| 0.689301 |
PMCCPMCCPMCC
Search tips
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Logo of interfaceThe Royal Society PublishingInterfaceAboutBrowse by SubjectAlertsFree Trial
J R Soc Interface. 2011 October 7; 8(63): 1386–1399.
Published online 2011 February 16. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0702
PMCID: PMC3163417
A highly distributed Bragg stack with unique geometry provides effective camouflage for Loliginid squid eyes
Abstract
Cephalopods possess a sophisticated array of mechanisms to achieve camouflage in dynamic underwater environments. While active mechanisms such as chromatophore patterning and body posturing are well known, passive mechanisms such as manipulating light with highly evolved reflectors may also play an important role. To explore the contribution of passive mechanisms to cephalopod camouflage, we investigated the optical and biochemical properties of the silver layer covering the eye of the California fishery squid, Loligo opalescens. We discovered a novel nested-spindle geometry whose correlated structure effectively emulates a randomly distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), with a range of spatial frequencies resulting in broadband visible reflectance, making it a nearly ideal passive camouflage material for the depth at which these animals live. We used the transfer-matrix method of optical modelling to investigate specular reflection from the spindle structures, demonstrating that a DBR with widely distributed thickness variations of high refractive index elements is sufficient to yield broadband reflectance over visible wavelengths, and that unlike DBRs with one or a few spatial frequencies, this broadband reflectance occurs from a wide range of viewing angles. The spindle shape of the cells may facilitate self-assembly of a random DBR to achieve smooth spatial distributions in refractive indices. This design lends itself to technological imitation to achieve a DBR with wide range of smoothly varying layer thicknesses in a facile, inexpensive manner.
Keywords: Bragg reflector, reflectin, self-assembly, transfer-matrix, camouflage, squid
1. Introduction
Using transparency and reflection, animals residing in the ocean's featureless midwater environment can make themselves nearly invisible to potential predators. Different optical strategies are found in different types of tissues; while muscles and connective tissue can be made transparent for highly absorbing body parts such as eyes and guts, reflection is a ubiquitous strategy for camouflage. Since the pelagic light field in regions of the ocean with asymptotic light regimes is roughly cylindrical, radiance matching can be an effective strategy for reflective camouflage; if an animal can perfectly reflect, with the same intensity and spectral composition, light radiating from behind a viewer, this reflectance will also match the light radiating from behind the animal, and the animal will remain inconspicuous on its background. Since the reflectors involved in this camouflage strategy are also required to be thin (they must be thinner than the organism's skin), dielectric mirrors provide a highly effective, energy-efficient strategy for camouflage in open water.
In general, mirrors made of either a smooth metal surface or with alternating layers of contrasting refractive index [distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs)] can be used for specular reflection of broad or narrow ranges of frequency. In the visible electromagnetic spectrum, metallic mirrors typically exhibit broadband reflectance, while Bragg mirrors typically reflect more restricted bands (called the ‘bandgap’) that span a narrower region of the spectrum. Bandgaps of periodic DBRs with a narrow range of spatial frequencies can be broadened by increasing the refractive index contrast, but the contrast required to span the visible region is greater than that found in biological materials. In the case of biological materials, broadband reflectance from a DBR can be achieved by increasing the range of layer thicknesses within the stack along the direction of incoming light.
There are several structural strategies for accomplishing an increased spatial distribution of layers in a DBR: (i) a random distribution of layer thicknesses [1]; (ii) an ordered distribution of layer thicknesses (a.k.a. ‘chirped’); and (iii) a stack of several single spatial frequency DBRs with narrow bandgaps on top of each other resulting in broadband reflection. Nature has mastered several of these optical structures, for example, chaotically spaced silver reflectors in fish [2], chirped bronze-coloured beetle reflectors [3] and silver butterfly wings that use a colour-additive technique [4]. Here, we describe for a novel optical and structural design for a broadband DBR, found in the silvery covering of squid eyes from the family Loliginidae. This silvery covering consists of packed spindle-shaped cells that achieve broadband visible reflectance by creating a large range of layer thicknesses. The silvery covering of the squid eye apparently matches the background radiance of the water column in which the animal is immersed, thereby hiding the retina by creating the illusion of transparency (figure 1).
Figure 1.
(a) Loliginind squid schooling under ambient lighting in shallow water showing effective camouflage of the large eye structure. (b) Photograph of squid eye showing relationship of silver tissue to other eye structures. (c) Magnification of 10× ...
The broadband reflectors found in the squid eye tissue are densely packed protein-rich spindle-shaped cells with a refractive index of 1.56 [5] surrounded by cytoplasm with a refractive index of approximately 1.33 [6]. The optical structure of this eye covering is intriguingly different from the reported broadband reflecting structures in fish scales, because the average size and variation of both the high- and low-refractive index regions is up to ten times that described in fish scales, while the difference between high- and low-refractive index is 0.23 rather than 0.5 (guanine, found in fish scales, has a refractive index of 1.83) [2]. Therefore, in addition to guanine-based reflectors, evolution has also fostered the formation of proteinaceous (therefore polymer-based) broadband dielectric reflectors with layers made from entire cells as a form of midwater camouflage.
Because periodic or randomized DBRs are specular reflectors, the incident angle of incoming light is equal to the angle at which light is reflected and both the wavelength and the intensity of reflection vary with angle. However, the shape of the reflectance spectrum of the squid eye is independent of incident angle, while the reflected radiance drops slightly at oblique angles. Random DBRs are frequently examined and used as optical components such as filters, microcavities and waveguides, where broadband optical reflection can be advantageous [7], and understanding this kind of biological system could lead to inspiration for spindle-based three-dimensional angle-independent broadband reflectors (e.g. ellipsoidal three-dimensional photonic crystals [8]).
For this optical design to behave like a DBR, a large contrast in refractive index must exist between the cells and the cytoplasm, which in the case of the non-crystalline reflectors in squids, probably requires proteins specifically evolved for optical function. In the tissue covering, the Loliginid squid eye, this structure achieves refractive index contrast using cells that are densely and homogeneously filled with protein for high refractive index, and an expanded extracellular space containing mostly water for low refractive index. We also investigated the biochemical composition of the high-refractive index component of this novel reflector, and found a stereotyped protein composition, reminiscent of that found in lens cells that also serve an optical function [9,10]. In this case, the handful of highly expressed proteins in the tissue is comprised of reflectin homologues in addition to a novel, highly hydrophobic protein with implications for the self-assembly mechanisms responsible for forming these DBR structures.
In the context of their environment, squid eyes seem particularly inconspicuous given the high contrast nature of the large, dark pupil in the centre of a silvery eyeball structure (figure 1a). In this report, we describe the biological, cellular and optical properties of the tissue covering the eyes of Loliginid squid (figure 1b), which serves as a static reflector for optical camouflage. We focus on the manner in which the long, spindle-shaped cells in the eye tissue (figure 1ce) are arranged to achieve broadband specular reflectance and investigate the details of the reflectance of this tissue in the context of the radiance fields in which it evolved.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Animal collection and dissection
Specimens of Loligo opalescens were collected by dip-netting near commercial light boats (specialized working vessels used to attract squid) near Ventura, CA on several occasions throughout 2008 and 2009, and transporting to UCSB in aerated coolers. They were maintained in large concrete tanks with running ambient sea water overnight before use. The animals were decapitated and the eyes were dissected from the head. For optical measurements, the intact silver layer was used. Otherwise, the silver layer covering the eye was removed with forceps and frozen in RNAlater (Ambion), or prepared for atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments described below.
2.2. Light microscopy
Cells from the silver tissue were dispersed onto a slide in sea water and photographed under Kohler, phase and differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination. Silver tissue was fixed in 4 per cent paraformaldehyde and 1 per cent of the nucleic acid stain 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at 4°C overnight. Tissue was then visualized via fluorescence using a mercury lamp light source and a filter cube allowing 365 nm excitation and viewing emission at 420 nm (filter set 02, Zeiss).
2.3. Reflectance spectroscopy
Reflectance measurements of the tissue were conducted using a USB2000 spectrometer and SpectraSuite operating software (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA). Using fine forceps, the entire eye's covering of silver tissue was delicately removed intact from the eye in a single circular piece. For specular angle-dependence measurements, the peeled silver tissue was laid intact onto a glass slide that was then mounted over the aperture of a goniometer designed for fibre-optic spectrometers (Ocean Optics RSS-VA) (figure 2). Tissue was kept damp with sea water throughout measurements to maintain relative refractive indices, as the optical structure is destroyed with dehydration. Standing water on the surface of the tissue was eliminated immediately prior to the measurement, such that any possible specular reflections from a damp surface were significantly reduced. Using a circular beam centred on a quadrant of the silver tissue prep (to avoid the central pupil hole), a single measurement represents a spatial average of the entire eye tissue. We used Spectralon, a diffuse reflectance standard, as the silver tissue has a significant component of diffuse reflectance. With three ports, one for incoming light, one for outgoing light and one to view the sample, measurements with this instrument are taken by simultaneously adjusting the angle of incidence and angle of observation from 15° to 45°. The standard was placed against the sample port of the goniometer instrument (Ocean Optics) for measurement when incident light was at 25° and this measurement used for standardizing measurements at all other angles. Given the underlying optical structure we observed, scattered light from the tissue has both specular and diffuse components and our measurements account only for the specular component. Several eye samples were measured and owing to the nature of the tissue preparation, absolute reflectances varied by 10–20% from one sample to the other. As the relative differences in spectra that resulted from changing the angle of incidence remained constant across all samples (data not shown), a single representative set of spectra is presented to illustrate the important features described.
Figure 2.
Schematic showing the geometry of the instrument used for changing the angle of incidence and angle of measurement on the silver tissue.
2.4. Transmission electron microscopy
For TEM, 3 × 3 mm squares of the silver eye tissue layer were fixed in 2 per cent glutaraldehyde in sea water overnight at 4°C, desalted via graded dilutions of phosphate-buffered saline and then post-fixed in 2 per cent OsO4 for 15 min at room temperature. Samples were then dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol and acetone, and embedded in low-viscosity Spurr's resin according to the manufacturer's instructions (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA). Ultrathin samples (ca 100 nm) were cut on a Leica microtome onto copper grids and imaged on a JEOL electron microscope. The orientation of the section to the knife was such that the face plane of the section was perpendicular to the long axis of the cells, to obtain the photonic geometry experienced by a photon with normal incidence to the external surface of the eye. An interpretation of this three-dimensional reconstruction is shown as a video in electronic supplementary material.
2.5. Atomic force microscopy
For AFM of the separated cells, fresh tissue was gently dispersed with forceps in a drop of sea water placed on a poly-l-lysine-coated glass slide. This process causes thousands of transparent cells to delaminate and settle over the slide. The cells were allowed to adhere to the poly-l-lysine for 1 h, and then washed vigorously with sea water from a laboratory wash bottle to remove any unadhered cells. Tapping-mode AFM in sea water using an Asylum MFP-3D-BIO AFM with a silicon nitride cantilever having a spring constant of 0.08 N m−1 was used to image the adhered cells.
2.6. Electrophoresis, western blotting and amino acid analysis
One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (one-dimensional SDS–PAGE in the presence of detergent) was performed under protein-denaturing conditions on silver tissue extracted and clarified in Laemmli buffer with 2 per cent β-mercaptoethanol. Samples were loaded onto a 10–20% gradient polyacrylamide gel (Invitrogen) in tris-glycine buffer. The resulting electrophorogram was electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane in Towbin transfer buffer and blocked with 3 per cent bovine serum albumen in phosphate buffered saline + tween (PBST). The blot was then incubated with the primary antibody to L. opalescens dermal reflectin 1A diluted 1 : 1000 in blocking solution overnight at 4°C [11]. The blot was washed in PBST three times and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat-antirabbit secondary antibody in blocking solution in a 1 : 20 000 dilution for 1 h. The membrane was washed in PBST and developed with luminol solution (Pierce) and exposed to film [11].
Amino acid composition of these proteins was then determined with a Beckman autoanalyser. A one-dimensional SDS–PAGE gel electrophoresis, prepared as above, was electroblotted onto PVDF, which was then stained with Coomassie blue to visualize protein bands. Bands of interest and an unstained negative control region of the membrane were excised with new razor blades from the membrane. Membrane fragments were subjected to complete acid hydrolysis under vacuum and loaded in the autoanalyser according to the manufacturer's instructions. Because there was glycine in our electrophoresis buffer, all glycine values were corrected for the glycine content of a blank membrane control sample.
2.7. Optical modelling
The modelling program was generated in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and uses the general transfer-matrix method to calculate specular reflectance from a one-dimensional stack of alternating high- and low-refractive index elements [12] (hereafter called ‘layers’). Transfer-matrix modelling is a simple and elegant technique that provides an exact electromagnetic solution using Fresnel coefficients for specular transmission and reflection of light from parallel stacks of infinite planes. We assumed each layer to be homogeneous and non-absorbing with respect to optical density and the incoming light to be unpolarized. To account for partial incoherence in the specular reflections caused by small inhomogeneities on the surface of each layer, we adjusted the phase components of the Fresnel coefficients with terms representing Gaussian-distributed fluctuations about a ‘roughness factor’ Z [13,14]. These adjustments are typically used to reduce either undetectable or suppressed Fabry-Perot oscillations caused by multiple coherent reflections within layers with thicknesses greater than the incident wavelength. Models similar to this have been used in other work such as those studying chaotic fish scale reflectors and ordered Bragg reflections in cephalopod skin [2,15]. Using the transfer-matrix model, we can gain insights into how the distribution of layer thicknesses in the silver reflector stack affects the specular reflectance at any incident angle.
Model input parameters were number of layers, distribution of layer thicknesses with alternating high- and low-refractive index within the stack, refractive indices of these layers, angle of incidence and the roughness factor Z. The number of layers was chosen such that, given a particular distribution with a defined mean and variance, the total thickness of the stack was 550 µm (the thickness of our fixed silver tissue samples). Assigning Z as 5 nm (root mean square size of inhomogeneities in layer thickness) in the model best matched our reflectance measurements of the tissue and seems reasonable because the interfaces of the cells with the extracellular matrix are relatively smooth. Values of refractive index were chosen based on previous research [5,16] as 1.56 for cells densely filled with protein and 1.33 for the extracellular space around them. Noisy coherent reflections were made more realistic by averaging modelled spectra over 50 separate calculations.
The statistical variations in layer thicknesses of the cells (high refractive index) and the extracellular matrix (low refractive index) of the composite silver tissue were separately determined by analysing TEM images of the reflector stacks. These images were scaled to binary contrast and noise was reduced using a median filter with a 3 × 3 pixel range. Matlab code was written to measure the number of black and white pixels comprising regions of high- and low-refractive index of the tissue along many vertical lines in the adjusted TEM images (figure 3a). After the pixel counts were scaled to thicknesses in nanometre, the program then compiled the resulting histogram (figure 3b) and the skewed histograms were fit to gamma probability density functions with parameters a and b defined by the equation:
equation image
Figure 3.
(a) TEMs were converted to binary images, and then converted to one-dimensional spatial components based on vertical transects through the image, simulating a normal angle of incident light. (b) The spatial components obtained from these vertical transects ...
This distribution was found to have the best fit to the data when compared with other distribution functions typically used to fit skewed histograms such as normal, lognormal, logistic, log-logistic, Weibull and Birnbaum–Saunders. For gamma distributions, the mean is mathematically defined as a × b and the variance as a × b2. The parameters a and b resulting from TEM image analysis were then used to generate distributions of high- and low-refractive index layer thicknesses. Random choices of high and low thicknesses from these distributions were then used for the reflectance modelling.
To examine the effect a changing tissue transect angle has on reflectance, and thereby study the way in which reflectance from the silver tissue might change as the animal changes orientation, TEM images were rotated clockwise from 0° to 90° and the same vertical transects were drawn in each rotated image. For these models, incident light was always maintained at an incoming angle of 0° to the unrotated tissue and therefore always perpendicular to the new set of layer thicknesses (figure 4). New histograms were calculated as a function of image rotation and the resulting values, a and b, were input into the modelling program. To further investigate our inferences about the biological structure's optical design, structural models were created in Adobe Illustrator using rectangles and a geometrical football shape called a vesica piscis to graphically represent the spindle-shaped cells. The shapes were then systematically varied in size and orientation (rotated from −25° to 25°) and subjected to the same analysis as the TEM images.
Figure 4.
Effect of rotating the viewing angle in a horizontal plane around the animal. (a) Progression of histograms resulting from rotation of the TEM image with constant normal illumination. Filled red circles, 0° nh; filled blue circles, 50° ...
3. Results
3.1. Light microscopy
The silver eye tissue comprises long, flat, thin, featureless cells (figures 5 and and6).6). Cell maximum widths and maximum thicknesses were relatively consistent at around 5 and 1 µm, respectively, but cell length varied greatly, from around 5 to 100 µm (averaging at approx. 60 µm). Under DIC illumination (figure 5a,b), these cells were featureless, with no apparent nuclei or other large organelles. Phase illumination of the cells produced a large, bright phase halo (figure 5c), suggesting that the cells had a high average refractive index, and no subcellular structures could be visualized even at high magnifications. DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy of the tissue showed that while there were brightly staining nucleic acid-containing bodies in the tissue, they were all apparently extracellular (figure 6). These nucleic acid-rich masses were approximately 5 µm in diameter, suggesting the possibility that they may be nuclei extruded from the featureless, spindle-shaped cells.
Figure 5.
(a) 1000× DIC-illuminated light micrograph of silver tissue showing the spindle-shaped cells that comprise the silver tissue delaminated on a slide. Notice that the spindle-shaped cells are completely featureless and appear to lack nuclei in this ...
Figure 6.
DAPI staining of silver tissue cells. (a) Dark field illumination; (b) DAPI fluorescence; (c) overlay of images (a,b). Nuclei are found interspersed throughout the tissue, but are located outside the spindle-shaped cells, and not inside them.
3.2. Atomic force microscopy
AFM of unfixed tissue allowed us to measure the true physical thickness of the spindle-shaped structures in the absence of the optical artefacts introduced in light microscopy or the fixation artefacts introduced in TEM. AFM showed the maximum physical thickness of the spindle-shaped structures to be approximately 1.2 µm (figure 5d), consistent with the dimensions observed in TEM. Therefore, we did not consider possible tissue shrinkage owing to dehydration involved in processing tissue for TEM in our models.
3.3. Transmission electron microscopy
TEM of the tissue revealed packed, electron-dense spindle-shaped structures with an unstained region of relatively constant width separating them. The length of these spindle shapes observed in TEM was consistent with the cellular dimension perpendicular to the longest axis of the cells observed via light microscopy (figure 7a). Structures similar to this have been previously reported as ‘platelets’ in the eyelid of the Loligo forbesi, and a similar reflector was described lining one of the photophore types in the squid Pterygioteuthis microlampas [5,16]. The cells tended to be packed with the longest axis roughly parallel to the surface of the animal (see electronic supplementary material for a rendering of the three-dimensional packing of the cells). These micrographs showed that, consistent with their homogeneous appearance under DIC and phase illumination, the structures are uniformly filled with osmophilic, electron-dense material. These structures appeared to be bounded by a cell membrane, consistent with them being cells or packets of former cells (figure 7b).
Figure 7.
TEM micrographs of silver eye tissue. (a) TEM micrograph of silver eye tissue showing the large areas of homogeneously packed featureless spindle-shaped cells that characterize the tissue. (b) High magnification view showing osmium granules precipitated ...
Dispersed throughout the tissue, in between the densely staining spindle-shaped structures, were roughly spheroidal structures (figure 7c) consistent with the DAPI-stained material observed in fluorescence microscopy (figure 6) and consistent with the cell nuclei extruded from the spindle-shaped packets. To confirm that nuclei are exclusively located outside of the transparent spindles in this tissue, further work with confocal microscopy would be required.
At the distal outer edges of the eye, there is a distinctly green rim where the silver tissue inserts into the cartilaginous support tissue of the eye. In TEM, this region of the eye revealed loosely ordered, densely staining platelets approximately 70 nm thick (figure 7d), reminiscent of the reflector structure found in the Euprymna scolopes light organ [17].
3.4. Reflectance spectroscopy and optical modelling
The measured specular reflectance in the visible wavelength regions is flat over incident angles 15°–30° with intensity that varies by 25 per cent (figure 8a). We modelled this effect using a one-dimensional transfer-matrix model incorporating randomly varying gamma-distributed layer thicknesses of high (mean = 1.06 µm, variance = 0.55 µm) and low (mean = 0.56 µm, variance = 0.14 µm) refractive index (figure 8b). Incorporating partial incoherence owing to scattering in the model results in an overall decrease in reflectance as well as a disproportionate decrease at shorter wavelengths. In the modelled spectra, the per cent reflectance of the structure is primarily dependent on the number of cells stacked together—a value which is determined by the thickness of the tissue, as well as the angle of incidence of incoming light. In accordance with the reflectance measurements of the tissue, the shape of the broadband reflectance in our model of specular reflectance is independent of the angle of incidence up to 85° (data from 40° to 85° not shown) while the intensity varies little from 0° to 40° (figure 8b). The dependence of the modelled spectra with wavelength is comparable with the measured spectra. This portion of the modelling and measurement represents a viewer and illuminant both rotating at equal angles from the normal (as defined by specular reflection) in the lateral plane around the animal.
Figure 8.
Measured and modelled angle dependence of silver tissue reflectance. (a) Measured reflectance from the silver eye tissue of L. opalescens at several angles of normal incidence using the instrument schematized in figure 2. Red line, 15°; ...
To explore the geometrical differences between a two-dimensional stack of these spindle shapes from a stack of infinite planes, we compared the layer thickness distributions from rotated transects of a stack of parallel planes with those of the TEM images of the packed cells. The means and variances of fitted gamma distributions of these two images begin to depart significantly at approximately 50°. Thus, while our use of the transfer matrix model is an appropriate probe into the optical properties of this complex tissue, the structure in the second and third dimensions may also be important to the eye covering's optical functions. TEM images of the packed spindle structures, such as in figure 7a, show a slight anisotropy in spindle positioning between the vertical and horizontal directions. We used the observation to gain additional insights regarding the sensitivity of the reflectance spectra to changes in the distributions of layer thicknesses that a fixed illuminant would produce with a rotation of the two-dimensional structure. We chose the new thickness distributions calculated with rotated transects to approximate the effect of a viewer moving in a circle in the lateral plane around the animal while illumination remains constant. While rotating the TEM image from 0° to 90° resulted in a broadening and flattening of the distribution densities of the thicknesses of high- and low-refractive index (figure 4), the modelled reflectance spectra in the visible wavelength region remains relatively unaltered (figure 4). The slight decrease in intensity with image rotation in the model is a result of the decrease in the number of cells that fit into the fixed tissue thickness owing to the preferred stacking of the anisotropic spindle shapes parallel to the surface plane. Changes in reflectance with incident angle for each transect were also calculated (data not shown) and showed the same relative dependence in intensity and shape as the 0° transect.
To examine the effects of shape, size and packing of cells on thickness distributions and the resultant optical properties of a structure, we explored how systematically varying arrangements of specific shapes (either rectangles or the vesica piscis) affect the thickness distributions (or histograms) of high- and low-refractive index when these shapes are of a similar size scale to that observed in the silver tissue (figure 9). A vesica piscis is a rounded shape with pointed ends formed by the intersection of two circles, and is the closest simple geometric approximation to the spindle-shaped cross sections of the cells observed in the silver tissue. We compared the histograms of thicknesses of high- and low-refractive indexes for differently packed shapes to the TEM images. For simple quantification of these effects on spectra, we compared both the averaged modelled reflectance at visible wavelengths and the resultant standard deviation of this reflectance. In this comparison, higher standard deviations represent greater variations in reflectance with wavelength; thus, periodically ordered shapes will have higher standard deviations.
Figure 9.
(a) Schematic designs to replicate aspects of TEM data and their respective histograms. (i–v) We tested aligned rectangle shapes; small, uniform vesica piscis shapes; uniform vesica piscis shapes rotated between −25° and 25°; ...
The ordered packing of rectangles of a single size results in a sharply peaked histogram distribution (in both high- and low-refractive indexes) typical of a classical Bragg stack, while the ordered packing of vesicae piscis of single size results in gamma-distributed low-refractive index regions [figure 9a(i)]. Arranging the vesicae piscis periodically results in a high-refractive index layer thickness distribution that almost linearly increases and peaks at the maximum width of the chosen vesica piscis and then drops to zero (figure 9a(ii)). Introducing rotation and variations in size to the packed vesica piscis shapes contributes several lower density peaks to the histograms at greater length scales, corresponding to the new layer thicknesses encountered. This permits a gradual decline in height and an increase in length of the tail of the distributions while decreasing the maximum density, resulting in a close match with the thickness distributions of the biological structure [figure 9a(iii–v)]. The modelled reflectance spectra from these structures demonstrate that simply changing the shape from a rectangle to a vesica piscis of the same size significantly increases the intensity of reflectance in the visible and reduces the standard deviation of the reflectance with wavelength. Simply rotating the rectangle shape produces gamma-distributed thicknesses for the low refractive index but results in lower reflectances owing to lower packing densities (data not shown). This shows that the spindle shape increases the density of non-ordered packing allowing for increased reflectance in a given tissue thickness, and also allows for smoother variations in layer thickness distributions, contributing to broadband reflectance. Furthermore, packing random orientations of rotated vesicae piscis further broadens the distribution of layer thicknesses and increases the reflectance to a level comparable with that modelled from the actual TEM image (figure 9b). Therefore, the shape of the cells alone is responsible for most of the relatively high reflectance and broadband characteristics of the silver tissue, while more efficient (i.e. higher density) packing results from the presence of spindles of different sizes and rotations, increasing the reflectance and broadening the layer thickness distributions. The variation in cell length and the long-axis orientation and packing also contributes to the variation in spindle size and rotation observed in the two-dimensional TEM transects.
3.5. Protein composition
The silver tissue covering the squid eyes is primarily composed of relatively small but abundant proteins, reminiscent of the crystallin protein composition of lens cells. In the silver tissue, these proteins are of low molecular mass, ranging from 21 to 37 kD, yielding six bands as resolved by one-dimensional SDS–PAGE (figure 10a). The apparent molecular masses of the six bands are 21, 24, 26, 29, 34 and 37 kD; together, they constitute 75 per cent of the total protein content of the tissue.
Figure 10.
Western blot and amino acid composition of silver eye tissue. Asterisks indicate the location in each blot of the most highly abundant, reflectin-immunonegative protein in the silver eye tissue. (a) SDS–PAGE of recombinant reflectin RA1, total ...
3.6. Western blotting and amino acid composition
Five of the six abundant small molecular mass fractions of the silver tissue total protein composition (21, 24, 29, 34 and 37 kD) showed positive reflectin immunoreactivity. However, the most abundant protein constituent of the pool with a molecular mass of 26 kD and representing 24 per cent of the total protein mass in the tissue, did not react with the reflectin antibody (figure 10b,c).
The reflectin immunopositive proteins from the silver eye tissue had the unusual amino acid composition found in the reflectins expressed in the dermal iridophores of the squid [11], characterized by high percentages of methionine, arginine and tyrosine, and a near absence of small hydrophobic residues. The proteins identified in the silver tissue were composed of 16–19% methionine, 7–8% arginine and 16–20% tyrosine, and had near-undetectable levels of the hydrophobic amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. In contrast, the reflectin-immunonegative proteins in the silver tissue had a nearly inverse amino acid composition: they were composed of less than 2 per cent each of arginine, methionine and tyrosine, while being enriched in alanine, isoleucine and leucine. These reflectin-immunonegative proteins had an alanine content of 20 per cent, isoleucine content of 17 per cent and leucine content of 15 per cent.
4. Discussion
The silvery reflective tissue surrounding the eyes of squid in the family Loliginidae appears to have several novel optical features contributing to camouflage from lateral-looking predators in shallow and midwater pelagic environments (species depth distribution approx. 0–300 m). The optical properties of the tissue are in agreement with the idealized case predicted for camouflage in this environment (figure 11) [18] and involve specularly reflecting dielectric stacks for camouflage in a dynamic midwater environment in which the biological constraint for limited tissue thicknesses prevent efficient diffuse scattering.
Figure 11.
Angle-dependent reflectance of L. opalescens in context with the optimal reflectances for underwater camouflage at different depths (every 5 m between the surface and 50 m) and viewing angles. Black traces reproduce the data shown in figure 7 ...
Johnsen & Sosik [18] describe ideal scattering for matching a cylindrical light field in a pelagic environment for both an ideal mirror and an ideal Lambertian scatterer at different depths and angles. The squid silver structure, with its slightly curved Bragg stacks, primarily appears to exhibit specular reflectance with some diffuse scattering. Placed in the context of the modelled radiance from the work of Johnsen & Sosik [18], the reflectances of the squid silver tissue that we measured is a good average of the solutions to camouflage in the top 50 m of open water (figure 11). The 84 per cent average reflectance across all wavelengths produced by the tissue of the squid eye appears to represent a good compromise strategy between the optimal reflectance at the surface and at 50 m depth, which overlaps with the depth distribution of loliginids [19]. According to the Johnsen & Sosik model, the ideal case of camouflage in the top 200 m of the open ocean requires a nearly flat average reflectance in the visible up to about 605 nm. Our transfer matrix model predicts a nearly flat reflectance from this tissue throughout the entire visible region with an intensity that drops with raking incident angles, and this modelled result agrees well with the measured specular reflectance. We modelled the slight decrease in reflectance at lower wavelengths (approx. 400 nm) in the measured reflectance spectra by considering that the light is partially incoherently scattered by variations of 5 nm (r.m.s. value) from a perfectly flat interface. This degree of incoherence is consistent with the fairly smooth surfaces viewed using TEM and AFM. Both the measured and modelled silver reflectance depart from the predicted optimum most conspicuously in the 650 nm region of the visible spectrum, where Raman scattering makes red light nearly isotropic and increased in intensity relative to blue light at depth [20], suggesting that the silver tissue could improve its camouflaging ability by modulating its reflectance in the red region of the spectrum—fascinatingly, the dynamic iridophores of the L. opalescens dermis do exactly this [11,21].
The structure we have characterized exhibits components of both diffuse and specular reflectances and may capitalize on different features of these reflectors in the environment in which it evolved. An ideal vertical camouflaging structure for the eye should not change its reflectance with viewing angle (with regards to the reflectance a predator sees with changing position), as the retina of the eye should be hidden from all observation angles and from a moving predator. Typically, in the case of complete specular reflection from a dielectric stack, reflectance changes with observation angle in both colour and intensity. In the context of underwater camouflage, these changes in specular reflection would be conspicuous for example, when sunlight changes relative direction. The characteristics of the squid's optical structure may help to reduce angular dependence owing to specularity for two reasons. First, while the spindle shape of the cells provides the requisite distribution of layers with high- and low-refractive indexes to provide broadband reflectance, it may also contribute to diffuse scattering owing to non-parallel interfaces. Second, the fact that the optical layer has a distinct (but not symmetric) three-dimensional morphology (because the spindle-shaped cells have a high aspect ratio in both perpendicular directions) may also contribute to some angle independence of the optical response [22]. We measured the angle dependence of specular reflection from the eye using a goniometer and showed it to be low (figure 8a). While further measurements are required to determine the full scattering profile of this optical structure, here we illustrate the potential optical advantages of this three-dimensional system by modelling both the specular angle dependence of a stack with randomized, gamma-distributed layer thicknesses (figure 8b) and by modelling the reflectance from the rotated structure (figure 4). This modelled extraction of the two-dimensional structure helps support the concept that morphology contributes to angle independence by illustrating that a viewer moving in a horizontal plane around the eye probably sees the same reflectance from any angle.
The spindle shape of the cells also directly contributes to cell packing and therefore simultaneously to high reflectance and to the distribution of layer thicknesses contributing to flat reflectance. To probe these relationships, we explored the effects of shape type, shape size and shape orientation on our model of reflectance and demonstrated that the observed structure achieves necessary layer thickness distributions for flat, high visible reflectance with few geometric parameters. The thicknesses of the layers with low refractive index become gamma-distributed simply by changing the geometry of the shape from a rectangle to a vesica piscis. The thicknesses of layers with high refractive index observed in the squid silver structure have a more complex dependence on spindle sizes and rotation (figure 9). Introducing size variation to an equal number of these shapes results in noisy gamma-distributed layer thicknesses while rotating the shapes helps smooth the tail of the distribution. Our simulation using vesicae piscis of four sizes and 11 orientations comes close to replicating the experimentally observed distribution of high and low refractive indexes. However, the modelled reflectance data are also matched by a simpler model that considers rotation of singly sized vesicae piscis. Analysis of these models shows that the details of the biological structure provide the closest match to the ideal camouflaging reflectance.
Another attractive feature of this structure is the ease with which one geometrical element—the spindle—can be mimicked and efficiently packed. The packing of spindle-shaped cells in the silver tissue appears related to studies that show randomly packed ellipsoids (axis ratio—0.8 : 1 : 1.25) exhibit large packing densities, only second to cubes, when compared with cylinders, tetrahedrons, cones and spheres [23,24]. An additional required element of this structure is the maintenance of the low-index space between the high-index spindles, which is as important to the optical function as the high-index spindle shapes, although loose packing of these shapes will result in some amount of low-index space in the structure. We speculate that the regular thicknesses of the intercellular spaces observed in our images may be owing to an extended extracellular matrix, which we observed collapsed in some of our TEM images (data not shown).
Extruding nuclei from the spindle cells seems necessary for the observed optical function of the tissue, as this optimizes the optical homogeneity of the spindle-shaped cells. With nuclei inside the spindle shapes, depending on their position within the cell, spatial structure with frequencies on the order of visible wavelengths could be added, possibly introducing coloured reflectance to the tissue. Extruded from the cells, each nucleus can function optically as its own high-index element, thereby contributing to maintain the thickness distribution necessary for perfectly flat reflectance in the visible (figure 5). Nuclear extrusion for an optical function also occurs in lens cells of both squids and humans, where, if the nuclei were present, lenses would be nearly opaque owing to scattering [25,26].
The protein composition of the tissue and our observations of the possible precursor structures suggest a hypothesis about its self-assembly from living cells. Achieving a perfectly homogeneous, high-index, non-scattering infill of protein is a non-trivial process as high concentrations of similar proteins usually cause aggregation, plaque formation and associated light scattering [27]. The somewhat disorganized platelets present in the outer green rim of the eye (figure 7d) are reminiscent of similar structures observed in the L. opalescens dermal iridophores and the light organ reflector of Euprymna scolopes. These reflective platelets are largely composed of canonical reflectin proteins, characterized previously (data not shown) [17,11]. We hypothesize that in the silver tissue, approximately 70 nm platelets composed of canonical reflectins could form a template of aromatic residues that would be both water- and lipid-soluble, facilitating subsequent homogeneous infill of the cells with the novel, hydrophobic protein shown in figure 10. In this model of spindle cell development, as the infill occurs, the nucleus is extruded and the cell becomes quiescent, resulting in the optically homogeneous spindles with external nuclei that we observed with TEM. This possible mechanism for achieving relatively large, optically homogeneous structures, combined with the elegant packing of the spindle shapes to achieve useful optical properties presents intriguing possibilities for technological mimicry and innovation.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research through grant no. N00014-09-1-1053 to Duke University via subaward no. 09-ONR-1115 and (for support of D.E.M.) by the Army Research Office grant no. W911NF-10-1-0139.
References
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15. Sutherland R. L., Mathger L., Hanlon R. T., Urbas A. M., Stone M. O. 2008. Cephalopod coloration model. I. Squid chromatophores and iridophores. J. Opt. Soc. A 25, 588–2044 (doi:10.1364/JOSAA.25.000588)10.1364/JOSAA.25.000588 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
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18. Johnsen S., Sosik H. M. 2003. Cryptic coloration and mirrored sides as camouflage strategies in near-surface pelagic habitats: implications for foraging and predator avoidance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48, 1277–1288 (doi:10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1277)10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1277 [Cross Ref]
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22. Mangaiyarkarasi D., Breese M. B. H., Ow Y. S. 2008. Fabrication of three dimensional porous silicon distributed Bragg reflectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 221905. (doi:10.1063/1.3040304)10.1063/1.3040304 [Cross Ref]
23. Li S. X., Zhao J., Lu P., Xie Y. 2010. Maximum packing densities of basic 3D objects. Chin. Sci. Bull. 55, 114–119 (doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0650-0)10.1007/s11434-009-0650-0 [Cross Ref]
24. Chaikin P. M., Donev A., Man W., Stillinger F. H., Torquato S. 2006. Some observations on the random packing of hard ellipsoids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 6930–6965 (doi:10.1021/ie060032g)10.1021/ie060032g [Cross Ref]
25. Benedek G. B. 1971. Theory of transparency of the eye. Appl. Opt. 10, 459–473 (doi:10.1364/AO.10.000459)10.1364/AO.10.000459 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
26. West J. A., Sivak J. G., Doughty M. J. 1995. Microscopical evaluation of the crystalline lens of the squid (Loligo opalescens) during embryonic development. Exp. Eye Res. 60, 19–35 (doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80080-6)10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80080-6 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
27. Cromwell M. E. M., Hilario E., Jacobson F. 2006. Protein aggregation and bioprocessing. AAPS J. 8, E572–E579 (doi:10.1208/aapsj080366)10.1208/aapsj080366 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Articles from Journal of the Royal Society Interface are provided here courtesy of The Royal Society
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Tag Archives: faradion
Sodium Nitrate Market Place Study Report By Grade, Application, Area Global Forecast To 2027 Cumulative Influence Of Covid-19
Sodium excretion was studied in a group of sufferers with chronic renal disease, on constant salt intakes of varying amounts with and with no mineralocorticoid hormone administration and, immediately after acute extracellular fluid volume expansion. This regulatory capacity did not seem to be influenced by mineralocorticoid hormone administration. Throughout saline loading, the lower in fractional reabsorption of sodium tended to vary inversely with the steady-state GFR, while all patients received approximately the identical loading volume. When an edema-forming stimulus was applied for the duration of saline infusion, the natriuretic response was aborted and the lag time was reasonably quick. The information implicate the presence of a factor other than GFR and mineralocorticoid alterations in the modulation of sodium excretion in uremic man. In summary, our study delivers 63 novel loci for urinary sodium and potassium excretion with several tissues such as brain, adipose tissue and vasculature possibly involved.
But in the end these efforts cause heart muscle tissues to weaken and develop into unable to pump efficiently. Causes of Discomfort on the Left Side Pain on the left side is a widespread symptom and could indicate a range of situations, ranging from injury to infection. If you reside with depression, it really see this website is crucial to tell your doctor about any transform in symptoms. Your doctor can start or modify your treatment to support you handle depression. Constipation is the lowered frequency of bowel movements, typically fewer than three per week.
Whilst salt is a main supply of sodium, numerous processed foods contain added sodium, either as a preservative or flavor enhancer. In order to minimize your sodium intake, it is significant to know what to appear for in the foods you consume. Further not negligible amounts of sodium could be acquired by means of oral or parenteral medications. The sources of sodium intake can otherwise be divided into “discretionary” and “nondiscretionary” , the latter getting mostly in the kind of sodium chloride, with ∼0.ten g becoming in the type of sodium glutamate, bicarbonate, and so forth. Sodium is necessary to all living points, and humans have identified this considering the fact that prehistoric times. Our bodies include about 100 grams, but we are constantly losing sodium in distinctive approaches so we have to have to replace it.
They will look for swelling, particularly on parts of your physique where your skin has a shiny or stretched appearance. Swelling happens when a element of your body gets larger for the reason that there is a buildup of fluid in your tissues. Swelling can occur anywhere on your physique but most frequently impacts your feet, ankles and legs. Edema is the healthcare term for swelling caused by fluid trapped in your body’s tissues.
Edema occurs most often in your feet, ankles and legs, but can have an effect on other components of your body, such as your face, hands and abdomen. Edema occurs when fluid builds up in your tissues, typically in your feet, legs and ankles. Edema can impact any individual, particularly people who are pregnant and adults age 65 and older.
If you assume you may perhaps have a healthcare emergency, instantly call your medical professional or dial 911. These are some other inquiries people today typically ask about fluid retention. The liver operates to filter toxins and other components from your blood. Circumstances that damage your liver may cause reduced liver function and lead to edema. In some instances, edema may possibly be a short-term response to a trigger such as consuming a meal higher in salt. Even so, when chronic or widespread, edema is generally a symptom of an underlying situation.
I just replaced original lead acid battery in minivan immediately after 7-years. I hate altering phones, so I use them until the battery offers up the ghost (2-3 years). Every NiMH AA and C cell I’ve purchased for the little ones toys has become useless over the previous five years with low duty – won’t be shopping for any extra of them – NiCd lives longer. If I get 20 years out of a roof, windows, driveway, I’m not about to finance a battery pack that decays under 80% capacity ahead of 20 years. Not impressed with batteries – fuel cells most likely have a better point of use carbon footprint.
For instance, sodium carbonate was derived from the ashes of special plants, whereas sodium chloride was derived from seawater. Needless to say, sodium’s versatility attracted many scientists and chemists to appear check over here into its composition. The average particular person uses sodium each day in the form of table salt in their meals.
Healthwise disclaims any warranty and is not accountable or liable for your use of this details. Your use of this details indicates that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this details was developed to assist you make better health choices.
Editors select a smaller quantity of articles lately published in the journal that they think will be especially exciting to readers, or critical in the respective study region. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most thrilling perform published in the different research areas of the journal. This form of paper gives an outlook on future directions of investigation or possible applications. Aragón, M. J. Lavela, P. Ortiz, G. F. Alcántara, R. Tirado, J. L. Induced rate overall performance enhancement in off-stoichiometric Na3+3xV2−x3 with potential applicability as the cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Shen, W. Li, H. Wang, C. Li, Z. H. Xu, Q. J. Liu, H. M. Wang, Y. G. Enhanced electrochemical performance of the Na3V23 cathode by B-doping of the carbon coating layer for sodium-ion batteries.
Let us get to know the ins and outs of sodium-ion batteries and, of course, the future roadmap. Lithium Iron Phosphate – enabling the future of individual electric mobility Dr. Stefan Schwarz Today’s ever expanding mobile planet would not have been attainable with look at these guys out Lithium-ion batteries …. For diverse applications, unique technologies will be most appropriate.
We shall also examine the implies by which the kidney responds to these signals and retains sodium and water . As shall turn into apparent these edematous states may well share numerous of the very same afferent and efferent mechanisms for sodium and water retention. Some fundamental capabilities of extracellular volume overload in heart failure have been identified and effectively documented in health-related literature for decades. At the turn of the century, Starling noted that blood volume was more than likely to be elevated in sufferers with edema. Over 50 years ago, Starr et al. showed that edema happens only when venous stress is elevated, and Warren and Stead produced the observation that an increase in weight precedes an enhance in venous stress.
“All of these components were initial discovered in compounds some of the discoveries are difficult to attribute due to the abundance and usage of the compounds,” says Nataro. “As you go down the periodic table, the alkali metals grow to be additional inclined to drop their valence electron” and thus, “the quantity of the element discovered in nature also decreases, later discovery dates.” Estimates of the effects of covariates on the fluid volume, sodium, and chloride in the many linear regression models. In May possibly 2018, the Overall health Assembly approved the 13th Common Programme of Operate , which will guide the perform of WHO in 2019–2023 . To assistance Member States in taking required actions to eradicate industrially-producedtrans-fats, WHO has created a roadmap for countries to help accelerate actions .
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Fish oil is good for the heart and the brain
August 21, 2006
There is no doubt that fish oil is good for the heart. This has been shown by a new extensive survey on the subject. But no one knows how much is ideal.
The scientific interest for fish oil is enormous. Since September of last year, almost 800 articles about fish oil have been publicised in established journals.
This is with very good reason. Notably, fish oil contains two types of fatty acid, both of which are attributed with having a positive effect against many serious chronic diseases. If this is even in part true, it should be considered very imprudent not to receive fish oil every day. The primary disease that it is believed to prevent is cardiovascular disease, but there is also good reason to believe that fish oil works against, for example, depression, dementia, arthritis, and diabetes, even though there is no concrete evidence as of yet in these areas.
The two fatty acids are called EPA (eicosapentic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Together they compose one third of the contents of fish oil and two thirds of the concentrated fish oil products, which can be found in capsule form.
Much attention has been given to DHA which, contrary to EPA, is found in large amounts in the brain (14% of the cerebral cortex’s fat content) and in even greater amounts in the retina (22%). Breast fed children have much higher concentrations of DHA in their brains than bottle fed children (babies cannot produce DHA themselves). It is hard to believe that there are no consequences of receive too little.
There are an incredible number of adults who take supplements of fish oil daily to maintain their cardiac health.
But does it work?
Six months ago a group of English researchers maintained that it does not. They had looked at all of the relevant studies and then calculated the averages of their results. In their opinion, the results showed that fish oil neither protects the heart nor lengthens life span. This is just the opposite of what was previously believed.
This meta-analysis was strongly criticized and, as discussed in another of The Danish Vitality Council’s newsletters (“Fish Oil – Still indispensible”) there were so many question raised by the analysis that it lacked credibility.
Doubts regarding the dosage
This is now supported by a summary article from the distinguished American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. According to the head authors, a group of researchers undertook an extensive survey, taking “a large step forward” in spreading light into the darkness. There is no longer much doubt that fish oil reduces the overall risk of premature death and the risk of death due to a blood clot in the heart, and that it possibly reduces the risk of stroke.
Completing this survey was an extensive project. The researchers first read summaries of 8,039 scientific articles. They then picked 842 relevant articles from these to be read in their entirety. 46 articles of these 842 met the strict quality requirements and were studied further. The researches requirements regarded the length of the studies (at least one year), the dose of the fish oil given, and proper documentation.
How big are the advantages and how much fish oil should one take? This actually cannot be answered with certainty! The studies surveyed were too different regarding the dose given, the type of participants, the time taken, and so on to answer such questions. It is simply bad form to establish any averages, as the English researchers did. But if one wants to draw conclusions anyway, it is safe to guess that the overall risk of premature death and the risk of death due to cardiac disease can be reduced by 15-20% or more.
It is however nearly certain that fish oil helps those who have had a blood clot in the heart and wish to avoid another. But what about the dose, how much should one take?
Until more information surfaces, we should rely on the American Heart Association’s recommendations, which are based on estimates. Heart patients should receive 1 gr. EPA + DHA daily. This is the equivalent of about two large capsules of 1 gr. concentrated fish oil. Everyone else should receive at least half this amount. This can be achieved by eating fatty fish for dinner 1-2 times weekly.
There is a lot of knowledge lying in wait, not just about fish oil and the heart. More results will surface in the next year. While we wait we wait in the knowledge that it is important to get enough.
By: Vitality Council
References:
1. Wang C et al. n-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not á-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcome in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:5-17.
2. Deckelbaum R et al. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: navigating toward recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1-2.
3. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(suppl):1467S-76S.
www.ajcn.org
Vitamin D Can Be Used As Heart Medicine
May 23, 2006
The warnings against direct sunlight in the summer should be taken with a grain of salt. The vitamin D synthesized in the skin in the wonderful sunshine, prevents, amongst other things, weakening of the heart, if we look at the latest research.
Sooner or later in the course of the summer a dermatologist will appear on television to warn against direct exposure to the sun. It may lead to skin cancer and also threatening is the feared, deadly birthmark cancer, the incidence of which has risen dramatically in step with more and more people desiring a tan. This is partly true.
On the other hand it is prudent to be skeptical when someone advices us to act against what is natural. Can it really be true that the sun is so dangerous when people in our part of the world have been far more exposed to the sun through thousands of years?
Vitamin D is made in the skin when it is in the sunlight, but not from September till May, when the sun is too low on the horizon to be used for this in our part of the world. Since our diet only contains minimal amounts of this vitamin, in the wintertime we use the vitamin which has been built up in the skin in the course of the summer. During the winter approximately 85 % of the daily D-vitamin usage is taken from reserves, even in cases where the diet is rich in D-vitamin. All in all, approximately 100 mcg. is used in a day.
But what happens if the reserves are too small?
In the past half-year a number of studies have shed light over the mysteries of vitamin D. According to one study, the vitamin can help against tuberculosis, which we know was a widespread disease in the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, when many people lived under dire conditions in the cities.
Another study of over 14,000 Americans showed that the people with the largest D-vitamin reserves generally had far better lung function than those with the smallest stores. The difference is as big as the difference between ex-smokers and people who have never smoked before. A possible explanation is that the D-vitamin secures the necessary repairs of worn-out cells.
At about the same time, one of the veterans of vitamin-D research, the American Cedric Garland, concluded that now the proof that vitamin D protects against cancer (especially breast cancer, cancer of the colon and prostate cancer) was very strong. Strong enough to make him regard the connection as definite. He has reviewed all relevant research done since 1966.
Weak Heart and Arthritis
His claims can be compared to the fact that David Feldman of Stanford University now wants to conduct an experiment with calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D, which is made in body from vitamin D in the skin or the food) and ordinary arthritis medication against prostate cancer. In laboratory studies he has found that calcitriol slows the growth of prostate cancer by 25 %, while the combination with arthritis medication slows it by 70 %. A true break-through if it is true.
Everyone knows that vitamin D is necessary for the bones, but it is also necessary for the muscles. A deficiency leads to both muscle pain, weak muscles and for example, a tendency to fall in the elderly. But what about the heart? The heart is also a muscle, and weakening of the heart (cardiac insufficiency) because of atherosclerosis or increased blood pressure occurs in as many as 50,000 Danes. It is a dangerous condition with a high mortality rate.
A German study of 123 patients with a weak heart showed that on average they had quite small amounts of vitamin D in their blood stream, close to a deficiency in the traditional sense. Half of them were given supplements of 50 mcg. D3-vitamin each day for nine months. This is five times as much as the elderly are traditionally recommended given, and is also the upper limit, of what is not dangerous to ingest.
The study was too small to show a difference in mortality, but it did show something interesting. It concerns the protein TNF-alpha, which is produced by the white blood cells in connection with inflammation. TNF-alpha is meant to be a major cause of weakening of the heart. In the patients left untreated, the blood’s content of this protein increased by 5 %. In those treated, there was no worsening. This indicates a stabilizing effect on the inflammation.
This is especially interesting for another reason. TNF-alpha is an important cause of pain and swelling in arthritis. So important that new types of arthritis medication, which blocks TNF-alpha, fittingly, are considered wonder-drugs. If vitamin D decreases the effect of TNF-alpha on the weakened heart, maybe the same happens in arthritic joints. This would also confirm the old assumption that vitamin D protects against arthritis.
When in the sun, one should be sensible and avoid sunburns. Stay in the shadow if the sun is very strong and do not lie about for hours in the sun all covered up in greasy sun lotion.
Also important to know is that it is a risk rather than a virtue to stay out of the sun in the summer.
By: Vitality Council
References
1. Schleithof S S et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:754-9
2. Heaney R et al. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:304-10.
3. Moreno J, Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Molecular mechanisms mediating the anti-proliferative effects of Vitamin D in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Nov;92(4):317-25
www.ajcn.org
www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/333/description
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The "ins" and "outs" of Using Stored Procedures in C#
Introduction
A well-designed application that uses a relational database management system in the backend should make extensive use of stored procedures. A stored procedure is a named collection of SQL statements that are stored in the database. To the client a stored procedure acts similar to a function. The stored procedure is called by name, can accept parameter values passed in, and can return parameter values back to the client. There are many advantages to incorporating stored procedures into your application logic including:
• Shared application logic among various client applications
• Faster execution
• Reduced network traffic
• Improved database security
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how stored procedures are created in SQL Server 2000 and consumed by clients written in C#.
Note: In order to complete the activities outlined in this article you must have Visual Studio .NET installed and access to SQL Server 2000 with the Pubs database installed.
Creating a Stored Procedure
Creating a stored procedure is a fairly straightforward process and can be completed inside the Visual Studio IDE. Open Visual Studio and navigate to the Pubs database node in the Server Explorer window and expand the node. You should see a stored procedure node (see Figure 1). By right clicking on the stored procedure node a popup menu will give you the option to create a new stored procedure. When you choose to create a new stored procedure the following code template will be presented in the Code Editor window.
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.StoredProcedure1
/*
(
@parameter1 datatype = default value,
@parameter2 datatype OUTPUT
)
*/
AS
/* SET NOCOUNT ON */
RETURN
The create procedure statement is used to create a new stored procedure and is followed by the procedure name. After the procedure name is declared, the parameters used (if any) by the stored procedure are declared. The AS key word follows the parameter declarations and is followed by the SQL code that makes up the body of the stored procedure. The RETURN key word is used to exit from the stored procedure and can be used to send an integer status value back to the caller. The following code creates a simple stored procedure that takes no parameters and returns a result set back to the caller.
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.up_AuthorNames
AS
SELECT au_fname + ' ' + au_lname AS auName
FROM authors
RETURN
Once you have entered the code into the Code Editor window, save the stored procedure. After saving the stored procedure it should show up under the Stored Procedure node in the Server Explorer window. Notice that the CREATE key word has been changed to the ALTER key word in the code editor window. The ALTER key word is used to make any changes to existing stored procedures. To test the stored procedure right click the procedures node in the Server Explorer window and choose Run Stored Procedure. The output from the stored procedure is written to the Output window. It should contain a list of the authors names and a return value of 0 as shown in figure 2.
Using the Command Object to Execute a Stored Procedure
In order to access the stored procedure from a .NET client application, you use the System.Data.SqlClient namespace. This namespace contains the objects used to interact with SQL Server 7.0 and above. A SqlConnection object is used to establish a connection into the database. Once the connection is established a SqlCommand object is used to execute SQL statements or Stored Procedures. The SqlCommand object contains four different methods for executing statements against the database. The ExecuteReader method is used to execute commands that return records. The ExecuteNonQuery is used to execute commands that do not return records such as update and insert statements. The ExecuteScalar method is used to execute a command that returns a single value rather than a result set. The ExecuteXmlReader is used to execute a command that returns the results in an XML formatted string.
The CommandType property of the SqlCommand object is used to indicate what type of command is being executed. The CommandType property is set to one of three possible CommandType enumeration values. The default Text value is used when a SQL string is passed in for execution. The StoredProcedure value is used when the name of a stored procedure is passed in to execute. The TableDirect value is used when a table name is being passed in. This setting will pass back all the records in the table. The CommandText property of the SqlCommand object is used in conjunction with the CommandType property. The CommandText property will contain a SQL string, stored procedure name, or table name depending on the setting of the CommandType property.
In order to demonstrate the process of executing a stored procedure from a C# client, create a new console application project in Visual Studio named SPClient. Add a class to the project and rename it Authors. Add using statements above the namespace declaration to enable the use of non-fully qualified references to other namespace types.
using System;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Collections;
using System.Data;
Create a method procedure called GetNames in the class that takes no input parameters and returns an ArrayList to the caller.
namespace SPDemo
{
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for Authors.
/// </summary>
public class Authors
{
public Authors()
{
//
// TODO: Add constructor logic here
//
}
public ArrayList getNames()
{
}
}
}
In the body of the method, create an instance of the SqlConnection class and pass in connection information with the instantiation of the SqlConnection object.
SqlConnection cnPubs = new SqlConnection ("server=localhost;integrated security=true;" + "database=pubs");
Note: This assumes you have a local instance of SQL Server and are logged on with a trusted connection.
Next, create a SqlCommand object and set the appropriate properties needed to execute the up_AuthorNames stored procedure created earlier.
SqlCommand cmdAuthors = new SqlCommand("up_AuthorNames", cnPubs);
cmdAuthors.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
The next step is to use the SqlCommand object to create an instance of the SqlDataReader class. The SqlDataReader class is used to read a forward only stream of records returned from the database. The SqlDataReader object is not instantiated directly through a constructor (hence the lack of the New key word) but rather through the ExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object. Before calling the ExecuteReader method the connection to the database is established using the Open method of the SqlConnection object.
SqlDataReader drAuthors;
cnPubs.Open();
drAuthors = cmdAuthors.ExecuteReader();
Now that the stored procedure has been executed, the Read method of the SqlDataReader object is used to read the records and pass them into an ArrayList that will be returned to the caller. The Read method returns a value of False when it reaches the end of the records. Before exiting the method, the close methods of the SqlDataReader and the SqlConnection objects are called.
ArrayList alNames = new ArrayList();
while (drAuthors.Read())
{
alNames.Add(drAuthors.GetValue(0));
}
drAuthors.Close();
cnPubs.Close();
return alNames;
To test the method, place the following code in the Main procedure of Class1. This code instantiates an instance of the Authors class and calls the GetNames method. The list of names returned is then written out to the console. The ReadLine method of the Console class pauses execution until a keystroke is entered in the console screen.
static void Main (string[] args)
{
Authors objAuthors =
new Authors();
System.Collections.ArrayList alNames = objAuthors.getNames();
foreach (String item in alNames)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
} Console.ReadLine();
}
Creating a Stored Procedure with Parameters
Now that you know how to create a basic stored procedure and call it from a C# client, lets take a look at creating a more advanced stored procedure that includes parameters. Navigate to and expand the Pubs database node in the Server Explorer window of Visual Studio. Right click on the stored procedure node and select Create a New Stored Procedure from the popup menu. Change the name of the stored procedure to up_AuthorBookCount and add the following code to the body of the stored procedure.
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.up_AuthorBookCount
(
@au_id
varchar(11),
@Count
int OUTPUT
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
Select @Count = count(title_id) from titleauthor
where au_id = @au_id
RETURN
The difference between this stored procedure and the previous one is the use of the parameter values. The parameters of the stored procedure are declared as local variables by preceding the name with an @ sign. The data type of the parameter is then declared along with the direction. Input parameters are passed in by the caller of the stored procedure and are the default type. Output parameters are returned back to the caller and are designated by the OUTPUT keyword. This stored procedure uses the author id passed in by the caller and returns the corresponding number of title ids in the titleauthor table. Once the stored procedure has been created, save it to the database.
Using the Parameters Collection to Pass Parameters To and From Stored Procedures
Calling a stored procedure that contains parameters from a C# client is very similar to the previous process of executing stored procedure without parameters. A SqlConnection object is used to establish a connection to the database and a SqlCommand object is used to execute the stored procedure. The difference when calling a parameterized stored procedure is the use of the Parameters collection of the SqlCommand object. When the parameter is added to the collection, the appropriate properties such as ParameterName, DbType, Size, and Value are set.
In order to demonstrate the process of executing a parameterized stored procedure from a C# client, open the previous console application project in Visual Studio. Create a method in the Authors class called GetBookCount that takes an input parameter of type string and returns an integer type to the caller.
public int getBookCount(string AuthorID )
{
return 0;
}
In the body of the method, create an instance of the SqlConnection class and pass in connection information with the instantiation of the SqlConnection object.
SqlConnection cnPubs = new SqlConnection("server=localhost;integrated security=true;" + "database=pubs");
Next, create a SqlCommand object and set the appropriate properties needed to execute the up_AuthorBookCount stored procedure created earlier.
SqlCommand cmdAuthors = new SqlCommand("up_AuthorBookCount", cnPubs);
cmdAuthors.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
Using the Add method of the SqlCommands Parameter collection add an input parameter that takes the AuthorId value passed in by the caller. Also add an output parameter that will store the value passed back by the stored procedure. The names and data types of the parameters must mach those defined in the stored procedure.
cmdAuthors.Parameters.Add("@au_id", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 11);
cmdAuthors.Parameters["@au_id"].Value = AuthorID;
cmdAuthors.Parameters.Add("@Count", SqlDbType.Int);
cmdAuthors.Parameters["@Count"].Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
Open the connection to the database and call the ExecuteNonQuerry method of the command object. Once the stored procedure is executed, the value of the output parameter is held in a local variable, which is in turn passed back to the client. Dont forget to close the connection after executing the stored procedure.
cnPubs.Open();
int iCount;
cmdAuthors.ExecuteNonQuery();
iCount = (
int)cmdAuthors.Parameters["@Count"].Value;
cnPubs.Close();
return iCount;
To test the method, comment out the previous code in the Main procedure of Class1. Add the following code to the Main procedure. This code instantiates an instance of the Authors class and calls the GetBookCount method. The book count returned is then written out to the console. The final ReadLine method call of the Console class is used to pause execution until a keystroke is entered in the console screen.
Authors objAuthors = new Authors();
Console.WriteLine("Enter an author id.");
string authorID = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(objAuthors.getBookCount(authorID));
Console.ReadLine();
Run the application and enter a value of 213-46-8915 for the author id. This should return a book count of 2.
Summary
This article introduced you to creating stored procedures for SQL Server 2000 and executing the stored procedure from C# code. While not all of the business logic of an application should be developed within stored procedures, there are many benefits to encapsulating the data access logic and the business logic within stored procedures. This generally allows for enhanced scalability, extensibility, security and efficient use of the network resources. Using Visual Studio you can easily develop and test the stored procedures from within the same IDE that you use to develop your applications. The SqlCommand object is used to execute stored procedures from C# code. The Parameters collection of the SqlCommand object is used to pass parameter values to and from the stored procedure.
This article focused on a connected scenario in which the data was returned through a SqlDataReader object or an output parameter. A future article will concentrate on a disconnected scenario using the SqlDataAdapter class and its use of parameters when updating data back to the database.
Note: The code presented in this article is for demonstration purposes only. Proper error handling has been omitted for clarity.
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Where To Find Sim Card Number
Where To Find Sim Card Number
Hello, esteemed readers! Welcome to our comprehensive expedition into the realm of SIM card numbers. In this digital age, where seamless connectivity reigns supreme, knowing how and where to locate your SIM card number is of paramount importance. Whether you’re setting up a new device, troubleshooting a connection issue, or simply need to update your account information, having this vital piece of data at your fingertips is essential. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of SIM card numbers, delving into the diverse methods you can employ to uncover this valuable information.
Streaming Online Movie
Introduction
The Significance of a SIM Card Number
Your SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card is a small, yet mighty, component that serves as the cornerstone for your mobile communication experience. It’s a unique identifier associated with your wireless account, providing you with the ability to make calls, send text messages, access the internet, and utilize various network services. Consequently, having ready access to its corresponding number is crucial for managing and troubleshooting any issues that may arise with your mobile device.
Multiple Avenues to Discover Your SIM Card Number
The quest to locate your SIM card number presents you with a plethora of options, ranging from simple key combinations on your device to accessing information stored within your carrier account. Each method offers its distinctive advantages and caters to specific situations. We will meticulously examine these diverse avenues, empowering you with the knowledge and expertise to effortlessly retrieve your SIM card number whenever the need arises.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Where To Find Sim Card Number
Advantages:
Accessibility:
The methods for locating your SIM card number are generally straightforward and easily accessible. Whether you prefer dialing specific codes, exploring device settings, or utilizing carrier-provided resources, the process is designed to be user-friendly and convenient.
Device Agnostic:
The techniques for retrieving your SIM card number are largely device agnostic, meaning they are not restricted to a particular make, model, or operating system. This versatility ensures that individuals with diverse mobile devices can effortlessly follow the steps and obtain the desired information.
Time-Saving:
The process of finding your SIM card number is designed to be expedient and time-saving. Most methods can be completed within a matter of minutes, allowing you to quickly retrieve the necessary information without disrupting your daily routine.
Weaknesses:
Potential Errors:
While the methods for finding your SIM card number are generally reliable, there is always a small chance of encountering errors or incorrect information. This can occur due to incorrect key combinations, misinterpretations of instructions, or technical glitches.
Carrier Dependence:
Some methods for retrieving your SIM card number may be specific to a particular carrier or service provider. This means that the steps or processes may vary depending on your network provider, potentially causing confusion or requiring additional research.
Device Compatibility:
While most methods for finding your SIM card number are device agnostic, there is a possibility that certain techniques may not be compatible with older or less commonly used devices. In such cases, alternative methods may be required.
Table of Contents
Dialing Codes
USSD Codes:
USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) codes are a versatile and widely accessible method for retrieving your SIM card number. By dialing specific sequences of numbers and symbols, you can directly communicate with your network provider and request various information, including your SIM card number.
Steps to Use USSD Codes:
1. Open your device’s dialer application.
2. Dial the appropriate USSD code for your carrier.
3. Follow the on-screen instructions or prompts.
4. Your SIM card number will be displayed on the screen.
Common USSD Codes:
Carrier USSD Code
AT&T *#06#
Verizon *228#
T-Mobile #646#
Sprint *#05#
Device Settings
Accessing SIM Card Information:
Modern mobile devices typically provide a dedicated section within the settings menu where you can view information related to your SIM card, including its unique number.
Steps to Find SIM Card Number in Device Settings:
1. Open the Settings app on your device.
2. Navigate to the “About Phone” or “Device Information” section.
3. Look for the “SIM Card” or “SIM Status” option.
4. Your SIM card number should be displayed.
Carrier Account
Online Account Management:
Many carriers offer online account management portals where you can access and manage your account information, including your SIM card number.
Steps to Find SIM Card Number in Carrier Account:
1. Visit your carrier’s website and sign in to your account.
2. Navigate to the “My Account” or “Profile” section.
3. Look for the “SIM Card Information” or “Device Information” option.
4. Your SIM card number should be displayed.
Physical SIM Card
Inspecting the SIM Card:
If you have access to the physical SIM card, you can often find the number printed directly on its surface.
Locating the SIM Card Number on Physical SIM Card:
1. Locate the SIM card tray on your device and remove it carefully.
2. Examine the SIM card for any visible markings or numbers.
3. The SIM card number is typically printed in small font on the surface of the card.
Customer Service
Contacting Carrier Support:
If you’re unable to find your SIM card number using the methods mentioned above, you can always contact your carrier’s customer service department for assistance.
Steps to Contact Carrier Customer Service:
1. Locate the customer service phone number or email address for your carrier.
2. Contact customer service and provide them with the necessary information to verify your identity.
3. Request your SIM card number from the customer service representative.
Third-Party Apps
Utilizing SIM Card Reader Apps:
There are various third-party apps available that can help you retrieve your SIM card number, often with additional features and functionalities.
Steps to Use SIM Card Reader Apps:
1. Download and install a reliable SIM card reader app from the app store.
2. Launch the app and follow the on-screen instructions.
3. The app will typically display your SIM card number along with other relevant information.
International SIM Cards
Considerations for International SIM Cards:
When using an international SIM card, the methods for finding your SIM card number may vary slightly. It’s important to consider the following:
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{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n# Wind Barbs\n\nDemonstration of wind barb plots.\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport numpy as np\n\nx = np.linspace(-5, 5, 5)\nX, Y = np.meshgrid(x, x)\nU, V = 12 * X, 12 * Y\n\ndata = [(-1.5, .5, -6, -6),\n (1, -1, -46, 46),\n (-3, -1, 11, -11),\n (1, 1.5, 80, 80),\n (0.5, 0.25, 25, 15),\n (-1.5, -0.5, -5, 40)]\n\ndata = np.array(data, dtype=[('x', np.float32), ('y', np.float32),\n ('u', np.float32), ('v', np.float32)])\n\nfig1, axs1 = plt.subplots(nrows=2, ncols=2)\n# Default parameters, uniform grid\naxs1[0, 0].barbs(X, Y, U, V)\n\n# Arbitrary set of vectors, make them longer and change the pivot point\n# (point around which they're rotated) to be the middle\naxs1[0, 1].barbs(\n data['x'], data['y'], data['u'], data['v'], length=8, pivot='middle')\n\n# Showing colormapping with uniform grid. Fill the circle for an empty barb,\n# don't round the values, and change some of the size parameters\naxs1[1, 0].barbs(\n X, Y, U, V, np.sqrt(U ** 2 + V ** 2), fill_empty=True, rounding=False,\n sizes=dict(emptybarb=0.25, spacing=0.2, height=0.3))\n\n# Change colors as well as the increments for parts of the barbs\naxs1[1, 1].barbs(data['x'], data['y'], data['u'], data['v'], flagcolor='r',\n barbcolor=['b', 'g'], flip_barb=True,\n barb_increments=dict(half=10, full=20, flag=100))\n\n# Masked arrays are also supported\nmasked_u = np.ma.masked_array(data['u'])\nmasked_u[4] = 1000 # Bad value that should not be plotted when masked\nmasked_u[4] = np.ma.masked\n\n# Identical plot to panel 2 in the first figure, but with the point at\n# (0.5, 0.25) missing (masked)\nfig2, ax2 = plt.subplots()\nax2.barbs(data['x'], data['y'], masked_u, data['v'], length=8, pivot='middle')\n\nplt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ ".. admonition:: References\n\n The use of the following functions, methods, classes and modules is shown\n in this example:\n\n - `matplotlib.axes.Axes.barbs` / `matplotlib.pyplot.barbs`\n\n" ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.9.7" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }
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-- -- File Name : A10-AX-MIB.txt -- -- Copyright(C) 2005-2011, A10 Networks Inc. All rights reserved. -- Software for all A10 products contain trade secrets and confidential -- information of A10 Networks and its subsidiaries and may not be disclosed, -- copied, reproduced or distributed to anyone outside of A10 Networks -- without prior written consent of A10 Networks, Inc. -- -- Description: This is the A10 AX mib file. -- -- History: -- -- -- A10-AX-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN --================================================================ -- A10-AX-MIB -- Management MIB for A10 application acceleration appliance --================================================================ IMPORTS DisplayString, PhysAddress FROM SNMPv2-TC InetAddressType FROM INET-ADDRESS-MIB a10Mgmt FROM A10-COMMON-MIB CounterBasedGauge64 FROM HCNUM-TC MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, Gauge32, Counter32, Integer32, Counter64, OBJECT-IDENTITY, NOTIFICATION-TYPE FROM SNMPv2-SMI; axMgmt MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED "200705071327Z" ORGANIZATION "A10 Networks, Inc." CONTACT-INFO "Address: A10 Networks, Inc. 2309 Bering Drive San Jose, CA 95131 Phone: +1-888-822-7210 (USA/Canada) +1-408-325-8676 (International) E-mail: [email protected]" DESCRIPTION "Management root OID for the application acceleration family appliance" ::= { a10Mgmt 4 } axSystem OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axMgmt 1 } axLogging OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axMgmt 2 } axApp OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axMgmt 3 } acosRoot OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axMgmt 100 } --================================================================== -- axSystem --================================================================== axSysVersion OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 1 } axSysMemory OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 2 } axSysCpu OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 3 } axSysDisk OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 4 } axSysHwInfo OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 5 } axSysInfo OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 6 } axNetwork OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSystem 7 } -- axSysVersion axSysPrimaryVersionOnDisk OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The primary system image version on hard disk." ::= { axSysVersion 1 } axSysSecondaryVersionOnDisk OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The secondary system image version on hard disk." ::= { axSysVersion 2 } axSysPrimaryVersionOnCF OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The primary system image version on Compact Flash." ::= { axSysVersion 3 } axSysSecondaryVersionOnCF OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The secondary system image version on Compact Flash." ::= { axSysVersion 4 } -- axSysMemory axSysMemoryTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total memory(KB)." ::= { axSysMemory 1 } axSysMemoryUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The usage memory(KB)." ::= { axSysMemory 2 } -- axSysCpu info axSysCpuNumber OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu number in a10System" ::= { axSysCpu 1 } axSysCpuTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSysCpuEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu information table." ::= { axSysCpu 2 } axSysCpuEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSysCpuEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu entry" INDEX { axSysCpuIndex } ::= { axSysCpuTable 1 } AxSysCpuEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSysCpuIndex Integer32, axSysCpuUsage DisplayString, axSysCpuUsageValue Integer32, axSysCpuCtrlCpuFlag Integer32 } axSysCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index of the CPU." ::= { axSysCpuEntry 1 } axSysCpuUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU Usage." ::= { axSysCpuEntry 2 } axSysCpuUsageValue OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU usage value." ::= { axSysCpuEntry 3 } axSysCpuCtrlCpuFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The control CPU flag: 1 - control CPU, 0 - data CPU." ::= { axSysCpuEntry 4 } axSysAverageCpuUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The average CPU usage in last 5 seconds." ::= { axSysCpu 3 } axSysAverageControlCpuUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The average control CPU usage in last 5 seconds." ::= { axSysCpu 4 } axSysAverageDataCpuUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The average data CPU usage in last 5 seconds." ::= { axSysCpu 5 } axSysCpuUsageTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSysCpuUsageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu usage information table." ::= { axSysCpu 6 } axSysCpuUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSysCpuUsageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU Usage entry" INDEX { axSysCpuIndexInUsage, axSysCpuUsagePeriodIndex } ::= { axSysCpuUsageTable 1 } AxSysCpuUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSysCpuIndexInUsage Integer32, axSysCpuUsagePeriodIndex Integer32, axSysCpuUsageValueAtPeriod Integer32, axSysCpuUsageCtrlCpuFlag Integer32 } axSysCpuIndexInUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index of the CPU." ::= { axSysCpuUsageEntry 1 } axSysCpuUsagePeriodIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 ( 1 .. 5 ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU usage sampling period: 1: 1-second sampling, 2: 5-second sampling, 3: 10-second sampling, 4: 30-second sampling, 5: 60-second sampling." ::= { axSysCpuUsageEntry 2 } axSysCpuUsageValueAtPeriod OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU usage value at given period, 1-sec, 5-sec, 10-sec, 30-sec, and 60-sec." ::= { axSysCpuUsageEntry 3 } axSysCpuUsageCtrlCpuFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The control CPU flag: 1 - control CPU, 0 - data CPU." ::= { axSysCpuUsageEntry 4 } axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu usage per partition information table." ::= { axSysCpu 7 } axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU Usage per partition entry" INDEX { axSysCpuIndexInUsagePerPartition, axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionPeriodIndex, axSysCpuUsagePartitionName } ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionTable 1 } AxSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSysCpuIndexInUsagePerPartition Integer32, axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionPeriodIndex Integer32, axSysCpuUsagePartitionName DisplayString, axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionValueAtPeriod Integer32, axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionCtrlCpuFlag Integer32 } axSysCpuIndexInUsagePerPartition OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index of the CPU. The value, 0, is for the control CPU." ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry 1 } axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionPeriodIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 ( 1 .. 5 ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU usage per partition sampling period: 1: 1-second sampling, 2: 5-second sampling, 3: 10-second sampling, 4: 30-second sampling, 5: 60-second sampling." ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry 2 } axSysCpuUsagePartitionName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The partition name in the CPU usage per partition table." ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry 3 } axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionValueAtPeriod OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The CPU usage per partition value at given period, 1-sec, 5-sec, 10-sec, 30-sec, and 60-sec." ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry 4 } axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionCtrlCpuFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The control CPU flag: 1 - control CPU, 0 - data CPU." ::= { axSysCpuUsagePerPartitionEntry 5 } -- axSysDisk info axSysDiskTotalSpace OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total space of the disk in MB." ::= { axSysDisk 1 } axSysDiskFreeSpace OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The free space of the disk in MB." ::= { axSysDisk 2 } -- axSysHwInfo axSysHwPhySystemTemp OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The physical system temperature in Celsius." ::= { axSysHwInfo 1 } axSysHwFan1Speed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The fan1's speed" ::= { axSysHwInfo 2 } axSysHwFan2Speed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The fan2's speed" ::= { axSysHwInfo 3 } axSysHwFan3Speed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The fan3's speed" ::= { axSysHwInfo 4 } axSysHwPhySystemTempStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { failed(0), low-med(1), med-med(2), med-high(3), ok(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system temperature status range" ::= { axSysHwInfo 5 } axSysLowerOrLeftPowerSupplyStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { off(0), on(1), unknown(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The lower power supply status for AX 2000, 2100, 2200, 3100, 3200, 4330, 4430, 5100, 5200, 5330, 5430, 5630, 6430 and 6630; or, the left power supply status for AX 2500, 2600, 300, or the AX 1000 power supply status." ::= { axSysHwInfo 7 } axSysUpperOrRightPowerSupplyStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { off(0), on(1), unknown(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The upper power supply status for AX 2000, 2100, 2200, 3100, 3200, 4330, 4430, 5100, 5200, 5330, 5430, 5630, 6430 and 6630 the right power supply status for AX 2500, 2600, 3000. Not applied for AX 1000." ::= { axSysHwInfo 8 } -- axSysFanStatusTable axSysFanStatusTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSysFanStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table contains system fan status " ::= { axSysHwInfo 9 } axSysFanStatusEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSysFanStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axSysFanStatusTable" INDEX { axFanIndex } ::= { axSysFanStatusTable 1 } AxSysFanStatusEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axFanIndex Integer32, axFanName DisplayString, axFanStatus INTEGER, axFanSpeed Integer32 } axFanIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system fan index." ::= { axSysFanStatusEntry 1 } axFanName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system fan name." ::= { axSysFanStatusEntry 2 } axFanStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { failed(0), okFixedHigh(4), okLowMed(5), okMedMed(6), okMedHigh(7), notReady(-2), unknown(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Fan status: 0: Failed, 4: OK-fixed/high, 5: OK-low/med, 6: OK-med/med, 7: OK-med/high, -2: not ready, -1: unknown." ::= { axSysFanStatusEntry 3 } axFanSpeed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The fan speed." ::= { axSysFanStatusEntry 4 } -- axPowerSupplyVoltageTotal axPowerSupplyVoltageTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of axPowerSupplyVoltage entries." ::= { axSysHwInfo 10 } -- axPowerSupplyVoltageTable axPowerSupplyVoltageTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxPowerSupplyVoltageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains the system power supply voltage status." ::= { axSysHwInfo 11 } axPowerSupplyVoltageEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxPowerSupplyVoltageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axPowerSupplyVoltageTable" INDEX { axPowerSupplyVoltageIndex } ::= { axPowerSupplyVoltageTable 1 } AxPowerSupplyVoltageEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axPowerSupplyVoltageIndex INTEGER, axPowerSupplyVoltageStatus INTEGER, axPowerSupplyVoltageDescription DisplayString } axPowerSupplyVoltageIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table index." ::= { axPowerSupplyVoltageEntry 1 } axPowerSupplyVoltageStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { invalid(0), normal(1), unknown(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of the indexed system power supply voltage. This is only supported for the platform where the sensor data is available." ::= { axPowerSupplyVoltageEntry 2 } axPowerSupplyVoltageDescription OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The description of the system power supply voltage." ::= { axPowerSupplyVoltageEntry 3 } -- axSysPowerSupplyStatusTable axSysPowerSupplyStatusTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table contains power supply status." ::= { axSysHwInfo 12 } axSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axSysPowerSupplyStatusTable" INDEX { axPowerSupplyIndex } ::= { axSysPowerSupplyStatusTable 1 } AxSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axPowerSupplyIndex Integer32, axPowerSupplyName DisplayString, axPowerSupplyStatus INTEGER } axPowerSupplyIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system power suplly index." ::= { axSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry 1 } axPowerSupplyName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The pwer supply name." ::= { axSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry 2 } axPowerSupplyStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { off(0), on(1), absent(2), unknown(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The power supply status." ::= { axSysPowerSupplyStatusEntry 3 } -- axSysInfo axSysStartupMode OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { primaryDisk(1), secondaryDisk(2), primaryCF(3), secondaryCF(4), unknown(0) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The startup mode." ::= { axSysInfo 1 } axSysSerialNumber OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system serial number." ::= { axSysInfo 2 } axSysFirmwareVersion OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system firmware version." ::= { axSysInfo 3 } axSysAFleXEngineVersion OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING ( SIZE(0 .. 255) ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system aFlex engine version." ::= { axSysInfo 4 } --================================================================== -- axNetwork --================================================================== axInterfaces OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axNetwork 1 } axVlans OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axNetwork 2 } axTrunks OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axNetwork 3 } axLayer3 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axNetwork 100 } --================================================================== -- axInterfaces --================================================================== axInterface OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axInterfaces 1 } axInterfaceStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axInterfaces 2 } -- axInterface axInterfaceCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of axInterface entries in the table." ::= { axInterface 1 } axInterfaceTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxInterfaceEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing information of the physical interfaces." ::= { axInterface 2 } axInterfaceEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxInterfaceEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axInterface Table" INDEX { axInterfaceIndex } ::= { axInterfaceTable 1 } AxInterfaceEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axInterfaceIndex Integer32, axInterfaceName DisplayString, axInterfaceMediaMaxSpeed Integer32, axInterfaceMediaMaxDuplex INTEGER, axInterfaceMediaActiveSpeed Integer32, axInterfaceMediaActiveDuplex INTEGER, axInterfaceMacAddr PhysAddress, axInterfaceMtu Integer32, axInterfaceAdminStatus INTEGER, axInterfaceStatus INTEGER, axInterfaceAlias DisplayString, axInterfaceFlowCtrlAdminStatus INTEGER, axInterfaceFlowCtrlOperStatus INTEGER } axInterfaceIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index value of the interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 1 } axInterfaceName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 2 } axInterfaceMediaMaxSpeed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The best possible media speed in MBPS for the interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 3 } axInterfaceMediaMaxDuplex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { none(0), half(1), full(2), auto(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The best possible media duplex mode for the interface. half - Force half duplex; full - Force full duplex; none - All media is deselected." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 4 } axInterfaceMediaActiveSpeed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current active media speed for the interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 5 } axInterfaceMediaActiveDuplex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { none(0), half(1), full(2), auto(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The active media duplex mode for the specified interface. half - Half duplex; full - Full duplex; auto - Auto duplex; none - All media is disabled." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 6 } axInterfaceMacAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX PhysAddress MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The MAC address of the specified interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 7 } axInterfaceMtu OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The maximum transmission unit size of datagram which can be sent/received on the specified interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 8 } axInterfaceAdminStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { false(0), true(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The state of this interface, whether it is enabled." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 9 } axInterfaceStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(0), down(1), disabled(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current state of the interface. up - has link and is initialized; down - has no link and is initialized; disabled - has been forced down " ::= { axInterfaceEntry 10 } axInterfaceAlias OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The alias name of the interface if defined." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 11 } axInterfaceFlowCtrlAdminStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The control flow of this interface is enabled or disabled." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 12 } axInterfaceFlowCtrlOperStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { false(0), true(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The control flow state of this interface." ::= { axInterfaceEntry 13 } -- axInterfaceStat axInterfaceStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxInterfaceStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of the physical interfacess." ::= { axInterfaceStat 1 } axInterfaceStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxInterfaceStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axInterfaceStat Table" INDEX { axInterfaceStatIndex } ::= { axInterfaceStatTable 1 } AxInterfaceStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axInterfaceStatIndex Integer32, axInterfaceStatPktsIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatBytesIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatPktsOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatBytesOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatMcastIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatMcastOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatErrorsIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatErrorsOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatDropsIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatDropsOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatCollisions Counter64, axInterfaceStatBitsPerSecIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatPktsPerSecIn Counter64, axInterfaceStatUtilPercentIn Integer32, axInterfaceStatBitsPerSecOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatPktsPerSecOut Counter64, axInterfaceStatUtilPercentOut Integer32 } axInterfaceStatIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index value of the interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 1 } axInterfaceStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received on this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 2 } axInterfaceStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received on this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 3 } axInterfaceStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets transmitted out of this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 4 } axInterfaceStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes transmitted out of this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 5 } axInterfaceStatMcastIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of multicast packets received on this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 6 } axInterfaceStatMcastOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of multicast packets transmitted out of this interface." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 7 } axInterfaceStatErrorsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of received packets that are either undersized, oversized, or have FCS errors." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 8 } axInterfaceStatErrorsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of excessive collisions, incremented for each frame that experienced 16 collisions during transmission and was aborted." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 9 } axInterfaceStatDropsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets dropped on ingress for various reasons." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 10 } axInterfaceStatDropsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets aged out or with excessive transmission delays due to multiple deferrals." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 11 } axInterfaceStatCollisions OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of collisions on this interface, incremented by the number of collisions experienced during transmissions of a frame" ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 12 } axInterfaceStatBitsPerSecIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The input rate in bits per second." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 13 } axInterfaceStatPktsPerSecIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The input rate in packets per second." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 14 } axInterfaceStatUtilPercentIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The input utilization in percentage. For the ve interface, it's 0." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 15 } axInterfaceStatBitsPerSecOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The output rate in bits per second." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 16 } axInterfaceStatPktsPerSecOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The output rate in packets per second." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 17 } axInterfaceStatUtilPercentOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The output utilization in percentage. For the ve interface, it's 0." ::= { axInterfaceStatEntry 18 } --================================================================== -- axVlans --================================================================== axVlanCfg OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVlans 1 } -- axVlanCfgTable axVlanCfgTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVlanCfgEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table contains VLAN configuration." ::= { axVlanCfg 1 } axVlanCfgEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVlanCfgEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVlanCfgTable" INDEX { axVlanId } ::= { axVlanCfgTable 1 } AxVlanCfgEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVlanId Integer32, axVlanName DisplayString, axVlanRouterInterface Integer32 } axVlanId OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The VLAN id." ::= { axVlanCfgEntry 1 } axVlanName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The VLAN name." ::= { axVlanCfgEntry 2 } axVlanRouterInterface OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "VLAN router interface (ve) if configured. If a SNMP-Get value is zero, that means this object is not configured." ::= { axVlanCfgEntry 3 } -- axVlanCfgMemberTable axVlanCfgMemberTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVlanCfgMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table contains VLAN member configuration." ::= { axVlanCfg 2 } axVlanCfgMemberEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVlanCfgMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVlanCfgMemberTable" INDEX { axVlanMemberVlanId, axVlanMemberIntfId } ::= { axVlanCfgMemberTable 1 } AxVlanCfgMemberEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVlanMemberVlanId Integer32, axVlanMemberIntfId Integer32, axVlanMemberTagged INTEGER } axVlanMemberVlanId OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The VLAN id." ::= { axVlanCfgMemberEntry 1 } axVlanMemberIntfId OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The interface id configures as the VLAN member." ::= { axVlanCfgMemberEntry 2 } axVlanMemberTagged OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { false(0), true(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The tagged/untagged state of the specific VLAN member." ::= { axVlanCfgMemberEntry 3 } --================================================================== -- axTrunks --================================================================== axTrunk OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axTrunks 1 } axTrunkStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axTrunks 2 } axTrunkCfgMembers OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axTrunks 3 } -- axTrunk axTrunkTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of axTrunk entries in the table." ::= { axTrunk 1 } axTrunkTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxTrunkEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains trunk information." ::= { axTrunk 2 } axTrunkEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxTrunkEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axTrunkTable" INDEX { axTrunkName } ::= { axTrunkTable 1 } AxTrunkEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axTrunkName DisplayString, axTrunkStatus INTEGER, axTrunkDescription DisplayString, axTrunkTypeLacpEnabled INTEGER, axTrunkCfgMemberCount INTEGER, axTrunkPortThreshold INTEGER, axTrunkPortThresholdTimer INTEGER } axTrunkName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk name." ::= { axTrunkEntry 1 } axTrunkStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { down(0), up(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk status." ::= { axTrunkEntry 2 } axTrunkDescription OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk description." ::= { axTrunkEntry 3 } axTrunkTypeLacpEnabled OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { false(0), true(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk type is dynamic, LACP." ::= { axTrunkEntry 4 } axTrunkCfgMemberCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of configured trunk members." ::= { axTrunkEntry 5 } axTrunkPortThreshold OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Threshold for minimum number of ports that need to be up." ::= { axTrunkEntry 6 } axTrunkPortThresholdTimer OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Timer for port-threshold in second." ::= { axTrunkEntry 7 } -- axTrunkStats axTrunkStatTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of axTrunkStat entries in the table." ::= { axTrunkStats 1 } axTrunkStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxTrunkStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains trunk statistic information." ::= { axTrunkStats 2 } axTrunkStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxTrunkStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axTrunkStatTable" INDEX { axTrunkStatName } ::= { axTrunkStatTable 1 } AxTrunkStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axTrunkStatName DisplayString, axTrunkStatPktsIn Counter64, axTrunkStatBytesIn Counter64, axTrunkStatPktsOut Counter64, axTrunkStatBytesOut Counter64, axTrunkStatMcastIn Counter64, axTrunkStatMcastOut Counter64, axTrunkStatErrorsIn Counter64, axTrunkStatErrorsOut Counter64, axTrunkStatDropsIn Counter64, axTrunkStatDropsOut Counter64 } axTrunkStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk name." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 1 } axTrunkStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of received packets on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 2 } axTrunkStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of received bytes on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 3 } axTrunkStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of transmitted packets on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 4 } axTrunkStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of transmitted bytes on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 5 } axTrunkStatMcastIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of received multicast packets on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 6 } axTrunkStatMcastOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of transmitted multicast packets out of the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 7 } axTrunkStatErrorsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of received packets with errors by the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 8 } axTrunkStatErrorsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of excessive collisions, incremented for each frame that experienced 16 collisions during transmission and was aborted on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 9 } axTrunkStatDropsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of dropped packets on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 10 } axTrunkStatDropsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of packets aged out or with excessive transmission delays due to multiple deferrals on the given trunk." ::= { axTrunkStatEntry 11 } -- axTrunkCfgMembers axTrunkCfgMemberTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of axTrunkCfgMember entries." ::= { axTrunkCfgMembers 1 } axTrunkCfgMemberTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxTrunkCfgMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains configured trunk member information." ::= { axTrunkCfgMembers 2 } axTrunkCfgMemberEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxTrunkCfgMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the sysTrunkCfgMember Table" INDEX { axTrunkCfgMemberTrunkName, axTrunkCfgMemberName } ::= { axTrunkCfgMemberTable 1 } AxTrunkCfgMemberEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axTrunkCfgMemberTrunkName DisplayString, axTrunkCfgMemberName DisplayString, axTrunkCfgMemberAdminStatus INTEGER, axTrunkCfgMemberOperStatus INTEGER } axTrunkCfgMemberTrunkName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk name." ::= { axTrunkCfgMemberEntry 1 } axTrunkCfgMemberName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk member name: the physical port belongs to the trunk." ::= { axTrunkCfgMemberEntry 2 } axTrunkCfgMemberAdminStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk port member administrative status." ::= { axTrunkCfgMemberEntry 3 } axTrunkCfgMemberOperStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { down(0), up(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The trunk port member operational status." ::= { axTrunkCfgMemberEntry 4 } --================================================================ -- axLogging leafs --================================================================ axLogBufferSize OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging database size." DEFVAL { 100000 } ::= { axLogging 1 } axLogBufferPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { emergency(0), alert(1), critical(2), error(3), warning(4), notice(5), info(6), debug(7), notDefined(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging buffer priority, logging messages which levels above that value must be output to internal database." DEFVAL { 7 } ::= { axLogging 2 } axLogConsolePri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { emergency(0), alert(1), critical(2), error(3), warning(4), notice(5), info(6), debug(7), notDefined(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging console priority, logging messages which levels above that value must be output to console." DEFVAL { 7 } ::= { axLogging 3 } axLogEmailPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { emergency(0), alert(1), critical(2), error(3), warning(4), notice(5), info(6), debug(7), notDefined(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging email priority, logging messages which levels above that value must be output to email address." DEFVAL { -1 } ::= { axLogging 4 } axLogEmailAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The email address that receive the logging messages." ::= { axLogging 5 } axLogSyslogPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { emergency(0), alert(1), critical(2), error(3), warning(4), notice(5), info(6), debug(7), notDefined(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging syslog priority, logging messages which levels above that value must be output to syslog host." DEFVAL { -1 } ::= { axLogging 8 } axLogSyslogHostTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxLogSyslogHostEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The syslog host table." ::= { axLogging 9 } axLogSyslogHostEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxLogSyslogHostEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The syslog host entry" INDEX { axLogSyslogHostIndex } ::= { axLogSyslogHostTable 1 } AxLogSyslogHostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axLogSyslogHostIndex Integer32, axLogSyslogHost DisplayString } axLogSyslogHostIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index of the syslog host list." ::= { axLogSyslogHostEntry 1 } axLogSyslogHost OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The syslog host IP address or DNS name." ::= { axLogSyslogHostEntry 2 } axLogSyslogPort OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 ( 1 .. 32767 ) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging syslog host port." DEFVAL { 514 } ::= { axLogging 10 } axLogMonitorPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { emergency(0), alert(1), critical(2), error(3), warning(4), notice(5), info(6), debug(7), notDefined(-1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The logging monitor priority, logging messages which levels above that value must be output to snmp trap host." DEFVAL { -1 } ::= { axLogging 11 } --================================================================ -- axLayer3 --================================================================ axArpInfo OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axLayer3 1 } --================================================================ -- axArpInfo --================================================================ axArpEntryTotal OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of ARP entries in the table." ::= { axArpInfo 1 } axArpInfoTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxArpInfoEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains opertional ARP information." ::= { axArpInfo 2 } axArpInfoEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxArpInfoEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axArpInfoTable" INDEX { axArpIpAddr } ::= { axArpInfoTable 1 } AxArpInfoEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axArpIpAddr DisplayString, axArpMacAddr PhysAddress, axArpEntryVlan INTEGER, axArpEntrySourceInterface INTEGER, axArpEntrySourceIntName DisplayString, axArpEntryType INTEGER, axArpEntryAging INTEGER } axArpIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The destination IP address of the ARP entry." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 1 } axArpMacAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX PhysAddress MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The MAC address for the ARP entry." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 2 } axArpEntryVlan OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The VLAN identifier for the ARP entry." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 3 } axArpEntrySourceInterface OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number in ifIndex for the ARP entry taking effective." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 4 } axArpEntrySourceIntName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The interface description name for axArpEntrySourceInterface." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 5 } axArpEntryType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { incomplete(0), static(1), dynamic(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of the ARP entry." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 6 } axArpEntryAging OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The aging time of the ARP entry in seconds." ::= { axArpInfoEntry 7 } --================================================================== -- axApp --================================================================== axAppGlobals OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 1 } axServers OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 2 } axServiceGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 3 } axVirtualServers OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 4 } axConnReuseStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 5 } axFastHttpProxyStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 6 } axHttpProxyStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 7 } axTcpProxyStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 8 } axSslStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 9 } axFtpStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 10 } axNetStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 11 } axNotification OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 12 } axSmtpProxyStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 13 } axSslProxyStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 14 } axPersistentStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 15 } axSwitchStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 16 } axHA OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 17 } axIpNatStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 18 } axSessionStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 19 } axGslb OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 20 } axNetworkingStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axApp 21 } -- axGlobals axAppGlobalSetting OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axAppGlobals 1 } axAppGlobalStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axAppGlobals 2 } axGlobalAppBuffer OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axAppGlobals 3 } axL3vStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axAppGlobals 4 } -- axServers axServer OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServers 1 } axServerStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServers 2 } axServerPort OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServers 3 } axServerPortStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServers 4 } -- axServiceGroups axServiceGroup OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServiceGroups 1 } axServiceGroupStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServiceGroups 2 } axServiceGroupMember OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServiceGroups 3 } axServiceGroupMemberStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axServiceGroups 4 } -- axVirtualServers axVirtualServer OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 1 } axVirtualServerStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 2 } axVirtualServerPort OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 3 } axVirtualServerPortStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 4 } axVirtualServerNameStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 5 } axVirtualServerNamePortStat OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axVirtualServers 6 } -- axHA axHAGlobalConfig OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axHA 1 } axHAGroup OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axHA 2 } axHAFloatingIP OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axHA 3 } --================================================================== -- axAppGlobalSetting --================================================================== axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of the system resource usages, it should contains the results as the CLI command, 'show system resouce-usage' Resource Current Default Minimum Maximum -------------------------------------------------------------------------- l4-session-count 1048576 1048576 131072 8388608 nat-pool-addr-count 500 500 500 4000 real-server-count 1024 1024 512 2048 real-port-count 2048 2048 512 4096 service-group-count 512 512 512 1024 virtual-port-count 512 512 256 1024 virtual-server-count 512 512 512 1024 http-template-count 256 256 32 1024 proxy-template-count 256 256 32 1024 conn-reuse-template-count 256 256 32 1024 fast-tcp-template-count 256 256 32 1024 fast-udp-template-count 256 256 32 1024 client-ssl-template-count 256 256 32 1024 server-ssl-template-count 256 256 32 1024 stream-template-count 256 256 32 1024 persist-cookie-template-count 256 256 32 1024 persist-srcip-template-count 256 256 32 1024 nalloc-mem-val 0 0 0 5120 " ::= { axAppGlobalSetting 1 } axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsage Table" INDEX { axAppGlobalSystemResourceIndex } ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageTable 1 } AxAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axAppGlobalSystemResourceIndex INTEGER, axAppGlobalSystemResourceName DisplayString, axAppGlobalAllowedCurrentValue INTEGER, axAppGlobalAllowedDefaultValue INTEGER, axAppGlobalAllowedMinValue INTEGER, axAppGlobalAllowedMaxValue INTEGER } axAppGlobalSystemResourceIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system resource usage table index." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 1 } axAppGlobalSystemResourceName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The system resource name." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 2 } axAppGlobalAllowedCurrentValue OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current value for the allowed system resource." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 3 } axAppGlobalAllowedDefaultValue OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The default value for the allowed system resource." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 4 } axAppGlobalAllowedMinValue OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The minimum value for the allowed system resource." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 5 } axAppGlobalAllowedMaxValue OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The maximum value for the allowed system resource." ::= { axAppGlobalSystemResourceUsageEntry 6 } --================================================================== -- axAppGlobalStats --================================================================== axAppGlobalTotalCurrentConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX CounterBasedGauge64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total current connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 1 } axAppGlobalTotalNewConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 2 } axAppGlobalTotalNewL4Connections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new L4 connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 3 } axAppGlobalTotalNewL7Connections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new L7 connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 4 } axAppGlobalTotalNewIPNatConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new IP-NAT connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 5 } axAppGlobalTotalSSLConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total SSL connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 6 } axAppGlobalTotalL7Requests OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total L7 requests" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 7 } axGlobalAppPacketDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of buffer drops in the last 10 seconds." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 8 } axGlobalTotalAppPacketDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of accumulative buffer drops." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 9 } axGlobalTotalL4Session OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of L4 sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 10 } axGlobalTotalThroughput OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total throughput of all the interfaces." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 13 } axAppGlobalTotalCurrentConnectionsInteger OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total current connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 11 } axGlobalTotalL4SessionInteger OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of L4 sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axAppGlobalStats 12 } --================================================================== -- axGlobalAppBuffer --================================================================== axAppGlobalBufferConfigLimit OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Application buffer configured limit." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axGlobalAppBuffer 1 } axAppGlobalBufferCurrentUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Application buffer current usage." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axGlobalAppBuffer 2 } --================================================================== -- axL3vStats --================================================================== axL3vGlobalStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxL3vGlobalStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The global statitics in a l3v partition." ::= { axL3vStats 1 } axL3vGlobalStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxL3vGlobalStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axL3vGlobalStatsTable" INDEX { axL3vGlobalStatsPartitionName } ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsTable 1 } AxL3vGlobalStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axL3vGlobalStatsPartitionName DisplayString, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalThroughput Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalCurrentConnections Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewConnections Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewL4Connections Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewL7Connections Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalSslConnections Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalL7Requests Counter64, axL3vGlobalStatsTotalL4Sessions Counter64 } axL3vGlobalStatsPartitionName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The L3V partition name." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 1 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalThroughput OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total throughput of all the interfaces in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 2 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalCurrentConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total current connections in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 3 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new connections in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 4 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewL4Connections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new layer 4 connections in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 5 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalNewL7Connections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total new layer 7 connections in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 6 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalSslConnections OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total SSL connections in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 7 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalL7Requests OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total layer 7 requests in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 8 } axL3vGlobalStatsTotalL4Sessions OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total layer 7 session in a L3V partition." ::= { axL3vGlobalStatsEntry 9 } --================================================================== -- axServer --================================================================== axServerCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of axServer entries in the table." ::= { axServer 1 } axServerTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServerEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of the servers." ::= { axServer 2 } axServerEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServerEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServer Table" INDEX { axServerName } ::= { axServerTable 1 } AxServerEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServerName DisplayString, axServerAddress DisplayString, axServerEnabledState INTEGER, axServerHealthMonitor DisplayString, axServerMonitorState INTEGER, axServerAddressType InetAddressType } axServerName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the server." ::= { axServerEntry 1 } axServerAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address or host name of the server." ::= { axServerEntry 2 } axServerEnabledState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The monitor state for this node address." ::= { axServerEntry 3 } axServerHealthMonitor OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The health monitor name assigned to the server" ::= { axServerEntry 4 } axServerMonitorState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server monitor status is in 0: Disabled (administrative disabled) 1: Up (administrative enabled) 2: Down (administrative enabled)" ::= { axServerEntry 5 } axServerAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axServerAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axServerEntry 6 } --================================================================== -- axServerStat --================================================================== axServerStatCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of axServerStat entries in the table." ::= { axServerStat 1 } axServerStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServerStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of node addresses." ::= { axServerStat 2 } axServerStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServerStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServerStat Table" INDEX { axServerStatAddress } ::= { axServerStatTable 1 } AxServerStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServerStatAddress DisplayString, axServerStatName DisplayString, axServerStatServerPktsIn Counter64, axServerStatServerBytesIn Counter64, axServerStatServerPktsOut Counter64, axServerStatServerBytesOut Counter64, axServerStatServerTotalConns Counter64, axServerStatServerCurConns Integer32, axServerStatServerPersistConns Integer32, axServerStatServerStatus INTEGER, axServerStatServerTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axServerStatServerTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axServerStatServerTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axServerStatServerPeakConns Counter32, axServerStatAddressType InetAddressType } axServerStatAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this server." ::= { axServerStatEntry 1 } axServerStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server name." ::= { axServerStatEntry 2 } axServerStatServerPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axServerStatEntry 3 } axServerStatServerBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axServerStatEntry 4 } axServerStatServerPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent for server to client." ::= { axServerStatEntry 5 } axServerStatServerBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axServerStatEntry 6 } axServerStatServerTotalConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total connections from server side." ::= { axServerStatEntry 7 } axServerStatServerCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from server side." ::= { axServerStatEntry 8 } axServerStatServerPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from server side." ::= { axServerStatEntry 9 } axServerStatServerStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server status is in 0: Disabled (administrative disabled) 1: Up (administrative enabled) 2: Down (administrative enabled)" ::= { axServerStatEntry 10 } axServerStatServerTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerStatEntry 11 } axServerStatServerTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerStatEntry 12 } axServerStatServerTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerStatEntry 13 } axServerStatServerPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of the peak connections" ::= { axServerStatEntry 14 } axServerStatAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axServerStatAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axServerStatEntry 15 } --================================================================== -- axServerPort --================================================================== axServerPortTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServerPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of real servers." ::= { axServerPort 1 } axServerPortEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServerPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServer Port Table" INDEX { axServerNameInPort, axServerPortType, axServerPortNum } ::= { axServerPortTable 1 } AxServerPortEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServerNameInPort DisplayString, axServerPortType INTEGER, axServerPortNum Integer32, axServerAddressInPort DisplayString, axServerPortEnabledState INTEGER, axServerPortHealthMonitor DisplayString, axServerPortConnLimit Integer32, axServerPortWeight Integer32, axServerPortMonitorState INTEGER, axServerAddressInPortType InetAddressType } axServerNameInPort OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server name." ::= { axServerPortEntry 1 } axServerPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { tcp(2), udp(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port type of the server port." ::= { axServerPortEntry 2 } axServerPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of the server." ::= { axServerPortEntry 3 } axServerAddressInPort OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address or host name of the server." ::= { axServerPortEntry 4 } axServerPortEnabledState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The monitor state for this node address." ::= { axServerPortEntry 5 } axServerPortHealthMonitor OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The health monitor name assigned to the server" ::= { axServerPortEntry 6 } axServerPortConnLimit OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The connection limit of the server port." ::= { axServerPortEntry 7 } axServerPortWeight OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The weight of the server port." ::= { axServerPortEntry 8 } axServerPortMonitorState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port status is in 0: Disabled (administrative disabled) 1: Up (administrative enabled) 2: Down (administrative enabled)" ::= { axServerPortEntry 9 } axServerAddressInPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axServerAddressInPort: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axServerPortEntry 10 } --================================================================== -- axServerPortStat --================================================================== axServerPortStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServerPortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of node addresses." ::= { axServerPortStat 1 } axServerPortStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServerPortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServerStat Table" INDEX { axServerStatAddrInPort, axServerStatPortType, axServerStatPortNum } ::= { axServerPortStatTable 1 } AxServerPortStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServerStatAddrInPort DisplayString, axServerStatPortType INTEGER, axServerStatPortNum Integer32, axServerStatNameInPort DisplayString, axServerPortStatPktsIn Counter64, axServerPortStatBytesIn Counter64, axServerPortStatPktsOut Counter64, axServerPortStatBytesOut Counter64, axServerPortStatTotalConns Counter64, axServerPortStatCurConns Integer32, axServerPortStatPersistConns Integer32, axServerPortStatStatus INTEGER, axServerPortStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axServerPortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axServerPortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axServerPortStatPeakConns Counter32, axServerStatAddrInPortType InetAddressType } axServerStatAddrInPort OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this server." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 1 } axServerStatPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { tcp(2), udp(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port type." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 2 } axServerStatPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port number." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 3 } axServerStatNameInPort OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this server." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 4 } axServerPortStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 5 } axServerPortStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 6 } axServerPortStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 7 } axServerPortStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 8 } axServerPortStatTotalConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The maximum connections from server side." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 9 } axServerPortStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from server side." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 10 } axServerPortStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from server side." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 11 } axServerPortStatStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port status is in 0: Disabled (administrative disabled) 1: Up (administrative enabled) 2: Down (administrative enabled)" ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 12 } axServerPortStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 13 } axServerPortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 14 } axServerPortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 15 } axServerPortStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 16 } axServerStatAddrInPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axServerStatAddrInPort: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axServerPortStatEntry 17 } --================================================================== -- axServiceGroup --================================================================== axServiceGroupCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of axServiceGroup entries in the table." ::= { axServiceGroup 1 } axServiceGroupTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServiceGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing information of service groups." ::= { axServiceGroup 2 } axServiceGroupEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServiceGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServiceGroup Table" INDEX { axServiceGroupName } ::= { axServiceGroupTable 1 } AxServiceGroupEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServiceGroupName DisplayString, axServiceGroupType INTEGER, axServiceGroupLbAlgorithm INTEGER, axServiceGroupDisplayStatus INTEGER, } axServiceGroupName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group name." ::= { axServiceGroupEntry 1 } axServiceGroupType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of the service group." ::= { axServiceGroupEntry 2 } axServiceGroupLbAlgorithm OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { roundRobin(0), weightRoundRobin(1), leastConnection(2), weightLeastConnection(3), serviceLeastConnection(4), serviceWeightLeastConnection(5), fastResponseTime(6), leastRequest(7), roundRobinStrict(8), sourceIpHashBasedStateless(9), sourceIpOnlyHashBasedStateless(10), destinationIpHashBasedStateless(11), sourceDestinationIpHashBasedStateless(12), perPacketRoundRobinStateless(13), sourceIpOnlyHash(15), sourceIpWithPortHash(16), destinationIpOnlyHash(17), destinationIpWithPortHash(18) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The load balance method for the service group" ::= { axServiceGroupEntry 3 } axServiceGroupDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { allUp(1), functionalUp(2), partialUp(3), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of the service group: AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), PartialUp(3), Stopped(4)." ::= { axServiceGroupEntry 4 } --================================================================== -- axServiceGroupStat --================================================================== axServiceGroupStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServiceGroupStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of service groups." ::= { axServiceGroupStat 1 } axServiceGroupStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServiceGroupStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServiceGroupStat Table" INDEX { axServiceGroupStatName } ::= { axServiceGroupStatTable 1 } AxServiceGroupStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServiceGroupStatName DisplayString, axServiceGroupStatPktsIn Counter64, axServiceGroupStatBytesIn Counter64, axServiceGroupStatPktsOut Counter64, axServiceGroupStatBytesOut Counter64, axServiceGroupStatTotConns Counter64, axServiceGroupStatCurConns Integer32, axServiceGroupStatPersistConns Integer32, axServiceGroupStatDisplayStatus INTEGER, axServiceGroupStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupStatPeakConns Counter32 } axServiceGroupStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group name." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 1 } axServiceGroupStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 2 } axServiceGroupStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 3 } axServiceGroupStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 4 } axServiceGroupStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 5 } axServiceGroupStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 6 } axServiceGroupStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 7 } axServiceGroupStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 8 } axServiceGroupStatDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { allUp(1), functionalUp(2), partialUp(3), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of the service group: AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), PartialUp(3), Stopped(4)." ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 9 } axServiceGroupStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 10 } axServiceGroupStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 11 } axServiceGroupStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 12 } axServiceGroupStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axServiceGroupStatEntry 13 } --================================================================== -- axServiceGroupMember --================================================================== axServiceGroupMemberTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServiceGroupMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing information of service group members." ::= { axServiceGroupMember 1 } axServiceGroupMemberEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServiceGroupMemberEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServiceGroupMember Table" INDEX { axServiceGroupNameInMember, axServiceGroupMemberAddrType, axServerNameInServiceGroupMember, axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMember } ::= { axServiceGroupMemberTable 1 } AxServiceGroupMemberEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServiceGroupNameInMember DisplayString, axServiceGroupMemberAddrType INTEGER, axServerNameInServiceGroupMember DisplayString, axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMember Integer32, axServerPortPriorityInServiceGroupMember Integer32, axServerPortStatusInServiceGroupMember INTEGER } axServiceGroupNameInMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of axServiceGroup." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 1 } axServiceGroupMemberAddrType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of service group" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 2 } axServerNameInServiceGroupMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server name in the service group member." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 3 } axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of this member." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 4 } axServerPortPriorityInServiceGroupMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The priority value of a service group member." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 5 } axServerPortStatusInServiceGroupMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port status of the service group member: Disabled(0), Up(1), Down(2)." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberEntry 6 } --================================================================== -- axServiceGroupMemberStat --================================================================== axServiceGroupMemberStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxServiceGroupMemberStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of service group members." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStat 1 } axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxServiceGroupMemberStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axServiceGroupMemberStat Table" INDEX { axServiceGroupMemberStatName, axServiceGroupMemberStatAddrType, axServerNameInServiceGroupMemberStat, axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMemberStat } ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatTable 1 } AxServiceGroupMemberStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axServiceGroupMemberStatName DisplayString, axServiceGroupMemberStatAddrType INTEGER, axServerNameInServiceGroupMemberStat DisplayString, axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMemberStat Integer32, axServiceGroupMemberStatPktsIn Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatBytesIn Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatPktsOut Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatBytesOut Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatPersistConns Integer32, axServiceGroupMemberStatTotConns Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatCurConns Integer32, axServerPortStatusInServiceGroupMemberStat INTEGER, axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axServiceGroupMemberStatResponseTime Integer32, axServiceGroupMemberStatPeakConns Counter32 } axServiceGroupMemberStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group name." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 1 } axServiceGroupMemberStatAddrType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of service group" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 2 } axServerNameInServiceGroupMemberStat OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this member in the service group." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 3 } axServerPortNumInServiceGroupMemberStat OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of this member." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 4 } axServiceGroupMemberStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 5 } axServiceGroupMemberStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 6 } axServiceGroupMemberStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 7 } axServiceGroupMemberStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 8 } axServiceGroupMemberStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 9 } axServiceGroupMemberStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 10 } axServiceGroupMemberStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from server side." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 11 } axServerPortStatusInServiceGroupMemberStat OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The server port status of the service group member: Disabled(0), Up(1), Down(2)" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 12 } axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 13 } axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 14 } axServiceGroupMemberStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 15 } axServiceGroupMemberStatResponseTime OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group member response time in millisecond." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 16 } axServiceGroupMemberStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group member peak connections." ::= { axServiceGroupMemberStatEntry 17 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServer --================================================================== axVirtualServerCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of axVirtualServer entries in the table." ::= { axVirtualServer 1 } axVirtualServerTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing information of virtual servers." ::= { axVirtualServer 2 } axVirtualServerEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServer Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerName } ::= { axVirtualServerTable 1 } AxVirtualServerEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerName DisplayString, axVirtualServerAddress DisplayString, axVirtualServerEnabled INTEGER, axVirtualServerHAGroup DisplayString, axVirtualServerDisplayStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerAddressType InetAddressType } axVirtualServerName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of this virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 1 } axVirtualServerAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 2 } axVirtualServerEnabled OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Whether this virtual server is enabled." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 3 } axVirtualServerHAGroup OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "HA group name configured for the virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 4 } axVirtualServerDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), partialUp(3), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server port: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), PartialUp(3), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 5 } axVirtualServerAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axVirtualServerAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axVirtualServerEntry 6 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServerStat --================================================================== axVirtualServerStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of virtual servers." ::= { axVirtualServerStat 1 } axVirtualServerStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServerStat Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerStatAddress } ::= { axVirtualServerStatTable 1 } AxVirtualServerStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerStatAddress DisplayString, axVirtualServerStatName DisplayString, axVirtualServerStatPktsIn Counter64, axVirtualServerStatBytesIn Counter64, axVirtualServerStatPktsOut Counter64, axVirtualServerStatBytesOut Counter64, axVirtualServerStatPersistConns Integer32, axVirtualServerStatTotConns Counter64, axVirtualServerStatCurConns Integer32, axVirtualServerStatStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerStatDisplayStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerStatPeakConns Counter32, axVirtualServerStatAddressType InetAddressType } axVirtualServerStatAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The address of this virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 1 } axVirtualServerStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of this virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 2 } axVirtualServerStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 3 } axVirtualServerStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 4 } axVirtualServerStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 5 } axVirtualServerStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 6 } axVirtualServerStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 7 } axVirtualServerStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 8 } axVirtualServerStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 9 } axVirtualServerStatStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), disabled(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current virtual server status." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 10 } axVirtualServerStatDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), partialUp(3), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), PartialUp(3), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 11 } axVirtualServerStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 12 } axVirtualServerStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 13 } axVirtualServerStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 14 } axVirtualServerStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 15 } axVirtualServerStatAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axVirtualServerStatAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axVirtualServerStatEntry 16 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServerPort --================================================================== axVirtualServerPortTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing information of virtual server port configuration." ::= { axVirtualServerPort 1 } axVirtualServerPortEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServerPort Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerPortName, axVirtualServerPortType, axVirtualServerPortNum } ::= { axVirtualServerPortTable 1 } AxVirtualServerPortEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerPortName DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortType INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortNum Integer32, axVirtualServerPortAddress DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortEnabled INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortServiceGroup DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortHaGroupID INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortPersistTemplateType INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortPersistTempl DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortPolicyTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortTCPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortHTTPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortRamCacheTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortConnReuseTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortTCPProxyTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortClientSSLTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortServerSSLTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortRTSPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortSMTPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortSIPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortUDPTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortDisplayStatus INTEGER, xVirtualServerPortAddressType InetAddressType, axVirtualServerPortDiameterTemplate DisplayString, axVirtualServerPortAddressType InetAddressType } axVirtualServerPortName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the virtual server. " ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 1 } axVirtualServerPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3), rtsp(8), ftp(9), mms(10), fastHTTP(12), http(14), https(15), sslProxy(16), smtp(17), sip(11), sips(19), sip-TCP(18), others(5), tcpProxy(20), diameter(21), dnsUdp(22), tftp(23), dnsTcp(24) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port type of a virtual server port." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 2 } axVirtualServerPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The virtual server port number." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 3 } axVirtualServerPortAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this virtual server. " ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 4 } axVirtualServerPortEnabled OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of this virtual server port is enabled." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 5 } axVirtualServerPortServiceGroup OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service group is assigned to the virtual server port." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 6 } axVirtualServerPortHaGroupID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA group ID assigned to the virtual service port." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 7 } axVirtualServerPortPersistTemplateType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { cookiePersist(1), sourcIPPersist(2), destinationIPPersist(3), sslIDPersist(4), unknown(0) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The persistent template type if applicable." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 8 } axVirtualServerPortPersistTempl OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The persistent template dependent on the axVirtualServerPortPersistTemplateType value." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 9 } axVirtualServerPortTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The virtual server port template for all port types except for Firewall." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 10 } axVirtualServerPortPolicyTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The policy template for all port types except for Firewall." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 11 } axVirtualServerPortTCPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The TCP template for TPC/FastHTTP/RTSP/FTP/MMS/Others port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 12 } axVirtualServerPortHTTPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HTTP template for HTTP/HTTPS/FastHTTP port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 13 } axVirtualServerPortRamCacheTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The RAM cache template for HTTP/HTTPS port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 14 } axVirtualServerPortConnReuseTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The connection reuse template for HTTP/HTTPS/FastHTTP port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 15 } axVirtualServerPortTCPProxyTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The TCP proxy template for HTTP/HTTPS/SSLProxy/SMTP port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 16 } axVirtualServerPortClientSSLTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Client-SSL template for HTTPS/SSLProxy/SMTP port types." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 17 } axVirtualServerPortServerSSLTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Server-SSL template for HTTPS port type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 18 } axVirtualServerPortRTSPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The RTSP template for RTSP port type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 19 } axVirtualServerPortSMTPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SMTP template for SMTP port type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 20 } axVirtualServerPortSIPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SIP template for SIP port type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 21 } axVirtualServerPortUDPTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The UDP template for UDP port type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 22 } axVirtualServerPortDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server port: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 23 } -- axVirtualServerPortDisplayStatus 24 is used in 266 for axVirtualServerPortAddressType axVirtualServerPortAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axVirtualServerPortAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 24 } axVirtualServerPortDiameterTemplate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Diameter template for diameter type only." ::= { axVirtualServerPortEntry 25 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServerPortStat --================================================================== axVirtualServerPortStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerPortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of virtual server service ports." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStat 1 } axVirtualServerPortStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerPortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServerPortStat Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerPortStatAddress, axVirtualServerStatPortType, axVirtualServerStatPortNum } ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatTable 1 } AxVirtualServerPortStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerPortStatAddress DisplayString, axVirtualServerStatPortType INTEGER, axVirtualServerStatPortNum Integer32, axVirtualServerPortStatName DisplayString, axVirtualServerStatPortStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortStatPktsIn Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatBytesIn Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatPktsOut Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatBytesOut Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatPersistConns Integer32, axVirtualServerPortStatTotConns Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatCurConns Integer32, axVirtualServerStatPortDisplayStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerPortStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerPortStatPeakConns Counter32, axVirtualServerPortStatAddressType InetAddressType } axVirtualServerPortStatAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of this virtual address." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 1 } axVirtualServerStatPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3), rtsp(8), ftp(9), mms(10), fastHTTP(12), http(14), https(15), sslProxy(16), smtp(17), sip(11), sips(19), sip-tcp(18), others(5), tcpProxy(20), diameter(21), dnsUdp(22), tftp(23), dnsTcp(24) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port type of a virtual server port" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 2 } axVirtualServerStatPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service port number." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 3 } axVirtualServerPortStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the virtual server" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 4 } axVirtualServerStatPortStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), disabled(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of this virtual server port." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 5 } axVirtualServerPortStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 6 } axVirtualServerPortStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 7 } axVirtualServerPortStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 8 } axVirtualServerPortStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 9 } axVirtualServerPortStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "Persistent connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 10 } axVirtualServerPortStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 11 } axVirtualServerPortStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Current connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 12 } axVirtualServerStatPortDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server port: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 13 } axVirtualServerPortStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 14 } axVirtualServerPortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 15 } axVirtualServerPortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 16 } axVirtualServerPortStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 17 } axVirtualServerPortStatAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axVirtualServerPortStatAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axVirtualServerPortStatEntry 18 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServerNameStat --================================================================== axVirtualServerNameStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerNameStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of virtual servers." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStat 1 } axVirtualServerNameStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerNameStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServerNameStat Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerStatDisplayName } ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatTable 1 } AxVirtualServerNameStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerStatDisplayName DisplayString, axVirtualServerNameStatPktsIn Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatBytesIn Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatPktsOut Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatBytesOut Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatPersistConns Integer32, axVirtualServerNameStatTotConns Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatCurConns Integer32, axVirtualServerNameStatStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerNameStatDisplayStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerNameStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNameStatPeakConns Counter32 } axVirtualServerStatDisplayName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of this virtual server." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 1 } axVirtualServerNameStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 2 } axVirtualServerNameStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 3 } axVirtualServerNameStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 4 } axVirtualServerNameStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 5 } axVirtualServerNameStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "The persistent connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 6 } axVirtualServerNameStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 7 } axVirtualServerNameStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 8 } axVirtualServerNameStatStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), disabled(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The current virtual server status." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 9 } axVirtualServerNameStatDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), partialUp(3), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), PartialUp(3), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 10 } axVirtualServerNameStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 11 } axVirtualServerNameStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 12 } axVirtualServerNameStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 13 } axVirtualServerNameStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axVirtualServerNameStatEntry 14 } --================================================================== -- axVirtualServerNamePortStat --================================================================== axVirtualServerNamePortStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table containing statistic information of virtual server service ports." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStat 1 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axVirtualServerNamePortStat Table" INDEX { axVirtualServerNamePortStatName, axVirtualServerNameStatPortType, axVirtualServerNameStatPortNum } ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatTable 1 } AxVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axVirtualServerNamePortStatName DisplayString, axVirtualServerNameStatPortType INTEGER, axVirtualServerNameStatPortNum Integer32, axVirtualServerNameStatPortStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerNamePortStatPktsIn Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatBytesIn Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatPktsOut Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatBytesOut Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatPersistConns Integer32, axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotConns Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatCurConns Integer32, axVirtualServerNameStatPortDisplayStatus INTEGER, axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs Counter64, axVirtualServerNamePortStatPeakConns Counter32 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the virtual server" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 1 } axVirtualServerNameStatPortType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { firewall(1), tcp(2), udp(3), rtsp(8), ftp(9), mms(10), fastHTTP(12), http(14), https(15), sslProxy(16), smtp(17), sip(11), sips(19), sip-tcp(18), others(5), tcpProxy(20), diameter(21), dnsUdp(22), tftp(23), dnsTcp(24) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port type of a virtual server port" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 2 } axVirtualServerNameStatPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service port number." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 3 } axVirtualServerNameStatPortStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), disabled(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of this virtual server port." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 4 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatPktsIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 5 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatBytesIn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes received from client to server." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 6 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatPktsOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of packets sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 7 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatBytesOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of bytes sent from server to client." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 8 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatPersistConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS deprecated DESCRIPTION "Persistent connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 9 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 10 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatCurConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Current connections from client side." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 11 } axVirtualServerNameStatPortDisplayStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), allUp(1), functionalUp(2), stopped(4) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The display status of this virtual server port: Disabled(0), AllUp(1), FunctionalUp(2), Stopped(4)." ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 12 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 13 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalCurrL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of current L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 14 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatTotalSuccL7Reqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of successful L7 requests if applicable" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 15 } axVirtualServerNamePortStatPeakConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of peak connections" ::= { axVirtualServerNamePortStatEntry 16 } --================================================================== -- axConnReuseStat --================================================================== axConnReuseStatTotalOpenPersist OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of open persistent connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 1 } axConnReuseStatTotalActivePersist OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of active persistent connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 2 } axConnReuseStatTotalEstablished OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of established connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 3 } axConnReuseStatTotalTerminated OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of terminated connection-reuse sessions." ::= { axConnReuseStats 4 } axConnReuseStatTotalBound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of bound connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 5 } axConnReuseStatTotalUNBound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of unbound connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 6 } axConnReuseStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxConnReuseStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The connection-reuse status table." ::= { axConnReuseStats 7 } axConnReuseStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxConnReuseStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The connection-reuse entry." INDEX { axConnReuseStatCpuIndex } ::= { axConnReuseStatTable 1 } AxConnReuseStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axConnReuseStatCpuIndex Integer32, axConnReuseStatOpenPersist Counter32, axConnReuseStatActivePersist Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalEst Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalTerm Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalBind Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalUNBind Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalDelayedUNBind Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalLongRes Counter32, axConnReuseStatTotalMissedRes Counter32 } axConnReuseStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Cpu Index to the connection-reuse STAT." ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 1 } axConnReuseStatOpenPersist OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of open persistent connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 2 } axConnReuseStatActivePersist OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of active persistent connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 3 } axConnReuseStatTotalEst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of established connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 4 } axConnReuseStatTotalTerm OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of terminated connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 5 } axConnReuseStatTotalBind OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of bound connection-reuse sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 6 } axConnReuseStatTotalUNBind OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of unbound connection-reuse sessions" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 7 } axConnReuseStatTotalDelayedUNBind OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections whose unbinding was delayed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 8 } axConnReuseStatTotalLongRes OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of responses that took too long." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 9 } axConnReuseStatTotalMissedRes OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of missed responses to HTTP requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStatEntry 10 } axConnReuseStatTotalDelayedUNBound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections whose unbinding was delayed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 8 } axConnReuseStatTotalLongResponse OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of responses that took too long." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 9 } axConnReuseStatTotalMissedResponse OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of missed responses to HTTP requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axConnReuseStats 10 } --================================================================== -- axFastHttpProxyStat --================================================================== axFastHttpProxyStatTotalConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of proxy connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 1 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 2 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSuccReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http requests which connected successful." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 3 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalNoProxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of no proxy fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 4 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalCRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http connections reset by client." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 5 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http connections reset by server." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 6 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalNoTuple OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of no tuple fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 7 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of request parse failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 8 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSvrSelErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server select failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 9 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalFwdReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of firewall request fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 10 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalFwdDataReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of firewall data request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 11 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalReqReXmit OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of retransmitted http request." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 12 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of request packet out of order." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 13 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSvrReSel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server reselect." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 14 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalPreMatureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server premature closed connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 15 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSvrConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server connections made." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 16 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalSNATErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of Source NAT failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 17 } axFastHttpProxyStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxFastHttpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The fast http proxy status table." ::= { axFastHttpProxyStats 18 } axFastHttpProxyStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxFastHttpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The fast http proxy status entry." INDEX { axFastHttpProxyStatCpuIndex } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatTable 1 } AxFastHttpProxyStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axFastHttpProxyStatCpuIndex Integer32, axFastHttpProxyStatCurrProxyConns Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatTotalProxyConns Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatHttpReq Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatHttpReqSucc Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatNoProxyErr Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatClientRst Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatServerRst Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatNoTupleErr Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatParseReqFail Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatServerSelFail Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatFwdReqFail Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatReqReTran Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatServerReSel Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatServerPreMatureClose Counter32, axFastHttpProxyStatServerConnMade Counter32 } axFastHttpProxyStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu index of fast http proxy STAT table" ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 1 } axFastHttpProxyStatCurrProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of current fast http proxy connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 2 } axFastHttpProxyStatTotalProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of fast http proxy connections of current cpu." ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 3 } axFastHttpProxyStatHttpReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 4 } axFastHttpProxyStatHttpReqSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http reqests which connected successfully." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 5 } axFastHttpProxyStatNoProxyErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of no proxy error." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 6 } axFastHttpProxyStatClientRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http connections reset by client." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 7 } axFastHttpProxyStatServerRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http connections reset by server." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 8 } axFastHttpProxyStatNoTupleErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of no tuple fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 9 } axFastHttpProxyStatParseReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of request parse failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 10 } axFastHttpProxyStatServerSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server select failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 11 } axFastHttpProxyStatFwdReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of firewall request fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 12 } axFastHttpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of firewall data request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 13 } axFastHttpProxyStatReqReTran OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of retransmitted http request." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 14 } axFastHttpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of request packet out of order." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 15 } axFastHttpProxyStatServerReSel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server reselect." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 16 } axFastHttpProxyStatServerPreMatureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server premature closed connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 17 } axFastHttpProxyStatServerConnMade OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server connections made." ::= { axFastHttpProxyStatEntry 18 } --================================================================== -- axHttpProxyStat --================================================================== axHttpProxyStatTotalConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of proxy connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 1 } axHttpProxyStatTotalReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 2 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSuccReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http requests which connected successful." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 3 } axHttpProxyStatTotalNoProxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of no proxy fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 4 } axHttpProxyStatTotalCRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http connections reset by client." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 5 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http connections reset by server." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 6 } axHttpProxyStatTotalNoTuple OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of no tuple fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 7 } axHttpProxyStatTotalReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of request parse failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 8 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSvrSelErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server select failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 9 } axHttpProxyStatTotalFwdReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of firewall request fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 10 } axHttpProxyStatTotalFwdDataReqErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of firewall data request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 11 } axHttpProxyStatTotalReqReXmit OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of retransmitted http request." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 12 } axHttpProxyStatTotalReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of request packet out of order." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 13 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSvrReSel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server reselect." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 14 } axHttpProxyStatTotalPreMatureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server premature closed connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 15 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSvrConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of server connections made." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 16 } axHttpProxyStatTotalSNATErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of Source NAT failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStats 17 } axHttpProxyStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxHttpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The http proxy STAT table." ::= { axHttpProxyStats 18 } axHttpProxyStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxHttpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The http proxy STAT entry." INDEX { axHttpProxyStatCpuIndex } ::= { axHttpProxyStatTable 1 } AxHttpProxyStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axHttpProxyStatCpuIndex Integer32, axHttpProxyStatCurrProxyConns Counter32, axHttpProxyStatTotalProxyConns Counter32, axHttpProxyStatHttpReq Counter32, axHttpProxyStatHttpReqSucc Counter32, axHttpProxyStatNoProxyErr Counter32, axHttpProxyStatClientRst Counter32, axHttpProxyStatServerRst Counter32, axHttpProxyStatNoTupleErr Counter32, axHttpProxyStatParseReqFail Counter32, axHttpProxyStatServerSelFail Counter32, axHttpProxyStatFwdReqFail Counter32, axHttpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail Counter32, axHttpProxyStatReqReTran Counter32, axHttpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder Counter32, axHttpProxyStatServerReSel Counter32, axHttpProxyStatServerPreMatureClose Counter32, axHttpProxyStatServerConnMade Counter32 } axHttpProxyStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu Index of http proxy STAT table." ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 1 } axHttpProxyStatCurrProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of current http proxy connections" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 2 } axHttpProxyStatTotalProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of http proxy connections of current cpu." ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 3 } axHttpProxyStatHttpReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 4 } axHttpProxyStatHttpReqSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http reqests which connected successfully." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 5 } axHttpProxyStatNoProxyErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of no proxy error." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 6 } axHttpProxyStatClientRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http connections reset by client." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 7 } axHttpProxyStatServerRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of http connections reset by server." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 8 } axHttpProxyStatNoTupleErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of no tuple fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 9 } axHttpProxyStatParseReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of request parse failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 10 } axHttpProxyStatServerSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "he count of server select failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 11 } axHttpProxyStatFwdReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of firewall request fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 12 } axHttpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of firewall data request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 13 } axHttpProxyStatReqReTran OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of retransmitted http request." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 14 } axHttpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of request packet out of order." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 15 } axHttpProxyStatServerReSel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server reselect." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 16 } axHttpProxyStatServerPreMatureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server premature closed connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 17 } axHttpProxyStatServerConnMade OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of server connections made." ::= { axHttpProxyStatEntry 18 } --================================================================== -- axTCPProxyStat --================================================================== axTcpProxyStatTotalCurrEstConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of currently established tcp Connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 1 } axTcpProxyStatTotalActiveOpenConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of actively opened tcp Connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 2 } axTcpProxyStatTotalPassiveOpenConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of passively opened tcp connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 3 } axTcpProxyStatTotalConnAttemptFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of connectting attempt fails." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 4 } axTcpProxyStatTotalInTCPPacket OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of received tcp packets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 5 } axTcpProxyStatTotalOutTCPPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of sent tcp packets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 6 } axTcpProxyStatTotalReXmitPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of re-transmitted packets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 7 } axTcpProxyStatTotalRstRcvOnEstConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of reset received on established connection." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 8 } axTcpProxyStatTotalRstSent OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of reset sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTcpProxyStats 9 } axTCPProxyStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxTCPProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The TCP proxy STAT table." ::= { axTcpProxyStats 10 } axTCPProxyStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxTCPProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The TCP proxy STAT entry." INDEX { axTcpProxyStatCpuIndex } ::= { axTCPProxyStatTable 1 } AxTCPProxyStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axTcpProxyStatCpuIndex Integer32, axTcpProxyStatCurrEstConns Counter32, axTcpProxyStatActiveOpenConns Counter32, axTcpProxyStatPassiveOpenConns Counter32, axTcpProxyStatConnAttempFail Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTotalInTCPPkt Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTotalOutPkt Counter32, axTcpProxyStatReTranPkt Counter32, axTcpProxyStatRstRvdEstConn Counter32, axTcpProxyStatRstSent Counter32, axTcpProxyStatInputErr Counter32, axTcpProxyStatSocketAlloc Counter32, axTcpProxyStatOrphanSocket Counter32, axTcpProxyStatMemAlloc Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTotalRxBuf Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTotalTxBuf Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPSYNSNTState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPSYNRCVState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPFINW1State Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPFINW2State Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTimeWstate Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPCloseState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPCloseWState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPLastACKState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPListenState Counter32, axTcpProxyStatTCPClosingState Counter32 } axTcpProxyStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu index of TCP proxy STAT table." ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 1 } axTcpProxyStatCurrEstConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of currently established connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 2 } axTcpProxyStatActiveOpenConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of active open connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 3 } axTcpProxyStatPassiveOpenConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of passive open connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 4 } axTcpProxyStatConnAttempFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of connecting attempt fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 5 } axTcpProxyStatTotalInTCPPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of packet received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 6 } axTcpProxyStatTotalOutPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of packets sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 7 } axTcpProxyStatReTranPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of re-transmit packets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 8 } axTcpProxyStatRstRvdEstConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of reset received on established connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 9 } axTcpProxyStatRstSent OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of Reset Sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 10 } axTcpProxyStatInputErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of Input Error." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 11 } axTcpProxyStatSocketAlloc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of socket allocated." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 12 } axTcpProxyStatOrphanSocket OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of orphan sockets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 13 } axTcpProxyStatMemAlloc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The size of allocated memory used by tcp proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 14 } axTcpProxyStatTotalRxBuf OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The size of Rx buffer." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 15 } axTcpProxyStatTotalTxBuf OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The size of TX buffer." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 16 } axTcpProxyStatTCPSYNSNTState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in SYN-SNT state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 17 } axTcpProxyStatTCPSYNRCVState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in SYN-RCV state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 18 } axTcpProxyStatTCPFINW1State OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in FIN-W1 state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 19 } axTcpProxyStatTCPFINW2State OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in FIN-W2 state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 20 } axTcpProxyStatTimeWstate OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in TCP TimeW state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 21 } axTcpProxyStatTCPCloseState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in close state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 22 } axTcpProxyStatTCPCloseWState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in closeW state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 23 } axTcpProxyStatTCPLastACKState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in lastACK state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 24 } axTcpProxyStatTCPListenState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in listen state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 25 } axTcpProxyStatTCPClosingState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP connections in closing state." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axTCPProxyStatEntry 26 } --================================================================== -- axSslStat --================================================================== axSslStatSSLModNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of SSL modules." DEFVAL { 1 } ::= { axSslStats 1 } axSslStatCurrSSLConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Current SSL Connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 2 } axSslStatTotalSSLConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total SSL connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 3 } axSslStatFailSSLHandshake OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Failed SSL handshake." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 4 } axSslStatSSLMemUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SSL Memory usage(Byte)." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 5 } axSslStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSslStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SSL STAT table." ::= { axSslStats 6 } axSslStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSslStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SSL STAT entry." INDEX { axSslStatModuleIndex } ::= { axSslStatTable 1 } AxSslStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSslStatModuleIndex Integer32, axSslStatEnableCryptoEngine Counter32, axSslStatAvailCryptoEngine Counter32 } axSslStatModuleIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Module Index of SSL STAT table" ::= { axSslStatEntry 1 } axSslStatEnableCryptoEngine OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of enabled crypto engines." DEFVAL { 22 } ::= { axSslStatEntry 2 } axSslStatAvailCryptoEngine OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of available crypto engines." DEFVAL { 22 } ::= { axSslStatEntry 3 } axSslStatSSLFailedCAVfy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times an SSL session was terminated due to a certificate verification failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 7 } axSslStatSSLNoHWContextMem OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times the encryption processor was unable to allocate memory." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 8 } axSslStatSSLHWRingFull OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times the AX software was unable to enqueue an SSL record to the SSL processor for encryption/decryption.(Number of times the processor reached its performance limit.)" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 9 } axSslStatSSLFailedCryptoOperation OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times when the crypto opertion fails." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslStats 10 } --================================================================== -- axFtpStat --================================================================== axFtpStatTotalCtrlSession OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of control sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 1 } axFtpStatTotalALGPkt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of ALG packets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 2 } axFtpStatALGPktReXmit OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of ALG packets rexmitted." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 3 } axFtpStatOutConnCtrl OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of out of control connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 4 } axFtpStatTotalDataSession OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of data sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 5 } axFtpStatOutConnData OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total count of out of data connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axFtpStats 6 } --================================================================== -- axNetStat --================================================================== axNetStatIPOutNoRoute OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of IP out no route." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 1 } axNetStatTCPOutRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP out Reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 2 } axNetStatTCPSynRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP SYN packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 3 } axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSent OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP SYN cookie sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 4 } axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSentFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP SYN cookie sent fail." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 5 } axNetStatTCPReceive OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 6 } axNetStatUDPReceive OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of UDP packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 7 } axNetStatServerSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times selection of a real server failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 8 } axNetStatSourceNATFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a source NAT failure occurred." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 9 } axNetStatTCPSynCookieFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a TCP SYN cookie failure occurred." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 10 } axNetStatNoVportDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times traffic was dropped because the requested virtual port was not available." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 11 } axNetStatNoSynPktDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SYN packets dropped." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 12 } axNetStatConnLimitDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the server connection limit had been reached." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 13 } axNetStatConnLimitReset OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections reset because the server connection limit had been reached." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 14 } axNetStatProxyNoSockDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the proxy did not have an available socket." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 15 } axNetStataFlexDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to an aFlex." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 16 } axNetStatSessionAgingOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of sessions that have aged out." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 17 } axNetStatTCPNoSLB OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP packets in non SLB processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 18 } axNetStatUDPNoSLB OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of UDP packets in non SLB processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 19 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTNoSYN OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST no SYN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 20 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTL4Proxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST L4 proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 21 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTACKattack OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST ACK attack." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 22 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTAFleX OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST aFlex." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 23 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTStaleSess OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST stale session." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 24 } axNetStatTCPOutRSTProxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of TCP out RST TCP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 25 } axNetStatNoSYNPktDropFIN OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of No SYN pkt drops - FIN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 26 } axNetStatNoSYNPktDropRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of No SYN pkt drops - RST." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 27 } axNetStatNoSYNPktDropACK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of No SYN pkt drops - ACK." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 28 } axNetStatSYNThrotte OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SYN Throttle." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 29 } axNetStatSSLSIDPersistSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL SID persist successful." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 30 } axNetStatSSLSIDPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL SID persist failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 31 } axNetStatClientSSLSIDNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID not found." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 32 } axNetStatClientSSLSIDMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID match" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 33 } axNetStatClientSSLSIDNotMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID not match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 34 } axNetStatServerSSLSIDNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID not found." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 35 } axNetStatServerSSLSIDReset OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 36 } axNetStatServerSSLSIDMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 37 } axNetStatServerSSLSIDNotMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID not match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 38 } axNetStatCreateSSLSIDSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Create SSL SID successfully." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 39 } axNetStatCreateSSLSIDFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Create SSL SID failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 40 } axNetStatConnRateLimitDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Conn rate limit drops." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 41 } axNetStatConnRateLimitResets OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Conn rate limit resets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 42 } axNetStatInbandHMRetry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Inband HM retry." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 43 } axNetStatInbandHMReassign OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Inband HM reassign." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 44 } axNetStat2TCPReceive OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP packets received in the 64-bit counter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 45 } axNetStat2UDPReceive OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of UDP packets received in the 64-bit counter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 46 } axNetStatL4SynAttack OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 SYN attacks" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStats 47 } axNetStatExt OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axNetStats 90 } axNetStatExtL2Dsr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L2 DSR" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 1 } axNetStatExtL3Dsr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L3 DSR" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 2 } axNetStatExtNatNoFwdRoute OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Source NAT no fwd route" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 3 } axNetStatExtNatNoRevRoute OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Source NAT no rev route" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 4 } axNetStatExtNatIcmpProcess OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Source NAT ICMP process" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 5 } axNetStatExtNatIcmpNoMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Source NAT ICMP no match" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 6 } axNetStatExtAutoNatIdMismatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Auto NAT id mismatch" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 7 } axNetStatExtNoVportDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of vport not matching drops" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 8 } axNetStatExtTcpSessionAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP Session aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 9 } axNetStatExtUdpSessionAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of UDP Session aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 10 } axNetStatExtOtherSessionAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Other Session aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 11 } axNetStatExtAutoReselectServer OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Auto-reselect server" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 12 } axNetStatExtFastAgingSet OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Fast aging set" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 13 } axNetStatExtFastAgingReset OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Fast aging reset" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 14 } axNetStatExtTcpInvalidDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP invalid drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 15 } axNetStatExtOutOfSeqAckDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Out of sequence ACK drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 16 } axNetStatExtTcpSynStaleSessionDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SYN stale sess drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 17 } axNetStatExtAnomalyOutOfSeq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Anomaly out of sequence" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 18 } axNetStatExtAnomalyZeroWindow OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Anomaly zero window" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 19 } axNetStatExtAnomalyBadContent OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Anomaly bad content" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 20 } axNetStatExtAnomalyPbslbDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Anomaly pbslb drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 21 } axNetStatExtNoResourceDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of No resource drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 22 } axNetStatExtResetUnknownConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Reset unknown conn" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 23 } axNetStatExtRstL7OnFailover OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of RST L7 on failover " DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 24 } axNetStatExtTcpSynOtherFlagsDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP SYN Other Flags Drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 25 } axNetStatExtTcpSynWithDataDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP SYN With Data Drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 26 } axNetStatExtIgnoreMsl OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of ignore msl" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 27 } axNetStatExtNatPortPreserveTry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of NAT Port Preserve Try" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 28 } axNetStatExtNatPortPreserveSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of NAT Port Preserve Succ" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 29 } axNetStatExtBwLimitExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of BW-Limit Exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 30 } axNetStatExtBwWaterMarkDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of BW-Watermark drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 31 } axNetStatExtL4CpsExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 CPS exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 32 } axNetStatExtNatCpsExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of NAT CPS exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 33 } axNetStatExtL7CpsExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L7 CPS exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 34 } axNetStatExtSslCpsExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SSL CPS exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 35 } axNetStatExtSslTptExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SSL TPT exceed drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 36 } axNetStatExtSslTptWaterMarkDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SSL TPT-Watermark drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 37 } axNetStatExtL3vConnLimitDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L3V Conn Limit Drop" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 38 } axNetStatExtL4ServerHandshakeFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 server handshake fail" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 39 } axNetStatExtL4AxReXmitSyn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 AX re-xmit SYN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 40 } axNetStatExtL4RcvAckOnSyn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv ACK on SYN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 41 } axNetStatExtL4RcvRstOnSyn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv RST on SYN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 42 } axNetStatExtTcpNoEstSessionAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP no-Est Sess aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 43 } axNetStatExtNoEstCsynRcvAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of no-Est CSYN rcv aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 44 } axNetStatExtNoEstSsynSntAgedOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of no-Est SSYN snt aged out" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 45 } axNetStatExtL4RcvReXmitSyn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rexmit SYN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 46 } axNetStatExtL4RcvReXmitSynDelq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rexmit SYN (delq)" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 47 } axNetStatExtL4RcvReXmitSynAck OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rexmit SYN|ACK" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 48 } axNetStatExtL4RcvReXmitSynAckDq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rexmit SYN|ACK DQ " DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 49 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFwdLastAck OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv fwd last ACK" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 50 } axNetStatExtL4RcvRevLastAck OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rev last ACK" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 51 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFwdFin OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv fwd FIN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 52 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFwdFinDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv fwd FIN dup" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 53 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFwdFinAck OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv fwd FIN|ACK" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 54 } axNetStatExtL4RcvRevFin OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rev FIN" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 55 } axNetStatExtL4RcvRevFinDup OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rev FIN dup" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 56 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFevFinAck OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rev FIN|ACK" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 57 } axNetStatExtL4RcvFwdRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv fwd RST" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 58 } axNetStatExtL4RcfRevRst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 rcv rev RST" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 59 } axNetStatExtL4UdpReqsNoRsp OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP reqs no rsp" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 60 } axNetStatExtL4UdpReqRsps OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP req rsps" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 61 } axNetStatExtL4UdpReqRspNotMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP req/rsp not match" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 62 } axNetStatExtL4UdpReqGreaterRsps OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP req > rsps" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 63 } axNetStatExtL4UdpRspsGreaterReqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP rsps > reqs" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 64 } axNetStatExtL4UdpReqs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP reqs" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 65 } axNetStatExtL4UdpRsps OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 UDP rsps" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 66 } axNetStatExtL4TcpEst OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of L4 TCP Established" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatExt 67 } axNetStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxNetStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Net STAT table." ::= { axNetStats 100 } axNetStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxNetStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Net STAT entry." INDEX { axNetStatCpuIndex } ::= { axNetStatTable 1 } AxNetStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axNetStatCpuIndex Gauge32, axNetStatIPOutNoRt Counter32, axNetStatTCPOutReset Counter32, axNetStatTCPSynRecv Counter32, axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSnt Counter32, axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSntFail Counter32, axNetStatTCPRcv Counter32, axNetStatUDPRcv Counter32, axNetStatServerSelFails Counter32, axNetStatSourceNATFails Counter32, axNetStatTCPSynCookieFails Counter32, axNetStatNoVportDrops Counter32, axNetStatNoSynPktDrops Counter32, axNetStatConnLimitDrops Counter32, axNetStatConnLimitResets Counter32, axNetStatProxyNoSockDrops Counter32, axNetStataFlexDrops Counter32, axNetStatSessionsAgingOut Counter32, axNetStatTCPsNoSLB Counter32, axNetStatUDPsNoSLB Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTNoSYN Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTL4Proxy Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTACKattack Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTAFleX Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTStaleSess Counter32, axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTProxy Counter32, axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropFIN Counter32, axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropRST Counter32, axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropACK Counter32, axNetStatEntrySYNThrotte Counter32, axNetStatEntrySSLSIDPersistSucc Counter32, axNetStatEntrySSLSIDPersistFail Counter32, axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDNotFound Counter32, axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDMatch Counter32, axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDNotMatch Counter32, axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDNotFound Counter32, axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDReset Counter32, axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDMatch Counter32, axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDNotMatch Counter32, axNetStatEntryCreateSSLSIDSucc Counter32, axNetStatEntryCreateSSLSIDFail Counter32, axNetStatEntryConnRateLimitDrops Counter32, axNetStatEntryConnRateLimitResets Counter32, axNetStatEntryInbandHMRetry Counter32, axNetStatEntryInbandHMReassign Counter32 } axNetStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Module Index of Net STAT table" ::= { axNetStatEntry 1 } axNetStatIPOutNoRt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IP packets that could not be routed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 2 } axNetStatTCPOutReset OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP Resets sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 3 } axNetStatTCPSynRecv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP SYN packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 4 } axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSnt OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP SYN cookies sent." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 5 } axNetStatTCPSYNCookieSntFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP SYN cookie send attempts that failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 6 } axNetStatTCPRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 7 } axNetStatUDPRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of UDP packets received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 8 } axNetStatServerSelFails OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times selection of a real server failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 9 } axNetStatSourceNATFails OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a source NAT failure occurred." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 10 } axNetStatTCPSynCookieFails OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a TCP SYN cookie failure occurred." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 11 } axNetStatNoVportDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times traffic was dropped because the requested virtual port was not available." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 12 } axNetStatNoSynPktDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SYN packets dropped." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 13 } axNetStatConnLimitDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the server connection limit had been reached." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 14 } axNetStatConnLimitResets OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections reset because the server connection limit had been reached." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 15 } axNetStatProxyNoSockDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the proxy did not have an available socket." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 16 } axNetStataFlexDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to an aFlex." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 17 } axNetStatSessionsAgingOut OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of sessions that have aged out." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 18 } axNetStatTCPsNoSLB OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP packets in non SLB processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 19 } axNetStatUDPsNoSLB OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of UDP packets in non SLB processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 20 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTNoSYN OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST no SYN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 21 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTL4Proxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST L4 proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 22 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTACKattack OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST ACK attack." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 23 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTAFleX OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST aFlex." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 24 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTStaleSess OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST stale session." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 25 } axNetStatEntryTCPOutRSTProxy OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of TCP out RST TCP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 26 } axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropFIN OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of No SYN pkt drops - FIN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 27 } axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of No SYN pkt drops - RST." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 28 } axNetStatEntryNoSYNPktDropACK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of No SYN pkt drops - ACK." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 29 } axNetStatEntrySYNThrotte OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SYN Throttle." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 30 } axNetStatEntrySSLSIDPersistSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL SID persist successful." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 31 } axNetStatEntrySSLSIDPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL SID persist failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 32 } axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID not found." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 33 } axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID match" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 34 } axNetStatEntryClientSSLSIDNotMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Client SSL SID not match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 35 } axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID not found." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 36 } axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDReset OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 37 } axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 38 } axNetStatEntryServerSSLSIDNotMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Server SSL SID not match." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 39 } axNetStatEntryCreateSSLSIDSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Create SSL SID successfully." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 40 } axNetStatEntryCreateSSLSIDFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of Create SSL SID failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 41 } axNetStatEntryConnRateLimitDrops OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Conn rate limit drops." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 42 } axNetStatEntryConnRateLimitResets OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Conn rate limit resets." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 43 } axNetStatEntryInbandHMRetry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Inband HM retry." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 44 } axNetStatEntryInbandHMReassign OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of Inband HM reassign." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axNetStatEntry 45 } --================================================================ -- axSmtpProxyStats --================================================================ axSmtpProxyStatsCurrProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of currently active SMTP connections using the AX Series device as an SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 1 } axSmtpProxyStatsTotalProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SMTP connections that have used the AX Series device as an SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 2 } axSmtpProxyStatsSmtpRequests OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SMTP requests received by the SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 3 } axSmtpProxyStatsSmtpReqSuccs OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SMTP requests received by the AX Series device that were successfully fulfilled (by connection to a real server)." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 4 } axSmtpProxyStatsNoProxyError OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of proxy errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 5 } axSmtpProxyStatsClientRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times TCP connections with clients were reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 6 } axSmtpProxyStatsServerRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times TCP connections with servers were reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 7 } axSmtpProxyStatsNoTupleError OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of tuple errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 8 } axSmtpProxyStatsParseReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times parsing of an SMTP request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 9 } axSmtpProxyStatsServerSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times selection of a real server failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 10 } axSmtpProxyStatsFwdReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of forward request failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 11 } axSmtpProxyStatsFwdReqDataFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of forward request data failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 12 } axSmtpProxyStatsReqRetrans OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of retransmitted requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 13 } axSmtpProxyStatsReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of request packets received from clients out of sequence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 14 } axSmtpProxyStatsServerResel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a request was forwarded to another server because the current server was failing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 15 } axSmtpProxyStatsSvrPrematureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times the connection with a server closed prematurely." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 16 } axSmtpProxyStatsSvrConnMade OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections made with servers." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 17 } axSmtpProxyStatsSNATFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of source NAT failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 18 } axSmtpProxyStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSmtpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Smtp proxy STAT table." ::= { axSmtpProxyStats 19 } axSmtpProxyStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSmtpProxyStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Smtp proxy STAT entry." INDEX { axSmtpProxyStatCpuIndex } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatTable 1 } AxSmtpProxyStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSmtpProxyStatCpuIndex Integer32, axSmtpProxyStatCurrProxyConn Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatTotalProxyConn Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatSmtpReq Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatSmtpReqSucc Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatNoProxyError Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatClientRST Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatServerRST Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatNoTupleError Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatParseReqFail Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatServerSelFail Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatFwdReqFail Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatReqRetrans Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatServerResel Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatSvrPrematureClose Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatSvrConnMade Counter32, axSmtpProxyStatSNATFail Counter32 } axSmtpProxyStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Module Index of Smtp Proxy STAT table" ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 1 } axSmtpProxyStatCurrProxyConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of currently active SMTP connections using the AX Series device as an SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 2 } axSmtpProxyStatTotalProxyConn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SMTP connections that have used the AX Series device as an SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 3 } axSmtpProxyStatSmtpReq OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SMTP requests received by the SMTP proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 4 } axSmtpProxyStatSmtpReqSucc OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SMTP requests received by the AX Series device that were successfully fulfilled (by connection to a real server)." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 5 } axSmtpProxyStatNoProxyError OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of proxy errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 6 } axSmtpProxyStatClientRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times TCP connections with clients were reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 7 } axSmtpProxyStatServerRST OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times TCP connections with servers were reset." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 8 } axSmtpProxyStatNoTupleError OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of tuple errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 9 } axSmtpProxyStatParseReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times parsing of an SMTP request failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 10 } axSmtpProxyStatServerSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times selection of a real server failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 11 } axSmtpProxyStatFwdReqFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of forward request failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 12 } axSmtpProxyStatFwdReqDataFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of forward request data failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 13 } axSmtpProxyStatReqRetrans OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of retransmitted requests." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 14 } axSmtpProxyStatReqPktOutOrder OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of request packets received from clients out of sequence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 15 } axSmtpProxyStatServerResel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a request was forwarded to another server because the current server was failing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 16 } axSmtpProxyStatSvrPrematureClose OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "TNumber of times the connection with a server closed prematurely." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 17 } axSmtpProxyStatSvrConnMade OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of connections made with servers." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 18 } axSmtpProxyStatSNATFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of source NAT failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSmtpProxyStatEntry 19 } --================================================================ -- axSslProxyStats --================================================================ axSslProxyStatsCurrProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of currently active connections using the AX device as an SSL proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 1 } axSslProxyStatsTotalProxyConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of connections using the AX device as an SSL proxy." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 2 } axSslProxyStatsClientErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of client errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 3 } axSslProxyStatsServerErr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of server errors." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 4 } axSslProxyStatsSessNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times a session was not found." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 5 } axSslProxyStatsNoRoute OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times no route was available." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 6 } axSslProxyStatsSvrSelFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of times selection or a real server failed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 7 } axSslProxyStatsSNATFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of occurrences of source NAT failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSslProxyStats 8 } --================================================================ -- axPersistentStats --================================================================ axPersistentStatsUrlHashPersistOKPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests successfully sent to the primary server selected by URL hashing. The primary server is the one that was initially selected and then re-used based on the hash value." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 1 } axPersistentStatsUrlHashPersistOKSec OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that were sent to another server (a secondary server) because the primary server selected by URL hashing was unavailable." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 2 } axPersistentStatsUrlHashPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that could not be fulfilled using URL hashing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 3 } axPersistentStatsSIPPersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests successfully sent to the same server as previous requests from the same client, based on source-IP persistence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 4 } axPersistentStatsSIPPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that could not be fulfilled by the same server as previous requests from the same client, based on source-IP persistence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 5 } axPersistentStatsSSLSIDPersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL session ID persistent success." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 6 } axPersistentStatsSSLSIDPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of SSL session ID persistent failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 7 } axPersistentStatsCookiePersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of cookie persistent success." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 8 } axPersistentStatsCookiePersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of cookie persistent failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 9 } axPersistentStatsPersistCookieNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total number of cookie persistent failure in not-found cases." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStats 10 } axPersistentStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxPersistentStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Persistent STAT table." ::= { axPersistentStats 11 } axPersistentStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxPersistentStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Persistent STAT entry." INDEX { axPersistentStatCpuIndex } ::= { axPersistentStatTable 1 } AxPersistentStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axPersistentStatCpuIndex Integer32, axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistOKPri Counter32, axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistOKSec Counter32, axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistFail Counter32, axPersistentStatSIPPersistOK Counter32, axPersistentStatSIPPersistFail Counter32, axPersistentStatSSLSIDPersistOK Counter32, axPersistentStatSSLSIDPersistFail Counter32, axPersistentStatCookiePersistOK Counter32, axPersistentStatCookiePersistFail Counter32, axPersistentStatPersistCookieNotFound Counter32 } axPersistentStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu index of Persistent STAT table" ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 1 } axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistOKPri OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests successfully sent to the primary server selected by URL hashing. The primary server is the one that was initially selected and then re-used based on the hash value." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 2 } axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistOKSec OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that were sent to another server (a secondary server) because the primary server selected by URL hashing was unavailable." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 3 } axPersistentStatUrlHashPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that could not be fulfilled using URL hashing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 4 } axPersistentStatSIPPersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests successfully sent to the same server as previous requests from the same client, based on source-IP persistence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 5 } axPersistentStatSIPPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of requests that could not be fulfilled by the same server as previous requests from the same client, based on source-IP persistence." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 6 } axPersistentStatSSLSIDPersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SSL session ID persistent success." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 7 } axPersistentStatSSLSIDPersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of SSL session ID persistent failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 8 } axPersistentStatCookiePersistOK OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of cookie persistent success." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 9 } axPersistentStatCookiePersistFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of cookie persistent failure." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 10 } axPersistentStatPersistCookieNotFound OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of cookie persistent failure in not-found cases." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axPersistentStatEntry 11 } --================================================================ -- axSwitchStats --================================================================ axSwitchStatsL2Forward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been Layer 2 switched." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 1 } axSwitchStatsL3IPForward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been Layer 3 routed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 2 } axSwitchStatsIPv4NoRouteDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv4 packets that were dropped due to routing failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 3 } axSwitchStatsL3IPv6Forward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv6 packets that have been Layer 3 routed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 4 } axSwitchStatsIPv6NoRouteDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv6 packets that were dropped due to routing failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 5 } axSwitchStatsL4Process OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that went to a VIP or NAT for processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 6 } axSwitchStatsIncorrectLenDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to incorrect protocol length.A high value for this counter can indicate a packet length attack." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 7 } axSwitchStatsProtoDownDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the corresponding protocol was disabled." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 8 } axSwitchStatsUnknownProtoDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the protocol was unknown." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 9 } axSwitchStatsTTLExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to TTL expiration." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 10 } axSwitchStatsLinkdownDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the outgoing link was down." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 11 } axSwitchStatsSRCPortSuppress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Packet drops because of source port suppression." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 12 } axSwitchStatsVLANFlood OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been broadcast to a VLAN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 13 } axSwitchStatsIPFragRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv4 fragments that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 14 } axSwitchStatsARPReqRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of ARP requests that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 15 } axSwitchStatsARPRespRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of ARP responses that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 16 } axSwitchStatsFwdKernel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets received by the kernel from data interfaces." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 17 } axSwitchStatsIPTCPFragRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IP TCP fragments received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 18 } axSwitchStatsIPFragOverlap OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of overlapping fragments received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 19 } axSwitchStatsIPFragOverlapDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of fragments dropped due to overload." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 20 } axSwitchStatsIPFragReasmOk OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of successfully reassembled IP fragments." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 21 } axSwitchStatsIPFragReasmFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of fragment reassembly failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 22 } axSwitchStatsAnomLanAttackDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by an IP land attack filter.This statistic and the other Anomaly statistics show how many packets were dropped by DDoS protection filters. For the AX device to drop these packets, the corresponding DDoS protection options must be enabled." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 23 } axSwitchStatsAnomIPOptionDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by an IP option filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 24 } axSwitchStatsAnomPingDeathDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a ping-of-death filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 25 } axSwitchStatsAnomAllFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a frag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 26 } axSwitchStatsAnomTCPNoFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-no-flag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 27 } axSwitchStatsAnomSYNFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-syn-frag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 28 } axSwitchStatsAnomTCPSynFinDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-syn-fin filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 29 } axSwitchStatsAnomAnyDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by any type of hardware-based DDoS protection filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStats 30 } axSwitchStatTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxSwitchStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The switch status table." ::= { axSwitchStats 31 } axSwitchStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxSwitchStatEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Switch status entry." INDEX { axSwitchStatCpuIndex } ::= { axSwitchStatTable 1 } AxSwitchStatEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axSwitchStatCpuIndex Integer32, axSwitchStatL2Forward Counter32, axSwitchStatL3IPForward Counter32, axSwitchStatIPv4NoRouteDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatL3IPv6Forward Counter32, axSwitchStatIPv6NoRouteDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatL4Process Counter32, axSwitchStatIncorrectLenDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatProtoDownDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatUnknownProtoDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatTTLExceedDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatLinkdownDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatSRCPortSuppress Counter32, axSwitchStatVLANFlood Counter32, axSwitchStatIPFragRcv Counter32, axSwitchStatARPReqRcv Counter32, axSwitchStatARPRespRcv Counter32, axSwitchStatFwdKernel Counter32, axSwitchStatIPTCPFragRcv Counter32, axSwitchStatIPFragOverlap Counter32, axSwitchStatIPFragOverlapDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatIPFragReasmOk Counter32, axSwitchStatIPFragReasmFail Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomLanAttackDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomIPOptionDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomPingDeathDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomAllFragDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomTCPNoFragDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomSYNFragDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomTCPSynFinDrop Counter32, axSwitchStatAnomAnyDrop Counter32 } axSwitchStatCpuIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The cpu index of Switch STAT table" ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 1 } axSwitchStatL2Forward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been Layer 2 switched." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 2 } axSwitchStatL3IPForward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been Layer 3 routed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 3 } axSwitchStatIPv4NoRouteDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv4 packets that were dropped due to routing failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 4 } axSwitchStatL3IPv6Forward OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv6 packets that have been Layer 3 routed." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 5 } axSwitchStatIPv6NoRouteDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv6 packets that were dropped due to routing failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 6 } axSwitchStatL4Process OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that went to a VIP or NAT for processing." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 7 } axSwitchStatIncorrectLenDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to incorrect protocol length.A high value for this counter can indicate a packet length attack." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 8 } axSwitchStatProtoDownDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the corresponding protocol was disabled." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 9 } axSwitchStatUnknownProtoDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the protocol was unknown." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 10 } axSwitchStatTTLExceedDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped due to TTL expiration." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 11 } axSwitchStatLinkdownDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped because the outgoing link was down." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 12 } axSwitchStatSRCPortSuppress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Packet drops because of source port suppression." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 13 } axSwitchStatVLANFlood OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets that have been broadcast to a VLAN." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 14 } axSwitchStatIPFragRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IPv4 fragments that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 15 } axSwitchStatARPReqRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of ARP requests that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 16 } axSwitchStatARPRespRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of ARP responses that have been received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 17 } axSwitchStatFwdKernel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets received by the kernel from data interfaces." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 18 } axSwitchStatIPTCPFragRcv OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of IP TCP fragments received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 19 } axSwitchStatIPFragOverlap OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of overlapping fragments received." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 20 } axSwitchStatIPFragOverlapDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of fragments dropped due to overload." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 21 } axSwitchStatIPFragReasmOk OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of successfully reassembled IP fragments." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 22 } axSwitchStatIPFragReasmFail OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of fragment reassembly failures." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 23 } axSwitchStatAnomLanAttackDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by an IP land attack filter.This statistic and the other Anomaly statistics show how many packets were dropped by DDoS protection filters. For the AX device to drop these packets, the corresponding DDoS protection options must be enabled." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 24 } axSwitchStatAnomIPOptionDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by an IP option filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 25 } axSwitchStatAnomPingDeathDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a ping-of-death filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 26 } axSwitchStatAnomAllFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a frag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 27 } axSwitchStatAnomTCPNoFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-no-flag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 28 } axSwitchStatAnomSYNFragDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-syn-frag filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 29 } axSwitchStatAnomTCPSynFinDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by a tcp-syn-fin filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 30 } axSwitchStatAnomAnyDrop OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Number of packets dropped by any type of hardware-based DDoS protection filter." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSwitchStatEntry 31 } --================================================================== -- axHAGlobalConfig --================================================================== axHAConfigEnabled OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA configuration enabled flag." ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 1 } axHAID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Local configured HA group ID." ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 2 } axHASetID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Local configured HA group set-id" ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 3 } axHAPreemptStatusEnabled OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enabled(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA preempt enabled flag" ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 4 } axHATimeoutInterval OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA time interval." ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 5 } axHATimeoutRetry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA retries when time out." ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 6 } axHAARPRetry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ARP retries." ::= { axHAGlobalConfig 7 } --================================================================== -- axHAGroup --================================================================== axHAGroupCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of valid HA groups." ::= { axHAGroup 1 } axHAGroupStatusTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxHAGroupStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains the HA group status information." ::= { axHAGroup 2 } axHAGroupStatusEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxHAGroupStatusEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axHAGroupStatus Table" INDEX { axHAGroupID } ::= { axHAGroupStatusTable 1 } AxHAGroupStatusEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axHAGroupID Integer32, axHAGroupLocalStatus INTEGER, axHAGroupLocalPriority Integer32, axHAGroupPeerStatus INTEGER, axHAGroupPeerPriority Integer32 } axHAGroupID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA group ID." ::= { axHAGroupStatusEntry 1 } axHAGroupLocalStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { standby(0), active(1), notConfigured(9) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The local status of this HA group." ::= { axHAGroupStatusEntry 2 } axHAGroupLocalPriority OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The local priority of this HA group." ::= { axHAGroupStatusEntry 3 } axHAGroupPeerStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { standby(0), active(1), notConfigured(9) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The peer status of this HA group." ::= { axHAGroupStatusEntry 4 } axHAGroupPeerPriority OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Integer32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The peer priority of this HA group." ::= { axHAGroupStatusEntry 5 } --================================================================== -- axHAFloatingIP --================================================================== axHAFloatingIPCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of HA floating-IP entries." ::= { axHAFloatingIP 1 } axHAFloatingIPTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxHAFloatingIPEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table contains the HA floating-IP information." ::= { axHAFloatingIP 2 } axHAFloatingIPEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxHAFloatingIPEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index column in the axHAFloatingIP Table" INDEX { axHAFloatingIPIndex } ::= { axHAFloatingIPTable 1 } AxHAFloatingIPEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axHAFloatingIPIndex INTEGER, axHAFloatingIPAddress DisplayString, axHAFloatingIPHaGroupID INTEGER } axHAFloatingIPIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index column." ::= { axHAFloatingIPEntry 1 } axHAFloatingIPAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "HA floating-IP address (either IPv4 or IPv6)." ::= { axHAFloatingIPEntry 2 } axHAFloatingIPHaGroupID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The HA group ID for the HA floating-IP entry." ::= { axHAFloatingIPEntry 3 } -- axIpNatStats axIpNatStatsGlobal OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 1 } axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutside OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 2 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMapping OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 3 } axIpNatPoolStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 100 } axIpNatLoggingStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 101 } axIpNatLsnStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 4 } axIpNatNat64Stats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 5 } axIpNatDsliteStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 6 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAclName OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 19 } axFixedNatStats OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axIpNatStats 120 } --================================================================== -- axIpNatStatsGlobal --================================================================== axIpNatStatsGlobalHits OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX CounterBasedGauge64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total hits in the IP source NAT." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axIpNatStatsGlobal 1 } axIpNatStatsGlobalMisses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX CounterBasedGauge64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Total misses in the IP source NAT" DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axIpNatStatsGlobal 2 } --================================================================== -- axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutside --================================================================== axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of IP NAT interface inside/outside" ::= { axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutside 1 } axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutside Table" INDEX { axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfIndex } ::= { axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideTable 1 } AxIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfIndex INTEGER, axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfName DisplayString, axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfDirection INTEGER } axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfIndex OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The index of the AxIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutside table." ::= { axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry 1 } axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The interface name, such as ethernet1, ethernet2, ve3, ..." ::= { axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry 2 } axIpNatStatsInsideOutsideIntfDirection OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { inside(0), outside(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The interface bind direction, inside or outside." ::= { axIpNatStatsIntfInsideOutsideEntry 3 } --================================================================== -- axIpNatStatsDynamicMapping --================================================================== axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of IP NAT interface inside/outside" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMapping 1 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axIpNatStatsDynamicMapping Table" INDEX { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAccessListID } ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingTable 1 } AxIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAccessListID INTEGER, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingPoolName DisplayString, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingStartAddress DisplayString, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEndAddress DisplayString, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingTotalAddresses INTEGER, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAllocAddresses INTEGER, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingMissAddresses INTEGER, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingStartAddressType InetAddressType, axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEndAddressType InetAddressType } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAccessListID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The access list id." ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 1 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingPoolName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP source NAT pool name" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 2 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingStartAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The start adddress of the pool" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 3 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEndAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The end address of the pool" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 4 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingTotalAddresses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total addresses in the pool." ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 5 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingAllocAddresses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total allocated addresses in the pool" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 6 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingMissAddresses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total misses in the pool" ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 7 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingStartAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingStartAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 8 } axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEndAddressType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX InetAddressType MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The type of axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEndAddress: unknown(0), ipv4(1), ipv6(2)..." ::= { axIpNatStatsDynamicMappingEntry 9 } --================================================================== -- axIpNatPoolStats --================================================================== axIpNatPoolStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxIpNatPoolStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of IP NAT pool statistics." ::= { axIpNatPoolStats 1 } axIpNatPoolStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxIpNatPoolStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axIpNatPoolStats Table" INDEX { axIpNatPoolName } ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsTable 1 } AxIpNatPoolStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axIpNatPoolName DisplayString, axIpNatPoolStartAddress DisplayString, axIpNatPoolEndAddress DisplayString, axIpNatPoolPortUsage INTEGER, axIpNatPoolTotalUsed INTEGER, axIpNatPoolTotalFree INTEGER, axIpNatPoolFailed INTEGER } axIpNatPoolName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP NAT pool name" ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 1 } axIpNatPoolStartAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP NAT pool start address (IPv4 or IPv6)" ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 2 } axIpNatPoolEndAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP NAT pool end address (IPv4 or IPv6)" ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 3 } axIpNatPoolPortUsage OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total port usage in the pool." ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 4 } axIpNatPoolTotalUsed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total of used addresses in the pool." ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 5 } axIpNatPoolTotalFree OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total of free addresses in the pool" ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 6 } axIpNatPoolFailed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total misses in the pool" ::= { axIpNatPoolStatsEntry 7 } --================================================================== -- axSessionStats axSessionStatsGlobal OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axSessionStats 1 } --================================================================== -- axSessionStatsGlobal --================================================================== axSessionGlobalStatTCPEstablished OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP established." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 1 } axSessionGlobalStatTCPHalfOpen OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP half open." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 2 } axSessionGlobalStatUDP OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of UDP connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 3 } axSessionGlobalStatNonTcpUdpIPSession OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of non TCP/UDP IP sessions." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 4 } axSessionGlobalStatOther OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of others." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 5 } axSessionGlobalStatReverseNATTCP OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of reverse NAT TCP." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 6 } axSessionGlobalStatReverseNATUDP OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of reverse NAT UDP." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 7 } axSessionGlobalStatFreeBufferCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of free buffer." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 8 } axSessionGlobalStatFreeCurrentConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of free current connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 9 } axSessionGlobalStatConnCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of current connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 10 } axSessionGlobalStatConnFree OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of freed connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 11 } axSessionGlobalStatTCPSynHalfOpen OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of TCP SYN half open." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 12 } axSessionGlobalStatConnSMPAllocated OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of allocated SMP connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 13 } axSessionGlobalStatConnSMPFree OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count of free SMP connections." DEFVAL { 0 } ::= { axSessionStatsGlobal 14 } --================================================================== -- axGslb --================================================================== axGslbZones OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 1 } axGslbSites OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 2 } axGslbServiceIPs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 3 } axGslbServiceIpPorts OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 4 } axGslbSiteSlbDevices OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 5 } axGslbGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { axGslb 6 } --================================================================== -- axGslbZones --================================================================== axGslbZoneCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of axGslbZoneStatsTable entries in the table." ::= { axGslbZones 1 } axGslbZoneStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbZoneStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB zones" ::= { axGslbZones 2 } axGslbZoneStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbZoneStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbStatsZones Table" INDEX { axGslbZoneName } ::= { axGslbZoneStatsTable 1 } AxGslbZoneStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbZoneName DisplayString, axGslbZoneAdminState INTEGER, axGslbZoneOperState INTEGER, axGslbZoneReceivedQueries Counter64, axGslbZoneSentResponses Counter64, axGslbZoneProxyModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneCacheModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneServerModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneStickyModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneBackupModeCount Counter64 } axGslbZoneName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the zone entry." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 1 } axGslbZoneAdminState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enable(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Zone administrative state." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 2 } axGslbZoneOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), unknown(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Zone operational state." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 3 } axGslbZoneReceivedQueries OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of received queries on the zone entry." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 4 } axGslbZoneSentResponses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of sent response on the zone entry." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 5 } axGslbZoneProxyModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in proxy mode." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 6 } axGslbZoneCacheModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in cache mode." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 7 } axGslbZoneServerModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in server mode." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 8 } axGslbZoneStickyModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in sticky mode." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 9 } axGslbZoneBackupModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in backup mode." ::= { axGslbZoneStatsEntry 10 } axGslbZoneServiceStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB zone services" ::= { axGslbZones 3 } axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbZoneServiceStats Table" INDEX { axGslbZoneServiceFqdn } ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsTable 1 } AxGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbZoneServiceFqdn DisplayString, axGslbZoneNameInServiceEntry DisplayString, axGslbZoneServiceName DisplayString, axGslbZoneServicePortNum INTEGER, axGslbZoneServiceAdminState INTEGER, axGslbZoneServiceOperState INTEGER, axGslbZoneServiceReceivedQueries Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceSentResponses Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceProxyModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceCacheModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceServerModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceStickyModeCount Counter64, axGslbZoneServiceBackupModeCount Counter64 } axGslbZoneServiceFqdn OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Fqdn of Zone Service Entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 1 } axGslbZoneNameInServiceEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the zone in service entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 2 } axGslbZoneServiceName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service name of the zone service entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 3 } axGslbZoneServicePortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of the zone service entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 4 } axGslbZoneServiceAdminState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enable(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Zone Service administrative state." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 5 } axGslbZoneServiceOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), unknown(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Zone Service operational state." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 6 } axGslbZoneServiceReceivedQueries OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of received queries on the zone service entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 7 } axGslbZoneServiceSentResponses OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of sent response on the zone service entry." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 8 } axGslbZoneServiceProxyModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in proxy mode." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 9 } axGslbZoneServiceCacheModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in cache mode." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 10 } axGslbZoneServiceServerModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in server mode." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 11 } axGslbZoneServiceStickyModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in sticky mode." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 12 } axGslbZoneServiceBackupModeCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The count in backup mode." ::= { axGslbZoneServiceStatsEntry 13 } --================================================================== -- axGslbSites --================================================================== axGslbSiteCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The total number of sites." ::= { axGslbSites 1 } axGslbSiteStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbSiteStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB sites" ::= { axGslbSites 2 } axGslbSiteStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbSiteStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbSiteStats Table" INDEX { axGslbSiteName } ::= { axGslbSiteStatsTable 1 } AxGslbSiteStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbSiteName DisplayString, axGslbSiteAdminState INTEGER, axGslbSiteOperState INTEGER, axGslbSiteHitCount Counter64 } axGslbSiteName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the site entry." ::= { axGslbSiteStatsEntry 1 } axGslbSiteAdminState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enable(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The site administrative state." ::= { axGslbSiteStatsEntry 2 } axGslbSiteOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2), unknown(3) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The site operational state." ::= { axGslbSiteStatsEntry 3 } axGslbSiteHitCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The hit count of the site." ::= { axGslbSiteStatsEntry 4 } axGslbSiteDeviceStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB site devices" ::= { axGslbSites 3 } axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbSiteDevicesStats Table" INDEX { axGslbSiteNameInDeviceEntry, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceIpAddr, axGslbSiteServiceIpAddr, axGslbSiteServiceIpPortNum } ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsTable 1 } AxGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbSiteNameInDeviceEntry DisplayString, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceIpAddr DisplayString, axGslbSiteServiceIpAddr DisplayString, axGslbSiteServiceIpPortNum INTEGER, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceName DisplayString, axGslbSiteServiceIpName DisplayString, axGslbSiteServiceIpAdminState INTEGER, axGslbSiteServiceIpOperState INTEGER, axGslbSiteServiceIpHitCount Counter64 } axGslbSiteNameInDeviceEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the site." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 1 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address of the SLB device in the site entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 2 } axGslbSiteServiceIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address of the service-ip in the site device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 3 } axGslbSiteServiceIpPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of the service-ip in the site device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 4 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SLB device name in the site device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 5 } axGslbSiteServiceIpName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip name in the site device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 6 } axGslbSiteServiceIpAdminState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enable(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip administrative state." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 7 } axGslbSiteServiceIpOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip operational state." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 8 } axGslbSiteServiceIpHitCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The hit count of the service-ip name in the site device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteDeviceStatsEntry 9 } --================================================================== -- axGslbServiceIPs --================================================================== axGslbServiceIPCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of axGslbServiceIPTable entries in the table." ::= { axGslbServiceIPs 1 } axGslbServiceIPTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbServiceIPEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB service IPs" ::= { axGslbServiceIPs 2 } axGslbServiceIPEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbServiceIPEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbServiceIPs Table" INDEX { axGslbServiceIpAddr } ::= { axGslbServiceIPTable 1 } AxGslbServiceIPEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbServiceIpAddr DisplayString, axGslbServiceIpName DisplayString, axGslbServiceIpSiteName DisplayString, axGslbServiceIpAdminState INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpOperState INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpIsVirtualServerFlag INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpProtocolFlag INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpServicePortCount Counter32, axGslbServiceIpHitCount Counter64 } axGslbServiceIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address of the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 1 } axGslbServiceIpName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 2 } axGslbServiceIpSiteName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The site name has the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 3 } axGslbServiceIpAdminState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { disabled(0), enable(1) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip administrative state." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 4 } axGslbServiceIpOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip operational state." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 5 } axGslbServiceIpIsVirtualServerFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { isVirtualServer(1), other(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The flag of virtual server." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 6 } axGslbServiceIpProtocolFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { gslbProtocol(1), localProtocol(2), unknown(0) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip with the GSLB protocol or local protocol." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 7 } axGslbServiceIpServicePortCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of ports for the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 8 } axGslbServiceIpHitCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The hit count of the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIPEntry 9 } --================================================================== -- axGslbServiceIpPorts --================================================================== axGslbServiceIpPortTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbServiceIpPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB service ports" ::= { axGslbServiceIpPorts 1 } axGslbServiceIpPortEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbServiceIpPortEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbServicePorts Table" INDEX { axGslbServiceIpPortAddr, axGslbServiceIpPortNum } ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortTable 1 } AxGslbServiceIpPortEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbServiceIpPortAddr DisplayString, axGslbServiceIpPortNum INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpPortOperState INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpPortProtocolFlag INTEGER, axGslbServiceIpPortActiveServerCount Counter32, axGslbServiceIpPortCurrConns Counter64 } axGslbServiceIpPortAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address of the service-ip entry." ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 1 } axGslbServiceIpPortNum OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The port number of the service-ip port entry" ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 2 } axGslbServiceIpPortOperState OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { up(1), down(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip port operational state." ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 3} axGslbServiceIpPortProtocolFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { gslbProtocol(1), localProtocol(2), unknown(0) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The service-ip port with the GSLB protocol or local protocol." ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 4 } axGslbServiceIpPortActiveServerCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of the active real servers." ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 5 } axGslbServiceIpPortCurrConns OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter64 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of the current connections." ::= { axGslbServiceIpPortEntry 6 } --================================================================== -- axGslbSiteSlbDevices --================================================================== axGslbSiteSlbDeviceTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information of GSLB service ports" ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDevices 1 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbSiteSlbDevices Table" INDEX { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceSiteName, axGslbSiteSlbForDeviceIpAddr } ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceTable 1 } AxGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceSiteName DisplayString, axGslbSiteSlbForDeviceIpAddr DisplayString, axGslbSiteForSlbDeviceName DisplayString, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceProtocolFlag INTEGER, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceAdminPreference INTEGER, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceSessionUtilization INTEGER, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceAvailSessionCount Counter32, axGslbSiteSlbDeviceServicIpCount Counter32 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceSiteName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The site name of the slb-device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 1 } axGslbSiteSlbForDeviceIpAddr OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The IP address of the slb-device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 2 } axGslbSiteForSlbDeviceName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the slb-device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 3 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceProtocolFlag OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { gslbProtocol(1), localProtocol(2), unknown(0) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The SLB device with the GSLB protocol or local protocol." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 4 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceAdminPreference OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The administrative preference of the SLB device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 5 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceSessionUtilization OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The session utilization of the SLB device entry in percentage." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 6 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceAvailSessionCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of the available sessions in the SLB device entry." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 7 } axGslbSiteSlbDeviceServicIpCount OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The number of the service-ip entries." ::= { axGslbSiteSlbDeviceEntry 8 } --================================================================== -- axGslbGroups --================================================================== axGslbGroupTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AxGslbGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A table has information on GSLB groups." ::= { axGslbGroups 1 } axGslbGroupEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX AxGslbGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Columns in the axGslbGroup Table" INDEX { axGslbGroupName, axGslbGroupMember, axGslbGroupAddress } ::= { axGslbGroupTable 1 } AxGslbGroupEntry ::= SEQUENCE { axGslbGroupName DisplayString, axGslbGroupMember DisplayString, axGslbGroupSysID DisplayString, axGslbGroupPriority INTEGER, axGslbGroupAttribute BITS, axGslbGroupStatus INTEGER, axGslbGroupAddress DisplayString } axGslbGroupName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 1 } axGslbGroupMember OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The member of the group in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 2 } axGslbGroupSysID OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The sys id of the member in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 3 } axGslbGroupPriority OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The priority of the member in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 4 } axGslbGroupAttribute OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX BITS { master(1), disabled(2), learn(3), passive(4), bridge(5), super(6) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The attribute of the member in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 5 } axGslbGroupStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { ok(1), idle(2), connect(3), active(4), openSent(5), openConfirm(6), established(7), unknown(8), ready(9), masterSync(10), fullSync(11), synced(12), stopped(13), waitSync(14), vcs(15), ha(16), auto(17) } MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of the member in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 6 } axGslbGroupAddress OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX DisplayString MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The ip address of the member in the axGslbGroupTable entry." ::= { axGslbGroupEntry 7 } END
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The Microscopic Cell Culture Plague: Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a class of bacteria that breaks the mold of typical bacterial classification – it does not have a cell wall. This feature makes it notoriously resistant to most common antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporins, which are more effective on Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells (which have cell walls). Beyond being more resistant to go-to antibiotics, the fact that a cell wall is missing means that Mycoplasma cells have more fluidity and elasticity, which allows them significant malleability. Their small size (0.15 – 0.3 µm) and lack of a rigid outer wall enables them to ooze past 0.2 µm filters intended for sterile filtration through bacterial retention.
Mycoplasma poses threats to cell cultures that no other biological contaminant can. This is a challenge for both manufacturers and consumers of cell culture media. Cell culture is critical to the progression of research as well as to cell therapy manufacturing. The infection of a cell culture with Mycoplasma cells can severely affect the metabolic activity and the culture cells’ physiology, which ultimately results in lost time and money. Inaccurate data can also be attributed to Mycoplasma contamination. Biological sterility testing, as described in various pharmacopeias, usually detects aerobic and anaerobic microbial contamination caused by less unique Gram-positive and negative bacteria, most of which can be removed through sterile filtration.
Mycoplasma-free Cells
Fig.1 Mycoplasma-free Cells (Left) and Mycoplasma-contaminated Cells (Right)
Cell culture media must be evaluated using a different method, which is often time-consuming, especially if employing the compendial methods that require lengthy incubation. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR or qPCR) methods can circumvent these lengthy and costly efforts to remain Mycoplasma free. RT-PCR methods also provide the advantage of being faster than traditional PCR methods and are an example of an effective and robust means for Mycoplasma detection than can be employed in lieu of lengthy compendial methods. RT-PCR based myco-detection methods have the ability to detect over a large variety of Mycoplasma species and are capable of excluding all other cellular DNA, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, to provide a means of specifically identifying the presence of Mycoplasma in cell cultures.
This highly specific method for rapid detection is a wave towards the future of bioproduct testing that will inevitably result in a shift in the amount of time and resources spent on the mollicute menace Mycoplasma. in general, the increased speed and accuracy of microbial testing is critical to the timely, safe, and successful development of advanced therapies.
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Red Hat Training
A Red Hat training course is available for Red Hat Ceph Storage
Chapter 2. Storage Cluster Quick Start
This Quick Start sets up a Red Hat Ceph Storage cluster using ceph-deploy on your Calamari admin node. Create a small Ceph cluster so you can explore Ceph functionality. As a first exercise, create a Ceph Storage Cluster with one Ceph Monitor and some Ceph OSD Daemons, each on separate nodes. Once the cluster reaches an active + clean state, you can use the cluster.
diag 0d7740404b62e85311f1350a7c5e0eba
2.1. Executing ceph-deploy
When executing ceph-deploy to install the Red Hat Ceph Storage, ceph-deploy retrieves Ceph packages from the /opt/calamari/ directory on the Calamari administration host. To do so, ceph-deploy needs to read the .cephdeploy.conf file created by the ice_setup utility. Therefore, ensure to execute ceph-deploy in the local working directory created in the Create a Working Directory section, for example ~/ceph-config/:
cd ~/ceph-config
Important
Execute ceph-deploy commands as a regular user not as root or by using sudo. The Create a Ceph Deploy User and Enable Password-less SSH steps enable ceph-deploy to execute as root without sudo and without connecting to Ceph nodes as the root user. You might still need to execute ceph CLI commands as root or by using sudo.
2.2. Create a Cluster
If at any point you run into trouble and you want to start over, execute the following to purge the configuration:
ceph-deploy purge <ceph-node> [<ceph-node>]
ceph-deploy purgedata <ceph-node> [<ceph-node>]
ceph-deploy forgetkeys
If you execute the foregoing procedure, you must re-install Ceph.
On your Calamari admin node from the directory you created for holding your configuration details, perform the following steps using ceph-deploy.
1. Create the cluster:
ceph-deploy new <initial-monitor-node(s)>
For example:
ceph-deploy new node1
Check the output of ceph-deploy with ls and cat in the current directory. You should see a Ceph configuration file, a monitor secret keyring, and a log file of the ceph-deploy procedures.
2.3. Modify the Ceph Configuration File
At this stage, you may begin editing your Ceph configuration file (ceph.conf).
Note
If you choose not to use ceph-deploy you will have to deploy Ceph manually or configure a deployment tool (e.g., Chef, Juju, Puppet, etc.) to perform each operation that ceph-deploy performs for you. To deploy Ceph manually, please see our Knowledgebase article.
1. Add the public_network and cluster_network settings under the [global] section of your Ceph configuration file.
public_network = <ip-address>/<netmask>
cluster_network = <ip-address>/<netmask>
These settings distinguish which network is public (front-side) and which network is for the cluster (back-side). Ensure that your nodes have interfaces configured for these networks. We do not recommend using the same NIC for the public and cluster networks. Please see the Network Configuration Settings for details on the public and cluster networks.
2. Turn on IPv6 if you intend to use it.
ms_bind_ipv6 = true
Please see Bind for more details.
3. Add or adjust the osd journal size setting under the [global] section of your Ceph configuration file.
osd_journal_size = 10000
We recommend a general setting of 10GB. Ceph’s default osd_journal_size is 0, so you will need to set this in your ceph.conf file. A journal size should be the product of the filestore_max_sync_interval option and the expected throughput, and then multiply the resulting product by two. The expected throughput number should include the expected disk throughput (i.e., sustained data transfer rate), and network throughput. For example, a 7200 RPM disk will likely have approximately 100 MB/s. Taking the min() of the disk and network throughput should provide a reasonable expected throughput. Please see Journal Settings for more details.
4. Set the number of copies to store (default is 3) and the default minimum required to write data when in a degraded state (default is 2) under the [global] section of your Ceph configuration file. We recommend the default values for production clusters.
osd_pool_default_size = 3
osd_pool_default_min_size = 2
For a quick start, you may wish to set osd_pool_default_size to 2, and the osd_pool_default_min_size to 1 so that you can achieve and active+clean state with only two OSDs.
These settings establish the networking bandwidth requirements for the cluster network, and the ability to write data with eventual consistency (i.e., you can write data to a cluster in a degraded state if it has min_size copies of the data already). Please see Settings for more details.
5. Set a CRUSH leaf type to the largest serviceable failure domain for your replicas under the [global] section of your Ceph configuration file. The default value is 1, or host, which means that CRUSH will map replicas to OSDs on separate separate hosts. For example, if you want to make three object replicas, and you have three racks of chassis/hosts, you can set osd_crush_chooseleaf_type to 3, and CRUSH will place each copy of an object on OSDs in different racks.
osd_crush_chooseleaf_type = 3
The default CRUSH hierarchy types are:
• type 0 osd
• type 1 host
• type 2 chassis
• type 3 rack
• type 4 row
• type 5 pdu
• type 6 pod
• type 7 room
• type 8 datacenter
• type 9 region
• type 10 root
Please see Settings for more details.
6. Set max_open_files so that Ceph will set the maximum open file descriptors at the OS level to help prevent Ceph OSD Daemons from running out of file descriptors.
max_open_files = 131072
Please see the General Configuration Reference for more details.
In summary, your initial Ceph configuration file should have at least the following settings with appropriate values assigned after the = sign:
[global]
fsid = <cluster-id>
mon_initial_members = <hostname>[, <hostname>]
mon_host = <ip-address>[, <ip-address>]
public_network = <network>[, <network>]
cluster_network = <network>[, <network>]
ms_bind_ipv6 = [true | false]
max_open_files = 131072
auth_cluster_required = cephx
auth_service_required = cephx
auth_client_required = cephx
osd_journal_size = <n>
filestore_xattr_use_omap = true
osd_pool_default_size = <n> # Write an object n times.
osd_pool_default_min_size = <n> # Allow writing n copy in a degraded state.
osd_crush_chooseleaf_type = <n>
2.4. Install Ceph with the ISO
To install Ceph from a local repository, use the --repo argument first to ensure that ceph-deploy is pointing to the .cephdeploy.conf file generated by ice_setup (e.g., in the exemplary ~/ceph-config directory, the /root directory, or ~). Otherwise, you may not receive packages from the local repository. Specify --release=<daemon-name> to specify the daemon package you wish to install. Then, install the packages. Ideally, you should run ceph-deploy from the directory where you keep your configuration (e.g., the exemplary ~/ceph-config) so that you can maintain a {cluster-name}.log file with all the commands you have executed with ceph-deploy.
ceph-deploy install --repo --release=[ceph-mon|ceph-osd] <ceph-node> [<ceph-node> ...]
ceph-deploy install --<daemon> <ceph-node> [<ceph-node> ...]
For example:
ceph-deploy install --repo --release=ceph-mon monitor1 monitor2 monitor3
ceph-deploy install --mon monitor1 monitor2 monitor3
ceph-deploy install --repo --release=ceph-osd srv1 srv2 srv3
ceph-deploy install --osd srv1 srv2 srv3
The ceph-deploy utility will install the appropriate Ceph daemon on each node.
Note
If you use ceph-deploy purge, you must re-execute this step to re-install Ceph.
2.5. Install Ceph by Using CDN
When installing Ceph on remote nodes from the CDN (not ISO), you must specify which Ceph daemon you wish to install on the node by passing one of --mon or --osd to ceph-deploy.
ceph-deploy install [--mon|--osd] <ceph-node> [<ceph-node> ...]
For example:
ceph-deploy install --mon monitor1 monitor2 monitor3
ceph-deploy install --osd srv1 srv2 srv3
Note
If you use ceph-deploy purge, you must re-execute this step to re-install Ceph.
2.6. Install ceph-selinux
With Red Hat Ceph Storage 1.3.2 or later, a new ceph-selinux package can be installed on Ceph nodes. This package provides SELinux support for Ceph and SELinux therefore no longer needs to be in permissive or disabled mode.
Once installed, ceph-selinux adds the SELinux policy for Ceph and also relabels files on the cluster accordingly. Ceph processes are labeled with the ceph_exec_t SELinux context.
To install ceph-selinux, use the following command:
ceph-deploy pkg --install ceph-selinux <nodes>
For example:
ceph-deploy pkg --install ceph-selinux node1 node2 node3
Note
All Ceph daemons will be down for the time the ceph-selinux package is being installed. Therefore, your cluster will not be able to serve any data at this point. This operation is necessary in order to update the metadata of the files located on the underlying file system and to make Ceph daemons run with the correct context. This operation may take several minutes depending on the size and speed of the underlying storage.
If SELinux was in permissive, run the following command as root to set it to enforcing again:
# setenforce 1
To configure SELinux persistently, modify the /etc/selinux/config configuration file.
For more information about SELinux, see the SELinux User’s and Administrator’s Guide for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.
2.7. Add Initial Monitors
Add the initial monitor(s) and gather the keys.
ceph-deploy mon create-initial
Once you complete the process, your local directory should have the following keyrings:
• <cluster-name>.client.admin.keyring
• <cluster-name>.bootstrap-osd.keyring
• <cluster-name>.bootstrap-mds.keyring
• <cluster-name>.bootstrap-rgw.keyring
2.8. Connect Monitor Hosts to Calamari
Once you have added the initial monitor(s), you need to connect the monitor hosts to Calamari. From your admin node, execute:
ceph-deploy calamari connect --master '<FQDN for the Calamari admin node>' <ceph-node>[<ceph-node> ...]
For example, using the exemplary node1 from above, you would execute:
ceph-deploy calamari connect --master '<FQDN for the Calamari admin node>' node1
If you expand your monitor cluster with additional monitors, you will have to connect the hosts that contain them to Calamari, too.
2.9. Make your Calamari Admin Node a Ceph Admin Node
After you create your initial monitors, you can use the Ceph CLI to check on your cluster. However, you have to specify the monitor and admin keyring each time with the path to the directory holding your configuration, but you can simplify your CLI usage by making the admin node a Ceph admin client.
Note
You will also need to install ceph-common on the Calamari node. ceph-deploy install --cli does this.
ceph-deploy install --cli <node-name>
ceph-deploy admin <node-name>
For example:
ceph-deploy install --cli admin-node
ceph-deploy admin admin-node
The ceph-deploy utility will copy the ceph.conf and ceph.client.admin.keyring files to the /etc/ceph directory. When ceph-deploy is talking to the local admin host (admin-node), it must be reachable by its hostname (e.g., hostname -s). If necessary, modify /etc/hosts to add the name of the admin host. If you do not have an /etc/ceph directory, you should install ceph-common.
You may then use the Ceph CLI.
Once you have added your new Ceph monitors, Ceph will begin synchronizing the monitors and form a quorum. You can check the quorum status by executing the following as root:
# ceph quorum_status --format json-pretty
Note
Your cluster will not achieve an active + clean state until you add enough OSDs to facilitate object replicas. This is inclusive of CRUSH failure domains.
2.10. Adjust CRUSH Tunables
Red Hat Ceph Storage CRUSH tunables defaults to bobtail, which refers to an older release of Ceph. This setting guarantees that older Ceph clusters are compatible with older Linux kernels. However, if you run a Ceph cluster on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, reset CRUSH tunables to optimal. As root, execute the following:
# ceph osd crush tunables optimal
See the CRUSH Tunables chapter in the Storage Strategies guides for details on the CRUSH tunables.
2.11. Add OSDs
Before creating OSDs, consider the following:
• We recommend using the XFS file system, which is the default file system.
Warning
Use the default XFS file system options that the ceph-deploy utility uses to format the OSD disks. Deviating from the default values can cause stability problems with the storage cluster.
For example, setting the directory block size higher than the default value of 4096 bytes can cause memory allocation deadlock errors in the file system. For more details, view the Red Hat Knowledgebase article regarding these errors.
• Red Hat recommends using SSDs for journals. It is common to partition SSDs to serve multiple OSDs. Ensure that the number of SSD partitions does not exceed the SSD’s sequential write limits. Also, ensure that SSD partitions are properly aligned, or their write performance will suffer.
• Red Hat recommends to delete the partition table of a Ceph OSD drive by using the ceph-deploy disk zap command before executing the ceph-deploy osd prepare command:
ceph-deploy disk zap <ceph_node>:<disk_device>
For example:
ceph-deploy disk zap node2:/dev/sdb
From your administration node, use ceph-deploy osd prepare to prepare the OSDs:
ceph-deploy osd prepare <ceph_node>:<disk_device> [<ceph_node>:<disk_device>]
For example:
ceph-deploy osd prepare node2:/dev/sdb
The prepare command creates two partitions on a disk device; one partition is for OSD data, and the other is for the journal.
Once you prepare OSDs, activate the OSDs:
ceph-deploy osd activate <ceph_node>:<data_partition>
For example:
ceph-deploy osd activate node2:/dev/sdb1
Note
In the ceph-deploy osd activate command, specify a particular disk partition, for example /dev/sdb1.
It is also possible to use a disk device that is wholly formatted without a partition table. In that case, a partition on an additional disk must be used to serve as the journal store:
ceph-deploy osd activate <ceph_node>:<disk_device>:<data_partition>
In the following example, sdd is a spinning hard drive that Ceph uses entirely for OSD data. ssdb1 is a partition of an SSD drive, which Ceph uses to store the journal for the OSD:
ceph-deploy osd activate node{2,3,4}:sdd:ssdb1
To achieve the active + clean state, you must add as many OSDs as the osd pool default size = <n> parameter specifies in the Ceph configuration file.
For information on creating encrypted OSD nodes, see the Encrypted OSDs subsection in the Adding OSDs by Using ceph-deploy section in the Administration Guide for Red Hat Ceph Storage 2.
2.12. Connect OSD Hosts to Calamari
Once you have added the initial OSDs, you need to connect the OSD hosts to Calamari.
ceph-deploy calamari connect --master '<FQDN for the Calamari admin node>' <ceph-node>[<ceph-node> ...]
For example, using the exemplary node2, node3 and node4 from above, you would execute:
ceph-deploy calamari connect --master '<FQDN for the Calamari admin node>' node2 node3 node4
As you expand your cluster with additional OSD hosts, you will have to connect the hosts that contain them to Calamari, too.
2.13. Create a CRUSH Hierarchy
You can run a Ceph cluster with a flat node-level hierarchy (default). This is NOT RECOMMENDED. We recommend adding named buckets of various types to your default CRUSH hierarchy. This will allow you to establish a larger-grained failure domain, usually consisting of racks, rows, rooms and data centers.
ceph osd crush add-bucket <bucket-name> <bucket-type>
For example:
ceph osd crush add-bucket dc1 datacenter
ceph osd crush add-bucket room1 room
ceph osd crush add-bucket row1 row
ceph osd crush add-bucket rack1 rack
ceph osd crush add-bucket rack2 rack
ceph osd crush add-bucket rack3 rack
Then, place the buckets into a hierarchy:
ceph osd crush move dc1 root=default
ceph osd crush move room1 datacenter=dc1
ceph osd crush move row1 room=room1
ceph osd crush move rack1 row=row1
ceph osd crush move node2 rack=rack1
2.14. Add OSD Hosts/Chassis to the CRUSH Hierarchy
Once you have added OSDs and created a CRUSH hierarchy, add the OSD hosts/chassis to the CRUSH hierarchy so that CRUSH can distribute objects across failure domains. For example:
ceph osd crush set osd.0 1.0 root=default datacenter=dc1 room=room1 row=row1 rack=rack1 host=node2
ceph osd crush set osd.1 1.0 root=default datacenter=dc1 room=room1 row=row1 rack=rack2 host=node3
ceph osd crush set osd.2 1.0 root=default datacenter=dc1 room=room1 row=row1 rack=rack3 host=node4
The foregoing example uses three different racks for the exemplary hosts (assuming that is how they are physically configured). Since the exemplary Ceph configuration file specified "rack" as the largest failure domain by setting osd_crush_chooseleaf_type = 3, CRUSH can write each object replica to an OSD residing in a different rack. Assuming osd_pool_default_min_size = 2, this means (assuming sufficient storage capacity) that the Ceph cluster can continue operating if an entire rack were to fail (e.g., failure of a power distribution unit or rack router).
2.15. Check CRUSH Hierarchy
Check your work to ensure that the CRUSH hierarchy is accurate.
ceph osd tree
If you are not satisfied with the results of your CRUSH hierarchy, you may move any component of your hierarchy with the move command.
ceph osd crush move <bucket-to-move> <bucket-type>=<parent-bucket>
If you want to remove a bucket (node) or OSD (leaf) from the CRUSH hierarchy, use the remove command:
ceph osd crush remove <bucket-name>
2.16. Check Cluster Health
To ensure that the OSDs in your cluster are peering properly, execute:
ceph health
You may also check on the health of your cluster using the Calamari dashboard.
2.17. List and Create a Pool
You can manage pools using Calamari, or using the Ceph command line. Verify that you have pools for writing and reading data:
ceph osd lspools
You can bind to any of the pools listed using the admin user and client.admin key. To create a pool, use the following syntax:
ceph osd pool create <pool-name> <pg-num> [<pgp-num>] [replicated] [crush-ruleset-name]
For example:
ceph osd pool create mypool 512 512 replicated replicated_ruleset
Note
To find the rule set names available, execute ceph osd crush rule list. To calculate the pg-num and pgp-num see Ceph Placement Groups (PGs) per Pool Calculator.
2.18. Storing and Retrieving Object Data
To perform storage operations with Ceph Storage Cluster, all Ceph clients regardless of type must:
1. Connect to the cluster.
2. Create an I/O contest to a pool.
3. Set an object name.
4. Execute a read or write operation for the object.
The Ceph Client retrieves the latest cluster map and the CRUSH algorithm calculates how to map the object to a placement-group, and then calculates how to assign the placement group to a Ceph OSD Daemon dynamically. Client types such as Ceph Block Device and the Ceph Object Gateway perform the last two steps transparently.
To find the object location, all you need is the object name and the pool name. For example:
ceph osd map <poolname> <object-name>
Note
The rados CLI tool in the following example is for Ceph administrators only.
Exercise: Locate an Object
As an exercise, lets create an object. Specify an object name, a path to a test file containing some object data and a pool name using the rados put command on the command line. For example:
echo <Test-data> > testfile.txt
rados put <object-name> <file-path> --pool=<pool-name>
rados put test-object-1 testfile.txt --pool=data
To verify that the Ceph Storage Cluster stored the object, execute the following:
rados -p data ls
Now, identify the object location:
ceph osd map <pool-name> <object-name>
ceph osd map data test-object-1
Ceph should output the object’s location. For example:
osdmap e537 pool 'data' (0) object 'test-object-1' -> pg 0.d1743484 (0.4) -> up [1,0] acting [1,0]
To remove the test object, simply delete it using the rados rm command. For example:
rados rm test-object-1 --pool=data
As the cluster size changes, the object location may change dynamically. One benefit of Ceph’s dynamic rebalancing is that Ceph relieves you from having to perform the migration manually.
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What is the difference between cacti and succulents?
Succulents, cactus, false cactus, we get lost, we hear everything and its opposite! We help you to find your way:
Cactuses and succulent plants, what is the difference ?
The answer to this question is actualy simple : none ! 😁
Definition of a succulent plant
Succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants that have adapted, with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, to fight against arid climates.
How do succulents adapt?
They fight against drought by storing water in their leaves, their stems or their roots.
They know how to capture the slightest drop of water passing within their reach, even in fine morning fog.
This storage of water to be able to resist the driest days gives them this particular appearance of thick leaves, often coated with wax or hairs to avoid evaporation.
succulents detail of hairs on leaves
Succulent plants detail of leaves
Where does the term 'succulent' come from?
Sève de l'Aloé
The word “succulent” comes from the Latin word for “sap”, because succulent plants store water in the form of sap.
It is not a botanical family, but rather an adaptability.
For example, the juice of the Aloe Vera plant is well known and can be consumed.
L'Aloé véra est une plante succulente, aussi appelée plante grasse.
Are cacti succulents?
The adaptation of cacti
The cactus is a member of the succulents family because of its adaptation to dry climates. It has, as for him, opted for the reduction of the size of its leaves to fight against evaporation, even their transformation into spines, or even their total disappearance.
Fields of cacti
How to know if a plant is a cactus?
Aréole d'un cactus, plante grasse ou succulente
To recognize a cactus for sure, it is necessary to be able to observe the presence of “aeroles“, which are these small characteristic excrescences which will carry the spines.
They have multiple functions, from capturing dewdrops to protecting the plant against wind and sunlight, to defending the plant against predators.
Aréoles de cactus qui portent les épines
Do cacti have leaves?
But as nature is not as Cartesian as we are, it has obviously made exceptions to the rule! Thus, the genus Pereskia gathers primitive cacti, which are cacti without really being cacti. They do have spines and the famous aeroles, but they also develop leaves and have kept the shrubby aspect! And unlike other more classic cactus varieties that need to be watered sparingly, Pereskia love water..
Pereskia, plante grasse, feuilles sur tronc
Pereskia bleo, succulent plant, flower
Pereskia, succulent plants, with spines and aeroles
In short, succulents store water and are adapted to drought. Cacti, which can be recognized by their aeroles that carry their spines, are succulent plants, but not all succulent plants are cacti. In addition, some cacti have kept the characteristics of cacti while retaining the characteristics of a classic plant.
Nature is complex and does not easily fit into specific categories, but we hope that these terminologies are now clearer for you!
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How to: Filter Data on a Silverlight Screen
You can filter the data that appears in List and Details, Editable Grid, and Search Data screens. For example, you could filter so that only customers who are located in the United States are displayed. To filter data, modify the query of a collection on a screen, or write a custom query and then use it to create a screen.
link to video For a related video demonstration, see How Do I: Sort and Filter Data on a Screen in a LightSwitch Application?.
List and Details, Editable Grid, and Search Data screens contain collections that are based on queries. For example, a collection that is based on the Customer entity uses this query by default: Select * from Customers. You can customize the conditions of the query. Your changes apply only to the collection on the screen and do not affect the query globally.
To modify the query of a screen collection
1. On the Screen Members List, next to the collection you want to modify, click Edit Query.
2. In the Query Designer, modify the query.
For more information, see How to: Design a Query by Using the Query Designer.
3. When you have finished modifying the query, click the back arrow at the top-left corner of the Query Designer to return to the Screen Designer.
You can create a List and Details, Editable Grid, or Search Data screen based on a query in your LightSwitch solution.
For more information about how to add a query to your solution, see How to: Add, Remove, and Modify a Query.
For more information about how to design a query, see How to: Design a Query by Using the Query Designer.
To create a screen by using a query in the solution
• Create a screen. In the Add New Screen dialog box, for the Screen Data field, select a query. For more information about how to create a screen, see How to: Create a Silverlight Screen.
Only data that meets the conditions that are defined by the query will appear in the screen.
To create a screen by using a query that accepts a parameter
1. Create a screen. In the Add New Screen dialog box, for the Screen Data field, select a query that accepts a parameter. For more information about how to create a screen, see How to: Create a Silverlight Screen.
2. Because the query requires a parameter value, the new screen does not appear in the navigation menu of the running application. The screen is displayed when a user provides a value in a field in another screen. You must add that field to the other screen.
In the Screen Designer, in the other screen, click Add Data Item.
3. In the Add Screen Item dialog box, select Local Property. In the Type list, select a type for the local property.
4. In the Name box, provide a name for the local property, for example, CityName, and then click OK.
5. From the Screen Members List, drag the new local property to the Screen Content Tree.
6. In the Screen Content Tree, right-click the local property and then click Add Button.
7. In the Add Button dialog box, select New Method and then click OK.
8. In the Screen Content Tree, right-click the button and then click Edit Execute Code.
9. In the Code Editor, write code that displays the parameterized query screen. The following example displays the ShowCustomerByCity screen by passing the value of the local property named CityName.
partial void Button_Execute()
{
Application.ShowCustomersByCity(CityName);
}
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© 2014 Microsoft
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Hinges are used to open the cabin door and hold it in a vertical position, and a roller-type door stop is used to limit the opening angle and fix (hold) the door in the open position
The door hinges are equipped with metal-fluoroplastic bushings and do not require maintenance in operation. to replace the cabin door in case of damage, there is a bolted connection on the hinges, by unscrewing it and disconnecting the limiter lever (it is necessary to remove the pin), you can remove the door from the cabin.
GAZ-2705 cabin door fixing
Fig. Cabin door hinge:
Installing a new or repaired door is done in the reverse order: it is fixed on the cab, and then the limiter lever is attached.
In case of breakage (breakage) of the limiter lever, it should be replaced.
Operation of the car with a broken lever is not allowed due to possible damage to the door.
Replacement of the limiter lever should be carried out in the following order:
- remove the window handle;
- remove the socket of the internal drive handle;
- remove the handrail on the door;
- remove the upholstery and anti-noise pad;
- remove the cotter pin and the pin of the bracket limiter lever;
- remove the broken lever;
- install a new lever with a buffer;
- do the rest of the assembly in reverse order.
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| 0.869087 |
JS Frames
Handleiding HTML Overzicht JavaScript voorbeelden | Inhoud HTML | Inhoud CSS | Begin
JavaScript wordt veel gebruikt in combinatie met documenten met frames. De bekendste toepassing is wel het gelijktijdig vervangen van documenten in meerdere frames. Een andere is het voorkomen dat je eigen site geopend wordt in een frame van iemand anders.
In dit onderdeel worden enkele voorbeelden van scripts in combinatie met frames gegeven:
De voorbeelden werken correct in Netscape Navigator 3.0 en hoger en Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 en hoger. Met de eerste drie voorbeelden hebben Netscape Navigator 2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 en Opera 3/3.5 soms problemen (zie de toelichting bij de voorbeelden).
Zorg dat je het bekijken van je site niet afhankelijk maakt van JavaScript. Lang niet elke bezoeker zal JavaScript gebruiken en daarom is het belangrijk dat de site ook goed bekeken kan worden zonder het updaten van frames met behulp van JavaScript.
Meerdere frames tegelijk updaten
Met behulp van JavaScript kun je met één klik op een hyperlink twee frames tegelijkertijd updaten. Dat is vooral handig wanneer je niet de inhoud van alle frames van een frameset wilt wijzigen, of wanneer het gaat om frames die niet tot hetzelfde frameset behoren.
Bekijk eerst het voorbeeld in een nieuw venster.
Uitgangspunt is een document met twee framesets, waarin de frames de namen links, rechtsboven en rechtsonder hebben:
<FRAMESET COLS="*,3*">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-1a.html" NAME="links">
<FRAMESET ROWS="*,*">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-1b.html" NAME="rechtsboven">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-1c.html" NAME="rechtsonder">
</FRAMESET>
</FRAMESET>
De hyperlink in het voorbeeld is als volgt opgebouwd:
<A HREF="geenscript.html" onclick="FrameUpdate(); return false;">Update twee frames</A>
In plaats van "geenscript.html" in het HREF attribuut kun je het beste de URI opnemen van het document, dat je wilt openen als de browser van de bezoeker geen JavaScript ondersteunt. Zonodig voeg je dan ook het TARGET attribuut toe. De toevoeging "return false" aan de onlick event handler zorgt ervoor, dat alleen het script wordt uitgevoerd en niet gelijktijdig het in het HREF attribuut opgegeven bestand geopend wordt.
In de head van het document waarin de hyperlink is opgenomen, staat het volgende script:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate() {
parent.rechtsboven.location.href = "voorbeeld-1d.html";
parent.rechtsonder.location.href = "voorbeeld-1e.html";
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In dit script wordt gebruik gemaakt van de eigenschap "location.href", welke bepaalt dat het gaat om de volledige URI van het te openen document. De eigenschap "parent.frame_naam" geeft aan in welk frame het document geopend moet worden. Daarbij verwijst "parent" naar het frameset, waarvan het huidige frame (dat wil zeggen het frame waarin de hyperlink staat) deel uitmaakt.
Wanneer het document geopend moet worden in het bovenste frameset in het venster, dan gebruik je "top" in plaats van "parent". Omdat het in het voorbeeld gaat om het bovenste frameset, had de opbouw van het eerste statement in het script er ook als volgt kunnen uitzien:
top.rechtsboven.location.href = "voorbeeld-1d.html";
Wanneer je ook het frame waarin de hyperlink staat wilt updaten, dan gebruik je "self" in plaats van "parent.frame_naam_x". Bijvoorbeeld:
self.location.href = "bestemming";
In plaats van de naam van het frame kun je ook "frames[y]" gebruiken, waarbij "y" het nummer is van het frame. Bij de telling wordt gestart bij "0" en de volgorde aangehouden, waarin de frames zijn gedefinieerd. In het voorbeeld is "frames[0]" het frame met de naam "links" en zijn de frames "rechtsboven" en "rechtsonder" respectievelijk "frames[1]" en "frames[2]". Het script kun je dus ook als volgt opbouwen:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate() {
parent.frames[1].location.href = "voorbeeld-1d.html";
parent.frames[2].location.href = "voorbeeld-1e.html";
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Een script als in het voorbeeld kun je ook gebruiken, wanneer meer dan twee frames tegelijk gewijzigd moeten worden. Voor drie frames bijvoorbeeld is de opbouw van het script:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate() {
parent.frame_naam_1.location.href = "bestemming_1";
parent.frame_naam_2.location.href = "bestemming_2";
parent.frame_naam_3.location.href = "bestemming_3";
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In plaats van "frame_naam_x" neem je de naam op van het frame, waarin het document geopend moet worden en in plaats van "bestemming_y" het pad en de bestandsnaam van het te openen document.
De hier beschreven oplossing voor het updaten van meerdere frames tegelijkertijd werkt probleemloos in Netscape Navigator 3 en hoger en in Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 en hoger. In Netscape Navigator 2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 en Opera 3/3.5 wordt het script alleen goed uitgevoerd, indien de in een frame te openen documenten steeds in dezelfde directory staan. Nadat via het script eenmaal documenten uit een andere directory geopend zijn, geeft de browser bij het vervolgens openen van documenten uit de eerste of een nog andere directory de foutmelding dat het bestand niet gevonden wordt. Dat gebeurt ook als je in een volgende document hetzelfde script gebruikt. Een oplossing kan zijn als bestemming niet alleen een pad en bestandsnaam op te nemen, maar een complete URI. Bijvoorbeeld:
parent.rechtsboven.location.href =
"http://www.handleidinghtml.nl/javascript/voorbeeld-1d.html";
Nadeel van een complete URI is dat je de site niet meer offline kunt bekijken. Als je dat toch wilt en het niet mogelijk is alle documenten in dezelfde directory te plaatsen, dan kun je er als alternatief ook voor zorgen dat Netscape Navigator 2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 en Opera 3/3.5 het script niet uitvoeren. Je doet dat door het script eerst te laten controleren welke browser gebruikt wordt en vervolgens de opdracht alleen te laten uitvoeren wanneer het gaat om Netscape Navigator 3 en hoger of Microsoft Internet Explorer 4 en hoger. Het controleren doe je op basis van het algemene script voor de browsertest, dat is beschreven in het onderdeel Javascript en Informatie over de browser. Dat script moet je dus als eerste in de head van het document plaatsen.
Voor het updaten van twee frames ziet het script er nu als volgt uit:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate() {
if (IE4plus || NN3plus) {
parent.rechtsboven.location.href = "voorbeeld-1d.html";
parent.rechtsonder.location.href = "voorbeeld-1e.html";
}
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Meerdere keren frames tegelijk updaten
Wanneer je vanuit één document meerdere keren de inhoud van twee frames tegelijkertijd wilt updaten, dan is het handig om de URL's niet in het script te plaatsen, maar in de hyperlinks. Je voorkomt daarmee dat je voor elke link een script moet opnemen.
Bekijk eerst het voorbeeld in een nieuw venster.
Uitgangspunt is weer een document met twee framesets, waarin de frames de namen links, rechtsboven en rechtsonder hebben:
<FRAMESET COLS="*,3*">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-2a.html" NAME="links">
<FRAMESET ROWS="*,*">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-2b.html" NAME="rechtsboven">
<FRAME SRC="voorbeeld-2c.html" NAME="rechtsonder">
</FRAMESET>
</FRAMESET>
De hyperlinks zijn als volgt opgebouwd:
<A HREF="geenscript1.html" onclick="FrameUpdate('voorbeeld-2d.html', 'voorbeeld-2e.html'); return false;">Update twee frames</A>
<A HREF="geenscript2.html" onclick="FrameUpdate('voorbeeld-2f.html', 'voorbeeld-2g.html'); return false;">Update de frames opnieuw</A>
In plaats van "geenscriptx.htm" in het HREF attribuut kun je het beste de URI's opnemen van de documenten, die je wilt openen als de browser van de bezoeker geen JavaScript ondersteunt. Zonodig voeg je dan ook het TARGET attribuut toe. De toevoeging "return false" aan de onlick event handler zorgt ervoor, dat alleen het script wordt uitgevoerd en niet gelijktijdig het in het HREF attribuut opgegeven bestand geopend wordt.
In de head van het document waarin de hyperlinks staan opgenomen, staat het volgende script:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate(URL1, URL2) {
parent.rechtsboven.location.href = URL1;
parent.rechtsonder.location.href = URL2;
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Uiteraard kun je ook meer dan twee frames tegelijk updaten. Voor drie frames bijvoorbeeld is de opbouw van het script:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate(URL1, URL2, URL3) {
parent.frame_naam1.location.href = URL1;
parent.frame_naam2.location.href = URL2;
parent.frame_naam3.location.href = URL3;
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In plaats van "frame_naam_x" neem je de naam op van het frame, waarin het document geopend moet worden.
Voor een bijbehorende hyperlink is de opbouw:
<A HREF="geenscript.htm" onclick="FrameUpdate('bestemming_1', 'bestemming_2', 'bestemming_3'); return false;">Omschrijving link</A>
In plaats van "bestemming_x" neem je het pad en de bestandsnaam op van het te openen document.
Om foutmeldingen te voorkomen wanneer de andere frames niet aanwezig zijn (bijvoorbeeld indien het document waarin de linken staan geopend is in het volledige venster), is het verstandig te laten testen of een frameset bestaat en bijvoorbeeld de naam van één frame overeenkomt.
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate(URL1, URL2) {
if ((parent.frames.length > 0) && (parent.frames[1].name == "rechtsboven")) {
parent.rechtsboven.location.href = URL1;
parent.rechtsonder.location.href = URL2;
}
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Zorg er voor dat de code tussen de haakjes achter het if-statement niet onderbroken wordt door een harde overgang naar de volgende regel.
Ook bij dit voorbeeld speelt dat Netscape Navigator 2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 en Opera 3/3.5 een foutmelding geven als de in een bepaald frame te openen documenten niet steeds in dezelfde directory staan. Het kan daarom nodig zijn, net als in het vorige voorbeeld, de werking van het script afhankelijk te maken van de gebruikte browser. De browsertest doe je op basis van het algemene script, dat is beschreven in het onderdeel Javascript en Informatie over de browser. Dat script moet je dus als eerste in de head van het document plaatsen.
Het script voor het updaten van frames krijgt nu de volgende opbouw:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
function FrameUpdate(URL1, URL2) {
if (IE4plus || NN3plus) {
if ((parent.frames.length > 0) && (parent.frames[1].name == "rechtsboven")) {
parent.rechtsboven.location.href = URL1;
parent.rechtsonder.location.href = URL2;
}
}
}
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Ander frame updaten bij openen document
Wanneer je bij het openen van een document in een frame altijd gelijk een ander frame uit hetzelfde frameset wilt updaten, moet je in de head van het document het volgende script opnemen.
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
parent.frame_naam.location.href = "bestemming";
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In plaats van "frame_naam" neem je de naam op van het frame, dat je wilt updaten en in plaats van "bestemming" het pad en de bestandsnaam van het document, dat in het te updaten frame geopend moet worden:
Bekijk het voorbeeld in een nieuw venster.
Om foutmeldingen te voorkomen wanneer het andere frame niet aanwezig is (bijvoorbeeld indien het document geopend wordt in het volledige venster), is het verstandig te laten testen of een frameset bestaat en de naam van het frame overeenkomt.
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
if ((parent.frames.length > 0) && (parent.frames[x].name == "frame_naam")) {
parent.frame_naam.location.href = "bestemming";
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Zorg er voor dat de code tussen de haakjes achter het if-statement niet onderbroken wordt door een harde overgang naar de volgende regel.
Gezien de problemen die Netscape Navigator 2, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3 en Opera 3 hebben met het openen van documenten die zich niet steeds in dezelfde directory bevinden (zie een eerder voorbeeld), kan het nodig zijn de werking van het script afhankelijk te maken van de gebruikte browser. De browsertest doe je op basis van het algemene script, dat is beschreven in het onderdeel Javascript en Informatie over de browser. Dat script moet je dus als eerste in de head van het document plaatsen.
Het script voor het updaten van een ander frame krijgt nu de volgende opbouw:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
if (IE4plus || NN3plus) {
if ((parent.frames.length > 0) && (parent.frames[x].name == "frame_naam")) {
parent.frame_naam.location.href = "bestemming";
}
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
Document openen in volledig venster
Wanneer je zelf in je documenten hyperlinks opneemt, kun je met behulp van het TARGET attribuut aangegeven of het document in een frame (en zo ja welk), in het volledige venster, of in een nieuw venster geopend moet worden. Als iemand anders een link naar een document van jou opneemt, heb je er geen controle over hoe deze geopend worden: in het volledige venster, of in een frameset van die ander. Door een klein JavaScript in de head je document op te nemen, kun je voorkomen dat het document in een frameset van een ander komt. Getest wordt hoeveel frames er zijn in het venster, waarin het document geopend wordt. Als dit aantal ongelijk is aan "0", dan wordt het document in het volledige venster geopend.
Bekijk het voorbeeld.
In de head van je document plaats je het volgende script:
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
if (top.frames.length != 0) {
top.location.href = self.document.location;
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In het document dat je in het volledige venster laat openen, kun je zelf overigens gewoon weer framesets definiëren.
Document niet buiten frames openen
Soms gebruik je documenten, bijvoorbeeld in een navigatieframe, waarvan je niet wilt dat ze geopend worden in een volledig venster. In dat geval kun je het onderstaande script in de head van het document opnemen. In het script wordt getest of het frameset het juiste aantal frames heeft en of het document wel in het juiste frame geopend wordt. Wordt niet aan deze condities voldaan, dan wordt een ander document geopend. Bijvoorbeeld de beginpagina van je site.
<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
<!--
if (top.frames.length != n || (parent.frames[y].name != "framenaam")) {
top.location.href = "bestemming";
}
//-->
</SCRIPT>
In plaats van "bestemming" neem je het pad en de bestandsnaam van het als vervanging te openen document op en voor "n" het aantal frames waarmee je werkt. In plaats van "y" neem je het nummer van het frame (bij de telling wordt gestart bij "0" en de volgorde aangehouden, waarin de frames zijn gedefinieerd) en "framenaam" vervang je door de naam van het frame.
Inhoud onderdeel | Overzicht JavaScript voorbeelden | Inhoud HTML | Inhoud CSS | Begin
Handleiding HTML (http://www.handleidinghtml.nl/)
Copyright © 1995-2018 Hans de Jong
Laatste wijziging: 18 mei 2003
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__label__pos
| 0.505268 |
Bacteria classification by gram staining
bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear.
Classification and identification classification and indentification of bacteria from gram (-) bacteria b) acidfast staining employs the. Gram staining: gram stain is a very important differential staining techniques used in the initial characterization and classification of bacteria in microbiology. Bacterial characteristics - gram staining and because the gram negative bacteria has this very thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall,.
bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear.
Oppdag (og lagre) dine egne pins på pinterest classification of gram negative bacteria classification of gram negative bacteria pinterest classification of. Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the gram stain test gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the. Bacteria classification - download gram negative bacteria vol 3 published a first edition of differential staining b 3 high g+c gram positives s.
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet dye in the gram stain protocol gram-negative bacteria will specific staining. 9 advantages and disadvantages of gram here are the advantages and disadvantages of gram staining: characterization and classification of bacteria,. What's the difference between gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteria 1 staining and identification. Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of the classification system.
gram staining experiment conducted on 9/29/2013 introduction: the gram stain is a useful stain for identifying and classifying bacteria. By special staining in microbiology, we can observe different special organelles of bacteria which can’t be seen with the help of normal stain based on. Morphology of bacteria- part-ii classification of bacteria according to the shape: (1) staining of bacteria: gram's staining.
Introduction, bacterial classification & immunology the gram stain this staining procedure defines two bacterial groups: gram-positive bacteria have thick,. Classification of fungi slime molds staining is unnecessary, gram‐positive bacteria and gram‐negative bacteria. Are acid-fast bacteria gram-positive or gram also resist decolorisation in the gram staining test they are more closely related to gram negative bacteria.
• How is the gram stain used to classify bacteria staining mechanism gram-positive bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
• Classification and identification of for the identification of bacteriagram-staining to classification and indentification of bacteria.
How to gram stain gram staining is a quick procedure used to look for the presence of bacteria in tissue samples and to characterise bacteria as gram. Free essay: bacteria classification by gram staining the american university in cairo biology department science 453 . Bacterial classification structure and classification of bacteria (medical microbiology medically important groups of bacteria gram.
bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear. bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear. bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear. bacteria classification by gram staining At the end of gram staining, gram positive bacteria appear violet or purple whereas gram negative bacteria appear pink preparation of smear. Download bacteria classification by gram staining`
Bacteria classification by gram staining
Rated 5/5 based on 48 review
2018.
|
__label__pos
| 0.966416 |
High-precision U–Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS dates from western European late Viséan bentonites
<p>Three new U–Pb zircon chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry dates obtained from late Viséan Belgian bentonites are reported and are used to estimate the periodicity of early Warnantian shallowing-upwards carbonate parasequences that are interbedded with the dated bentonites. Early Warnantian parasequences exhibit mean cycle periodicity values that are consistent with the <em>c</em>. 100 ka Milankovitch cycle, which is the dominant Milankovitch frequency recognized from recent Pleistocene glacial records, and thus strengthen the arguments for (1) these sedimentary cycles being of glacio-eustatic origin and (2) the initiation of the main phase of late Palaeozoic glaciation before the start of or during earliest Warnantian times. The new dates also provide additional high-precision age constraints for the improved calibration of the Mississippian time scale. Using the new dates, the stratigraphical age of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation, Midland Valley of Scotland, is revised from Holkerian to early Asbian. </p>
|
__label__pos
| 0.51212 |
Authors:
K Rue-Albrecht, F Marini, C Soneson, ATL Lun
Journal name:
F1000Res
Citation info:
7:741
Abstract:
Data exploration is critical to the comprehension of large biological data sets generated by high-throughput assays such as sequencing. However, most existing tools for interactive visualisation are limited to specific assays or analyses. Here, we present the iSEE (Interactive SummarizedExperiment Explorer) software package, which provides a general visual interface for exploring data in a SummarizedExperiment object. iSEE is directly compatible with many existing R/Bioconductor packages for analysing high-throughput biological data, and provides useful features such as simultaneous examination of (meta)data and analysis results, dynamic linking between plots and code tracking for reproducibility. We demonstrate the utility and flexibility of iSEE by applying it to explore a range of real transcriptomics and proteomics data sets.
DOI:
http://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14966.1
E-pub date:
01 Jan 2018
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__label__pos
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blob: 1d6aaeb7433b0f7693016c1c5007e00795e74e1c [file] [log] [blame]
//===- ARMFastISel.cpp - ARM FastISel implementation ----------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines the ARM-specific support for the FastISel class. Some
// of the target-specific code is generated by tablegen in the file
// ARMGenFastISel.inc, which is #included here.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "ARM.h"
#include "ARMBaseInstrInfo.h"
#include "ARMBaseRegisterInfo.h"
#include "ARMCallingConv.h"
#include "ARMConstantPoolValue.h"
#include "ARMISelLowering.h"
#include "ARMMachineFunctionInfo.h"
#include "ARMSubtarget.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/ARMAddressingModes.h"
#include "MCTargetDesc/ARMBaseInfo.h"
#include "Utils/ARMBaseInfo.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APFloat.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APInt.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/CallingConvLower.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/FastISel.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/FunctionLoweringInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/ISDOpcodes.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineBasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineConstantPool.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFrameInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstr.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineMemOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineValueType.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/RuntimeLibcalls.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetInstrInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetLowering.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetOpcodes.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/ValueTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Argument.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/CallingConv.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constant.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GetElementPtrTypeIterator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalValue.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstrTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Operator.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/User.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Value.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCInstrDesc.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetOptions.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <utility>
using namespace llvm;
namespace {
// All possible address modes, plus some.
struct Address {
enum {
RegBase,
FrameIndexBase
} BaseType = RegBase;
union {
unsigned Reg;
int FI;
} Base;
int Offset = 0;
// Innocuous defaults for our address.
Address() {
Base.Reg = 0;
}
};
class ARMFastISel final : public FastISel {
/// Subtarget - Keep a pointer to the ARMSubtarget around so that we can
/// make the right decision when generating code for different targets.
const ARMSubtarget *Subtarget;
Module &M;
const TargetMachine &TM;
const TargetInstrInfo &TII;
const TargetLowering &TLI;
ARMFunctionInfo *AFI;
// Convenience variables to avoid some queries.
bool isThumb2;
LLVMContext *Context;
public:
explicit ARMFastISel(FunctionLoweringInfo &funcInfo,
const TargetLibraryInfo *libInfo)
: FastISel(funcInfo, libInfo),
Subtarget(&funcInfo.MF->getSubtarget<ARMSubtarget>()),
M(const_cast<Module &>(*funcInfo.Fn->getParent())),
TM(funcInfo.MF->getTarget()), TII(*Subtarget->getInstrInfo()),
TLI(*Subtarget->getTargetLowering()) {
AFI = funcInfo.MF->getInfo<ARMFunctionInfo>();
isThumb2 = AFI->isThumbFunction();
Context = &funcInfo.Fn->getContext();
}
private:
// Code from FastISel.cpp.
unsigned fastEmitInst_r(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC, unsigned Op0);
unsigned fastEmitInst_rr(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
unsigned Op0, unsigned Op1);
unsigned fastEmitInst_ri(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
unsigned Op0, uint64_t Imm);
unsigned fastEmitInst_i(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
uint64_t Imm);
// Backend specific FastISel code.
bool fastSelectInstruction(const Instruction *I) override;
unsigned fastMaterializeConstant(const Constant *C) override;
unsigned fastMaterializeAlloca(const AllocaInst *AI) override;
bool tryToFoldLoadIntoMI(MachineInstr *MI, unsigned OpNo,
const LoadInst *LI) override;
bool fastLowerArguments() override;
#include "ARMGenFastISel.inc"
// Instruction selection routines.
bool SelectLoad(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectStore(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectBranch(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectIndirectBr(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectCmp(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectFPExt(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectFPTrunc(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectBinaryIntOp(const Instruction *I, unsigned ISDOpcode);
bool SelectBinaryFPOp(const Instruction *I, unsigned ISDOpcode);
bool SelectIToFP(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned);
bool SelectFPToI(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned);
bool SelectDiv(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned);
bool SelectRem(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned);
bool SelectCall(const Instruction *I, const char *IntrMemName);
bool SelectIntrinsicCall(const IntrinsicInst &I);
bool SelectSelect(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectRet(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectTrunc(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectIntExt(const Instruction *I);
bool SelectShift(const Instruction *I, ARM_AM::ShiftOpc ShiftTy);
// Utility routines.
bool isPositionIndependent() const;
bool isTypeLegal(Type *Ty, MVT &VT);
bool isLoadTypeLegal(Type *Ty, MVT &VT);
bool ARMEmitCmp(const Value *Src1Value, const Value *Src2Value,
bool isZExt);
bool ARMEmitLoad(MVT VT, Register &ResultReg, Address &Addr,
MaybeAlign Alignment = std::nullopt, bool isZExt = true,
bool allocReg = true);
bool ARMEmitStore(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg, Address &Addr,
MaybeAlign Alignment = std::nullopt);
bool ARMComputeAddress(const Value *Obj, Address &Addr);
void ARMSimplifyAddress(Address &Addr, MVT VT, bool useAM3);
bool ARMIsMemCpySmall(uint64_t Len);
bool ARMTryEmitSmallMemCpy(Address Dest, Address Src, uint64_t Len,
MaybeAlign Alignment);
unsigned ARMEmitIntExt(MVT SrcVT, unsigned SrcReg, MVT DestVT, bool isZExt);
unsigned ARMMaterializeFP(const ConstantFP *CFP, MVT VT);
unsigned ARMMaterializeInt(const Constant *C, MVT VT);
unsigned ARMMaterializeGV(const GlobalValue *GV, MVT VT);
unsigned ARMMoveToFPReg(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg);
unsigned ARMMoveToIntReg(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg);
unsigned ARMSelectCallOp(bool UseReg);
unsigned ARMLowerPICELF(const GlobalValue *GV, MVT VT);
const TargetLowering *getTargetLowering() { return &TLI; }
// Call handling routines.
CCAssignFn *CCAssignFnForCall(CallingConv::ID CC,
bool Return,
bool isVarArg);
bool ProcessCallArgs(SmallVectorImpl<Value*> &Args,
SmallVectorImpl<Register> &ArgRegs,
SmallVectorImpl<MVT> &ArgVTs,
SmallVectorImpl<ISD::ArgFlagsTy> &ArgFlags,
SmallVectorImpl<Register> &RegArgs,
CallingConv::ID CC,
unsigned &NumBytes,
bool isVarArg);
unsigned getLibcallReg(const Twine &Name);
bool FinishCall(MVT RetVT, SmallVectorImpl<Register> &UsedRegs,
const Instruction *I, CallingConv::ID CC,
unsigned &NumBytes, bool isVarArg);
bool ARMEmitLibcall(const Instruction *I, RTLIB::Libcall Call);
// OptionalDef handling routines.
bool isARMNEONPred(const MachineInstr *MI);
bool DefinesOptionalPredicate(MachineInstr *MI, bool *CPSR);
const MachineInstrBuilder &AddOptionalDefs(const MachineInstrBuilder &MIB);
void AddLoadStoreOperands(MVT VT, Address &Addr,
const MachineInstrBuilder &MIB,
MachineMemOperand::Flags Flags, bool useAM3);
};
} // end anonymous namespace
// DefinesOptionalPredicate - This is different from DefinesPredicate in that
// we don't care about implicit defs here, just places we'll need to add a
// default CCReg argument. Sets CPSR if we're setting CPSR instead of CCR.
bool ARMFastISel::DefinesOptionalPredicate(MachineInstr *MI, bool *CPSR) {
if (!MI->hasOptionalDef())
return false;
// Look to see if our OptionalDef is defining CPSR or CCR.
for (const MachineOperand &MO : MI->operands()) {
if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.isDef()) continue;
if (MO.getReg() == ARM::CPSR)
*CPSR = true;
}
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::isARMNEONPred(const MachineInstr *MI) {
const MCInstrDesc &MCID = MI->getDesc();
// If we're a thumb2 or not NEON function we'll be handled via isPredicable.
if ((MCID.TSFlags & ARMII::DomainMask) != ARMII::DomainNEON ||
AFI->isThumb2Function())
return MI->isPredicable();
for (const MCOperandInfo &opInfo : MCID.operands())
if (opInfo.isPredicate())
return true;
return false;
}
// If the machine is predicable go ahead and add the predicate operands, if
// it needs default CC operands add those.
// TODO: If we want to support thumb1 then we'll need to deal with optional
// CPSR defs that need to be added before the remaining operands. See s_cc_out
// for descriptions why.
const MachineInstrBuilder &
ARMFastISel::AddOptionalDefs(const MachineInstrBuilder &MIB) {
MachineInstr *MI = &*MIB;
// Do we use a predicate? or...
// Are we NEON in ARM mode and have a predicate operand? If so, I know
// we're not predicable but add it anyways.
if (isARMNEONPred(MI))
MIB.add(predOps(ARMCC::AL));
// Do we optionally set a predicate? Preds is size > 0 iff the predicate
// defines CPSR. All other OptionalDefines in ARM are the CCR register.
bool CPSR = false;
if (DefinesOptionalPredicate(MI, &CPSR))
MIB.add(CPSR ? t1CondCodeOp() : condCodeOp());
return MIB;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastEmitInst_r(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
unsigned Op0) {
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
const MCInstrDesc &II = TII.get(MachineInstOpcode);
// Make sure the input operand is sufficiently constrained to be legal
// for this instruction.
Op0 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, Op0, 1);
if (II.getNumDefs() >= 1) {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II,
ResultReg).addReg(Op0));
} else {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addReg(Op0));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), ResultReg)
.addReg(II.implicit_defs()[0]));
}
return ResultReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastEmitInst_rr(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
unsigned Op0, unsigned Op1) {
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
const MCInstrDesc &II = TII.get(MachineInstOpcode);
// Make sure the input operands are sufficiently constrained to be legal
// for this instruction.
Op0 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, Op0, 1);
Op1 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, Op1, 2);
if (II.getNumDefs() >= 1) {
AddOptionalDefs(
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II, ResultReg)
.addReg(Op0)
.addReg(Op1));
} else {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addReg(Op0)
.addReg(Op1));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), ResultReg)
.addReg(II.implicit_defs()[0]));
}
return ResultReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastEmitInst_ri(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
unsigned Op0, uint64_t Imm) {
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
const MCInstrDesc &II = TII.get(MachineInstOpcode);
// Make sure the input operand is sufficiently constrained to be legal
// for this instruction.
Op0 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, Op0, 1);
if (II.getNumDefs() >= 1) {
AddOptionalDefs(
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II, ResultReg)
.addReg(Op0)
.addImm(Imm));
} else {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addReg(Op0)
.addImm(Imm));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), ResultReg)
.addReg(II.implicit_defs()[0]));
}
return ResultReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastEmitInst_i(unsigned MachineInstOpcode,
const TargetRegisterClass *RC,
uint64_t Imm) {
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
const MCInstrDesc &II = TII.get(MachineInstOpcode);
if (II.getNumDefs() >= 1) {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II,
ResultReg).addImm(Imm));
} else {
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addImm(Imm));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), ResultReg)
.addReg(II.implicit_defs()[0]));
}
return ResultReg;
}
// TODO: Don't worry about 64-bit now, but when this is fixed remove the
// checks from the various callers.
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMMoveToFPReg(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg) {
if (VT == MVT::f64) return 0;
Register MoveReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVSR), MoveReg)
.addReg(SrcReg));
return MoveReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMMoveToIntReg(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg) {
if (VT == MVT::i64) return 0;
Register MoveReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVRS), MoveReg)
.addReg(SrcReg));
return MoveReg;
}
// For double width floating point we need to materialize two constants
// (the high and the low) into integer registers then use a move to get
// the combined constant into an FP reg.
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMMaterializeFP(const ConstantFP *CFP, MVT VT) {
const APFloat Val = CFP->getValueAPF();
bool is64bit = VT == MVT::f64;
// This checks to see if we can use VFP3 instructions to materialize
// a constant, otherwise we have to go through the constant pool.
if (TLI.isFPImmLegal(Val, VT)) {
int Imm;
unsigned Opc;
if (is64bit) {
Imm = ARM_AM::getFP64Imm(Val);
Opc = ARM::FCONSTD;
} else {
Imm = ARM_AM::getFP32Imm(Val);
Opc = ARM::FCONSTS;
}
Register DestReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), DestReg).addImm(Imm));
return DestReg;
}
// Require VFP2 for loading fp constants.
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
// MachineConstantPool wants an explicit alignment.
Align Alignment = DL.getPrefTypeAlign(CFP->getType());
unsigned Idx = MCP.getConstantPoolIndex(cast<Constant>(CFP), Alignment);
Register DestReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
unsigned Opc = is64bit ? ARM::VLDRD : ARM::VLDRS;
// The extra reg is for addrmode5.
AddOptionalDefs(
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(Opc), DestReg)
.addConstantPoolIndex(Idx)
.addReg(0));
return DestReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMMaterializeInt(const Constant *C, MVT VT) {
if (VT != MVT::i32 && VT != MVT::i16 && VT != MVT::i8 && VT != MVT::i1)
return 0;
// If we can do this in a single instruction without a constant pool entry
// do so now.
const ConstantInt *CI = cast<ConstantInt>(C);
if (Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops() && isUInt<16>(CI->getZExtValue())) {
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOVi16 : ARM::MOVi16;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass :
&ARM::GPRRegClass;
Register ImmReg = createResultReg(RC);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ImmReg)
.addImm(CI->getZExtValue()));
return ImmReg;
}
// Use MVN to emit negative constants.
if (VT == MVT::i32 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops() && CI->isNegative()) {
unsigned Imm = (unsigned)~(CI->getSExtValue());
bool UseImm = isThumb2 ? (ARM_AM::getT2SOImmVal(Imm) != -1) :
(ARM_AM::getSOImmVal(Imm) != -1);
if (UseImm) {
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MVNi : ARM::MVNi;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass :
&ARM::GPRRegClass;
Register ImmReg = createResultReg(RC);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ImmReg)
.addImm(Imm));
return ImmReg;
}
}
unsigned ResultReg = 0;
if (Subtarget->useMovt())
ResultReg = fastEmit_i(VT, VT, ISD::Constant, CI->getZExtValue());
if (ResultReg)
return ResultReg;
// Load from constant pool. For now 32-bit only.
if (VT != MVT::i32)
return 0;
// MachineConstantPool wants an explicit alignment.
Align Alignment = DL.getPrefTypeAlign(C->getType());
unsigned Idx = MCP.getConstantPoolIndex(C, Alignment);
ResultReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
if (isThumb2)
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::t2LDRpci), ResultReg)
.addConstantPoolIndex(Idx));
else {
// The extra immediate is for addrmode2.
ResultReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(ARM::LDRcp), ResultReg, 0);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::LDRcp), ResultReg)
.addConstantPoolIndex(Idx)
.addImm(0));
}
return ResultReg;
}
bool ARMFastISel::isPositionIndependent() const {
return TLI.isPositionIndependent();
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMMaterializeGV(const GlobalValue *GV, MVT VT) {
// For now 32-bit only.
if (VT != MVT::i32 || GV->isThreadLocal()) return 0;
// ROPI/RWPI not currently supported.
if (Subtarget->isROPI() || Subtarget->isRWPI())
return 0;
bool IsIndirect = Subtarget->isGVIndirectSymbol(GV);
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass
: &ARM::GPRRegClass;
Register DestReg = createResultReg(RC);
// FastISel TLS support on non-MachO is broken, punt to SelectionDAG.
const GlobalVariable *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(GV);
bool IsThreadLocal = GVar && GVar->isThreadLocal();
if (!Subtarget->isTargetMachO() && IsThreadLocal) return 0;
bool IsPositionIndependent = isPositionIndependent();
// Use movw+movt when possible, it avoids constant pool entries.
// Non-darwin targets only support static movt relocations in FastISel.
if (Subtarget->useMovt() &&
(Subtarget->isTargetMachO() || !IsPositionIndependent)) {
unsigned Opc;
unsigned char TF = 0;
if (Subtarget->isTargetMachO())
TF = ARMII::MO_NONLAZY;
if (IsPositionIndependent)
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOV_ga_pcrel : ARM::MOV_ga_pcrel;
else
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOVi32imm : ARM::MOVi32imm;
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), DestReg).addGlobalAddress(GV, 0, TF));
} else {
// MachineConstantPool wants an explicit alignment.
Align Alignment = DL.getPrefTypeAlign(GV->getType());
if (Subtarget->isTargetELF() && IsPositionIndependent)
return ARMLowerPICELF(GV, VT);
// Grab index.
unsigned PCAdj = IsPositionIndependent ? (Subtarget->isThumb() ? 4 : 8) : 0;
unsigned Id = AFI->createPICLabelUId();
ARMConstantPoolValue *CPV = ARMConstantPoolConstant::Create(GV, Id,
ARMCP::CPValue,
PCAdj);
unsigned Idx = MCP.getConstantPoolIndex(CPV, Alignment);
// Load value.
MachineInstrBuilder MIB;
if (isThumb2) {
unsigned Opc = IsPositionIndependent ? ARM::t2LDRpci_pic : ARM::t2LDRpci;
MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(Opc),
DestReg).addConstantPoolIndex(Idx);
if (IsPositionIndependent)
MIB.addImm(Id);
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
} else {
// The extra immediate is for addrmode2.
DestReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(ARM::LDRcp), DestReg, 0);
MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::LDRcp), DestReg)
.addConstantPoolIndex(Idx)
.addImm(0);
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
if (IsPositionIndependent) {
unsigned Opc = IsIndirect ? ARM::PICLDR : ARM::PICADD;
Register NewDestReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt,
MIMD, TII.get(Opc), NewDestReg)
.addReg(DestReg)
.addImm(Id);
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
return NewDestReg;
}
}
}
if ((Subtarget->isTargetELF() && Subtarget->isGVInGOT(GV)) ||
(Subtarget->isTargetMachO() && IsIndirect)) {
MachineInstrBuilder MIB;
Register NewDestReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT));
if (isThumb2)
MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::t2LDRi12), NewDestReg)
.addReg(DestReg)
.addImm(0);
else
MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::LDRi12), NewDestReg)
.addReg(DestReg)
.addImm(0);
DestReg = NewDestReg;
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
}
return DestReg;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastMaterializeConstant(const Constant *C) {
EVT CEVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, C->getType(), true);
// Only handle simple types.
if (!CEVT.isSimple()) return 0;
MVT VT = CEVT.getSimpleVT();
if (const ConstantFP *CFP = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(C))
return ARMMaterializeFP(CFP, VT);
else if (const GlobalValue *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(C))
return ARMMaterializeGV(GV, VT);
else if (isa<ConstantInt>(C))
return ARMMaterializeInt(C, VT);
return 0;
}
// TODO: unsigned ARMFastISel::TargetMaterializeFloatZero(const ConstantFP *CF);
unsigned ARMFastISel::fastMaterializeAlloca(const AllocaInst *AI) {
// Don't handle dynamic allocas.
if (!FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.count(AI)) return 0;
MVT VT;
if (!isLoadTypeLegal(AI->getType(), VT)) return 0;
DenseMap<const AllocaInst*, int>::iterator SI =
FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.find(AI);
// This will get lowered later into the correct offsets and registers
// via rewriteXFrameIndex.
if (SI != FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.end()) {
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2ADDri : ARM::ADDri;
const TargetRegisterClass* RC = TLI.getRegClassFor(VT);
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
ResultReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(Opc), ResultReg, 0);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg)
.addFrameIndex(SI->second)
.addImm(0));
return ResultReg;
}
return 0;
}
bool ARMFastISel::isTypeLegal(Type *Ty, MVT &VT) {
EVT evt = TLI.getValueType(DL, Ty, true);
// Only handle simple types.
if (evt == MVT::Other || !evt.isSimple()) return false;
VT = evt.getSimpleVT();
// Handle all legal types, i.e. a register that will directly hold this
// value.
return TLI.isTypeLegal(VT);
}
bool ARMFastISel::isLoadTypeLegal(Type *Ty, MVT &VT) {
if (isTypeLegal(Ty, VT)) return true;
// If this is a type than can be sign or zero-extended to a basic operation
// go ahead and accept it now.
if (VT == MVT::i1 || VT == MVT::i8 || VT == MVT::i16)
return true;
return false;
}
// Computes the address to get to an object.
bool ARMFastISel::ARMComputeAddress(const Value *Obj, Address &Addr) {
// Some boilerplate from the X86 FastISel.
const User *U = nullptr;
unsigned Opcode = Instruction::UserOp1;
if (const Instruction *I = dyn_cast<Instruction>(Obj)) {
// Don't walk into other basic blocks unless the object is an alloca from
// another block, otherwise it may not have a virtual register assigned.
if (FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.count(static_cast<const AllocaInst *>(Obj)) ||
FuncInfo.MBBMap[I->getParent()] == FuncInfo.MBB) {
Opcode = I->getOpcode();
U = I;
}
} else if (const ConstantExpr *C = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(Obj)) {
Opcode = C->getOpcode();
U = C;
}
if (PointerType *Ty = dyn_cast<PointerType>(Obj->getType()))
if (Ty->getAddressSpace() > 255)
// Fast instruction selection doesn't support the special
// address spaces.
return false;
switch (Opcode) {
default:
break;
case Instruction::BitCast:
// Look through bitcasts.
return ARMComputeAddress(U->getOperand(0), Addr);
case Instruction::IntToPtr:
// Look past no-op inttoptrs.
if (TLI.getValueType(DL, U->getOperand(0)->getType()) ==
TLI.getPointerTy(DL))
return ARMComputeAddress(U->getOperand(0), Addr);
break;
case Instruction::PtrToInt:
// Look past no-op ptrtoints.
if (TLI.getValueType(DL, U->getType()) == TLI.getPointerTy(DL))
return ARMComputeAddress(U->getOperand(0), Addr);
break;
case Instruction::GetElementPtr: {
Address SavedAddr = Addr;
int TmpOffset = Addr.Offset;
// Iterate through the GEP folding the constants into offsets where
// we can.
gep_type_iterator GTI = gep_type_begin(U);
for (User::const_op_iterator i = U->op_begin() + 1, e = U->op_end();
i != e; ++i, ++GTI) {
const Value *Op = *i;
if (StructType *STy = GTI.getStructTypeOrNull()) {
const StructLayout *SL = DL.getStructLayout(STy);
unsigned Idx = cast<ConstantInt>(Op)->getZExtValue();
TmpOffset += SL->getElementOffset(Idx);
} else {
uint64_t S = DL.getTypeAllocSize(GTI.getIndexedType());
while (true) {
if (const ConstantInt *CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Op)) {
// Constant-offset addressing.
TmpOffset += CI->getSExtValue() * S;
break;
}
if (canFoldAddIntoGEP(U, Op)) {
// A compatible add with a constant operand. Fold the constant.
ConstantInt *CI =
cast<ConstantInt>(cast<AddOperator>(Op)->getOperand(1));
TmpOffset += CI->getSExtValue() * S;
// Iterate on the other operand.
Op = cast<AddOperator>(Op)->getOperand(0);
continue;
}
// Unsupported
goto unsupported_gep;
}
}
}
// Try to grab the base operand now.
Addr.Offset = TmpOffset;
if (ARMComputeAddress(U->getOperand(0), Addr)) return true;
// We failed, restore everything and try the other options.
Addr = SavedAddr;
unsupported_gep:
break;
}
case Instruction::Alloca: {
const AllocaInst *AI = cast<AllocaInst>(Obj);
DenseMap<const AllocaInst*, int>::iterator SI =
FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.find(AI);
if (SI != FuncInfo.StaticAllocaMap.end()) {
Addr.BaseType = Address::FrameIndexBase;
Addr.Base.FI = SI->second;
return true;
}
break;
}
}
// Try to get this in a register if nothing else has worked.
if (Addr.Base.Reg == 0) Addr.Base.Reg = getRegForValue(Obj);
return Addr.Base.Reg != 0;
}
void ARMFastISel::ARMSimplifyAddress(Address &Addr, MVT VT, bool useAM3) {
bool needsLowering = false;
switch (VT.SimpleTy) {
default: llvm_unreachable("Unhandled load/store type!");
case MVT::i1:
case MVT::i8:
case MVT::i16:
case MVT::i32:
if (!useAM3) {
// Integer loads/stores handle 12-bit offsets.
needsLowering = ((Addr.Offset & 0xfff) != Addr.Offset);
// Handle negative offsets.
if (needsLowering && isThumb2)
needsLowering = !(Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops() && Addr.Offset < 0 &&
Addr.Offset > -256);
} else {
// ARM halfword load/stores and signed byte loads use +/-imm8 offsets.
needsLowering = (Addr.Offset > 255 || Addr.Offset < -255);
}
break;
case MVT::f32:
case MVT::f64:
// Floating point operands handle 8-bit offsets.
needsLowering = ((Addr.Offset & 0xff) != Addr.Offset);
break;
}
// If this is a stack pointer and the offset needs to be simplified then
// put the alloca address into a register, set the base type back to
// register and continue. This should almost never happen.
if (needsLowering && Addr.BaseType == Address::FrameIndexBase) {
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::tGPRRegClass
: &ARM::GPRRegClass;
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2ADDri : ARM::ADDri;
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg)
.addFrameIndex(Addr.Base.FI)
.addImm(0));
Addr.Base.Reg = ResultReg;
Addr.BaseType = Address::RegBase;
}
// Since the offset is too large for the load/store instruction
// get the reg+offset into a register.
if (needsLowering) {
Addr.Base.Reg = fastEmit_ri_(MVT::i32, ISD::ADD, Addr.Base.Reg,
Addr.Offset, MVT::i32);
Addr.Offset = 0;
}
}
void ARMFastISel::AddLoadStoreOperands(MVT VT, Address &Addr,
const MachineInstrBuilder &MIB,
MachineMemOperand::Flags Flags,
bool useAM3) {
// addrmode5 output depends on the selection dag addressing dividing the
// offset by 4 that it then later multiplies. Do this here as well.
if (VT.SimpleTy == MVT::f32 || VT.SimpleTy == MVT::f64)
Addr.Offset /= 4;
// Frame base works a bit differently. Handle it separately.
if (Addr.BaseType == Address::FrameIndexBase) {
int FI = Addr.Base.FI;
int Offset = Addr.Offset;
MachineMemOperand *MMO = FuncInfo.MF->getMachineMemOperand(
MachinePointerInfo::getFixedStack(*FuncInfo.MF, FI, Offset), Flags,
MFI.getObjectSize(FI), MFI.getObjectAlign(FI));
// Now add the rest of the operands.
MIB.addFrameIndex(FI);
// ARM halfword load/stores and signed byte loads need an additional
// operand.
if (useAM3) {
int Imm = (Addr.Offset < 0) ? (0x100 | -Addr.Offset) : Addr.Offset;
MIB.addReg(0);
MIB.addImm(Imm);
} else {
MIB.addImm(Addr.Offset);
}
MIB.addMemOperand(MMO);
} else {
// Now add the rest of the operands.
MIB.addReg(Addr.Base.Reg);
// ARM halfword load/stores and signed byte loads need an additional
// operand.
if (useAM3) {
int Imm = (Addr.Offset < 0) ? (0x100 | -Addr.Offset) : Addr.Offset;
MIB.addReg(0);
MIB.addImm(Imm);
} else {
MIB.addImm(Addr.Offset);
}
}
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
}
bool ARMFastISel::ARMEmitLoad(MVT VT, Register &ResultReg, Address &Addr,
MaybeAlign Alignment, bool isZExt,
bool allocReg) {
unsigned Opc;
bool useAM3 = false;
bool needVMOV = false;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC;
switch (VT.SimpleTy) {
// This is mostly going to be Neon/vector support.
default: return false;
case MVT::i1:
case MVT::i8:
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
Opc = isZExt ? ARM::t2LDRBi8 : ARM::t2LDRSBi8;
else
Opc = isZExt ? ARM::t2LDRBi12 : ARM::t2LDRSBi12;
} else {
if (isZExt) {
Opc = ARM::LDRBi12;
} else {
Opc = ARM::LDRSB;
useAM3 = true;
}
}
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRnopcRegClass;
break;
case MVT::i16:
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(2) &&
!Subtarget->allowsUnalignedMem())
return false;
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
Opc = isZExt ? ARM::t2LDRHi8 : ARM::t2LDRSHi8;
else
Opc = isZExt ? ARM::t2LDRHi12 : ARM::t2LDRSHi12;
} else {
Opc = isZExt ? ARM::LDRH : ARM::LDRSH;
useAM3 = true;
}
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRnopcRegClass;
break;
case MVT::i32:
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4) &&
!Subtarget->allowsUnalignedMem())
return false;
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
Opc = ARM::t2LDRi8;
else
Opc = ARM::t2LDRi12;
} else {
Opc = ARM::LDRi12;
}
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRnopcRegClass;
break;
case MVT::f32:
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
// Unaligned loads need special handling. Floats require word-alignment.
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4)) {
needVMOV = true;
VT = MVT::i32;
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2LDRi12 : ARM::LDRi12;
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRnopcRegClass;
} else {
Opc = ARM::VLDRS;
RC = TLI.getRegClassFor(VT);
}
break;
case MVT::f64:
// Can load and store double precision even without FeatureFP64
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
// FIXME: Unaligned loads need special handling. Doublewords require
// word-alignment.
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4))
return false;
Opc = ARM::VLDRD;
RC = TLI.getRegClassFor(VT);
break;
}
// Simplify this down to something we can handle.
ARMSimplifyAddress(Addr, VT, useAM3);
// Create the base instruction, then add the operands.
if (allocReg)
ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
assert(ResultReg > 255 && "Expected an allocated virtual register.");
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg);
AddLoadStoreOperands(VT, Addr, MIB, MachineMemOperand::MOLoad, useAM3);
// If we had an unaligned load of a float we've converted it to an regular
// load. Now we must move from the GRP to the FP register.
if (needVMOV) {
Register MoveReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(MVT::f32));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVSR), MoveReg)
.addReg(ResultReg));
ResultReg = MoveReg;
}
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectLoad(const Instruction *I) {
// Atomic loads need special handling.
if (cast<LoadInst>(I)->isAtomic())
return false;
const Value *SV = I->getOperand(0);
if (TLI.supportSwiftError()) {
// Swifterror values can come from either a function parameter with
// swifterror attribute or an alloca with swifterror attribute.
if (const Argument *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(SV)) {
if (Arg->hasSwiftErrorAttr())
return false;
}
if (const AllocaInst *Alloca = dyn_cast<AllocaInst>(SV)) {
if (Alloca->isSwiftError())
return false;
}
}
// Verify we have a legal type before going any further.
MVT VT;
if (!isLoadTypeLegal(I->getType(), VT))
return false;
// See if we can handle this address.
Address Addr;
if (!ARMComputeAddress(I->getOperand(0), Addr)) return false;
Register ResultReg;
if (!ARMEmitLoad(VT, ResultReg, Addr, cast<LoadInst>(I)->getAlign()))
return false;
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::ARMEmitStore(MVT VT, unsigned SrcReg, Address &Addr,
MaybeAlign Alignment) {
unsigned StrOpc;
bool useAM3 = false;
switch (VT.SimpleTy) {
// This is mostly going to be Neon/vector support.
default: return false;
case MVT::i1: {
Register Res = createResultReg(isThumb2 ? &ARM::tGPRRegClass
: &ARM::GPRRegClass);
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2ANDri : ARM::ANDri;
SrcReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(Opc), SrcReg, 1);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), Res)
.addReg(SrcReg).addImm(1));
SrcReg = Res;
[[fallthrough]];
}
case MVT::i8:
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRBi8;
else
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRBi12;
} else {
StrOpc = ARM::STRBi12;
}
break;
case MVT::i16:
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(2) &&
!Subtarget->allowsUnalignedMem())
return false;
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRHi8;
else
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRHi12;
} else {
StrOpc = ARM::STRH;
useAM3 = true;
}
break;
case MVT::i32:
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4) &&
!Subtarget->allowsUnalignedMem())
return false;
if (isThumb2) {
if (Addr.Offset < 0 && Addr.Offset > -256 && Subtarget->hasV6T2Ops())
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRi8;
else
StrOpc = ARM::t2STRi12;
} else {
StrOpc = ARM::STRi12;
}
break;
case MVT::f32:
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
// Unaligned stores need special handling. Floats require word-alignment.
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4)) {
Register MoveReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(MVT::i32));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVRS), MoveReg)
.addReg(SrcReg));
SrcReg = MoveReg;
VT = MVT::i32;
StrOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2STRi12 : ARM::STRi12;
} else {
StrOpc = ARM::VSTRS;
}
break;
case MVT::f64:
// Can load and store double precision even without FeatureFP64
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
// FIXME: Unaligned stores need special handling. Doublewords require
// word-alignment.
if (Alignment && *Alignment < Align(4))
return false;
StrOpc = ARM::VSTRD;
break;
}
// Simplify this down to something we can handle.
ARMSimplifyAddress(Addr, VT, useAM3);
// Create the base instruction, then add the operands.
SrcReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(StrOpc), SrcReg, 0);
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(StrOpc))
.addReg(SrcReg);
AddLoadStoreOperands(VT, Addr, MIB, MachineMemOperand::MOStore, useAM3);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectStore(const Instruction *I) {
Value *Op0 = I->getOperand(0);
unsigned SrcReg = 0;
// Atomic stores need special handling.
if (cast<StoreInst>(I)->isAtomic())
return false;
const Value *PtrV = I->getOperand(1);
if (TLI.supportSwiftError()) {
// Swifterror values can come from either a function parameter with
// swifterror attribute or an alloca with swifterror attribute.
if (const Argument *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(PtrV)) {
if (Arg->hasSwiftErrorAttr())
return false;
}
if (const AllocaInst *Alloca = dyn_cast<AllocaInst>(PtrV)) {
if (Alloca->isSwiftError())
return false;
}
}
// Verify we have a legal type before going any further.
MVT VT;
if (!isLoadTypeLegal(I->getOperand(0)->getType(), VT))
return false;
// Get the value to be stored into a register.
SrcReg = getRegForValue(Op0);
if (SrcReg == 0) return false;
// See if we can handle this address.
Address Addr;
if (!ARMComputeAddress(I->getOperand(1), Addr))
return false;
if (!ARMEmitStore(VT, SrcReg, Addr, cast<StoreInst>(I)->getAlign()))
return false;
return true;
}
static ARMCC::CondCodes getComparePred(CmpInst::Predicate Pred) {
switch (Pred) {
// Needs two compares...
case CmpInst::FCMP_ONE:
case CmpInst::FCMP_UEQ:
default:
// AL is our "false" for now. The other two need more compares.
return ARMCC::AL;
case CmpInst::ICMP_EQ:
case CmpInst::FCMP_OEQ:
return ARMCC::EQ;
case CmpInst::ICMP_SGT:
case CmpInst::FCMP_OGT:
return ARMCC::GT;
case CmpInst::ICMP_SGE:
case CmpInst::FCMP_OGE:
return ARMCC::GE;
case CmpInst::ICMP_UGT:
case CmpInst::FCMP_UGT:
return ARMCC::HI;
case CmpInst::FCMP_OLT:
return ARMCC::MI;
case CmpInst::ICMP_ULE:
case CmpInst::FCMP_OLE:
return ARMCC::LS;
case CmpInst::FCMP_ORD:
return ARMCC::VC;
case CmpInst::FCMP_UNO:
return ARMCC::VS;
case CmpInst::FCMP_UGE:
return ARMCC::PL;
case CmpInst::ICMP_SLT:
case CmpInst::FCMP_ULT:
return ARMCC::LT;
case CmpInst::ICMP_SLE:
case CmpInst::FCMP_ULE:
return ARMCC::LE;
case CmpInst::FCMP_UNE:
case CmpInst::ICMP_NE:
return ARMCC::NE;
case CmpInst::ICMP_UGE:
return ARMCC::HS;
case CmpInst::ICMP_ULT:
return ARMCC::LO;
}
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectBranch(const Instruction *I) {
const BranchInst *BI = cast<BranchInst>(I);
MachineBasicBlock *TBB = FuncInfo.MBBMap[BI->getSuccessor(0)];
MachineBasicBlock *FBB = FuncInfo.MBBMap[BI->getSuccessor(1)];
// Simple branch support.
// If we can, avoid recomputing the compare - redoing it could lead to wonky
// behavior.
if (const CmpInst *CI = dyn_cast<CmpInst>(BI->getCondition())) {
if (CI->hasOneUse() && (CI->getParent() == I->getParent())) {
// Get the compare predicate.
// Try to take advantage of fallthrough opportunities.
CmpInst::Predicate Predicate = CI->getPredicate();
if (FuncInfo.MBB->isLayoutSuccessor(TBB)) {
std::swap(TBB, FBB);
Predicate = CmpInst::getInversePredicate(Predicate);
}
ARMCC::CondCodes ARMPred = getComparePred(Predicate);
// We may not handle every CC for now.
if (ARMPred == ARMCC::AL) return false;
// Emit the compare.
if (!ARMEmitCmp(CI->getOperand(0), CI->getOperand(1), CI->isUnsigned()))
return false;
unsigned BrOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2Bcc : ARM::Bcc;
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(BrOpc))
.addMBB(TBB).addImm(ARMPred).addReg(ARM::CPSR);
finishCondBranch(BI->getParent(), TBB, FBB);
return true;
}
} else if (TruncInst *TI = dyn_cast<TruncInst>(BI->getCondition())) {
MVT SourceVT;
if (TI->hasOneUse() && TI->getParent() == I->getParent() &&
(isLoadTypeLegal(TI->getOperand(0)->getType(), SourceVT))) {
unsigned TstOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2TSTri : ARM::TSTri;
Register OpReg = getRegForValue(TI->getOperand(0));
OpReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(TstOpc), OpReg, 0);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TstOpc))
.addReg(OpReg).addImm(1));
unsigned CCMode = ARMCC::NE;
if (FuncInfo.MBB->isLayoutSuccessor(TBB)) {
std::swap(TBB, FBB);
CCMode = ARMCC::EQ;
}
unsigned BrOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2Bcc : ARM::Bcc;
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(BrOpc))
.addMBB(TBB).addImm(CCMode).addReg(ARM::CPSR);
finishCondBranch(BI->getParent(), TBB, FBB);
return true;
}
} else if (const ConstantInt *CI =
dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(BI->getCondition())) {
uint64_t Imm = CI->getZExtValue();
MachineBasicBlock *Target = (Imm == 0) ? FBB : TBB;
fastEmitBranch(Target, MIMD.getDL());
return true;
}
Register CmpReg = getRegForValue(BI->getCondition());
if (CmpReg == 0) return false;
// We've been divorced from our compare! Our block was split, and
// now our compare lives in a predecessor block. We musn't
// re-compare here, as the children of the compare aren't guaranteed
// live across the block boundary (we *could* check for this).
// Regardless, the compare has been done in the predecessor block,
// and it left a value for us in a virtual register. Ergo, we test
// the one-bit value left in the virtual register.
unsigned TstOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2TSTri : ARM::TSTri;
CmpReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(TstOpc), CmpReg, 0);
AddOptionalDefs(
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(TstOpc))
.addReg(CmpReg)
.addImm(1));
unsigned CCMode = ARMCC::NE;
if (FuncInfo.MBB->isLayoutSuccessor(TBB)) {
std::swap(TBB, FBB);
CCMode = ARMCC::EQ;
}
unsigned BrOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2Bcc : ARM::Bcc;
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(BrOpc))
.addMBB(TBB).addImm(CCMode).addReg(ARM::CPSR);
finishCondBranch(BI->getParent(), TBB, FBB);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectIndirectBr(const Instruction *I) {
Register AddrReg = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(0));
if (AddrReg == 0) return false;
unsigned Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::tBRIND : ARM::BX;
assert(isThumb2 || Subtarget->hasV4TOps());
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc)).addReg(AddrReg));
const IndirectBrInst *IB = cast<IndirectBrInst>(I);
for (const BasicBlock *SuccBB : IB->successors())
FuncInfo.MBB->addSuccessor(FuncInfo.MBBMap[SuccBB]);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::ARMEmitCmp(const Value *Src1Value, const Value *Src2Value,
bool isZExt) {
Type *Ty = Src1Value->getType();
EVT SrcEVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, Ty, true);
if (!SrcEVT.isSimple()) return false;
MVT SrcVT = SrcEVT.getSimpleVT();
if (Ty->isFloatTy() && !Subtarget->hasVFP2Base())
return false;
if (Ty->isDoubleTy() && (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base() || !Subtarget->hasFP64()))
return false;
// Check to see if the 2nd operand is a constant that we can encode directly
// in the compare.
int Imm = 0;
bool UseImm = false;
bool isNegativeImm = false;
// FIXME: At -O0 we don't have anything that canonicalizes operand order.
// Thus, Src1Value may be a ConstantInt, but we're missing it.
if (const ConstantInt *ConstInt = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(Src2Value)) {
if (SrcVT == MVT::i32 || SrcVT == MVT::i16 || SrcVT == MVT::i8 ||
SrcVT == MVT::i1) {
const APInt &CIVal = ConstInt->getValue();
Imm = (isZExt) ? (int)CIVal.getZExtValue() : (int)CIVal.getSExtValue();
// For INT_MIN/LONG_MIN (i.e., 0x80000000) we need to use a cmp, rather
// then a cmn, because there is no way to represent 2147483648 as a
// signed 32-bit int.
if (Imm < 0 && Imm != (int)0x80000000) {
isNegativeImm = true;
Imm = -Imm;
}
UseImm = isThumb2 ? (ARM_AM::getT2SOImmVal(Imm) != -1) :
(ARM_AM::getSOImmVal(Imm) != -1);
}
} else if (const ConstantFP *ConstFP = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(Src2Value)) {
if (SrcVT == MVT::f32 || SrcVT == MVT::f64)
if (ConstFP->isZero() && !ConstFP->isNegative())
UseImm = true;
}
unsigned CmpOpc;
bool isICmp = true;
bool needsExt = false;
switch (SrcVT.SimpleTy) {
default: return false;
// TODO: Verify compares.
case MVT::f32:
isICmp = false;
CmpOpc = UseImm ? ARM::VCMPZS : ARM::VCMPS;
break;
case MVT::f64:
isICmp = false;
CmpOpc = UseImm ? ARM::VCMPZD : ARM::VCMPD;
break;
case MVT::i1:
case MVT::i8:
case MVT::i16:
needsExt = true;
[[fallthrough]];
case MVT::i32:
if (isThumb2) {
if (!UseImm)
CmpOpc = ARM::t2CMPrr;
else
CmpOpc = isNegativeImm ? ARM::t2CMNri : ARM::t2CMPri;
} else {
if (!UseImm)
CmpOpc = ARM::CMPrr;
else
CmpOpc = isNegativeImm ? ARM::CMNri : ARM::CMPri;
}
break;
}
Register SrcReg1 = getRegForValue(Src1Value);
if (SrcReg1 == 0) return false;
unsigned SrcReg2 = 0;
if (!UseImm) {
SrcReg2 = getRegForValue(Src2Value);
if (SrcReg2 == 0) return false;
}
// We have i1, i8, or i16, we need to either zero extend or sign extend.
if (needsExt) {
SrcReg1 = ARMEmitIntExt(SrcVT, SrcReg1, MVT::i32, isZExt);
if (SrcReg1 == 0) return false;
if (!UseImm) {
SrcReg2 = ARMEmitIntExt(SrcVT, SrcReg2, MVT::i32, isZExt);
if (SrcReg2 == 0) return false;
}
}
const MCInstrDesc &II = TII.get(CmpOpc);
SrcReg1 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, SrcReg1, 0);
if (!UseImm) {
SrcReg2 = constrainOperandRegClass(II, SrcReg2, 1);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addReg(SrcReg1).addReg(SrcReg2));
} else {
MachineInstrBuilder MIB;
MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, II)
.addReg(SrcReg1);
// Only add immediate for icmp as the immediate for fcmp is an implicit 0.0.
if (isICmp)
MIB.addImm(Imm);
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
}
// For floating point we need to move the result to a comparison register
// that we can then use for branches.
if (Ty->isFloatTy() || Ty->isDoubleTy())
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::FMSTAT)));
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectCmp(const Instruction *I) {
const CmpInst *CI = cast<CmpInst>(I);
// Get the compare predicate.
ARMCC::CondCodes ARMPred = getComparePred(CI->getPredicate());
// We may not handle every CC for now.
if (ARMPred == ARMCC::AL) return false;
// Emit the compare.
if (!ARMEmitCmp(CI->getOperand(0), CI->getOperand(1), CI->isUnsigned()))
return false;
// Now set a register based on the comparison. Explicitly set the predicates
// here.
unsigned MovCCOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOVCCi : ARM::MOVCCi;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass
: &ARM::GPRRegClass;
Register DestReg = createResultReg(RC);
Constant *Zero = ConstantInt::get(Type::getInt32Ty(*Context), 0);
unsigned ZeroReg = fastMaterializeConstant(Zero);
// ARMEmitCmp emits a FMSTAT when necessary, so it's always safe to use CPSR.
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(MovCCOpc), DestReg)
.addReg(ZeroReg).addImm(1)
.addImm(ARMPred).addReg(ARM::CPSR);
updateValueMap(I, DestReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectFPExt(const Instruction *I) {
// Make sure we have VFP and that we're extending float to double.
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base() || !Subtarget->hasFP64()) return false;
Value *V = I->getOperand(0);
if (!I->getType()->isDoubleTy() ||
!V->getType()->isFloatTy()) return false;
Register Op = getRegForValue(V);
if (Op == 0) return false;
Register Result = createResultReg(&ARM::DPRRegClass);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VCVTDS), Result)
.addReg(Op));
updateValueMap(I, Result);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectFPTrunc(const Instruction *I) {
// Make sure we have VFP and that we're truncating double to float.
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base() || !Subtarget->hasFP64()) return false;
Value *V = I->getOperand(0);
if (!(I->getType()->isFloatTy() &&
V->getType()->isDoubleTy())) return false;
Register Op = getRegForValue(V);
if (Op == 0) return false;
Register Result = createResultReg(&ARM::SPRRegClass);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VCVTSD), Result)
.addReg(Op));
updateValueMap(I, Result);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectIToFP(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned) {
// Make sure we have VFP.
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
MVT DstVT;
Type *Ty = I->getType();
if (!isTypeLegal(Ty, DstVT))
return false;
Value *Src = I->getOperand(0);
EVT SrcEVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, Src->getType(), true);
if (!SrcEVT.isSimple())
return false;
MVT SrcVT = SrcEVT.getSimpleVT();
if (SrcVT != MVT::i32 && SrcVT != MVT::i16 && SrcVT != MVT::i8)
return false;
Register SrcReg = getRegForValue(Src);
if (SrcReg == 0) return false;
// Handle sign-extension.
if (SrcVT == MVT::i16 || SrcVT == MVT::i8) {
SrcReg = ARMEmitIntExt(SrcVT, SrcReg, MVT::i32,
/*isZExt*/!isSigned);
if (SrcReg == 0) return false;
}
// The conversion routine works on fp-reg to fp-reg and the operand above
// was an integer, move it to the fp registers if possible.
unsigned FP = ARMMoveToFPReg(MVT::f32, SrcReg);
if (FP == 0) return false;
unsigned Opc;
if (Ty->isFloatTy()) Opc = isSigned ? ARM::VSITOS : ARM::VUITOS;
else if (Ty->isDoubleTy() && Subtarget->hasFP64())
Opc = isSigned ? ARM::VSITOD : ARM::VUITOD;
else return false;
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(DstVT));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg).addReg(FP));
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectFPToI(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned) {
// Make sure we have VFP.
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base()) return false;
MVT DstVT;
Type *RetTy = I->getType();
if (!isTypeLegal(RetTy, DstVT))
return false;
Register Op = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(0));
if (Op == 0) return false;
unsigned Opc;
Type *OpTy = I->getOperand(0)->getType();
if (OpTy->isFloatTy()) Opc = isSigned ? ARM::VTOSIZS : ARM::VTOUIZS;
else if (OpTy->isDoubleTy() && Subtarget->hasFP64())
Opc = isSigned ? ARM::VTOSIZD : ARM::VTOUIZD;
else return false;
// f64->s32/u32 or f32->s32/u32 both need an intermediate f32 reg.
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(MVT::f32));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg).addReg(Op));
// This result needs to be in an integer register, but the conversion only
// takes place in fp-regs.
unsigned IntReg = ARMMoveToIntReg(DstVT, ResultReg);
if (IntReg == 0) return false;
updateValueMap(I, IntReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectSelect(const Instruction *I) {
MVT VT;
if (!isTypeLegal(I->getType(), VT))
return false;
// Things need to be register sized for register moves.
if (VT != MVT::i32) return false;
Register CondReg = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(0));
if (CondReg == 0) return false;
Register Op1Reg = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(1));
if (Op1Reg == 0) return false;
// Check to see if we can use an immediate in the conditional move.
int Imm = 0;
bool UseImm = false;
bool isNegativeImm = false;
if (const ConstantInt *ConstInt = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(I->getOperand(2))) {
assert(VT == MVT::i32 && "Expecting an i32.");
Imm = (int)ConstInt->getValue().getZExtValue();
if (Imm < 0) {
isNegativeImm = true;
Imm = ~Imm;
}
UseImm = isThumb2 ? (ARM_AM::getT2SOImmVal(Imm) != -1) :
(ARM_AM::getSOImmVal(Imm) != -1);
}
unsigned Op2Reg = 0;
if (!UseImm) {
Op2Reg = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(2));
if (Op2Reg == 0) return false;
}
unsigned TstOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2TSTri : ARM::TSTri;
CondReg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(TstOpc), CondReg, 0);
AddOptionalDefs(
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(TstOpc))
.addReg(CondReg)
.addImm(1));
unsigned MovCCOpc;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC;
if (!UseImm) {
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::tGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRRegClass;
MovCCOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOVCCr : ARM::MOVCCr;
} else {
RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::rGPRRegClass : &ARM::GPRRegClass;
if (!isNegativeImm)
MovCCOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MOVCCi : ARM::MOVCCi;
else
MovCCOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2MVNCCi : ARM::MVNCCi;
}
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(RC);
if (!UseImm) {
Op2Reg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(MovCCOpc), Op2Reg, 1);
Op1Reg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(MovCCOpc), Op1Reg, 2);
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(MovCCOpc),
ResultReg)
.addReg(Op2Reg)
.addReg(Op1Reg)
.addImm(ARMCC::NE)
.addReg(ARM::CPSR);
} else {
Op1Reg = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(MovCCOpc), Op1Reg, 1);
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD, TII.get(MovCCOpc),
ResultReg)
.addReg(Op1Reg)
.addImm(Imm)
.addImm(ARMCC::EQ)
.addReg(ARM::CPSR);
}
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectDiv(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned) {
MVT VT;
Type *Ty = I->getType();
if (!isTypeLegal(Ty, VT))
return false;
// If we have integer div support we should have selected this automagically.
// In case we have a real miss go ahead and return false and we'll pick
// it up later.
if (Subtarget->hasDivideInThumbMode())
return false;
// Otherwise emit a libcall.
RTLIB::Libcall LC = RTLIB::UNKNOWN_LIBCALL;
if (VT == MVT::i8)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SDIV_I8 : RTLIB::UDIV_I8;
else if (VT == MVT::i16)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SDIV_I16 : RTLIB::UDIV_I16;
else if (VT == MVT::i32)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SDIV_I32 : RTLIB::UDIV_I32;
else if (VT == MVT::i64)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SDIV_I64 : RTLIB::UDIV_I64;
else if (VT == MVT::i128)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SDIV_I128 : RTLIB::UDIV_I128;
assert(LC != RTLIB::UNKNOWN_LIBCALL && "Unsupported SDIV!");
return ARMEmitLibcall(I, LC);
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectRem(const Instruction *I, bool isSigned) {
MVT VT;
Type *Ty = I->getType();
if (!isTypeLegal(Ty, VT))
return false;
// Many ABIs do not provide a libcall for standalone remainder, so we need to
// use divrem (see the RTABI 4.3.1). Since FastISel can't handle non-double
// multi-reg returns, we'll have to bail out.
if (!TLI.hasStandaloneRem(VT)) {
return false;
}
RTLIB::Libcall LC = RTLIB::UNKNOWN_LIBCALL;
if (VT == MVT::i8)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SREM_I8 : RTLIB::UREM_I8;
else if (VT == MVT::i16)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SREM_I16 : RTLIB::UREM_I16;
else if (VT == MVT::i32)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SREM_I32 : RTLIB::UREM_I32;
else if (VT == MVT::i64)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SREM_I64 : RTLIB::UREM_I64;
else if (VT == MVT::i128)
LC = isSigned ? RTLIB::SREM_I128 : RTLIB::UREM_I128;
assert(LC != RTLIB::UNKNOWN_LIBCALL && "Unsupported SREM!");
return ARMEmitLibcall(I, LC);
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectBinaryIntOp(const Instruction *I, unsigned ISDOpcode) {
EVT DestVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, I->getType(), true);
// We can get here in the case when we have a binary operation on a non-legal
// type and the target independent selector doesn't know how to handle it.
if (DestVT != MVT::i16 && DestVT != MVT::i8 && DestVT != MVT::i1)
return false;
unsigned Opc;
switch (ISDOpcode) {
default: return false;
case ISD::ADD:
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2ADDrr : ARM::ADDrr;
break;
case ISD::OR:
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2ORRrr : ARM::ORRrr;
break;
case ISD::SUB:
Opc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2SUBrr : ARM::SUBrr;
break;
}
Register SrcReg1 = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(0));
if (SrcReg1 == 0) return false;
// TODO: Often the 2nd operand is an immediate, which can be encoded directly
// in the instruction, rather then materializing the value in a register.
Register SrcReg2 = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(1));
if (SrcReg2 == 0) return false;
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(&ARM::GPRnopcRegClass);
SrcReg1 = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(Opc), SrcReg1, 1);
SrcReg2 = constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(Opc), SrcReg2, 2);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg)
.addReg(SrcReg1).addReg(SrcReg2));
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectBinaryFPOp(const Instruction *I, unsigned ISDOpcode) {
EVT FPVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, I->getType(), true);
if (!FPVT.isSimple()) return false;
MVT VT = FPVT.getSimpleVT();
// FIXME: Support vector types where possible.
if (VT.isVector())
return false;
// We can get here in the case when we want to use NEON for our fp
// operations, but can't figure out how to. Just use the vfp instructions
// if we have them.
// FIXME: It'd be nice to use NEON instructions.
Type *Ty = I->getType();
if (Ty->isFloatTy() && !Subtarget->hasVFP2Base())
return false;
if (Ty->isDoubleTy() && (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base() || !Subtarget->hasFP64()))
return false;
unsigned Opc;
bool is64bit = VT == MVT::f64 || VT == MVT::i64;
switch (ISDOpcode) {
default: return false;
case ISD::FADD:
Opc = is64bit ? ARM::VADDD : ARM::VADDS;
break;
case ISD::FSUB:
Opc = is64bit ? ARM::VSUBD : ARM::VSUBS;
break;
case ISD::FMUL:
Opc = is64bit ? ARM::VMULD : ARM::VMULS;
break;
}
Register Op1 = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(0));
if (Op1 == 0) return false;
Register Op2 = getRegForValue(I->getOperand(1));
if (Op2 == 0) return false;
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(TLI.getRegClassFor(VT.SimpleTy));
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(Opc), ResultReg)
.addReg(Op1).addReg(Op2));
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
return true;
}
// Call Handling Code
// This is largely taken directly from CCAssignFnForNode
// TODO: We may not support all of this.
CCAssignFn *ARMFastISel::CCAssignFnForCall(CallingConv::ID CC,
bool Return,
bool isVarArg) {
switch (CC) {
default:
report_fatal_error("Unsupported calling convention");
case CallingConv::Fast:
if (Subtarget->hasVFP2Base() && !isVarArg) {
if (!Subtarget->isAAPCS_ABI())
return (Return ? RetFastCC_ARM_APCS : FastCC_ARM_APCS);
// For AAPCS ABI targets, just use VFP variant of the calling convention.
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP : CC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP);
}
[[fallthrough]];
case CallingConv::C:
case CallingConv::CXX_FAST_TLS:
// Use target triple & subtarget features to do actual dispatch.
if (Subtarget->isAAPCS_ABI()) {
if (Subtarget->hasFPRegs() &&
TM.Options.FloatABIType == FloatABI::Hard && !isVarArg)
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP: CC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP);
else
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS: CC_ARM_AAPCS);
} else {
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_APCS: CC_ARM_APCS);
}
case CallingConv::ARM_AAPCS_VFP:
case CallingConv::Swift:
case CallingConv::SwiftTail:
if (!isVarArg)
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP: CC_ARM_AAPCS_VFP);
// Fall through to soft float variant, variadic functions don't
// use hard floating point ABI.
[[fallthrough]];
case CallingConv::ARM_AAPCS:
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS: CC_ARM_AAPCS);
case CallingConv::ARM_APCS:
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_APCS: CC_ARM_APCS);
case CallingConv::GHC:
if (Return)
report_fatal_error("Can't return in GHC call convention");
else
return CC_ARM_APCS_GHC;
case CallingConv::CFGuard_Check:
return (Return ? RetCC_ARM_AAPCS : CC_ARM_Win32_CFGuard_Check);
}
}
bool ARMFastISel::ProcessCallArgs(SmallVectorImpl<Value*> &Args,
SmallVectorImpl<Register> &ArgRegs,
SmallVectorImpl<MVT> &ArgVTs,
SmallVectorImpl<ISD::ArgFlagsTy> &ArgFlags,
SmallVectorImpl<Register> &RegArgs,
CallingConv::ID CC,
unsigned &NumBytes,
bool isVarArg) {
SmallVector<CCValAssign, 16> ArgLocs;
CCState CCInfo(CC, isVarArg, *FuncInfo.MF, ArgLocs, *Context);
CCInfo.AnalyzeCallOperands(ArgVTs, ArgFlags,
CCAssignFnForCall(CC, false, isVarArg));
// Check that we can handle all of the arguments. If we can't, then bail out
// now before we add code to the MBB.
for (unsigned i = 0, e = ArgLocs.size(); i != e; ++i) {
CCValAssign &VA = ArgLocs[i];
MVT ArgVT = ArgVTs[VA.getValNo()];
// We don't handle NEON/vector parameters yet.
if (ArgVT.isVector() || ArgVT.getSizeInBits() > 64)
return false;
// Now copy/store arg to correct locations.
if (VA.isRegLoc() && !VA.needsCustom()) {
continue;
} else if (VA.needsCustom()) {
// TODO: We need custom lowering for vector (v2f64) args.
if (VA.getLocVT() != MVT::f64 ||
// TODO: Only handle register args for now.
!VA.isRegLoc() || !ArgLocs[++i].isRegLoc())
return false;
} else {
switch (ArgVT.SimpleTy) {
default:
return false;
case MVT::i1:
case MVT::i8:
case MVT::i16:
case MVT::i32:
break;
case MVT::f32:
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base())
return false;
break;
case MVT::f64:
if (!Subtarget->hasVFP2Base())
return false;
break;
}
}
}
// At the point, we are able to handle the call's arguments in fast isel.
// Get a count of how many bytes are to be pushed on the stack.
NumBytes = CCInfo.getStackSize();
// Issue CALLSEQ_START
unsigned AdjStackDown = TII.getCallFrameSetupOpcode();
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(AdjStackDown))
.addImm(NumBytes).addImm(0));
// Process the args.
for (unsigned i = 0, e = ArgLocs.size(); i != e; ++i) {
CCValAssign &VA = ArgLocs[i];
const Value *ArgVal = Args[VA.getValNo()];
Register Arg = ArgRegs[VA.getValNo()];
MVT ArgVT = ArgVTs[VA.getValNo()];
assert((!ArgVT.isVector() && ArgVT.getSizeInBits() <= 64) &&
"We don't handle NEON/vector parameters yet.");
// Handle arg promotion, etc.
switch (VA.getLocInfo()) {
case CCValAssign::Full: break;
case CCValAssign::SExt: {
MVT DestVT = VA.getLocVT();
Arg = ARMEmitIntExt(ArgVT, Arg, DestVT, /*isZExt*/false);
assert(Arg != 0 && "Failed to emit a sext");
ArgVT = DestVT;
break;
}
case CCValAssign::AExt:
// Intentional fall-through. Handle AExt and ZExt.
case CCValAssign::ZExt: {
MVT DestVT = VA.getLocVT();
Arg = ARMEmitIntExt(ArgVT, Arg, DestVT, /*isZExt*/true);
assert(Arg != 0 && "Failed to emit a zext");
ArgVT = DestVT;
break;
}
case CCValAssign::BCvt: {
unsigned BC = fastEmit_r(ArgVT, VA.getLocVT(), ISD::BITCAST, Arg);
assert(BC != 0 && "Failed to emit a bitcast!");
Arg = BC;
ArgVT = VA.getLocVT();
break;
}
default: llvm_unreachable("Unknown arg promotion!");
}
// Now copy/store arg to correct locations.
if (VA.isRegLoc() && !VA.needsCustom()) {
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), VA.getLocReg()).addReg(Arg);
RegArgs.push_back(VA.getLocReg());
} else if (VA.needsCustom()) {
// TODO: We need custom lowering for vector (v2f64) args.
assert(VA.getLocVT() == MVT::f64 &&
"Custom lowering for v2f64 args not available");
// FIXME: ArgLocs[++i] may extend beyond ArgLocs.size()
CCValAssign &NextVA = ArgLocs[++i];
assert(VA.isRegLoc() && NextVA.isRegLoc() &&
"We only handle register args!");
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVRRD), VA.getLocReg())
.addReg(NextVA.getLocReg(), RegState::Define)
.addReg(Arg));
RegArgs.push_back(VA.getLocReg());
RegArgs.push_back(NextVA.getLocReg());
} else {
assert(VA.isMemLoc());
// Need to store on the stack.
// Don't emit stores for undef values.
if (isa<UndefValue>(ArgVal))
continue;
Address Addr;
Addr.BaseType = Address::RegBase;
Addr.Base.Reg = ARM::SP;
Addr.Offset = VA.getLocMemOffset();
bool EmitRet = ARMEmitStore(ArgVT, Arg, Addr); (void)EmitRet;
assert(EmitRet && "Could not emit a store for argument!");
}
}
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::FinishCall(MVT RetVT, SmallVectorImpl<Register> &UsedRegs,
const Instruction *I, CallingConv::ID CC,
unsigned &NumBytes, bool isVarArg) {
// Issue CALLSEQ_END
unsigned AdjStackUp = TII.getCallFrameDestroyOpcode();
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(AdjStackUp))
.addImm(NumBytes).addImm(-1ULL));
// Now the return value.
if (RetVT != MVT::isVoid) {
SmallVector<CCValAssign, 16> RVLocs;
CCState CCInfo(CC, isVarArg, *FuncInfo.MF, RVLocs, *Context);
CCInfo.AnalyzeCallResult(RetVT, CCAssignFnForCall(CC, true, isVarArg));
// Copy all of the result registers out of their specified physreg.
if (RVLocs.size() == 2 && RetVT == MVT::f64) {
// For this move we copy into two registers and then move into the
// double fp reg we want.
MVT DestVT = RVLocs[0].getValVT();
const TargetRegisterClass* DstRC = TLI.getRegClassFor(DestVT);
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(DstRC);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(ARM::VMOVDRR), ResultReg)
.addReg(RVLocs[0].getLocReg())
.addReg(RVLocs[1].getLocReg()));
UsedRegs.push_back(RVLocs[0].getLocReg());
UsedRegs.push_back(RVLocs[1].getLocReg());
// Finally update the result.
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
} else {
assert(RVLocs.size() == 1 &&"Can't handle non-double multi-reg retvals!");
MVT CopyVT = RVLocs[0].getValVT();
// Special handling for extended integers.
if (RetVT == MVT::i1 || RetVT == MVT::i8 || RetVT == MVT::i16)
CopyVT = MVT::i32;
const TargetRegisterClass* DstRC = TLI.getRegClassFor(CopyVT);
Register ResultReg = createResultReg(DstRC);
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY),
ResultReg).addReg(RVLocs[0].getLocReg());
UsedRegs.push_back(RVLocs[0].getLocReg());
// Finally update the result.
updateValueMap(I, ResultReg);
}
}
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectRet(const Instruction *I) {
const ReturnInst *Ret = cast<ReturnInst>(I);
const Function &F = *I->getParent()->getParent();
const bool IsCmseNSEntry = F.hasFnAttribute("cmse_nonsecure_entry");
if (!FuncInfo.CanLowerReturn)
return false;
if (TLI.supportSwiftError() &&
F.getAttributes().hasAttrSomewhere(Attribute::SwiftError))
return false;
if (TLI.supportSplitCSR(FuncInfo.MF))
return false;
// Build a list of return value registers.
SmallVector<unsigned, 4> RetRegs;
CallingConv::ID CC = F.getCallingConv();
if (Ret->getNumOperands() > 0) {
SmallVector<ISD::OutputArg, 4> Outs;
GetReturnInfo(CC, F.getReturnType(), F.getAttributes(), Outs, TLI, DL);
// Analyze operands of the call, assigning locations to each operand.
SmallVector<CCValAssign, 16> ValLocs;
CCState CCInfo(CC, F.isVarArg(), *FuncInfo.MF, ValLocs, I->getContext());
CCInfo.AnalyzeReturn(Outs, CCAssignFnForCall(CC, true /* is Ret */,
F.isVarArg()));
const Value *RV = Ret->getOperand(0);
Register Reg = getRegForValue(RV);
if (Reg == 0)
return false;
// Only handle a single return value for now.
if (ValLocs.size() != 1)
return false;
CCValAssign &VA = ValLocs[0];
// Don't bother handling odd stuff for now.
if (VA.getLocInfo() != CCValAssign::Full)
return false;
// Only handle register returns for now.
if (!VA.isRegLoc())
return false;
unsigned SrcReg = Reg + VA.getValNo();
EVT RVEVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, RV->getType());
if (!RVEVT.isSimple()) return false;
MVT RVVT = RVEVT.getSimpleVT();
MVT DestVT = VA.getValVT();
// Special handling for extended integers.
if (RVVT != DestVT) {
if (RVVT != MVT::i1 && RVVT != MVT::i8 && RVVT != MVT::i16)
return false;
assert(DestVT == MVT::i32 && "ARM should always ext to i32");
// Perform extension if flagged as either zext or sext. Otherwise, do
// nothing.
if (Outs[0].Flags.isZExt() || Outs[0].Flags.isSExt()) {
SrcReg = ARMEmitIntExt(RVVT, SrcReg, DestVT, Outs[0].Flags.isZExt());
if (SrcReg == 0) return false;
}
}
// Make the copy.
Register DstReg = VA.getLocReg();
const TargetRegisterClass* SrcRC = MRI.getRegClass(SrcReg);
// Avoid a cross-class copy. This is very unlikely.
if (!SrcRC->contains(DstReg))
return false;
BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(TargetOpcode::COPY), DstReg).addReg(SrcReg);
// Add register to return instruction.
RetRegs.push_back(VA.getLocReg());
}
unsigned RetOpc;
if (IsCmseNSEntry)
if (isThumb2)
RetOpc = ARM::tBXNS_RET;
else
llvm_unreachable("CMSE not valid for non-Thumb targets");
else
RetOpc = Subtarget->getReturnOpcode();
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(RetOpc));
AddOptionalDefs(MIB);
for (unsigned R : RetRegs)
MIB.addReg(R, RegState::Implicit);
return true;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::ARMSelectCallOp(bool UseReg) {
if (UseReg)
return isThumb2 ? gettBLXrOpcode(*MF) : getBLXOpcode(*MF);
else
return isThumb2 ? ARM::tBL : ARM::BL;
}
unsigned ARMFastISel::getLibcallReg(const Twine &Name) {
// Manually compute the global's type to avoid building it when unnecessary.
Type *GVTy = PointerType::get(*Context, /*AS=*/0);
EVT LCREVT = TLI.getValueType(DL, GVTy);
if (!LCREVT.isSimple()) return 0;
GlobalValue *GV = M.getNamedGlobal(Name.str());
if (!GV)
GV = new GlobalVariable(M, Type::getInt32Ty(*Context), false,
GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage, nullptr, Name);
return ARMMaterializeGV(GV, LCREVT.getSimpleVT());
}
// A quick function that will emit a call for a named libcall in F with the
// vector of passed arguments for the Instruction in I. We can assume that we
// can emit a call for any libcall we can produce. This is an abridged version
// of the full call infrastructure since we won't need to worry about things
// like computed function pointers or strange arguments at call sites.
// TODO: Try to unify this and the normal call bits for ARM, then try to unify
// with X86.
bool ARMFastISel::ARMEmitLibcall(const Instruction *I, RTLIB::Libcall Call) {
CallingConv::ID CC = TLI.getLibcallCallingConv(Call);
// Handle *simple* calls for now.
Type *RetTy = I->getType();
MVT RetVT;
if (RetTy->isVoidTy())
RetVT = MVT::isVoid;
else if (!isTypeLegal(RetTy, RetVT))
return false;
// Can't handle non-double multi-reg retvals.
if (RetVT != MVT::isVoid && RetVT != MVT::i32) {
SmallVector<CCValAssign, 16> RVLocs;
CCState CCInfo(CC, false, *FuncInfo.MF, RVLocs, *Context);
CCInfo.AnalyzeCallResult(RetVT, CCAssignFnForCall(CC, true, false));
if (RVLocs.size() >= 2 && RetVT != MVT::f64)
return false;
}
// Set up the argument vectors.
SmallVector<Value*, 8> Args;
SmallVector<Register, 8> ArgRegs;
SmallVector<MVT, 8> ArgVTs;
SmallVector<ISD::ArgFlagsTy, 8> ArgFlags;
Args.reserve(I->getNumOperands());
ArgRegs.reserve(I->getNumOperands());
ArgVTs.reserve(I->getNumOperands());
ArgFlags.reserve(I->getNumOperands());
for (Value *Op : I->operands()) {
Register Arg = getRegForValue(Op);
if (Arg == 0) return false;
Type *ArgTy = Op->getType();
MVT ArgVT;
if (!isTypeLegal(ArgTy, ArgVT)) return false;
ISD::ArgFlagsTy Flags;
Flags.setOrigAlign(DL.getABITypeAlign(ArgTy));
Args.push_back(Op);
ArgRegs.push_back(Arg);
ArgVTs.push_back(ArgVT);
ArgFlags.push_back(Flags);
}
// Handle the arguments now that we've gotten them.
SmallVector<Register, 4> RegArgs;
unsigned NumBytes;
if (!ProcessCallArgs(Args, ArgRegs, ArgVTs, ArgFlags,
RegArgs, CC, NumBytes, false))
return false;
Register CalleeReg;
if (Subtarget->genLongCalls()) {
CalleeReg = getLibcallReg(TLI.getLibcallName(Call));
if (CalleeReg == 0) return false;
}
// Issue the call.
unsigned CallOpc = ARMSelectCallOp(Subtarget->genLongCalls());
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt,
MIMD, TII.get(CallOpc));
// BL / BLX don't take a predicate, but tBL / tBLX do.
if (isThumb2)
MIB.add(predOps(ARMCC::AL));
if (Subtarget->genLongCalls()) {
CalleeReg =
constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(CallOpc), CalleeReg, isThumb2 ? 2 : 0);
MIB.addReg(CalleeReg);
} else
MIB.addExternalSymbol(TLI.getLibcallName(Call));
// Add implicit physical register uses to the call.
for (Register R : RegArgs)
MIB.addReg(R, RegState::Implicit);
// Add a register mask with the call-preserved registers.
// Proper defs for return values will be added by setPhysRegsDeadExcept().
MIB.addRegMask(TRI.getCallPreservedMask(*FuncInfo.MF, CC));
// Finish off the call including any return values.
SmallVector<Register, 4> UsedRegs;
if (!FinishCall(RetVT, UsedRegs, I, CC, NumBytes, false)) return false;
// Set all unused physreg defs as dead.
static_cast<MachineInstr *>(MIB)->setPhysRegsDeadExcept(UsedRegs, TRI);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectCall(const Instruction *I,
const char *IntrMemName = nullptr) {
const CallInst *CI = cast<CallInst>(I);
const Value *Callee = CI->getCalledOperand();
// Can't handle inline asm.
if (isa<InlineAsm>(Callee)) return false;
// Allow SelectionDAG isel to handle tail calls.
if (CI->isTailCall()) return false;
// Check the calling convention.
CallingConv::ID CC = CI->getCallingConv();
// TODO: Avoid some calling conventions?
FunctionType *FTy = CI->getFunctionType();
bool isVarArg = FTy->isVarArg();
// Handle *simple* calls for now.
Type *RetTy = I->getType();
MVT RetVT;
if (RetTy->isVoidTy())
RetVT = MVT::isVoid;
else if (!isTypeLegal(RetTy, RetVT) && RetVT != MVT::i16 &&
RetVT != MVT::i8 && RetVT != MVT::i1)
return false;
// Can't handle non-double multi-reg retvals.
if (RetVT != MVT::isVoid && RetVT != MVT::i1 && RetVT != MVT::i8 &&
RetVT != MVT::i16 && RetVT != MVT::i32) {
SmallVector<CCValAssign, 16> RVLocs;
CCState CCInfo(CC, isVarArg, *FuncInfo.MF, RVLocs, *Context);
CCInfo.AnalyzeCallResult(RetVT, CCAssignFnForCall(CC, true, isVarArg));
if (RVLocs.size() >= 2 && RetVT != MVT::f64)
return false;
}
// Set up the argument vectors.
SmallVector<Value*, 8> Args;
SmallVector<Register, 8> ArgRegs;
SmallVector<MVT, 8> ArgVTs;
SmallVector<ISD::ArgFlagsTy, 8> ArgFlags;
unsigned arg_size = CI->arg_size();
Args.reserve(arg_size);
ArgRegs.reserve(arg_size);
ArgVTs.reserve(arg_size);
ArgFlags.reserve(arg_size);
for (auto ArgI = CI->arg_begin(), ArgE = CI->arg_end(); ArgI != ArgE; ++ArgI) {
// If we're lowering a memory intrinsic instead of a regular call, skip the
// last argument, which shouldn't be passed to the underlying function.
if (IntrMemName && ArgE - ArgI <= 1)
break;
ISD::ArgFlagsTy Flags;
unsigned ArgIdx = ArgI - CI->arg_begin();
if (CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::SExt))
Flags.setSExt();
if (CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::ZExt))
Flags.setZExt();
// FIXME: Only handle *easy* calls for now.
if (CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::InReg) ||
CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::StructRet) ||
CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::SwiftSelf) ||
CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::SwiftError) ||
CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::Nest) ||
CI->paramHasAttr(ArgIdx, Attribute::ByVal))
return false;
Type *ArgTy = (*ArgI)->getType();
MVT ArgVT;
if (!isTypeLegal(ArgTy, ArgVT) && ArgVT != MVT::i16 && ArgVT != MVT::i8 &&
ArgVT != MVT::i1)
return false;
Register Arg = getRegForValue(*ArgI);
if (!Arg.isValid())
return false;
Flags.setOrigAlign(DL.getABITypeAlign(ArgTy));
Args.push_back(*ArgI);
ArgRegs.push_back(Arg);
ArgVTs.push_back(ArgVT);
ArgFlags.push_back(Flags);
}
// Handle the arguments now that we've gotten them.
SmallVector<Register, 4> RegArgs;
unsigned NumBytes;
if (!ProcessCallArgs(Args, ArgRegs, ArgVTs, ArgFlags,
RegArgs, CC, NumBytes, isVarArg))
return false;
bool UseReg = false;
const GlobalValue *GV = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(Callee);
if (!GV || Subtarget->genLongCalls()) UseReg = true;
Register CalleeReg;
if (UseReg) {
if (IntrMemName)
CalleeReg = getLibcallReg(IntrMemName);
else
CalleeReg = getRegForValue(Callee);
if (CalleeReg == 0) return false;
}
// Issue the call.
unsigned CallOpc = ARMSelectCallOp(UseReg);
MachineInstrBuilder MIB = BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt,
MIMD, TII.get(CallOpc));
// ARM calls don't take a predicate, but tBL / tBLX do.
if(isThumb2)
MIB.add(predOps(ARMCC::AL));
if (UseReg) {
CalleeReg =
constrainOperandRegClass(TII.get(CallOpc), CalleeReg, isThumb2 ? 2 : 0);
MIB.addReg(CalleeReg);
} else if (!IntrMemName)
MIB.addGlobalAddress(GV, 0, 0);
else
MIB.addExternalSymbol(IntrMemName, 0);
// Add implicit physical register uses to the call.
for (Register R : RegArgs)
MIB.addReg(R, RegState::Implicit);
// Add a register mask with the call-preserved registers.
// Proper defs for return values will be added by setPhysRegsDeadExcept().
MIB.addRegMask(TRI.getCallPreservedMask(*FuncInfo.MF, CC));
// Finish off the call including any return values.
SmallVector<Register, 4> UsedRegs;
if (!FinishCall(RetVT, UsedRegs, I, CC, NumBytes, isVarArg))
return false;
// Set all unused physreg defs as dead.
static_cast<MachineInstr *>(MIB)->setPhysRegsDeadExcept(UsedRegs, TRI);
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::ARMIsMemCpySmall(uint64_t Len) {
return Len <= 16;
}
bool ARMFastISel::ARMTryEmitSmallMemCpy(Address Dest, Address Src, uint64_t Len,
MaybeAlign Alignment) {
// Make sure we don't bloat code by inlining very large memcpy's.
if (!ARMIsMemCpySmall(Len))
return false;
while (Len) {
MVT VT;
if (!Alignment || *Alignment >= 4) {
if (Len >= 4)
VT = MVT::i32;
else if (Len >= 2)
VT = MVT::i16;
else {
assert(Len == 1 && "Expected a length of 1!");
VT = MVT::i8;
}
} else {
assert(Alignment && "Alignment is set in this branch");
// Bound based on alignment.
if (Len >= 2 && *Alignment == 2)
VT = MVT::i16;
else {
VT = MVT::i8;
}
}
bool RV;
Register ResultReg;
RV = ARMEmitLoad(VT, ResultReg, Src);
assert(RV && "Should be able to handle this load.");
RV = ARMEmitStore(VT, ResultReg, Dest);
assert(RV && "Should be able to handle this store.");
(void)RV;
unsigned Size = VT.getSizeInBits()/8;
Len -= Size;
Dest.Offset += Size;
Src.Offset += Size;
}
return true;
}
bool ARMFastISel::SelectIntrinsicCall(const IntrinsicInst &I) {
// FIXME: Handle more intrinsics.
switch (I.getIntrinsicID()) {
default: return false;
case Intrinsic::frameaddress: {
MachineFrameInfo &MFI = FuncInfo.MF->getFrameInfo();
MFI.setFrameAddressIsTaken(true);
unsigned LdrOpc = isThumb2 ? ARM::t2LDRi12 : ARM::LDRi12;
const TargetRegisterClass *RC = isThumb2 ? &ARM::tGPRRegClass
: &ARM::GPRRegClass;
const ARMBaseRegisterInfo *RegInfo =
static_cast<const ARMBaseRegisterInfo *>(Subtarget->getRegisterInfo());
Register FramePtr = RegInfo->getFrameRegister(*(FuncInfo.MF));
unsigned SrcReg = FramePtr;
// Recursively load frame address
// ldr r0 [fp]
// ldr r0 [r0]
// ldr r0 [r0]
// ...
unsigned DestReg;
unsigned Depth = cast<ConstantInt>(I.getOperand(0))->getZExtValue();
while (Depth--) {
DestReg = createResultReg(RC);
AddOptionalDefs(BuildMI(*FuncInfo.MBB, FuncInfo.InsertPt, MIMD,
TII.get(LdrOpc), DestReg)
.addReg(SrcReg).addImm(0));
SrcReg = DestReg;
}
updateValueMap(&I, SrcReg);
return true;
}
case Intrinsic::memcpy:
case Intrinsic::memmove: {
const MemTransferInst &MTI = cast<MemTransferInst>(I);
// Don't handle volatile.
if (MTI.isVolatile())
return false;
// Disable inlining for memmove before calls to ComputeAddress. Otherwise,
// we would emit dead code because we don't currently handle memmoves.
bool isMemCpy = (I.getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memcpy);
if (isa<ConstantInt>(MTI.getLength()) && isMemCpy) {
// Small memcpy's are common enough that we want to do them without a call
// if possible.
uint64_t Len = cast<ConstantInt>(MTI.getLength())->getZExtValue();
if (ARMIsMemCpySmall(Len)) {
Address Dest, Src;
if (!ARMComputeAddress(MTI.getRawDest(), Dest) ||
!ARMComputeAddress(MTI.getRawSource(), Src))
return false;
MaybeAlign Alignment;
if (MTI.getDestAlign() || MTI.getSourceAlign())
Alignment = std::min(MTI.getDestAlign().valueOrOne(),
MTI.getSourceAlign().valueOrOne());
if (ARMTryEmitSmallMemCpy(Dest, Src, Len, Alignment))
return true;
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.89647 |
How long does gastro stay in your body for
The gastro virus can stay in your body anytime between one to five days. This is also dependent on the factors like age of the person and his/her immune capabilities.people have reported to have flu symptoms for a week or so.
TAGS: doctor, symptoms, body, stomach, treatment, patients, pain, surgery, food, side effects, health, liver, diet, Symptoms, disease, dose, cells, medications, eyes, drug
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4. How long does it take for gastro to get out of your system
5. How long does it take for gastro symptoms to show
6. How long does it take to get symptoms of gastro
Leave a Reply
|
__label__pos
| 0.99935 |
avatar
Derek Zeng
Loneliness is the gift of life
Modern JavaScript loading techniques
Modern JavaScript projects are distinct from traditional ones. The use of NPM system for client side projects enables JavaScript developers to easily use shared libraries at the expense of exploded size of the project. The complexity increases significantly as well. Old school software development methodologies are needed in JavaScripts project.
The old way to load JavaScripts in webpages is to use <script> tag. However, as JavaScript has the potential to modify the page, the browser usually blocks the rendering of subsequent HTML until the prior scripts are loaded and executed. This results in the page UIs being rendered with inconsistent delays. This delay is more visible with large amount of scripts.
There are several solutions to this.
1. Move script tags to the end of the body tag
2. Add defer or async attribute to the script tag so it loads asynchronously
3. Dynamically insert <script> tag to load JavaScript
These solutions solves the problem to a certain degree, but none of them fix the problems entirely. For example, solution 1 will not change overall page loading time. Solution 2 doesn't work in all browsers. Both 2 and 3 doesn't have control on the execution of the loaded scripts.
We need to have a proper loading system to load large size JavaScript projects. The system must satisfy the following conditions:
1. Lazy loading; Load scripts only when needed
2. Dependency management; Load dependencies recursively or load the bundles that contains all dependencies smartly
3. Load asynchronously; Do not block other content or script in the page
4. Works in all browsers
These requirements are crucial for the performance of large browser-based JavaScript applications. There are many advanced solutions like Webpack and SystemJS. In this article, I want to discuss how these tools solve the problem.
Let's take SystemJS as an example.
The essential way that SystemJS loads scripts is through Ajax or XMLHttpRequest object. It wraps the request with a promise. And when the promise is fulfilled, it evaluates the script at the client side.
With promise it can load and execute the scripts sequentially without blocking. It can also load multiple scripts concurrently and know when the loading completes.
The benefit of using Ajax to load the scripts is that the scripts can be loaded as plain text and the client has the freedom to interpret the content.
For example, you can load ES modules in a non compliant browser using SystemJS then transpile it using babel to es5 syntax. (pre-requisite is to have babel standalone loaded in browser)
Babel has SystemJS plugin which transform all the import...from... statement to system.register(['dep1', 'dep2', ...], function ... . This is essentially the AMD format. When used, it registers modules and dependencies in the SystemJS registry.
When loading a module with dependencies, it look up the path of each dependencies in the registry, if not found, it will try to resolve it to a url and load from that. This is recursively done. One way to optimize it is to use depCache config variable to specify a flat array of dependencies.
Loading from the url is good since you can point it directly to node_modules folder. The downside is that the loaded module can only require/import modules that is recognizable by SystemJS.
Since the module to load doesn't have to be a JavaScript file, it can be anything. For instance, should the loaded text be HTML, it will be transformed into a JavaScript function that returns a HTML text. It can also be CSS file, when transformed, it will become a function that applies style to the entire page. Of course you'll need a loader for each of these.
If you do not want to transform things in the browser, you can of course transform them at server side, and just load plain es5 JavaScript in the browser. SystemJS production build is optimized for this as it doesn't contain the plugin system which is not used for static build.
Compiling code at server side is entirely a separate process. It can be done using a task runner like gulp or grunt. However when it's done it needs to hook back to SystemJS. For example, when bundling code, SystemJS needs to know what modules in which bundle. This is done in the SystemJS configuration.
I would suggest using SystemJS as a bundler for prototyping. The configuration can be really problematic for large projects as I can imagine.
Webpack is a much easier and more powerful alternative. Webpack does everything offline. It has pretty good defaults. It doesn't support loading URL as it overcomplicates things. The dependency loading is smooth and easy. The output of a built Webpack project is just JavsScripts. It's easy to include the files into a web page of our choice. The compilation pipeline is pluggable. You can plug in babel to transpile scripts depending on the extensions. It has built in support for tree shaking. For code using ES module syntax the final built size will be optimized.
Webpack also support dynamic import syntax. It smartly detect dynamic imports and create separate bundles for each one, so we can lazy load them.
I think Webpack solves the problems at the beginning of this article pretty well. It is a blessing for modern JavaScript developers. Every serious JavaScript developer should know it well.
(End of article)
|
__label__pos
| 0.648777 |
Main Content
union
Class: dataset
(Not Recommended) Set union for dataset array observations
The dataset data type is not recommended. To work with heterogeneous data, use the MATLAB® table data type instead. See MATLAB table documentation for more information.
Syntax
C = union(A,B)
C = union(A,B,vars)
C = union(A,B,vars,setOrder)
[C,iA,iB] = union(___)
Description
C = union(A,B) for dataset arrays A and B returns the combined set of observations from the two arrays, with repetitions removed. The observations in the dataset array C are sorted.
C = union(A,B,vars) returns the combined set of observations from the two arrays, with repetitions of unique combinations of the variables specified in vars removed. The observations in the dataset array C are sorted by those variables.
The values for variables not specified in vars for each observation in C are taken from the corresponding observation in A or B, or from A if there are common observations in both A and B. If there are multiple observations in A or B that correspond to an observation in C, those values are taken from the first occurrence.
C = union(A,B,vars,setOrder) returns the observations in C in the order specified by setOrder.
[C,iA,iB] = union(___) also returns index vectors iA and iB such that C is a sorted combination of the values A(iA,:) and B(iB,:). If there are common observations in A and B, then union returns only the index from A, in iA. If there are repeated observations in A or B, then the index of the first occurrence is returned. You can use any of the previous input arguments.
Input Arguments
A,B
Input dataset arrays.
vars
String array or cell array of character vectors containing variable names, or a vector of integers containing variable column numbers. vars indicates the variables for which union removes repetitions of unique combinations of the variables.
Specify vars as [] to use its default value of all variables.
setOrder
Flag indicating the sorting order for the observations in C. The possible values of setOrder are:
'sorted'Observations in C are in sorted order (default).
'stable'Observations in C are in the same order that they appear in A, then B.
Output Arguments
C
Dataset array with the combined observations of A and B, with repetitions removed. C is in sorted order (by default), or the order specified by setOrder.
iA
Index vector, indicating the observations in A that contribute to the union. iA contains the index to the first occurrence of any repeated observations in A.
iB
Index vector, indicating the observations in B that contribute to the union. If there are common observations in A and B, then union returns only the index from A, in iA. iB contains the index to the first occurrence of any repeated observations in B.
|
__label__pos
| 0.839037 |
vendredi 30 octobre 2015
Reading from file into array, line by line
I am trying to read from a file in C. My code is the following. It seems to read everything fine into the array, but when I try to print it, I get the error Segmentation fault (core dumped)
FILE *fp;
char * text[7][100];
int i=0;
fp = fopen("userList.txt", "r");
//Read over file contents until either EOF is reached or maximum characters is read and store in character array
while(fgets((*text)[i++],100,fp) != NULL) ;
printf("%s", &text[0]);
fclose(fp);
Can someone point me in the right direction?
I have tried reading and copying solutions from other similar cases, but they are extremely specific to the user.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.984305 |
WELCOME TO VISIT OUR OFFICIAL WEBSITE,TO LEARN MORE SLURRY PUMP!
Application
Professional Slurry Pump Manufacturer
The Importance of Metal Flow Parts in Slurry Pumps
Introduction:
In the industrial equipment and components sector, specifically in the pumping and vacuum industry, metal flow parts play a vital role in the operation and efficiency of slurry pumps. These components are essential for handling abrasive fluids, such as slurries, which contain solid particles suspended in liquid. Understanding the significance of metal flow parts is crucial for professionals in this field to ensure optimal performance and longevity of slurry pumps.
1. What are Slurry Pumps?
Slurry pumps are specialized devices designed to handle slurries, a mixture of liquid and solid particles. These pumps excel in industries such as mining, construction, and wastewater treatment, where abrasive fluids need to be transported efficiently. Slurry pumps are engineered to withstand the demanding conditions of moving corrosive and abrasive materials.
2. Role of Metal Flow Parts:
Metal flow parts, such as impellers, volutes, and wear plates, are critical components within slurry pumps. They are responsible for directing and controlling the flow of the slurry, ensuring optimal hydraulic performance. The design and quality of these metal flow parts directly impact the pump's efficiency, wear resistance, and overall reliability.
3. Impellers:
Impellers are the rotating components within slurry pumps that transfer energy to the slurry, creating the necessary pressure and flow. These metal flow parts are designed with specific geometric shapes and vanes to efficiently handle the abrasive nature of slurries. Impellers must be constructed from high-quality materials, such as hardened alloys, to withstand the erosive forces caused by solid particles.
4. Volutes:
Volutes are stationary metal flow parts that surround the impeller and help convert the kinetic energy from the impeller into pressure. They play a crucial role in optimizing the efficiency of slurry pumps by controlling the flow path and minimizing energy losses. Volutes are commonly lined with wear-resistant materials to enhance their durability and protect against erosion.
5. Wear Plates:
Wear plates are metal flow parts installed in areas of high wear within the slurry pump, such as the casing and suction side. Their purpose is to provide additional protection against abrasion, ensuring extended pump life and reduced maintenance. Wear plates are typically made from materials like high-chrome alloys or ceramic composites to withstand the harsh conditions of handling abrasive slurries.
Conclusion:
Metal flow parts are indispensable in the functioning of slurry pumps within the industrial equipment and components sector. The efficiency, wear resistance, and overall performance of these pumps heavily rely on high-quality impellers, volutes, and wear plates. By understanding the significance of metal flow parts, professionals can make informed decisions regarding the selection, maintenance, and optimization of slurry pump systems, ultimately enhancing productivity and reducing downtime in industries that rely on slurries for their operations.
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SUBMIT
|
__label__pos
| 0.999106 |
Commit 86409f88 authored by Swann Perarnau's avatar Swann Perarnau
[refactor] Python rewrite of the software
We chose to rewrite the entire thing in python. The language should make
it easy to interact will all the moving parts of the Argo landscape, and
easy to prototype various control schemes.
The communication protocol is exactly the same, but implemented with
ZeroMQ + tornado.
Power readings are not integrated yet, we are targeting using the Coolr
project for that.
This is a rough draft, all the code is in binary scripts instead of
the package, and there are no unit tests. Nevertheless, it should be
a decent starting point for future development.
parent ccb1cd16
include Makefile
include tox.ini
PYTHON:= $(shell which python2)
# the compiler: gcc for C program, define as g++ for C++
CC = gcc
# compiler flags:
CFLAGS = -g -I/nfs/beacon_inst/include -I.
LDFLAGS = -lm -lbeacon -lpthread
# the build target executable:
TARGET = powPerfController
powMon = RaplPowerMon
beacon = beacon_nrm
RM = rm
all: $(powMon) $(TARGET)
$(powMon): $(powMon).c
$(CC) -o $(powMon) $(powMon).c $(LDFLAGS)
$(TARGET): $(TARGET).c $(beacon).c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(TARGET).c $(beacon).c -o $(TARGET) $(LDFLAGS)
clean:
$(RM) -f $(TARGET) $(powMon)
source:
$(PYTHON) setup.py sdist
install:
$(PYTHON) setup.py install --force
check:
tox
How to run:
1) $ make clean; make
2) $ source /nfs/beacon_inst/env.sh; ./powPerfController 1234
3)in another shell:
$ /nfs/argobots-tascel/argobots-review/examples/dynamic-es/dyn_app 48 1000 localhost 1234
4)in another shell:
$ source /nfs/beacon_inst/env.sh
$ arbitrary_pub BEACON_BROADCAST "message type=2 ; node=frontend ; target watts=190”
sdasd
# Argo Node Resource Manager
Resource management daemon using communication with clients to control
power usage of application.
This is a python rewrite of the original code developed for the Argo project
two years ago.
## Additional Info
| **Systemwide Power Management with Argo**
| Dan Ellsworth, Tapasya Patki, Swann Perarnau, Pete Beckman *et al*
| In *High-Performance, Power-Aware Computing (HPPAC)*, 2016.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
//#include <asm/msr.h>
#define MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT 0x606
/*
* Platform specific RAPL Domains.
* Note that PP1 RAPL Domain is supported on 062A only
* And DRAM RAPL Domain is supported on 062D only
*/
/* Package RAPL Domain */
#define MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT 0x610
#define MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS 0x611
#define MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS 0x613
#define MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO 0x614
/* PP0 RAPL Domain */
#define MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT 0x638
#define MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS 0x639
#define MSR_PP0_POLICY 0x63A
#define MSR_PP0_PERF_STATUS 0x63B
/* PP1 RAPL Domain, may reflect to uncore devices */
#define MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT 0x640
#define MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS 0x641
#define MSR_PP1_POLICY 0x642
/* DRAM RAPL Domain */
#define MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT 0x618
#define MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS 0x619
#define MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS 0x61B
#define MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO 0x61C
/* RAPL UNIT BITMASK */
#define POWER_UNIT_OFFSET 0
#define POWER_UNIT_MASK 0x0F
#define ENERGY_UNIT_OFFSET 0x08
#define ENERGY_UNIT_MASK 0x1F00
#define TIME_UNIT_OFFSET 0x10
#define TIME_UNIT_MASK 0xF000
#define PKG_POWER_LIMIT_LOCK_OFFSET 0x3F
#define PKG_POWER_LIMIT_LOCK_MASK 0x1
#define ENABLE_LIMIT_2_OFFSET 0x2F
#define PKG_POWER_LIMIT_2_MASK 0x7FFF
#define ENABLE_LIMIT_1_OFFSET 0xF
#define ENABLE_LIMIT_1_MASK 0x1
#define PKG_CLAMPING_LIMIT_1_OFFSET 0x10
#define PKG_CLAMPING_LIMIT_1_MASK 0x1
#define PKG_POWER_LIMIT_1_OFFSET 0x0
#define PKG_POWER_LIMIT_1_MASK 0x7FFF
#define TIME_WINDOW_POWER_LIMIT_1_OFFSET 0x11
#define TIME_WINDOW_POWER_LIMIT_1_MASK 0x7F
#define TIME_WINDOW_POWER_LIMIT_2_OFFSET 0x31
#define TIME_WINDOW_POWER_LIMIT_2_MASK 0x7F
int open_msr(int core) {
char msr_filename[BUFSIZ];
int fd;
sprintf(msr_filename, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", core);
fd = open(msr_filename, O_RDWR);
if ( fd < 0 ) {
if ( errno == ENXIO ) {
fprintf(stderr, "rdmsr: No CPU %d\n", core);
exit(2);
} else if ( errno == EIO ) {
fprintf(stderr, "rdmsr: CPU %d doesn't support MSRs\n", core);
exit(3);
} else {
perror("rdmsr:open");
fprintf(stderr,"Trying to open %s\n",msr_filename);
exit(127);
}
}
return fd;
}
long long read_msr(int fd, int which) {
uint64_t data;
if ( pread(fd, &data, sizeof data, which) != sizeof data ) {
perror("rdmsr:pread");
exit(127);
}
return (long long)data;
}
void write_msr(int fd, int which, uint64_t data) {
if ( pwrite(fd, &data, sizeof data, which) != sizeof data ) {
perror("wrmsr:pwrite");
exit(127);
}
}
int32_t wrmsr(int fd, uint64_t msr_number, uint64_t value)
{
return pwrite(fd, (const void *)&value, sizeof(uint64_t), msr_number);
}
int32_t rdmsr(int fd, uint64_t msr_number, uint64_t * value)
{
return pread(fd, (void *)value, sizeof(uint64_t), msr_number);
}
void set_power_limit(int fd, int watts, double pu)
{
/*
uint32_t setpoint = (uint32_t) ((1 << pu) * watts);
uint64_t reg = 0;
rdmsr(fd, MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT, ®);
reg = (reg & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF0000) | setpoint | 0x8000;
reg = (reg & 0xFFFFFFFF0000FFFF) | 0xD0000;
wrmsr(fd, MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT, reg);
*/
uint32_t setpoint = (uint32_t) (watts/pu);
uint64_t reg = 0;
rdmsr(fd, MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT, ®);
reg = (reg & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF0000) | setpoint | 0x8000;
reg = (reg & 0xFFFFFFFF0000FFFF) | 0xD0000;
wrmsr(fd, MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT, reg);
}
#define CPU_SANDYBRIDGE 42
#define CPU_SANDYBRIDGE_EP 45
#define CPU_IVYBRIDGE 58
#define CPU_IVYBRIDGE_EP 62
int main( int argc, char **argv ) {
int fd1,fd2;
long long result1, result2;
double power_units,energy_units,time_units;
double package1_before,package1_after,package2_before,package2_after;
double pp0_before,pp0_after;
double pp1_before=0.0,pp1_after;
double dram_before=0.0,dram_after;
double thermal_spec_power,minimum_power,maximum_power,time_window;
int cpu_model;
struct timeval currentime1,currentime2,beginningtime;
struct timespec interval_1s,interval_1ms,interval_10ms, interval_100ms, interval_500ms;
long double nowtime, power1, power2;
float total_power;
// char *filename;
//char *W = "W";
//FILE *file;
gettimeofday(&beginningtime,NULL);
interval_500ms.tv_sec = 0;
interval_500ms.tv_nsec = 500000000;
interval_100ms.tv_sec = 0;
interval_100ms.tv_nsec = 100000000;
interval_1s.tv_sec = 1;
interval_1s.tv_nsec = 0;
interval_1ms.tv_sec = 0;
interval_1ms.tv_nsec = 1000000;
interval_10ms.tv_sec = 0;
interval_10ms.tv_nsec = 10000000;
const char *powercap = argv[1];
//char filename[20] = "PowerResultsOn";
// strcat(filename, powercap);
// strcat(filename, "W");
// printf("filename = %s",filename);
// file = fopen(filename,"a");
fd1=open_msr(0);
fd2=open_msr(10);
/* Calculate the units used */
result1=read_msr(fd1,MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT);
power_units=pow(0.5,(double)(result1&0xf));
energy_units=pow(0.5,(double)((result1>>8)&0x1f));
time_units=pow(0.5,(double)((result1>>16)&0xf));
uint64_t currentval, newval, mask = 0, offset = 0;
currentval=read_msr(fd1,MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT);
currentval=read_msr(fd2,MSR_PKG_RAPL_POWER_LIMIT);
int i;
for (i= 0; i<1; i++){
result1=read_msr(fd1,MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS);
result2=read_msr(fd2,MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS);
package1_before=(double)result1*energy_units;
package2_before=(double)result2*energy_units;
gettimeofday(¤time1, NULL);
//printf("\nSleeping 1 second\n\n");
nanosleep(&interval_100ms, NULL);
result1=read_msr(fd1,MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS);
result2=read_msr(fd2,MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS);
gettimeofday(¤time2, NULL);
package1_after=(double)result1*energy_units;
package2_after=(double)result2*energy_units;
nowtime =((long) ((currentime2.tv_usec - beginningtime.tv_usec) + (currentime2.tv_sec - beginningtime.tv_sec)* 1000000))/1000000.000000;
power1 =((package1_after - package1_before) /((currentime2.tv_usec - currentime1.tv_usec) + (currentime2.tv_sec - currentime1.tv_sec)*1000000))*1000000;
power2 =((package2_after - package2_before) /((currentime2.tv_usec - currentime1.tv_usec) + (currentime2.tv_sec - currentime1.tv_sec)*1000000))*1000000;
//fprintf(file,"%LF %LF %LF\n", nowtime, power1, power2);
total_power = (float)power1 +(float)power2;
}
printf("%f\n", total_power);
return 1;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <beacon.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <powPerfController.h>
/* Baseline example to receive ERM power settings in the NRM */
// We need the hostname for the message filter in my_beacon_handler
// but would like to set it only once when the callback is set
// via set_nrm_power_target
static char hostname[100];
// We need a function pointer for the function to apply each time a
// new setting is received. set_nrm_power_target will set the value
// and my_beacon_handler() will use it
void (*target_handler)(double watts);
void set_nrm_power_target(void (*handler)(double watts));
/* BEACON boilerplate */
static int SET_NODE_E=2;
BEACON_beep_t binfo;
BEACON_beep_handle_t handle;
BEACON_subscribe_handle_t shandle1;
BEACON_topic_info_t *topic_info;
BEACON_topic_properties_t *eprop;
char data_buf[100];
char beep_name[100];
char filter_string[100];
char topic_string[32];
int BEACON_bcast_init() {
eprop = (BEACON_topic_properties_t *) malloc(sizeof(BEACON_topic_properties_t));
topic_info = (BEACON_topic_info_t *)malloc(sizeof(BEACON_topic_info_t));
if(topic_info == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Malloc error!\n");
exit(0);
}
strcpy(topic_info[0].topic_name, "BEACON_BROADCAST");
sprintf(topic_info[0].severity, "INFO");
printf("The %d topic is %s\n", 0, topic_info[0].topic_name);
memset(&binfo, 0, sizeof(binfo));
strcpy(binfo.beep_version, "1.0");
strcpy(binfo.beep_name, "beacon_test");
int ret = BEACON_Connect(&binfo, &handle);
if (ret != BEACON_SUCCESS) {
printf("BEACON_Connect is not successful ret=%d\n", ret);
exit(-1);
}
strcpy(eprop->topic_scope, "global");
return 1;
}
int is_SET_NODE(char* message, char* node, double* watts) {
int mtype;
int rc = sscanf(message, "message type=%d;", &mtype);
if(rc!=1) {
return 0;
}
if(mtype!=SET_NODE_E) {
return 0;
}
rc = sscanf(message, "message type=%d ; node=%s ; target watts=%lf",&mtype, node, watts);
if(rc!=3) {
printf("wrong arg count %d\n",rc);
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
pthread_t poll_thread;
void* poll_logic(void* args) {
void (*handler)(BEACON_receive_topic_t* caught_topic) = (void (*)(BEACON_receive_topic_t*))args;
while(1) {
BEACON_receive_topic_t caught_topic;
int ret = BEACON_Wait_topic(shandle1, &caught_topic, 5);
if (ret != BEACON_SUCCESS) {
continue;
}
handler(&caught_topic);
}
}
int BEACON_bcast_subscribe(void (*handler)()) {
char* caddr = getenv("BEACON_TOPOLOGY_SERVER_ADDR");
sprintf(filter_string, "cluster_addr=%s,cluster_port=10809,topic_scope=global,topic_name=%s", caddr, topic_info[0].topic_name);
int ret = BEACON_Subscribe(&shandle1, handle, 0, filter_string, NULL);
pthread_create(&poll_thread, NULL, poll_logic, handler);
}
// The callback to send with the subscription
void my_beacon_handler(BEACON_receive_topic_t* topic) {
char node[100];
double watts;
// parse string store parts in enclave and delta
if(is_SET_NODE(topic->topic_payload, node, &watts)) {
if(strcmp(node,hostname)==0) {
target_handler(watts);
}
}
}
/* End boilerplate */
// Test handler to show that we can receive readings
//void test_handler(double watts) {
// printf("got %lf watts\n",watts);
//}
// The function that connects to BEACON and sets up the message handling
void set_nrm_power_target(void (*handler)(double watts)) {
gethostname(hostname,100);
BEACON_bcast_init();
target_handler=handler;
BEACON_bcast_subscribe(my_beacon_handler);
}
// A simple main function that runs the process for about a minute
//int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// set_nrm_power_target(test_handler);
// sleep(30);
//}
#!/usr/bin/env python2
from __future__ import print_function
import argparse
import logging
import signal
import zmq
from zmq.eventloop import ioloop, zmqstream
class Client(object):
def __init__(self):
self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
self.buf = ''
self.nt = 16
self.max = 32
self.server = None
def setup_shutdown(self):
ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback_from_signal(self.do_shutdown)
def get_server_message(self):
buf = self.buf
begin = 0
ret = ''
while begin < len(buf):
if buf[begin] in ['d', 'i', 'n', 'q']:
ret = buf[begin]
off = 1
else:
break
begin = begin + off
yield ret
self.buf = buf[begin:]
return
def do_receive(self, parts):
self.logger.info("receive stream: " + repr(parts))
if len(parts[1]) == 0:
if self.server:
# server disconnect, lets quit
self.setup_shutdown()
return
else:
self.server = parts[0]
self.buf = self.buf + parts[1]
for m in self.get_server_message():
self.logger.info(m)
if m == 'd':
if self.nt == 1:
ret = "min"
else:
self.nt -= 1
ret = "done (%d)" % self.nt
elif m == 'i':
if self.nt == self.max:
ret = "max"
else:
self.nt += 1
ret = "done (%d)" % self.nt
elif m == 'n':
ret = "%d" % self.nt
elif m == 'q':
ret = ''
self.setup_shutdown()
self.stream.send(self.server, zmq.SNDMORE)
self.stream.send(ret)
def do_signal(self, signum, frame):
self.logger.critical("received signal: " + repr(signum))
self.setup_shutdown()
def do_shutdown(self):
ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
def main(self):
# command line options
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose",
help="verbose logging information",
action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("threads", help="starting number of threads",
type=int, default=16)
parser.add_argument("maxthreads", help="max number of threads",
type=int, default=32)
args = parser.parse_args()
# deal with logging
if args.verbose:
self.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
self.nt = args.threads
self.max = args.maxthreads
# read env variables for connection
connect_addr = "localhost"
connect_port = 1234
connect_param = "tcp://%s:%d" % (connect_addr, connect_port)
# create connection
context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.STREAM)
socket.connect(connect_param)
self.logger.info("connected to: " + connect_param)
self.stream = zmqstream.ZMQStream(socket)
self.stream.on_recv(self.do_receive)
# take care of signals
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.do_signal)
ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
if __name__ == "__main__":
ioloop.install()
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
client = Client()
client.main()
#!/usr/bin/env python2
from __future__ import print_function
import logging
import random
import re
import signal
import zmq
from zmq.eventloop import ioloop, zmqstream
client_fsm_table = {'stable': {'i': 's_ask_i', 'd': 's_ask_d'},
's_ask_i': {'done': 'stable', 'max': 'max'},
's_ask_d': {'done': 'stable', 'min': 'min'},
'max': {'d': 'max_ask_d'},
'min': {'i': 'min_ask_i'},
'max_ask_d': {'done': 'stable', 'min': 'nop'},
'min_ask_i': {'done': 'stable', 'max': 'nop'},
'nop': {}}
class Client(object):
def __init__(self, identity):
self.identity = identity
self.buf = ''
self.state = 'stable'
def append_buffer(self, msg):
self.buf = self.buf + msg
def do_transition(self, msg):
transitions = client_fsm_table[self.state]
if msg in transitions:
self.state = transitions[msg]
else:
pass
def get_allowed_requests(self):
return client_fsm_table[self.state].keys()
def get_messages(self):
buf = self.buf
begin = 0
off = 0
ret = ''
while begin < len(buf):
if buf.startswith('min', begin):
ret = 'min'
off = len(ret)
elif buf.startswith('max', begin):
ret = 'max'
off = len(ret)
elif buf.startswith('done (', begin):
n = re.split("done \((\d+)\)", buf[begin:])[1]
ret = 'done'
off = len('done ()') + len(n)
else:
m = re.match("\d+", buf[begin:])
if m:
ret = 'ok'
off = m.end()
else:
break
begin = begin + off
yield ret
self.buf = buf[begin:]
return
class Daemon(object):
def __init__(self):
self.clients = {}
self.buf = ''
self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
self.current = 1
self.target = 1
def do_client_receive(self, parts):
self.logger.info("receiving client stream: " + repr(parts))
identity = parts[0]
if len(parts[1]) == 0:
# empty frame, indicate connect/disconnect
if identity in self.clients:
self.logger.info("known client disconnected")
del self.clients[identity]
else:
self.logger.info("new client: " + repr(identity))
self.clients[identity] = Client(identity)
else:
if identity in self.clients:
client = self.clients[identity]
# we need to unpack the stream into client messages
# messages can be: min, max, done (%d), %d
client.append_buffer(parts[1])
for m in client.get_messages():
client.do_transition(m)
self.logger.info("client now in state: " + client.state)
def do_sensor(self):
self.current = random.randrange(0, 34)
self.logger.info("current measure: " + str(self.current))
def do_control(self):
self.target = random.randrange(0, 34)
self.logger.info("target measure: " + str(self.target))
for identity, client in self.clients.iteritems():
if self.current < self.target:
if 'i' in client.get_allowed_requests():
self.stream.send_multipart([identity, 'i'])
client.do_transition('i')
elif self.current > self.target:
if 'd' in client.get_allowed_requests():
self.stream.send_multipart([identity, 'd'])
client.do_transition('d')
else:
pass
self.logger.info("client now in state: " + client.state)
def do_signal(self, signum, frame):
ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback_from_signal(self.do_shutdown)
def do_shutdown(self):
ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
def main(self):
# read config
bind_port = 1234
bind_address = '*'
# setup listening socket
context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.STREAM)
bind_param = "tcp://%s:%d" % (bind_address, bind_port)
socket.bind(bind_param)
self.logger.info("socket bound to: " + bind_param)
self.stream = zmqstream.ZMQStream(socket)
self.stream.on_recv(self.do_client_receive)
self.sensor = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(self.do_sensor, 1000)
self.sensor.start()
self.control = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(self.do_control, 1000)
self.control.start()
# take care of sign
|
__label__pos
| 0.993962 |
Script Repository
Add user to groups in Microsoft 365
January 04, 2022
5140
The scripts add a user to groups in Microsoft 365.
Parameters:
• $groupNames - Specifies names of the groups in Microsoft 365 the user will be added to.
Distribution and mail-enabled security groups
Edit Remove
PowerShell
$groupNames = @("MyGroup1", "MyGroup2", "MyGroup3") # TODO: modify me
try
{
# Get the object ID in Microsoft 365
$objectId = [Guid]$Context.TargetObject.Get("adm-O365ObjectId")
}
catch
{
return # The user doesn't have a Microsoft 365 account
}
try
{
$session = $Context.CloudServices.CreateExchangeOnlinePSSession()
Import-PSSession -session $session -CommandName "Add-DistributionGroupMember"
foreach ($groupName in $groupNames)
{
# Add user to group
try
{
Add-DistributionGroupMember $groupName -Member $objectId.ToString() -BypassSecurityGroupManagerCheck -ErrorAction Stop
}
catch
{
$Context.LogMessage("An error occurred while adding the user to group $groupName. Error: " + $_.Exception.Message, "Warning")
}
}
}
finally
{
# Close the remote session and release resources
if ($session) { Remove-PSSession -Session $session}
}
Unified and not mail enabled security groups
For the script to work, install AzureAD PowerShell module on the computer where Adaxes service runs.
Edit Remove
PowerShell
$groupNames = @("MyGroup1", "MyGroup2", "MyGroup3") # TODO: modify me
# Get Microsoft 365 Object ID
try
{
$objectId = [Guid]$Context.TargetObject.Get("adm-O365ObjectId")
}
catch
{
$Context.LogMessage("The user doesn't have a Microsoft 365 account", "Warning")
return
}
try
{
# Connect to Azure AD
$token = $Context.CloudServices.GetAzureAuthAccessToken("https://graph.windows.net/")
$tenant = $Context.CloudServices.GetO365Tenant()
$credential = $tenant.GetCredential()
Connect-AzureAD -AccountId $credential.AppId -AadAccessToken $token -TenantId $tenant.TenantId
foreach ($groupName in $groupNames)
{
$group = Get-AzureADGroup -Filter "displayName eq '$groupName'"
if ($NULL -eq $group)
{
$Context.LogMessage("Group $groupName not found", "Warning")
continue
}
# Add user to group
try
{
Add-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId $group.ObjectID -RefObjectId $objectId.ToString() -ErrorAction Stop
}
catch
{
$Context.LogMessage("An error occurred when adding the user to $groupName group. Error: " + $_.Exception.Message, "Warning")
}
}
}
finally
{
# Disconnect from Azure AD
Disconnect-AzureAD
}
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loading...
CRUD APP.... which is easier to make it with? REACT or DJANGO
yobretyo profile image Bret ・1 min read
which is easier to create a CRUD app in?
im finding Django to be more strait forward? why does React need so many steps to create/update/add/remove products/items?
Discussion
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Editor guide
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medsaad profile image
A. S. Zaghloul
Django and React can work side by side. React does not PERFORM the CRUD operations (except if you are working with firebase or couchdb may be) but other than that you need a server side language like Django to connect with a database and manipulate data.
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yobretyo profile image
Bret Author
ok, im referont to creating a user input way to just add a product vs adding info to map over in useState manually. or, is there a way to add a product by itself in a list in react? or do you have to do that manually without a backend like Django/Python?
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shadowtime2000 profile image
shadowtime2000
You are comparing tools from two different categories. React is the frontend while Django is the backend so you can't really compare it like that.
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| 0.75553 |
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26 March 2018
All You Need to Know About Hypertension!
Astrologer Vighnesh Astro Remedies
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It might seem confusing at first, but this condition is relatively easy to treat and is highly manageable. This article will explain what the condition is, look at some of the associated lifestyle factors, and then describe the treatments available.
alt
What is Blood Pressure?
As blood flows through your body, it applies pressure to your artery walls. When the pressure is too high, the heart has to work harder and your arteries can become damaged. This condition usually becomes more common as you age.
Symptoms
Many people don’t even know they have high blood pressure because there are no outward symptoms. If untreated, this condition can quietly damage the heart, lungs, blood vessels, brain, and kidneys, earning this condition the name “silent killer”. When you have high blood pressure, the risk for heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke, increase.
How to tell if you have high blood pressure
The best way to know if you are at risk is by having your blood pressure read. The normal rate is 120/80. The top rate is called the systolic pressure and measures the pressure when your heart beats. The lower number is called the diastolic pressure, and this measures the pressure between heartbeats when your heart refills with blood.
Hypertension has no known cause. People with hypertension have a reading that averages 140/90 or higher. If your reading is between 120-139 and 80-89, for systolic and diastolic pressure respectively, you might have a condition called prehypertension. This range increases your risk of developing heart disease. To lower your reading doctors will recommend lifestyle changes.
People with a reading of 180/110 or higher may have hypertensive crisis and might experience anxiety, nosebleeds, shortness of breath and a severe headache. This condition can lead to a stroke, heart attack, kidney damage, or loss of consciousness. Seek medical attention.
Hypertension affects more men and women equally as they age. Men are more likely to develop hypertension before the age of 45, and more women will develop hypertension by the time they are 65. Your risk for hypertension is higher if you have a family member who has high blood pressure, or if you have diabetes.
Risk Factors
Sodium
Found in salt, sodium causes the body to retain fluid, and can put a strain on the heart, leading to increased blood pressure. Processed foods such as canned soups and cold cuts contain a lot of sodium. The American Heart Association advises eating less than 1,500 milligrams of sodium per day.
Stress
While stress can make your blood pressure rise, there’s no evidence that it relates to blood pressure as a chronic condition. Stress, however, may indirectly cause hypertension because it increases the risk for heart disease. Stress is also likely to lead to other unhealthy habits like poor diet, smoking, or drinking alcohol.
Weight
When you are overweight or carry a few extra pounds, you strain your heart more, and this in turn, increases your risk for hypertension. Customized diets for lowering blood pressure often involve limiting calorie intake, reducing fatty foods and added sugars, while increasing lean protein, fiber, fruits, and vegetables.
Alcohol
Drinking alcoholic beverages can also increase blood pressure. The American Heart Association recommends that men limit their drinks to 2 drinks* per day, while women reduce it to one.
*Definition of a drink: a 12 oz. beer (355 ml), a 4 oz. glass of wine (118ml), a 1.5 oz. of 80-proof spirits (44ml of 40% alcohol), and 1 oz. of 100-proof spirits (30ml of 50% alcohol).
Caffeine
This has a temporary effect on blood pressure and studies have not found a link between hypertension and caffeine. Nonetheless, the American Heart Association recommends not more than one or two cups a day
Medication
Several medications can cause blood pressure to rise, such as decongestants, steroids, birth control, NSAID painkillers, and certain anti-depressants.
Treatments
Diet
There are several ways to lower blood pressure. A change in diet is one such way. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH diet was designed to do so. It focuses on increasing the amount of fruits, vegetables, whole-grain foods, low-fat dairy, fish, poultry, and nuts consumed and avoiding red meats, saturated fats, and sugars.
Exercise
Another way to combat high blood pressure is through exercise. Doctors advise at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week and at least two muscle-strengthening activities per week. Activities such as brisk walking, gardening, cycling and aerobic classes are recommended.
Diuretics
An alternative way to lower blood pressure is through diuretics, also called water pills. These help the body get rid of excess water and sodium. The side effect of these is that you will be urinating more than usual
Beta-blockers
A way to help slow down your heart beat, beta-blockers can help with hypertension by easing your heart’s heavy workload. This is often a treatment for arrhythmia, which is an abnormal heart rate. This treatment for hypertension is often prescribed along with other medications.
Side effects: insomnia, dizziness, fatigue, cold hands and feet, and erectile dysfunction.
ACE Inhibitors and Angiotension Receptor Blockers
Taking ACE inhibitors (angiotensin - converting - enzyme) can give your heart an easier time because they reduce the body’s supply of angiotensin II. This is a chemical that causes your blood vessels to contract and narrow. With less angiotensin II, you will have more relaxed and open arteries, thus reducing your blood pressure rate. Similarly, you can take pills to block the receptors for angiotensin II. These pills can take several weeks to be effective.
Side effects of ACE inhibitors: dry cough, skin rash, or dizziness, and high levels of potassium.
Side effects of Angiotensin II block receptors: dizziness, muscle cramps, insomnia, and high levels of potassium.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Another part of the body you could block to fight hypertension is your calcium channel. Calcium causes your heart to contract strongly. Blockers slow the movement of calcium in your blood vessels and heart cells, resulting in your heart being contracted more gently and a more relaxed blood flow. These pills need to be taken with milk or food, and you should avoid alcohol and grapefruit juice because they have possible interactions.
Calcium channel blocker side effects: dizziness, heart palpitations, swelling of the ankles, and constipation
Medications and Complementary Therapies
Your doctor might suggest other blood pressure medications such as vasodilators, alpha blockers, and central agonists. Along with lifestyle changes, doctors also might recommend complementary therapies such as meditation, yoga, tai chi and deep breathing. These relaxation techniques can allow your body to enter a state of deep rest, and lower blood pressure. Herbal therapies are not recommended because they often interfere with blood pressure medication.
17 March 2018
7 Honey-Based Natural Home Remedies!
7 Honey-Based Natural Home Remedies!
The medicinal properties of honey were first recognized by the ancient Egyptians, and ever since it has been used as a natural home-remedy solution. Honey contains powerful anti-inflammatory components that help strengthen your immune system and protect you from diseases.
Honey can soothe an upset stomach, prevent fatigue, repair sore muscles, treat toothaches, get rid of fungus in athlete's foot, and even aid in weight loss. Suffice to say, you should always have a jar of honey in your cupboard. Here are 7 natural home remedies you can prepare using a dash of honey.
1. Ginger and Honey: Treating an Upset Stomach
honey, home remedies, health
Ginger helps alleviate symptoms of inflammation while promoting proper blood circulation. Honey contains many essential enzymes that prevent harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and candida, from entering your body.
What you will need:
• 1 cup of honey
• 1 tablespoon finely chopped ginger root
• A pinch of ground ginger (optional)
Directions:
1. Pour 1 cup of honey into a saucepan and add 1 tablespoon of finely chopped ginger root.
2. You can add a small pinch of ground ginger if you’d like as well, but it does have a strong flavor.
3. On low heat let the mixture sit for 10 minutes.
4. When it’s done let it infuse for 2 hours or up to 2 weeks in a glass jar with a tightly fitting lid.
5. Strain when it’s finished, if you’d like.
6. Alternatively, you can also add chopped ginger root to herbal tea.
2. Homemade Cinnamon Mouthwash: Bad Breath
honey, home remedies, health
Cinnamon is widely used to calm upset stomachs and treat other gastrointestinal disorders. Cinnamon also contains the carminative herb, which is used as a flavoring agent in the production of toothpaste and mouthwash to kill off bacteria.
What you will need:
• 2 lemons
• ½ tablespoon of cinnamon
• ½-1 teaspoon baking soda
• 1 ½ teaspoons of honey
• 1 cup of warm water
• A bottle or jar with a tight fitting lid
Directions:
1. Add ½ tablespoon of cinnamon into a bottle or jar with a tight fitting lid.
2. Add the juice of the 2 freshly squeezed lemons along with 1½ teaspoons of honey.
3. If you’d like you can also add ½-1 teaspoon of baking soda and leave out the honey, or use both.
4. Pour 1 cup of warm water, which is used to melt the honey, into the jar, and stir well.
5. When you need to freshen up your breath, give it a quick shake and swish/gargle 1-2 tablespoons for 1 minute.
3. Honey and Coconut Water Drink: Sore Muscles
honey, home remedies, health
Coconut water prevents dehydration, which can lead to headache, fatigue, and a dry mouth. Coconut water helps repair damaged tissues in the body and keeps your joints functioning properly at all times.
What you will need:
• 3 cups of coconut water
• 1 cup of strawberries
• 1 cup of fresh water
• 1 cup of ice
• ⅛ teaspoon of sea salt
• 2 tablespoons natural sugar or honey
Directions:
Blend everything in a blender and drink as a healthy shake.
4. Honey and Brown Sugar Scrub: Dry Skin
honey, home remedies, health
Honey and brown sugar combine to exfoliate and moisturize the skin. The mixture fights acne and wrinkles while cleansing the pores at the same time. Make sure you use a toner after the treatment process to remove any excess oil.
What you will need:
• 2 ¼ cups brown sugar
• ½ cup olive oil
• ¼ cup honey
• 1 tsp vanilla
• ¼ tsp cinnamon (optional)
Directions:
1. In a bowl combine all ingredients until fully mixed.
2. Store the mixture in an airtight container.
3. Tie the jar with bakers twine, add a wooden spoon, and you have the perfect sugar scrub gift.
5. Apple Cider Vinegar and Honey: Acid Reflux
The natural antibiotics contained in apple cider vinegar help prevent gastric acid from entering the stomach, which causes reflux problems. The cider and honey work together to promote healthy digestion.
What you will need:
• 1 cup of honey
• 2-3 tablespoons apple cider vinegar
Directions:
1. Add 1 cup of honey to a saucepan, and then pour in 2-3 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar.
2. Allow the mixture to heat over low flame for 10 minutes, stirring well about halfway through.
3. Place the mixture into a jar and let it sit for a while or until you are ready to use.
4. It doesn’t need to sit as long as something like cinnamon sticks or cloves would.
6. Fenugreek Seeds, Honey and Ginger Remedy: Asthma
honey, home remedies, health
Fenugreek seeds help fight off respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis. Honey helps prevent airway constriction, which occurs when mucus accumulates in the bronchial tubes. Ginger contains many natural anti-inflammatory properties that allow you to breathe better.
What you will need:
• 2 teaspoons fenugreek seeds
• 2 teaspoons ginger paste (make it from fresh ginger root)
• 1 teaspoon honey
• 4 cups of water
Directions:
1. Add the fenugreek seeds to water, and allow them to simmer for 30 minutes.
2. Strain the water after 30 minutes.
3. Put the ginger paste into a sifter and press to extract it’s juice.
4. Add the ginger juice to the water you just strained.
5. Add honey to this solution and mix well.
6. Drink a glass every morning.
7. Clove and Honey: Toothache
honey, home remedies, health
Cloves contain a pain-relieving anesthetic called eugenol that is used to treat toothaches and gingivitis. Honey acts as a natural antiseptic that kills germs and bacteria, which add to the infection.
What you will need:
• 1 cup of honey
• 5-10 whole cloves
Directions:
1. Pour 1 cup of honey into a saucepan, and then add 5-10 whole cloves.
2. Heat for 10 minutes, over a low flame, before letting it infuse for 2 hours or up to 2 weeks, placing it in a jar with a tightly fitting lid.
3. Strain when it’s finished (optional).
11 March 2018
Here Are 5 Different Pranayams That Can Cure 5 Different Diseases!
This ancient art of breathing can cure nearly all diseases. The following breathing exercises are a gateway to healthy life and help you to realise your inner self.
1. Bhramari Pranayama for throat
In this pranayama the breathing sounds like a humming bee. To do this, sit in a relaxed posture and close your ears with your thumbs, place your index fingers on the temple and close your eyes with the other three fingers. Slowly inhale through your nose and hold it for a few seconds. Keeping your mouth closed, slowly exhale by making a humming sound. Repeat it 5 times.
2. Anulom-Vilom Pranayama for eye sight and heart diseases
This pranayama is all about deep breathing and has no sound as such. For this exercise sit in a comfortable position, close your right nostril with your thumb and slowly exhale from the left nostril. After exhaling slowly and steadily inhale through the same nostril. Do the same process with your left nostril with your ring finger and exhale through the right nostril. Repeat this process for 2-5 minutes.
3. Kapalbhati Pranayama for reducing belly flat
This pranayama is all about forceful and active inhalation and exhalation, where you have to inhale normally and exhale forcefully. During exhalation the stomach muscles should be moved fiercely (pulling it closer to your back). Do this breathing exercise for 2-5 minutes.
4. Ujjayi Pranayama for snoring issues and thyroid
Start this breathing exercise with normal inhalation and exhale completely. Bow your head down blocking the free flow of air and inhale as long as you can. Hold back for 2-5 seconds. While exhaling, close your right nostril with your right thumb and breathe out through your left nostril. You can repeat this exercise for ten to twelve times.
5. Bhastrika Pranayama to strengthen your lungs
This breathing exercise starts with deep breath-in where we expand our stomach. The air is completely breathed out with strength, sucking your stomach towards the backbone. During inhalation, your stomach should be extended to the maximum. Do this exercise for 1-2 minutes and do take rest.
Reduce Stress in Seconds with These 8 Pressure Points!
We all have our own ways of dealing with stress. Some people escape to a sunny beach, some prefer a nice glass of wine, and others even do their best to ignore it. Each way has its advantages (and disadvantages), but we can’t always do what's best at the exact moment we need to. This is where pressure points become a quick and effective long-term solution. Pressure points are areas in the body that can trigger various physical and mental effects when pressure is applied to them.
1. The Scalp
stress pressure points
The scalp is full of pressure points, many that can effectively and discretely reduce stress levels. You can sit at your office desk, lean back and use two fingers to massage the point where the neck meets the skull for about 20 seconds. Much of the stress we accumulate during the day collects in the shoulders and neck muscles, and applying pressure to this point can relieve much of it.
2. The Ear
stress pressure points
This pressure point is known as Shen Men (The Spirit Gate), and some experts claim it’s the best stress-relieving point in the body. In reflexology, it’s also used to reduce inflammation and pain throughout the body. It’s recommended that you massage this spot with a cotton bud or even a pen, and to take deep, slow breaths during the massage.
3. The Chest
stress pressure points
Stress can make us forget to breathe, or take shallow breaths. This point helps reduce the stress that accumulates in your chest, while reminding you to breathe normally again. Use three fingers to massage this point, or one finger to tap rhythmically on the area while taking deep breaths. If you experience chronic stress, combine massaging this point with the point between your eyebrows. The connection between these two points helps to calm the nervous system.
4. The Stomach
stress pressure points
Many reflexologists prefer to use this point because it helps create movement that frees the chest and diaphragm, which improves the breathing process. Patients who have this treatment instinctively take deeper breaths and almost always report a sensation of relief.
5. The Forearm
stress pressure points
This is a classic spot for reflexology and acupuncture. Stress and anxiety create reverse energy flow in the body, which this spot is supposed to repair. It helps your energy to move in the right direction while aiding your mental focus and reducing stress.
6. The Palm
stress pressure points
The moment you press on this spot, you’ll feel your stress evaporating.. It is located on one of the most important meridians (an energy channel), which affects the heart, liver, and pancreas. It's believed that much of the stress we experience is stored in the liver, so applying pressure on this point is highly effective. It is also a great spot for treating headaches, stomachaches, indigestion, and insomnia – all of which could be symptoms of stress.
7. The Calves
stress pressure points
If you feel stress in the upper part of your body, massaging this spot is perfect. The area could be quite tender in people who deal with a lot of stress - women in particular.
8. The Foot
stress pressure points
Pressure on this point can help ease a stressed mind that over-obsesses a certain worry. Some reflexologists believe that this is the best meridian for treating the pancreas and that its location, at the center of the foot, helps patients reduce stress and pay better attention to their bodies.
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| 0.655292 |
Capacitors in Space: Standards for Space Mission High-Reliability
Dec 5, 2023
Capacitors used in space missions require stringent reliability standards due to the extreme conditions present in space, including radiation, vacuum, temperature variations, and cosmic rays. Capacitors function as devices for storing and subsequently releasing electrical energy. They are essential for filtering noise, stabilizing voltage, and maintaining precise timing in electronic circuits.
• Radiation Hardness: Space environments expose electronic components to high levels of radiation. Capacitors need to be radiation-hardened to withstand this, ensuring that they maintain their functionality and do not degrade or fail due to radiation exposure.
• Temperature Range: Space experiences extreme temperature fluctuations. Capacitors must function reliably across a wide temperature range, from extreme cold to high heat, without degradation in performance.
• Vibration and Mechanical Stress: Launches and maneuvers in space subject components to significant mechanical stress and vibrations. Capacitors must be able to withstand these conditions without failure.
• Longevity and Reliability: Space missions often last for years or even decades. Capacitors should have a long operational life without significant degradation or failure throughout the mission's duration.
• Outgassing and Vacuum Compatibility: In the vacuum of space, materials can outgas, releasing substances that might degrade nearby components or surfaces. Capacitors used in space must be made of materials that are compatible with a vacuum environment and have minimal outgassing.
• Testing and Qualification Standards: Various space agencies like NASA, ESA (European Space Agency), and others have specific standards and testing protocols for space-grade components. Capacitors need to meet these standards and undergo rigorous testing to ensure their reliability in space environments.
• Quality Assurance and Traceability: Manufacturing processes for space-grade capacitors require strict quality control measures and traceability of components to ensure reliability. Components need to be traceable back to their origin and manufactured under controlled conditions.
• Space-Grade Capacitor Types: Certain types of capacitors are more suitable for space applications due to their inherent properties. For instance, tantalum capacitors are often used because of their stability and reliability in harsh environments.
NASA EEE-INST-002: A Comprehensive Guide for Reliability
The NASA EEE-INST-002 specification serves as a guiding light for selecting, screening, and qualifying electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) components. Developed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC), the standard ensures that components meet the necessary reliability and cost criteria. The NASA EEE-INST-002 specification serves as a comprehensive guide for electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) parts selection, screening qualification, and derating. The standard is tailored for NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC) projects and establishes a baseline criterion ensuring that components and materials align with the rigorous standards set by NASA.
Section C1 {Focus on Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCCs)} of the specification specifically addresses multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). These capacitors are widely used due to their compact size, high capacitance, and excellent stability. To comply with NASA standards, MLCCs must adhere to MIL-PRF-55681 and MIL-PRF-123 standards. These military standards define the performance, testing, and qualification procedures for capacitors used in space applications. These capacitors are widely used in space applications for their compact size, high capacitance values, and stability.
ESCC 3009: European Standards for Space Components
ESCC 3009, or the European Space Components Coordination (ESCC) standard for space components, is a comprehensive set of specifications and requirements designed to ensure the reliability and quality of components used in space missions. The European Space Components Coordination (ESCC), established by the European Space Agency (ESA), focuses on ensuring the availability and affordability of mission-qualified EEE components. Within the broader framework of ESCC 3009, particular attention is given to space capacitors, critical components that play a pivotal role in the functioning of space systems. These capacitors are meticulously scrutinized for their ability to withstand the harsh conditions of space, including extreme temperatures, radiation exposure, and vacuum environments. ESCC 3009 sets stringent criteria for the design, manufacturing, and testing of space capacitors to guarantee their performance in space applications. Parameters such as capacitance stability, leakage current, and dielectric strength are carefully defined to meet the demands of long-duration space missions. The standard ensures that space capacitors adhere to the highest quality and reliability standards, minimizing the risk of failure and ensuring the success of space missions where these components are deployed. Compliance with ESCC 3009 not only enhances the dependability of space capacitors but also contributes to the overall robustness and longevity of space systems, reflecting the commitment of the European space industry to excellence in space exploration and satellite technology.
The European Space Components Coordination (ESCC) plays a pivotal role in shaping the standards for mission-qualified EEE components for space programs. ESCC 3009, one of the standards set by ESCC, focuses on capacitors and their vital role in ensuring the availability and affordability of reliable electronic components. ESCC's collaborative approach involves stakeholders from various European countries and institutions, fostering a global effort to standardize and enhance the reliability of electronic components for space exploration. This not only benefits European space programs but contributes to the broader international community engaged in space endeavors.
ESCC 3009 specifically outlines the requirements for ceramic dielectric capacitors in space applications. These capacitors must withstand extreme temperatures, radiation, and mechanical stress. By adhering to ESCC standards, manufacturers ensure that their capacitors meet the demanding needs of space missions.
ESCC 3009, while ensuring high reliability, also emphasizes the affordability of mission-qualified components. Balancing reliability with cost-effectiveness is a constant challenge in space missions. The ESCC standards aim to provide a framework that allows for the development of space-grade components without unduly burdening project budgets.
MIL-PRF-55681: Rigorous Standards for Space Components
MIL-PRF-55681 is a stringent standard established by the United States Department of Defense, outlines rigorous requirements for space components to ensure their reliability and performance in demanding aerospace environments. MIL-PRF-55681 is a military specification that outlines the performance and testing requirements for high-reliability MLCCs. This includes parameters such as electrical characteristics, mechanical properties, and environmental testing. Within this comprehensive standard, specific attention is directed towards space capacitors, essential components critical to the functionality of space systems. Capacitors meeting these standards are more likely to withstand the harsh conditions of space, ensuring the longevity and reliability crucial for mission success.
MIL-PRF-55681 defines the performance and testing requirements for high-reliability MLCCs used in space applications. The standard specifies the quality control and qualification procedures for these capacitors, including visual inspection, electrical testing, and environmental testing.
MIL-PRF-55681 mandates precise specifications for the design, manufacturing, and testing of space capacitors, emphasizing their ability to withstand the extreme conditions prevalent in space missions, including high levels of radiation, varying temperatures, and vacuum environments. Parameters such as capacitance stability, equivalent series resistance (ESR), and insulation resistance are meticulously defined to meet the stringent demands of space applications. Compliance with MIL-PRF-55681 ensures that space capacitors exhibit exceptional durability and longevity, minimizing the risk of failures during extended space missions. The standard reflects the commitment of the U.S. Department of Defense to maintaining the highest quality and reliability standards for space components, contributing to the success and resilience of space exploration initiatives and satellite technologies. Adherence to MIL-PRF-55681 underscores the dedication to precision and excellence in the design and manufacturing of space capacitors, critical elements for the success of aerospace missions.
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| 0.991815 |
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Athletic invasive knee surgery, repairing ligaments
Yenwen Lu / Getty Images
What is the Anterior Cruciate Ligament - ACL?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of four ligaments critical to stabilizing the knee joint. A ligament is made of tough fibrous material and functions to control excessive motion by limiting joint mobility. Of the four major ligaments of the knee, the ACL is the most frequently injured. When you have an injury to your ACL it often feels like the knee is "giving out."
What does the ACL do?
The anterior cruciate ligament provides the primary restraint to forward motion of the shin bone (tibia). The anatomy of the knee joint is critical to understanding this relationship. The femur (thigh bone) sits on top of the tibia (shin bone), and the knee joint allows movement at the junction of these bones. Without ligaments to stabilize the knee, the joint would be unstable and prone to dislocation. The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward.
The ACL also contributes stability to other movements at the joint including the angulation and rotation at the knee joint. The ACL performs these functions by attaching to the femur on one end, and to the tibia on the other. The other major ligaments of the knee are the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL, respectively).
Cruciate - What's in a Name?
Cruciate means cross.
The anterior cruciate ligament crosses the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) to form an X or cross. The ACL is in front of the PCL, which is why it is named anterior while the PCL is posterior, or behind it.
Grades of ACL Sprains
When a ligament is injured, it is called a sprain. For the ACL, it is graded from 1 to 3.
A grade 1 sprain has mild damage and the knee joint is still stable. A grade 2 sprain is a partial tear with the ligament stretched and damaged. A grade 3 sprain is a complete tear of the ligament and it is the most common.
ACL Tears - How to Treat a Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Tears of the ACL can happen when you land a jump or make a sudden pivot, as is typical in sports such as basketball, soccer, football, and skiing. But you can also have a tear in a fall or work-related injury. Learn about causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention for ACL tears.
Source:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, March, 2014.
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| 0.974733 |
VMware Cloud Community
grantcunningham
Contributor
Contributor
CPU Ready time question (PCPU vs VCPU)
Hi All,
I'm trying to validate CPU Ready % for some of our clusters and was wondering why there is a difference in PCPU Ready % vs VCPU Ready %
I'm looking at PCPU Ready % on a ESX host and I can see the Summation value of 7000MS in the real time charts. When converted this gives me a percentage value of 35% (CPU summation value / (<chart default update interval in seconds> * 1000)) * 100 = CPU ready %)
Am I calculating this wrong? This seems extremely high.
When I look at ESXTOP on that same host, I can see the VCPU's Ready % (%RDY and also looking at %VMWAIT?) all well under vmware's recommended best practice of %5
My question's are;
1. Am I calculating this value correctly?
2. Why do my VCPU's show a different percentage than my PCPU? I would of thought that they would be aligned.
3. Should I calculate my CPU Ready % on a per PCPU basis (eg. %RDY or %VMWAIT)
4. Why is my PCPU Ready time so high if the VM's CPU Ready % are so low.
Any help would be much appreciated.
Thanks.
Reply
0 Kudos
1 Reply
vNEX
Expert
Expert
Hi,
You forget to divide it by number of logical CPUs in your host or by number of vCPU in your VM!
In ESXTOP you see all these metrics in real-time view which is refreshed every 5 seconds ... there is no need for such formulas above.
The value you see in ESXTOP for a VM is aggregate sum of %RDY for all vCPUs dedicated to VM so for SMP virtual machine you must divide this number to number of VM vCPUs.
If you wan to see %RDY for every vCPU separately in ESXTOP push "e" to expand VM worlds and type VM GID in the list you will see %RDY for each vCPU (vmx-vcpu-0, vmx-vcpu-1, vmx-vcpu-2 ....) separately.
I'm looking at PCPU Ready % on a ESX host and I can see the Summation value of 7000MS in the real time charts. When converted this gives me a percentage value of 35% (CPU summation value / (<chart default update interval in seconds> * 1000)) * 100 = CPU ready %)
Am I calculating this wrong? This seems extremely high. Am I calculating this value correctly?
So for dual socket quad core host with HT enabled the calculation would be following:
7000/20000*100/16= 2,1875 % of ready time per logical CPU which is absolutely no problem at all.
%VMWAIT - means time VM spent in blocked state waiting for some events to complete; usually waiting for I/O
High VMWAIT can be caused by poor storage performance or high latency of some pass-through device configured for the VM.
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P.
Message was edited by: vNEX
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# # ChangeLog for c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/Makefile.in in rtems # # Generated by Trac 1.2.1.dev0 # Jun 23, 2021, 4:37:26 AM Wed, 10 Dec 1997 16:58:00 GMT Joel Sherrill [674c900] * Makefile.in (modified) * c/Makefile.in (modified) * c/build-tools/Makefile.in (modified) * c/build-tools/os/Makefile.in (modified) * c/build-tools/os/msdos/Makefile.in (modified) * c/build-tools/scripts/Makefile.in (modified) * c/build-tools/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/base/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/headers/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/include/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/include/sys/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/include/wrap/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/inline/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/inline/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/macros/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/macros/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/optman/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/posix/sys/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/headers/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/include/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/inline/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/inline/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/macros/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/macros/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/optman/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/rtems/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/headers/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/include/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/inline/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/inline/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/macros/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/macros/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/optman/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/sapi/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/a29k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/i386/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/i960/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/m68k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/mips64orion/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/no_cpu/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/powerpc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/sparc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/unix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/headers/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/include/rtems/score/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/inline/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/inline/rtems/score/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/macros/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/macros/rtems/score/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/tools/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/tools/generic/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/tools/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/score/tools/unix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/wrapup/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/exec/wrapup/rtems/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/console/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/shmsupp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/start/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/startup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/pxfl/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/shmsupp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/startup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/tools/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/tty/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/console/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/include/Makefile.in (modified) * 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c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/console/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/start/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/startsis/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/startup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/timer/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/tools/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/sparc/erc32/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/console/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/shmsupp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/startup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/timer/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/tools/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/milli/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/runway/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/semaphore/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/timer/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/m68k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/m68k/m68040/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/m68k/m68040/fpsp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/timer/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/clock/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/console/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/timer/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/vectors/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/sparc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libcpu/sparc/reg_win/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/assoc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/cpuuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/error/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/monitor/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/rtmonuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/stackchk/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/libmisc/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/librtems++/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/start/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/start/a29k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/start/i960/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/start/m68k/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/start/mips64orion/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/lib/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/assoc/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/cpuuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/error/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/monitor/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/rtmonuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/stackchk/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/libmisc/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/librtems++/src/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/cpuuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/malloctest/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/monitor/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/rtems++/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/rtmonuse/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/stackchk/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/libtests/termios/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp01/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp01/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp01/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp02/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp02/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp02/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp03/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp03/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp03/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp04/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp04/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp04/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp05/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp05/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp05/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp06/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp06/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp06/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp07/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp07/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp07/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp08/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp08/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp08/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp09/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp09/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp09/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp10/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp10/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp10/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp11/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp11/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp11/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp12/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp12/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp12/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp13/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp13/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp13/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp14/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp14/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/mptests/mp14/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx01/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx02/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx03/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx04/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx05/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx06/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx07/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx08/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx09/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx10/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx11/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psx12/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/psxhdrs/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/support/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/psxtests/support/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/base_mp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/base_mp/node1/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/base_mp/node2/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/base_sp/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/cdtest/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/hello/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/paranoia/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/samples/ticker/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp01/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp02/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp03/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp04/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp05/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp06/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp07/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp08/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp09/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp11/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp12/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp13/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp14/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp15/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp16/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp17/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp19/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp20/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp21/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp22/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp23/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp24/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp25/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/spfatal/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/sptests/spsize/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/support/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/support/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/support/stubdr/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/support/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/include/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm01/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm02/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm03/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm04/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm05/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm06/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm07/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm08/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm09/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm10/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm11/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm12/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm13/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm14/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm15/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm16/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm17/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm18/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm19/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm20/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm21/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm22/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm23/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm24/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm25/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm26/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm27/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm28/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm29/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tmck/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tmoverhd/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/tests/tools/generic/Makefile.in (modified) * c/src/wrapup/Makefile.in (modified) * c/update-tools/Makefile.in (modified) * configure (modified) * configure.in (modified) * tools/build/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/build/os/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/build/os/msdos/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/build/scripts/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/build/src/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/cpu/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/cpu/generic/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/cpu/unix/Makefile.in (modified) * tools/update/Makefile.in (modified) Modified a lot of files to take a first cut at supporting building ... Tue, 01 Apr 1997 23:07:52 GMT Joel Sherrill [254b4450] * Makefile.in (added) * README.configure (added) * c/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/os/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/os/msdos/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/scripts/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/build-tools/src/unhex.c (modified) * c/build-tools/unhex.c (modified) * c/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/base/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/headers/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/include/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/include/sys/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/include/wrap/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/inline/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/inline/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/macros/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/macros/rtems/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/optman/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/posix/sys/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/headers/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/include/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/inline/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/inline/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/macros/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/macros/rtems/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/optman/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/rtems/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/headers/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/headers/README (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/include/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/include/rtems/README (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/inline/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/inline/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/macros/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/macros/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/optman/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/sapi/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/a29k/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/hppa1.1/cpu_asm.s (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/hppa1.1/hppa.h (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/i386/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/i960/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/m68k/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/mips64orion/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/no_cpu/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/powerpc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/sparc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/unix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/unix/cpu.c (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/unix/cpu.h (modified) * c/src/exec/score/cpu/unix/unix.h (modified) * c/src/exec/score/headers/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/include/rtems/score/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/inline/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/inline/rtems/score/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/macros/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/macros/rtems/score/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/src/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/tools/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/tools/generic/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/tools/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/score/tools/unix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/wrapup/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/exec/wrapup/rtems/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/start/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/a29k/portsw/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/pxfl/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/bsp_specs (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/start/start.s (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/startup/bspstart.c (modified) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/tools/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/tty/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/hppa1.1/simhppa/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/force386/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/go32/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i386/i386ex/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/start/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/i960/cvme961/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/dmv152/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/dmv152/clock/Makefile.in (added) * 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c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68302/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/start/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/start360/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/gen68360/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/idp/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme136/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147s/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/m68k/mvme147s/clock/Makefile.in (added) * 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c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/liblnk/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/start/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/mips64orion/p4000/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/no_cpu/no_bsp/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/powerpc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/powerpc/papyrus/Makefile.in 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c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/shmsupp/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/startup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/tools/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libbsp/unix/posix/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/milli/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/milli/milli.s (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/runway/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/semaphore/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/hppa1.1/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/mips64orion/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/clock/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/console/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/timer/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/powerpc/ppc403/vectors/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/sparc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libcpu/sparc/reg_win/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libmisc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libmisc/assoc/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libmisc/error/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libmisc/monitor/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/lib/libmisc/stackchk/Makefile.in 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c/src/tests/sptests/sp19/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp20/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp21/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp22/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp23/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp24/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/sp25/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/spfatal/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/sptests/spsize/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/support/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/support/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/support/stubdr/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/support/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/include/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm01/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm02/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm03/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm04/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm05/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm06/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm07/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm08/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm09/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm10/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm11/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm12/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm13/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm14/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm15/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm16/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm17/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm18/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm19/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm20/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm21/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm22/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm23/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm24/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm25/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm26/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm27/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm28/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tm29/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tmck/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tmtests/tmoverhd/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/tests/tools/generic/Makefile.in (added) * c/src/wrapup/Makefile.in (added) * c/update-tools/Makefile.in (added) * config.guess (added) * config.sub (added) * configure (added) * configure.in (added) * cpukit/sapi/include/rtems/README (added) * cpukit/score/cpu/unix/cpu.c (modified) * install-sh (added) * mkinstalldirs (added) * tools/build/Makefile.in (added) * tools/build/os/Makefile.in (added) * tools/build/os/msdos/Makefile.in (added) * tools/build/scripts/Makefile.in (added) * tools/build/src/Makefile.in (added) * tools/build/src/unhex.c (modified) * tools/build/unhex.c (modified) * tools/cpu/Makefile.in (added) * tools/cpu/generic/Makefile.in (added) * tools/cpu/unix/Makefile.in (added) * tools/update/Makefile.in (added) This set of changes is the build of what was required to convert to ...
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Revision history [back]
Most cloud images don't have a root password. You communicate with them through a normal user and SSH keys. If they do have a password, there is normally no way to retrieve it.
It is, however, possible to have Nova inject a password into the instance. It will be shown in the instance details. There are a number of conditions; see https://docs.openstack.org/nova/train/admin/admin-password-injection.html.
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Earth
prefLabel
• Earth
definition
• The third planet from the sun in our solar system. Allowed Values: Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere.Magnetotail Magnetosphere.Main Magnetosphere.Polar Magnetosphere.Radiation Belt Near Surface Near Surface.Atmosphere Near Surface.Auroral Region Near Surface.Equatorial Region Near Surface.Ionosphere Near Surface.Ionosphere.D-Region Near Surface.Ionosphere.E-Region Near Surface.Ionosphere.F-Region Near Surface.Ionosphere.Topside Near Surface.Mesosphere Near Surface.Plasmasphere Near Surface.Polar Cap Near Surface.South Atlantic Anomaly Region Near Surface.Stratosphere Near Surface.Thermosphere Near Surface.Troposphere Surface
topConceptOf
relatedMatch
narrower
inScheme
closeMatch
Abstract from DBPedia
Earth (otherwise known as the world, in Greek: Γαῖα Gaia, or in Latin: Terra) is the third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days or one sidereal year. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface within a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is the Earth's only permanent natural satellite; their gravitational interaction causes ocean tides, stabilizes the orientation of Earth's rotational axis, and gradually slows Earth's rotational rate. Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics. Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive. Life arose on Earth by 3.5 billion years ago, though some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. In the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long durations of expansion but occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species of life that ever lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely; most species have not been described. Over 7.3 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humanity has developed diverse societies and cultures; politically, the world is divided into about 200 sovereign states.
地球（ちきゅう、英: Earth, 羅: Terra）とは、人類など多くの生命体が生存する天体である。太陽系にある惑星の1つ。太陽から3番目に近く、表面に水、空気中に酸素を大量に蓄え、多様な生物が生存することを特徴とする惑星である。
(Source: http://dbpedia.org/resource/Earth)
related datapublication(s) found by skos:relatedMatch or skos:closeMatch)
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Eric Bergman-Terrell's Blog
.NET Programming Tip: How to Determine the Encoding of a Unicode File
October 4, 2010
The StreamReader class allows you to read in Unicode text from a file without having to worry about the precise encoding:
...
StreamReader SR = new StreamReader(FileName, true);
String Contents = SR.ReadToEnd();
SR.Close();
...
For example, the above code works for Unicode files having the following Encodings: Encoding.BigEndianUnicode, Encoding.Unicode, and Encoding.UTF8. It also works if the file is encoded in Encoding.ASCII format.
The file's encoding is automatically detected because the StreamReader constructor's second argument (detectEncodingFromByteOrderMarks) is true.
There's no problem reading in Unicode text using the StreamReader. The problem is writing updated text back to the file with the original Encoding intact. For example, if your program reads text in Encoding.BigEndianUnicode format, it should write it back in the same format.
Unfortunately the StreamReader object doesn't keep the original Encoding around for later use. Don't try to use the CurrentEncoding member, it's always Encoding.UTF8, regardless of the text file's actual Encoding. At least it always was when I experimented with it.
So how can you use a StreamWriter to write back text read from a StreamReader, with the original encoding intact? Use the following code to determine the file's original encoding, and specify that encoding in the StreamWriter's constructor.
Unicode files start with a two byte prefix called a BOM (Byte Order Mark) that identifies the exact Encoding of the file. GetFileEncoding() iterates through various Unicode Encoding values and compares the file's BOM with the current Encoding's BOM (returned by the GetPrefix() member). When a match is found, the corresponding Encoding value is returned. If no matches are found, the Encoding.Default value is returned.
public static Encoding GetFileEncoding(String FileName)
// Return the Encoding of a text file. Return Encoding.Default if no Unicode
// BOM (byte order mark) is found.
{
Encoding Result = null;
FileInfo FI = new FileInfo(FileName);
FileStream FS = null;
try
{
FS = FI.OpenRead();
Encoding[] UnicodeEncodings = { Encoding.BigEndianUnicode, Encoding.Unicode, Encoding.UTF8 };
for (int i = 0; Result == null && i < UnicodeEncodings.Length; i++)
{
FS.Position = 0;
byte[] Preamble = UnicodeEncodings[i].GetPreamble();
bool PreamblesAreEqual = true;
for (int j = 0; PreamblesAreEqual && j < Preamble.Length; j++)
{
PreamblesAreEqual = Preamble[j] == FS.ReadByte();
}
if (PreamblesAreEqual)
{
Result = UnicodeEncodings[i];
}
}
}
catch (System.IO.IOException)
{
}
finally
{
if (FS != null)
{
FS.Close();
}
}
if (Result == null)
{
Result = Encoding.Default;
}
return Result;
}
Keywords: Unicode, Encoding, StreamReader, StreamWriter, BOM, Byte Order Mark, BigEndianUnicode, Encoding.Default, Encoding.ASCII, Encoding.Default, Encoding.Unicode, GetPreamble
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WorldWideScience
Sample records for significantly reduced maximum
1. Sucralfate significantly reduces ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum.
OpenAIRE
Garrelts, J C; Godley, P J; Peterie, J D; Gerlach, E H; Yakshe, C C
1990-01-01
The effect of sucralfate on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was evaluated in eight healthy subjects utilizing a randomized, crossover design. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h was reduced from 8.8 to 1.1 micrograms.h/ml by sucralfate (P less than 0.005). Similarly, the maximum concentration of ciprofloxacin in serum was reduced from 2.0 to 0.2 micrograms/ml (P less than 0.005). We conclude that concurrent ingestion of sucralfate significantly reduces the concentr...
2. The maximum significant wave height in the Southern North Sea
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bouws, E.; Tolman, H.L.; Holthuijsen, L.H.; Eldeberky, Y.; Booij, N.; Ferier, P.
1995-01-01
The maximum possible wave conditions along the Dutch coast, which seem to be dominated by the limited water depth, have been estimated in the present study with numerical simulations. Discussions with meteorologists suggest that the maximum possible sustained wind speed in North Sea conditions is
3. Prognostic significance of maximum primary tumor diameter in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liang, Shao-Bo; Deng, Yan-Ming; Zhang, Ning; Lu, Rui-Liang; Zhao, Hai; Chen, Hai-Yang; Li, Shao-En; Liu, Dong-Sheng; Chen, Yong
2013-01-01
To evaluate the prognostic value of maximum primary tumor diameter (MPTD) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Three hundred and thirty-three consecutive, newly-diagnosed NPC patients were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to estimate overall survival (OS), failure-free survival (FFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and local relapse-free survival (LRFS). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of MPTD. Median follow-up was 66 months (range, 2–82 months). Median MPTD in stage T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 27.9, 37.5, 45.0 and 61.3 mm, respectively. The proportion of T1 patients with a MPTD ≤ 30 mm was 62.3%; 72% and 62.9% of T2 and T3 patients had a MPTD > 30–50 mm, and 83.5% of T4 patients had a MPTD > 50 mm. For patients with a MPTD ≤ 30 mm, > 30–50 mm and > 50 mm, the 5-year OS, FFS, DMFS and LRFS rates were 85.2%, 74.2% and 56.3% (P < 0.001); 87%, 80.7% and 62.8% (P < 0.001); 88.7%, 86.4% and 72.5% (P = 0.003); and 98.2%, 93.2% and 86.3% (P = 0.012), respectively. In multivariate analysis, MPTD was a prognostic factor for OS, FFS and DMFS, and the only independent prognostic factor for LRFS. For T3-T4 patients with a MPTD ≤ 50 mm and > 50 mm, the 5-year OS, FFS and DMFS rates were 70.4% vs. 58.4% (P = 0.010), 77.5% vs. 65.2% (P = 0.013) and 83.6% vs. 73.6% (P = 0.047), respectively. In patients with a MPTD ≤ 30 mm, 5-year LRFS in T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 100%, 100%, 88.9% and 100% (P = 0.172). Our data suggest that MPTD is an independent prognostic factor in NPC, and incorporation of MPTD might lead to a further refinement of T staging
4. Reduced oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size.
Science.gov (United States)
Peck, L S; Chapelle, G
2003-11-07
The trend towards large size in marine animals with latitude, and the existence of giant marine species in polar regions have long been recognized, but remained enigmatic until a recent study showed it to be an effect of increased oxygen availability in sea water of a low temperature. The effect was apparent in data from 12 sites worldwide because of variations in water oxygen content controlled by differences in temperature and salinity. Another major physical factor affecting oxygen content in aquatic environments is reduced pressure at high altitude. Suitable data from high-altitude sites are very scarce. However, an exceptionally rich crustacean collection, which remains largely undescribed, was obtained by the British 1937 expedition from Lake Titicaca on the border between Peru and Bolivia in the Andes at an altitude of 3809 m. We show that in Lake Titicaca the maximum length of amphipods is 2-4 times smaller than other low-salinity sites (Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal).
5. Quilting after mastectomy significantly reduces seroma formation
African Journals Online (AJOL)
reduce or prevent seroma formation among mastectomy patients ... of this prospective study is to evaluate the effect of surgical quilting ... Seroma was more common in smokers (p=0.003) and was not decreased by the .... explain its aetiology.
6. Maximum wind power plant generation by reducing the wake effect
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
De-Prada-Gil, Mikel; Alías, César Guillén; Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol; Sumper, Andreas
2015-01-01
Highlights: • To analyze the benefit of applying a new control strategy to maximise energy yield. • To operate some wind turbines at non-optimum points for reducing wake effects. • Single, partial and multiple wakes for any wind direction are taken into account. • Thrust coefficient is computed according to Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. - Abstract: This paper analyses, from a steady state point of view, the potential benefit of a Wind Power Plant (WPP) control strategy whose main objective is to maximise its total energy yield over its lifetime by taking into consideration that the wake effect within the WPP varies depending on the operation of each wind turbine. Unlike the conventional approach in which each wind turbine operation is optimised individually to maximise its own energy capture, the proposed control strategy aims to optimise the whole system by operating some wind turbines at sub-optimum points, so that the wake effect within the WPP is reduced and therefore the total power generation is maximised. The methodology used to assess the performance of both control approaches is presented and applied to two particular study cases. It contains a comprehensive wake model considering single, partial and multiple wake effects among turbines. The study also takes into account the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory to accurately compute both power and thrust coefficient of each wind turbine. The results suggest a good potential of the proposed concept, since an increase in the annual energy captured by the WPP from 1.86% up to 6.24% may be achieved (depending on the wind rose at the WPP location) by operating some specific wind turbines slightly away from their optimum point and reducing thus the wake effect
7. Statistical Significance of the Maximum Hardness Principle Applied to Some Selected Chemical Reactions.
Science.gov (United States)
Saha, Ranajit; Pan, Sudip; Chattaraj, Pratim K
2016-11-05
The validity of the maximum hardness principle (MHP) is tested in the cases of 50 chemical reactions, most of which are organic in nature and exhibit anomeric effect. To explore the effect of the level of theory on the validity of MHP in an exothermic reaction, B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,3pd) and LC-BLYP/6-311++G(2df,3pd) (def2-QZVP for iodine and mercury) levels are employed. Different approximations like the geometric mean of hardness and combined hardness are considered in case there are multiple reactants and/or products. It is observed that, based on the geometric mean of hardness, while 82% of the studied reactions obey the MHP at the B3LYP level, 84% of the reactions follow this rule at the LC-BLYP level. Most of the reactions possess the hardest species on the product side. A 50% null hypothesis is rejected at a 1% level of significance.
8. Coronary ligation reduces maximum sustained swimming speed in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Farrell, A P; Steffensen, J F
1987-01-01
The maximum aerobic swimming speed of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was measured before and after ligation of the coronary artery. Coronary artery ligation prevented blood flow to the compact layer of the ventricular myocardium, which represents 30% of the ventricular mass, and produced...... a statistically significant 35.5% reduction in maximum swimming speed. We conclude that the coronary circulation is important for maximum aerobic swimming and implicit in this conclusion is that maximum cardiac performance is probably necessary for maximum aerobic swimming performance....
9. Nannoplankton malformation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and its paleoecological and paleoceanographic significance
Science.gov (United States)
Bralower, Timothy J.; Self-Trail, Jean
2016-01-01
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is characterized by a transient group of nannoplankton, belonging to the genus Discoaster. Our investigation of expanded shelf sections provides unprecedented detail of the morphology and phylogeny of the transient Discoasterduring the PETM and their relationship with environmental change. We observe a much larger range of morphological variation than previously documented suggesting that the taxa belonged to a plexus of highly gradational morphotypes rather than individual species. We propose that the plexus represents malformed ecophenotypes of a single species that migrated to a deep photic zone refuge during the height of PETM warming and eutrophication. Anomalously, high rates of organic matter remineralization characterized these depths during the event and led to lower saturation levels, which caused malformation. The proposed mechanism explains the co-occurrence of malformed Discoaster with pristine species that grew in the upper photic zone; moreover, it illuminates why malformation is a rare phenomenon in the paleontological record.
10. Optimal design of the gerotor (2-ellipses) for reducing maximum contact stress
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Kwak, Hyo Seo; Li, Sheng Huan [Dept. of Mechanical Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Chul [School of Mechanical Design and Manufacturing, Busan Institute of Science and Technology, Busan (Korea, Republic of)
2016-12-15
The oil pump, which is used as lubricator of engines and auto transmission, supplies working oil to the rotating elements to prevent wear. The gerotor pump is used widely in the automobile industry. When wear occurs due to contact between an inner rotor and an outer rotor, the efficiency of the gerotor pump decreases rapidly, and elastic deformation from the contacts also causes vibration and noise. This paper reports the optimal design of a gerotor with a 2-ellipses combined lobe shape that reduces the maximum contact stress. An automatic program was developed to calculate Hertzian contact stress of the gerotor using the Matlab and the effect of the design parameter on the maximum contact stress was analyzed. In addition, the method of theoretical analysis for obtaining the contact stress was verified by performing the fluid-structural coupled analysis using the commercial software, Ansys, considering both the driving force of the inner rotor and the fluid pressure, which is generated by working oil.
11. The significance of sensory appeal for reduced meat consumption.
Science.gov (United States)
Tucker, Corrina A
2014-10-01
Reducing meat (over-)consumption as a way to help address environmental deterioration will require a range of strategies, and any such strategies will benefit from understanding how individuals might respond to various meat consumption practices. To investigate how New Zealanders perceive such a range of practices, in this instance in vitro meat, eating nose-to-tail, entomophagy and reducing meat consumption, focus groups involving a total of 69 participants were held around the country. While it is the damaging environmental implications of intensive farming practices and the projected continuation of increasing global consumer demand for meat products that has propelled this research, when asked to consider variations on the conventional meat-centric diet common to many New Zealanders, it was the sensory appeal of the areas considered that was deemed most problematic. While an ecological rationale for considering these 'meat' alternatives was recognised and considered important by most, transforming this value into action looks far less promising given the recurrent sensory objections to consuming different protein-based foods or of reducing meat consumption. This article considers the responses of focus group participants in relation to each of the dietary practices outlined, and offers suggestions on ways to encourage a more environmentally viable diet. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
12. Next-generation nozzle check valve significantly reduces operating costs
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Roorda, O. [SMX International, Toronto, ON (Canada)
2009-01-15
Check valves perform an important function in preventing reverse flow and protecting plant and mechanical equipment. However, the variety of different types of valves and extreme differences in performance even within one type can change maintenance requirements and life cycle costs, amounting to millions of dollars over the typical 15-year design life of piping components. A next-generation non-slam nozzle check valve which prevents return flow has greatly reduced operating costs by protecting the mechanical equipment in a piping system. This article described the check valve varieties such as the swing check valve, a dual-plate check valve, and nozzle check valves. Advancements in optimized design of a non-slam nozzle check valve were also discussed, with particular reference to computer flow modelling such as computational fluid dynamics; computer stress modelling such as finite element analysis; and flow testing (using rapid prototype development and flow loop testing), both to improve dynamic performance and reduce hydraulic losses. The benefits of maximized dynamic performance and minimized pressure loss from the new designed valve were also outlined. It was concluded that this latest non-slam nozzle check valve design has potential applications in natural gas, liquefied natural gas, and oil pipelines, including subsea applications, as well as refineries, and petrochemical plants among others, and is suitable for horizontal and vertical installation. The result of this next-generation nozzle check valve design is not only superior performance, and effective protection of mechanical equipment but also minimized life cycle costs. 1 fig.
13. PA positioning significantly reduces testicular dose during sacroiliac joint radiography
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mekis, Nejc [Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana (Slovenia); Mc Entee, Mark F., E-mail: [email protected] [School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin 4 (Ireland); Stegnar, Peter [Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana (Slovenia)
2010-11-15
Radiation dose to the testes in the antero-posterior (AP) and postero-anterior (PA) projection of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) was measured with and without a scrotal shield. Entrance surface dose, the dose received by the testicles and the dose area product (DAP) was used. DAP measurements revealed the dose received by the phantom in the PA position is 12.6% lower than the AP (p {<=} 0.009) with no statistically significant reduction in image quality (p {<=} 0.483). The dose received by the testes in the PA projection in SIJ imaging is 93.1% lower than the AP projection when not using protection (p {<=} 0.020) and 94.9% lower with protection (p {<=} 0.019). The dose received by the testicles was not changed by the use of a scrotal shield in the AP position (p {<=} 0.559); but was lowered by its use in the PA (p {<=} 0.058). Use of the PA projection in SIJ imaging significantly lowers, the dose received by the testes compared to the AP projection without significant loss of image quality.
14. PA positioning significantly reduces testicular dose during sacroiliac joint radiography
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mekis, Nejc; Mc Entee, Mark F.; Stegnar, Peter
2010-01-01
Radiation dose to the testes in the antero-posterior (AP) and postero-anterior (PA) projection of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) was measured with and without a scrotal shield. Entrance surface dose, the dose received by the testicles and the dose area product (DAP) was used. DAP measurements revealed the dose received by the phantom in the PA position is 12.6% lower than the AP (p ≤ 0.009) with no statistically significant reduction in image quality (p ≤ 0.483). The dose received by the testes in the PA projection in SIJ imaging is 93.1% lower than the AP projection when not using protection (p ≤ 0.020) and 94.9% lower with protection (p ≤ 0.019). The dose received by the testicles was not changed by the use of a scrotal shield in the AP position (p ≤ 0.559); but was lowered by its use in the PA (p ≤ 0.058). Use of the PA projection in SIJ imaging significantly lowers, the dose received by the testes compared to the AP projection without significant loss of image quality.
15. Coronary ligation reduces maximum sustained swimming speed in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Farrell, A P; Steffensen, J F
1987-01-01
The maximum aerobic swimming speed of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was measured before and after ligation of the coronary artery. Coronary artery ligation prevented blood flow to the compact layer of the ventricular myocardium, which represents 30% of the ventricular mass, and produced...
16. Use of the Maximum Torque Sensor to Reduce the Starting Current in the Induction Motor
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Muchlas
2010-03-01
Full Text Available Use of the maximum torque sensor has been demonstrated able to improve the standard ramp-up technique in the induction motor circuit system. The induction motor used was of a three-phase squirrel-cage motor controlled using a microcontroller 68HC11. From the simulation done, it has been found that this innovative technique could optimize the performance of motor by introducing low stator current and low power consumption over the standard ramp-up technique.
17. Global CO2 rise leads to reduced maximum stomatal conductance in Florida vegetation
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Lammertsma, E.I.; de Boer, H.J.; Dekker, S.C.; Dilcher, D.L.; Lotter, A.F.; Wagner-Cremer, F.
2011-01-01
A principle response of C3 plants to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (CO2) is to reduce transpirational water loss by decreasing stomatal conductance (gs) and simultaneously increase assimilation rates. Via this adaptation, vegetation has the ability to alter hydrology and climate.
18. Difference in prognostic significance of maximum standardized uptake value on [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tsutani, Yasuhiro; Miyata, Yoshihiro; Misumi, Keizo; Ikeda, Takuhiro; Mimura, Takeshi; Hihara, Jun; Okada, Morihito
2011-01-01
This study evaluates the prognostic significance of [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography findings according to histological subtypes in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. We examined 176 consecutive patients who had undergone preoperative [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging and curative surgical resection for adenocarcinoma (n=132) or squamous cell carcinoma (n=44). Maximum standardized uptake values for the primary lesions in all patients were calculated as the [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake and the surgical results were analyzed. The median values of maximum standardized uptake value for the primary tumors were 2.60 in patients with adenocarcinoma and 6.95 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (P 6.95 (P=0.83) among patients with squamous cell carcinoma, 2-year disease-free survival rates were 93.9% for maximum standardized uptake value ≤3.7 and 52.4% for maximum standardized uptake value >3.7 (P<0.0001) among those with adenocarcinoma, and notably, 100 and 57.2%, respectively, in patients with Stage I adenocarcinoma (P<0.0001). On the basis of the multivariate Cox analyses of patients with adenocarcinoma, maximum standardized uptake value (P=0.008) was a significantly independent factor for disease-free survival as well as nodal metastasis (P=0.001). Maximum standardized uptake value of the primary tumor was a powerful prognostic determinant for patients with adenocarcinoma, but not with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. (author)
19. THE FAST DECLINING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA 2003gs, AND EVIDENCE FOR A SIGNIFICANT DISPERSION IN NEAR-INFRARED ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES OF FAST DECLINERS AT MAXIMUM LIGHT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Krisciunas, Kevin; Marion, G. H.; Suntzeff, Nicholas B.
2009-01-01
We obtained optical photometry of SN 2003gs on 49 nights, from 2 to 494 days after T(B max ). We also obtained near-IR photometry on 21 nights. SN 2003gs was the first fast declining Type Ia SN that has been well observed since SN 1999by. While it was subluminous in optical bands compared to more slowly declining Type Ia SNe, it was not subluminous at maximum light in the near-IR bands. There appears to be a bimodal distribution in the near-IR absolute magnitudes of Type Ia SNe at maximum light. Those that peak in the near-IR after T(B max ) are subluminous in the all bands. Those that peak in the near-IR prior to T(B max ), such as SN 2003gs, have effectively the same near-IR absolute magnitudes at maximum light regardless of the decline rate Δm 15 (B). Near-IR spectral evidence suggests that opacities in the outer layers of SN 2003gs are reduced much earlier than for normal Type Ia SNe. That may allow γ rays that power the luminosity to escape more rapidly and accelerate the decline rate. This conclusion is consistent with the photometric behavior of SN 2003gs in the IR, which indicates a faster than normal decline from approximately normal peak brightness.
20. Sodium-Reduced Meat and Poultry Products Contain a Significant Amount of Potassium from Food Additives.
Science.gov (United States)
Parpia, Arti Sharma; Goldstein, Marc B; Arcand, JoAnne; Cho, France; L'Abbé, Mary R; Darling, Pauline B
2018-05-01
counterparts (mean difference [95% CI]: 486 [334-638]; Padditives appearing on the product label ingredient list, did not significantly differ between the two groups. Potassium additives are frequently added to sodium-reduced MPPs in amounts that significantly contribute to the potassium load for patients with impaired renal handling of potassium caused by chronic kidney disease and certain medications. Patients requiring potassium restriction should be counseled to be cautious regarding the potassium content of sodium-reduced MPPs and encouraged to make food choices accordingly. Copyright © 2018 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. A pilot weight reduction program over one year significantly reduced DNA strand breaks in obese subjects
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Karl-Heinz Wagner
2015-05-01
Conclusion: A sustainable lifestyle change under supervision including physical activity and diet quality over a period of one year was not only responsible to reduce body weight and BMI but also led to significant reduction in all parameters of the comet assay. These results underline the importance of body weight reduction and highlight the positive changes in DNA stability.
2. The significance of reduced respiratory chain enzyme activities: clinical, biochemical and radiological associations.
Science.gov (United States)
Mordekar, S R; Guthrie, P; Bonham, J R; Olpin, S E; Hargreaves, I; Baxter, P S
2006-03-01
Mitochondrial diseases are an important group of neurometabolic disorders in children with varied clinical presentations and diagnosis that can be difficult to confirm. To report the significance of reduced respiratory chain enzyme (RCE) activity in muscle biopsy samples from children. Retrospective odds ratio was used to compare clinical and biochemical features, DNA studies, neuroimaging, and muscle biopsies in 18 children with and 48 without reduced RCE activity. Children with reduced RCE activity were significantly more likely to have consanguineous parents, to present with acute encephalopathy and lactic acidaemia and/or within the first year of life; to have an axonal neuropathy, CSF lactate >4 mmol/l; and/or to have signal change in the basal ganglia. There were positive associations with a maternal family history of possible mitochondrial cytopathy; a presentation with failure to thrive and lactic acidaemia, ragged red fibres, reduced fibroblast fatty acid oxidation and with an abnormal allopurinol loading test. There was no association with ophthalmic abnormalities, deafness, epilepsy or myopathy. The association of these clinical, biochemical and radiological features with reduced RCE activity suggests a possible causative link.
3. Male circumcision significantly reduces prevalence and load of genital anaerobic bacteria.
Science.gov (United States)
Liu, Cindy M; Hungate, Bruce A; Tobian, Aaron A R; Serwadda, David; Ravel, Jacques; Lester, Richard; Kigozi, Godfrey; Aziz, Maliha; Galiwango, Ronald M; Nalugoda, Fred; Contente-Cuomo, Tania L; Wawer, Maria J; Keim, Paul; Gray, Ronald H; Price, Lance B
2013-04-16
Male circumcision reduces female-to-male HIV transmission. Hypothesized mechanisms for this protective effect include decreased HIV target cell recruitment and activation due to changes in the penis microbiome. We compared the coronal sulcus microbiota of men from a group of uncircumcised controls (n = 77) and from a circumcised intervention group (n = 79) at enrollment and year 1 follow-up in a randomized circumcision trial in Rakai, Uganda. We characterized microbiota using16S rRNA gene-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing, log response ratio (LRR), Bayesian classification, nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA). At baseline, men in both study arms had comparable coronal sulcus microbiota; however, by year 1, circumcision decreased the total bacterial load and reduced microbiota biodiversity. Specifically, the prevalence and absolute abundance of 12 anaerobic bacterial taxa decreased significantly in the circumcised men. While aerobic bacterial taxa also increased postcircumcision, these gains were minor. The reduction in anaerobes may partly account for the effects of circumcision on reduced HIV acquisition. The bacterial changes identified in this study may play an important role in the HIV risk reduction conferred by male circumcision. Decreasing the load of specific anaerobes could reduce HIV target cell recruitment to the foreskin. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the benefits of male circumcision could help to identify new intervention strategies for decreasing HIV transmission, applicable to populations with high HIV prevalence where male circumcision is culturally less acceptable.
4. A chimpanzee recognizes synthetic speech with significantly reduced acoustic cues to phonetic content.
Science.gov (United States)
Heimbauer, Lisa A; Beran, Michael J; Owren, Michael J
2011-07-26
A long-standing debate concerns whether humans are specialized for speech perception, which some researchers argue is demonstrated by the ability to understand synthetic speech with significantly reduced acoustic cues to phonetic content. We tested a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) that recognizes 128 spoken words, asking whether she could understand such speech. Three experiments presented 48 individual words, with the animal selecting a corresponding visuographic symbol from among four alternatives. Experiment 1 tested spectrally reduced, noise-vocoded (NV) synthesis, originally developed to simulate input received by human cochlear-implant users. Experiment 2 tested "impossibly unspeechlike" sine-wave (SW) synthesis, which reduces speech to just three moving tones. Although receiving only intermittent and noncontingent reward, the chimpanzee performed well above chance level, including when hearing synthetic versions for the first time. Recognition of SW words was least accurate but improved in experiment 3 when natural words in the same session were rewarded. The chimpanzee was more accurate with NV than SW versions, as were 32 human participants hearing these items. The chimpanzee's ability to spontaneously recognize acoustically reduced synthetic words suggests that experience rather than specialization is critical for speech-perception capabilities that some have suggested are uniquely human. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
5. Defibrillator charging before rhythm analysis significantly reduces hands-off time during resuscitation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Hansen, L. K.; Folkestad, L.; Brabrand, M.
2013-01-01
BACKGROUND: Our objective was to reduce hands-off time during cardiopulmonary resuscitation as increased hands-off time leads to higher mortality. METHODS: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) 2005 and ERC 2010 guidelines were compared with an alternative sequence (ALT). Pulseless ventricular...... physicians were included. All had prior experience in advanced life support. Chest compressions were shorter interrupted using ALT (mean, 6.7 vs 13.0 seconds). Analyzing data for ventricular tachycardia scenarios only, hands-off time was shorter using ALT (mean, 7.1 vs 18.2 seconds). In ERC 2010 vs ALT, 12...... physicians were included. Two physicians had not prior experience in advanced life support. Hands-off time was reduced using ALT (mean, 3.9 vs 5.6 seconds). Looking solely at ventricular tachycardia scenarios, hands-off time was shortened using ALT (mean, 4.5 vs 7.6 seconds). No significant reduction...
6. Reduced content of chloroatranol and atranol in oak moss absolute significantly reduces the elicitation potential of this fragrance material.
Science.gov (United States)
Andersen, Flemming; Andersen, Kirsten H; Bernois, Armand; Brault, Christophe; Bruze, Magnus; Eudes, Hervé; Gadras, Catherine; Signoret, Anne-Cécile J; Mose, Kristian F; Müller, Boris P; Toulemonde, Bernard; Andersen, Klaus Ejner
2015-02-01
Oak moss absolute, an extract from the lichen Evernia prunastri, is a valued perfume ingredient but contains extreme allergens. To compare the elicitation properties of two preparations of oak moss absolute: 'classic oak moss', the historically used preparation, and 'new oak moss', with reduced contents of the major allergens atranol and chloroatranol. The two preparations were compared in randomized double-blinded repeated open application tests and serial dilution patch tests in 30 oak moss-sensitive volunteers and 30 non-allergic control subjects. In both test models, new oak moss elicited significantly less allergic contact dermatitis in oak moss-sensitive subjects than classic oak moss. The control subjects did not react to either of the preparations. New oak moss is still a fragrance allergen, but elicits less allergic contact dermatitis in previously oak moss-sensitized individuals, suggesting that new oak moss is less allergenic to non-sensitized individuals. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
7. Maximum standard uptake value on pre-chemotherapeutic FDG-PET is a significant parameter for disease progression of newly diagnosed lymphoma
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Eo, Jae Seon; Lee, Won Woo; Chung, June Key; Lee, Myung Chul; Kim, Sang Eun
2005-01-01
F-18 FDG-PET is useful for detection and staging of lymphoma. We investigated the prognostic significance of maximum standard uptake (maxSUV) value of FDG-PET for newly diagnosed lymphoma patients before chemotherapy. Twenty-seven patients (male: female = 17: 10: age: 49±19 years) with newly diagnosed lymphoma were enrolled. Nine-teen patients suffered from B cell lymphoma, 6 Hodgkins disease and 2 T cell lymphoma. One patient was stage I, 9 stage II, 3 stage III, 1 stage IV and 13 others. All patients underwent FDG-PET before initiation of chemotherapy. MaxSUV values using lean body weight were obtained for main and largest lesion to represent maxSUV of the patients. The disease progression was defined as total change of the chemotherapeutic regimen or addition of new chemotherapeutic agent during follow up period. The observed period was 389±224 days. The value of maxSUV ranged from 3 to 18 (mean±SD = 10.6±4.4). The disease progressions occurred in 6 patients. Using Cox proportional-hazard regression analysis, maxSUV was identified as a significant parameter for the disease progression free survival (p=0.044). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis revealed that the group with higher maxSUV (=10.6, n=5) suffered from shorter disease progression free survival (median 299 days) than the group with lower maxSUV (<10.6, n = 22) (median 378 days, p=0.0146). We found that maxSUV on pre-chemotherapeutic F-18 FDG-PET for newly diagnosed lymphoma patients is a significant parameter for disease progression. Lymphoma patients can be stratified before initiation of chemotherapy in terms of disease progression by the value of maxSUV 10.6
8. Four-phonon scattering significantly reduces intrinsic thermal conductivity of solids
Science.gov (United States)
Feng, Tianli; Lindsay, Lucas; Ruan, Xiulin
2017-10-01
For decades, the three-phonon scattering process has been considered to govern thermal transport in solids, while the role of higher-order four-phonon scattering has been persistently unclear and so ignored. However, recent quantitative calculations of three-phonon scattering have often shown a significant overestimation of thermal conductivity as compared to experimental values. In this Rapid Communication we show that four-phonon scattering is generally important in solids and can remedy such discrepancies. For silicon and diamond, the predicted thermal conductivity is reduced by 30% at 1000 K after including four-phonon scattering, bringing predictions in excellent agreement with measurements. For the projected ultrahigh-thermal conductivity material, zinc-blende BAs, a competitor of diamond as a heat sink material, four-phonon scattering is found to be strikingly strong as three-phonon processes have an extremely limited phase space for scattering. The four-phonon scattering reduces the predicted thermal conductivity from 2200 to 1400 W/m K at room temperature. The reduction at 1000 K is 60%. We also find that optical phonon scattering rates are largely affected, being important in applications such as phonon bottlenecks in equilibrating electronic excitations. Recognizing that four-phonon scattering is expensive to calculate, in the end we provide some guidelines on how to quickly assess the significance of four-phonon scattering, based on energy surface anharmonicity and the scattering phase space. Our work clears the decades-long fundamental question of the significance of higher-order scattering, and points out ways to improve thermoelectrics, thermal barrier coatings, nuclear materials, and radiative heat transfer.
9. Finding of no significant impact: Interim storage of enriched uranium above the maximum historical level at the Y-12 Plant Oak Ridge, Tennessee
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1995-01-01
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has prepared an Environmental Assessment (EA) for the Proposed Interim Storage of Enriched Uranium Above the Maximum Historical Storage Level at the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (DOE/EA-0929, September, 1994). The EA evaluates the environmental effects of transportation, prestorage processing, and interim storage of bounding quantities of enriched uranium at the Y-12 Plant over a ten-year period. The State of Tennessee and the public participated in public meetings and workshops which were held after a predecisional draft EA was released in February 1994, and after the revised pre-approval EA was issued in September 1994. Comments provided by the State and public have been carefully considered by the Department. As a result of this public process, the Department has determined that the Y-12 Plant-would store no more than 500 metric tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and no more than 6 metric tons of low enriched uranium (LEU). The bounding storage quantities analyzed in the pre-approval EA are 500 metric tons of HEU and 7,105.9 metric tons of LEU. Based on-the analyses in the EA, as revised by the attachment to the Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI), DOE has determined that interim storage of 500 metric tons of HEU and 6 metric tons of LEU at the Y-12 Plant does not constitute a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. Therefore, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not required and the Department is issuing this FONSI
10. Incorporation of catalytic dehydrogenation into fischer-tropsch synthesis to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions
Science.gov (United States)
Huffman, Gerald P.
2012-11-13
A new method of producing liquid transportation fuels from coal and other hydrocarbons that significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions by combining Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with catalytic dehydrogenation is claimed. Catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) of the gaseous products (C1-C4) of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) can produce large quantities of hydrogen while converting the carbon to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Incorporation of CDH into a FTS-CDH plant converting coal to liquid fuels can eliminate all or most of the CO.sub.2 emissions from the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction that is currently used to elevate the H.sub.2 level of coal-derived syngas for FTS. Additionally, the FTS-CDH process saves large amounts of water used by the WGS reaction and produces a valuable by-product, MWCNT.
11. Nano-CL-20/HMX Cocrystal Explosive for Significantly Reduced Mechanical Sensitivity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chongwei An
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Spray drying method was used to prepare cocrystals of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20 and cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX. Raw materials and cocrystals were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Impact and friction sensitivity of cocrystals were tested and analyzed. Results show that, after preparation by spray drying method, microparticles were spherical in shape and 0.5–5 µm in size. Particles formed aggregates of numerous tiny plate-like cocrystals, whereas CL-20/HMX cocrystals had thicknesses of below 100 nm. Cocrystals were formed by C–H⋯O bonding between –NO2 (CL-20 and –CH2– (HMX. Nanococrystal explosives exhibited drop height of 47.3 cm, and friction demonstrated explosion probability of 64%. Compared with raw HMX, cocrystals displayed significantly reduced mechanical sensitivity.
12. Implementation of standardized follow-up care significantly reduces peritonitis in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis.
Science.gov (United States)
Neu, Alicia M; Richardson, Troy; Lawlor, John; Stuart, Jayne; Newland, Jason; McAfee, Nancy; Warady, Bradley A
2016-06-01
The Standardizing Care to improve Outcomes in Pediatric End stage renal disease (SCOPE) Collaborative aims to reduce peritonitis rates in pediatric chronic peritoneal dialysis patients by increasing implementation of standardized care practices. To assess this, monthly care bundle compliance and annualized monthly peritonitis rates were evaluated from 24 SCOPE centers that were participating at collaborative launch and that provided peritonitis rates for the 13 months prior to launch. Changes in bundle compliance were assessed using either a logistic regression model or a generalized linear mixed model. Changes in average annualized peritonitis rates over time were illustrated using the latter model. In the first 36 months of the collaborative, 644 patients with 7977 follow-up encounters were included. The likelihood of compliance with follow-up care practices increased significantly (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.10, 1.19). Mean monthly peritonitis rates significantly decreased from 0.63 episodes per patient year (95% confidence interval 0.43, 0.92) prelaunch to 0.42 (95% confidence interval 0.31, 0.57) at 36 months postlaunch. A sensitivity analysis confirmed that as mean follow-up compliance increased, peritonitis rates decreased, reaching statistical significance at 80% at which point the prelaunch rate was 42% higher than the rate in the months following achievement of 80% compliance. In its first 3 years, the SCOPE Collaborative has increased the implementation of standardized follow-up care and demonstrated a significant reduction in average monthly peritonitis rates. Copyright © 2016 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly reduces xerostomia compared with conventional radiotherapy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Braam, Petra M.; Terhaard, Chris H.J. M.D.; Roesink, Judith M.; Raaijmakers, Cornelis P.J.
2006-01-01
Purpose: Xerostomia is a severe complication after radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer, as the salivary glands are in close proximity with the primary tumor. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offers theoretical advantages for normal tissue sparing. A Phase II study was conducted to determine the value of IMRT for salivary output preservation compared with conventional radiotherapy (CRT). Methods and Materials: A total of 56 patients with oropharyngeal cancer were prospectively evaluated. Of these, 30 patients were treated with IMRT and 26 with CRT. Stimulated parotid salivary flow was measured before, 6 weeks, and 6 months after treatment. A complication was defined as a stimulated parotid flow rate <25% of the preradiotherapy flow rate. Results: The mean dose to the parotid glands was 48.1 Gy (SD 14 Gy) for CRT and 33.7 Gy (SD 10 Gy) for IMRT (p < 0.005). The mean parotid flow ratio 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment was respectively 41% and 64% for IMRT and respectively 11% and 18% for CRT. As a result, 6 weeks after treatment, the number of parotid flow complications was significantly lower after IMRT (55%) than after CRT (87%) (p = 0.002). The number of complications 6 months after treatment was 56% for IMRT and 81% for CRT (p = 0.04). Conclusions: IMRT significantly reduces the number of parotid flow complications for patients with oropharyngeal cancer
14. Induction-heating MOCVD reactor with significantly improved heating efficiency and reduced harmful magnetic coupling
KAUST Repository
Li, Kuang-Hui; Alotaibi, Hamad S.; Sun, Haiding; Lin, Ronghui; Guo, Wenzhe; Torres-Castanedo, Carlos G.; Liu, Kaikai; Galan, Sergio V.; Li, Xiaohang
2018-01-01
In a conventional induction-heating III-nitride metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor, the induction coil is outside the chamber. Therefore, the magnetic field does not couple with the susceptor well, leading to compromised heating efficiency and harmful coupling with the gas inlet and thus possible overheating. Hence, the gas inlet has to be at a minimum distance away from the susceptor. Because of the elongated flow path, premature reactions can be more severe, particularly between Al- and B-containing precursors and NH3. Here, we propose a structure that can significantly improve the heating efficiency and allow the gas inlet to be closer to the susceptor. Specifically, the induction coil is designed to surround the vertical cylinder of a T-shaped susceptor comprising the cylinder and a top horizontal plate holding the wafer substrate within the reactor. Therefore, the cylinder coupled most magnetic field to serve as the thermal source for the plate. Furthermore, the plate can block and thus significantly reduce the uncoupled magnetic field above the susceptor, thereby allowing the gas inlet to be closer. The results show approximately 140% and 2.6 times increase in the heating and susceptor coupling efficiencies, respectively, as well as a 90% reduction in the harmful magnetic flux on the gas inlet.
15. Induction-heating MOCVD reactor with significantly improved heating efficiency and reduced harmful magnetic coupling
KAUST Repository
Li, Kuang-Hui
2018-02-23
In a conventional induction-heating III-nitride metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor, the induction coil is outside the chamber. Therefore, the magnetic field does not couple with the susceptor well, leading to compromised heating efficiency and harmful coupling with the gas inlet and thus possible overheating. Hence, the gas inlet has to be at a minimum distance away from the susceptor. Because of the elongated flow path, premature reactions can be more severe, particularly between Al- and B-containing precursors and NH3. Here, we propose a structure that can significantly improve the heating efficiency and allow the gas inlet to be closer to the susceptor. Specifically, the induction coil is designed to surround the vertical cylinder of a T-shaped susceptor comprising the cylinder and a top horizontal plate holding the wafer substrate within the reactor. Therefore, the cylinder coupled most magnetic field to serve as the thermal source for the plate. Furthermore, the plate can block and thus significantly reduce the uncoupled magnetic field above the susceptor, thereby allowing the gas inlet to be closer. The results show approximately 140% and 2.6 times increase in the heating and susceptor coupling efficiencies, respectively, as well as a 90% reduction in the harmful magnetic flux on the gas inlet.
16. Using lytic bacteriophages to eliminate or significantly reduce contamination of food by foodborne bacterial pathogens.
Science.gov (United States)
Sulakvelidze, Alexander
2013-10-01
Bacteriophages (also called 'phages') are viruses that kill bacteria. They are arguably the oldest (3 billion years old, by some estimates) and most ubiquitous (total number estimated to be 10(30) -10(32) ) known organisms on Earth. Phages play a key role in maintaining microbial balance in every ecosystem where bacteria exist, and they are part of the normal microflora of all fresh, unprocessed foods. Interest in various practical applications of bacteriophages has been gaining momentum recently, with perhaps the most attention focused on using them to improve food safety. That approach, called 'phage biocontrol', typically includes three main types of applications: (i) using phages to treat domesticated livestock in order to reduce their intestinal colonization with, and shedding of, specific bacterial pathogens; (ii) treatments for decontaminating inanimate surfaces in food-processing facilities and other food establishments, so that foods processed on those surfaces are not cross-contaminated with the targeted pathogens; and (iii) post-harvest treatments involving direct applications of phages onto the harvested foods. This mini-review primarily focuses on the last type of intervention, which has been gaining the most momentum recently. Indeed, the results of recent studies dealing with improving food safety, and several recent regulatory approvals of various commercial phage preparations developed for post-harvest food safety applications, strongly support the idea that lytic phages may provide a safe, environmentally-friendly, and effective approach for significantly reducing contamination of various foods with foodborne bacterial pathogens. However, some important technical and nontechnical problems may need to be addressed before phage biocontrol protocols can become an integral part of routine food safety intervention strategies implemented by food industries in the USA. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.
17. Pharmacological kynurenine 3-monooxygenase enzyme inhibition significantly reduces neuropathic pain in a rat model.
Science.gov (United States)
Rojewska, Ewelina; Piotrowska, Anna; Makuch, Wioletta; Przewlocka, Barbara; Mika, Joanna
2016-03-01
Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of this system in neuropathic pain requires further extensive research. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the role of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (Kmo), an enzyme that is important in this pathway, in a rat model of neuropathy after chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve. For the first time, we demonstrated that the injury-induced increase in the Kmo mRNA levels in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was reduced by chronic administration of the microglial inhibitor minocycline and that this effect paralleled a decrease in the intensity of neuropathy. Further, minocycline administration alleviated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of Kmo mRNA expression in microglial cell cultures. Moreover, we demonstrated that not only indirect inhibition of Kmo using minocycline but also direct inhibition using Kmo inhibitors (Ro61-6048 and JM6) decreased neuropathic pain intensity on the third and the seventh days after CCI. Chronic Ro61-6048 administration diminished the protein levels of IBA-1, IL-6, IL-1beta and NOS2 in the spinal cord and/or the DRG. Both Kmo inhibitors potentiated the analgesic properties of morphine. In summary, our data suggest that in neuropathic pain model, inhibiting Kmo function significantly reduces pain symptoms and enhances the effectiveness of morphine. The results of our studies show that the kynurenine pathway is an important mediator of neuropathic pain pathology and indicate that Kmo represents a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of neuropathy. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
18. Intriguing model significantly reduces boarding of psychiatric patients, need for inpatient hospitalization.
Science.gov (United States)
2015-01-01
As new approaches to the care of psychiatric emergencies emerge, one solution is gaining particular traction. Under the Alameda model, which has been put into practice in Alameda County, CA, patients who are brought to regional EDs with emergency psychiatric issues are quickly transferred to a designated emergency psychiatric facility as soon as they are medically stabilized. This alleviates boarding problems in area EDs while also quickly connecting patients with specialized care. With data in hand on the model's effectiveness, developers believe the approach could alleviate boarding problems in other communities as well. The model is funded by through a billing code established by California's Medicaid program for crisis stabilization services. Currently, only 22% of the patients brought to the emergency psychiatric facility ultimately need to be hospitalized; the other 78% are able to go home or to an alternative situation. In a 30-day study of the model, involving five community hospitals in Alameda County, CA, researchers found that ED boarding times were as much as 80% lower than comparable ED averages, and that patients were stabilized at least 75% of the time, significantly reducing the need for inpatient hospitalization.
19. Significantly reduced hypoxemic events in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: Predictors and practice effect
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Basavana Gouda Goudra
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Background: Providing anesthesia for gastrointestinal (GI endoscopy procedures in morbidly obese patients is a challenge for a variety of reasons. The negative impact of obesity on the respiratory system combined with a need to share the upper airway and necessity to preserve the spontaneous ventilation, together add to difficulties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients with a body mass index (BMI >40 kg/m 2 that underwent out-patient GI endoscopy between September 2010 and February 2011. Patient data was analyzed for procedure, airway management technique as well as hypoxemic and cardiovascular events. Results: A total of 119 patients met the inclusion criteria. Our innovative airway management technique resulted in a lower rate of intraoperative hypoxemic events compared with any published data available. Frequency of desaturation episodes showed statistically significant relation to previous history of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA. These desaturation episodes were found to be statistically independent of increasing BMI of patients. Conclusion: Pre-operative history of OSA irrespective of associated BMI values can be potentially used as a predictor of intra-procedural desaturation. With suitable modification of anesthesia technique, it is possible to reduce the incidence of adverse respiratory events in morbidly obese patients undergoing GI endoscopy procedures, thereby avoiding the need for endotracheal intubation.
20. Significantly reduced hypoxemic events in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: Predictors and practice effect.
Science.gov (United States)
Goudra, Basavana Gouda; Singh, Preet Mohinder; Penugonda, Lakshmi C; Speck, Rebecca M; Sinha, Ashish C
2014-01-01
Providing anesthesia for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy procedures in morbidly obese patients is a challenge for a variety of reasons. The negative impact of obesity on the respiratory system combined with a need to share the upper airway and necessity to preserve the spontaneous ventilation, together add to difficulties. This retrospective cohort study included patients with a body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m(2) that underwent out-patient GI endoscopy between September 2010 and February 2011. Patient data was analyzed for procedure, airway management technique as well as hypoxemic and cardiovascular events. A total of 119 patients met the inclusion criteria. Our innovative airway management technique resulted in a lower rate of intraoperative hypoxemic events compared with any published data available. Frequency of desaturation episodes showed statistically significant relation to previous history of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These desaturation episodes were found to be statistically independent of increasing BMI of patients. Pre-operative history of OSA irrespective of associated BMI values can be potentially used as a predictor of intra-procedural desaturation. With suitable modification of anesthesia technique, it is possible to reduce the incidence of adverse respiratory events in morbidly obese patients undergoing GI endoscopy procedures, thereby avoiding the need for endotracheal intubation.
1. Environmental program with operational cases to reduce risk to the marine environment significantly
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Cline, J.T.; Forde, R.
1991-01-01
In this paper Amoco Norway Oil Company's environmental program is detailed, followed by example operational programs and achievements aimed to minimize environmental risks to the marine environment at Valhall platform. With a corporate goal to be a leader in protecting the environment, the appropriate strategies and policies that form the basis of the environmental management system are incorporated in the quality assurance programs. Also, included in the program are necessary organizational structures, responsibilities of environmental affairs and line organization personnel, compliance procedures and a waste task force obliged to implement operations improvements. An internal environmental audit system has been initiated, in addition to corporate level audits, which, when communicated to the line organization closes the environmental management loop through experience feed back. Environmental projects underway are significantly decreasing the extent and/or risk of pollution from offshore activities. The cradle to grave responsibility is assumed with waste separated offshore and onshore followed by disposal in audited sites. A $5 MM program is underway to control produced oily solids and reduce oil in produced water aiming to less than 20 ppm. When oil-based mud is used in deeper hole sections, drill solids disposed at sea average less than 60 g oil/kg dry cuttings using appropriate shaker screens, and a washing/centrifuge system to remove fines. Certain oily liquid wastes are being injected down hole whereas previously they were burned using a mud burner. Finally, a program is underway with a goal to eliminate sea discharge of oil on cuttings through injection disposal of oily wastes, drilling with alternative muds such as a cationic water base mud, and/or proper onshore disposal of oily wastes
2. Simultaneous bilateral stereotactic procedure for deep brain stimulation implants: a significant step for reducing operation time.
Science.gov (United States)
Fonoff, Erich Talamoni; Azevedo, Angelo; Angelos, Jairo Silva Dos; Martinez, Raquel Chacon Ruiz; Navarro, Jessie; Reis, Paul Rodrigo; Sepulveda, Miguel Ernesto San Martin; Cury, Rubens Gisbert; Ghilardi, Maria Gabriela Dos Santos; Teixeira, Manoel Jacobsen; Lopez, William Omar Contreras
2016-07-01
OBJECT Currently, bilateral procedures involve 2 sequential implants in each of the hemispheres. The present report demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous bilateral procedures during the implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads. METHODS Fifty-seven patients with movement disorders underwent bilateral DBS implantation in the same study period. The authors compared the time required for the surgical implantation of deep brain electrodes in 2 randomly assigned groups. One group of 28 patients underwent traditional sequential electrode implantation, and the other 29 patients underwent simultaneous bilateral implantation. Clinical outcomes of the patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who had undergone DBS implantation of the subthalamic nucleus using either of the 2 techniques were compared. RESULTS Overall, a reduction of 38.51% in total operating time for the simultaneous bilateral group (136.4 ± 20.93 minutes) as compared with that for the traditional consecutive approach (220.3 ± 27.58 minutes) was observed. Regarding clinical outcomes in the PD patients who underwent subthalamic nucleus DBS implantation, comparing the preoperative off-medication condition with the off-medication/on-stimulation condition 1 year after the surgery in both procedure groups, there was a mean 47.8% ± 9.5% improvement in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III) score in the simultaneous group, while the sequential group experienced 47.5% ± 15.8% improvement (p = 0.96). Moreover, a marked reduction in the levodopa-equivalent dose from preoperatively to postoperatively was similar in these 2 groups. The simultaneous bilateral procedure presented major advantages over the traditional sequential approach, with a shorter total operating time. CONCLUSIONS A simultaneous stereotactic approach significantly reduces the operation time in bilateral DBS procedures, resulting in decreased microrecording time, contributing to the optimization of functional
3. Coil Springs Layer Used to Support a Car Vertical Dynamics Simulator and to Reduce the Maximum Actuation Force
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Dan N. Dumitriu
2015-09-01
Full Text Available A Danaher Thomson linear actuator with ball screw drive and a realtime control system are used here to induce vertical displacements under the driver/user seat of an in-house dynamic car simulator. In order to better support the car simulator and to dynamically protect the actuator’s ball screw drive, a layer of coil springs is used to support the whole simulator chassis. More precisely, one coil spring is placed vertically under each corner of the rectangular chassis. The paper presents the choice of the appropriate coil springs, so that to minimize as much as possible the ball screw drive task of generating linear motions, corresponding to the vertical displacements and accelerations encountered by a driver during a real ride. For this application, coil springs with lower spring constant are more suited to reduce the forces in the ball screw drive and thus to increase the ball screw drive life expectancy.
4. Soil nitrate reducing processes drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production
OpenAIRE
Giles, M.; Morley, N.; Baggs, E.M.; Daniell, T.J.
2012-01-01
The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium\\ud (DNRA) are two important nitrate reducing mechanisms in soil, which are responsible for\\ud the loss of nitrate (NO−\\ud 3 ) and production of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O).\\ud A number of factors are known to control these processes, including O2 concentrations and\\ud moisture content, N, C, pH, and the size and community structure of nitrate reducing organisms\\ud responsible for the ...
5. Pegasus project. DLC coating and low viscosity oil reduce energy losses significantly
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Doerwald, Dave; Jacobs, Ruud [Hauzer Techno Coating (Netherlands). Tribological Coatings
2012-03-15
Pegasus, the flying horse from Greek mythology, is a suitable name for the research project initiated by a German automotive OEM with participation of Hauzer Techno Coating and several automotive suppliers. It will enable future automotive vehicles to reduce fuel consumption without losing power. The project described in this article focuses on the rear differential, because reducing friction here can contribute considerably to efficiency improvement of the whole vehicle. Surfaces, coating and oil viscosity have been investigated and interesting conclusions have been reached. (orig.)
6. Mindfulness significantly reduces self-reported levels of anxiety and depression
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Würtzen, Hanne; Dalton, Susanne Oksbjerg; Elsass, Peter
2013-01-01
INTRODUCTION: As the incidence of and survival from breast cancer continue to raise, interventions to reduce anxiety and depression before, during and after treatment are needed. Previous studies have reported positive effects of a structured 8-week group mindfulness-based stress reduction program...
7. Soil nitrate reducing processes – drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production
Science.gov (United States)
Giles, Madeline; Morley, Nicholas; Baggs, Elizabeth M.; Daniell, Tim J.
2012-01-01
The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are two important nitrate reducing mechanisms in soil, which are responsible for the loss of nitrate (NO3−) and production of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). A number of factors are known to control these processes, including O2 concentrations and moisture content, N, C, pH, and the size and community structure of nitrate reducing organisms responsible for the processes. There is an increasing understanding associated with many of these controls on flux through the nitrogen cycle in soil systems. However, there remains uncertainty about how the nitrate reducing communities are linked to environmental variables and the flux of products from these processes. The high spatial variability of environmental controls and microbial communities across small sub centimeter areas of soil may prove to be critical in determining why an understanding of the links between biotic and abiotic controls has proved elusive. This spatial effect is often overlooked as a driver of nitrate reducing processes. An increased knowledge of the effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil on nitrate reduction processes will be fundamental in understanding the drivers, location, and potential for N2O production from soils. PMID:23264770
8. Soil nitrate reducing processes – drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation and significance for nitrous oxide production
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Madeline Eleanore Giles
2012-12-01
Full Text Available The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA are two important nitrate reducing mechanisms in soil, which are responsible for the loss of nitrate (NO3-¬ and production of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O. A number of factors are known to control these processes, including O2 concentrations and moisture content, N, C, pH and the size and community structure of nitrate reducing organisms responsible for the processes. There is an increasing understanding associated with many of these controls on flux through the nitrogen cycle in soil systems. However, there remains uncertainty about how the nitrate reducing communities are linked to environmental variables and the flux of products from these processes. The high spatial variability of environmental controls and microbial communities across small sub cm areas of soil may prove to be critical in determining why an understanding of the links between biotic and abiotic controls has proved elusive. This spatial effect is often overlooked as a driver of nitrate reducing processes. An increased knowledge of the effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil on nitrate reduction processes will be fundamental in understanding the drivers, location and potential for N2O production from soils.
9. Soil nitrate reducing processes - drivers, mechanisms for spatial variation, and significance for nitrous oxide production.
Science.gov (United States)
Giles, Madeline; Morley, Nicholas; Baggs, Elizabeth M; Daniell, Tim J
2012-01-01
The microbial processes of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are two important nitrate reducing mechanisms in soil, which are responsible for the loss of nitrate ([Formula: see text]) and production of the potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N(2)O). A number of factors are known to control these processes, including O(2) concentrations and moisture content, N, C, pH, and the size and community structure of nitrate reducing organisms responsible for the processes. There is an increasing understanding associated with many of these controls on flux through the nitrogen cycle in soil systems. However, there remains uncertainty about how the nitrate reducing communities are linked to environmental variables and the flux of products from these processes. The high spatial variability of environmental controls and microbial communities across small sub centimeter areas of soil may prove to be critical in determining why an understanding of the links between biotic and abiotic controls has proved elusive. This spatial effect is often overlooked as a driver of nitrate reducing processes. An increased knowledge of the effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil on nitrate reduction processes will be fundamental in understanding the drivers, location, and potential for N(2)O production from soils.
10. Gaharu Leaf Extract Water Reduce MDA and 8-OHdG Levels and Increase Activities SOD and Catalase in Wistar Rats Provided Maximum Physical Activity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
I Made Oka Adi Parwata
2016-09-01
Full Text Available Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of the number of free radicals by the number of endogenous antioxidant produced by the body i.e. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, Gluthathione Peroxidase (GPx, and Catalase. The imbalance between the number of free radicals and antioxidants can be overcome with the endogenous antioxidant intake that exogenous oxidative stress can be reduced. One of exogenous antioxidants is natural Gaharu leaf water extract. Objective: This research focus on the effect of Gaharu leaf water extract in reducing MDA and 8-OHdG and increase the activity of SOD and Catalase. Methods: This study was an experimental with post only controls group design. Experiment was divided into 5 groups of wistar rats, each consisting of 5 animals, i.e. negative control group without extract [K (-], treatment 1 treated 50 mg/kg BW/day of the extract (T1, treatment 2 treated 100 mg/kg BW/day of the extract (T2, treatment 3 treated 200 mg/ kg BW/day of the extract (T3, and positive control group [K (+] treated with vitamin Cat a dose 50 mg/kg BW/day. All groups treated for 10 weeks. Every day, before treatment, each group was given a maximum swimming activity for 1.5 hours for 10 weeks. ELISA was used to measure MDA, 8-OHdG, SOD, and Catalase activities. Result: The research results showed that treatment of extract of leaves of Gaharu with an higher dose from 50 mg/kg BW up to 200 mg/ kg BW significantly decline (p <0.05 levels of MDA with the average ranging from 6.37±0.23, 5,56±0.27 and 4.32±0.27, 8-OHdG with a mean of 1.64±0.11, 1.26±0.46, and 1.09±0.17. On the other hand the treatment also increase SOD activity with less ranging from 12.15±1.04, 15.70±2.02, and 18.84±1.51, and Catalase ranging from 6,68±0.63, 8.20±1.14 and 9.29±0,79 in the blood of Wistar rats were given a maximum activity compared to the negative control group. This is probably higher phenol compounds (bioflavonoids quantity content of the extract
11. Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding
Science.gov (United States)
Hurley, Rachel; Woodward, Jamie; Rothwell, James J.
2018-04-01
Microplastic contamination of the oceans is one of the world's most pressing environmental concerns. The terrestrial component of the global microplastic budget is not well understood because sources, stores and fluxes are poorly quantified. We report catchment-wide patterns of microplastic contamination, classified by type, size and density, in channel bed sediments at 40 sites across urban, suburban and rural river catchments in northwest England. Microplastic contamination was pervasive on all river channel beds. We found multiple urban contamination hotspots with a maximum microplastic concentration of approximately 517,000 particles m-2. After a period of severe flooding in winter 2015/16, all sites were resampled. Microplastic concentrations had fallen at 28 sites and 18 saw a decrease of one order of magnitude. The flooding exported approximately 70% of the microplastic load stored on these river beds (equivalent to 0.85 ± 0.27 tonnes or 43 ± 14 billion particles) and eradicated microbead contamination at 7 sites. We conclude that microplastic contamination is efficiently flushed from river catchments during flooding.
12. Reducing dysfunctional beliefs about sleep does not significantly improve insomnia in cognitive behavioral therapy.
Science.gov (United States)
Okajima, Isa; Nakajima, Shun; Ochi, Moeko; Inoue, Yuichi
2014-01-01
The present study examined to examine whether improvement of insomnia is mediated by a reduction in sleep-related dysfunctional beliefs through cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. In total, 64 patients with chronic insomnia received cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia consisting of 6 biweekly individual treatment sessions of 50 minutes in length. Participants were asked to complete the Athens Insomnia Scale and the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep scale both at the baseline and at the end of treatment. The results showed that although cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia greatly reduced individuals' scores on both scales, the decrease in dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep with treatment did not seem to mediate improvement in insomnia. The findings suggest that sleep-related dysfunctional beliefs endorsed by patients with chronic insomnia may be attenuated by cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, but changes in such beliefs are not likely to play a crucial role in reducing the severity of insomnia.
13. The Evolution of Polymer Composition during PHA Accumulation: The Significance of Reducing Equivalents
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Liliana Montano-Herrera
2017-03-01
Full Text Available This paper presents a systematic investigation into monomer development during mixed culture Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA accumulation involving concurrent active biomass growth and polymer storage. A series of mixed culture PHA accumulation experiments, using several different substrate-feeding strategies, was carried out. The feedstock comprised volatile fatty acids, which were applied as single carbon sources, as mixtures, or in series, using a fed-batch feed-on-demand controlled bioprocess. A dynamic trend in active biomass growth as well as polymer composition was observed. The observations were consistent over replicate accumulations. Metabolic flux analysis (MFA was used to investigate metabolic activity through time. It was concluded that carbon flux, and consequently copolymer composition, could be linked with how reducing equivalents are generated.
14. Significantly reduced c-axis thermal diffusivity of graphene-based papers
Science.gov (United States)
Han, Meng; Xie, Yangsu; Liu, Jing; Zhang, Jingchao; Wang, Xinwei
2018-06-01
Owing to their very high thermal conductivity as well as large surface-to-volume ratio, graphene-based films/papers have been proposed as promising candidates of lightweight thermal interface materials and lateral heat spreaders. In this work, we study the cross-plane (c-axis) thermal conductivity (k c ) and diffusivity (α c ) of two typical graphene-based papers, which are partially reduced graphene paper (PRGP) and graphene oxide paper (GOP), and compare their thermal properties with highly-reduced graphene paper and graphite. The determined α c of PRGP varies from (1.02 ± 0.09) × 10‑7 m2 s‑1 at 295 K to (2.31 ± 0.18) × 10‑7 m2 s‑1 at 12 K. This low α c is mainly attributed to the strong phonon scattering at the grain boundaries and defect centers due to the small grain sizes and high-level defects. For GOP, α c varies from (1.52 ± 0.05) × 10‑7 m2 s‑1 at 295 K to (2.28 ± 0.08) × 10‑7 m2 s‑1 at 12.5 K. The cross-plane thermal transport of GOP is attributed to the high density of functional groups between carbon layers which provide weak thermal transport tunnels across the layers in the absence of direct energy coupling among layers. This work sheds light on the understanding and optimizing of nanostructure of graphene-based paper-like materials for desired thermal performance.
15. Technological significances to reduce the material problems. Feasibility of heat flux reduction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Yamazaki, Seiichiro; Shimada, Michiya.
1994-01-01
For a divertor plate in a fusion power reactor, a high temperature coolant must be used for heat removal to keep thermal efficiency high. It makes the temperature and thermal stress of wall materials higher than the design limits. Issues of the coolant itself, e.g. burnout of high temperature water, will also become a serious problem. Sputtering erosion of the surface material will be a great concern of its lifetime. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the heat and particle loads to the divertor plate technologically. The feasibility of some technological methods of heat reduction, such as separatrix sweeping, is discussed. As one of the most promising ideas, the methods of radiative cooling of the divertor plasma are summarized based on the recent results of large tokamaks. The feasibility of remote radiative cooling and gas divertor is discussed. The ideas are considered in recent design studies of tokamak power reactors and experimental reactors. By way of example, conceptual designs of divertor plate for the steady state tokamak power reactor are described. (author)
16. Thrombolysis significantly reduces transient myocardial ischaemia following first acute myocardial infarction
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mickley, H; Pless, P; Nielsen, J R
1992-01-01
In order to investigate whether thrombolysis affects residual myocardial ischaemia, we prospectively performed a predischarge maximal exercise test and early out-of-hospital ambulatory ST segment monitoring in 123 consecutive men surviving a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Seventy......-four patients fulfilled our criteria for thrombolysis, but only the last 35 patients included received thrombolytic therapy. As thrombolysis was not available in our Department at the start of the study, the first 39 patients included were conservatively treated (controls). No significant differences...... in baseline clinical characteristics were found between the two groups. In-hospital atrial fibrillation and digoxin therapy was more prevalent in controls (P less than 0.05). During exercise, thrombolysed patients reached a higher maximal work capacity compared with controls: 160 +/- 41 vs 139 +/- 34 W (P...
17. Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wichman, Johanna Eva Märta; Winther, Kristian Hillert; Bonnema, Steen Joop
2016-01-01
BACKGROUND: Selenium supplementation may decrease circulating thyroid autoantibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), but the available trials are heterogenous. This study expands and critically reappraises the knowledge on this topic. METHODS: A literature search identified...... 3366 records. Controlled trials in adults (≥18 years of age) with AIT, comparing selenium with or without levothyroxine (LT4), versus placebo and/or LT4, were eligible. Assessed outcomes were serum thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) autoantibody levels, and immunomodulatory effects...... and LT4-untreated. Heterogeneity was estimated using I(2), and quality of evidence was assessed per outcome, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. RESULTS: In LT4-treated populations, the selenium group had significantly lower TPOAb levels after...
18. A case of gastric endocrine cell carcinoma which was significantly reduced in size by radiotherapy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Azakami, Kiyoshi; Nishida, Kouji; Tanikawa, Ken
2016-01-01
In 2010, the World Health Organization classified gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) into three types: NET grade (G) 1, NET G2 and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). NECs are associated with a very poor prognosis. The patient was an 84-year-old female who was initially diagnosed by gastrointestinal endoscope with type 3 advanced gastric cancer with stenosis of the gastric cardia. Her overall status and performance status did not allow for operations or intensive chemotherapy. Palliative radiotherapy was performed and resulted in a significant reduction in the size of the tumor as well as the improvement of the obstructive symptoms. She died 9 months after radiotherapy. An autopsy provided a definitive diagnosis of gastric endocrine cell carcinoma, and the effectiveness of radiotherapy was pathologically-confirmed. Palliative radiotherapy may be a useful treatment option for providing symptom relief, especially for old patients with unresectable advanced gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma. (author)
19. Ad libitum Mediterranean and Low Fat Diets both Significantly Reduce Hepatic Steatosis: a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Science.gov (United States)
Properzi, Catherine; O'Sullivan, Therese A; Sherriff, Jill L; Ching, Helena L; Jeffrey, Garry P; Buckley, Rachel F; Tibballs, Jonathan; MacQuillan, Gerry C; Garas, George; Adams, Leon A
2018-05-05
Although diet induced weight loss is first-line treatment for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), long-term maintenance is difficult. The optimal diet for either improvement in NAFLD or associated cardio-metabolic risk factors regardless of weight loss, is unknown. We examined the effect of two ad libitum isocaloric diets [Mediterranean (MD) or Low Fat (LF)] on hepatic steatosis and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Subjects with NAFLD were randomized to a 12-week blinded dietary intervention (MD vs LF). Hepatic steatosis was determined via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). From a total of 56 subjects enrolled, 49 subjects completed the intervention and 48 were included for analysis. During the intervention, subjects on the MD had significantly higher total and monounsaturated fat but lower carbohydrate and sodium intakes compared to LF subjects (pfat reduction between the groups (p=0.32), with mean (SD) relative reductions of 25.0% (±25.3%) in LF and 32.4% (±25.5%) in MD. Liver enzymes also improved significantly in both groups. Weight loss was minimal and not different between groups [-1.6 (±2.1)kg in LF vs -2.1 (±2.5)kg in MD, (p=0.52)]. Within-group improvements in the Framingham risk score, total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and HbA1c were observed in the MD (all pvs. 64%, p=0.048). Ad libitum low fat and Mediterranean diets both improve hepatic steatosis to a similar degree. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. © 2018 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
20. Social networking strategies that aim to reduce obesity have achieved significant although modest results.
Science.gov (United States)
Ashrafian, Hutan; Toma, Tania; Harling, Leanne; Kerr, Karen; Athanasiou, Thanos; Darzi, Ara
2014-09-01
The global epidemic of obesity continues to escalate. Obesity accounts for an increasing proportion of the international socioeconomic burden of noncommunicable disease. Online social networking services provide an effective medium through which information may be exchanged between obese and overweight patients and their health care providers, potentially contributing to superior weight-loss outcomes. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the role of these services in modifying body mass index (BMI). Our analysis of twelve studies found that interventions using social networking services produced a modest but significant 0.64 percent reduction in BMI from baseline for the 941 people who participated in the studies' interventions. We recommend that social networking services that target obesity should be the subject of further clinical trials. Additionally, we recommend that policy makers adopt reforms that promote the use of anti-obesity social networking services, facilitate multistakeholder partnerships in such services, and create a supportive environment to confront obesity and its associated noncommunicable diseases. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.
1. Targeting Heparin to Collagen within Extracellular Matrix Significantly Reduces Thrombogenicity and Improves Endothelialization of Decellularized Tissues.
Science.gov (United States)
Jiang, Bin; Suen, Rachel; Wertheim, Jason A; Ameer, Guillermo A
2016-12-12
Thrombosis within small-diameter vascular grafts limits the development of bioartificial, engineered vascular conduits, especially those derived from extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we describe an easy-to-implement strategy to chemically modify vascular ECM by covalently linking a collagen binding peptide (CBP) to heparin to form a heparin derivative (CBP-heparin) that selectively binds a subset of collagens. Modification of ECM with CBP-heparin leads to increased deposition of functional heparin (by ∼7.2-fold measured by glycosaminoglycan composition) and a corresponding reduction in platelet binding (>70%) and whole blood clotting (>80%) onto the ECM. Furthermore, addition of CBP-heparin to the ECM stabilizes long-term endothelial cell attachment to the lumen of ECM-derived vascular conduits, potentially through recruitment of heparin-binding growth factors that ultimately improve the durability of endothelialization in vitro. Overall, our findings provide a simple yet effective method to increase deposition of functional heparin on the surface of ECM-based vascular grafts and thereby minimize thrombogenicity of decellularized tissue, overcoming a significant challenge in tissue engineering of bioartificial vessels and vascularized organs.
2. Thyroid function appears to be significantly reduced in Space-borne MDS mice
Science.gov (United States)
Saverio Ambesi-Impiombato, Francesco; Curcio, Francesco; Fontanini, Elisabetta; Perrella, Giuseppina; Spelat, Renza; Zambito, Anna Maria; Damaskopoulou, Eleni; Peverini, Manola; Albi, Elisabetta
It is known that prolonged space flights induced changes in human cardiovascular, muscu-loskeletal and nervous systems whose function is regulated by the thyroid gland but, until now, no data were reported about thyroid damage during space missions. We have demonstrated in vitro that, during space missions (Italian Soyuz Mission "ENEIDE" in 2005, Shuttle STS-120 "ESPERIA" in 2007), thyroid in vitro cultured cells did not respond to thyroid stimulating hor-mone (TSH) treatment; they appeared healthy and alive, despite their being in a pro-apopotic state characterised by a variation of sphingomyelin metabolism and consequent increase in ce-ramide content. The insensitivity to TSH was largely due to a rearrangement of specific cell membrane microdomains, acting as platforms for TSH-receptor (TEXUS-44 mission in 2008). To study if these effects were present also in vivo, as part of the Mouse Drawer System (MDS) Tissue Sharing Program, we performed experiments in mice maintained onboard the Interna-tional Space Station during the long-duration (90 days) exploration mission STS-129. After return to earth, the thyroids isolated from the 3 animals were in part immediately frozen to study the morphological modification in space and in part immediately used to study the effect of TSH treatment. For this purpose small fragments of tissue were treated with 10-7 or 10-8 M TSH for 1 hour by using untreated fragments as controls. Then the fragments were fixed with absolute ethanol for 10 min at room temperature and centrifuged for 20 min. at 3000 x g. The supernatants were used for cAMP analysis whereas the pellet were used for protein amount determination and for immunoblotting analysis of TSH-receptor, sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin-synthase. The results showed a modification of the thyroid structure and also the values of cAMP production after treatment with 10-7 M TSH for 1 hour were significantly lower than those obtained in Earth's gravity. The treatment with TSH
3. Interaction between FOXO1A-209 Genotype and Tea Drinking is Significantly Associated with Reduced Mortality at Advanced Ages
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Zeng, Yi; Chen, Huashuai; Ni, Ting
2016-01-01
Based on the genotypic/phenotypic data from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and Cox proportional hazard model, the present study demonstrates that interactions between carrying FOXO1A-209 genotypes and tea drinking are significantly associated with lower risk of mortality...... at advanced ages. Such significant association is replicated in two independent Han Chinese CLHLS cohorts (p =0.028-0.048 in the discovery and replication cohorts, and p =0.003-0.016 in the combined dataset). We found the associations between tea drinking and reduced mortality are much stronger among carriers...... of the FOXO1A-209 genotype compared to non-carriers, and drinking tea is associated with a reversal of the negative effects of carrying FOXO1A-209 minor alleles, that is, from a substantially increased mortality risk to substantially reduced mortality risk at advanced ages. The impacts are considerably...
4. To reduce the maximum stress and the stress shielding effect around a dental implant-bone interface using radial functionally graded biomaterials.
Science.gov (United States)
Asgharzadeh Shirazi, H; Ayatollahi, M R; Asnafi, A
2017-05-01
In a dental implant system, the value of stress and its distribution plays a pivotal role on the strength, durability and life of the implant-bone system. A typical implant consists of a Titanium core and a thin layer of biocompatible material such as the hydroxyapatite. This coating has a wide range of clinical applications in orthopedics and dentistry due to its biocompatibility and bioactivity characteristics. Low bonding strength and sudden variation of mechanical properties between the coating and the metallic layers are the main disadvantages of such common implants. To overcome these problems, a radial distributed functionally graded biomaterial (FGBM) was proposed in this paper and the effect of material property on the stress distribution around the dental implant-bone interface was studied. A three-dimensional finite element simulation was used to illustrate how the use of radial FGBM dental implant can reduce the maximum von Mises stress and, also the stress shielding effect in both the cortical and cancellous bones. The results, of course, give anybody an idea about optimized behaviors that can be achieved using such materials. The finite element solver was validated by familiar methods and the results were compared to previous works in the literature.
5. A Recombinant Multi-Stage Vaccine against Paratuberculosis Significantly Reduces Bacterial Level in Tissues without Interference in Diagnostics
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jungersen, Gregers; Thakur, Aneesh; Aagaard, C.
, PPDj-specific IFN-γ responses or positive PPDa or PPDb skin tests developed in vaccinees. Antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses were developed against FET11 antigens, however. At necropsy 8 or 12 months of age, relative Map burden was determined in a number of gut tissues by quantitative IS900...... PCR and revealed significantly reduced levels of Map and reduced histopathology. Diagnostic tests for antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses, used as surrogates of infection, corroborated the observed vaccine efficacy: Five of seven non‐vaccinated calves seroconverted in ID Screen......-γ assay responses from 40 to 52 weeks compared to non-vaccinated calves. These results indicate the FET11 vaccine can be used to accelerate eradication of paratuberculosis while surveillance or test-and-manage control programs for tuberculosis and Johne’s disease remain in place. Funded by EMIDA ERA...
6. Lime and Phosphate Amendment Can Significantly Reduce Uptake of Cd and Pb by Field-Grown Rice
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rongbo Xiao
2017-03-01
Full Text Available Agricultural soils are suffering from increasing heavy metal pollution, among which, paddy soil polluted by heavy metals is frequently reported and has elicited great public concern. In this study, we carried out field experiments on paddy soil around a Pb-Zn mine to study amelioration effects of four soil amendments on uptake of Cd and Pb by rice, and to make recommendations for paddy soil heavy metal remediation, particularly for combined pollution of Cd and Pb. The results showed that all the four treatments can significantly reduce the Cd and Pb content in the late rice grain compared with the early rice, among which, the combination amendment of lime and phosphate had the best remediation effects where rice grain Cd content was reduced by 85% and 61%, respectively, for the late rice and the early rice, and by 30% in the late rice grain for Pb. The high reduction effects under the Ca + P treatment might be attributed to increase of soil pH from 5.5 to 6.7. We also found that influence of the Ca + P treatment on rice production was insignificant, while the available Cd and Pb content in soil was reduced by 16.5% and 11.7%, respectively.
7. Reduced bone mineral density is not associated with significantly reduced bone quality in men and women practicing long-term calorie restriction with adequate nutrition.
Science.gov (United States)
Villareal, Dennis T; Kotyk, John J; Armamento-Villareal, Reina C; Kenguva, Venkata; Seaman, Pamela; Shahar, Allon; Wald, Michael J; Kleerekoper, Michael; Fontana, Luigi
2011-02-01
Calorie restriction (CR) reduces bone quantity but not bone quality in rodents. Nothing is known regarding the long-term effects of CR with adequate intake of vitamin and minerals on bone quantity and quality in middle-aged lean individuals. In this study, we evaluated body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and serum markers of bone turnover and inflammation in 32 volunteers who had been eating a CR diet (approximately 35% less calories than controls) for an average of 6.8 ± 5.2 years (mean age 52.7 ± 10.3 years) and 32 age- and sex-matched sedentary controls eating Western diets (WD). In a subgroup of 10 CR and 10 WD volunteers, we also measured trabecular bone (TB) microarchitecture of the distal radius using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. We found that the CR volunteers had significantly lower body mass index than the WD volunteers (18.9 ± 1.2 vs. 26.5 ± 2.2 kg m(-2) ; P = 0.0001). BMD of the lumbar spine (0.870 ± 0.11 vs. 1.138 ± 0.12 g cm(-2) , P = 0.0001) and hip (0.806 ± 0.12 vs. 1.047 ± 0.12 g cm(-2) , P = 0.0001) was also lower in the CR than in the WD group. Serum C-terminal telopeptide and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase concentration were similar between groups, while serum C-reactive protein (0.19 ± 0.26 vs. 1.46 ± 1.56 mg L(-1) , P = 0.0001) was lower in the CR group. Trabecular bone microarchitecture parameters such as the erosion index (0.916 ± 0.087 vs. 0.877 ± 0.088; P = 0.739) and surface-to-curve ratio (10.3 ± 1.4 vs. 12.1 ± 2.1, P = 0.440) were not significantly different between groups. These findings suggest that markedly reduced BMD is not associated with significantly reduced bone quality in middle-aged men and women practicing long-term calorie restriction with adequate nutrition.
8. Smoking cessation programmes in radon affected areas: can they make a significant contribution to reducing radon-induced lung cancers?
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Denman, A.R.; Groves-Kirkby, C.J.; Timson, K.; Shield, G.; Rogers, S.; Phillips, P.S.
2008-01-01
Domestic radon levels in parts of the UK are sufficiently high to increase the risk of lung cancer in the occupants. Public health campaigns in Northamptonshire, a designated radon affected area with 6.3% of homes having average radon levels over the UK action level of 200 Bq m -3 , have encouraged householders to test for radon and then to carry out remediation in their homes, but have been only partially successful. Only 40% of Northamptonshire houses have been tested, and only 15% of householders finding raised levels proceed to remediate. Of those who did remediate, only 9% smoked, compared to a countywide average of 28.8%. This is unfortunate, since radon and smoking combine to place the individual at higher risk by a factor of around 4, and suggests that current strategies to reduce domestic radon exposure are not reaching those most at risk. During 2004-5, the NHS Stop Smoking Services in Northamptonshire assisted 2,808 smokers to quit to the 4-week stage, with some 30% of 4-week quitters remaining quitters at 1 year. We consider whether smoking cessation campaigns make significant contributions to radon risk reduction on their own, by assessing individual occupants' risk of developing lung cancer from knowledge of their age, gender, and smoking habits, together with he radon level in their house. The results demonstrate that smoking cessation programmes have significant added value in radon affected areas, and contribute a greater health benefit than reducing radon levels in the smokers' homes, whilst they remain smokers. Additionally, results are presented from a questionnaire-based survey of quitters, addressing their reasons for seeking help in quitting smoking, and whether knowledge of radon risks influenced this decision. The impact of these findings on future public health campaigns to reduce the impact of radon and smoking are discussed. (author)
9. Lipid Replacement Therapy Drink Containing a Glycophospholipid Formulation Rapidly and Significantly Reduces Fatigue While Improving Energy and Mental Clarity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Robert Settineri
2011-08-01
Full Text Available Background: Fatigue is the most common complaint of patients seeking general medical care and is often treated with stimulants. It is also important in various physical activities of relatively healthy men and women, such as sports performance. Recent clinical trials using patients with chronic fatigue have shown the benefit of Lipid Replacement Therapy in restoring mitochondrial electron transport function and reducing moderate to severe chronic fatigue. Methods: Lipid Replacement Therapy was administered for the first time as an all-natural functional food drink (60 ml containing polyunsaturated glycophospholipids but devoid of stimulants or herbs to reduce fatigue. This preliminary study used the Piper Fatigue Survey instrument as well as a supplemental questionnaire to assess the effects of the glycophospholipid drink on fatigue and the acceptability of the test drink in adult men and women. A volunteer group of 29 subjects of mean age 56.2±4.5 years with various fatigue levels were randomly recruited in a clinical health fair setting to participate in an afternoon open label trial on the effects of the test drink. Results: Using the Piper Fatigue instrument overall fatigue among participants was reduced within the 3-hour seminar by a mean of 39.6% (p<0.0001. All of the subcategories of fatigue showed significant reductions. Some subjects responded within 15 minutes, and the majority responded within one hour with increased energy and activity and perceived improvements in cognitive function, mental clarity and focus. The test drink was determined to be quite acceptable in terms of taste and appearance. There were no adverse events from the energy drink during the study.Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2011; 8:245-254Conclusions: The Lipid Replacement Therapy functional food drink appeared to be a safe, acceptable and potentially useful new method to reduce fatigue, sustain energy and improve perceptions of mental function.
10. Significant Association between Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Uranium-Reducing Microbial Communities as Revealed by a Combined Massively Parallel Sequencing-Indicator Species Approach▿ †
Science.gov (United States)
Cardenas, Erick; Wu, Wei-Min; Leigh, Mary Beth; Carley, Jack; Carroll, Sue; Gentry, Terry; Luo, Jian; Watson, David; Gu, Baohua; Ginder-Vogel, Matthew; Kitanidis, Peter K.; Jardine, Philip M.; Zhou, Jizhong; Criddle, Craig S.; Marsh, Terence L.; Tiedje, James M.
2010-01-01
Massively parallel sequencing has provided a more affordable and high-throughput method to study microbial communities, although it has mostly been used in an exploratory fashion. We combined pyrosequencing with a strict indicator species statistical analysis to test if bacteria specifically responded to ethanol injection that successfully promoted dissimilatory uranium(VI) reduction in the subsurface of a uranium contamination plume at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center in Tennessee. Remediation was achieved with a hydraulic flow control consisting of an inner loop, where ethanol was injected, and an outer loop for flow-field protection. This strategy reduced uranium concentrations in groundwater to levels below 0.126 μM and created geochemical gradients in electron donors from the inner-loop injection well toward the outer loop and downgradient flow path. Our analysis with 15 sediment samples from the entire test area found significant indicator species that showed a high degree of adaptation to the three different hydrochemical-created conditions. Castellaniella and Rhodanobacter characterized areas with low pH, heavy metals, and low bioactivity, while sulfate-, Fe(III)-, and U(VI)-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Anaeromyxobacter, and Desulfosporosinus) were indicators of areas where U(VI) reduction occurred. The abundance of these bacteria, as well as the Fe(III) and U(VI) reducer Geobacter, correlated with the hydraulic connectivity to the substrate injection site, suggesting that the selected populations were a direct response to electron donor addition by the groundwater flow path. A false-discovery-rate approach was implemented to discard false-positive results by chance, given the large amount of data compared. PMID:20729318
11. Significant association between sulfate-reducing bacteria and uranium-reducing microbial communities as revealed by a combined massively parallel sequencing-indicator species approach.
Science.gov (United States)
Cardenas, Erick; Wu, Wei-Min; Leigh, Mary Beth; Carley, Jack; Carroll, Sue; Gentry, Terry; Luo, Jian; Watson, David; Gu, Baohua; Ginder-Vogel, Matthew; Kitanidis, Peter K; Jardine, Philip M; Zhou, Jizhong; Criddle, Craig S; Marsh, Terence L; Tiedje, James M
2010-10-01
Massively parallel sequencing has provided a more affordable and high-throughput method to study microbial communities, although it has mostly been used in an exploratory fashion. We combined pyrosequencing with a strict indicator species statistical analysis to test if bacteria specifically responded to ethanol injection that successfully promoted dissimilatory uranium(VI) reduction in the subsurface of a uranium contamination plume at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center in Tennessee. Remediation was achieved with a hydraulic flow control consisting of an inner loop, where ethanol was injected, and an outer loop for flow-field protection. This strategy reduced uranium concentrations in groundwater to levels below 0.126 μM and created geochemical gradients in electron donors from the inner-loop injection well toward the outer loop and downgradient flow path. Our analysis with 15 sediment samples from the entire test area found significant indicator species that showed a high degree of adaptation to the three different hydrochemical-created conditions. Castellaniella and Rhodanobacter characterized areas with low pH, heavy metals, and low bioactivity, while sulfate-, Fe(III)-, and U(VI)-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Anaeromyxobacter, and Desulfosporosinus) were indicators of areas where U(VI) reduction occurred. The abundance of these bacteria, as well as the Fe(III) and U(VI) reducer Geobacter, correlated with the hydraulic connectivity to the substrate injection site, suggesting that the selected populations were a direct response to electron donor addition by the groundwater flow path. A false-discovery-rate approach was implemented to discard false-positive results by chance, given the large amount of data compared.
12. Reducing Eating Disorder Onset in a Very High Risk Sample with Significant Comorbid Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Science.gov (United States)
Taylor, C. Barr; Kass, Andrea E.; Trockel, Mickey; Cunning, Darby; Weisman, Hannah; Bailey, Jakki; Sinton, Meghan; Aspen, Vandana; Schecthman, Kenneth; Jacobi, Corinna; Wilfley, Denise E.
2015-01-01
Objective Eating disorders (EDs) are serious problems among college-age women and may be preventable. An indicated on-line eating disorder (ED) intervention, designed to reduce ED and comorbid pathology, was evaluated. Method 206 women (M age = 20 ± 1.8 years; 51% White/Caucasian, 11% African American, 10% Hispanic, 21% Asian/Asian American, 7% other) at very high risk for ED onset (i.e., with high weight/shape concerns plus a history of being teased, current or lifetime depression, and/or non-clinical levels of compensatory behaviors) were randomized to a 10-week, Internet-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention or wait-list control. Assessments included the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE to assess ED onset), EDE-Questionnaire, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results ED attitudes and behaviors improved more in the intervention than control group (p = 0.02, d = 0.31); although ED onset rate was 27% lower, this difference was not significant (p = 0.28, NNT = 15). In the subgroup with highest shape concerns, ED onset rate was significantly lower in the intervention than control group (20% versus 42%, p = 0.025, NNT = 5). For the 27 individuals with depression at baseline, depressive symptomatology improved more in the intervention than control group (p = 0.016, d = 0.96); although ED onset rate was lower in the intervention than control group, this difference was not significant (25% versus 57%, NNT = 4). Conclusions An inexpensive, easily disseminated intervention might reduce ED onset among those at highest risk. Low adoption rates need to be addressed in future research. PMID:26795936
13. Reducing eating disorder onset in a very high risk sample with significant comorbid depression: A randomized controlled trial.
Science.gov (United States)
Taylor, C Barr; Kass, Andrea E; Trockel, Mickey; Cunning, Darby; Weisman, Hannah; Bailey, Jakki; Sinton, Meghan; Aspen, Vandana; Schecthman, Kenneth; Jacobi, Corinna; Wilfley, Denise E
2016-05-01
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious problems among college-age women and may be preventable. An indicated online eating disorder (ED) intervention, designed to reduce ED and comorbid pathology, was evaluated. 206 women (M age = 20 ± 1.8 years; 51% White/Caucasian, 11% African American, 10% Hispanic, 21% Asian/Asian American, 7% other) at very high risk for ED onset (i.e., with high weight/shape concerns plus a history of being teased, current or lifetime depression, and/or nonclinical levels of compensatory behaviors) were randomized to a 10-week, Internet-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention or waitlist control. Assessments included the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE, to assess ED onset), EDE-Questionnaire, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. ED attitudes and behaviors improved more in the intervention than control group (p = .02, d = 0.31); although ED onset rate was 27% lower, this difference was not significant (p = .28, NNT = 15). In the subgroup with highest shape concerns, ED onset rate was significantly lower in the intervention than control group (20% vs. 42%, p = .025, NNT = 5). For the 27 individuals with depression at baseline, depressive symptomatology improved more in the intervention than control group (p = .016, d = 0.96); although ED onset rate was lower in the intervention than control group, this difference was not significant (25% vs. 57%, NNT = 4). An inexpensive, easily disseminated intervention might reduce ED onset among those at highest risk. Low adoption rates need to be addressed in future research. (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).
14. Potent corticosteroid cream (mometasone furoate) significantly reduces acute radiation dermatitis: results from a double-blind, randomized study
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bostroem, Aasa; Lindman, Henrik; Swartling, Carl; Berne, Berit; Bergh, Jonas
2001-01-01
Purpose: Radiation-induced dermatitis is a very common side effect of radiation therapy, and may necessitate interruption of the therapy. There is a substantial lack of evidence-based treatments for this condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mometasone furoate cream (MMF) on radiation dermatitis in a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Material and methods: The study comprised 49 patients with node-negative breast cancer. They were operated on with sector resection and scheduled for postoperative radiotherapy using photons with identical radiation qualities and dosage to the breast parenchyma. The patients were randomized to receive either MMF or emollient cream. The cream was applied on the irradiated skin twice a week from the start of radiotherapy until the 12th fraction (24 Gy) and thereafter once daily until 3 weeks after completion of radiation. Both groups additionally received non-blinded emollient cream daily. The intensity of the acute radiation dermatitis was evaluated on a weekly basis regarding erythema and pigmentation, using a reflectance spectrophotometer together with visual scoring of the skin reactions. Results: MMF in combination with emollient cream treatment significantly decreased acute radiation dermatitis (P=0.0033) compared with emollient cream alone. There was no significant difference in pigmentation between the two groups. Conclusions: Adding MMF, a potent topical corticosteroid, to an emollient cream is statistically significantly more effective than emollient cream alone in reducing acute radiation dermatitis
15. Reduced frontal and occipital lobe asymmetry on the CT-scans of schizophrenic patients. Its specificity and clinical significance
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Falkai, P.; Schneider, T.; Greve, B.; Klieser, E.; Bogerts, B.
1995-01-01
Frontal and occipital lobe widths were determined in the computed tomographic (CT) scans of 135 schizophrenic patients, 158 neuro psychiatrically healthy and 102 psychiatric control subjects, including patients with affective psychosis, neurosis and schizoaffective psychosis. Most healthy right-handed subjects demonstrate a relative enlargement of the right frontal as well as left occipital lobe compared to the opposite hemisphere. These normal frontal and occipital lobe asymmetries were selectively reduced in schizophrenics (f.: 5%, p < .0005; o.: 3%, p < .05), irrespective of the pathophysiological subgroup. Schizophrenic neuroleptic non-responders revealed a significant reduction of frontal lobe asymmetry (3%, p < .05), while no correlation between BPRS-sub scores and disturbed cerebral laterality could be detected. In sum the present study demonstrates the disturbed cerebral lateralisation in schizophrenic patients supporting the hypothesis of interrupted early brain development in schizophrenia. (author)
16. Walking with a four wheeled walker (rollator) significantly reduces EMG lower-limb muscle activity in healthy subjects.
Science.gov (United States)
Suica, Zorica; Romkes, Jacqueline; Tal, Amir; Maguire, Clare
2016-01-01
To investigate the immediate effect of four-wheeled- walker(rollator)walking on lower-limb muscle activity and trunk-sway in healthy subjects. In this cross-sectional design electromyographic (EMG) data was collected in six lower-limb muscle groups and trunk-sway was measured as peak-to-peak angular displacement of the centre-of-mass (level L2/3) in the sagittal and frontal-planes using the SwayStar balance system. 19 subjects walked at self-selected speed firstly without a rollator then in randomised order 1. with rollator 2. with rollator with increased weight-bearing. Rollator-walking caused statistically significant reductions in EMG activity in lower-limb muscle groups and effect-sizes were medium to large. Increased weight-bearing increased the effect. Trunk-sway in the sagittal and frontal-planes showed no statistically significant difference between conditions. Rollator-walking reduces lower-limb muscle activity but trunk-sway remains unchanged as stability is likely gained through forces generated by the upper-limbs. Short-term stability is gained but the long-term effect is unclear and requires investigation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
17. Modest hypoxia significantly reduces triglyceride content and lipid droplet size in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Hashimoto, Takeshi, E-mail: [email protected] [Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 (Japan); Yokokawa, Takumi; Endo, Yuriko [Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 (Japan); Iwanaka, Nobumasa [Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 (Japan); Higashida, Kazuhiko [Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 (Japan); Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 (Japan); Taguchi, Sadayoshi [Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 (Japan)
2013-10-11
Highlights: •Long-term hypoxia decreased the size of LDs and lipid storage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Long-term hypoxia increased basal lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia decreased lipid-associated proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia decreased basal glucose uptake and lipogenic proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia-mediated lipogenesis may be an attractive therapeutic target against obesity. -- Abstract: Background: A previous study has demonstrated that endurance training under hypoxia results in a greater reduction in body fat mass compared to exercise under normoxia. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this hypoxia-mediated reduction in fat mass remain uncertain. Here, we examine the effects of modest hypoxia on adipocyte function. Methods: Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated at 5% O{sub 2} for 1 week (long-term hypoxia, HL) or one day (short-term hypoxia, HS) and compared with a normoxia control (NC). Results: HL, but not HS, resulted in a significant reduction in lipid droplet size and triglyceride content (by 50%) compared to NC (p < 0.01). As estimated by glycerol release, isoproterenol-induced lipolysis was significantly lowered by hypoxia, whereas the release of free fatty acids under the basal condition was prominently enhanced with HL compared to NC or HS (p < 0.01). Lipolysis-associated proteins, such as perilipin 1 and hormone-sensitive lipase, were unchanged, whereas adipose triglyceride lipase and its activator protein CGI-58 were decreased with HL in comparison to NC. Interestingly, such lipogenic proteins as fatty acid synthase, lipin-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma were decreased. Furthermore, the uptake of glucose, the major precursor of 3-glycerol phosphate for triglyceride synthesis, was significantly reduced in HL compared to NC or HS (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that hypoxia has a direct impact on reducing the triglyceride content and lipid droplet size via
18. Modest hypoxia significantly reduces triglyceride content and lipid droplet size in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hashimoto, Takeshi; Yokokawa, Takumi; Endo, Yuriko; Iwanaka, Nobumasa; Higashida, Kazuhiko; Taguchi, Sadayoshi
2013-01-01
Highlights: •Long-term hypoxia decreased the size of LDs and lipid storage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Long-term hypoxia increased basal lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia decreased lipid-associated proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia decreased basal glucose uptake and lipogenic proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. •Hypoxia-mediated lipogenesis may be an attractive therapeutic target against obesity. -- Abstract: Background: A previous study has demonstrated that endurance training under hypoxia results in a greater reduction in body fat mass compared to exercise under normoxia. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this hypoxia-mediated reduction in fat mass remain uncertain. Here, we examine the effects of modest hypoxia on adipocyte function. Methods: Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated at 5% O 2 for 1 week (long-term hypoxia, HL) or one day (short-term hypoxia, HS) and compared with a normoxia control (NC). Results: HL, but not HS, resulted in a significant reduction in lipid droplet size and triglyceride content (by 50%) compared to NC (p < 0.01). As estimated by glycerol release, isoproterenol-induced lipolysis was significantly lowered by hypoxia, whereas the release of free fatty acids under the basal condition was prominently enhanced with HL compared to NC or HS (p < 0.01). Lipolysis-associated proteins, such as perilipin 1 and hormone-sensitive lipase, were unchanged, whereas adipose triglyceride lipase and its activator protein CGI-58 were decreased with HL in comparison to NC. Interestingly, such lipogenic proteins as fatty acid synthase, lipin-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma were decreased. Furthermore, the uptake of glucose, the major precursor of 3-glycerol phosphate for triglyceride synthesis, was significantly reduced in HL compared to NC or HS (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that hypoxia has a direct impact on reducing the triglyceride content and lipid droplet size via
19. [Intra-Articular Application of Tranexamic Acid Significantly Reduces Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty].
Science.gov (United States)
Lošťák, J; Gallo, J; Špička, J; Langová, K
2016-01-01
.0001), including hidden blood loss (p = 0.030). The TXA patients had significantly fewer requirements for allogeneic blood transfusion (p application, maximum TXA concentration at the site of application, no danger associated with administration of a higher TXA dose and minimal TXA resorption into the circulation. On the other hand, there are no exact instructions for an effective and safe topical application of TXA and some authors are concerned that a coagulum arising after TXA application might affect soft tissue behaviour (healing, swelling, rehabilitation) or result in infection. CONCLUSIONS The study showed the efficacy and safety of topical TXA administration resulting in lower peri-operative bleeding, fewer blood transfusion requirements and higher haemoglobin levels after TKA. The patients treated with TXA had less knee swelling, lower incidence of haematomas and used fewer analgesic drugs in the early post-operative period. The economic benefit is also worth considering. In agreement with the recent literature, it is suggested to add topical TXA application to the recommended procedures for TKA surgery. Key words: tranexamic acid, Exacyl, topical application, intra-articular application, blood loss, hidden blood loss, total knee arthroplasty, complications.
20. A pilot study: Horticulture-related activities significantly reduce stress levels and salivary cortisol concentration of maladjusted elementary school children.
Science.gov (United States)
Lee, Min Jung; Oh, Wook; Jang, Ja Soon; Lee, Ju Young
2018-04-01
The effects of three horticulture-related activities (HRAs), including floral arranging, planting, and flower pressing were compared to see if they influenced changes on a stress scale and on salivary cortisol concentrations (SCC) in maladjusted elementary school children. Twenty maladjusted elementary school children were randomly assigned either to an experimental or control group. The control group carried out individual favorite indoor activities under the supervision of a teacher. Simultaneously, the ten children in the experimental group participated in a HRA program consisting of flower arrangement (FA), planting (P), and flower pressing (PF) activities, in which the other ten children in the control group did not take part. During nine sessions, the activities were completed as follows: FA-FA-FA, P-P-P, and PF-PF-PF; each session lasted 40 min and took place once a week. For the quantitative analysis of salivary cortisol, saliva was collected from the experimental group one week before the HRAs and immediately after the activities for 9 consecutive weeks at the same time each session. In the experimental group, stress scores of interpersonal relationship, school life, personal problems, and home life decreased after the HRAs by 1.3, 1.8, 4.2, and 1.3 points, respectively. In particular, the stress score of school life was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). In addition, from the investigation of the SCCs for the children before and after repeating HRAs three times, it was found that flower arrangement, planting, and flower pressing activities reduced the SCCs by ≥37% compared to the SCCs prior to taking part in the HRAs. These results indicate that HRAs are associated with a reduction in the stress levels of maladjusted elementary school children. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1. Cerebral Embolic Protection During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Significantly Reduces Death and Stroke Compared With Unprotected Procedures.
Science.gov (United States)
Seeger, Julia; Gonska, Birgid; Otto, Markus; Rottbauer, Wolfgang; Wöhrle, Jochen
2017-11-27
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cerebral embolic protection on stroke-free survival in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Imaging data on cerebral embolic protection devices have demonstrated a significant reduction in number and volume of cerebral lesions. A total of 802 consecutive patients were enrolled. The Sentinel cerebral embolic protection device (Claret Medical Inc., Santa Rosa, California) was used in 34.9% (n = 280) of consecutive patients. In 65.1% (n = 522) of patients TAVR was performed in the identical setting except without cerebral embolic protection. Neurological follow-up was done within 7 days post-procedure. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or all-stroke according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria within 7 days. Propensity score matching was performed to account for possible confounders. Both filters of the device were successfully positioned in 280 of 305 (91.8%) consecutive patients. With use of cerebral embolic protection rate of disabling and nondisabling stroke was significantly reduced from 4.6% to 1.4% (p = 0.03; odds ratio: 0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.10 to 0.93) in the propensity-matched population (n = 560). The primary endpoint occurred significantly less frequently, with 2.1% (n = 6 of 280) in the protected group compared with 6.8% (n = 19 of 280) in the control group (p = 0.01; odds ratio: 0.30; 95% confidence interval: 0.12 to 0.77). In multivariable analysis Society of Thoracic Surgeons score for mortality (p = 0.02) and TAVR without protection (p = 0.02) were independent predictors for the primary endpoint. In patients undergoing TAVR use of a cerebral embolic protection device demonstrated a significant higher rate of stroke-free survival compared with unprotected TAVR. Copyright © 2017 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2. Dermal application of nitric oxide releasing acidified nitrite-containing liniments significantly reduces blood pressure in humans.
Science.gov (United States)
Opländer, Christian; Volkmar, Christine M; Paunel-Görgülü, Adnana; Fritsch, Thomas; van Faassen, Ernst E; Mürtz, Manfred; Grieb, Gerrit; Bozkurt, Ahmet; Hemmrich, Karsten; Windolf, Joachim; Suschek, Christoph V
2012-02-15
Vascular ischemic diseases, hypertension, and other systemic hemodynamic and vascular disorders may be the result of impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). NO but also its active derivates like nitrite or nitroso compounds are important effector and signal molecules with vasodilating properties. Our previous findings point to a therapeutical potential of cutaneous administration of NO in the treatment of systemic hemodynamic disorders. Unfortunately, no reliable data are available on the mechanisms, kinetics and biological responses of dermal application of nitric oxide in humans in vivo. The aim of the study was to close this gap and to explore the therapeutical potential of dermal nitric oxide application. We characterized with human skin in vitro and in vivo the capacity of NO, applied in a NO-releasing acidified form of nitrite-containing liniments, to penetrate the epidermis and to influence local as well as systemic hemodynamic parameters. We found that dermal application of NO led to a very rapid and significant transepidermal translocation of NO into the underlying tissue. Depending on the size of treated skin area, this translocation manifests itself through a significant systemic increase of the NO derivates nitrite and nitroso compounds, respectively. In parallel, this translocation was accompanied by an increased systemic vasodilatation and blood flow as well as reduced blood pressure. We here give evidence that in humans dermal application of NO has a therapeutic potential for systemic hemodynamic disorders that might arise from local or systemic insufficient availability of NO or its bio-active NO derivates, respectively. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3. Significant change of local atomic configurations at surface of reduced activation Eurofer steels induced by hydrogenation treatments
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Greculeasa, S.G.; Palade, P.; Schinteie, G. [National Institute for Materials Physics, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); Kuncser, A.; Stanciu, A. [National Institute for Materials Physics, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); Lungu, G.A. [National Institute for Materials Physics, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); Porosnicu, C.; Lungu, C.P. [National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); Kuncser, V., E-mail: [email protected] [National Institute for Materials Physics, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Bucharest-Magurele (Romania)
2017-04-30
Highlights: • Engineering of Eurofer slab properties by hydrogenation treatments. • Hydrogenation modifies significantly the local atomic configurations at the surface. • Hydrogenation increases the expulsion of the Cr atoms toward the very surface. • Approaching binomial atomic distribution by hydrogenation in the next surface 100 nm. - Abstract: Reduced-activation steels such as Eurofer alloys are candidates for supporting plasma facing components in tokamak-like nuclear fusion reactors. In order to investigate the impact of hydrogen/deuterium insertion in their crystalline lattice, annealing treatments in hydrogen atmosphere have been applied on Eurofer slabs. The resulting samples have been analyzed with respect to local structure and atomic configuration both before and after successive annealing treatments, by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS). The corroborated data point out for a bcc type structure of the non-hydrogenated alloy, with an average alloy composition approaching Fe{sub 0.9}Cr{sub 0.1} along a depth of about 100 nm. EDS elemental maps do not indicate surface inhomogeneities in concentration whereas the Mössbauer spectra prove significant deviations from a homogeneous alloying. The hydrogenation increases the expulsion of the Cr atoms toward the surface layer and decreases their oxidation, with considerable influence on the surface properties of the steel. The hydrogenation treatment is therefore proposed as a potential alternative for a convenient engineering of the surface of different Fe-Cr based alloys.
4. Optical trapping of nanoparticles with significantly reduced laser powers by using counter-propagating beams (Presentation Recording)
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Chenglong; LeBrun, Thomas W.
2015-08-01
Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have wide applications ranging from nanoscale heating to cancer therapy and biological sensing. Optical trapping of GNPs as small as 18 nm has been successfully achieved with laser power as high as 855 mW, but such high powers can damage trapped particles (particularly biological systems) as well heat the fluid, thereby destabilizing the trap. In this article, we show that counter propagating beams (CPB) can successfully trap GNP with laser powers reduced by a factor of 50 compared to that with a single beam. The trapping position of a GNP inside a counter-propagating trap can be easily modulated by either changing the relative power or position of the two beams. Furthermore, we find that under our conditions while a single-beam most stably traps a single particle, the counter-propagating beam can more easily trap multiple particles. This (CPB) trap is compatible with the feedback control system we recently demonstrated to increase the trapping lifetimes of nanoparticles by more than an order of magnitude. Thus, we believe that the future development of advanced trapping techniques combining counter-propagating traps together with control systems should significantly extend the capabilities of optical manipulation of nanoparticles for prototyping and testing 3D nanodevices and bio-sensing.
5. New scanning technique using Adaptive Statistical lterative Reconstruction (ASIR) significantly reduced the radiation dose of cardiac CT
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Tumur, Odgerel; Soon, Kean; Brown, Fraser; Mykytowycz, Marcus
2013-01-01
The aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of application of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm on the radiation dose of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and its effects on image quality of CCTA and to evaluate the effects of various patient and CT scanning factors on the radiation dose of CCTA. This was a retrospective study that included 347 consecutive patients who underwent CCTA at a tertiary university teaching hospital between 1 July 2009 and 20 September 2011. Analysis was performed comparing patient demographics, scan characteristics, radiation dose and image quality in two groups of patients in whom conventional Filtered Back Projection (FBP) or ASIR was used for image reconstruction. There were 238 patients in the FBP group and 109 patients in the ASIR group. There was no difference between the groups in the use of prospective gating, scan length or tube voltage. In ASIR group, significantly lower tube current was used compared with FBP group, 550mA (450–600) vs. 650mA (500–711.25) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P<0.001. There was 27% effective radiation dose reduction in the ASIR group compared with FBP group, 4.29mSv (2.84–6.02) vs. 5.84mSv (3.88–8.39) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P<0.001. Although ASIR was associated with increased image noise compared with FBP (39.93±10.22 vs. 37.63±18.79 (mean ±standard deviation), respectively, P<001), it did not affect the signal intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio or the diagnostic quality of CCTA. Application of ASIR reduces the radiation dose of CCTA without affecting the image quality.
6. New scanning technique using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) significantly reduced the radiation dose of cardiac CT.
Science.gov (United States)
Tumur, Odgerel; Soon, Kean; Brown, Fraser; Mykytowycz, Marcus
2013-06-01
The aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of application of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm on the radiation dose of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and its effects on image quality of CCTA and to evaluate the effects of various patient and CT scanning factors on the radiation dose of CCTA. This was a retrospective study that included 347 consecutive patients who underwent CCTA at a tertiary university teaching hospital between 1 July 2009 and 20 September 2011. Analysis was performed comparing patient demographics, scan characteristics, radiation dose and image quality in two groups of patients in whom conventional Filtered Back Projection (FBP) or ASIR was used for image reconstruction. There were 238 patients in the FBP group and 109 patients in the ASIR group. There was no difference between the groups in the use of prospective gating, scan length or tube voltage. In ASIR group, significantly lower tube current was used compared with FBP group, 550 mA (450-600) vs. 650 mA (500-711.25) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P ASIR group compared with FBP group, 4.29 mSv (2.84-6.02) vs. 5.84 mSv (3.88-8.39) (median (interquartile range)), respectively, P ASIR was associated with increased image noise compared with FBP (39.93 ± 10.22 vs. 37.63 ± 18.79 (mean ± standard deviation), respectively, P ASIR reduces the radiation dose of CCTA without affecting the image quality. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology © 2013 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.
7. Secukinumab Significantly Reduces Psoriasis-Related Work Impairment and Indirect Costs Compared With Ustekinumab and Etanercept in the United Kingdom.
Science.gov (United States)
Warren, R B; Halliday, A; Graham, C N; Gilloteau, I; Miles, L; McBride, D
2018-05-30
Psoriasis causes work productivity impairment that increases with disease severity. Whether differential treatment efficacy translates into differential indirect cost savings is unknown. To assess work hours lost and indirect costs associated with secukinumab versus ustekinumab and etanercept in the United Kingdom (UK). This was a post hoc analysis of work impairment data collected in the CLEAR study (secukinumab vs. ustekinumab) and applied to the FIXTURE study (secukinumab vs. etanercept). Weighted weekly and annual average indirect costs per patient per treatment were calculated from (1) overall work impairment derived from Work Productivity and Activity Impairment data collected in CLEAR at 16 and 52 weeks by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) response level; (2) weekly/annual work productivity loss by PASI response level; (3) weekly and annual indirect costs by PASI response level, based on hours of work productivity loss; and (4) weighted average indirect costs for each treatment. In the primary analysis, work impairment data for employed patients in CLEAR at Week 16 were used to compare secukinumab and ustekinumab. Secondary analyses were conducted at different timepoints and with patient cohorts, including FIXTURE. In CLEAR, 452 patients (67%) were employed at baseline. At Week 16, percentages of weekly work impairment/mean hours lost decreased with higher PASI: PASI hours; PASI 50-74: 13.3%/4.45 hours; PASI 75-89: 6.4%/2.14 hours; PASI ≥90: 4.9%/1.65 hours. Weighted mean weekly/annual work hours lost were significantly lower for secukinumab than ustekinumab (1.96/102.51 vs. 2.40/125.12; P=0.0006). Results were consistent for secukinumab versus etanercept (2.29/119.67 vs. 3.59/187.17; Ρreduced work impairment and associated indirect costs of psoriasis compared with ustekinumab and etanercept at Week 16 through 52 in the UK. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
8. Maximum mutual information regularized classification
KAUST Repository
Wang, Jim Jing-Yan
2014-09-07
In this paper, a novel pattern classification approach is proposed by regularizing the classifier learning to maximize mutual information between the classification response and the true class label. We argue that, with the learned classifier, the uncertainty of the true class label of a data sample should be reduced by knowing its classification response as much as possible. The reduced uncertainty is measured by the mutual information between the classification response and the true class label. To this end, when learning a linear classifier, we propose to maximize the mutual information between classification responses and true class labels of training samples, besides minimizing the classification error and reducing the classifier complexity. An objective function is constructed by modeling mutual information with entropy estimation, and it is optimized by a gradient descend method in an iterative algorithm. Experiments on two real world pattern classification problems show the significant improvements achieved by maximum mutual information regularization.
9. Maximum mutual information regularized classification
KAUST Repository
Wang, Jim Jing-Yan; Wang, Yi; Zhao, Shiguang; Gao, Xin
2014-01-01
In this paper, a novel pattern classification approach is proposed by regularizing the classifier learning to maximize mutual information between the classification response and the true class label. We argue that, with the learned classifier, the uncertainty of the true class label of a data sample should be reduced by knowing its classification response as much as possible. The reduced uncertainty is measured by the mutual information between the classification response and the true class label. To this end, when learning a linear classifier, we propose to maximize the mutual information between classification responses and true class labels of training samples, besides minimizing the classification error and reducing the classifier complexity. An objective function is constructed by modeling mutual information with entropy estimation, and it is optimized by a gradient descend method in an iterative algorithm. Experiments on two real world pattern classification problems show the significant improvements achieved by maximum mutual information regularization.
10. Oxidation of naturally reduced uranium in aquifer sediments by dissolved oxygen and its potential significance to uranium plume persistence
Science.gov (United States)
Davis, J. A.; Smith, R. L.; Bohlke, J. K.; Jemison, N.; Xiang, H.; Repert, D. A.; Yuan, X.; Williams, K. H.
2015-12-01
The occurrence of naturally reduced zones is common in alluvial aquifers in the western U.S.A. due to the burial of woody debris in flood plains. Such reduced zones are usually heterogeneously dispersed in these aquifers and characterized by high concentrations of organic carbon, reduced mineral phases, and reduced forms of metals, including uranium(IV). The persistence of high concentrations of dissolved uranium(VI) at uranium-contaminated aquifers on the Colorado Plateau has been attributed to slow oxidation of insoluble uranium(IV) mineral phases found in association with these reducing zones, although there is little understanding of the relative importance of various potential oxidants. Four field experiments were conducted within an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River near Rifle, CO, wherein groundwater associated with the naturally reduced zones was pumped into a gas-impermeable tank, mixed with a conservative tracer (Br-), bubbled with a gas phase composed of 97% O2 and 3% CO2, and then returned to the subsurface in the same well from which it was withdrawn. Within minutes of re-injection of the oxygenated groundwater, dissolved uranium(VI) concentrations increased from less than 1 μM to greater than 2.5 μM, demonstrating that oxygen can be an important oxidant for uranium in such field systems if supplied to the naturally reduced zones. Dissolved Fe(II) concentrations decreased to the detection limit, but increases in sulfate could not be detected due to high background concentrations. Changes in nitrogen species concentrations were variable. The results contrast with other laboratory and field results in which oxygen was introduced to systems containing high concentrations of mackinawite (FeS), rather than the more crystalline iron sulfides found in aged, naturally reduced zones. The flux of oxygen to the naturally reduced zones in the alluvial aquifers occurs mainly through interactions between groundwater and gas phases at the water table
11. Vaccination of pigs two weeks before infection significantly reduces transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Eble, P.L.; Bouma, A.; Bruin, de M.G.M.; Hemert-Kluitenberg, van F.; Oirschot, van J.T.; Dekker, A.
2004-01-01
The objective of this study was to investigate whether and at what time interval could vaccination reduce transmission of foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) among pigs. Reduction of virus transmission by vaccination was determined experimentally. Transmission of FMDV was studied in three groups of
12. ClusterSignificance: A bioconductor package facilitating statistical analysis of class cluster separations in dimensionality reduced data
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Serviss, Jason T.; Gådin, Jesper R.; Eriksson, Per
2017-01-01
, e.g. genes in a specific pathway, alone can separate samples into these established classes. Despite this, the evaluation of class separations is often subjective and performed via visualization. Here we present the ClusterSignificance package; a set of tools designed to assess the statistical...... significance of class separations downstream of dimensionality reduction algorithms. In addition, we demonstrate the design and utility of the ClusterSignificance package and utilize it to determine the importance of long non-coding RNA expression in the identity of multiple hematological malignancies....
13. A novel multi-stage subunit vaccine against paratuberculosis induces significant immunity and reduces bacterial burden in tissues (P4304)
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Thakur, Aneesh; Aagaard, Claus; Riber, Ulla
2013-01-01
Effective control of paratuberculosis is hindered by lack of a vaccine preventing infection, transmission and without diagnostic interference with tuberculosis. We have developed a novel multi-stage recombinant subunit vaccine in which a fusion of four early expressed MAP antigens is combined...... characterized by a significant containment of bacterial burden in gut tissues compared to non-vaccinated animals. There was no cross-reaction with bovine tuberculosis in vaccinated animals. This novel multi-stage vaccine has the potential to become a marker vaccine for paratuberculosis....
14. Reduced expression of circRNA hsa_circ_0003159 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance.
Science.gov (United States)
Tian, Mengqian; Chen, Ruoyu; Li, Tianwen; Xiao, Bingxiu
2018-03-01
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a crucial role in the occurrence of several diseases including cancers. However, little is known about circRNAs' diagnostic values for gastric cancer, one of the worldwide most common diseases of mortality. The hsa_circ_0003159 levels in 108 paired gastric cancer tissues and adjacent non-tumorous tissues from surgical patients with gastric cancer were first detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Then, the relationships between hsa_circ_0003159 expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and the clinicopathological factors of patients with gastric cancer were analyzed. Finally, its diagnostic value was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues, hsa_circ_0003159 expression was significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues. What is more, we found that hsa_circ_0003159 expression levels were significantly negatively associated with gender, distal metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis stage. All of the results suggest that hsa_circ_0003159 may be a potential cancer marker of patients with gastric cancer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
15. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and resistance exercise significantly reduce abdominal adiposity in healthy elderly men.
Science.gov (United States)
Stout, Jeffrey R; Fukuda, David H; Kendall, Kristina L; Smith-Ryan, Abbie E; Moon, Jordan R; Hoffman, Jay R
2015-04-01
The effects of 12-weeks of HMB ingestion and resistance training (RT) on abdominal adiposity were examined in 48 men (66-78 yrs). All participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: no-training placebo (NT-PL), HMB only (NT-HMB), RT with PL (RT-PL), or HMB with RT (RT-HMB). DXA was used to estimate abdominal fat mass (AFM) by placing the region of interest over the L1-L4 region of the spine. Outcomes were assessed by ANCOVA, with Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons. Baseline AFM values were used as the covariate. The ANCOVA indicated a significant difference (p = 0.013) between group means for the adjusted posttest AFM values (mean (kg) ± SE: NT-PL = 2.59 ± 0.06; NT-HMB = 2.59 ± 0.61; RT-PL = 2.59 ± 0.62; RT-HMB = 2.34 ± 0.61). The pairwise comparisons indicated that AFM following the intervention period in the RT-HMB group was significantly less than NT-PL (p = 0.013), NT-HMB (p = 0.011), and RT-PL (p = 0.010). These data suggested that HMB in combination with 12 weeks of RT decreased AFM in elderly men. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.
16. Wind Erosion Caused by Land Use Changes Significantly Reduces Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Carbon Sequestration Potentials in Grassland
Science.gov (United States)
Li, P.; Chi, Y. G.; Wang, J.; Liu, L.
2017-12-01
Wind erosion exerts a fundamental influence on the biotic and abiotic processes associated with ecosystem carbon (C) cycle. However, how wind erosion under different land use scenarios will affect ecosystem C balance and its capacity for future C sequestration are poorly quantified. Here, we established an experiment in a temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia, and simulated different intensity of land uses: control, 50% of aboveground vegetation removal (50R), 100% vegetation removal (100R) and tillage (TI). We monitored lateral and vertical carbon flux components and soil characteristics from 2013 to 2016. Our study reveals three key findings relating to the driving factors, the magnitude and consequence of wind erosion on ecosystem C balance: (1) Frequency of heavy wind exerts a fundamental control over the severity of soil erosion, and its interaction with precipitation and vegetation characteristics explained 69% variation in erosion intensity. (2) With increases in land use intensity, the lateral C flux induced by wind erosion increased rapidly, equivalent to 33%, 86%, 111% and 183% of the net ecosystem exchange of the control site under control, 50R, 100R and TI sites, respectively. (3) After three years' treatment, erosion induced decrease in fine fractions led to 31%, 43%, 85% of permanent loss of C sequestration potential in the surface 5cm soil for 50R, 100R and TI sites. Overall, our study demonstrates that lateral C flux associated with wind erosion is too large to be ignored. The loss of C-enriched fine particles not only reduces current ecosystem C content, but also results in irreversible loss of future soil C sequestration potential. The dynamic soil characteristics need be considered when projecting future ecosystem C balance in aeolian landscape. We also propose that to maintain the sustainability of grassland ecosystems, land managers should focus on implementing appropriate land use rather than rely on subsequent managements on degraded soils.
17. Postoperative Stiffness Requiring Manipulation Under Anesthesia Is Significantly Reduced After Simultaneous Versus Staged Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Science.gov (United States)
Meehan, John P; Monazzam, Shafagh; Miles, Troy; Danielsen, Beate; White, Richard H
2017-12-20
adjust for relevant risk factors, the 90-day odds ratio (OR) of undergoing manipulation after simultaneous bilateral TKA was significantly lower than that for unilateral TKA (OR = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.86) and staged bilateral TKA (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.90). Similarly, at 180 days, the odds of undergoing manipulation were significantly lower after simultaneous bilateral TKA than after both unilateral TKA (OR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.84) and staged bilateral TKA (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.93). The frequency of manipulation was significantly associated with younger age, fewer comorbidities, black race, and the absence of obesity. Although the ORs were small (close to 1), simultaneous bilateral TKA had a significantly decreased rate of stiffness requiring manipulation under anesthesia at 90 days and 180 days after knee replacement compared with that after staged bilateral TKA and unilateral TKA. Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
18. Significance of surface functionalization of Gold Nanorods for reduced effect on IgG stability and minimization of cytotoxicity
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Alex, Sruthi Ann; Rajiv, Sundaramoorthy [Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore (India); Chakravarty, Sujay [UGC-DAE CSR, Kalpakkam, Node, Kokilamedu (India); Chandrasekaran, N. [Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore (India); Mukherjee, Amitava, E-mail: [email protected] [Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore (India)
2017-02-01
side effect of AuNRs by modifying capping. • Polymer-coated AuNRs safe for in vitro assays, but hamper protein functioning. • PEG-AuNRs reduced toxicity to lymphocyte cells and lesser effect on IgG. • Highlights importance of neutral PEGylated particles for theranostic applications.
19. Significance of surface functionalization of Gold Nanorods for reduced effect on IgG stability and minimization of cytotoxicity
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Alex, Sruthi Ann; Rajiv, Sundaramoorthy; Chakravarty, Sujay; Chandrasekaran, N.; Mukherjee, Amitava
2017-01-01
side effect of AuNRs by modifying capping. • Polymer-coated AuNRs safe for in vitro assays, but hamper protein functioning. • PEG-AuNRs reduced toxicity to lymphocyte cells and lesser effect on IgG. • Highlights importance of neutral PEGylated particles for theranostic applications.
20. Weight loss significantly reduces serum lipocalin-2 levels in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Science.gov (United States)
Koiou, Ekaterini; Tziomalos, Konstantinos; Katsikis, Ilias; Kandaraki, Eleni A; Kalaitzakis, Emmanuil; Delkos, Dimitrios; Vosnakis, Christos; Panidis, Dimitrios
2012-01-01
Serum lipocalin-2 levels are elevated in obese patients. We assessed serum lipocalin-2 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the effects of weight loss or metformin on these levels. Forty-seven overweight/obese patients with PCOS [body mass index (BMI) >27 kg/m(2)] were instructed to follow a low-calorie diet, to exercise and were given orlistat or sibutramine for 6 months. Twenty-five normal weight patients with PCOS (BMI weight and 25 overweight/obese healthy female volunteers comprised the control groups. Serum lipocalin-2 levels did not differ between overweight/obese patients with PCOS and overweight/obese controls (p = 0.258), or between normal weight patients with PCOS and normal weight controls (p = 0.878). Lipocalin-2 levels were higher in overweight/obese patients with PCOS than in normal weight patients with PCOS (p weight loss resulted in a fall in lipocalin-2 levels (p weight patients with PCOS, treatment with metformin did not affect lipocalin-2 levels (p = 0.484). In conclusion, PCOS per se is not associated with elevated lipocalin-2 levels. Weight loss induces a significant reduction in lipocalin-2 levels in overweight/obese patients with PCOS.
1. From meatless Mondays to meatless Sundays: motivations for meat reduction among vegetarians and semi-vegetarians who mildly or significantly reduce their meat intake.
Science.gov (United States)
De Backer, Charlotte J S; Hudders, Liselot
2014-01-01
This study explores vegetarians' and semi-vegetarians' motives for reducing their meat intake. Participants are categorized as vegetarians (remove all meat from their diet); semi-vegetarians (significantly reduce meat intake: at least three days a week); or light semi-vegetarians (mildly reduce meat intake: once or twice a week). Most differences appear between vegetarians and both groups of semi-vegetarians. Animal-rights and ecological concerns, together with taste preferences, predict vegetarianism, while an increase in health motives increases the odds of being semi-vegetarian. Even within each group, subgroups with different motives appear, and it is recommended that future researchers pay more attention to these differences.
2. Approximate maximum parsimony and ancestral maximum likelihood.
Science.gov (United States)
Alon, Noga; Chor, Benny; Pardi, Fabio; Rapoport, Anat
2010-01-01
We explore the maximum parsimony (MP) and ancestral maximum likelihood (AML) criteria in phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Both problems are NP-hard, so we seek approximate solutions. We formulate the two problems as Steiner tree problems under appropriate distances. The gist of our approach is the succinct characterization of Steiner trees for a small number of leaves for the two distances. This enables the use of known Steiner tree approximation algorithms. The approach leads to a 16/9 approximation ratio for AML and asymptotically to a 1.55 approximation ratio for MP.
3. Maximum permissible dose
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anon.
1979-01-01
This chapter presents a historic overview of the establishment of radiation guidelines by various national and international agencies. The use of maximum permissible dose and maximum permissible body burden limits to derive working standards is discussed
4. Regularized maximum correntropy machine
KAUST Repository
Wang, Jim Jing-Yan; Wang, Yunji; Jing, Bing-Yi; Gao, Xin
2015-01-01
In this paper we investigate the usage of regularized correntropy framework for learning of classifiers from noisy labels. The class label predictors learned by minimizing transitional loss functions are sensitive to the noisy and outlying labels of training samples, because the transitional loss functions are equally applied to all the samples. To solve this problem, we propose to learn the class label predictors by maximizing the correntropy between the predicted labels and the true labels of the training samples, under the regularized Maximum Correntropy Criteria (MCC) framework. Moreover, we regularize the predictor parameter to control the complexity of the predictor. The learning problem is formulated by an objective function considering the parameter regularization and MCC simultaneously. By optimizing the objective function alternately, we develop a novel predictor learning algorithm. The experiments on two challenging pattern classification tasks show that it significantly outperforms the machines with transitional loss functions.
5. Regularized maximum correntropy machine
KAUST Repository
Wang, Jim Jing-Yan
2015-02-12
In this paper we investigate the usage of regularized correntropy framework for learning of classifiers from noisy labels. The class label predictors learned by minimizing transitional loss functions are sensitive to the noisy and outlying labels of training samples, because the transitional loss functions are equally applied to all the samples. To solve this problem, we propose to learn the class label predictors by maximizing the correntropy between the predicted labels and the true labels of the training samples, under the regularized Maximum Correntropy Criteria (MCC) framework. Moreover, we regularize the predictor parameter to control the complexity of the predictor. The learning problem is formulated by an objective function considering the parameter regularization and MCC simultaneously. By optimizing the objective function alternately, we develop a novel predictor learning algorithm. The experiments on two challenging pattern classification tasks show that it significantly outperforms the machines with transitional loss functions.
6. The value of quantitative parameters of dynamic-enhanced MRI and the significance of the maximum linearity slope ratio in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ouyang Yi; Xie Chuanmiao; Wu Yaopan; Lv Yanchun; Ruan Chaomei; Zheng Lie; Peng Kangqiang; He Haoqiang; Chen Lin; Zhang Weizhang
2008-01-01
Objective: To find the effective quantitative parameters for the differentiation of the breast lesions using the post-processing of time-signal curve of 3D dynamic-enhanced MRI. Methods: Thirty patients with 35 lesions underwent 3D dynamic-enhanced MRI and the time-signal curve was deduced. The four quantitative parameters including SImax, PH, Slope and Slope R were analyzed in benign and malignant lesions of the breast. Independent samples t test and rank sum test were used for the statistics. Results: Seyenteen benign lesions and 18 malignant lesions were included in this study. The SImax (M) of benign and malignant lesions were 375.2 and 158.1, the 95% confidence intervals of SImax were 278.2- 506. 0 and 160.5--374. 8. The PH (M) of benign and malignant lesions were 114.4 and 87. 8, the 95% confidence intervals of PH were 73.7-196.5 and 71.3-162. 9. The Slope (M) of benign and malignant lesions were 22.3 x 10 -3 and 44.0 x 10 -3 , the 95% confidence intervals of Slope were 13.7 x 10 -3 - 41.1 x 10 -3 and 46.1 x 10 -3 -81.8 x 10 -3 . The Slopea (M) of benign and malignant lesions were 2.6 and 11.4, the 95% confidence intervals of Slopea were 1.9-3.4 and 9.8-14.5. There were no significant differences on SImax and PH between benign and malignant lesions (P>0.05). The significant differences existed on Slope (P<0.01) and Slopea (P <0.01) between benign and malignant lesions of the breast. Conclusion: Slopea is a very effective parameter in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions. (authors)
7. Peak medial (but not lateral) hamstring activity is significantly lower during stance phase of running. An EMG investigation using a reduced gravity treadmill.
Science.gov (United States)
Hansen, Clint; Einarson, Einar; Thomson, Athol; Whiteley, Rodney
2017-09-01
The hamstrings are seen to work during late swing phase (presumably to decelerate the extending shank) then during stance phase (presumably stabilizing the knee and contributing to horizontal force production during propulsion) of running. A better understanding of this hamstring activation during running may contribute to injury prevention and performance enhancement (targeting the specific role via specific contraction mode). Twenty active adult males underwent surface EMG recordings of their medial and lateral hamstrings while running on a reduced gravity treadmill. Participants underwent 36 different conditions for combinations of 50%-100% altering bodyweight (10% increments) & 6-16km/h (2km/h increments, i.e.: 36 conditions) for a minimum of 6 strides of each leg (maximum 32). EMG was normalized to the peak value seen for each individual during any stride in any trial to describe relative activation levels during gait. Increasing running speed effected greater increases in EMG for all muscles than did altering bodyweight. Peak EMG for the lateral hamstrings during running trials was similar for both swing and stance phase whereas the medial hamstrings showed an approximate 20% reduction during stance compared to swing phase. It is suggested that the lateral hamstrings work equally hard during swing and stance phase however the medial hamstrings are loaded slightly less every stance phase. Likely this helps explain the higher incidence of lateral hamstring injury. Hamstring injury prevention and rehabilitation programs incorporating running should consider running speed as more potent stimulus for increasing hamstring muscle activation than impact loading. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
8. Prenatal prochloraz treatment significantly increases pregnancy length and reduces offspring weight but does not affect social-olfactory memory in rats
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Dmytriyeva, Oksana; Klementiev, Boris; Berezin, Vladimir
2013-01-01
Metabolites of the commonly used imidazole fungicide prochloraz are androgen receptor antagonists. They have been shown to block androgen-driven development and compromise reproductive function. We tested the effect of prochloraz on cognitive behavior following exposure to this fungicide during...... the perinatal period. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered a 200mg/kg dose of prochloraz on gestational day (GD) 7, GD11, and GD15. The social recognition test (SRT) was performed on 7-week-old male rat offspring. We found an increase in pregnancy length and a significantly reduced pup weight on PND15 and PND...
9. Solar maximum mission
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ryan, J.
1981-01-01
By understanding the sun, astrophysicists hope to expand this knowledge to understanding other stars. To study the sun, NASA launched a satellite on February 14, 1980. The project is named the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). The satellite conducted detailed observations of the sun in collaboration with other satellites and ground-based optical and radio observations until its failure 10 months into the mission. The main objective of the SMM was to investigate one aspect of solar activity: solar flares. A brief description of the flare mechanism is given. The SMM satellite was valuable in providing information on where and how a solar flare occurs. A sequence of photographs of a solar flare taken from SMM satellite shows how a solar flare develops in a particular layer of the solar atmosphere. Two flares especially suitable for detailed observations by a joint effort occurred on April 30 and May 21 of 1980. These flares and observations of the flares are discussed. Also discussed are significant discoveries made by individual experiments
10. Maximum Acceleration Recording Circuit
Science.gov (United States)
Bozeman, Richard J., Jr.
1995-01-01
Coarsely digitized maximum levels recorded in blown fuses. Circuit feeds power to accelerometer and makes nonvolatile record of maximum level to which output of accelerometer rises during measurement interval. In comparison with inertia-type single-preset-trip-point mechanical maximum-acceleration-recording devices, circuit weighs less, occupies less space, and records accelerations within narrower bands of uncertainty. In comparison with prior electronic data-acquisition systems designed for same purpose, circuit simpler, less bulky, consumes less power, costs and analysis of data recorded in magnetic or electronic memory devices. Circuit used, for example, to record accelerations to which commodities subjected during transportation on trucks.
11. The effectiveness of the anti-CD11d treatment is reduced in rat models of spinal cord injury that produce significant levels of intraspinal hemorrhage.
Science.gov (United States)
Geremia, N M; Hryciw, T; Bao, F; Streijger, F; Okon, E; Lee, J H T; Weaver, L C; Dekaban, G A; Kwon, B K; Brown, A
2017-09-01
We have previously reported that administration of a CD11d monoclonal antibody (mAb) improves recovery in a clip-compression model of SCI. In this model the CD11d mAb reduces the infiltration of activated leukocytes into the injured spinal cord (as indicated by reduced intraspinal MPO). However not all anti-inflammatory strategies have reported beneficial results, suggesting that success of the CD11d mAb treatment may depend on the type or severity of the injury. We therefore tested the CD11d mAb treatment in a rat hemi-contusion model of cervical SCI. In contrast to its effects in the clip-compression model, the CD11d mAb treatment did not improve forelimb function nor did it significantly reduce MPO levels in the hemi-contused cord. To determine if the disparate results using the CD11d mAb were due to the biomechanical nature of the cord injury (compression SCI versus contusion SCI) or to the spinal level of the injury (12th thoracic level versus cervical) we further evaluated the CD11d mAb treatment after a T12 contusion SCI. In contrast to the T12 clip compression SCI, the CD11d mAb treatment did not improve locomotor recovery or significantly reduce MPO levels after T12 contusion SCI. Lesion analyses revealed increased levels of hemorrhage after contusion SCI compared to clip-compression SCI. SCI that is accompanied by increased intraspinal hemorrhage would be predicted to be refractory to the CD11d mAb therapy as this approach targets leukocyte diapedesis through the intact vasculature. These results suggest that the disparate results of the anti-CD11d treatment in contusion and clip-compression models of SCI are due to the different pathophysiological mechanisms that dominate these two types of spinal cord injuries. Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12. Maximum Quantum Entropy Method
OpenAIRE
Sim, Jae-Hoon; Han, Myung Joon
2018-01-01
Maximum entropy method for analytic continuation is extended by introducing quantum relative entropy. This new method is formulated in terms of matrix-valued functions and therefore invariant under arbitrary unitary transformation of input matrix. As a result, the continuation of off-diagonal elements becomes straightforward. Without introducing any further ambiguity, the Bayesian probabilistic interpretation is maintained just as in the conventional maximum entropy method. The applications o...
13. Maximum power demand cost
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Biondi, L.
1998-01-01
The charging for a service is a supplier's remuneration for the expenses incurred in providing it. There are currently two charges for electricity: consumption and maximum demand. While no problem arises about the former, the issue is more complicated for the latter and the analysis in this article tends to show that the annual charge for maximum demand arbitrarily discriminates among consumer groups, to the disadvantage of some [it
14. Hypoxis hemerocallidea Significantly Reduced Hyperglycaemia and Hyperglycaemic-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Liver and Kidney Tissues of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Background. Hypoxis hemerocallidea is a native plant that grows in the Southern African regions and is well known for its beneficial medicinal effects in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, and high blood pressure. Aim. This study evaluated the effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea on oxidative stress biomarkers, hepatic injury, and other selected biomarkers in the liver and kidneys of healthy nondiabetic and streptozotocin- (STZ- induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg of STZ to induce diabetes. The plant extract-Hypoxis hemerocallidea (200 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg aqueous solution was administered (daily orally for 6 weeks. Antioxidant activities were analysed using a Multiskan Spectrum plate reader while other serum biomarkers were measured using the RANDOX chemistry analyser. Results. Both dosages (200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of Hypoxis hemerocallidea significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic groups. Activities of liver enzymes were increased in the diabetic control and in the diabetic group treated with 800 mg/kg, whereas the 200 mg/kg dosage ameliorated hepatic injury. In the hepatic tissue, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, catalase, and total glutathione were reduced in the diabetic control group. However treatment with both doses improved the antioxidant status. The FRAP and the catalase activities in the kidney were elevated in the STZ-induced diabetic group treated with 800 mg/kg of the extract possibly due to compensatory responses. Conclusion. Hypoxis hemerocallidea demonstrated antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects especially in the liver tissue.
15. Prenatal prochloraz treatment significantly increases pregnancy length and reduces offspring weight but does not affect social-olfactory memory in rats.
Science.gov (United States)
Dmytriyeva, Oksana; Klementiev, Boris; Berezin, Vladimir; Bock, Elisabeth
2013-07-01
Metabolites of the commonly used imidazole fungicide prochloraz are androgen receptor antagonists. They have been shown to block androgen-driven development and compromise reproductive function. We tested the effect of prochloraz on cognitive behavior following exposure to this fungicide during the perinatal period. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered a 200 mg/kg dose of prochloraz on gestational day (GD) 7, GD11, and GD15. The social recognition test (SRT) was performed on 7-week-old male rat offspring. We found an increase in pregnancy length and a significantly reduced pup weight on PND15 and PND40 but no effect of prenatal prochloraz exposure on social investigation or acquisition of social-olfactory memory. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
16. Glycophospholipid Formulation with NADH and CoQ10 Significantly Reduces Intractable Fatigue in Western Blot-Positive ‘Chronic Lyme Disease’ Patients: Preliminary Report
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Garth L. Nicolson
2012-03-01
Full Text Available Background: An open label 8-week preliminary study was conducted in a small number of patients to determine if a combination oral supplement containing a mixture of phosphoglycolipids, coenzyme Q10 and microencapsulated NADH and other nutrients could affect fatigue levels in long-term, Western blot-positive, multi-symptom ‘chronic Lyme disease’ patients (also called ‘post-treatment Lyme disease’ or ‘post Lyme syndrome’ with intractable fatigue. Methods: The subjects in this study were 6 males (mean age = 45.1 ± 12.4 years and 10 females (mean age = 54.6 ± 7.4 years with ‘chronic Lyme disease’ (determined by multiple symptoms and positive Western blot analysis that had been symptomatic with chronic fatigue for an average of 12.7 ± 6.6 years. They had been seen by multiple physicians (13.3 ± 7.6 and had used many other remedies, supplements and drugs (14.4 ± 7.4 without fatigue relief. Fatigue was monitored at 0, 7, 30 and 60 days using a validated instrument, the Piper Fatigue Scale.Results: Patients in this preliminary study responded to the combination test supplement, showing a 26% reduction in overall fatigue by the end of the 8-week trial (p< 0.0003. Analysis of subcategories of fatigue indicated that there were significant improvements in the ability to complete tasks and activities as well as significant improvements in mood and cognitive abilities. Regression analysis of the data indicated that reductions in fatigue were consistent and occurred with a high degree of confidence (R2= 0.998. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2012, 2(3:35-47 Conclusions: The combination supplement was a safe and effective method to significantly reduce intractable fatigue in long-term patients with Western blot-positive ‘chronic Lyme disease.’
17. Long-term use of amiodarone before heart transplantation significantly reduces early post-transplant atrial fibrillation and is not associated with increased mortality after heart transplantation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Rivinius R
2016-02-01
group (P=0.0123. There was no statistically significant difference between patients with and without long-term use of amiodarone prior to HTX in 1-year (P=0.8596, 2-year (P=0.8620, 5-year (P=0.2737, or overall follow-up mortality after HTX (P=0.1049. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (P=0.1786.Conclusion: Long-term use of amiodarone in patients before HTX significantly reduces early post-transplant AF and is not associated with increased mortality after HTX. Keywords: amiodarone, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, heart transplantation, mortality
18. A proper choice of route significantly reduces air pollution exposure--a study on bicycle and bus trips in urban streets.
Science.gov (United States)
Hertel, Ole; Hvidberg, Martin; Ketzel, Matthias; Storm, Lars; Stausgaard, Lizzi
2008-01-15
A proper selection of route through the urban area may significantly reduce the air pollution exposure. This is the main conclusion from the presented study. Air pollution exposure is determined for two selected cohorts along the route going from home to working place, and back from working place to home. Exposure is determined with a street pollution model for three scenarios: bicycling along the shortest possible route, bicycling along the low exposure route along less trafficked streets, and finally taking the shortest trip using public transport. Furthermore, calculations are performed for the cases the trip takes place inside as well as outside the traffic rush hours. The results show that the accumulated air pollution exposure for the low exposure route is between 10% and 30% lower for the primary pollutants (NO(x) and CO). However, the difference is insignificant and in some cases even negative for the secondary pollutants (NO(2) and PM(10)/PM(2.5)). Considering only the contribution from traffic in the travelled streets, the accumulated air pollution exposure is between 54% and 67% lower for the low exposure route. The bus is generally following highly trafficked streets, and the accumulated exposure along the bus route is therefore between 79% and 115% higher than the high exposure bicycle route (the short bicycle route). Travelling outside the rush hour time periods reduces the accumulated exposure between 10% and 30% for the primary pollutants, and between 5% and 20% for the secondary pollutants. The study indicates that a web based route planner for selecting the low exposure route through the city might be a good service for the public. In addition the public may be advised to travel outside rush hour time periods.
19. A Rosa canina - Urtica dioica - Harpagophytum procumbens/zeyheri Combination Significantly Reduces Gonarthritis Symptoms in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Study.
Science.gov (United States)
Moré, Margret; Gruenwald, Joerg; Pohl, Ute; Uebelhack, Ralf
2017-12-01
The special formulation MA212 (Rosaxan) is composed of rosehip ( Rosa canina L.) puree/juice concentrate, nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) leaf extract, and devil's claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Meisn. or Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne.) root extract and also supplies vitamin D. It is a food for special medical purposes ([EU] No 609/2013) for the dietary management of pain in patients with gonarthritis.This 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind parallel-design study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of MA212 versus placebo in patients with gonarthritis.A 3D-HPLC-fingerprint (3-dimensional high pressure liquid chromatography fingerprint) of MA212 demonstrated the presence of its herbal ingredients. Ninety-two randomized patients consumed 40 mL of MA212 (n = 46) or placebo (n = 44) daily. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), quality-of-life scores at 0, 6, and 12 weeks, and analgesic consumption were documented. Statistically, the initial WOMAC subscores/scores did not differ between groups. During the study, their means significantly improved in both groups. The mean pre-post change of the WOMAC pain score (primary endpoint) was 29.87 in the MA212 group and 10.23 in the placebo group. The group difference demonstrated a significant superiority in favor of MA212 (p U < 0.001; p t < 0.001). Group comparisons of all WOMAC subscores/scores at 6 and 12 weeks reached same significances. Compared to placebo, both physical and mental quality of life significantly improved with MA212. There was a trend towards reduced analgesics consumption with MA212, compared to placebo. In the final efficacy evaluation, physicians (p Chi < 0.001) and patients (p Chi < 0.001) rated MA212 superior to placebo. MA212 was well tolerated.This study demonstrates excellent efficacy for MA212 in gonarthritis patients. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
20. Maximum likely scale estimation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Loog, Marco; Pedersen, Kim Steenstrup; Markussen, Bo
2005-01-01
A maximum likelihood local scale estimation principle is presented. An actual implementation of the estimation principle uses second order moments of multiple measurements at a fixed location in the image. These measurements consist of Gaussian derivatives possibly taken at several scales and/or ...
1. Robust Maximum Association Estimators
NARCIS (Netherlands)
A. Alfons (Andreas); C. Croux (Christophe); P. Filzmoser (Peter)
2017-01-01
textabstractThe maximum association between two multivariate variables X and Y is defined as the maximal value that a bivariate association measure between one-dimensional projections αX and αY can attain. Taking the Pearson correlation as projection index results in the first canonical correlation
2. Myocardial fatty acid imaging with 123I-BMIPP in patients with chronic right ventricular pressure overload. Clinical significance of reduced uptake in interventricular septum
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hori, Yoshiro; Ishida, Yoshio; Fukuchi, Kazuki; Hayashida, Kouhei; Takamiya, Makoto
2002-01-01
Regionally reduced 123 I-beta-methyliodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (123I-BMIPP) uptake in the interventricular septum (SEP) is observed in some patients with chronic right ventricular (RV) pressure overload. We studied the significance of this finding by comparing it with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP). 123 I-BMIPP SPECT imaging was carried out in 21 patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH; 51+-14 years; 11 men and 10 women; 7 with primary pulmonary hypertension, 11 with pulmonary thromboembolism, and 3 with atrial septal defect). mPAP ranged from 25 to 81 mmHg (49±16 mmHg). Using a midventricular horizontal long-axis plane, regional BMIPP distributions in the RV free wall and SEP were estimated by referring to those in the LV free wall. Count ratios of the RV free wall and SEP to the LV free wall (RV/LV, SEP/LV) were determined by ROI analysis. RV/LV showed a linear correlation with mPAP (r=0.42). However, SEP/LV was inversely correlated with mPAP (r=-0.49). When SEP/RV was compared among three regions of SEP in each patient, basal SEP/RV was most sensitively decreased in response to increased mPAP (r=-0.70). These results suggest that the assessment of septal tracer uptake in 123 I-BMIPP SPECT imaging is useful for evaluating the severity of RV pressure overload in patients with PH. (author)
3. Maximum power point tracking
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Enslin, J.H.R.
1990-01-01
A well engineered renewable remote energy system, utilizing the principal of Maximum Power Point Tracking can be m ore cost effective, has a higher reliability and can improve the quality of life in remote areas. This paper reports that a high-efficient power electronic converter, for converting the output voltage of a solar panel, or wind generator, to the required DC battery bus voltage has been realized. The converter is controlled to track the maximum power point of the input source under varying input and output parameters. Maximum power point tracking for relative small systems is achieved by maximization of the output current in a battery charging regulator, using an optimized hill-climbing, inexpensive microprocessor based algorithm. Through practical field measurements it is shown that a minimum input source saving of 15% on 3-5 kWh/day systems can easily be achieved. A total cost saving of at least 10-15% on the capital cost of these systems are achievable for relative small rating Remote Area Power Supply systems. The advantages at larger temperature variations and larger power rated systems are much higher. Other advantages include optimal sizing and system monitor and control
4. Maximum Water Hammer Sensitivity Analysis
OpenAIRE
Jalil Emadi; Abbas Solemani
2011-01-01
Pressure waves and Water Hammer occur in a pumping system when valves are closed or opened suddenly or in the case of sudden failure of pumps. Determination of maximum water hammer is considered one of the most important technical and economical items of which engineers and designers of pumping stations and conveyance pipelines should take care. Hammer Software is a recent application used to simulate water hammer. The present study focuses on determining significance of ...
5. PARP-1 depletion in combination with carbon ion exposure significantly reduces MMPs activity and overall increases TIMPs expression in cultured HeLa cells
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ghorai, Atanu; Sarma, Asitikantha; Chowdhury, Priyanka; Ghosh, Utpal
2016-01-01
Hadron therapy is an innovative technique where cancer cells are precisely killed leaving surrounding healthy cells least affected by high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation like carbon ion beam. Anti-metastatic effect of carbon ion exposure attracts investigators into the field of hadron biology, although details remain poor. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors are well-known radiosensitizer and several PARP-1 inhibitors are in clinical trial. Our previous studies showed that PARP-1 depletion makes the cells more radiosensitive towards carbon ion than gamma. The purpose of the present study was to investigate combining effects of PARP-1 inhibition with carbon ion exposure to control metastatic properties in HeLa cells. Activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2, 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) were measured using the gelatin zymography after 85 MeV carbon ion exposure or gamma irradiation (0- 4 Gy) to compare metastatic potential between PARP-1 knock down (HsiI) and control cells (H-vector - HeLa transfected with vector without shRNA construct). Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of MMPs such as TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 were checked by immunofluorescence and western blot. Cell death by trypan blue, apoptosis and autophagy induction were studied after carbon ion exposure in each cell-type. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and 2-tailed paired-samples T-test. PARP-1 silencing significantly reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and carbon ion exposure further diminished their activities to less than 3 % of control H-vector. On the contrary, gamma radiation enhanced both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in H-vector but not in HsiI cells. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in H-vector and HsiI showed different pattern after carbon ion exposure. All three TIMPs were increased in HsiI, whereas only TIMP-1 was up-regulated in H-vector after irradiation. Notably, the expressions of all TIMPs were significantly higher in HsiI than H-vector at 4 Gy. Apoptosis was
6. Symmetric dimeric bisbenzimidazoles DBP(n reduce methylation of RARB and PTEN while significantly increase methylation of rRNA genes in MCF-7 cancer cells.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Svetlana V Kostyuk
Full Text Available Hypermethylation is observed in the promoter regions of suppressor genes in the tumor cancer cells. Reactivation of these genes by demethylation of their promoters is a prospective strategy of the anticancer therapy. Previous experiments have shown that symmetric dimeric bisbenzimidazoles DBP(n are able to block DNA methyltransferase activities. It was also found that DBP(n produces a moderate effect on the activation of total gene expression in HeLa-TI population containing epigenetically repressed avian sarcoma genome.It is shown that DBP(n are able to penetrate the cellular membranes and accumulate in breast carcinoma cell MCF-7, mainly in the mitochondria and in the nucleus, excluding the nucleolus. The DBP(n are non-toxic to the cells and have a weak overall demethylation effect on genomic DNA. DBP(n demethylate the promoter regions of the tumor suppressor genes PTEN and RARB. DBP(n promotes expression of the genes RARB, PTEN, CDKN2A, RUNX3, Apaf-1 and APC "silent" in the MCF-7 because of the hypermethylation of their promoter regions. Simultaneously with the demethylation of the DNA in the nucleus a significant increase in the methylation level of rRNA genes in the nucleolus was detected. Increased rDNA methylation correlated with a reduction of the rRNA amount in the cells by 20-30%. It is assumed that during DNA methyltransferase activity inhibition by the DBP(n in the nucleus, the enzyme is sequestered in the nucleolus and provides additional methylation of the rDNA that are not shielded by DBP(n.It is concluded that DBP (n are able to accumulate in the nucleus (excluding the nucleolus area and in the mitochondria of cancer cells, reducing mitochondrial potential. The DBP (n induce the demethylation of a cancer cell's genome, including the demethylation of the promoters of tumor suppressor genes. DBP (n significantly increase the methylation of ribosomal RNA genes in the nucleoli. Therefore the further study of these compounds is needed
7. Holstein-Friesian calves selected for divergence in residual feed intake during growth exhibited significant but reduced residual feed intake divergence in their first lactation.
Science.gov (United States)
Macdonald, K A; Pryce, J E; Spelman, R J; Davis, S R; Wales, W J; Waghorn, G C; Williams, Y J; Marett, L C; Hayes, B J
2014-03-01
Residual feed intake (RFI), as a measure of feed conversion during growth, was estimated for around 2,000 growing Holstein-Friesian heifer calves aged 6 to 9 mo in New Zealand and Australia, and individuals from the most and least efficient deciles (low and high RFI phenotypes) were retained. These animals (78 New Zealand cows, 105 Australian cows) were reevaluated during their first lactation to determine if divergence for RFI observed during growth was maintained during lactation. Mean daily body weight (BW) gain during assessment as calves had been 0.86 and 1.15 kg for the respective countries, and the divergence in RFI between most and least efficient deciles for growth was 21% (1.39 and 1.42 kg of dry matter, for New Zealand and Australia, respectively). At the commencement of evaluation during lactation, the cows were aged 26 to 29 mo. All were fed alfalfa and grass cubes; it was the sole diet in New Zealand, whereas 6 kg of crushed wheat/d was also fed in Australia. Measurements of RFI during lactation occurred for 34 to 37 d with measurements of milk production (daily), milk composition (2 to 3 times per week), BW and BW change (1 to 3 times per week), as well as body condition score (BCS). Daily milk production averaged 13.8 kg for New Zealand cows and 20.0 kg in Australia. No statistically significant differences were observed between calf RFI decile groups for dry matter intake, milk production, BW change, or BCS; however a significant difference was noted between groups for lactating RFI. Residual feed intake was about 3% lower for lactating cows identified as most efficient as growing calves, and no negative effects on production were observed. These results support the hypothesis that calves divergent for RFI during growth are also divergent for RFI when lactating. The causes for this reduced divergence need to be investigated to ensure that genetic selection programs based on low RFI (better efficiency) are robust. Copyright © 2014 American Dairy
8. Left-colon water exchange preserves the benefits of whole colon water exchange at reduced cecal intubation time conferring significant advantage in diagnostic colonoscopy - a prospective, randomized controlled trial.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, Xiangping; Luo, Hui; Xiang, Yi; Leung, Felix W; Wang, Limei; Zhang, Linhui; Liu, Zhiguo; Wu, Kaichun; Fan, Daiming; Pan, Yanglin; Guo, Xuegang
2015-07-01
Whole-colon water exchange (WWE) reduces insertion pain, increases cecal intubation success and adenoma detection rate, but requires longer insertion time, compared to air insufflation (AI) colonoscopy. We hypothesized that water exchange limited to the left colon (LWE) can speed up insertion with equivalent results. This prospective, randomized controlled study (NCT01735266) allocated patients (18-80 years) to WWE, LWE or AI group (1:1:1). The primary outcome was cecal intubation time. Three hundred subjects were randomized to the WWE (n = 100), LWE (n = 100) or AI group (n = 100). Ninety-four to ninety-five per cent of patients underwent diagnostic colonoscopy. Baseline characteristics were balanced. The median insertion time was shorter in LWE group (4.8 min (95%CI: 3.2-6.2)) than those in WWE (7.5 min (95%CI: 6.0-10.3)) and AI (6.4 min (95%CI: 4.2-9.8)) (both p rates in unsedated patients of the two water exchange methods (WWE 99%, LWE 99%) were significantly higher than that (89.8%) in AI group (p = 0.01). The final success rates were comparable among the three groups after sedation was given. Maximum pain scores and number of patients needing abdominal compression between WWE and LWE groups were comparable, both lower than those in AI group (p higher in WWE group. By preserving the benefits of WWE and reducing insertion time, LWE is appropriate for diagnostic colonoscopy, especially in settings with tight scheduling of patients. The higher PDR in the right colon in WWE group deserves to be further investigated.
9. Maximum entropy methods
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ponman, T.J.
1984-01-01
For some years now two different expressions have been in use for maximum entropy image restoration and there has been some controversy over which one is appropriate for a given problem. Here two further entropies are presented and it is argued that there is no single correct algorithm. The properties of the four different methods are compared using simple 1D simulations with a view to showing how they can be used together to gain as much information as possible about the original object. (orig.)
10. The last glacial maximum
Science.gov (United States)
Clark, P.U.; Dyke, A.S.; Shakun, J.D.; Carlson, A.E.; Clark, J.; Wohlfarth, B.; Mitrovica, J.X.; Hostetler, S.W.; McCabe, A.M.
2009-01-01
We used 5704 14C, 10Be, and 3He ages that span the interval from 10,000 to 50,000 years ago (10 to 50 ka) to constrain the timing of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in terms of global ice-sheet and mountain-glacier extent. Growth of the ice sheets to their maximum positions occurred between 33.0 and 26.5 ka in response to climate forcing from decreases in northern summer insolation, tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric CO2. Nearly all ice sheets were at their LGM positions from 26.5 ka to 19 to 20 ka, corresponding to minima in these forcings. The onset of Northern Hemisphere deglaciation 19 to 20 ka was induced by an increase in northern summer insolation, providing the source for an abrupt rise in sea level. The onset of deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet occurred between 14 and 15 ka, consistent with evidence that this was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level ???14.5 ka.
11. Maximum Entropy Fundamentals
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
F. Topsøe
2001-09-01
Full Text Available Abstract: In its modern formulation, the Maximum Entropy Principle was promoted by E.T. Jaynes, starting in the mid-fifties. The principle dictates that one should look for a distribution, consistent with available information, which maximizes the entropy. However, this principle focuses only on distributions and it appears advantageous to bring information theoretical thinking more prominently into play by also focusing on the "observer" and on coding. This view was brought forward by the second named author in the late seventies and is the view we will follow-up on here. It leads to the consideration of a certain game, the Code Length Game and, via standard game theoretical thinking, to a principle of Game Theoretical Equilibrium. This principle is more basic than the Maximum Entropy Principle in the sense that the search for one type of optimal strategies in the Code Length Game translates directly into the search for distributions with maximum entropy. In the present paper we offer a self-contained and comprehensive treatment of fundamentals of both principles mentioned, based on a study of the Code Length Game. Though new concepts and results are presented, the reading should be instructional and accessible to a rather wide audience, at least if certain mathematical details are left aside at a rst reading. The most frequently studied instance of entropy maximization pertains to the Mean Energy Model which involves a moment constraint related to a given function, here taken to represent "energy". This type of application is very well known from the literature with hundreds of applications pertaining to several different elds and will also here serve as important illustration of the theory. But our approach reaches further, especially regarding the study of continuity properties of the entropy function, and this leads to new results which allow a discussion of models with so-called entropy loss. These results have tempted us to speculate over
12. Probable maximum flood control
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
DeGabriele, C.E.; Wu, C.L.
1991-11-01
This study proposes preliminary design concepts to protect the waste-handling facilities and all shaft and ramp entries to the underground from the probable maximum flood (PMF) in the current design configuration for the proposed Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigation (NNWSI) repository protection provisions were furnished by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USSR) or developed from USSR data. Proposed flood protection provisions include site grading, drainage channels, and diversion dikes. Figures are provided to show these proposed flood protection provisions at each area investigated. These areas are the central surface facilities (including the waste-handling building and waste treatment building), tuff ramp portal, waste ramp portal, men-and-materials shaft, emplacement exhaust shaft, and exploratory shafts facility
13. Introduction to maximum entropy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sivia, D.S.
1988-01-01
The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle has been successfully used in image reconstruction in a wide variety of fields. We review the need for such methods in data analysis and show, by use of a very simple example, why MaxEnt is to be preferred over other regularizing functions. This leads to a more general interpretation of the MaxEnt method, and its use is illustrated with several different examples. Practical difficulties with non-linear problems still remain, this being highlighted by the notorious phase problem in crystallography. We conclude with an example from neutron scattering, using data from a filter difference spectrometer to contrast MaxEnt with a conventional deconvolution. 12 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab
14. Solar maximum observatory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Rust, D.M.
1984-01-01
The successful retrieval and repair of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite by Shuttle astronauts in April 1984 permitted continuance of solar flare observations that began in 1980. The SMM carries a soft X ray polychromator, gamma ray, UV and hard X ray imaging spectrometers, a coronagraph/polarimeter and particle counters. The data gathered thus far indicated that electrical potentials of 25 MeV develop in flares within 2 sec of onset. X ray data show that flares are composed of compressed magnetic loops that have come too close together. Other data have been taken on mass ejection, impacts of electron beams and conduction fronts with the chromosphere and changes in the solar radiant flux due to sunspots. 13 references
15. Introduction to maximum entropy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sivia, D.S.
1989-01-01
The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle has been successfully used in image reconstruction in a wide variety of fields. The author reviews the need for such methods in data analysis and shows, by use of a very simple example, why MaxEnt is to be preferred over other regularizing functions. This leads to a more general interpretation of the MaxEnt method, and its use is illustrated with several different examples. Practical difficulties with non-linear problems still remain, this being highlighted by the notorious phase problem in crystallography. He concludes with an example from neutron scattering, using data from a filter difference spectrometer to contrast MaxEnt with a conventional deconvolution. 12 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab
16. Functional Maximum Autocorrelation Factors
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Larsen, Rasmus; Nielsen, Allan Aasbjerg
2005-01-01
MAF outperforms the functional PCA in concentrating the interesting' spectra/shape variation in one end of the eigenvalue spectrum and allows for easier interpretation of effects. Conclusions. Functional MAF analysis is a useful methods for extracting low dimensional models of temporally or spatially......Purpose. We aim at data where samples of an underlying function are observed in a spatial or temporal layout. Examples of underlying functions are reflectance spectra and biological shapes. We apply functional models based on smoothing splines and generalize the functional PCA in......\\verb+~+\\$\\backslash\\$cite{ramsay97} to functional maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF)\\verb+~+\\$\\backslash\\$cite{switzer85,larsen2001d}. We apply the method to biological shapes as well as reflectance spectra. {\\$\\backslash\\$bf Methods}. MAF seeks linear combination of the original variables that maximize autocorrelation between...
17. Leukocyte-depletion of blood components does not significantly reduce the risk of infectious complications. Results of a double-blinded, randomized study
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Titlestad, I. L.; Ebbesen, L. S.; Ainsworth, A. P.
2001-01-01
Allogeneic blood transfusions are claimed to be an independent risk factor for postoperative infections in open colorectal surgery due to immunomodulation. Leukocyte-depletion of erythrocyte suspensions has been shown in some open randomized studies to reduce the rate of postoperative infection t...
18. Cosmic shear measurement with maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori inference
Science.gov (United States)
Hall, Alex; Taylor, Andy
2017-06-01
We investigate the problem of noise bias in maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimators for cosmic shear. We derive the leading and next-to-leading order biases and compute them in the context of galaxy ellipticity measurements, extending previous work on maximum likelihood inference for weak lensing. We show that a large part of the bias on these point estimators can be removed using information already contained in the likelihood when a galaxy model is specified, without the need for external calibration. We test these bias-corrected estimators on simulated galaxy images similar to those expected from planned space-based weak lensing surveys, with promising results. We find that the introduction of an intrinsic shape prior can help with mitigation of noise bias, such that the maximum a posteriori estimate can be made less biased than the maximum likelihood estimate. Second-order terms offer a check on the convergence of the estimators, but are largely subdominant. We show how biases propagate to shear estimates, demonstrating in our simple set-up that shear biases can be reduced by orders of magnitude and potentially to within the requirements of planned space-based surveys at mild signal-to-noise ratio. We find that second-order terms can exhibit significant cancellations at low signal-to-noise ratio when Gaussian noise is assumed, which has implications for inferring the performance of shear-measurement algorithms from simplified simulations. We discuss the viability of our point estimators as tools for lensing inference, arguing that they allow for the robust measurement of ellipticity and shear.
19. Reduced memory skills and increased hair cortisol levels in recent Ecstasy/MDMA users: significant but independent neurocognitive and neurohormonal deficits.
Science.gov (United States)
Downey, Luke A; Sands, Helen; Jones, Lewis; Clow, Angela; Evans, Phil; Stalder, Tobias; Parrott, Andrew C
2015-05-01
The goals of this study were to measure the neurocognitive performance of recent users of recreational Ecstasy and investigate whether it was associated with the stress hormone cortisol. The 101 participants included 27 recent light users of Ecstasy (one to four times in the last 3 months), 23 recent heavier Ecstasy users (five or more times) and 51 non-users. Rivermead paragraph recall provided an objective measure for immediate and delayed recall. The prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire provided a subjective index of memory deficits. Cortisol levels were taken from near-scalp 3-month hair samples. Cortisol was significantly raised in recent heavy Ecstasy users compared with controls, whereas hair cortisol in light Ecstasy users was not raised. Both Ecstasy groups were significantly impaired on the Rivermead delayed word recall, and both groups reported significantly more retrospective and prospective memory problems. Stepwise regression confirmed that lifetime Ecstasy predicted the extent of these memory deficits. Recreational Ecstasy is associated with increased levels of the bio-energetic stress hormone cortisol and significant memory impairments. No significant relationship between cortisol and the cognitive deficits was observed. Ecstasy users did display evidence of a metacognitive deficit, with the strength of the correlations between objective and subjective memory performances being significantly lower in the Ecstasy users. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
20. Maximum permissible voltage of YBCO coated conductors
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wen, J.; Lin, B.; Sheng, J.; Xu, J.; Jin, Z. [Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai (China); Hong, Z., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai (China); Wang, D.; Zhou, H.; Shen, X.; Shen, C. [Qingpu Power Supply Company, State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai (China)
2014-06-15
Highlights: • We examine three kinds of tapes’ maximum permissible voltage. • We examine the relationship between quenching duration and maximum permissible voltage. • Continuous I{sub c} degradations under repetitive quenching where tapes reaching maximum permissible voltage. • The relationship between maximum permissible voltage and resistance, temperature. - Abstract: Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) could reduce short circuit currents in electrical power system. One of the most important thing in developing SFCL is to find out the maximum permissible voltage of each limiting element. The maximum permissible voltage is defined as the maximum voltage per unit length at which the YBCO coated conductors (CC) do not suffer from critical current (I{sub c}) degradation or burnout. In this research, the time of quenching process is changed and voltage is raised until the I{sub c} degradation or burnout happens. YBCO coated conductors test in the experiment are from American superconductor (AMSC) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU). Along with the quenching duration increasing, the maximum permissible voltage of CC decreases. When quenching duration is 100 ms, the maximum permissible of SJTU CC, 12 mm AMSC CC and 4 mm AMSC CC are 0.72 V/cm, 0.52 V/cm and 1.2 V/cm respectively. Based on the results of samples, the whole length of CCs used in the design of a SFCL can be determined.
1. Metaldyne: Plant-Wide Assessment at Royal Oak Finds Opportunities to Improve Manufacturing Efficiency, Reduce Energy Use, and Achieve Significant Cost Savings
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
2005-05-01
This case study prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy's Industrial Technologies Program describes a plant-wide energy assessment conducted at the Metaldyne, Inc., forging plant in Royal Oak, Michigan. The assessment focused on reducing the plant's operating costs, inventory, and energy use. If the company were to implement all the recommendations that came out of the assessment, its total annual energy savings for electricity would be about 11.5 million kWh and annual cost savings would be $12.6 million.
2. The co registration of initial PET on the CT-radiotherapy reduces significantly the variabilities of anatomo-clinical target volume in the child hodgkin disease
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Metwally, H.; Blouet, A.; David, I.; Rives, M.; Izar, F.; Courbon, F.; Filleron, T.; Laprie, A.; Plat, G.; Vial, J.
2009-01-01
It exists a great interobserver variability for the anatomo-clinical target volume (C.T.V.) definition in children suffering of Hodgkin disease. In this study, the co-registration of the PET with F.D.G. on the planning computed tomography has significantly lead to a greater coherence in the clinical target volume definition. (N.C.)
3. Soluble CD36 and risk markers of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are elevated in polycystic ovary syndrome and significantly reduced during pioglitazone treatment
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Glintborg, Dorte; Højlund, Kurt; Andersen, Marianne
2007-01-01
Objective: We investigated the relation between soluble CD36 (sCD36), risk markers of atherosclerosis and body composition, and glucose and lipid metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Research Design and Methods: Thirty PCOS patients were randomized to pioglitazone, 30 mg/day or placebo...... units), oxLDL (44.9 (26.9 - 75.1) vs. 36.1 (23.4 - 55.5) U/l), and hsCRP (0.26 (0.03 - 2.41) vs. 0.12 (0.02 - 0.81) mg/dl) were significantly increased in PCOS patients vs. controls (geometric mean (+/- 2SD)). In PCOS, positive correlations were found between central fat mass and sCD36 (r=0.43), hs......CRP (r=0.43), and IL-6 (r=0.42), all pPCOS patients and controls (n=44). sCD36 and oxLDL were significant...
4. Does Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel) Significantly Reduce Postoperative Pain/Numbness in Symptomatic Teeth with a Diagnosis of Necrosis? A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Trial.
Science.gov (United States)
Glenn, Brandon; Drum, Melissa; Reader, Al; Fowler, Sara; Nusstein, John; Beck, Mike
2016-09-01
Medical studies have shown some potential for infiltrations of liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel; Pacira Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA), a slow-release bupivacaine solution, to extend postoperative benefits of numbness/pain relief for up to several days. Because the Food and Drug Administration has approved Exparel only for infiltrations, we wanted to evaluate if it would be effective as an infiltration to control postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to compare an infiltration of bupivacaine with liposomal bupivacaine for postoperative numbness and pain in symptomatic patients diagnosed with pulpal necrosis experiencing moderate to severe preoperative pain. One hundred patients randomly received a 4.0-mL buccal infiltration of either bupivacaine or liposomal bupivacaine after endodontic debridement. For postoperative pain, patients were given ibuprofen/acetaminophen, and they could receive narcotic pain medication as an escape. Patients recorded their level of numbness, pain, and medication use the night of the appointment and over the next 5 days. Success was defined as no or mild postoperative pain and no narcotic use. The success rate was 29% for the liposomal group and 22% for the bupivacaine group, with no significant difference (P = .4684) between the groups. Liposomal bupivacaine had some effect on soft tissue numbness, pain, and use of non-narcotic medications, but it was not clinically significant. There was no significant difference in the need for escape medication. For symptomatic patients diagnosed with pulpal necrosis experiencing moderate to severe preoperative pain, a 4.0-mL infiltration of liposomal bupivacaine did not result in a statistically significant increase in postoperative success compared with an infiltration of 4.0 mL bupivacaine. Copyright © 2016 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5. Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR 73 m2 ) at first transurethral resection of bladder tumour is a significant predictor of subsequent recurrence and progression.
Science.gov (United States)
Blute, Michael L; Kucherov, Victor; Rushmer, Timothy J; Damodaran, Shivashankar; Shi, Fangfang; Abel, E Jason; Jarrard, David F; Richards, Kyle A; Messing, Edward M; Downs, Tracy M
2017-09-01
To evaluate if moderate chronic kidney disease [CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 73 m 2 ] is associated with high rates of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) recurrence or progression. A multi-institutional database identified patients with serum creatinine values prior to first transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). The CKD-epidemiology collaboration formula calculated patient eGFR. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations with recurrence-free (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In all, 727 patients were identified with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) patient age of 69.8 (60.1-77.6) years. Data for eGFR were available for 632 patients. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 3.7 (1.5-6.5) years, 400 (55%) patients had recurrence and 145 (19.9%) patients had progression of tumour stage or grade. Moderate or severe CKD was identified in 183 patients according to eGFR. Multivariable analysis identified an eGFR of 73 m 2 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-1.9; P = 0.002) as a predictor of tumour recurrence. The 5-year RFS rate was 46% for patients with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 27% for patients with an eGFR of 73 m 2 (P 73 m 2 (HR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.75-7.94; P = 0.001) was associated with progression to muscle-invasive disease. The 5-year PFS rate was 83% for patients with an eGFR of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and 71% for patients with an eGFR of 73 m 2 (P = 0.01). Moderate CKD at first TURBT is associated with reduced RFS and PFS. Patients with reduced renal function should be considered for increased surveillance. © 2017 The Authors BJU International © 2017 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
6. Intra-articular laser treatment plus Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) significantly reduces pain in many patients who had failed prior PRP treatment
Science.gov (United States)
Prodromos, Chadwick C.; Finkle, Susan; Dawes, Alexander; Dizon, Angelo
2018-02-01
INTRODUCTION: In our practice Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) injections effectively reduce pain in most but not all arthritic patients. However, for patients who fail PRP treatment, no good alternative currently exists except total joint replacement surgery. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) on the surface of the skin has not been helpful for arthritis patients in our experience. However, we hypothesized that intra-articular laser treatment would be an effective augmentation to PRP injection and would increase its efficacy in patients who had failed prior PRP injection alone. METHODS: We offered Intra-articular Low Level Laser Therapy (IAL) treatment in conjunction with repeat PRP injection to patients who had received no benefit from PRP injection alone at our center. They were the treatment group. They were not charged for PRP or IAL. They also served as a historical control group since they had all had failed PRP treatment alone. 28 patients (30 joints) accepted treatment after informed consent. 22 knees, 4 hips, 2 shoulder glenohumeral joints and 1 first carpo-metacarpal (1st CMC) joint were treated RESULTS: All patients were followed up at 1 month and no adverse events were seen from the treatment. At 6 months post treatment 46% of patients had good outcomes, and at 1 year 17% still showed improvement after treatment. 11 patients failed treatment and went on to joint replacement. DISCUSSION: A single treatment of IAL with PRP salvaged 46% of patients who had failed PRP treatment alone, allowing avoidance of surgery and good pain control.
7. Glucagon-like peptide-1 acutely affects renal blood flow and urinary flow rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats despite significantly reduced renal expression of GLP-1 receptors.
Science.gov (United States)
Ronn, Jonas; Jensen, Elisa P; Wewer Albrechtsen, Nicolai J; Holst, Jens Juul; Sorensen, Charlotte M
2017-12-01
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone increasing postprandial insulin release. GLP-1 also induces diuresis and natriuresis in humans and rodents. The GLP-1 receptor is extensively expressed in the renal vascular tree in normotensive rats where acute GLP-1 treatment leads to increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increased renal blood flow (RBF). In hypertensive animal models, GLP-1 has been reported both to increase and decrease MAP. The aim of this study was to examine expression of renal GLP-1 receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to assess the effect of acute intrarenal infusion of GLP-1. We hypothesized that GLP-1 would increase diuresis and natriuresis and reduce MAP in SHR. Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization for the GLP-1 receptor were used to localize GLP-1 receptors in the kidney. Sevoflurane-anesthetized normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats and SHR received a 20 min intrarenal infusion of GLP-1 and changes in MAP, RBF, heart rate, dieresis, and natriuresis were measured. The vasodilatory effect of GLP-1 was assessed in isolated interlobar arteries from normo- and hypertensive rats. We found no expression of GLP-1 receptors in the kidney from SHR. However, acute intrarenal infusion of GLP-1 increased MAP, RBF, dieresis, and natriuresis without affecting heart rate in both rat strains. These results suggest that the acute renal effects of GLP-1 in SHR are caused either by extrarenal GLP-1 receptors activating other mechanisms (e.g., insulin) to induce the renal changes observed or possibly by an alternative renal GLP-1 receptor. © 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.
8. Human Tubal-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Associated with Low Level Laser Therapy Significantly Reduces Cigarette Smoke-Induced COPD in C57BL/6 mice.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
Full Text Available Cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a very debilitating disease, with a very high prevalence worldwide, which results in a expressive economic and social burden. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches to treat these patients are of unquestionable relevance. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs is an innovative and yet accessible approach for pulmonary acute and chronic diseases, mainly due to its important immunoregulatory, anti-fibrogenic, anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic. Besides, the use of adjuvant therapies, whose aim is to boost or synergize with their function should be tested. Low level laser (LLL therapy is a relatively new and promising approach, with very low cost, no invasiveness and no side effects. Here, we aimed to study the effectiveness of human tube derived MSCs (htMSCs cell therapy associated with a 30mW/3J-660 nm LLL irradiation in experimental cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 75 days (twice a day and all experiments were performed on day 76. Experimental groups receive htMSCS either intraperitoneally or intranasally and/or LLL irradiation either alone or in association. We show that co-therapy greatly reduces lung inflammation, lowering the cellular infiltrate and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and KC, which were followed by decreased mucus production, collagen accumulation and tissue damage. These findings seemed to be secondary to the reduction of both NF-κB and NF-AT activation in lung tissues with a concomitant increase in IL-10. In summary, our data suggests that the concomitant use of MSCs + LLLT may be a promising therapeutic approach for lung inflammatory diseases as COPD.
9. The chemical digestion of Ti6Al7Nb scaffolds produced by Selective Laser Melting reduces significantly ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form biofilm.
Science.gov (United States)
Junka, Adam F; Szymczyk, Patrycja; Secewicz, Anna; Pawlak, Andrzej; Smutnicka, Danuta; Ziółkowski, Grzegorz; Bartoszewicz, Marzenna; Chlebus, Edward
2016-01-01
In our previous work we reported the impact of hydrofluoric and nitric acid used for chemical polishing of Ti-6Al-7Nb scaffolds on decrease of the number of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm forming cells. Herein, we tested impact of the aforementioned substances on biofilm of Gram-negative microorganism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dangerous pathogen responsible for plethora of implant-related infections. The Ti-6Al-7Nb scaffolds were manufactured using Selective Laser Melting method. Scaffolds were subjected to chemical polishing using a mixture of nitric acid and fluoride or left intact (control group). Pseudomonal biofilm was allowed to form on scaffolds for 24 hours and was removed by mechanical vortex shaking. The number of pseudomonal cells was estimated by means of quantitative culture and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The presence of nitric acid and fluoride on scaffold surfaces was assessed by means of IR and rentgen spetorscopy. Quantitative data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test (P ≤ 0.05). Our results indicate that application of chemical polishing correlates with significant drop of biofilm-forming pseudomonal cells on the manufactured Ti-6Al-7Nb scaffolds ( p = 0.0133, Mann-Whitney test) compared to the number of biofilm-forming cells on non-polished scaffolds. As X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of fluoride and nitrogen on the surface of scaffold, we speculate that drop of biofilm forming cells may be caused by biofilm-supressing activity of these two elements.
10. Different instructions during the ten-meter walking test determined significant increases in maximum gait speed in individuals with chronic hemiparesis Diferentes instruções durante teste de velocidade de marcha determinam aumento significativo na velocidade máxima de indivíduos com hemiparesia crônica
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lucas R. Nascimento
2012-04-01
Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of different instructions for the assessment of maximum walking speed during the ten-meter walking test with chronic stroke subjects. METHODS: Participants were instructed to walk under four experimental conditions: (1 comfortable speed, (2 maximum speed (simple verbal command, (3 maximum speed (modified verbal command-"catch a bus" and (4 maximum speed (verbal command + demonstration. Participants walked three times in each condition and the mean time to cover the intermediate 10 meters of a 14-meter corridor was registered to calculate the gait speed (m/s. Repeated-measures ANOVAs, followed by planned contrasts, were employed to investigate differences between the conditions (α=5%. Means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals (CI were calculated. RESULTS: The mean values for the four conditions were: (1 0.74m/s; (2 0.85 m/s; (3 0.93 m/s; (4 0.92 m/s, respectively, with significant differences between the conditions (F=40.9; pOBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes instruções para avaliação da velocidade de marcha máxima de indivíduos hemiparéticos durante o teste de caminhada de 10 metros. MÉTODOS: Os indivíduos deambularam em quatro condições experimentais: (1 velocidade habitual, (2 velocidade máxima (comando verbal simples, (3 velocidade máxima (comando verbal modificado: pegar ônibus, (4 velocidade máxima (comando verbal + demonstração. Solicitou-se a cada participante que deambulasse três vezes em cada condição, e a média do tempo necessário para percorrer os 10 metros intermediários de um corredor de 14 metros foi utilizada para cálculo da velocidade (m/s. A ANOVA de medidas repetidas, com contrastes pré-planejados, foi utilizada para comparação dos dados (α=5%, sendo apresentados valores de média, desvio-padrão e intervalos de confiança (IC de 95%. RESULTADOS: As médias de velocidade para as quatro condições foram: (1 0,74m/s; (2 0,85m/s; (3 0,93m/s; (4
11. Nuclear energy significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Koprda, V.
2006-01-01
This article is devoted to nuclear energy, to its acceptability, compatibility and sustainability. Nuclear energy is non-dispensable part of energy sources with vast innovation potential. The safety of nuclear energy, radioactive waste deposition, and prevention of risk from misuse of nuclear material have to be very seriously adjudged and solved. Nuclear energy is one of the ways how to decrease the contamination of atmosphere with carbon dioxide and it solves partially also the problem of global increase of temperature and climate changes. Given are the main factors responsible for the renaissance of nuclear energy. (author)
12. Maximum entropy analysis of liquid diffraction data
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Root, J.H.; Egelstaff, P.A.; Nickel, B.G.
1986-01-01
A maximum entropy method for reducing truncation effects in the inverse Fourier transform of structure factor, S(q), to pair correlation function, g(r), is described. The advantages and limitations of the method are explored with the PY hard sphere structure factor as model input data. An example using real data on liquid chlorine, is then presented. It is seen that spurious structure is greatly reduced in comparison to traditional Fourier transform methods. (author)
13. Credal Networks under Maximum Entropy
OpenAIRE
Lukasiewicz, Thomas
2013-01-01
We apply the principle of maximum entropy to select a unique joint probability distribution from the set of all joint probability distributions specified by a credal network. In detail, we start by showing that the unique joint distribution of a Bayesian tree coincides with the maximum entropy model of its conditional distributions. This result, however, does not hold anymore for general Bayesian networks. We thus present a new kind of maximum entropy models, which are computed sequentially. ...
14. Pre-Treatment Deep Curettage Can Significantly Reduce Tumour Thickness in Thick Basal Cell Carcinoma While Maintaining a Favourable Cosmetic Outcome When Used in Combination with Topical Photodynamic Therapy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Christensen, E.; Mork, C.; Foss, O. A.
2011-01-01
Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has limitations in the treatment of thick skin tumours. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pre-PDT deep curettage on tumour thickness in thick (≥2 mm) basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Additionally, 3-month treatment outcome and change of tumour thickness from diagnosis to treatment were investigated. At diagnosis, mean tumour thickness was 2.3 mm (range 2.0-4.0). Pre- and post-curettage biopsies were taken from each tumour prior to PDT. Of 32 verified BCCs, tumour thickness was reduced by 50% after deep curettage (ρ≤0.001) . Mean tumour thickness was also reduced from diagnosis to treatment. At 3-month followup, complete tumour response was found in 93% and the cosmetic outcome was rated excellent or good in 100% of cases. In conclusion, deep curettage significantly reduces BCC thickness and may with topical PDT provide a favourable clinical and cosmetic short-term outcome.
15. Maximum Entropy in Drug Discovery
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chih-Yuan Tseng
2014-07-01
Full Text Available Drug discovery applies multidisciplinary approaches either experimentally, computationally or both ways to identify lead compounds to treat various diseases. While conventional approaches have yielded many US Food and Drug Administration (FDA-approved drugs, researchers continue investigating and designing better approaches to increase the success rate in the discovery process. In this article, we provide an overview of the current strategies and point out where and how the method of maximum entropy has been introduced in this area. The maximum entropy principle has its root in thermodynamics, yet since Jaynes’ pioneering work in the 1950s, the maximum entropy principle has not only been used as a physics law, but also as a reasoning tool that allows us to process information in hand with the least bias. Its applicability in various disciplines has been abundantly demonstrated. We give several examples of applications of maximum entropy in different stages of drug discovery. Finally, we discuss a promising new direction in drug discovery that is likely to hinge on the ways of utilizing maximum entropy.
16. Half-width at half-maximum, full-width at half-maximum analysis
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
addition to the well-defined parameter full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). The distribution of ... optical side-lobes in the diffraction pattern resulting in steep central maxima [6], reduc- tion of effects of ... and broad central peak. The idea of.
17. Maximum stellar iron core mass
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
60, No. 3. — journal of. March 2003 physics pp. 415–422. Maximum stellar iron core mass. F W GIACOBBE. Chicago Research Center/American Air Liquide ... iron core compression due to the weight of non-ferrous matter overlying the iron cores within large .... thermal equilibrium velocities will tend to be non-relativistic.
18. Maximum entropy beam diagnostic tomography
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mottershead, C.T.
1985-01-01
This paper reviews the formalism of maximum entropy beam diagnostic tomography as applied to the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) prototype accelerator. The same formalism has also been used with streak camera data to produce an ultrahigh speed movie of the beam profile of the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) at Livermore. 11 refs., 4 figs
19. Maximum entropy beam diagnostic tomography
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mottershead, C.T.
1985-01-01
This paper reviews the formalism of maximum entropy beam diagnostic tomography as applied to the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) prototype accelerator. The same formalism has also been used with streak camera data to produce an ultrahigh speed movie of the beam profile of the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA) at Livermore
20. A portable storage maximum thermometer
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Fayart, Gerard.
1976-01-01
A clinical thermometer storing the voltage corresponding to the maximum temperature in an analog memory is described. End of the measurement is shown by a lamp switch out. The measurement time is shortened by means of a low thermal inertia platinum probe. This portable thermometer is fitted with cell test and calibration system [fr
1. Neutron spectra unfolding with maximum entropy and maximum likelihood
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Itoh, Shikoh; Tsunoda, Toshiharu
1989-01-01
A new unfolding theory has been established on the basis of the maximum entropy principle and the maximum likelihood method. This theory correctly embodies the Poisson statistics of neutron detection, and always brings a positive solution over the whole energy range. Moreover, the theory unifies both problems of overdetermined and of underdetermined. For the latter, the ambiguity in assigning a prior probability, i.e. the initial guess in the Bayesian sense, has become extinct by virtue of the principle. An approximate expression of the covariance matrix for the resultant spectra is also presented. An efficient algorithm to solve the nonlinear system, which appears in the present study, has been established. Results of computer simulation showed the effectiveness of the present theory. (author)
2. A Maximum Radius for Habitable Planets.
Science.gov (United States)
Alibert, Yann
2015-09-01
We compute the maximum radius a planet can have in order to fulfill two constraints that are likely necessary conditions for habitability: 1- surface temperature and pressure compatible with the existence of liquid water, and 2- no ice layer at the bottom of a putative global ocean, that would prevent the operation of the geologic carbon cycle to operate. We demonstrate that, above a given radius, these two constraints cannot be met: in the Super-Earth mass range (1-12 Mearth), the overall maximum that a planet can have varies between 1.8 and 2.3 Rearth. This radius is reduced when considering planets with higher Fe/Si ratios, and taking into account irradiation effects on the structure of the gas envelope.
3. On Maximum Entropy and Inference
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Luigi Gresele
2017-11-01
Full Text Available Maximum entropy is a powerful concept that entails a sharp separation between relevant and irrelevant variables. It is typically invoked in inference, once an assumption is made on what the relevant variables are, in order to estimate a model from data, that affords predictions on all other (dependent variables. Conversely, maximum entropy can be invoked to retrieve the relevant variables (sufficient statistics directly from the data, once a model is identified by Bayesian model selection. We explore this approach in the case of spin models with interactions of arbitrary order, and we discuss how relevant interactions can be inferred. In this perspective, the dimensionality of the inference problem is not set by the number of parameters in the model, but by the frequency distribution of the data. We illustrate the method showing its ability to recover the correct model in a few prototype cases and discuss its application on a real dataset.
4. Maximum Gene-Support Tree
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yunfeng Shan
2008-01-01
Full Text Available Genomes and genes diversify during evolution; however, it is unclear to what extent genes still retain the relationship among species. Model species for molecular phylogenetic studies include yeasts and viruses whose genomes were sequenced as well as plants that have the fossil-supported true phylogenetic trees available. In this study, we generated single gene trees of seven yeast species as well as single gene trees of nine baculovirus species using all the orthologous genes among the species compared. Homologous genes among seven known plants were used for validation of the finding. Four algorithms—maximum parsimony (MP, minimum evolution (ME, maximum likelihood (ML, and neighbor-joining (NJ—were used. Trees were reconstructed before and after weighting the DNA and protein sequence lengths among genes. Rarely a gene can always generate the “true tree” by all the four algorithms. However, the most frequent gene tree, termed “maximum gene-support tree” (MGS tree, or WMGS tree for the weighted one, in yeasts, baculoviruses, or plants was consistently found to be the “true tree” among the species. The results provide insights into the overall degree of divergence of orthologous genes of the genomes analyzed and suggest the following: 1 The true tree relationship among the species studied is still maintained by the largest group of orthologous genes; 2 There are usually more orthologous genes with higher similarities between genetically closer species than between genetically more distant ones; and 3 The maximum gene-support tree reflects the phylogenetic relationship among species in comparison.
5. Artificial Neural Network In Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm Of Photovoltaic Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Modestas Pikutis
2014-05-01
Full Text Available Scientists are looking for ways to improve the efficiency of solar cells all the time. The efficiency of solar cells which are available to the general public is up to 20%. Part of the solar energy is unused and a capacity of solar power plant is significantly reduced – if slow controller or controller which cannot stay at maximum power point of solar modules is used. Various algorithms of maximum power point tracking were created, but mostly algorithms are slow or make mistakes. In the literature more and more oftenartificial neural networks (ANN in maximum power point tracking process are mentioned, in order to improve performance of the controller. Self-learner artificial neural network and IncCond algorithm were used for maximum power point tracking in created solar power plant model. The algorithm for control was created. Solar power plant model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment.
6. LCLS Maximum Credible Beam Power
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Clendenin, J.
2005-01-01
The maximum credible beam power is defined as the highest credible average beam power that the accelerator can deliver to the point in question, given the laws of physics, the beam line design, and assuming all protection devices have failed. For a new accelerator project, the official maximum credible beam power is determined by project staff in consultation with the Radiation Physics Department, after examining the arguments and evidence presented by the appropriate accelerator physicist(s) and beam line engineers. The definitive parameter becomes part of the project's safety envelope. This technical note will first review the studies that were done for the Gun Test Facility (GTF) at SSRL, where a photoinjector similar to the one proposed for the LCLS is being tested. In Section 3 the maximum charge out of the gun for a single rf pulse is calculated. In Section 4, PARMELA simulations are used to track the beam from the gun to the end of the photoinjector. Finally in Section 5 the beam through the matching section and injected into Linac-1 is discussed
7. Treatment with a belly-board device significantly reduces the volume of small bowel irradiated and results in low acute toxicity in adjuvant radiotherapy for gynecologic cancer: results of a prospective study
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Martin, Joseph; Fitzpatrick, Kathryn; Horan, Gail; McCloy, Roisin; Buckney, Steve; O'Neill, Louise; Faul, Clare
2005-01-01
Background and purpose: To determine whether treatment prone on a belly-board significantly reduces the volume of small bowel irradiated in women receiving adjuvant radiotherapy for gynecologic cancer, and to prospectively study acute small bowel toxicity using an accepted recording instrument. Material and methods: Thirty-two gynecologic patients underwent simulation with CT scanning supine and prone. Small bowel was delineated on every CT slice, and treatment was prone on the belly-board using 3-5 fields-typically Anterior, Right and Left Lateral, plus or minus Lateral Boosts. Median prescribed dose was 50.4 Gy and all treatments were delivered in 1.8 Gy fractions. Concomitant Cisplatin was administered in 13 patients with cervical carcinoma. Comparison of small bowel dose-volumes was made between supine and prone, with each subject acting as their own matched pair. Acute small bowel toxicity was prospectively measured using the Common Toxicity Criteria: Version 2.0. Results: Treatment prone on the belly-board significantly reduced the volume of small bowel receiving ≥100; ≥95; ≥90; and ≥80% of the prescribed dose, but not ≥50%. This was found whether volume was defined in cubic centimeters or % of total small bowel volume. Of 29 evaluable subjects, 2 (7%) experienced 1 episode each of grade 3 diarrhoea. All other toxicity events were grade 2 or less and comprised diarrhoea (59%), abdominal pain or cramping (48%), nausea (38%), anorexia (17%), vomiting (10%). There were no Grade 4 events and no treatment days were lost due to toxicity. Conclusions: Treatment prone on a belly-board device results in significant small bowel sparing, during adjuvant radiotherapy for gynecologic cancer. The absence of Grade 4 events or Treatment Days Lost compares favorably with the published literature
8. Generic maximum likely scale selection
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pedersen, Kim Steenstrup; Loog, Marco; Markussen, Bo
2007-01-01
in this work is on applying this selection principle under a Brownian image model. This image model provides a simple scale invariant prior for natural images and we provide illustrative examples of the behavior of our scale estimation on such images. In these illustrative examples, estimation is based......The fundamental problem of local scale selection is addressed by means of a novel principle, which is based on maximum likelihood estimation. The principle is generally applicable to a broad variety of image models and descriptors, and provides a generic scale estimation methodology. The focus...
9. Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures.
Science.gov (United States)
Garratt, J. R.
1992-09-01
There are numerous reports in the literature of observations of land surface temperatures. Some of these, almost all made in situ, reveal maximum values in the 50°-70°C range, with a few, made in desert regions, near 80°C. Consideration of a simplified form of the surface energy balance equation, utilizing likely upper values of absorbed shortwave flux (1000 W m2) and screen air temperature (55°C), that surface temperatures in the vicinity of 90°-100°C may occur for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity (0.1-0.2 W m1 K1). Numerical simulations confirm this and suggest that temperature gradients in the first few centimeters of soil may reach 0.5°-1°C mm1 under these extreme conditions. The study bears upon the intrinsic interest of identifying extreme maximum temperatures and yields interesting information regarding the comfort zone of animals (including man).
10. Standard values of maximum tongue pressure taken using newly developed disposable tongue pressure measurement device.
Science.gov (United States)
Utanohara, Yuri; Hayashi, Ryo; Yoshikawa, Mineka; Yoshida, Mitsuyoshi; Tsuga, Kazuhiro; Akagawa, Yasumasa
2008-09-01
It is clinically important to evaluate tongue function in terms of rehabilitation of swallowing and eating ability. We have developed a disposable tongue pressure measurement device designed for clinical use. In this study we used this device to determine standard values of maximum tongue pressure in adult Japanese. Eight hundred fifty-three subjects (408 male, 445 female; 20-79 years) were selected for this study. All participants had no history of dysphagia and maintained occlusal contact in the premolar and molar regions with their own teeth. A balloon-type disposable oral probe was used to measure tongue pressure by asking subjects to compress it onto the palate for 7 s with maximum voluntary effort. Values were recorded three times for each subject, and the mean values were defined as maximum tongue pressure. Although maximum tongue pressure was higher for males than for females in the 20-49-year age groups, there was no significant difference between males and females in the 50-79-year age groups. The maximum tongue pressure of the seventies age group was significantly lower than that of the twenties to fifties age groups. It may be concluded that maximum tongue pressures were reduced with primary aging. Males may become weaker with age at a faster rate than females; however, further decreases in strength were in parallel for male and female subjects.
11. Design and methods of the Echo WISELY (Will Inappropriate Scenarios for Echocardiography Lessen SignificantlY) study: An investigator-blinded randomized controlled trial of education and feedback intervention to reduce inappropriate echocardiograms.
Science.gov (United States)
Bhatia, R Sacha; Ivers, Noah; Yin, Cindy X; Myers, Dorothy; Nesbitt, Gillian; Edwards, Jeremy; Yared, Kibar; Wadhera, Rishi; Wu, Justina C; Wong, Brian; Hansen, Mark; Weinerman, Adina; Shadowitz, Steven; Johri, Amer; Farkouh, Michael; Thavendiranathan, Paaladinesh; Udell, Jacob A; Rambihar, Sherryn; Chow, Chi-Ming; Hall, Judith; Thorpe, Kevin E; Rakowski, Harry; Weiner, Rory B
2015-08-01
Appropriate use criteria (AUC) for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were developed to address concerns regarding inappropriate use of TTE. A previous pilot study suggests that an educational and feedback intervention can reduce inappropriate TTEs ordered by physicians in training. It is unknown if this type of intervention will be effective when targeted at attending level physicians in a variety of clinical settings. The aim of this international, multicenter study is to evaluate the hypothesis that an AUC-based educational and feedback intervention will reduce the proportion of inappropriate echocardiograms ordered by attending physicians in the ambulatory environment. In an ongoing multicentered, investigator-blinded, randomized controlled trial across Canada and the United States, cardiologists and primary care physicians practicing in the ambulatory setting will be enrolled. The intervention arm will receive (1) a lecture outlining the AUC and most recent available evidence highlighting appropriate use of TTE, (2) access to the American Society of Echocardiography mobile phone app, and (3) individualized feedback reports e-mailed monthly summarizing TTE ordering behavior including information on inappropriate TTEs and brief explanations of the inappropriate designation. The control group will receive no education on TTE appropriate use and order TTEs as usual practice. The Echo WISELY (Will Inappropriate Scenarios for Echocardiography Lessen Significantly in an education RCT) study is the first multicenter randomized trial of an AUC-based educational intervention. The study will examine whether an education and feedback intervention will reduce the rate of outpatient inappropriate TTEs ordered by attending level cardiologists and primary care physicians (www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02038101). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12. Design of Simplified Maximum-Likelihood Receivers for Multiuser CPM Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Li Bing
2014-01-01
Full Text Available A class of simplified maximum-likelihood receivers designed for continuous phase modulation based multiuser systems is proposed. The presented receiver is built upon a front end employing mismatched filters and a maximum-likelihood detector defined in a low-dimensional signal space. The performance of the proposed receivers is analyzed and compared to some existing receivers. Some schemes are designed to implement the proposed receivers and to reveal the roles of different system parameters. Analysis and numerical results show that the proposed receivers can approach the optimum multiuser receivers with significantly (even exponentially in some cases reduced complexity and marginal performance degradation.
13. Design of simplified maximum-likelihood receivers for multiuser CPM systems.
Science.gov (United States)
Bing, Li; Bai, Baoming
2014-01-01
A class of simplified maximum-likelihood receivers designed for continuous phase modulation based multiuser systems is proposed. The presented receiver is built upon a front end employing mismatched filters and a maximum-likelihood detector defined in a low-dimensional signal space. The performance of the proposed receivers is analyzed and compared to some existing receivers. Some schemes are designed to implement the proposed receivers and to reveal the roles of different system parameters. Analysis and numerical results show that the proposed receivers can approach the optimum multiuser receivers with significantly (even exponentially in some cases) reduced complexity and marginal performance degradation.
14. System for memorizing maximum values
Science.gov (United States)
Bozeman, Richard J., Jr.
1992-08-01
The invention discloses a system capable of memorizing maximum sensed values. The system includes conditioning circuitry which receives the analog output signal from a sensor transducer. The conditioning circuitry rectifies and filters the analog signal and provides an input signal to a digital driver, which may be either linear or logarithmic. The driver converts the analog signal to discrete digital values, which in turn triggers an output signal on one of a plurality of driver output lines n. The particular output lines selected is dependent on the converted digital value. A microfuse memory device connects across the driver output lines, with n segments. Each segment is associated with one driver output line, and includes a microfuse that is blown when a signal appears on the associated driver output line.
15. Remarks on the maximum luminosity
Science.gov (United States)
Cardoso, Vitor; Ikeda, Taishi; Moore, Christopher J.; Yoo, Chul-Moon
2018-04-01
The quest for fundamental limitations on physical processes is old and venerable. Here, we investigate the maximum possible power, or luminosity, that any event can produce. We show, via full nonlinear simulations of Einstein's equations, that there exist initial conditions which give rise to arbitrarily large luminosities. However, the requirement that there is no past horizon in the spacetime seems to limit the luminosity to below the Planck value, LP=c5/G . Numerical relativity simulations of critical collapse yield the largest luminosities observed to date, ≈ 0.2 LP . We also present an analytic solution to the Einstein equations which seems to give an unboundedly large luminosity; this will guide future numerical efforts to investigate super-Planckian luminosities.
16. Scintillation counter, maximum gamma aspect
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Thumim, A.D.
1975-01-01
A scintillation counter, particularly for counting gamma ray photons, includes a massive lead radiation shield surrounding a sample-receiving zone. The shield is disassembleable into a plurality of segments to allow facile installation and removal of a photomultiplier tube assembly, the segments being so constructed as to prevent straight-line access of external radiation through the shield into radiation-responsive areas. Provisions are made for accurately aligning the photomultiplier tube with respect to one or more sample-transmitting bores extending through the shield to the sample receiving zone. A sample elevator, used in transporting samples into the zone, is designed to provide a maximum gamma-receiving aspect to maximize the gamma detecting efficiency. (U.S.)
17. A maximum entropy reconstruction technique for tomographic particle image velocimetry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bilsky, A V; Lozhkin, V A; Markovich, D M; Tokarev, M P
2013-01-01
This paper studies a novel approach for reducing tomographic PIV computational complexity. The proposed approach is an algebraic reconstruction technique, termed MENT (maximum entropy). This technique computes the three-dimensional light intensity distribution several times faster than SMART, using at least ten times less memory. Additionally, the reconstruction quality remains nearly the same as with SMART. This paper presents the theoretical computation performance comparison for MENT, SMART and MART, followed by validation using synthetic particle images. Both the theoretical assessment and validation of synthetic images demonstrate significant computational time reduction. The data processing accuracy of MENT was compared to that of SMART in a slot jet experiment. A comparison of the average velocity profiles shows a high level of agreement between the results obtained with MENT and those obtained with SMART. (paper)
18. Maximum entropy and Bayesian methods
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Smith, C.R.; Erickson, G.J.; Neudorfer, P.O.
1992-01-01
Bayesian probability theory and Maximum Entropy methods are at the core of a new view of scientific inference. These 'new' ideas, along with the revolution in computational methods afforded by modern computers allow astronomers, electrical engineers, image processors of any type, NMR chemists and physicists, and anyone at all who has to deal with incomplete and noisy data, to take advantage of methods that, in the past, have been applied only in some areas of theoretical physics. The title workshops have been the focus of a group of researchers from many different fields, and this diversity is evident in this book. There are tutorial and theoretical papers, and applications in a very wide variety of fields. Almost any instance of dealing with incomplete and noisy data can be usefully treated by these methods, and many areas of theoretical research are being enhanced by the thoughtful application of Bayes' theorem. Contributions contained in this volume present a state-of-the-art overview that will be influential and useful for many years to come
19. Policaptil Gel Retard significantly reduces body mass index and hyperinsulinism and may decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in obese children and adolescents with family history of obesity and T2DM.
Science.gov (United States)
Stagi, Stefano; Lapi, Elisabetta; Seminara, Salvatore; Pelosi, Paola; Del Greco, Paolo; Capirchio, Laura; Strano, Massimo; Giglio, Sabrina; Chiarelli, Francesco; de Martino, Maurizio
2015-02-15
Treatments for childhood obesity are critically needed because of the risk of developing co-morbidities, although the interventions are frequently time-consuming, frustrating, difficult, and expensive. We conducted a longitudinal, randomised, clinical study, based on a per protocol analysis, on 133 obese children and adolescents (n = 69 males and 64 females; median age, 11.3 years) with family history of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The patients were divided into three arms: Arm A (n = 53 patients), Arm B (n = 45 patients), and Arm C (n = 35 patients) patients were treated with a low-glycaemic-index (LGI) diet and Policaptil Gel Retard, only a LGI diet, or only an energy-restricted diet (ERD), respectively. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the Matsuda, insulinogenic and disposition indexes were calculated at T0 and after 1 year (T1). At T1, the BMI-SD scores were significantly reduced from 2.32 to 1.80 (p 1) in Arm A and from 2.23 to 1.99 (p 13.2% to 5.6%; p 1) and B (p 1) and B (p obese children and adolescents with family history of obesity and T2DM.
20. Maximum entropy principal for transportation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bilich, F.; Da Silva, R.
2008-01-01
In this work we deal with modeling of the transportation phenomenon for use in the transportation planning process and policy-impact studies. The model developed is based on the dependence concept, i.e., the notion that the probability of a trip starting at origin i is dependent on the probability of a trip ending at destination j given that the factors (such as travel time, cost, etc.) which affect travel between origin i and destination j assume some specific values. The derivation of the solution of the model employs the maximum entropy principle combining a priori multinomial distribution with a trip utility concept. This model is utilized to forecast trip distributions under a variety of policy changes and scenarios. The dependence coefficients are obtained from a regression equation where the functional form is derived based on conditional probability and perception of factors from experimental psychology. The dependence coefficients encode all the information that was previously encoded in the form of constraints. In addition, the dependence coefficients encode information that cannot be expressed in the form of constraints for practical reasons, namely, computational tractability. The equivalence between the standard formulation (i.e., objective function with constraints) and the dependence formulation (i.e., without constraints) is demonstrated. The parameters of the dependence-based trip-distribution model are estimated, and the model is also validated using commercial air travel data in the U.S. In addition, policy impact analyses (such as allowance of supersonic flights inside the U.S. and user surcharge at noise-impacted airports) on air travel are performed.
1. Objective Bayesianism and the Maximum Entropy Principle
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jon Williamson
2013-09-01
Full Text Available Objective Bayesian epistemology invokes three norms: the strengths of our beliefs should be probabilities; they should be calibrated to our evidence of physical probabilities; and they should otherwise equivocate sufficiently between the basic propositions that we can express. The three norms are sometimes explicated by appealing to the maximum entropy principle, which says that a belief function should be a probability function, from all those that are calibrated to evidence, that has maximum entropy. However, the three norms of objective Bayesianism are usually justified in different ways. In this paper, we show that the three norms can all be subsumed under a single justification in terms of minimising worst-case expected loss. This, in turn, is equivalent to maximising a generalised notion of entropy. We suggest that requiring language invariance, in addition to minimising worst-case expected loss, motivates maximisation of standard entropy as opposed to maximisation of other instances of generalised entropy. Our argument also provides a qualified justification for updating degrees of belief by Bayesian conditionalisation. However, conditional probabilities play a less central part in the objective Bayesian account than they do under the subjective view of Bayesianism, leading to a reduced role for Bayes’ Theorem.
2. Maximum power analysis of photovoltaic module in Ramadi city
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Shahatha Salim, Majid; Mohammed Najim, Jassim [College of Science, University of Anbar (Iraq); Mohammed Salih, Salih [Renewable Energy Research Center, University of Anbar (Iraq)
2013-07-01
Performance of photovoltaic (PV) module is greatly dependent on the solar irradiance, operating temperature, and shading. Solar irradiance can have a significant impact on power output of PV module and energy yield. In this paper, a maximum PV power which can be obtain in Ramadi city (100km west of Baghdad) is practically analyzed. The analysis is based on real irradiance values obtained as the first time by using Soly2 sun tracker device. Proper and adequate information on solar radiation and its components at a given location is very essential in the design of solar energy systems. The solar irradiance data in Ramadi city were analyzed based on the first three months of 2013. The solar irradiance data are measured on earth's surface in the campus area of Anbar University. Actual average data readings were taken from the data logger of sun tracker system, which sets to save the average readings for each two minutes and based on reading in each one second. The data are analyzed from January to the end of March-2013. Maximum daily readings and monthly average readings of solar irradiance have been analyzed to optimize the output of photovoltaic solar modules. The results show that the system sizing of PV can be reduced by 12.5% if a tracking system is used instead of fixed orientation of PV modules.
3. Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic System for Traffic Light Application
OpenAIRE
Muhida, Riza; Mohamad, Nor Hilmi; Legowo, Ari; Irawan, Rudi; Astuti, Winda
2013-01-01
Photovoltaic traffic light system is a significant application of renewable energy source. The development of the system is an alternative effort of local authority to reduce expenditure for paying fees to power supplier which the power comes from conventional energy source. Since photovoltaic (PV) modules still have relatively low conversion efficiency, an alternative control of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is applied to the traffic light system. MPPT is intended to catch up th...
4. Last Glacial Maximum Salinity Reconstruction
Science.gov (United States)
Homola, K.; Spivack, A. J.
2016-12-01
It has been previously demonstrated that salinity can be reconstructed from sediment porewater. The goal of our study is to reconstruct high precision salinity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Salinity is usually determined at high precision via conductivity, which requires a larger volume of water than can be extracted from a sediment core, or via chloride titration, which yields lower than ideal precision. It has been demonstrated for water column samples that high precision density measurements can be used to determine salinity at the precision of a conductivity measurement using the equation of state of seawater. However, water column seawater has a relatively constant composition, in contrast to porewater, where variations from standard seawater composition occur. These deviations, which affect the equation of state, must be corrected for through precise measurements of each ion's concentration and knowledge of apparent partial molar density in seawater. We have developed a density-based method for determining porewater salinity that requires only 5 mL of sample, achieving density precisions of 10-6 g/mL. We have applied this method to porewater samples extracted from long cores collected along a N-S transect across the western North Atlantic (R/V Knorr cruise KN223). Density was determined to a precision of 2.3x10-6 g/mL, which translates to salinity uncertainty of 0.002 gms/kg if the effect of differences in composition is well constrained. Concentrations of anions (Cl-, and SO4-2) and cations (Na+, Mg+, Ca+2, and K+) were measured. To correct salinities at the precision required to unravel LGM Meridional Overturning Circulation, our ion precisions must be better than 0.1% for SO4-/Cl- and Mg+/Na+, and 0.4% for Ca+/Na+, and K+/Na+. Alkalinity, pH and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon of the porewater were determined to precisions better than 4% when ratioed to Cl-, and used to calculate HCO3-, and CO3-2. Apparent partial molar densities in seawater were
5. Maximum Parsimony on Phylogenetic networks
Science.gov (United States)
2012-01-01
Background Phylogenetic networks are generalizations of phylogenetic trees, that are used to model evolutionary events in various contexts. Several different methods and criteria have been introduced for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Maximum Parsimony is a character-based approach that infers a phylogenetic tree by minimizing the total number of evolutionary steps required to explain a given set of data assigned on the leaves. Exact solutions for optimizing parsimony scores on phylogenetic trees have been introduced in the past. Results In this paper, we define the parsimony score on networks as the sum of the substitution costs along all the edges of the network; and show that certain well-known algorithms that calculate the optimum parsimony score on trees, such as Sankoff and Fitch algorithms extend naturally for networks, barring conflicting assignments at the reticulate vertices. We provide heuristics for finding the optimum parsimony scores on networks. Our algorithms can be applied for any cost matrix that may contain unequal substitution costs of transforming between different characters along different edges of the network. We analyzed this for experimental data on 10 leaves or fewer with at most 2 reticulations and found that for almost all networks, the bounds returned by the heuristics matched with the exhaustively determined optimum parsimony scores. Conclusion The parsimony score we define here does not directly reflect the cost of the best tree in the network that displays the evolution of the character. However, when searching for the most parsimonious network that describes a collection of characters, it becomes necessary to add additional cost considerations to prefer simpler structures, such as trees over networks. The parsimony score on a network that we describe here takes into account the substitution costs along the additional edges incident on each reticulate vertex, in addition to the substitution costs along the other edges which are
6. Significant Tsunami Events
Science.gov (United States)
Dunbar, P. K.; Furtney, M.; McLean, S. J.; Sweeney, A. D.
2014-12-01
Tsunamis have inflicted death and destruction on the coastlines of the world throughout history. The occurrence of tsunamis and the resulting effects have been collected and studied as far back as the second millennium B.C. The knowledge gained from cataloging and examining these events has led to significant changes in our understanding of tsunamis, tsunami sources, and methods to mitigate the effects of tsunamis. The most significant, not surprisingly, are often the most devastating, such as the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake and tsunami. The goal of this poster is to give a brief overview of the occurrence of tsunamis and then focus specifically on several significant tsunamis. There are various criteria to determine the most significant tsunamis: the number of deaths, amount of damage, maximum runup height, had a major impact on tsunami science or policy, etc. As a result, descriptions will include some of the most costly (2011 Tohoku, Japan), the most deadly (2004 Sumatra, 1883 Krakatau), and the highest runup ever observed (1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska). The discovery of the Cascadia subduction zone as the source of the 1700 Japanese "Orphan" tsunami and a future tsunami threat to the U.S. northwest coast, contributed to the decision to form the U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. The great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 marked the beginning of the modern era of seismology. Knowledge gained from the 1964 Alaska earthquake and tsunami helped confirm the theory of plate tectonics. The 1946 Alaska, 1952 Kuril Islands, 1960 Chile, 1964 Alaska, and the 2004 Banda Aceh, tsunamis all resulted in warning centers or systems being established.The data descriptions on this poster were extracted from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) global historical tsunami database. Additional information about these tsunamis, as well as water level data can be found by accessing the NGDC website www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/
7. Two-dimensional maximum entropy image restoration
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Brolley, J.E.; Lazarus, R.B.; Suydam, B.R.; Trussell, H.J.
1977-07-01
An optical check problem was constructed to test P LOG P maximum entropy restoration of an extremely distorted image. Useful recovery of the original image was obtained. Comparison with maximum a posteriori restoration is made. 7 figures
8. Maximum likelihood of phylogenetic networks.
Science.gov (United States)
Jin, Guohua; Nakhleh, Luay; Snir, Sagi; Tuller, Tamir
2006-11-01
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is believed to be ubiquitous among bacteria, and plays a major role in their genome diversification as well as their ability to develop resistance to antibiotics. In light of its evolutionary significance and implications for human health, developing accurate and efficient methods for detecting and reconstructing HGT is imperative. In this article we provide a new HGT-oriented likelihood framework for many problems that involve phylogeny-based HGT detection and reconstruction. Beside the formulation of various likelihood criteria, we show that most of these problems are NP-hard, and offer heuristics for efficient and accurate reconstruction of HGT under these criteria. We implemented our heuristics and used them to analyze biological as well as synthetic data. In both cases, our criteria and heuristics exhibited very good performance with respect to identifying the correct number of HGT events as well as inferring their correct location on the species tree. Implementation of the criteria as well as heuristics and hardness proofs are available from the authors upon request. Hardness proofs can also be downloaded at http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~tamirtul/MLNET/Supp-ML.pdf
9. Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhao, Bo; Setsompop, Kawin; Ye, Huihui; Cauley, Stephen F; Wald, Lawrence L
2016-08-01
This paper introduces a statistical estimation framework for magnetic resonance (MR) fingerprinting, a recently proposed quantitative imaging paradigm. Within this framework, we present a maximum likelihood (ML) formalism to estimate multiple MR tissue parameter maps directly from highly undersampled, noisy k-space data. A novel algorithm, based on variable splitting, the alternating direction method of multipliers, and the variable projection method, is developed to solve the resulting optimization problem. Representative results from both simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach yields significantly improved accuracy in parameter estimation, compared to the conventional MR fingerprinting reconstruction. Moreover, the proposed framework provides new theoretical insights into the conventional approach. We show analytically that the conventional approach is an approximation to the ML reconstruction; more precisely, it is exactly equivalent to the first iteration of the proposed algorithm for the ML reconstruction, provided that a gridding reconstruction is used as an initialization.
10. Receiver function estimated by maximum entropy deconvolution
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
吴庆举; 田小波; 张乃铃; 李卫平; 曾融生
2003-01-01
Maximum entropy deconvolution is presented to estimate receiver function, with the maximum entropy as the rule to determine auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions. The Toeplitz equation and Levinson algorithm are used to calculate the iterative formula of error-predicting filter, and receiver function is then estimated. During extrapolation, reflective coefficient is always less than 1, which keeps maximum entropy deconvolution stable. The maximum entropy of the data outside window increases the resolution of receiver function. Both synthetic and real seismograms show that maximum entropy deconvolution is an effective method to measure receiver function in time-domain.
11. Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic System for Traffic Light Application
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Riza Muhida
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Photovoltaic traffic light system is a significant application of renewable energy source. The development of the system is an alternative effort of local authority to reduce expenditure for paying fees to power supplier which the power comes from conventional energy source. Since photovoltaic (PV modules still have relatively low conversion efficiency, an alternative control of maximum power point tracking (MPPT method is applied to the traffic light system. MPPT is intended to catch up the maximum power at daytime in order to charge the battery at the maximum rate in which the power from the battery is intended to be used at night time or cloudy day. MPPT is actually a DC-DC converter that can step up or down voltage in order to achieve the maximum power using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM control. From experiment, we obtained the voltage of operation using MPPT is at 16.454 V, this value has error of 2.6%, if we compared with maximum power point voltage of PV module that is 16.9 V. Based on this result it can be said that this MPPT control works successfully to deliver the power from PV module to battery maximally.
12. Maximum Power from a Solar Panel
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Michael Miller
2010-01-01
Full Text Available Solar energy has become a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuel sources. Solar panels are used to collect solar radiation and convert it into electricity. One of the techniques used to maximize the effectiveness of this energy alternative is to maximize the power output of the solar collector. In this project the maximum power is calculated by determining the voltage and the current of maximum power. These quantities are determined by finding the maximum value for the equation for power using differentiation. After the maximum values are found for each time of day, each individual quantity, voltage of maximum power, current of maximum power, and maximum power is plotted as a function of the time of day.
13. Determination of the maximum-depth to potential field sources by a maximum structural index method
Science.gov (United States)
Fedi, M.; Florio, G.
2013-01-01
A simple and fast determination of the limiting depth to the sources may represent a significant help to the data interpretation. To this end we explore the possibility of determining those source parameters shared by all the classes of models fitting the data. One approach is to determine the maximum depth-to-source compatible with the measured data, by using for example the well-known Bott-Smith rules. These rules involve only the knowledge of the field and its horizontal gradient maxima, and are independent from the density contrast. Thanks to the direct relationship between structural index and depth to sources we work out a simple and fast strategy to obtain the maximum depth by using the semi-automated methods, such as Euler deconvolution or depth-from-extreme-points method (DEXP). The proposed method consists in estimating the maximum depth as the one obtained for the highest allowable value of the structural index (Nmax). Nmax may be easily determined, since it depends only on the dimensionality of the problem (2D/3D) and on the nature of the analyzed field (e.g., gravity field or magnetic field). We tested our approach on synthetic models against the results obtained by the classical Bott-Smith formulas and the results are in fact very similar, confirming the validity of this method. However, while Bott-Smith formulas are restricted to the gravity field only, our method is applicable also to the magnetic field and to any derivative of the gravity and magnetic field. Our method yields a useful criterion to assess the source model based on the (∂f/∂x)max/fmax ratio. The usefulness of the method in real cases is demonstrated for a salt wall in the Mississippi basin, where the estimation of the maximum depth agrees with the seismic information.
14. Maximum spectral demands in the near-fault region
Science.gov (United States)
Huang, Yin-Nan; Whittaker, Andrew S.; Luco, Nicolas
2008-01-01
The Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) relationships for shallow crustal earthquakes in the western United States predict a rotated geometric mean of horizontal spectral demand, termed GMRotI50, and not maximum spectral demand. Differences between strike-normal, strike-parallel, geometric-mean, and maximum spectral demands in the near-fault region are investigated using 147 pairs of records selected from the NGA strong motion database. The selected records are for earthquakes with moment magnitude greater than 6.5 and for closest site-to-fault distance less than 15 km. Ratios of maximum spectral demand to NGA-predicted GMRotI50 for each pair of ground motions are presented. The ratio shows a clear dependence on period and the Somerville directivity parameters. Maximum demands can substantially exceed NGA-predicted GMRotI50 demands in the near-fault region, which has significant implications for seismic design, seismic performance assessment, and the next-generation seismic design maps. Strike-normal spectral demands are a significantly unconservative surrogate for maximum spectral demands for closest distance greater than 3 to 5 km. Scale factors that transform NGA-predicted GMRotI50 to a maximum spectral demand in the near-fault region are proposed.
15. What controls the maximum magnitude of injection-induced earthquakes?
Science.gov (United States)
Eaton, D. W. S.
2017-12-01
Three different approaches for estimation of maximum magnitude are considered here, along with their implications for managing risk. The first approach is based on a deterministic limit for seismic moment proposed by McGarr (1976), which was originally designed for application to mining-induced seismicity. This approach has since been reformulated for earthquakes induced by fluid injection (McGarr, 2014). In essence, this method assumes that the upper limit for seismic moment release is constrained by the pressure-induced stress change. A deterministic limit is given by the product of shear modulus and the net injected fluid volume. This method is based on the assumptions that the medium is fully saturated and in a state of incipient failure. An alternative geometrical approach was proposed by Shapiro et al. (2011), who postulated that the rupture area for an induced earthquake falls entirely within the stimulated volume. This assumption reduces the maximum-magnitude problem to one of estimating the largest potential slip surface area within a given stimulated volume. Finally, van der Elst et al. (2016) proposed that the maximum observed magnitude, statistically speaking, is the expected maximum value for a finite sample drawn from an unbounded Gutenberg-Richter distribution. These three models imply different approaches for risk management. The deterministic method proposed by McGarr (2014) implies that a ceiling on the maximum magnitude can be imposed by limiting the net injected volume, whereas the approach developed by Shapiro et al. (2011) implies that the time-dependent maximum magnitude is governed by the spatial size of the microseismic event cloud. Finally, the sample-size hypothesis of Van der Elst et al. (2016) implies that the best available estimate of the maximum magnitude is based upon observed seismicity rate. The latter two approaches suggest that real-time monitoring is essential for effective management of risk. A reliable estimate of maximum
16. Revealing the Maximum Strength in Nanotwinned Copper
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lu, L.; Chen, X.; Huang, Xiaoxu
2009-01-01
boundary–related processes. We investigated the maximum strength of nanotwinned copper samples with different twin thicknesses. We found that the strength increases with decreasing twin thickness, reaching a maximum at 15 nanometers, followed by a softening at smaller values that is accompanied by enhanced...
17. Modelling maximum canopy conductance and transpiration in ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
There is much current interest in predicting the maximum amount of water that can be transpired by Eucalyptus trees. It is possible that industrial waste water may be applied as irrigation water to eucalypts and it is important to predict the maximum transpiration rates of these plantations in an attempt to dispose of this ...
18. Distributed maximum power point tracking in wind micro-grids
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja
2012-06-01
Full Text Available With the aim of reducing the hardware requirements in micro-grids based on wind generators, a distributed maximum power point tracking algorithm is proposed. Such a solution reduces the amount of current sensors and processing devices to maximize the power extracted from the micro-grid, reducing the application cost. The analysis of the optimal operating points of the wind generator was performed experimentally, which in addition provides realistic model parameters. Finally, the proposed solution was validated by means of detailed simulations performed in the power electronics software PSIM, contrasting the achieved performance with traditional solutions.
19. Maximum entropy deconvolution of low count nuclear medicine images
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
McGrath, D.M.
1998-12-01
Maximum entropy is applied to the problem of deconvolving nuclear medicine images, with special consideration for very low count data. The physics of the formation of scintigraphic images is described, illustrating the phenomena which degrade planar estimates of the tracer distribution. Various techniques which are used to restore these images are reviewed, outlining the relative merits of each. The development and theoretical justification of maximum entropy as an image processing technique is discussed. Maximum entropy is then applied to the problem of planar deconvolution, highlighting the question of the choice of error parameters for low count data. A novel iterative version of the algorithm is suggested which allows the errors to be estimated from the predicted Poisson mean values. This method is shown to produce the exact results predicted by combining Poisson statistics and a Bayesian interpretation of the maximum entropy approach. A facility for total count preservation has also been incorporated, leading to improved quantification. In order to evaluate this iterative maximum entropy technique, two comparable methods, Wiener filtering and a novel Bayesian maximum likelihood expectation maximisation technique, were implemented. The comparison of results obtained indicated that this maximum entropy approach may produce equivalent or better measures of image quality than the compared methods, depending upon the accuracy of the system model used. The novel Bayesian maximum likelihood expectation maximisation technique was shown to be preferable over many existing maximum a posteriori methods due to its simplicity of implementation. A single parameter is required to define the Bayesian prior, which suppresses noise in the solution and may reduce the processing time substantially. Finally, maximum entropy deconvolution was applied as a pre-processing step in single photon emission computed tomography reconstruction of low count data. Higher contrast results were
20. Maximum likelihood window for time delay estimation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, Young Sup; Yoon, Dong Jin; Kim, Chi Yup
2004-01-01
Time delay estimation for the detection of leak location in underground pipelines is critically important. Because the exact leak location depends upon the precision of the time delay between sensor signals due to leak noise and the speed of elastic waves, the research on the estimation of time delay has been one of the key issues in leak lovating with the time arrival difference method. In this study, an optimal Maximum Likelihood window is considered to obtain a better estimation of the time delay. This method has been proved in experiments, which can provide much clearer and more precise peaks in cross-correlation functions of leak signals. The leak location error has been less than 1 % of the distance between sensors, for example the error was not greater than 3 m for 300 m long underground pipelines. Apart from the experiment, an intensive theoretical analysis in terms of signal processing has been described. The improved leak locating with the suggested method is due to the windowing effect in frequency domain, which offers a weighting in significant frequencies.
1. On minimizing the maximum broadcast decoding delay for instantly decodable network coding
KAUST Repository
Douik, Ahmed S.
2014-09-01
In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the maximum broadcast decoding delay experienced by all the receivers of generalized instantly decodable network coding (IDNC). Unlike the sum decoding delay, the maximum decoding delay as a definition of delay for IDNC allows a more equitable distribution of the delays between the different receivers and thus a better Quality of Service (QoS). In order to solve this problem, we first derive the expressions for the probability distributions of maximum decoding delay increments. Given these expressions, we formulate the problem as a maximum weight clique problem in the IDNC graph. Although this problem is known to be NP-hard, we design a greedy algorithm to perform effective packet selection. Through extensive simulations, we compare the sum decoding delay and the max decoding delay experienced when applying the policies to minimize the sum decoding delay and our policy to reduce the max decoding delay. Simulations results show that our policy gives a good agreement among all the delay aspects in all situations and outperforms the sum decoding delay policy to effectively minimize the sum decoding delay when the channel conditions become harsher. They also show that our definition of delay significantly improve the number of served receivers when they are subject to strict delay constraints.
2. MXLKID: a maximum likelihood parameter identifier
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gavel, D.T.
1980-07-01
MXLKID (MaXimum LiKelihood IDentifier) is a computer program designed to identify unknown parameters in a nonlinear dynamic system. Using noisy measurement data from the system, the maximum likelihood identifier computes a likelihood function (LF). Identification of system parameters is accomplished by maximizing the LF with respect to the parameters. The main body of this report briefly summarizes the maximum likelihood technique and gives instructions and examples for running the MXLKID program. MXLKID is implemented LRLTRAN on the CDC7600 computer at LLNL. A detailed mathematical description of the algorithm is given in the appendices. 24 figures, 6 tables
3. Prostate health index significantly reduced unnecessary prostate biopsies in patients with PSA 2-10 ng/mL and PSA >10 ng/mL: Results from a Multicenter Study in China.
Science.gov (United States)
Na, Rong; Ye, Dingwei; Qi, Jun; Liu, Fang; Helfand, Brian T; Brendler, Charles B; Conran, Carly A; Packiam, Vignesh; Gong, Jian; Wu, Yishuo; Zheng, Siqun L; Mo, Zengnan; Ding, Qiang; Sun, Yinghao; Xu, Jianfeng
2017-08-01
The performance of prostate health index (phi) in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes has been well established for patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values between 2 and 10 ng/mL. However, the performance of phi remains unknown in patients with PSA >10 ng/mL, the vast majority in Chinese biopsy patients. We aimed to assess the ability of phi to predict prostate cancer (PCa) and high-grade disease (Gleason Score ≥7) on biopsy in a Chinese population. This is a prospective, observational, multi-center study of consecutive patients who underwent a transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy at four hospitals in Shanghai, China from August 2013 to December 2014. In the cohort of 1538 patients, the detection rate of PCa was 40.2%. phi had a significantly better predictive performance for PCa than total PSA (tPSA). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were 0.90 and 0.79 for phi and tPSA, respectively, P 10 ng/mL (N = 838, 54.5%). The detection rates of PCa were 35.9% and 57.7% in patients with tPSA 10.1-20 and 20.1-50 ng/mL, respectively. The AUCs of phi (0.79 and 0.89, for these two groups, respectively) were also significantly higher than tPSA (0.57 and 0.63, respectively), both P 10 ng/mL). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
4. Quality, precision and accuracy of the maximum No. 40 anemometer
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Obermeir, J. [Otech Engineering, Davis, CA (United States); Blittersdorf, D. [NRG Systems Inc., Hinesburg, VT (United States)
1996-12-31
This paper synthesizes available calibration data for the Maximum No. 40 anemometer. Despite its long history in the wind industry, controversy surrounds the choice of transfer function for this anemometer. Many users are unaware that recent changes in default transfer functions in data loggers are producing output wind speed differences as large as 7.6%. Comparison of two calibration methods used for large samples of Maximum No. 40 anemometers shows a consistent difference of 4.6% in output speeds. This difference is significantly larger than estimated uncertainty levels. Testing, initially performed to investigate related issues, reveals that Gill and Maximum cup anemometers change their calibration transfer functions significantly when calibrated in the open atmosphere compared with calibration in a laminar wind tunnel. This indicates that atmospheric turbulence changes the calibration transfer function of cup anemometers. These results call into question the suitability of standard wind tunnel calibration testing for cup anemometers. 6 refs., 10 figs., 4 tabs.
5. Maximum neutron flux in thermal reactors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugar, P.V.
1968-12-01
Direct approach to the problem is to calculate spatial distribution of fuel concentration if the reactor core directly using the condition of maximum neutron flux and comply with thermal limitations. This paper proved that the problem can be solved by applying the variational calculus, i.e. by using the maximum principle of Pontryagin. Mathematical model of reactor core is based on the two-group neutron diffusion theory with some simplifications which make it appropriate from maximum principle point of view. Here applied theory of maximum principle are suitable for application. The solution of optimum distribution of fuel concentration in the reactor core is obtained in explicit analytical form. The reactor critical dimensions are roots of a system of nonlinear equations and verification of optimum conditions can be done only for specific examples
6. Maximum allowable load on wheeled mobile manipulators
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Habibnejad Korayem, M.; Ghariblu, H.
2003-01-01
This paper develops a computational technique for finding the maximum allowable load of mobile manipulator during a given trajectory. The maximum allowable loads which can be achieved by a mobile manipulator during a given trajectory are limited by the number of factors; probably the dynamic properties of mobile base and mounted manipulator, their actuator limitations and additional constraints applied to resolving the redundancy are the most important factors. To resolve extra D.O.F introduced by the base mobility, additional constraint functions are proposed directly in the task space of mobile manipulator. Finally, in two numerical examples involving a two-link planar manipulator mounted on a differentially driven mobile base, application of the method to determining maximum allowable load is verified. The simulation results demonstrates the maximum allowable load on a desired trajectory has not a unique value and directly depends on the additional constraint functions which applies to resolve the motion redundancy
7. Maximum phytoplankton concentrations in the sea
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jackson, G.A.; Kiørboe, Thomas
2008-01-01
A simplification of plankton dynamics using coagulation theory provides predictions of the maximum algal concentration sustainable in aquatic systems. These predictions have previously been tested successfully against results from iron fertilization experiments. We extend the test to data collect...
8. Maximum Safety Regenerative Power Tracking for DC Traction Power Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Guifu Du
2017-02-01
Full Text Available Direct current (DC traction power systems are widely used in metro transport systems, with running rails usually being used as return conductors. When traction current flows through the running rails, a potential voltage known as “rail potential” is generated between the rails and ground. Currently, abnormal rises of rail potential exist in many railway lines during the operation of railway systems. Excessively high rail potentials pose a threat to human life and to devices connected to the rails. In this paper, the effect of regenerative power distribution on rail potential is analyzed. Maximum safety regenerative power tracking is proposed for the control of maximum absolute rail potential and energy consumption during the operation of DC traction power systems. The dwell time of multiple trains at each station and the trigger voltage of the regenerative energy absorbing device (READ are optimized based on an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO algorithm to manage the distribution of regenerative power. In this way, the maximum absolute rail potential and energy consumption of DC traction power systems can be reduced. The operation data of Guangzhou Metro Line 2 are used in the simulations, and the results show that the scheme can reduce the maximum absolute rail potential and energy consumption effectively and guarantee the safety in energy saving of DC traction power systems.
9. Maximum-Likelihood Detection Of Noncoherent CPM
Science.gov (United States)
Divsalar, Dariush; Simon, Marvin K.
1993-01-01
Simplified detectors proposed for use in maximum-likelihood-sequence detection of symbols in alphabet of size M transmitted by uncoded, full-response continuous phase modulation over radio channel with additive white Gaussian noise. Structures of receivers derived from particular interpretation of maximum-likelihood metrics. Receivers include front ends, structures of which depends only on M, analogous to those in receivers of coherent CPM. Parts of receivers following front ends have structures, complexity of which would depend on N.
10. IGOB131, a novel seed extract of the West African plant Irvingia gabonensis, significantly reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in overweight humans in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled investigation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mbofung Carl MF
2009-03-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background A recent in vitro study indicates that IGOB131, a novel seed extract of the traditional West African food plant Irvingia gabonensis, favorably impacts adipogenesis through a variety of critical metabolic pathways including PPAR gamma, leptin, adiponectin, and glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the effects of IGOB131, an extract of Irvingia gabonensis, on body weight and associated metabolic parameters in overweight human volunteers. Methods The study participants comprised of 102 healthy, overweight and/or obese volunteers (defined as BMI > 25 kg/m2 randomly divided into two groups. The groups received on a daily basis, either 150 mg of IGOB131 or matching placebo in a double blinded fashion, 30–60 minutes before lunch and dinner. At baseline, 4, 8 and 10 weeks of the study, subjects were evaluated for changes in anthropometrics and metabolic parameters to include fasting lipids, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. Results Significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference as well as plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, adiponectin and leptin levels were observed in the IGOB131 group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion Irvingia gabonensis administered 150 mg twice daily before meals to overweight and/or obese human volunteers favorably impacts body weight and a variety of parameters characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. This is the first double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial regarding the anti-obesity and lipid profile modulating effects of an Irvingia gabonensis extract. The positive clinical results, together with our previously published mechanisms of gene expression modulation related to key metabolic pathways in lipid metabolism, provide impetus for much larger clinical studies. Irvingia gabonensis extract may prove to be a useful tool in dealing with the
11. A Family of Maximum SNR Filters for Noise Reduction
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Huang, Gongping; Benesty, Jacob; Long, Tao
2014-01-01
significantly increase the SNR but at the expense of tremendous speech distortion. As a consequence, the speech quality improvement, measured by the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) algorithm, is marginal if any, regardless of the number of microphones used. In the STFT domain, the maximum SNR...
12. Energy-efficient induction motors designing with application of a modified criterion of reduced costs
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
V.S. Petrushin
2014-03-01
Full Text Available The paper introduces a modified criterion of reduced costs that employs coefficients of operation significance and priority of ohmic loss accounting to allow matching maximum efficiency with minimum reduced costs. Impact of the inflation factor on the criterion of reduced costs is analyzed.
13. Effects of bruxism on the maximum bite force
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Todić Jelena T.
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Background/Aim. Bruxism is a parafunctional activity of the masticatory system, which is characterized by clenching or grinding of teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of bruxism has impact on maximum bite force, with particular reference to the potential impact of gender on bite force values. Methods. This study included two groups of subjects: without and with bruxism. The presence of bruxism in the subjects was registered using a specific clinical questionnaire on bruxism and physical examination. The subjects from both groups were submitted to the procedure of measuring the maximum bite pressure and occlusal contact area using a single-sheet pressure-sensitive films (Fuji Prescale MS and HS Film. Maximal bite force was obtained by multiplying maximal bite pressure and occlusal contact area values. Results. The average values of maximal bite force were significantly higher in the subjects with bruxism compared to those without bruxism (p 0.01. Maximal bite force was significantly higher in the males compared to the females in all segments of the research. Conclusion. The presence of bruxism influences the increase in the maximum bite force as shown in this study. Gender is a significant determinant of bite force. Registration of maximum bite force can be used in diagnosing and analysing pathophysiological events during bruxism.
14. Maximum gravitational redshift of white dwarfs
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shapiro, S.L.; Teukolsky, S.A.
1976-01-01
The stability of uniformly rotating, cold white dwarfs is examined in the framework of the Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism of Will and Nordtvedt. The maximum central density and gravitational redshift of a white dwarf are determined as functions of five of the nine PPN parameters (γ, β, zeta 2 , zeta 3 , and zeta 4 ), the total angular momentum J, and the composition of the star. General relativity predicts that the maximum redshifts is 571 km s -1 for nonrotating carbon and helium dwarfs, but is lower for stars composed of heavier nuclei. Uniform rotation can increase the maximum redshift to 647 km s -1 for carbon stars (the neutronization limit) and to 893 km s -1 for helium stars (the uniform rotation limit). The redshift distribution of a larger sample of white dwarfs may help determine the composition of their cores
15. A big oil company's approach to significantly reduce fatal incidents
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Peuscher, W.; Groeneweg, J.
2012-01-01
Within the Shell Group of companies (Shell), keeping people safe at work is a deeply held value and the company actively pursues the goal of no harm to people. Shell actively works to build a culture where every employee and contractor takes responsibility for making this goal possible - it is
16. Significantly reducing registration time in IGRT using graphics processing units
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Noe, Karsten Østergaard; Denis de Senneville, Baudouin; Tanderup, Kari
2008-01-01
respiration phases in a free breathing volunteer and 41 anatomical landmark points in each image series. The registration method used is a multi-resolution GPU implementation of the 3D Horn and Schunck algorithm. It is based on the CUDA framework from Nvidia. Results On an Intel Core 2 CPU at 2.4GHz each...... registration took 30 minutes. On an Nvidia Geforce 8800GTX GPU in the same machine this registration took 37 seconds, making the GPU version 48.7 times faster. The nine image series of different respiration phases were registered to the same reference image (full inhale). Accuracy was evaluated on landmark...
17. Spatio-temporal observations of the tertiary ozone maximum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
V. F. Sofieva
2009-07-01
Full Text Available We present spatio-temporal distributions of the tertiary ozone maximum (TOM, based on GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars ozone measurements in 2002–2006. The tertiary ozone maximum is typically observed in the high-latitude winter mesosphere at an altitude of ~72 km. Although the explanation for this phenomenon has been found recently – low concentrations of odd-hydrogen cause the subsequent decrease in odd-oxygen losses – models have had significant deviations from existing observations until recently. Good coverage of polar night regions by GOMOS data has allowed for the first time to obtain spatial and temporal observational distributions of night-time ozone mixing ratio in the mesosphere.
The distributions obtained from GOMOS data have specific features, which are variable from year to year. In particular, due to a long lifetime of ozone in polar night conditions, the downward transport of polar air by the meridional circulation is clearly observed in the tertiary ozone maximum time series. Although the maximum tertiary ozone mixing ratio is achieved close to the polar night terminator (as predicted by the theory, TOM can be observed also at very high latitudes, not only in the beginning and at the end, but also in the middle of winter. We have compared the observational spatio-temporal distributions of the tertiary ozone maximum with that obtained using WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model and found that the specific features are reproduced satisfactorily by the model.
Since ozone in the mesosphere is very sensitive to HOx concentrations, energetic particle precipitation can significantly modify the shape of the ozone profiles. In particular, GOMOS observations have shown that the tertiary ozone maximum was temporarily destroyed during the January 2005 and December 2006 solar proton events as a result of the HOx enhancement from the increased ionization.
18. Maximum entropy analysis of EGRET data
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Pohl, M.; Strong, A.W.
1997-01-01
EGRET data are usually analysed on the basis of the Maximum-Likelihood method \\cite{ma96} in a search for point sources in excess to a model for the background radiation (e.g. \\cite{hu97}). This method depends strongly on the quality of the background model, and thus may have high systematic unce...... uncertainties in region of strong and uncertain background like the Galactic Center region. Here we show images of such regions obtained by the quantified Maximum-Entropy method. We also discuss a possible further use of MEM in the analysis of problematic regions of the sky....
19. The Maximum Resource Bin Packing Problem
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Boyar, J.; Epstein, L.; Favrholdt, L.M.
2006-01-01
Usually, for bin packing problems, we try to minimize the number of bins used or in the case of the dual bin packing problem, maximize the number or total size of accepted items. This paper presents results for the opposite problems, where we would like to maximize the number of bins used...... algorithms, First-Fit-Increasing and First-Fit-Decreasing for the maximum resource variant of classical bin packing. For the on-line variant, we define maximum resource variants of classical and dual bin packing. For dual bin packing, no on-line algorithm is competitive. For classical bin packing, we find...
20. Shower maximum detector for SDC calorimetry
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ernwein, J.
1994-01-01
A prototype for the SDC end-cap (EM) calorimeter complete with a pre-shower and a shower maximum detector was tested in beams of electrons and Π's at CERN by an SDC subsystem group. The prototype was manufactured from scintillator tiles and strips read out with 1 mm diameter wave-length shifting fibers. The design and construction of the shower maximum detector is described, and results of laboratory tests on light yield and performance of the scintillator-fiber system are given. Preliminary results on energy and position measurements with the shower max detector in the test beam are shown. (authors). 4 refs., 5 figs
1. Topics in Bayesian statistics and maximum entropy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mutihac, R.; Cicuttin, A.; Cerdeira, A.; Stanciulescu, C.
1998-12-01
Notions of Bayesian decision theory and maximum entropy methods are reviewed with particular emphasis on probabilistic inference and Bayesian modeling. The axiomatic approach is considered as the best justification of Bayesian analysis and maximum entropy principle applied in natural sciences. Particular emphasis is put on solving the inverse problem in digital image restoration and Bayesian modeling of neural networks. Further topics addressed briefly include language modeling, neutron scattering, multiuser detection and channel equalization in digital communications, genetic information, and Bayesian court decision-making. (author)
2. Density estimation by maximum quantum entropy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Silver, R.N.; Wallstrom, T.; Martz, H.F.
1993-01-01
A new Bayesian method for non-parametric density estimation is proposed, based on a mathematical analogy to quantum statistical physics. The mathematical procedure is related to maximum entropy methods for inverse problems and image reconstruction. The information divergence enforces global smoothing toward default models, convexity, positivity, extensivity and normalization. The novel feature is the replacement of classical entropy by quantum entropy, so that local smoothing is enforced by constraints on differential operators. The linear response of the estimate is proportional to the covariance. The hyperparameters are estimated by type-II maximum likelihood (evidence). The method is demonstrated on textbook data sets
3. Nonsymmetric entropy and maximum nonsymmetric entropy principle
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Liu Chengshi
2009-01-01
Under the frame of a statistical model, the concept of nonsymmetric entropy which generalizes the concepts of Boltzmann's entropy and Shannon's entropy, is defined. Maximum nonsymmetric entropy principle is proved. Some important distribution laws such as power law, can be derived from this principle naturally. Especially, nonsymmetric entropy is more convenient than other entropy such as Tsallis's entropy in deriving power laws.
4. Maximum speed of dewetting on a fiber
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Chan, Tak Shing; Gueudre, Thomas; Snoeijer, Jacobus Hendrikus
2011-01-01
A solid object can be coated by a nonwetting liquid since a receding contact line cannot exceed a critical speed. We theoretically investigate this forced wetting transition for axisymmetric menisci on fibers of varying radii. First, we use a matched asymptotic expansion and derive the maximum speed
5. Maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors
NARCIS (Netherlands)
van Schoor, N.M.; Smit, J.H.; Bouter, L.M.; Veenings, B.; Asma, G.B.; Lips, P.T.A.M.
2007-01-01
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors in older persons living in the community or homes for the elderly. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Emergency departments in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Hip fracture patients aged 70 and older who
6. Maximum gain of Yagi-Uda arrays
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Bojsen, J.H.; Schjær-Jacobsen, Hans; Nilsson, E.
1971-01-01
Numerical optimisation techniques have been used to find the maximum gain of some specific parasitic arrays. The gain of an array of infinitely thin, equispaced dipoles loaded with arbitrary reactances has been optimised. The results show that standard travelling-wave design methods are not optimum....... Yagi–Uda arrays with equal and unequal spacing have also been optimised with experimental verification....
7. correlation between maximum dry density and cohesion
African Journals Online (AJOL)
HOD
represents maximum dry density, signifies plastic limit and is liquid limit. Researchers [6, 7] estimate compaction parameters. Aside from the correlation existing between compaction parameters and other physical quantities there are some other correlations that have been investigated by other researchers. The well-known.
8. Weak scale from the maximum entropy principle
Science.gov (United States)
Hamada, Yuta; Kawai, Hikaru; Kawana, Kiyoharu
2015-03-01
The theory of the multiverse and wormholes suggests that the parameters of the Standard Model (SM) are fixed in such a way that the radiation of the S3 universe at the final stage S_rad becomes maximum, which we call the maximum entropy principle. Although it is difficult to confirm this principle generally, for a few parameters of the SM, we can check whether S_rad actually becomes maximum at the observed values. In this paper, we regard S_rad at the final stage as a function of the weak scale (the Higgs expectation value) vh, and show that it becomes maximum around vh = {{O}} (300 GeV) when the dimensionless couplings in the SM, i.e., the Higgs self-coupling, the gauge couplings, and the Yukawa couplings are fixed. Roughly speaking, we find that the weak scale is given by vh ˜ T_{BBN}2 / (M_{pl}ye5), where ye is the Yukawa coupling of electron, T_BBN is the temperature at which the Big Bang nucleosynthesis starts, and M_pl is the Planck mass.
9. The maximum-entropy method in superspace
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
van Smaalen, S.; Palatinus, Lukáš; Schneider, M.
2003-01-01
Roč. 59, - (2003), s. 459-469 ISSN 0108-7673 Grant - others:DFG(DE) XX Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010914 Keywords : maximum-entropy method, * aperiodic crystals * electron density Subject RIV: BM - Solid Matter Physics ; Magnetism Impact factor: 1.558, year: 2003
10. Achieving maximum sustainable yield in mixed fisheries
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Ulrich, Clara; Vermard, Youen; Dolder, Paul J.; Brunel, Thomas; Jardim, Ernesto; Holmes, Steven J.; Kempf, Alexander; Mortensen, Lars O.; Poos, Jan Jaap; Rindorf, Anna
2017-01-01
Achieving single species maximum sustainable yield (MSY) in complex and dynamic fisheries targeting multiple species (mixed fisheries) is challenging because achieving the objective for one species may mean missing the objective for another. The North Sea mixed fisheries are a representative example
11. 5 CFR 534.203 - Maximum stipends.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... maximum stipend established under this section. (e) A trainee at a non-Federal hospital, clinic, or medical or dental laboratory who is assigned to a Federal hospital, clinic, or medical or dental... Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE REGULATIONS PAY UNDER OTHER SYSTEMS Student...
12. Minimal length, Friedmann equations and maximum density
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Awad, Adel [Center for Theoretical Physics, British University of Egypt,Sherouk City 11837, P.O. Box 43 (Egypt); Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University,Cairo, 11566 (Egypt); Ali, Ahmed Farag [Centre for Fundamental Physics, Zewail City of Science and Technology,Sheikh Zayed, 12588, Giza (Egypt); Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Benha University,Benha, 13518 (Egypt)
2014-06-16
Inspired by Jacobson’s thermodynamic approach, Cai et al. have shown the emergence of Friedmann equations from the first law of thermodynamics. We extend Akbar-Cai derivation http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.75.084003 of Friedmann equations to accommodate a general entropy-area law. Studying the resulted Friedmann equations using a specific entropy-area law, which is motivated by the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), reveals the existence of a maximum energy density closed to Planck density. Allowing for a general continuous pressure p(ρ,a) leads to bounded curvature invariants and a general nonsingular evolution. In this case, the maximum energy density is reached in a finite time and there is no cosmological evolution beyond this point which leaves the big bang singularity inaccessible from a spacetime prospective. The existence of maximum energy density and a general nonsingular evolution is independent of the equation of state and the spacial curvature k. As an example we study the evolution of the equation of state p=ωρ through its phase-space diagram to show the existence of a maximum energy which is reachable in a finite time.
13. Maximum Likelihood Compton Polarimetry with the Compton Spectrometer and Imager
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lowell, A. W.; Boggs, S. E; Chiu, C. L.; Kierans, C. A.; Sleator, C.; Tomsick, J. A.; Zoglauer, A. C. [Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley (United States); Chang, H.-K.; Tseng, C.-H.; Yang, C.-Y. [Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan (China); Jean, P.; Ballmoos, P. von [IRAP Toulouse (France); Lin, C.-H. [Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (China); Amman, M. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (United States)
2017-10-20
Astrophysical polarization measurements in the soft gamma-ray band are becoming more feasible as detectors with high position and energy resolution are deployed. Previous work has shown that the minimum detectable polarization (MDP) of an ideal Compton polarimeter can be improved by ∼21% when an unbinned, maximum likelihood method (MLM) is used instead of the standard approach of fitting a sinusoid to a histogram of azimuthal scattering angles. Here we outline a procedure for implementing this maximum likelihood approach for real, nonideal polarimeters. As an example, we use the recent observation of GRB 160530A with the Compton Spectrometer and Imager. We find that the MDP for this observation is reduced by 20% when the MLM is used instead of the standard method.
14. Effect of current on the maximum possible reward.
Science.gov (United States)
Gallistel, C R; Leon, M; Waraczynski, M; Hanau, M S
1991-12-01
Using a 2-lever choice paradigm with concurrent variable interval schedules of reward, it was found that when pulse frequency is increased, the preference-determining rewarding effect of 0.5-s trains of brief cathodal pulses delivered to the medial forebrain bundle of the rat saturates (stops increasing) at values ranging from 200 to 631 pulses/s (pps). Raising the current lowered the saturation frequency, which confirms earlier, more extensive findings showing that the rewarding effect of short trains saturates at pulse frequencies that vary from less than 100 pps to more than 800 pps, depending on the current. It was also found that the maximum possible reward--the magnitude of the reward at or beyond the saturation pulse frequency--increases with increasing current. Thus, increasing the current reduces the saturation frequency but increases the subjective magnitude of the maximum possible reward.
15. Maximum concentrations at work and maximum biologically tolerable concentration for working materials 1991
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
1991-01-01
The meaning of the term 'maximum concentration at work' in regard of various pollutants is discussed. Specifically, a number of dusts and smokes are dealt with. The valuation criteria for maximum biologically tolerable concentrations for working materials are indicated. The working materials in question are corcinogeneous substances or substances liable to cause allergies or mutate the genome. (VT) [de
16. 75 FR 43840 - Inflation Adjustment of the Ordinary Maximum and Aggravated Maximum Civil Monetary Penalties for...
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-27
...-17530; Notice No. 2] RIN 2130-ZA03 Inflation Adjustment of the Ordinary Maximum and Aggravated Maximum... remains at $250. These adjustments are required by the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990...
17. Zipf's law, power laws and maximum entropy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Visser, Matt
2013-01-01
Zipf's law, and power laws in general, have attracted and continue to attract considerable attention in a wide variety of disciplines—from astronomy to demographics to software structure to economics to linguistics to zoology, and even warfare. A recent model of random group formation (RGF) attempts a general explanation of such phenomena based on Jaynes' notion of maximum entropy applied to a particular choice of cost function. In the present paper I argue that the specific cost function used in the RGF model is in fact unnecessarily complicated, and that power laws can be obtained in a much simpler way by applying maximum entropy ideas directly to the Shannon entropy subject only to a single constraint: that the average of the logarithm of the observable quantity is specified. (paper)
18. Maximum-entropy description of animal movement.
Science.gov (United States)
Fleming, Chris H; Subaşı, Yiğit; Calabrese, Justin M
2015-03-01
We introduce a class of maximum-entropy states that naturally includes within it all of the major continuous-time stochastic processes that have been applied to animal movement, including Brownian motion, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck motion, integrated Ornstein-Uhlenbeck motion, a recently discovered hybrid of the previous models, and a new model that describes central-place foraging. We are also able to predict a further hierarchy of new models that will emerge as data quality improves to better resolve the underlying continuity of animal movement. Finally, we also show that Langevin equations must obey a fluctuation-dissipation theorem to generate processes that fall from this class of maximum-entropy distributions when the constraints are purely kinematic.
19. Pareto versus lognormal: a maximum entropy test.
Science.gov (United States)
Bee, Marco; Riccaboni, Massimo; Schiavo, Stefano
2011-08-01
It is commonly found that distributions that seem to be lognormal over a broad range change to a power-law (Pareto) distribution for the last few percentiles. The distributions of many physical, natural, and social events (earthquake size, species abundance, income and wealth, as well as file, city, and firm sizes) display this structure. We present a test for the occurrence of power-law tails in statistical distributions based on maximum entropy. This methodology allows one to identify the true data-generating processes even in the case when it is neither lognormal nor Pareto. The maximum entropy approach is then compared with other widely used methods and applied to different levels of aggregation of complex systems. Our results provide support for the theory that distributions with lognormal body and Pareto tail can be generated as mixtures of lognormally distributed units.
20. Maximum likelihood estimation for integrated diffusion processes
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Baltazar-Larios, Fernando; Sørensen, Michael
We propose a method for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in diffusion models when the data is a discrete time sample of the integral of the process, while no direct observations of the process itself are available. The data are, moreover, assumed to be contaminated...... EM-algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters in the diffusion model. As part of the algorithm, we use a recent simple method for approximate simulation of diffusion bridges. In simulation studies for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process and the CIR process the proposed method works...... by measurement errors. Integrated volatility is an example of this type of observations. Another example is ice-core data on oxygen isotopes used to investigate paleo-temperatures. The data can be viewed as incomplete observations of a model with a tractable likelihood function. Therefore we propose a simulated...
1. Maximum parsimony on subsets of taxa.
Science.gov (United States)
Fischer, Mareike; Thatte, Bhalchandra D
2009-09-21
In this paper we investigate mathematical questions concerning the reliability (reconstruction accuracy) of Fitch's maximum parsimony algorithm for reconstructing the ancestral state given a phylogenetic tree and a character. In particular, we consider the question whether the maximum parsimony method applied to a subset of taxa can reconstruct the ancestral state of the root more accurately than when applied to all taxa, and we give an example showing that this indeed is possible. A surprising feature of our example is that ignoring a taxon closer to the root improves the reliability of the method. On the other hand, in the case of the two-state symmetric substitution model, we answer affirmatively a conjecture of Li, Steel and Zhang which states that under a molecular clock the probability that the state at a single taxon is a correct guess of the ancestral state is a lower bound on the reconstruction accuracy of Fitch's method applied to all taxa.
2. ABOUT RATIONING MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEFECT DEPTH ON THE SURFACE OF STEEL BILLETS IN PRODUCTION OF HOT-ROLLED STEEL
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
PARUSOV E. V.
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Formulation of the problem. Significant influence on the quality of rolled steel have various defects on its surface, which in its turn inherited from surface defects of billet and possible damage to the surface of rolled steel in the rolling mill line. One of the criteria for assessing the quality indicators of rolled steel is rationing of surface defects [1; 2; 3; 6; 7]. Current status of the issue. Analyzing the different requirements of regulations to the surface quality of the rolled high-carbon steels, we can conclude that the maximum allowable depth of defects on the surface of billet should be in the range of 2.0...5.0 mm (depending on the section of the billet, method of its production and further the destination Purpose. Develop a methodology for calculating the maximum allowable depth of defects on the steel billet surface depending on the requirements placed on the surface quality of hot-rolled steel. Results. A simplified method of calculation, allowing at the rated depth of defects on the surface of the hot-rolled steel to make operatively calculation of the maximum allowable depth of surface defects of steel billets before heating the metal in the heat deformation was developed. The findings shows that the maximum allowable depth of surface defects is reduced with increasing diameter rolled steel, reducing the initial section steel billet and degrees of oxidation of the metal in the heating furnace.
3. A Maximum Resonant Set of Polyomino Graphs
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zhang Heping
2016-05-01
Full Text Available A polyomino graph P is a connected finite subgraph of the infinite plane grid such that each finite face is surrounded by a regular square of side length one and each edge belongs to at least one square. A dimer covering of P corresponds to a perfect matching. Different dimer coverings can interact via an alternating cycle (or square with respect to them. A set of disjoint squares of P is a resonant set if P has a perfect matching M so that each one of those squares is M-alternating. In this paper, we show that if K is a maximum resonant set of P, then P − K has a unique perfect matching. We further prove that the maximum forcing number of a polyomino graph is equal to the cardinality of a maximum resonant set. This confirms a conjecture of Xu et al. [26]. We also show that if K is a maximal alternating set of P, then P − K has a unique perfect matching.
4. Automatic maximum entropy spectral reconstruction in NMR
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mobli, Mehdi; Maciejewski, Mark W.; Gryk, Michael R.; Hoch, Jeffrey C.
2007-01-01
Developments in superconducting magnets, cryogenic probes, isotope labeling strategies, and sophisticated pulse sequences together have enabled the application, in principle, of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy to biomolecular systems approaching 1 megadalton. In practice, however, conventional approaches to NMR that utilize the fast Fourier transform, which require data collected at uniform time intervals, result in prohibitively lengthy data collection times in order to achieve the full resolution afforded by high field magnets. A variety of approaches that involve nonuniform sampling have been proposed, each utilizing a non-Fourier method of spectrum analysis. A very general non-Fourier method that is capable of utilizing data collected using any of the proposed nonuniform sampling strategies is maximum entropy reconstruction. A limiting factor in the adoption of maximum entropy reconstruction in NMR has been the need to specify non-intuitive parameters. Here we describe a fully automated system for maximum entropy reconstruction that requires no user-specified parameters. A web-accessible script generator provides the user interface to the system
5. maximum neutron flux at thermal nuclear reactors
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Strugar, P.
1968-10-01
Since actual research reactors are technically complicated and expensive facilities it is important to achieve savings by appropriate reactor lattice configurations. There is a number of papers, and practical examples of reactors with central reflector, dealing with spatial distribution of fuel elements which would result in higher neutron flux. Common disadvantage of all the solutions is that the choice of best solution is done starting from the anticipated spatial distributions of fuel elements. The weakness of these approaches is lack of defined optimization criteria. Direct approach is defined as follows: determine the spatial distribution of fuel concentration starting from the condition of maximum neutron flux by fulfilling the thermal constraints. Thus the problem of determining the maximum neutron flux is solving a variational problem which is beyond the possibilities of classical variational calculation. This variational problem has been successfully solved by applying the maximum principle of Pontrjagin. Optimum distribution of fuel concentration was obtained in explicit analytical form. Thus, spatial distribution of the neutron flux and critical dimensions of quite complex reactor system are calculated in a relatively simple way. In addition to the fact that the results are innovative this approach is interesting because of the optimization procedure itself [sr
6. Detecting Novelty and Significance
Science.gov (United States)
Ferrari, Vera; Bradley, Margaret M.; Codispoti, Maurizio; Lang, Peter J.
2013-01-01
Studies of cognition often use an “oddball” paradigm to study effects of stimulus novelty and significance on information processing. However, an oddball tends to be perceptually more novel than the standard, repeated stimulus as well as more relevant to the ongoing task, making it difficult to disentangle effects due to perceptual novelty and stimulus significance. In the current study, effects of perceptual novelty and significance on ERPs were assessed in a passive viewing context by presenting repeated and novel pictures (natural scenes) that either signaled significant information regarding the current context or not. A fronto-central N2 component was primarily affected by perceptual novelty, whereas a centro-parietal P3 component was modulated by both stimulus significance and novelty. The data support an interpretation that the N2 reflects perceptual fluency and is attenuated when a current stimulus matches an active memory representation and that the amplitude of the P3 reflects stimulus meaning and significance. PMID:19400680
7. PNNL: A Supervised Maximum Entropy Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Tratz, Stephen C.; Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; Gregory, Michelle L.; Chappell, Alan R.; Posse, Christian; Whitney, Paul D.
2007-06-23
In this paper, we described the PNNL Word Sense Disambiguation system as applied to the English All-Word task in Se-mEval 2007. We use a supervised learning approach, employing a large number of features and using Information Gain for dimension reduction. Our Maximum Entropy approach combined with a rich set of features produced results that are significantly better than baseline and are the highest F-score for the fined-grained English All-Words subtask.
8. Significant NRC Enforcement Actions
Data.gov (United States)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission — This dataset provides a list of Nuclear Regulartory Commission (NRC) issued significant enforcement actions. These actions, referred to as "escalated", are issued by...
9. Pattern formation, logistics, and maximum path probability
Science.gov (United States)
Kirkaldy, J. S.
1985-05-01
The concept of pattern formation, which to current researchers is a synonym for self-organization, carries the connotation of deductive logic together with the process of spontaneous inference. Defining a pattern as an equivalence relation on a set of thermodynamic objects, we establish that a large class of irreversible pattern-forming systems, evolving along idealized quasisteady paths, approaches the stable steady state as a mapping upon the formal deductive imperatives of a propositional function calculus. In the preamble the classical reversible thermodynamics of composite systems is analyzed as an externally manipulated system of space partitioning and classification based on ideal enclosures and diaphragms. The diaphragms have discrete classification capabilities which are designated in relation to conserved quantities by descriptors such as impervious, diathermal, and adiabatic. Differentiability in the continuum thermodynamic calculus is invoked as equivalent to analyticity and consistency in the underlying class or sentential calculus. The seat of inference, however, rests with the thermodynamicist. In the transition to an irreversible pattern-forming system the defined nature of the composite reservoirs remains, but a given diaphragm is replaced by a pattern-forming system which by its nature is a spontaneously evolving volume partitioner and classifier of invariants. The seat of volition or inference for the classification system is thus transferred from the experimenter or theoretician to the diaphragm, and with it the full deductive facility. The equivalence relations or partitions associated with the emerging patterns may thus be associated with theorems of the natural pattern-forming calculus. The entropy function, together with its derivatives, is the vehicle which relates the logistics of reservoirs and diaphragms to the analog logistics of the continuum. Maximum path probability or second-order differentiability of the entropy in isolation are
10. Maximum entropy decomposition of quadrupole mass spectra
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Toussaint, U. von; Dose, V.; Golan, A.
2004-01-01
We present an information-theoretic method called generalized maximum entropy (GME) for decomposing mass spectra of gas mixtures from noisy measurements. In this GME approach to the noisy, underdetermined inverse problem, the joint entropies of concentration, cracking, and noise probabilities are maximized subject to the measured data. This provides a robust estimation for the unknown cracking patterns and the concentrations of the contributing molecules. The method is applied to mass spectroscopic data of hydrocarbons, and the estimates are compared with those received from a Bayesian approach. We show that the GME method is efficient and is computationally fast
11. Maximum power operation of interacting molecular motors
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Golubeva, Natalia; Imparato, Alberto
2013-01-01
, as compared to the non-interacting system, in a wide range of biologically compatible scenarios. We furthermore consider the case where the motor-motor interaction directly affects the internal chemical cycle and investigate the effect on the system dynamics and thermodynamics.......We study the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of different traffic models for kinesin which are relevant in biological and experimental contexts. We find that motor-motor interactions play a fundamental role by enhancing the thermodynamic efficiency at maximum power of the motors...
12. Maximum entropy method in momentum density reconstruction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dobrzynski, L.; Holas, A.
1997-01-01
The Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) is applied to the reconstruction of the 3-dimensional electron momentum density distributions observed through the set of Compton profiles measured along various crystallographic directions. It is shown that the reconstruction of electron momentum density may be reliably carried out with the aid of simple iterative algorithm suggested originally by Collins. A number of distributions has been simulated in order to check the performance of MEM. It is shown that MEM can be recommended as a model-free approach. (author). 13 refs, 1 fig
13. On the maximum drawdown during speculative bubbles
Science.gov (United States)
Rotundo, Giulia; Navarra, Mauro
2007-08-01
A taxonomy of large financial crashes proposed in the literature locates the burst of speculative bubbles due to endogenous causes in the framework of extreme stock market crashes, defined as falls of market prices that are outlier with respect to the bulk of drawdown price movement distribution. This paper goes on deeper in the analysis providing a further characterization of the rising part of such selected bubbles through the examination of drawdown and maximum drawdown movement of indices prices. The analysis of drawdown duration is also performed and it is the core of the risk measure estimated here.
14. Multi-Channel Maximum Likelihood Pitch Estimation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Christensen, Mads Græsbøll
2012-01-01
In this paper, a method for multi-channel pitch estimation is proposed. The method is a maximum likelihood estimator and is based on a parametric model where the signals in the various channels share the same fundamental frequency but can have different amplitudes, phases, and noise characteristics....... This essentially means that the model allows for different conditions in the various channels, like different signal-to-noise ratios, microphone characteristics and reverberation. Moreover, the method does not assume that a certain array structure is used but rather relies on a more general model and is hence...
15. Conductivity maximum in a charged colloidal suspension
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bastea, S
2009-01-27
Molecular dynamics simulations of a charged colloidal suspension in the salt-free regime show that the system exhibits an electrical conductivity maximum as a function of colloid charge. We attribute this behavior to two main competing effects: colloid effective charge saturation due to counterion 'condensation' and diffusion slowdown due to the relaxation effect. In agreement with previous observations, we also find that the effective transported charge is larger than the one determined by the Stern layer and suggest that it corresponds to the boundary fluid layer at the surface of the colloidal particles.
16. Dynamical maximum entropy approach to flocking.
Science.gov (United States)
Cavagna, Andrea; Giardina, Irene; Ginelli, Francesco; Mora, Thierry; Piovani, Duccio; Tavarone, Raffaele; Walczak, Aleksandra M
2014-04-01
We derive a new method to infer from data the out-of-equilibrium alignment dynamics of collectively moving animal groups, by considering the maximum entropy model distribution consistent with temporal and spatial correlations of flight direction. When bird neighborhoods evolve rapidly, this dynamical inference correctly learns the parameters of the model, while a static one relying only on the spatial correlations fails. When neighbors change slowly and the detailed balance is satisfied, we recover the static procedure. We demonstrate the validity of the method on simulated data. The approach is applicable to other systems of active matter.
17. Maximum Temperature Detection System for Integrated Circuits
Science.gov (United States)
Frankiewicz, Maciej; Kos, Andrzej
2015-03-01
The paper describes structure and measurement results of the system detecting present maximum temperature on the surface of an integrated circuit. The system consists of the set of proportional to absolute temperature sensors, temperature processing path and a digital part designed in VHDL. Analogue parts of the circuit where designed with full-custom technique. The system is a part of temperature-controlled oscillator circuit - a power management system based on dynamic frequency scaling method. The oscillator cooperates with microprocessor dedicated for thermal experiments. The whole system is implemented in UMC CMOS 0.18 μm (1.8 V) technology.
18. Maximum entropy PDF projection: A review
Science.gov (United States)
Baggenstoss, Paul M.
2017-06-01
We review maximum entropy (MaxEnt) PDF projection, a method with wide potential applications in statistical inference. The method constructs a sampling distribution for a high-dimensional vector x based on knowing the sampling distribution p(z) of a lower-dimensional feature z = T (x). Under mild conditions, the distribution p(x) having highest possible entropy among all distributions consistent with p(z) may be readily found. Furthermore, the MaxEnt p(x) may be sampled, making the approach useful in Monte Carlo methods. We review the theorem and present a case study in model order selection and classification for handwritten character recognition.
19. Multiperiod Maximum Loss is time unit invariant.
Science.gov (United States)
Kovacevic, Raimund M; Breuer, Thomas
2016-01-01
Time unit invariance is introduced as an additional requirement for multiperiod risk measures: for a constant portfolio under an i.i.d. risk factor process, the multiperiod risk should equal the one period risk of the aggregated loss, for an appropriate choice of parameters and independent of the portfolio and its distribution. Multiperiod Maximum Loss over a sequence of Kullback-Leibler balls is time unit invariant. This is also the case for the entropic risk measure. On the other hand, multiperiod Value at Risk and multiperiod Expected Shortfall are not time unit invariant.
20. Maximum a posteriori decoder for digital communications
Science.gov (United States)
Altes, Richard A. (Inventor)
1997-01-01
A system and method for decoding by identification of the most likely phase coded signal corresponding to received data. The present invention has particular application to communication with signals that experience spurious random phase perturbations. The generalized estimator-correlator uses a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator to generate phase estimates for correlation with incoming data samples and for correlation with mean phases indicative of unique hypothesized signals. The result is a MAP likelihood statistic for each hypothesized transmission, wherein the highest value statistic identifies the transmitted signal.
1. Improved Maximum Parsimony Models for Phylogenetic Networks.
Science.gov (United States)
Van Iersel, Leo; Jones, Mark; Scornavacca, Celine
2018-05-01
Phylogenetic networks are well suited to represent evolutionary histories comprising reticulate evolution. Several methods aiming at reconstructing explicit phylogenetic networks have been developed in the last two decades. In this article, we propose a new definition of maximum parsimony for phylogenetic networks that permits to model biological scenarios that cannot be modeled by the definitions currently present in the literature (namely, the "hardwired" and "softwired" parsimony). Building on this new definition, we provide several algorithmic results that lay the foundations for new parsimony-based methods for phylogenetic network reconstruction.
2. Ancestral sequence reconstruction with Maximum Parsimony
OpenAIRE
Herbst, Lina; Fischer, Mareike
2017-01-01
One of the main aims in phylogenetics is the estimation of ancestral sequences based on present-day data like, for instance, DNA alignments. One way to estimate the data of the last common ancestor of a given set of species is to first reconstruct a phylogenetic tree with some tree inference method and then to use some method of ancestral state inference based on that tree. One of the best-known methods both for tree inference as well as for ancestral sequence inference is Maximum Parsimony (...
3. Efficient heuristics for maximum common substructure search.
Science.gov (United States)
Englert, Péter; Kovács, Péter
2015-05-26
Maximum common substructure search is a computationally hard optimization problem with diverse applications in the field of cheminformatics, including similarity search, lead optimization, molecule alignment, and clustering. Most of these applications have strict constraints on running time, so heuristic methods are often preferred. However, the development of an algorithm that is both fast enough and accurate enough for most practical purposes is still a challenge. Moreover, in some applications, the quality of a common substructure depends not only on its size but also on various topological features of the one-to-one atom correspondence it defines. Two state-of-the-art heuristic algorithms for finding maximum common substructures have been implemented at ChemAxon Ltd., and effective heuristics have been developed to improve both their efficiency and the relevance of the atom mappings they provide. The implementations have been thoroughly evaluated and compared with existing solutions (KCOMBU and Indigo). The heuristics have been found to greatly improve the performance and applicability of the algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the applied methods and present the experimental results.
4. Optimal Portfolio Strategy under Rolling Economic Maximum Drawdown Constraints
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Xiaojian Yu
2014-01-01
Full Text Available This paper deals with the problem of optimal portfolio strategy under the constraints of rolling economic maximum drawdown. A more practical strategy is developed by using rolling Sharpe ratio in computing the allocation proportion in contrast to existing models. Besides, another novel strategy named “REDP strategy” is further proposed, which replaces the rolling economic drawdown of the portfolio with the rolling economic drawdown of the risky asset. The simulation tests prove that REDP strategy can ensure the portfolio to satisfy the drawdown constraint and outperforms other strategies significantly. An empirical comparison research on the performances of different strategies is carried out by using the 23-year monthly data of SPTR, DJUBS, and 3-month T-bill. The investment cases of single risky asset and two risky assets are both studied in this paper. Empirical results indicate that the REDP strategy successfully controls the maximum drawdown within the given limit and performs best in both return and risk.
5. LensEnt2: Maximum-entropy weak lens reconstruction
Science.gov (United States)
Marshall, P. J.; Hobson, M. P.; Gull, S. F.; Bridle, S. L.
2013-08-01
LensEnt2 is a maximum entropy reconstructor of weak lensing mass maps. The method takes each galaxy shape as an independent estimator of the reduced shear field and incorporates an intrinsic smoothness, determined by Bayesian methods, into the reconstruction. The uncertainties from both the intrinsic distribution of galaxy shapes and galaxy shape estimation are carried through to the final mass reconstruction, and the mass within arbitrarily shaped apertures are calculated with corresponding uncertainties. The input is a galaxy ellipticity catalog with each measured galaxy shape treated as a noisy tracer of the reduced shear field, which is inferred on a fine pixel grid assuming positivity, and smoothness on scales of w arcsec where w is an input parameter. The ICF width w can be chosen by computing the evidence for it.
6. Maximum entropy reconstructions for crystallographic imaging; Cristallographie et reconstruction d`images par maximum d`entropie
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Papoular, R
1997-07-01
The Fourier Transform is of central importance to Crystallography since it allows the visualization in real space of tridimensional scattering densities pertaining to physical systems from diffraction data (powder or single-crystal diffraction, using x-rays, neutrons, electrons or else). In turn, this visualization makes it possible to model and parametrize these systems, the crystal structures of which are eventually refined by Least-Squares techniques (e.g., the Rietveld method in the case of Powder Diffraction). The Maximum Entropy Method (sometimes called MEM or MaxEnt) is a general imaging technique, related to solving ill-conditioned inverse problems. It is ideally suited for tackling undetermined systems of linear questions (for which the number of variables is much larger than the number of equations). It is already being applied successfully in Astronomy, Radioastronomy and Medical Imaging. The advantages of using MAXIMUM Entropy over conventional Fourier and `difference Fourier` syntheses stem from the following facts: MaxEnt takes the experimental error bars into account; MaxEnt incorporate Prior Knowledge (e.g., the positivity of the scattering density in some instances); MaxEnt allows density reconstructions from incompletely phased data, as well as from overlapping Bragg reflections; MaxEnt substantially reduces truncation errors to which conventional experimental Fourier reconstructions are usually prone. The principles of Maximum Entropy imaging as applied to Crystallography are first presented. The method is then illustrated by a detailed example specific to Neutron Diffraction: the search for proton in solids. (author). 17 refs.
7. Hydraulic Limits on Maximum Plant Transpiration
Science.gov (United States)
Manzoni, S.; Vico, G.; Katul, G. G.; Palmroth, S.; Jackson, R. B.; Porporato, A. M.
2011-12-01
Photosynthesis occurs at the expense of water losses through transpiration. As a consequence of this basic carbon-water interaction at the leaf level, plant growth and ecosystem carbon exchanges are tightly coupled to transpiration. In this contribution, the hydraulic constraints that limit transpiration rates under well-watered conditions are examined across plant functional types and climates. The potential water flow through plants is proportional to both xylem hydraulic conductivity (which depends on plant carbon economy) and the difference in water potential between the soil and the atmosphere (the driving force that pulls water from the soil). Differently from previous works, we study how this potential flux changes with the amplitude of the driving force (i.e., we focus on xylem properties and not on stomatal regulation). Xylem hydraulic conductivity decreases as the driving force increases due to cavitation of the tissues. As a result of this negative feedback, more negative leaf (and xylem) water potentials would provide a stronger driving force for water transport, while at the same time limiting xylem hydraulic conductivity due to cavitation. Here, the leaf water potential value that allows an optimum balance between driving force and xylem conductivity is quantified, thus defining the maximum transpiration rate that can be sustained by the soil-to-leaf hydraulic system. To apply the proposed framework at the global scale, a novel database of xylem conductivity and cavitation vulnerability across plant types and biomes is developed. Conductivity and water potential at 50% cavitation are shown to be complementary (in particular between angiosperms and conifers), suggesting a tradeoff between transport efficiency and hydraulic safety. Plants from warmer and drier biomes tend to achieve larger maximum transpiration than plants growing in environments with lower atmospheric water demand. The predicted maximum transpiration and the corresponding leaf water
8. Analogue of Pontryagin's maximum principle for multiple integrals minimization problems
OpenAIRE
Mikhail, Zelikin
2016-01-01
The theorem like Pontryagin's maximum principle for multiple integrals is proved. Unlike the usual maximum principle, the maximum should be taken not over all matrices, but only on matrices of rank one. Examples are given.
9. Lake Basin Fetch and Maximum Length/Width
Data.gov (United States)
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources — Linear features representing the Fetch, Maximum Length and Maximum Width of a lake basin. Fetch, maximum length and average width are calcuated from the lake polygon...
10. Maximum Profit Configurations of Commercial Engines
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yiran Chen
2011-06-01
Full Text Available An investigation of commercial engines with finite capacity low- and high-price economic subsystems and a generalized commodity transfer law [n ∝ Δ (P m] in commodity flow processes, in which effects of the price elasticities of supply and demand are introduced, is presented in this paper. Optimal cycle configurations of commercial engines for maximum profit are obtained by applying optimal control theory. In some special cases, the eventual state—market equilibrium—is solely determined by the initial conditions and the inherent characteristics of two subsystems; while the different ways of transfer affect the model in respects of the specific forms of the paths of prices and the instantaneous commodity flow, i.e., the optimal configuration.
11. The worst case complexity of maximum parsimony.
Science.gov (United States)
Carmel, Amir; Musa-Lempel, Noa; Tsur, Dekel; Ziv-Ukelson, Michal
2014-11-01
One of the core classical problems in computational biology is that of constructing the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree interpreting an input set of sequences from the genomes of evolutionarily related organisms. We reexamine the classical maximum parsimony (MP) optimization problem for the general (asymmetric) scoring matrix case, where rooted phylogenies are implied, and analyze the worst case bounds of three approaches to MP: The approach of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards, the approach of Hendy and Penny, and a new agglomerative, "bottom-up" approach we present in this article. We show that the second and third approaches are faster than the first one by a factor of Θ(√n) and Θ(n), respectively, where n is the number of species.
12. Modelling maximum likelihood estimation of availability
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Waller, R.A.; Tietjen, G.L.; Rock, G.W.
1975-01-01
Suppose the performance of a nuclear powered electrical generating power plant is continuously monitored to record the sequence of failure and repairs during sustained operation. The purpose of this study is to assess one method of estimating the performance of the power plant when the measure of performance is availability. That is, we determine the probability that the plant is operational at time t. To study the availability of a power plant, we first assume statistical models for the variables, X and Y, which denote the time-to-failure and the time-to-repair variables, respectively. Once those statistical models are specified, the availability, A(t), can be expressed as a function of some or all of their parameters. Usually those parameters are unknown in practice and so A(t) is unknown. This paper discusses the maximum likelihood estimator of A(t) when the time-to-failure model for X is an exponential density with parameter, lambda, and the time-to-repair model for Y is an exponential density with parameter, theta. Under the assumption of exponential models for X and Y, it follows that the instantaneous availability at time t is A(t)=lambda/(lambda+theta)+theta/(lambda+theta)exp[-[(1/lambda)+(1/theta)]t] with t>0. Also, the steady-state availability is A(infinity)=lambda/(lambda+theta). We use the observations from n failure-repair cycles of the power plant, say X 1 , X 2 , ..., Xsub(n), Y 1 , Y 2 , ..., Ysub(n) to present the maximum likelihood estimators of A(t) and A(infinity). The exact sampling distributions for those estimators and some statistical properties are discussed before a simulation model is used to determine 95% simulation intervals for A(t). The methodology is applied to two examples which approximate the operating history of two nuclear power plants. (author)
13. Mid-depth temperature maximum in an estuarine lake
Science.gov (United States)
Stepanenko, V. M.; Repina, I. A.; Artamonov, A. Yu; Gorin, S. L.; Lykossov, V. N.; Kulyamin, D. V.
2018-03-01
The mid-depth temperature maximum (TeM) was measured in an estuarine Bol’shoi Vilyui Lake (Kamchatka peninsula, Russia) in summer 2015. We applied 1D k-ɛ model LAKE to the case, and found it successfully simulating the phenomenon. We argue that the main prerequisite for mid-depth TeM development is a salinity increase below the freshwater mixed layer, sharp enough in order to increase the temperature with depth not to cause convective mixing and double diffusion there. Given that this condition is satisfied, the TeM magnitude is controlled by physical factors which we identified as: radiation absorption below the mixed layer, mixed-layer temperature dynamics, vertical heat conduction and water-sediments heat exchange. In addition to these, we formulate the mechanism of temperature maximum ‘pumping’, resulting from the phase shift between diurnal cycles of mixed-layer depth and temperature maximum magnitude. Based on the LAKE model results we quantify the contribution of the above listed mechanisms and find their individual significance highly sensitive to water turbidity. Relying on physical mechanisms identified we define environmental conditions favouring the summertime TeM development in salinity-stratified lakes as: small-mixed layer depth (roughly, ~wind and cloudless weather. We exemplify the effect of mixed-layer depth on TeM by a set of selected lakes.
14. A maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic-SPE system using a maximum current controller
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Muhida, Riza [Osaka Univ., Dept. of Physical Science, Toyonaka, Osaka (Japan); Osaka Univ., Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Suita, Osaka (Japan); Park, Minwon; Dakkak, Mohammed; Matsuura, Kenji [Osaka Univ., Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Suita, Osaka (Japan); Tsuyoshi, Akira; Michira, Masakazu [Kobe City College of Technology, Nishi-ku, Kobe (Japan)
2003-02-01
Processes to produce hydrogen from solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered water electrolysis using solid polymer electrolysis (SPE) are reported. An alternative control of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in the PV-SPE system based on the maximum current searching methods has been designed and implemented. Based on the characteristics of voltage-current and theoretical analysis of SPE, it can be shown that the tracking of the maximum current output of DC-DC converter in SPE side will track the MPPT of photovoltaic panel simultaneously. This method uses a proportional integrator controller to control the duty factor of DC-DC converter with pulse-width modulator (PWM). The MPPT performance and hydrogen production performance of this method have been evaluated and discussed based on the results of the experiment. (Author)
15. Maximum entropy principle and hydrodynamic models in statistical mechanics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Trovato, M.; Reggiani, L.
2012-01-01
This review presents the state of the art of the maximum entropy principle (MEP) in its classical and quantum (QMEP) formulation. Within the classical MEP we overview a general theory able to provide, in a dynamical context, the macroscopic relevant variables for carrier transport in the presence of electric fields of arbitrary strength. For the macroscopic variables the linearized maximum entropy approach is developed including full-band effects within a total energy scheme. Under spatially homogeneous conditions, we construct a closed set of hydrodynamic equations for the small-signal (dynamic) response of the macroscopic variables. The coupling between the driving field and the energy dissipation is analyzed quantitatively by using an arbitrary number of moments of the distribution function. Analogously, the theoretical approach is applied to many one-dimensional n + nn + submicron Si structures by using different band structure models, different doping profiles, different applied biases and is validated by comparing numerical calculations with ensemble Monte Carlo simulations and with available experimental data. Within the quantum MEP we introduce a quantum entropy functional of the reduced density matrix, the principle of quantum maximum entropy is then asserted as fundamental principle of quantum statistical mechanics. Accordingly, we have developed a comprehensive theoretical formalism to construct rigorously a closed quantum hydrodynamic transport within a Wigner function approach. The theory is formulated both in thermodynamic equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions, and the quantum contributions are obtained by only assuming that the Lagrange multipliers can be expanded in powers of ħ 2 , being ħ the reduced Planck constant. In particular, by using an arbitrary number of moments, we prove that: i) on a macroscopic scale all nonlocal effects, compatible with the uncertainty principle, are imputable to high-order spatial derivatives both of the
16. Testing Significance Testing
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Joachim I. Krueger
2018-04-01
Full Text Available The practice of Significance Testing (ST remains widespread in psychological science despite continual criticism of its flaws and abuses. Using simulation experiments, we address four concerns about ST and for two of these we compare ST’s performance with prominent alternatives. We find the following: First, the 'p' values delivered by ST predict the posterior probability of the tested hypothesis well under many research conditions. Second, low 'p' values support inductive inferences because they are most likely to occur when the tested hypothesis is false. Third, 'p' values track likelihood ratios without raising the uncertainties of relative inference. Fourth, 'p' values predict the replicability of research findings better than confidence intervals do. Given these results, we conclude that 'p' values may be used judiciously as a heuristic tool for inductive inference. Yet, 'p' values cannot bear the full burden of inference. We encourage researchers to be flexible in their selection and use of statistical methods.
17. Safety significance evaluation system
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lew, B.S.; Yee, D.; Brewer, W.K.; Quattro, P.J.; Kirby, K.D.
1991-01-01
This paper reports that the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG and E), in cooperation with ABZ, Incorporated and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), investigated the use of artificial intelligence-based programming techniques to assist utility personnel in regulatory compliance problems. The result of this investigation is that artificial intelligence-based programming techniques can successfully be applied to this problem. To demonstrate this, a general methodology was developed and several prototype systems based on this methodology were developed. The prototypes address U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) event reportability requirements, technical specification compliance based on plant equipment status, and quality assurance assistance. This collection of prototype modules is named the safety significance evaluation system
18. Predicting significant torso trauma.
Science.gov (United States)
Nirula, Ram; Talmor, Daniel; Brasel, Karen
2005-07-01
Identification of motor vehicle crash (MVC) characteristics associated with thoracoabdominal injury would advance the development of automatic crash notification systems (ACNS) by improving triage and response times. Our objective was to determine the relationships between MVC characteristics and thoracoabdominal trauma to develop a torso injury probability model. Drivers involved in crashes from 1993 to 2001 within the National Automotive Sampling System were reviewed. Relationships between torso injury and MVC characteristics were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the model to current ACNS models. There were a total of 56,466 drivers. Age, ejection, braking, avoidance, velocity, restraints, passenger-side impact, rollover, and vehicle weight and type were associated with injury (p < 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (83.9) was significantly greater than current ACNS models. We have developed a thoracoabdominal injury probability model that may improve patient triage when used with ACNS.
19. Gas revenue increasingly significant
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Megill, R.E.
1991-01-01
This paper briefly describes the wellhead prices of natural gas compared to crude oil over the past 70 years. Although natural gas prices have never reached price parity with crude oil, the relative value of a gas BTU has been increasing. It is one of the reasons that the total amount of money coming from natural gas wells is becoming more significant. From 1920 to 1955 the revenue at the wellhead for natural gas was only about 10% of the money received by producers. Most of the money needed for exploration, development, and production came from crude oil. At present, however, over 40% of the money from the upstream portion of the petroleum industry is from natural gas. As a result, in a few short years natural gas may become 50% of the money revenues generated from wellhead production facilities
20. Thermodynamic and Dynamic Causes of Pluvial Conditions During the Last Glacial Maximum in Western North America
Science.gov (United States)
Morrill, Carrie; Lowry, Daniel P.; Hoell, Andrew
2018-01-01
During the last glacial period, precipitation minus evaporation increased across the currently arid western United States. These pluvial conditions have been commonly explained for decades by a southward deflection of the jet stream by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Here analysis of state-of-the-art coupled climate models shows that effects of the Laurentide Ice Sheet on the mean circulation were more important than storm track changes in generating wet conditions. Namely, strong cooling by the ice sheet significantly reduced humidity over land, increasing moisture advection in the westerlies due to steepened humidity gradients. Additionally, the removal of moisture from the atmosphere by mass divergence associated with the subtropical high was diminished at the Last Glacial Maximum compared to present. These same dynamic and thermodynamic factors, working in the opposite direction, are projected to cause regional drying in western North America under increased greenhouse gas concentrations, indicating continuity from past to future in the mechanisms altering hydroclimate.
1. Investigation of the maximum load alleviation potential using trailing edge flaps controlled by inflow data
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Fischer, Andreas; Aagaard Madsen, Helge
2014-01-01
The maximum fatigue load reduction potential when using trailing edge flaps on mega-watt wind turbines was explored. For this purpose an ideal feed forward control algorithm using the relative velocity and angle of attack at the blade to control the loads was implemented. The algorithm was applied...... to time series from computations with the aeroelastic code HAWC2 and to measured time series. The fatigue loads could be reduced by 36% in the computations if the in flow sensor was at the same position as the blade load. The decrease of the load reduction potential when the sensor was at a distance from...... the blade load location was investigated. When the algorithm was applied to measured time series a load reduction of 23% was achieved which is still promissing, but significantly lower than the value achieved in computations....
2. Estimating Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) Canopy Cover Using GPS/GIS Technology
Science.gov (United States)
Tyler J. Tran; Katherine J. Elliott
2012-01-01
In the southern Appalachians, Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) is a key evergreen understory species, often forming a subcanopy in forest stands. Little is known about the significance of R. maximum cover in relation to other forest structural variables. Only recently have studies used Global Positioning System (GPS) technology...
3. Tumor significant dose
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Supe, S.J.; Nagalaxmi, K.V.; Meenakshi, L.
1983-01-01
In the practice of radiotherapy, various concepts like NSD, CRE, TDF, and BIR are being used to evaluate the biological effectiveness of the treatment schedules on the normal tissues. This has been accepted as the tolerance of the normal tissue is the limiting factor in the treatment of cancers. At present when various schedules are tried, attention is therefore paid to the biological damage of the normal tissues only and it is expected that the damage to the cancerous tissues would be extensive enough to control the cancer. Attempt is made in the present work to evaluate the concent of tumor significant dose (TSD) which will represent the damage to the cancerous tissue. Strandquist in the analysis of a large number of cases of squamous cell carcinoma found that for the 5 fraction/week treatment, the total dose required to bring about the same damage for the cancerous tissue is proportional to T/sup -0.22/, where T is the overall time over which the dose is delivered. Using this finding the TSD was defined as DxN/sup -p/xT/sup -q/, where D is the total dose, N the number of fractions, T the overall time p and q are the exponents to be suitably chosen. The values of p and q are adjusted such that p+q< or =0.24, and p varies from 0.0 to 0.24 and q varies from 0.0 to 0.22. Cases of cancer of cervix uteri treated between 1978 and 1980 in the V. N. Cancer Centre, Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital, Coimbatore, India were analyzed on the basis of these formulations. These data, coupled with the clinical experience, were used for choice of a formula for the TSD. Further, the dose schedules used in the British Institute of Radiology fraction- ation studies were also used to propose that the tumor significant dose is represented by DxN/sup -0.18/xT/sup -0.06/
4. Maximum mass of magnetic white dwarfs
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Paret, Daryel Manreza; Horvath, Jorge Ernesto; Martínez, Aurora Perez
2015-01-01
We revisit the problem of the maximum masses of magnetized white dwarfs (WDs). The impact of a strong magnetic field on the structure equations is addressed. The pressures become anisotropic due to the presence of the magnetic field and split into parallel and perpendicular components. We first construct stable solutions of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations for parallel pressures and find that physical solutions vanish for the perpendicular pressure when B ≳ 10 13 G. This fact establishes an upper bound for a magnetic field and the stability of the configurations in the (quasi) spherical approximation. Our findings also indicate that it is not possible to obtain stable magnetized WDs with super-Chandrasekhar masses because the values of the magnetic field needed for them are higher than this bound. To proceed into the anisotropic regime, we can apply results for structure equations appropriate for a cylindrical metric with anisotropic pressures that were derived in our previous work. From the solutions of the structure equations in cylindrical symmetry we have confirmed the same bound for B ∼ 10 13 G, since beyond this value no physical solutions are possible. Our tentative conclusion is that massive WDs with masses well beyond the Chandrasekhar limit do not constitute stable solutions and should not exist. (paper)
5. TRENDS IN ESTIMATED MIXING DEPTH DAILY MAXIMUMS
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Buckley, R; Amy DuPont, A; Robert Kurzeja, R; Matt Parker, M
2007-11-12
Mixing depth is an important quantity in the determination of air pollution concentrations. Fireweather forecasts depend strongly on estimates of the mixing depth as a means of determining the altitude and dilution (ventilation rates) of smoke plumes. The Savannah River United States Forest Service (USFS) routinely conducts prescribed fires at the Savannah River Site (SRS), a heavily wooded Department of Energy (DOE) facility located in southwest South Carolina. For many years, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has provided forecasts of weather conditions in support of the fire program, including an estimated mixing depth using potential temperature and turbulence change with height at a given location. This paper examines trends in the average estimated mixing depth daily maximum at the SRS over an extended period of time (4.75 years) derived from numerical atmospheric simulations using two versions of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This allows for differences to be seen between the model versions, as well as trends on a multi-year time frame. In addition, comparisons of predicted mixing depth for individual days in which special balloon soundings were released are also discussed.
6. Mammographic image restoration using maximum entropy deconvolution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jannetta, A; Jackson, J C; Kotre, C J; Birch, I P; Robson, K J; Padgett, R
2004-01-01
An image restoration approach based on a Bayesian maximum entropy method (MEM) has been applied to a radiological image deconvolution problem, that of reduction of geometric blurring in magnification mammography. The aim of the work is to demonstrate an improvement in image spatial resolution in realistic noisy radiological images with no associated penalty in terms of reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio perceived by the observer. Images of the TORMAM mammographic image quality phantom were recorded using the standard magnification settings of 1.8 magnification/fine focus and also at 1.8 magnification/broad focus and 3.0 magnification/fine focus; the latter two arrangements would normally give rise to unacceptable geometric blurring. Measured point-spread functions were used in conjunction with the MEM image processing to de-blur these images. The results are presented as comparative images of phantom test features and as observer scores for the raw and processed images. Visualization of high resolution features and the total image scores for the test phantom were improved by the application of the MEM processing. It is argued that this successful demonstration of image de-blurring in noisy radiological images offers the possibility of weakening the link between focal spot size and geometric blurring in radiology, thus opening up new approaches to system optimization
7. Maximum Margin Clustering of Hyperspectral Data
Science.gov (United States)
Niazmardi, S.; Safari, A.; Homayouni, S.
2013-09-01
In recent decades, large margin methods such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are supposed to be the state-of-the-art of supervised learning methods for classification of hyperspectral data. However, the results of these algorithms mainly depend on the quality and quantity of available training data. To tackle down the problems associated with the training data, the researcher put effort into extending the capability of large margin algorithms for unsupervised learning. One of the recent proposed algorithms is Maximum Margin Clustering (MMC). The MMC is an unsupervised SVMs algorithm that simultaneously estimates both the labels and the hyperplane parameters. Nevertheless, the optimization of the MMC algorithm is a non-convex problem. Most of the existing MMC methods rely on the reformulating and the relaxing of the non-convex optimization problem as semi-definite programs (SDP), which are computationally very expensive and only can handle small data sets. Moreover, most of these algorithms are two-class classification, which cannot be used for classification of remotely sensed data. In this paper, a new MMC algorithm is used that solve the original non-convex problem using Alternative Optimization method. This algorithm is also extended for multi-class classification and its performance is evaluated. The results of the proposed algorithm show that the algorithm has acceptable results for hyperspectral data clustering.
8. Paving the road to maximum productivity.
Science.gov (United States)
Holland, C
1998-01-01
"Job security" is an oxymoron in today's environment of downsizing, mergers, and acquisitions. Workers find themselves living by new rules in the workplace that they may not understand. How do we cope? It is the leader's charge to take advantage of this chaos and create conditions under which his or her people can understand the need for change and come together with a shared purpose to effect that change. The clinical laboratory at Arkansas Children's Hospital has taken advantage of this chaos to down-size and to redesign how the work gets done to pave the road to maximum productivity. After initial hourly cutbacks, the workers accepted the cold, hard fact that they would never get their old world back. They set goals to proactively shape their new world through reorganizing, flexing staff with workload, creating a rapid response laboratory, exploiting information technology, and outsourcing. Today the laboratory is a lean, productive machine that accepts change as a way of life. We have learned to adapt, trust, and support each other as we have journeyed together over the rough roads. We are looking forward to paving a new fork in the road to the future.
9. Maximum power flux of auroral kilometric radiation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Benson, R.F.; Fainberg, J.
1991-01-01
The maximum auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) power flux observed by distant satellites has been increased by more than a factor of 10 from previously reported values. This increase has been achieved by a new data selection criterion and a new analysis of antenna spin modulated signals received by the radio astronomy instrument on ISEE 3. The method relies on selecting AKR events containing signals in the highest-frequency channel (1980, kHz), followed by a careful analysis that effectively increased the instrumental dynamic range by more than 20 dB by making use of the spacecraft antenna gain diagram during a spacecraft rotation. This analysis has allowed the separation of real signals from those created in the receiver by overloading. Many signals having the appearance of AKR harmonic signals were shown to be of spurious origin. During one event, however, real second harmonic AKR signals were detected even though the spacecraft was at a great distance (17 R E ) from Earth. During another event, when the spacecraft was at the orbital distance of the Moon and on the morning side of Earth, the power flux of fundamental AKR was greater than 3 x 10 -13 W m -2 Hz -1 at 360 kHz normalized to a radial distance r of 25 R E assuming the power falls off as r -2 . A comparison of these intense signal levels with the most intense source region values (obtained by ISIS 1 and Viking) suggests that multiple sources were observed by ISEE 3
10. Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction with Maximum Parsimony.
Science.gov (United States)
Herbst, Lina; Fischer, Mareike
2017-12-01
One of the main aims in phylogenetics is the estimation of ancestral sequences based on present-day data like, for instance, DNA alignments. One way to estimate the data of the last common ancestor of a given set of species is to first reconstruct a phylogenetic tree with some tree inference method and then to use some method of ancestral state inference based on that tree. One of the best-known methods both for tree inference and for ancestral sequence inference is Maximum Parsimony (MP). In this manuscript, we focus on this method and on ancestral state inference for fully bifurcating trees. In particular, we investigate a conjecture published by Charleston and Steel in 1995 concerning the number of species which need to have a particular state, say a, at a particular site in order for MP to unambiguously return a as an estimate for the state of the last common ancestor. We prove the conjecture for all even numbers of character states, which is the most relevant case in biology. We also show that the conjecture does not hold in general for odd numbers of character states, but also present some positive results for this case.
11. Uranium chemistry: significant advances
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mazzanti, M.
2011-01-01
The author reviews recent progress in uranium chemistry achieved in CEA laboratories. Like its neighbors in the Mendeleev chart uranium undergoes hydrolysis, oxidation and disproportionation reactions which make the chemistry of these species in water highly complex. The study of the chemistry of uranium in an anhydrous medium has led to correlate the structural and electronic differences observed in the interaction of uranium(III) and the lanthanides(III) with nitrogen or sulfur molecules and the effectiveness of these molecules in An(III)/Ln(III) separation via liquid-liquid extraction. Recent work on the redox reactivity of trivalent uranium U(III) in an organic medium with molecules such as water or an azide ion (N 3 - ) in stoichiometric quantities, led to extremely interesting uranium aggregates particular those involved in actinide migration in the environment or in aggregation problems in the fuel processing cycle. Another significant advance was the discovery of a compound containing the uranyl ion with a degree of oxidation (V) UO 2 + , obtained by oxidation of uranium(III). Recently chemists have succeeded in blocking the disproportionation reaction of uranyl(V) and in stabilizing polymetallic complexes of uranyl(V), opening the way to to a systematic study of the reactivity and the electronic and magnetic properties of uranyl(V) compounds. (A.C.)
12. Meaning and significance of
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ph D Student Roman Mihaela
2011-05-01
Full Text Available The concept of "public accountability" is a challenge for political science as a new concept in this area in full debate and developement ,both in theory and practice. This paper is a theoretical approach of displaying some definitions, relevant meanings and significance odf the concept in political science. The importance of this concept is that although originally it was used as a tool to improve effectiveness and eficiency of public governance, it has gradually become a purpose it itself. "Accountability" has become an image of good governance first in the United States of America then in the European Union.Nevertheless,the concept is vaguely defined and provides ambiguous images of good governance.This paper begins with the presentation of some general meanings of the concept as they emerge from specialized dictionaries and ancyclopaedies and continues with the meanings developed in political science. The concept of "public accontability" is rooted in economics and management literature,becoming increasingly relevant in today's political science both in theory and discourse as well as in practice in formulating and evaluating public policies. A first conclusin that emerges from, the analysis of the evolution of this term is that it requires a conceptual clarification in political science. A clear definition will then enable an appropriate model of proving the system of public accountability in formulating and assessing public policies, in order to implement a system of assessment and monitoring thereof.
13. Influence of maximum bite force on jaw movement during gummy jelly mastication.
Science.gov (United States)
Kuninori, T; Tomonari, H; Uehara, S; Kitashima, F; Yagi, T; Miyawaki, S
2014-05-01
It is known that maximum bite force has various influences on chewing function; however, there have not been studies in which the relationships between maximum bite force and masticatory jaw movement have been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maximum bite force on masticatory jaw movement in subjects with normal occlusion. Thirty young adults (22 men and 8 women; mean age, 22.6 years) with good occlusion were divided into two groups based on whether they had a relatively high or low maximum bite force according to the median. The maximum bite force was determined according to the Dental Prescale System using pressure-sensitive sheets. Jaw movement during mastication of hard gummy jelly (each 5.5 g) on the preferred chewing side was recorded using a six degrees of freedom jaw movement recording system. The motion of the lower incisal point of the mandible was computed, and the mean values of 10 cycles (cycles 2-11) were calculated. A masticatory performance test was conducted using gummy jelly. Subjects with a lower maximum bite force showed increased maximum lateral amplitude, closing distance, width and closing angle; wider masticatory jaw movement; and significantly lower masticatory performance. However, no differences in the maximum vertical or maximum anteroposterior amplitudes were observed between the groups. Although other factors, such as individual morphology, may influence masticatory jaw movement, our results suggest that subjects with a lower maximum bite force show increased lateral jaw motion during mastication. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
14. 49 CFR 230.24 - Maximum allowable stress.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum allowable stress. 230.24 Section 230.24... Allowable Stress § 230.24 Maximum allowable stress. (a) Maximum allowable stress value. The maximum allowable stress value on any component of a steam locomotive boiler shall not exceed 1/4 of the ultimate...
15. 20 CFR 226.52 - Total annuity subject to maximum.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Total annuity subject to maximum. 226.52... COMPUTING EMPLOYEE, SPOUSE, AND DIVORCED SPOUSE ANNUITIES Railroad Retirement Family Maximum § 226.52 Total annuity subject to maximum. The total annuity amount which is compared to the maximum monthly amount to...
16. Bias Correction for the Maximum Likelihood Estimate of Ability. Research Report. ETS RR-05-15
Science.gov (United States)
Zhang, Jinming
2005-01-01
Lord's bias function and the weighted likelihood estimation method are effective in reducing the bias of the maximum likelihood estimate of an examinee's ability under the assumption that the true item parameters are known. This paper presents simulation studies to determine the effectiveness of these two methods in reducing the bias when the item…
17. Significant Radionuclides Determination
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jo A. Ziegler
2001-07-31
The purpose of this calculation is to identify radionuclides that are significant to offsite doses from potential preclosure events for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste expected to be received at the potential Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR). In this calculation, high-level radioactive waste is included in references to DOE SNF. A previous document, ''DOE SNF DBE Offsite Dose Calculations'' (CRWMS M&O 1999b), calculated the source terms and offsite doses for Department of Energy (DOE) and Naval SNF for use in design basis event analyses. This calculation reproduces only DOE SNF work (i.e., no naval SNF work is included in this calculation) created in ''DOE SNF DBE Offsite Dose Calculations'' and expands the calculation to include DOE SNF expected to produce a high dose consequence (even though the quantity of the SNF is expected to be small) and SNF owned by commercial nuclear power producers. The calculation does not address any specific off-normal/DBE event scenarios for receiving, handling, or packaging of SNF. The results of this calculation are developed for comparative analysis to establish the important radionuclides and do not represent the final source terms to be used for license application. This calculation will be used as input to preclosure safety analyses and is performed in accordance with procedure AP-3.12Q, ''Calculations'', and is subject to the requirements of DOE/RW-0333P, ''Quality Assurance Requirements and Description'' (DOE 2000) as determined by the activity evaluation contained in ''Technical Work Plan for: Preclosure Safety Analysis, TWP-MGR-SE-000010'' (CRWMS M&O 2000b) in accordance with procedure AP-2.21Q, ''Quality Determinations and Planning for Scientific, Engineering, and Regulatory Compliance Activities''.
18. A maximum likelihood framework for protein design
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Philippe Hervé
2006-06-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background The aim of protein design is to predict amino-acid sequences compatible with a given target structure. Traditionally envisioned as a purely thermodynamic question, this problem can also be understood in a wider context, where additional constraints are captured by learning the sequence patterns displayed by natural proteins of known conformation. In this latter perspective, however, we still need a theoretical formalization of the question, leading to general and efficient learning methods, and allowing for the selection of fast and accurate objective functions quantifying sequence/structure compatibility. Results We propose a formulation of the protein design problem in terms of model-based statistical inference. Our framework uses the maximum likelihood principle to optimize the unknown parameters of a statistical potential, which we call an inverse potential to contrast with classical potentials used for structure prediction. We propose an implementation based on Markov chain Monte Carlo, in which the likelihood is maximized by gradient descent and is numerically estimated by thermodynamic integration. The fit of the models is evaluated by cross-validation. We apply this to a simple pairwise contact potential, supplemented with a solvent-accessibility term, and show that the resulting models have a better predictive power than currently available pairwise potentials. Furthermore, the model comparison method presented here allows one to measure the relative contribution of each component of the potential, and to choose the optimal number of accessibility classes, which turns out to be much higher than classically considered. Conclusion Altogether, this reformulation makes it possible to test a wide diversity of models, using different forms of potentials, or accounting for other factors than just the constraint of thermodynamic stability. Ultimately, such model-based statistical analyses may help to understand the forces
19. Maximum Entropy Closure of Balance Equations for Miniband Semiconductor Superlattices
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Luis L. Bonilla
2016-07-01
Full Text Available Charge transport in nanosized electronic systems is described by semiclassical or quantum kinetic equations that are often costly to solve numerically and difficult to reduce systematically to macroscopic balance equations for densities, currents, temperatures and other moments of macroscopic variables. The maximum entropy principle can be used to close the system of equations for the moments but its accuracy or range of validity are not always clear. In this paper, we compare numerical solutions of balance equations for nonlinear electron transport in semiconductor superlattices. The equations have been obtained from Boltzmann–Poisson kinetic equations very far from equilibrium for strong fields, either by the maximum entropy principle or by a systematic Chapman–Enskog perturbation procedure. Both approaches produce the same current-voltage characteristic curve for uniform fields. When the superlattices are DC voltage biased in a region where there are stable time periodic solutions corresponding to recycling and motion of electric field pulses, the differences between the numerical solutions produced by numerically solving both types of balance equations are smaller than the expansion parameter used in the perturbation procedure. These results and possible new research venues are discussed.
20. Superfast maximum-likelihood reconstruction for quantum tomography
Science.gov (United States)
Shang, Jiangwei; Zhang, Zhengyun; Ng, Hui Khoon
2017-06-01
Conventional methods for computing maximum-likelihood estimators (MLE) often converge slowly in practical situations, leading to a search for simplifying methods that rely on additional assumptions for their validity. In this work, we provide a fast and reliable algorithm for maximum-likelihood reconstruction that avoids this slow convergence. Our method utilizes the state-of-the-art convex optimization scheme, an accelerated projected-gradient method, that allows one to accommodate the quantum nature of the problem in a different way than in the standard methods. We demonstrate the power of our approach by comparing its performance with other algorithms for n -qubit state tomography. In particular, an eight-qubit situation that purportedly took weeks of computation time in 2005 can now be completed in under a minute for a single set of data, with far higher accuracy than previously possible. This refutes the common claim that MLE reconstruction is slow and reduces the need for alternative methods that often come with difficult-to-verify assumptions. In fact, recent methods assuming Gaussian statistics or relying on compressed sensing ideas are demonstrably inapplicable for the situation under consideration here. Our algorithm can be applied to general optimization problems over the quantum state space; the philosophy of projected gradients can further be utilized for optimization contexts with general constraints.
1. Maximum Correntropy Criterion Kalman Filter for α-Jerk Tracking Model with Non-Gaussian Noise
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bowen Hou
2017-11-01
Full Text Available As one of the most critical issues for target track, α -jerk model is an effective maneuver target track model. Non-Gaussian noises always exist in the track process, which usually lead to inconsistency and divergence of the track filter. A novel Kalman filter is derived and applied on α -jerk tracking model to handle non-Gaussian noise. The weighted least square solution is presented and the standard Kalman filter is deduced firstly. A novel Kalman filter with the weighted least square based on the maximum correntropy criterion is deduced. The robustness of the maximum correntropy criterion is also analyzed with the influence function and compared with the Huber-based filter, and, moreover, the kernel size of Gaussian kernel plays an important role in the filter algorithm. A new adaptive kernel method is proposed in this paper to adjust the parameter in real time. Finally, simulation results indicate the validity and the efficiency of the proposed filter. The comparison study shows that the proposed filter can significantly reduce the noise influence for α -jerk model.
2. Performance of penalized maximum likelihood in estimation of genetic covariances matrices
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Meyer Karin
2011-11-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Estimation of genetic covariance matrices for multivariate problems comprising more than a few traits is inherently problematic, since sampling variation increases dramatically with the number of traits. This paper investigates the efficacy of regularized estimation of covariance components in a maximum likelihood framework, imposing a penalty on the likelihood designed to reduce sampling variation. In particular, penalties that "borrow strength" from the phenotypic covariance matrix are considered. Methods An extensive simulation study was carried out to investigate the reduction in average 'loss', i.e. the deviation in estimated matrices from the population values, and the accompanying bias for a range of parameter values and sample sizes. A number of penalties are examined, penalizing either the canonical eigenvalues or the genetic covariance or correlation matrices. In addition, several strategies to determine the amount of penalization to be applied, i.e. to estimate the appropriate tuning factor, are explored. Results It is shown that substantial reductions in loss for estimates of genetic covariance can be achieved for small to moderate sample sizes. While no penalty performed best overall, penalizing the variance among the estimated canonical eigenvalues on the logarithmic scale or shrinking the genetic towards the phenotypic correlation matrix appeared most advantageous. Estimating the tuning factor using cross-validation resulted in a loss reduction 10 to 15% less than that obtained if population values were known. Applying a mild penalty, chosen so that the deviation in likelihood from the maximum was non-significant, performed as well if not better than cross-validation and can be recommended as a pragmatic strategy. Conclusions Penalized maximum likelihood estimation provides the means to 'make the most' of limited and precious data and facilitates more stable estimation for multi-dimensional analyses. It should
3. Narrow band interference cancelation in OFDM: Astructured maximum likelihood approach
KAUST Repository
Sohail, Muhammad Sadiq
2012-06-01
This paper presents a maximum likelihood (ML) approach to mitigate the effect of narrow band interference (NBI) in a zero padded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ZP-OFDM) system. The NBI is assumed to be time variant and asynchronous with the frequency grid of the ZP-OFDM system. The proposed structure based technique uses the fact that the NBI signal is sparse as compared to the ZP-OFDM signal in the frequency domain. The structure is also useful in reducing the computational complexity of the proposed method. The paper also presents a data aided approach for improved NBI estimation. The suitability of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations. © 2012 IEEE.
4. Maximum entropy networks are more controllable than preferential attachment networks
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hou, Lvlin; Small, Michael; Lao, Songyang
2014-01-01
A maximum entropy (ME) method to generate typical scale-free networks has been recently introduced. We investigate the controllability of ME networks and Barabási–Albert preferential attachment networks. Our experimental results show that ME networks are significantly more easily controlled than BA networks of the same size and the same degree distribution. Moreover, the control profiles are used to provide insight into control properties of both classes of network. We identify and classify the driver nodes and analyze the connectivity of their neighbors. We find that driver nodes in ME networks have fewer mutual neighbors and that their neighbors have lower average degree. We conclude that the properties of the neighbors of driver node sensitively affect the network controllability. Hence, subtle and important structural differences exist between BA networks and typical scale-free networks of the same degree distribution. - Highlights: • The controllability of maximum entropy (ME) and Barabási–Albert (BA) networks is investigated. • ME networks are significantly more easily controlled than BA networks of the same degree distribution. • The properties of the neighbors of driver node sensitively affect the network controllability. • Subtle and important structural differences exist between BA networks and typical scale-free networks
5. Ambient UV-B radiation reduces PSII performance and net photosynthesis in high Arctic Salix arctica
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Albert, Kristian Rost; Mikkelsen, Teis Nørgaard; Ro-Poulsen, H.
2011-01-01
, nitrogen and UV-B absorbing compounds. Compared to a 60% reduced UV-B irradiance, the ambient solar UV-B reduced net photosynthesis in Salix arctica leaves fixed in the 45° position which exposed leaves to maximum natural irradiance. Also a reduced Calvin Cycle capacity was found, i.e. the maximum rate...... across position in the vegetation. These findings add to the evidence that the ambient solar UV-B currently is a significant stress factor for plants in high Arctic Greenland....
6. 26 CFR 1.121-3 - Reduced maximum exclusion for taxpayers failing to meet certain requirements.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... (E) Multiple births resulting from the same pregnancy. (3) Designation of additional events as... her principal residence, an earthquake causes damage to A's house. A sells the house in 2004. The sale...
7. Simultaneous maximum a posteriori longitudinal PET image reconstruction
Science.gov (United States)
Ellis, Sam; Reader, Andrew J.
2017-09-01
Positron emission tomography (PET) is frequently used to monitor functional changes that occur over extended time scales, for example in longitudinal oncology PET protocols that include routine clinical follow-up scans to assess the efficacy of a course of treatment. In these contexts PET datasets are currently reconstructed into images using single-dataset reconstruction methods. Inspired by recently proposed joint PET-MR reconstruction methods, we propose to reconstruct longitudinal datasets simultaneously by using a joint penalty term in order to exploit the high degree of similarity between longitudinal images. We achieved this by penalising voxel-wise differences between pairs of longitudinal PET images in a one-step-late maximum a posteriori (MAP) fashion, resulting in the MAP simultaneous longitudinal reconstruction (SLR) method. The proposed method reduced reconstruction errors and visually improved images relative to standard maximum likelihood expectation-maximisation (ML-EM) in simulated 2D longitudinal brain tumour scans. In reconstructions of split real 3D data with inserted simulated tumours, noise across images reconstructed with MAP-SLR was reduced to levels equivalent to doubling the number of detected counts when using ML-EM. Furthermore, quantification of tumour activities was largely preserved over a variety of longitudinal tumour changes, including changes in size and activity, with larger changes inducing larger biases relative to standard ML-EM reconstructions. Similar improvements were observed for a range of counts levels, demonstrating the robustness of the method when used with a single penalty strength. The results suggest that longitudinal regularisation is a simple but effective method of improving reconstructed PET images without using resolution degrading priors.
8. Maximum entropy production rate in quantum thermodynamics
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Beretta, Gian Paolo, E-mail: [email protected] [Universita di Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia (Italy)
2010-06-01
In the framework of the recent quest for well-behaved nonlinear extensions of the traditional Schroedinger-von Neumann unitary dynamics that could provide fundamental explanations of recent experimental evidence of loss of quantum coherence at the microscopic level, a recent paper [Gheorghiu-Svirschevski 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 054102] reproposes the nonlinear equation of motion proposed by the present author [see Beretta G P 1987 Found. Phys. 17 365 and references therein] for quantum (thermo)dynamics of a single isolated indivisible constituent system, such as a single particle, qubit, qudit, spin or atomic system, or a Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac field. As already proved, such nonlinear dynamics entails a fundamental unifying microscopic proof and extension of Onsager's reciprocity and Callen's fluctuation-dissipation relations to all nonequilibrium states, close and far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In this paper we propose a brief but self-contained review of the main results already proved, including the explicit geometrical construction of the equation of motion from the steepest-entropy-ascent ansatz and its exact mathematical and conceptual equivalence with the maximal-entropy-generation variational-principle formulation presented in Gheorghiu-Svirschevski S 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 022105. Moreover, we show how it can be extended to the case of a composite system to obtain the general form of the equation of motion, consistent with the demanding requirements of strong separability and of compatibility with general thermodynamics principles. The irreversible term in the equation of motion describes the spontaneous attraction of the state operator in the direction of steepest entropy ascent, thus implementing the maximum entropy production principle in quantum theory. The time rate at which the path of steepest entropy ascent is followed has so far been left unspecified. As a step towards the identification of such rate, here we propose a possible
9. Maximum principle and convergence of central schemes based on slope limiters
KAUST Repository
Mehmetoglu, Orhan; Popov, Bojan
2012-01-01
A maximum principle and convergence of second order central schemes is proven for scalar conservation laws in dimension one. It is well known that to establish a maximum principle a nonlinear piecewise linear reconstruction is needed and a typical choice is the minmod limiter. Unfortunately, this implies that the scheme uses a first order reconstruction at local extrema. The novelty here is that we allow local nonlinear reconstructions which do not reduce to first order at local extrema and still prove maximum principle and convergence. © 2011 American Mathematical Society.
10. Multicollinearity and maximum entropy leuven estimator
OpenAIRE
Sudhanshu Mishra
2004-01-01
Multicollinearity is a serious problem in applied regression analysis. Q. Paris (2001) introduced the MEL estimator to resolve the multicollinearity problem. This paper improves the MEL estimator to the Modular MEL (MMEL) estimator and shows by Monte Carlo experiments that MMEL estimator performs significantly better than OLS as well as MEL estimators.
11. Effect of Chinese traditional medicine anti-fatigue prescription on the concentration of the serum testosterone and cortisol in male rats under stress of maximum intensive training
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dong Ling; Si Xulan
2008-01-01
Objective: To study the effect of chinese traditional medicine anti-fatigue prescription on the concentration of the serum testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) in male rats under the stress of maximum intensive training. Methods: Wistar male rat models of stress under maximum intensity training were established (n=40) and half of them were treated with Chinese traditional medicine anti-fatigue prescription twenty undisturbed rats served as controls. Testosterone and cortisol serum levels were determined with RIA at the end of the seven weeks' experiment. Results: Maximum intensive training would cause the level of the serum testosterone lowered, the concentration of the cortisol elevated and the ratio of T/C reduced. The serum T levels and T/C ratio were significantly lower and cortisol levels significantly higher in the untreated models than those in the treated models and controls (P<0.01). The levels of the two hormones were markedly corrected in the treated models with no significantly differences from those in the controls. However, the T/C ratio was still significantly lower than that in the controls (P <0.05) due to a relatively slightly greater degree of reduction of T levels. Conclusion: Anti-fatigue prescription can not only promote the recovery of fatigue after the maximum intensive training but also strengthen the anabolism of the rats. (authors)
12. Weighted Maximum-Clique Transversal Sets of Graphs
OpenAIRE
Chuan-Min Lee
2011-01-01
A maximum-clique transversal set of a graph G is a subset of vertices intersecting all maximum cliques of G. The maximum-clique transversal set problem is to find a maximum-clique transversal set of G of minimum cardinality. Motivated by the placement of transmitters for cellular telephones, Chang, Kloks, and Lee introduced the concept of maximum-clique transversal sets on graphs in 2001. In this paper, we study the weighted version of the maximum-clique transversal set problem for split grap...
13. Maximum Redshift of Gravitational Wave Merger Events
Science.gov (United States)
Koushiappas, Savvas M.; Loeb, Abraham
2017-12-01
Future generations of gravitational wave detectors will have the sensitivity to detect gravitational wave events at redshifts far beyond any detectable electromagnetic sources. We show that if the observed event rate is greater than one event per year at redshifts z ≥40 , then the probability distribution of primordial density fluctuations must be significantly non-Gaussian or the events originate from primordial black holes. The nature of the excess events can be determined from the redshift distribution of the merger rate.
14. Catastrophic Disruption Threshold and Maximum Deflection from Kinetic Impact
Science.gov (United States)
Cheng, A. F.
2017-12-01
The use of a kinetic impactor to deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth was described in the NASA Near-Earth Object Survey and Deflection Analysis of Alternatives (2007) as the most mature approach for asteroid deflection and mitigation. The NASA DART mission will demonstrate asteroid deflection by kinetic impact at the Potentially Hazardous Asteroid 65803 Didymos in October, 2022. The kinetic impactor approach is considered to be applicable with warning times of 10 years or more and with hazardous asteroid diameters of 400 m or less. In principle, a larger kinetic impactor bringing greater kinetic energy could cause a larger deflection, but input of excessive kinetic energy will cause catastrophic disruption of the target, leaving possibly large fragments still on collision course with Earth. Thus the catastrophic disruption threshold limits the maximum deflection from a kinetic impactor. An often-cited rule of thumb states that the maximum deflection is 0.1 times the escape velocity before the target will be disrupted. It turns out this rule of thumb does not work well. A comparison to numerical simulation results shows that a similar rule applies in the gravity limit, for large targets more than 300 m, where the maximum deflection is roughly the escape velocity at momentum enhancement factor β=2. In the gravity limit, the rule of thumb corresponds to pure momentum coupling (μ=1/3), but simulations find a slightly different scaling μ=0.43. In the smaller target size range that kinetic impactors would apply to, the catastrophic disruption limit is strength-controlled. A DART-like impactor won't disrupt any target asteroid down to significantly smaller size than the 50 m below which a hazardous object would not penetrate the atmosphere in any case unless it is unusually strong.
15. Stimulus-dependent maximum entropy models of neural population codes.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Einat Granot-Atedgi
Full Text Available Neural populations encode information about their stimulus in a collective fashion, by joint activity patterns of spiking and silence. A full account of this mapping from stimulus to neural activity is given by the conditional probability distribution over neural codewords given the sensory input. For large populations, direct sampling of these distributions is impossible, and so we must rely on constructing appropriate models. We show here that in a population of 100 retinal ganglion cells in the salamander retina responding to temporal white-noise stimuli, dependencies between cells play an important encoding role. We introduce the stimulus-dependent maximum entropy (SDME model-a minimal extension of the canonical linear-nonlinear model of a single neuron, to a pairwise-coupled neural population. We find that the SDME model gives a more accurate account of single cell responses and in particular significantly outperforms uncoupled models in reproducing the distributions of population codewords emitted in response to a stimulus. We show how the SDME model, in conjunction with static maximum entropy models of population vocabulary, can be used to estimate information-theoretic quantities like average surprise and information transmission in a neural population.
16. Accurate modeling and maximum power point detection of ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Accurate modeling and maximum power point detection of photovoltaic ... Determination of MPP enables the PV system to deliver maximum available power. ..... adaptive artificial neural network: Proposition for a new sizing procedure.
17. Maximum power per VA control of vector controlled interior ...
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Thakur Sumeet Singh
2018-04-11
Apr 11, 2018 ... Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New ... The MPVA operation allows maximum-utilization of the drive-system. ... Permanent magnet motor; unity power factor; maximum VA utilization; ...
18. Electron density distribution in Si and Ge using multipole, maximum ...
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Si and Ge has been studied using multipole, maximum entropy method (MEM) and ... and electron density distribution using the currently available versatile ..... data should be subjected to maximum possible utility for the characterization of.
19. The energetic significance of cooking.
Science.gov (United States)
Carmody, Rachel N; Wrangham, Richard W
2009-10-01
While cooking has long been argued to improve the diet, the nature of the improvement has not been well defined. As a result, the evolutionary significance of cooking has variously been proposed as being substantial or relatively trivial. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that an important and consistent effect of cooking food is a rise in its net energy value. The pathways by which cooking influences net energy value differ for starch, protein, and lipid, and we therefore consider plant and animal foods separately. Evidence of compromised physiological performance among individuals on raw diets supports the hypothesis that cooked diets tend to provide energy. Mechanisms contributing to energy being gained from cooking include increased digestibility of starch and protein, reduced costs of digestion for cooked versus raw meat, and reduced energetic costs of detoxification and defence against pathogens. If cooking consistently improves the energetic value of foods through such mechanisms, its evolutionary impact depends partly on the relative energetic benefits of non-thermal processing methods used prior to cooking. We suggest that if non-thermal processing methods such as pounding were used by Lower Palaeolithic Homo, they likely provided an important increase in energy gain over unprocessed raw diets. However, cooking has critical effects not easily achievable by non-thermal processing, including the relatively complete gelatinisation of starch, efficient denaturing of proteins, and killing of food borne pathogens. This means that however sophisticated the non-thermal processing methods were, cooking would have conferred incremental energetic benefits. While much remains to be discovered, we conclude that the adoption of cooking would have led to an important rise in energy availability. For this reason, we predict that cooking had substantial evolutionary significance.
20. Modeling Mediterranean Ocean climate of the Last Glacial Maximum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
U. Mikolajewicz
2011-03-01
Full Text Available A regional ocean general circulation model of the Mediterranean is used to study the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. The atmospheric forcing for these simulations has been derived from simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model, which in turn was forced with surface conditions from a coarse resolution earth system model. The model is successful in reproducing the general patterns of reconstructed sea surface temperature anomalies with the strongest cooling in summer in the northwestern Mediterranean and weak cooling in the Levantine, although the model underestimates the extent of the summer cooling in the western Mediterranean. However, there is a strong vertical gradient associated with this pattern of summer cooling, which makes the comparison with reconstructions complicated. The exchange with the Atlantic is decreased to roughly one half of its present value, which can be explained by the shallower Strait of Gibraltar as a consequence of lower global sea level. This reduced exchange causes a strong increase of salinity in the Mediterranean in spite of reduced net evaporation.
1. 40 CFR 141.13 - Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... turbidity. 141.13 Section 141.13 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER... Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity. The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to... part. The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative...
2. Maximum Power Training and Plyometrics for Cross-Country Running.
Science.gov (United States)
Ebben, William P.
2001-01-01
Provides a rationale for maximum power training and plyometrics as conditioning strategies for cross-country runners, examining: an evaluation of training methods (strength training and maximum power training and plyometrics); biomechanic and velocity specificity (role in preventing injury); and practical application of maximum power training and…
3. 13 CFR 107.840 - Maximum term of Financing.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maximum term of Financing. 107.840... COMPANIES Financing of Small Businesses by Licensees Structuring Licensee's Financing of An Eligible Small Business: Terms and Conditions of Financing § 107.840 Maximum term of Financing. The maximum term of any...
4. 7 CFR 3565.210 - Maximum interest rate.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maximum interest rate. 3565.210 Section 3565.210... AGRICULTURE GUARANTEED RURAL RENTAL HOUSING PROGRAM Loan Requirements § 3565.210 Maximum interest rate. The interest rate for a guaranteed loan must not exceed the maximum allowable rate specified by the Agency in...
5. Characterizing graphs of maximum matching width at most 2
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Jeong, Jisu; Ok, Seongmin; Suh, Geewon
2017-01-01
The maximum matching width is a width-parameter that is de ned on a branch-decomposition over the vertex set of a graph. The size of a maximum matching in the bipartite graph is used as a cut-function. In this paper, we characterize the graphs of maximum matching width at most 2 using the minor o...
6. The spectrum of R Cygni during its exceptionally low maximum of 1983
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wallerstein, G.; Dominy, J.F.; Mattei, J.A.; Smith, V.V.
1985-01-01
In 1983 R Cygni experienced its faintest maximum ever recorded. A study of the light curve shows correlations between brightness at maximum and interval from the previous cycle, in the sense that fainter maxima occur later than normal and are followed by maxima that occur earlier than normal. Emission and absorption lines in the optical and near infrared (2.2 μm region) reveal two significant correlations. The amplitude of line doubling is independent of the magnitude at maximum for msub(v)(max)=7.1 to 9.8. The velocities of the emission lines, however, correlate with the magnitude at maximum, in that during bright maxima they are negatively displaced by 15 km s -1 with respect to the red component of absorption lines, while during the faintest maximum there is no displacement. (author)
7. Maximum-power-point tracking control of solar heating system
KAUST Repository
Huang, Bin-Juine
2012-11-01
The present study developed a maximum-power point tracking control (MPPT) technology for solar heating system to minimize the pumping power consumption at an optimal heat collection. The net solar energy gain Q net (=Q s-W p/η e) was experimentally found to be the cost function for MPPT with maximum point. The feedback tracking control system was developed to track the optimal Q net (denoted Q max). A tracking filter which was derived from the thermal analytical model of the solar heating system was used to determine the instantaneous tracking target Q max(t). The system transfer-function model of solar heating system was also derived experimentally using a step response test and used in the design of tracking feedback control system. The PI controller was designed for a tracking target Q max(t) with a quadratic time function. The MPPT control system was implemented using a microprocessor-based controller and the test results show good tracking performance with small tracking errors. It is seen that the average mass flow rate for the specific test periods in five different days is between 18.1 and 22.9kg/min with average pumping power between 77 and 140W, which is greatly reduced as compared to the standard flow rate at 31kg/min and pumping power 450W which is based on the flow rate 0.02kg/sm 2 defined in the ANSI/ASHRAE 93-1986 Standard and the total collector area 25.9m 2. The average net solar heat collected Q net is between 8.62 and 14.1kW depending on weather condition. The MPPT control of solar heating system has been verified to be able to minimize the pumping energy consumption with optimal solar heat collection. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
8. Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values for spontaneously fissioning radionuclides
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ford, M.R.; Snyder, W.S.; Dillman, L.T.; Watson, S.B.
1976-01-01
The radiation hazards involved in handling certain of the transuranic nuclides that exhibit spontaneous fission as a mode of decay were reaccessed using recent advances in dosimetry and metabolic modeling. Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values in air and water for occupational exposure (168 hr/week) were calculated for 244 Pu, 246 Cm, 248 Cm, 250 Cf, 252 Cf, 254 Cf, /sup 254m/Es, 255 Es, 254 Fm, and 256 Fm. The half-lives, branching ratios, and principal modes of decay of the parent-daughter members down to a member that makes a negligible contribution to the dose are given, and all daughters that make a significant contribution to the dose to body organs following inhalation or ingestion are included in the calculations. Dose commitments for body organs are also given
9. Attitude sensor alignment calibration for the solar maximum mission
Science.gov (United States)
Pitone, Daniel S.; Shuster, Malcolm D.
1990-01-01
An earlier heuristic study of the fine attitude sensors for the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) revealed a temperature dependence of the alignment about the yaw axis of the pair of fixed-head star trackers relative to the fine pointing Sun sensor. Here, new sensor alignment algorithms which better quantify the dependence of the alignments on the temperature are developed and applied to the SMM data. Comparison with the results from the previous study reveals the limitations of the heuristic approach. In addition, some of the basic assumptions made in the prelaunch analysis of the alignments of the SMM are examined. The results of this work have important consequences for future missions with stringent attitude requirements and where misalignment variations due to variations in the temperature will be significant.
10. The significance of vector magnetic field measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Hagyard, M. J.
1990-01-01
Observations of four flaring solar active regions, obtained during 1980-1986 with the NASA Marshall vector magnetograph (Hagyard et al., 1982 and 1985), are presented graphically and characterized in detail, with reference to nearly simultaneous Big Bear Solar Observatory and USAF ASW H-alpha images. It is shown that the flares occurred where local photospheric magnetic fields differed most from the potential field, with initial brightening on either side of a magnetic-neutral line near the point of maximum angular shear (rather than that of maximum magnetic-field strength, typically 1 kG or greater). Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that these significant nonpotential features were detected only by measuring all three components of the vector magnetic field.
11. Maximum Correntropy Unscented Kalman Filter for Ballistic Missile Navigation System based on SINS/CNS Deeply Integrated Mode.
Science.gov (United States)
Hou, Bowen; He, Zhangming; Li, Dong; Zhou, Haiyin; Wang, Jiongqi
2018-05-27
Strap-down inertial navigation system/celestial navigation system ( SINS/CNS) integrated navigation is a high precision navigation technique for ballistic missiles. The traditional navigation method has a divergence in the position error. A deeply integrated mode for SINS/CNS navigation system is proposed to improve the navigation accuracy of ballistic missile. The deeply integrated navigation principle is described and the observability of the navigation system is analyzed. The nonlinearity, as well as the large outliers and the Gaussian mixture noises, often exists during the actual navigation process, leading to the divergence phenomenon of the navigation filter. The new nonlinear Kalman filter on the basis of the maximum correntropy theory and unscented transformation, named the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter, is deduced, and the computational complexity is analyzed. The unscented transformation is used for restricting the nonlinearity of the system equation, and the maximum correntropy theory is used to deal with the non-Gaussian noises. Finally, numerical simulation illustrates the superiority of the proposed filter compared with the traditional unscented Kalman filter. The comparison results show that the large outliers and the influence of non-Gaussian noises for SINS/CNS deeply integrated navigation is significantly reduced through the proposed filter.
12. Maximum Correntropy Unscented Kalman Filter for Ballistic Missile Navigation System based on SINS/CNS Deeply Integrated Mode
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bowen Hou
2018-05-01
Full Text Available Strap-down inertial navigation system/celestial navigation system ( SINS/CNS integrated navigation is a high precision navigation technique for ballistic missiles. The traditional navigation method has a divergence in the position error. A deeply integrated mode for SINS/CNS navigation system is proposed to improve the navigation accuracy of ballistic missile. The deeply integrated navigation principle is described and the observability of the navigation system is analyzed. The nonlinearity, as well as the large outliers and the Gaussian mixture noises, often exists during the actual navigation process, leading to the divergence phenomenon of the navigation filter. The new nonlinear Kalman filter on the basis of the maximum correntropy theory and unscented transformation, named the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter, is deduced, and the computational complexity is analyzed. The unscented transformation is used for restricting the nonlinearity of the system equation, and the maximum correntropy theory is used to deal with the non-Gaussian noises. Finally, numerical simulation illustrates the superiority of the proposed filter compared with the traditional unscented Kalman filter. The comparison results show that the large outliers and the influence of non-Gaussian noises for SINS/CNS deeply integrated navigation is significantly reduced through the proposed filter.
13. Timing of glacier advances and climate in the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) during the Last Glacial Maximum
Science.gov (United States)
Makos, Michał; Dzierżek, Jan; Nitychoruk, Jerzy; Zreda, Marek
2014-07-01
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), long valley glaciers developed on the northern and southern sides of the High Tatra Mountains, Poland and Slovakia. Chlorine-36 exposure dating of moraine boulders suggests two major phases of moraine stabilization, at 26-21 ka (LGM I - maximum) and at 18 ka (LGM II). The dates suggest a significantly earlier maximum advance on the southern side of the range. Reconstructing the geometry of four glaciers in the Sucha Woda, Pańszczyca, Mlynicka and Velicka valleys allowed determining their equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) at 1460, 1460, 1650 and 1700 m asl, respectively. Based on a positive degree-day model, the mass balance and climatic parameter anomaly (temperature and precipitation) has been constrained for LGM I advance. Modeling results indicate slightly different conditions between northern and southern slopes. The N-S ELA gradient finds confirmation in slightly higher temperature (at least 1 °C) or lower precipitation (15%) on the south-facing glaciers during LGM I. The precipitation distribution over the High Tatra Mountains indicates potentially different LGM atmospheric circulation than at the present day, with reduced northwesterly inflow and increased southerly and westerly inflows of moist air masses.
14. 40 CFR 1042.140 - Maximum engine power, displacement, power density, and maximum in-use engine speed.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... cylinders having an internal diameter of 13.0 cm and a 15.5 cm stroke length, the rounded displacement would... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Maximum engine power, displacement... Maximum engine power, displacement, power density, and maximum in-use engine speed. This section describes...
15. Bioessential element-depleted ocean following the euxinic maximum of the end-Permian mass extinction
Science.gov (United States)
Takahashi, Satoshi; Yamasaki, Shin-ichi; Ogawa, Yasumasa; Kimura, Kazuhiko; Kaiho, Kunio; Yoshida, Takeyoshi; Tsuchiya, Noriyoshi
2014-05-01
We describe variations in trace element compositions that occurred on the deep seafloor of palaeo-superocean Panthalassa during the end-Permian mass extinction based on samples of sedimentary rock from one of the most continuous Permian-Triassic boundary sections of the pelagic deep sea exposed in north-eastern Japan. Our measurements revealed low manganese (Mn) enrichment factor (normalised by the composition of the average upper continental crust) and high cerium anomaly values throughout the section, suggesting that a reducing condition already existed in the depositional environment in the Changhsingian (Late Permian). Other redox-sensitive trace-element (vanadium [V], chromium [Cr], molybdenum [Mo], and uranium [U]) enrichment factors provide a detailed redox history ranging from the upper Permian to the end of the Permian. A single V increase (representing the first reduction state of a two-step V reduction process) detected in uppermost Changhsingian chert beds suggests development into a mildly reducing deep-sea condition less than 1 million years before the end-Permian mass extinction. Subsequently, a more reducing condition, inferred from increases in Cr, V, and Mo, developed in overlying Changhsingian grey siliceous claystone beds. The most reducing sulphidic condition is recognised by the highest peaks of Mo and V (second reduction state) in the uppermost siliceous claystone and overlying lowermost black claystone beds, in accordance with the end-Permian mass extinction event. This significant increase in Mo in the upper Changhsingian led to a high Mo/U ratio, much larger than that of modern sulphidic ocean regions. This trend suggests that sulphidic water conditions developed both at the sediment-water interface and in the water column. Above the end-Permian mass extinction horizon, Mo, V and Cr decrease significantly. On this trend, we provide an interpretation of drawdown of these elements in seawater after the massive element precipitation event
16. The maximum entropy production and maximum Shannon information entropy in enzyme kinetics
Science.gov (United States)
Dobovišek, Andrej; Markovič, Rene; Brumen, Milan; Fajmut, Aleš
2018-04-01
We demonstrate that the maximum entropy production principle (MEPP) serves as a physical selection principle for the description of the most probable non-equilibrium steady states in simple enzymatic reactions. A theoretical approach is developed, which enables maximization of the density of entropy production with respect to the enzyme rate constants for the enzyme reaction in a steady state. Mass and Gibbs free energy conservations are considered as optimization constraints. In such a way computed optimal enzyme rate constants in a steady state yield also the most uniform probability distribution of the enzyme states. This accounts for the maximal Shannon information entropy. By means of the stability analysis it is also demonstrated that maximal density of entropy production in that enzyme reaction requires flexible enzyme structure, which enables rapid transitions between different enzyme states. These results are supported by an example, in which density of entropy production and Shannon information entropy are numerically maximized for the enzyme Glucose Isomerase.
17. Solar Maximum Mission Experiment - Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry on the Solar Maximum Mission
Science.gov (United States)
Tandberg-Hanssen, E.; Cheng, C. C.; Woodgate, B. E.; Brandt, J. C.; Chapman, R. D.; Athay, R. G.; Beckers, J. M.; Bruner, E. C.; Gurman, J. B.; Hyder, C. L.
1981-01-01
The Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter on the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft is described. It is pointed out that the instrument, which operates in the wavelength range 1150-3600 A, has a spatial resolution of 2-3 arcsec and a spectral resolution of 0.02 A FWHM in second order. A Gregorian telescope, with a focal length of 1.8 m, feeds a 1 m Ebert-Fastie spectrometer. A polarimeter comprising rotating Mg F2 waveplates can be inserted behind the spectrometer entrance slit; it permits all four Stokes parameters to be determined. Among the observing modes are rasters, spectral scans, velocity measurements, and polarimetry. Examples of initial observations made since launch are presented.
18. Maximum intensity projection MR angiography using shifted image data
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Machida, Yoshio; Ichinose, Nobuyasu; Hatanaka, Masahiko; Goro, Takehiko; Kitake, Shinichi; Hatta, Junicchi.
1992-01-01
The quality of MR angiograms has been significantly improved in past several years. Spatial resolution, however, is not sufficient for clinical use. On the other hand, MR image data can be filled at anywhere using Fourier shift theorem, and the quality of multi-planar reformed image has been reported to be improved remarkably using 'shifted data'. In this paper, we have clarified the efficiency of 'shifted data' for maximum intensity projection MR angiography. Our experimental studies and theoretical consideration showd that the quality of MR angiograms has been significantly improved using 'shifted data' as follows; 1) remarkable reduction of mosaic artifact, 2) improvement of spatial continuity for the blood vessels, and 3) reduction of variance for the signal intensity along the blood vessels. In other words, the angiograms looks much 'finer' than conventional ones, although the spatial resolution is not improved theoretically. Furthermore, we found the quality of MR angiograms dose not improve significantly with the 'shifted data' more than twice as dense as ordinal ones. (author)
19. Local application of zoledronate for maximum anchorage during space closure.
Science.gov (United States)
Ortega, Adam J A J; Campbell, Phillip M; Hinton, Robert; Naidu, Aparna; Buschang, Peter H
2012-12-01
Orthodontists have used various compliance-dependent physical means such as headgears and intraoral appliances to prevent anchorage loss. The aim of this study was to determine whether 1 local application of the bisphosphonate zoledronate could be used to prevent anchorage loss during extraction space closure in rats. Thirty rats had their maxillary left first molars extracted and their maxillary left second molars protracted into the extraction space with a 10-g nickel-titanium closing coil for 21 days. Fifteen control rats received a local injection of phosphate-buffered saline solution, and 15 experimental rats received 16 μg of the bisphosphonate zoledronate. Bisphosphonate was also delivered directly into the extraction site and left undisturbed for 5 minutes. Cephalograms and incremental thickness gauges were used to measure tooth movements. Tissues were analyzed by microcomputed tomography and histology. The control group demonstrated significant (P <0.05) tooth movements throughout the 21-day period. They showed significantly greater tooth movements than the experimental group beginning in the second week. The experimental group showed no significant tooth movement after the first week. The microcomputed tomography and histologic observations showed significant bone loss in the extraction sites and around the second molars of the controls. In contrast, the experimental group had bone preservation and bone fill. There was no evidence of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis in any sample. A single small, locally applied dose of zoledronate provided maximum anchorage and prevented significant bone loss. Copyright © 2012 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
20. Future changes over the Himalayas: Maximum and minimum temperature
Science.gov (United States)
Dimri, A. P.; Kumar, D.; Choudhary, A.; Maharana, P.
2018-03-01
An assessment of the projection of minimum and maximum air temperature over the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) from the COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment- South Asia (hereafter, CORDEX-SA) regional climate model (RCM) experiments have been carried out under two different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The major aim of this study is to assess the probable future changes in the minimum and maximum climatology and its long-term trend under different RCPs along with the elevation dependent warming over the IHR. A number of statistical analysis such as changes in mean climatology, long-term spatial trend and probability distribution function are carried out to detect the signals of changes in climate. The study also tries to quantify the uncertainties associated with different model experiments and their ensemble in space, time and for different seasons. The model experiments and their ensemble show prominent cold bias over Himalayas for present climate. However, statistically significant higher warming rate (0.23-0.52 °C/decade) for both minimum and maximum air temperature (Tmin and Tmax) is observed for all the seasons under both RCPs. The rate of warming intensifies with the increase in the radiative forcing under a range of greenhouse gas scenarios starting from RCP4.5 to RCP8.5. In addition to this, a wide range of spatial variability and disagreements in the magnitude of trend between different models describes the uncertainty associated with the model projections and scenarios. The projected rate of increase of Tmin may destabilize the snow formation at the higher altitudes in the northern and western parts of Himalayan region, while rising trend of Tmax over southern flank may effectively melt more snow cover. Such combined effect of rising trend of Tmin and Tmax may pose a potential threat to the glacial deposits. The overall trend of Diurnal temperature range (DTR) portrays increasing trend across entire area with
1. The Influence of Creatine Monohydrate on Strength and Endurance After Doing Physical Exercise With Maximum Intensity
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Asrofi Shicas Nabawi
2017-11-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this study was: (1 to analyze the effect of creatine monohydrate to give strength after doing physical exercise with maximum intensity, towards endurance after doing physical exercise with maximum intensity, (2 to analyze the effect of non creatine monohydrate to give strength after doing physical exercise with maximum intensity, towards endurance after doing physical exercise with maximum intensity, (3 to analyze the results of the difference by administering creatine and non creatine on strength and endurance after exercise with maximum intensity. This type of research used in this research was quantitative with quasi experimental research methods. The design of this study was using pretest and posttest control group design, and data analysis was using a paired sample t-test. The process of data collection was done with the test leg muscle strength using a strength test with back and leg dynamometer, sit ups test with 1 minute sit ups, push ups test with push ups and 30 seconds with a VO2max test cosmed quart CPET during the pretest and posttest. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 series. The results showed: (1 There was the influence of creatine administration against the strength after doing exercise with maximum intensity; (2 There was the influence of creatine administration against the group endurance after doing exercise with maximum intensity; (3 There was the influence of non creatine against the force after exercise maximum intensity; (4 There was the influence of non creatine against the group after endurance exercise maximum intensity; (5 The significant difference with the provision of non creatine and creatine from creatine group difference delta at higher against the increased strength and endurance after exercise maximum intensity. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the increased strength and durability for each of the groups after being given a workout.
2. Maximum likelihood estimation for Cox's regression model under nested case-control sampling
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Scheike, Thomas; Juul, Anders
2004-01-01
Nested case-control sampling is designed to reduce the costs of large cohort studies. It is important to estimate the parameters of interest as efficiently as possible. We present a new maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for nested case-control sampling in the context of Cox's proportional hazard...
3. Maximum size-density relationships for mixed-hardwood forest stands in New England
Science.gov (United States)
Dale S. Solomon; Lianjun Zhang
2000-01-01
Maximum size-density relationships were investigated for two mixed-hardwood ecological types (sugar maple-ash and beech-red maple) in New England. Plots meeting type criteria and undergoing self-thinning were selected for each habitat. Using reduced major axis regression, no differences were found between the two ecological types. Pure species plots (the species basal...
4. Detection of pulmonary nodules at paediatric CT: maximum intensity projections and axial source images are complementary
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kilburn-Toppin, Fleur; Arthurs, Owen J.; Tasker, Angela D.; Set, Patricia A.K.
2013-01-01
Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images might be useful in helping to differentiate small pulmonary nodules from adjacent vessels on thoracic multidetector CT (MDCT). The aim was to evaluate the benefits of axial MIP images over axial source images for the paediatric chest in an interobserver variability study. We included 46 children with extra-pulmonary solid organ malignancy who had undergone thoracic MDCT. Three radiologists independently read 2-mm axial and 10-mm MIP image datasets, recording the number of nodules, size and location, overall time taken and confidence. There were 83 nodules (249 total reads among three readers) in 46 children (mean age 10.4 ± 4.98 years, range 0.3-15.9 years; 24 boys). Consensus read was used as the reference standard. Overall, three readers recorded significantly more nodules on MIP images (228 vs. 174; P < 0.05), improving sensitivity from 67% to 77.5% (P < 0.05) but with lower positive predictive value (96% vs. 85%, P < 0.005). MIP images took significantly less time to read (71.6 ± 43.7 s vs. 92.9 ± 48.7 s; P < 0.005) but did not improve confidence levels. Using 10-mm axial MIP images for nodule detection in the paediatric chest enhances diagnostic performance, improving sensitivity and reducing reading time when compared with conventional axial thin-slice images. Axial MIP and axial source images are complementary in thoracic nodule detection. (orig.)
5. Paddle River Dam : review of probable maximum flood
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Clark, D. [UMA Engineering Ltd., Edmonton, AB (Canada); Neill, C.R. [Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd., Edmonton, AB (Canada)
2008-07-01
The Paddle River Dam was built in northern Alberta in the mid 1980s for flood control. According to the 1999 Canadian Dam Association (CDA) guidelines, this 35 metre high, zoned earthfill dam with a spillway capacity sized to accommodate a probable maximum flood (PMF) is rated as a very high hazard. At the time of design, it was estimated to have a peak flow rate of 858 centimetres. A review of the PMF in 2002 increased the peak flow rate to 1,890 centimetres. In light of a 2007 revision of the CDA safety guidelines, the PMF was reviewed and the inflow design flood (IDF) was re-evaluated. This paper discussed the levels of uncertainty inherent in PMF determinations and some difficulties encountered with the SSARR hydrologic model and the HEC-RAS hydraulic model in unsteady mode. The paper also presented and discussed the analysis used to determine incremental damages, upon which a new IDF of 840 m{sup 3}/s was recommended. The paper discussed the PMF review, modelling methodology, hydrograph inputs, and incremental damage of floods. It was concluded that the PMF review, involving hydraulic routing through the valley bottom together with reconsideration of the previous runoff modeling provides evidence that the peak reservoir inflow could reasonably be reduced by approximately 20 per cent. 8 refs., 5 tabs., 8 figs.
6. Robust Deep Network with Maximum Correntropy Criterion for Seizure Detection
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yu Qi
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Effective seizure detection from long-term EEG is highly important for seizure diagnosis. Existing methods usually design the feature and classifier individually, while little work has been done for the simultaneous optimization of the two parts. This work proposes a deep network to jointly learn a feature and a classifier so that they could help each other to make the whole system optimal. To deal with the challenge of the impulsive noises and outliers caused by EMG artifacts in EEG signals, we formulate a robust stacked autoencoder (R-SAE as a part of the network to learn an effective feature. In R-SAE, the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC is proposed to reduce the effect of noise/outliers. Unlike the mean square error (MSE, the output of the new kernel MCC increases more slowly than that of MSE when the input goes away from the center. Thus, the effect of those noises/outliers positioned far away from the center can be suppressed. The proposed method is evaluated on six patients of 33.6 hours of scalp EEG data. Our method achieves a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99%, which is promising for clinical applications.
7. Benefits of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) concept in aquatic toxicology
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hutchinson, Thomas H.; Boegi, Christian; Winter, Matthew J.; Owens, J. Willie
2009-01-01
There is increasing recognition of the need to identify specific sublethal effects of chemicals, such as reproductive toxicity, and specific modes of actions of the chemicals, such as interference with the endocrine system. To achieve these aims requires criteria which provide a basis to interpret study findings so as to separate these specific toxicities and modes of action from not only acute lethality per se but also from severe inanition and malaise that non-specifically compromise reproductive capacity and the response of endocrine endpoints. Mammalian toxicologists have recognized that very high dose levels are sometimes required to elicit both specific adverse effects and present the potential of non-specific 'systemic toxicity'. Mammalian toxicologists have developed the concept of a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) beyond which a specific toxicity or action cannot be attributed to a test substance due to the compromised state of the organism. Ecotoxicologists are now confronted by a similar challenge and must develop an analogous concept of a MTD and the respective criteria. As examples of this conundrum, we note recent developments in efforts to validate protocols for fish reproductive toxicity and endocrine screens (e.g. some chemicals originally selected as 'negatives' elicited decreases in fecundity or changes in endpoints intended to be biomarkers for endocrine modes of action). Unless analogous criteria can be developed, the potentially confounding effects of systemic toxicity may then undermine the reliable assessment of specific reproductive effects or biomarkers such as vitellogenin or spiggin. The same issue confronts other areas of aquatic toxicology (e.g., genotoxicity) and the use of aquatic animals for preclinical assessments of drugs (e.g., use of zebrafish for drug safety assessment). We propose that there are benefits to adopting the concept of an MTD for toxicology and pharmacology studies using fish and other aquatic organisms and the
8. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Robinson, Jennifer G; Farnier, Michel; Krempf, Michel
2015-01-01
weeks, alirocumab, when added to statin therapy at the maximum tolerated dose, significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels. In a post hoc analysis, there was evidence of a reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events with alirocumab. (Funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; ODYSSEY LONG TERM...
9. Microprocessor Controlled Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Application
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jiya, J. D.; Tahirou, G.
2002-01-01
This paper presents a microprocessor controlled maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic module. Input current and voltage are measured and multiplied within the microprocessor, which contains an algorithm to seek the maximum power point. The duly cycle of the DC-DC converter, at which the maximum power occurs is obtained, noted and adjusted. The microprocessor constantly seeks for improvement of obtained power by varying the duty cycle
10. Hand grip strength and maximum peak expiratory flow: determinants of bone mineral density of adolescent students.
Science.gov (United States)
Cossio-Bolaños, Marco; Lee-Andruske, Cynthia; de Arruda, Miguel; Luarte-Rocha, Cristian; Almonacid-Fierro, Alejandro; Gómez-Campos, Rossana
2018-03-02
Maintaining and building healthy bones during the lifetime requires a complicated interaction between a number of physiological and lifestyle factors. Our goal of this study was to analyze the association between hand grip strength and the maximum peak expiratory flow with bone mineral density and content in adolescent students. The research team studied 1427 adolescent students of both sexes (750 males and 677 females) between the ages of 11.0 and 18.9 years in the Maule Region of Talca (Chile). Weight, standing height, sitting height, hand grip strength (HGS), and maximum peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Furthermore, bone mineral density (BMD) and total body bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Hand grip strength and PEF were categorized in tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest). Linear regression was performed in steps to analyze the relationship between the variables. Differences between categories were determined through ANOVA. In males, the hand grip strength explained 18-19% of the BMD and 20-23% of the BMC. For the females, the percentage of variation occurred between 12 and 13% of the BMD and 17-18% of the BMC. The variation of PEF for the males was observed as 33% of the BMD and 36% of the BMC. For the females, both the BMD and BMC showed a variation of 19%. The HGS and PEF were divided into three categories (lowest, middle, and highest). In both cases, significant differences occurred in bone density health between the three categories. In conclusion, the HGS and the PEF related positively to the bone density health of both sexes of adolescent students. The adolescents with poor values for hand grip strength and expiratory flow showed reduced values of BMD and BMC for the total body. Furthermore, the PEF had a greater influence on bone density health with respect to the HGS of the adolescents of both sexes.
11. EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON OXIDATIVE STRESS DURING MAXIMUM INCREMENTAL EXERCISE
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Guillermo J. Olcina
2006-12-01
Full Text Available Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine is an habitual substance present in a wide variety of beverages and in chocolate-based foods and it is also used as adjuvant in some drugs. The antioxidant ability of caffeine has been reported in contrast with its pro- oxidant effects derived from its action mechanism such as the systemic release of catecholamines. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of caffeine on exercise oxidative stress, measuring plasma vitamins A, E, C and malonaldehyde (MDA as markers of non enzymatic antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation respectively. Twenty young males participated in a double blind (caffeine 5mg·kg- 1 body weight or placebo cycling test until exhaustion. In the exercise test, where caffeine was ingested prior to the test, exercise time to exhaustion, maximum heart rate, and oxygen uptake significantly increased, whereas respiratory exchange ratio (RER decreased. Vitamins A and E decreased with exercise and vitamin C and MDA increased after both the caffeine and placebo tests but, regarding these particular variables, there were no significant differences between the two test conditions. The results obtained support the conclusion that this dose of caffeine enhances the ergospirometric response to cycling and has no effect on lipid peroxidation or on the antioxidant vitamins A, E and C
12. Comparative study of maximum isometric grip strength in different sports
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Noé Gomes Borges Junior
2009-06-01
Full Text Available The objective of this study was to compare maximum isometric grip strength (Fmaxbetween different sports and between the dominant (FmaxD and non-dominant (FmaxND hand. Twenty-nine male aikido (AI, jiujitsu (JJ, judo (JU and rowing (RO athletes and 21non-athletes (NA participated in the study. The hand strength test consisted of maintainingmaximum isometric grip strength for 10 seconds using a hand dynamometer. The position of the subjects was that suggested by the American Society of Hand Therapy. Factorial 2X5 ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, followed by a paired t test and Tukey test, was used for statistical analysis. The highest Fmax values were observed for the JJ group when using the dominant hand,followed by the JU, RO, AI and NA groups. Variation in Fmax could be attributed to handdominance (30.9%, sports modality (39.9% and the interaction between hand dominance andsport (21.3%. The present results demonstrated significant differences in Fmax between the JJ and AI groups and between the JJ and NA groups for both the dominant and non-dominant hand. Significant differences in Fmax between the dominant and non-dominant hand were only observed in the AI and NA groups. The results indicate that Fmax can be used for comparisonbetween different sports modalities, and to identify differences between the dominant and nondominanthand. Studies involving a larger number of subjects will permit the identification of differences between other modalities.
13. MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods
Science.gov (United States)
Tamura, Koichiro; Peterson, Daniel; Peterson, Nicholas; Stecher, Glen; Nei, Masatoshi; Kumar, Sudhir
2011-01-01
Comparative analysis of molecular sequence data is essential for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of species and inferring the nature and extent of selective forces shaping the evolution of genes and species. Here, we announce the release of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 5 (MEGA5), which is a user-friendly software for mining online databases, building sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, and using methods of evolutionary bioinformatics in basic biology, biomedicine, and evolution. The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models (nucleotide or amino acid), inferring ancestral states and sequences (along with probabilities), and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site. In computer simulation analyses, ML tree inference algorithms in MEGA5 compared favorably with other software packages in terms of computational efficiency and the accuracy of the estimates of phylogenetic trees, substitution parameters, and rate variation among sites. The MEGA user interface has now been enhanced to be activity driven to make it easier for the use of both beginners and experienced scientists. This version of MEGA is intended for the Windows platform, and it has been configured for effective use on Mac OS X and Linux desktops. It is available free of charge from http://www.megasoftware.net. PMID:21546353
14. South American climate during the Last Glacial Maximum: Delayed onset of the South American monsoon
Science.gov (United States)
Cook, K. H.; Vizy, E. K.
2006-01-01
The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) over South America is simulated using a regional climate model with 60-km resolution, providing a simulation that is superior to those available from global models that do not resolve the topography and regional-scale features of the South American climate realistically. LGM conditions on SST, insolation, vegetation, and reduced atmospheric CO2 on the South American climate are imposed together and individually. Remote influences are not included. Annual rainfall is 25-35% lower in the LGM than in the present day simulation throughout the Amazon basin. A primary cause is a 2-3 month delay in the onset of the rainy season, so that the dry season is about twice as long as in the present day. The delayed onset occurs because the low-level inflow from the tropical Atlantic onto the South American continent is drier than in the present day simulation due to reduced evaporation from cooler surface waters, and this slows the springtime buildup of moist static energy that is needed to initiate convection. Once the monsoon begins in the Southern Hemisphere, LGM rainfall rates are similar to those in the present day. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, rainfall is lower throughout the (shortened) rainy season. Regional-scale structure includes slight precipitation increases in the Nordeste region of Brazil and along the eastern foothills of the Andes, and a region in the center of the Amazon basin that does not experience annual drying. In the Andes Mountains, the signal is complicated, with regions of significant rainfall increases adjacent to regions with reduced precipitation.
15. Statistical analysis of s-wave neutron reduced widths
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Pandita Anita; Agrawal, H.M.
1992-01-01
The fluctuations of the s-wave neutron reduced widths for many nuclei have been analyzed with emphasis on recent measurements by a statistical procedure which is based on the method of maximum likelihood. It is shown that the s-wave neutron reduced widths of nuclei follow single channel Porter Thomas distribution (x 2 -distribution with degree of freedom ν = 1) for most of the cases. However there are apparent deviations from ν = 1 and possible explanation and significance of this deviation is given. These considerations are likely to modify the evaluation of neutron cross section. (author)
16. A novel algorithm for single-axis maximum power generation sun trackers
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Lee, Kung-Yen; Chung, Chi-Yao; Huang, Bin-Juine; Kuo, Ting-Jung; Yang, Huang-Wei; Cheng, Hung-Yen; Hsu, Po-Chien; Li, Kang
2017-01-01
Highlights: • A novel algorithm for a single-axis sun tracker is developed to increase the efficiency. • Photovoltaic module is rotated to find the optimal angle for generating the maximum power. • Electric energy increases up to 8.3%, compared with that of the tracker with three fixed angles. • The rotation range is optimized to reduce energy consumption from the rotation operations. - Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a novel algorithm for a single-axis maximum power generation sun tracker in order to identify the optimal stopping angle for generating the maximum amount of daily electric energy. First, the photovoltaic modules of the single-axis maximum power generation sun tracker are automatically rotated from 50° east to 50° west. During the rotation, the instantaneous power generated at different angles is recorded and compared, meaning that the optimal angle for generating the maximum power can be determined. Once the rotation (detection) is completed, the photovoltaic modules are then rotated to the resulting angle for generating the maximum power. The photovoltaic module is rotated once per hour in an attempt to detect the maximum irradiation and overcome the impact of environmental effects such as shading from cloud cover, other photovoltaic modules and surrounding buildings. Furthermore, the detection range is halved so as to reduce the energy consumption from the rotation operations and to improve the reliability of the sun tracker. The results indicate that electric energy production is increased by 3.4% in spring and autumn, 5.4% in summer, and 8.3% in winter, compared with that of the same sun tracker with three fixed angles of 50° east in the morning, 0° at noon and 50° west in the afternoon.
17. On application of a new hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based photovoltaic system to the closed plant factory
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jiang, Joe-Air; Su, Yu-Li; Shieh, Jyh-Cherng; Kuo, Kun-Chang; Lin, Tzu-Shiang; Lin, Ta-Te; Fang, Wei; Chou, Jui-Jen; Wang, Jen-Cheng
2014-01-01
Highlights: • Hybrid MPPT method was developed and utilized in a PV system of closed plant factory. • The tracking of the maximum power output of PV system can be achieved in real time. • Hybrid MPPT method not only decreases energy loss but increases power utilization. • The feasibility of applying PV system to the closed plant factory has been examined. • The PV system significantly reduced CO 2 emissions and curtailed the fossil fuels. - Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems have been shown to have a promising role for use in high electric-load buildings, such as the closed plant factory which is dependent upon artificial lighting. The power generated by the PV systems can be either directly supplied to the buildings or fed back into the electrical grid to reduce the high economic costs and environmental impact associated with the traditional energy sources such as nuclear power and fossil fuels. However, PV systems usually suffer from low energy-conversion efficiency, and it is therefore necessary to improve their performance by tackling the energy loss issues. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is essential to the PV-assisted generation systems in order to achieve the maximum power output in real time. In this study, we integrate the previously proposed direct-prediction MPP method with a perturbation and observation (P and O) method to develop a new hybrid MPPT method. The proposed MPPT method is further utilized in the PV inverters in a PV system installed on the roof of a closed plant factory at National Taiwan University. The tested PV system is constructed as a two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic power conditioning (PVPC) system with a boost-buck full bridge design configuration. A control scheme based on the hybrid MPPT method is also developed and implemented in the PV inverters of the PVPC system to achieve tracking of the maximum power output of the PV system in real time. Based on experimental results
18. 49 CFR 195.406 - Maximum operating pressure.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
... 49 Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Maximum operating pressure. 195.406 Section 195.406 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS... HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Operation and Maintenance § 195.406 Maximum operating pressure. (a) Except for...
19. 78 FR 49370 - Inflation Adjustment of Maximum Forfeiture Penalties
Science.gov (United States)
2013-08-14
... ``civil monetary penalties provided by law'' at least once every four years. DATES: Effective September 13... increases the maximum civil monetary forfeiture penalties available to the Commission under its rules... maximum civil penalties established in that section to account for inflation since the last adjustment to...
20. 22 CFR 201.67 - Maximum freight charges.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
..., commodity rate classification, quantity, vessel flag category (U.S.-or foreign-flag), choice of ports, and... the United States. (2) Maximum charter rates. (i) USAID will not finance ocean freight under any... owner(s). (4) Maximum liner rates. USAID will not finance ocean freight for a cargo liner shipment at a...
1. Maximum penetration level of distributed generation without violating voltage limits
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Morren, J.; Haan, de S.W.H.
2009-01-01
Connection of Distributed Generation (DG) units to a distribution network will result in a local voltage increase. As there will be a maximum on the allowable voltage increase, this will limit the maximum allowable penetration level of DG. By reactive power compensation (by the DG unit itself) a
2. Particle Swarm Optimization Based of the Maximum Photovoltaic ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Photovoltaic electricity is seen as an important source of renewable energy. The photovoltaic array is an unstable source of power since the peak power point depends on the temperature and the irradiation level. A maximum peak power point tracking is then necessary for maximum efficiency. In this work, a Particle Swarm ...
3. Maximum-entropy clustering algorithm and its global convergence analysis
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
2001-01-01
Constructing a batch of differentiable entropy functions touniformly approximate an objective function by means of the maximum-entropy principle, a new clustering algorithm, called maximum-entropy clustering algorithm, is proposed based on optimization theory. This algorithm is a soft generalization of the hard C-means algorithm and possesses global convergence. Its relations with other clustering algorithms are discussed.
4. Application of maximum entropy to neutron tunneling spectroscopy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mukhopadhyay, R.; Silver, R.N.
1990-01-01
We demonstrate the maximum entropy method for the deconvolution of high resolution tunneling data acquired with a quasielastic spectrometer. Given a precise characterization of the instrument resolution function, a maximum entropy analysis of lutidine data obtained with the IRIS spectrometer at ISIS results in an effective factor of three improvement in resolution. 7 refs., 4 figs
5. The regulation of starch accumulation in Panicum maximum Jacq ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
... decrease the starch level. These observations are discussed in relation to the photosynthetic characteristics of P. maximum. Keywords: accumulation; botany; carbon assimilation; co2 fixation; growth conditions; mesophyll; metabolites; nitrogen; nitrogen levels; nitrogen supply; panicum maximum; plant physiology; starch; ...
6. 32 CFR 842.35 - Depreciation and maximum allowances.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-07-01
... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Depreciation and maximum allowances. 842.35... LITIGATION ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIMS Personnel Claims (31 U.S.C. 3701, 3721) § 842.35 Depreciation and maximum allowances. The military services have jointly established the “Allowance List-Depreciation Guide” to...
7. PTree: pattern-based, stochastic search for maximum parsimony phylogenies
OpenAIRE
Gregor, Ivan; Steinbr?ck, Lars; McHardy, Alice C.
2013-01-01
Phylogenetic reconstruction is vital to analyzing the evolutionary relationship of genes within and across populations of different species. Nowadays, with next generation sequencing technologies producing sets comprising thousands of sequences, robust identification of the tree topology, which is optimal according to standard criteria such as maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood or posterior probability, with phylogenetic inference methods is a computationally very demanding task. Here, we ...
8. 5 CFR 838.711 - Maximum former spouse survivor annuity.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maximum former spouse survivor annuity... Orders Awarding Former Spouse Survivor Annuities Limitations on Survivor Annuities § 838.711 Maximum former spouse survivor annuity. (a) Under CSRS, payments under a court order may not exceed the amount...
9. Measurement of the Barkas effect around the stopping-power maximum for light and heavy targets
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Moeller, S.P.; Knudsen, H.; Mikkelsen, U.; Paludan, K.; Morenzoni, E.
1997-01-01
The first direct measurements of antiproton stopping powers around the stopping power maximum are presented. The LEAR antiproton-beam of 5.9 MeV is degraded to 50-700 keV, and the energy-loss is found by measuring the antiproton velocity before and after the target. The antiproton stopping powers of Si and Au are found to be reduced by 30 and 40% near the electronic stopping power maximum as compared to the equivalent proton stopping power. The Barkas effect, that is the stopping power difference between protons and antiprotons, is extracted and compared to theoretical estimates. (orig.)
10. Maximum Hours Legislation and Female Employment in the 1920s: A Reasse ssment
OpenAIRE
Claudia Goldin
1986-01-01
The causes and consequences of state maximum hours laws for female workers, passed from the mid-1800s to the 1920s, are explored and are found to differ from a recent reinterpretation. Although maximum hours legislation reduced scheduled hours in 1920, the impact was minimal and it operated equally for men. Legislation affecting only women was symptomatic of a general desire by labor for lower hours, and these lower hours were achieved in the tight, and otherwise special, World War I labor ma...
11. Prevalence of mental illness among inmates at Mukobeko maximum security prison in Zambia: A cross-sectional study
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mweene T Mweene
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates for mental illness among inmates at Mukobeko Maximum Security Prison, Zambia. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to assess psychiatric disturbance using a Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ20. A cut off point of 7/8 was used. The Chi-square test and Fishers′ exact test were used to determine associations at the 5% significance level, and magnitude of association was estimated using the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Results: Of the 394 inmates in prison, 29.2% had a current mental illness. Gender status was significantly associated with mental illness. Male participants were 35% (odds ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [0.51, 0.82] less likely to have mental illness compared to female participants. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental illness is high in Mukobeko Maximum Security Prison in Zambia. Gender-specific interventions should be designed to reduce the level of mental illness in this prison.
12. Maximum physical capacity testing in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Knutsen, L.; Quist, M; Midtgaard, J
2006-01-01
BACKGROUND: Over the past few years there has been a growing interest in the field of physical exercise in rehabilitation of cancer patients, leading to requirements for objective maximum physical capacity measurement (maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) and one-repetition maximum (1RM)) to determin...... early in the treatment process. However, the patients were self-referred and thus highly motivated and as such are not necessarily representative of the whole population of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy....... in performing maximum physical capacity tests as these motivated them through self-perceived competitiveness and set a standard that served to encourage peak performance. CONCLUSION: The positive attitudes in this sample towards maximum physical capacity open the possibility of introducing physical testing...
13. Maximum Principles for Discrete and Semidiscrete Reaction-Diffusion Equation
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Petr Stehlík
2015-01-01
Full Text Available We study reaction-diffusion equations with a general reaction function f on one-dimensional lattices with continuous or discrete time ux′ (or Δtux=k(ux-1-2ux+ux+1+f(ux, x∈Z. We prove weak and strong maximum and minimum principles for corresponding initial-boundary value problems. Whereas the maximum principles in the semidiscrete case (continuous time exhibit similar features to those of fully continuous reaction-diffusion model, in the discrete case the weak maximum principle holds for a smaller class of functions and the strong maximum principle is valid in a weaker sense. We describe in detail how the validity of maximum principles depends on the nonlinearity and the time step. We illustrate our results on the Nagumo equation with the bistable nonlinearity.
14. Efficient algorithms for maximum likelihood decoding in the surface code
Science.gov (United States)
Bravyi, Sergey; Suchara, Martin; Vargo, Alexander
2014-09-01
We describe two implementations of the optimal error correction algorithm known as the maximum likelihood decoder (MLD) for the two-dimensional surface code with a noiseless syndrome extraction. First, we show how to implement MLD exactly in time O (n2), where n is the number of code qubits. Our implementation uses a reduction from MLD to simulation of matchgate quantum circuits. This reduction however requires a special noise model with independent bit-flip and phase-flip errors. Secondly, we show how to implement MLD approximately for more general noise models using matrix product states (MPS). Our implementation has running time O (nχ3), where χ is a parameter that controls the approximation precision. The key step of our algorithm, borrowed from the density matrix renormalization-group method, is a subroutine for contracting a tensor network on the two-dimensional grid. The subroutine uses MPS with a bond dimension χ to approximate the sequence of tensors arising in the course of contraction. We benchmark the MPS-based decoder against the standard minimum weight matching decoder observing a significant reduction of the logical error probability for χ ≥4.
15. Maximum likelihood sequence estimation for optical complex direct modulation.
Science.gov (United States)
Che, Di; Yuan, Feng; Shieh, William
2017-04-17
Semiconductor lasers are versatile optical transmitters in nature. Through the direct modulation (DM), the intensity modulation is realized by the linear mapping between the injection current and the light power, while various angle modulations are enabled by the frequency chirp. Limited by the direct detection, DM lasers used to be exploited only as 1-D (intensity or angle) transmitters by suppressing or simply ignoring the other modulation. Nevertheless, through the digital coherent detection, simultaneous intensity and angle modulations (namely, 2-D complex DM, CDM) can be realized by a single laser diode. The crucial technique of CDM is the joint demodulation of intensity and differential phase with the maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE), supported by a closed-form discrete signal approximation of frequency chirp to characterize the MLSE transition probability. This paper proposes a statistical method for the transition probability to significantly enhance the accuracy of the chirp model. Using the statistical estimation, we demonstrate the first single-channel 100-Gb/s PAM-4 transmission over 1600-km fiber with only 10G-class DM lasers.
16. Application of the maximum entropy method to dynamical fermion simulations
Science.gov (United States)
Clowser, Jonathan
This thesis presents results for spectral functions extracted from imaginary-time correlation functions obtained from Monte Carlo simulations using the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM). The advantages this method are (i) no a priori assumptions or parametrisations of the spectral function are needed, (ii) a unique solution exists and (iii) the statistical significance of the resulting image can be quantitatively analysed. The Gross Neveu model in d = 3 spacetime dimensions (GNM3) is a particularly interesting model to study with the MEM because at T = 0 it has a broken phase with a rich spectrum of mesonic bound states and a symmetric phase where there are resonances. Results for the elementary fermion, the Goldstone boson (pion), the sigma, the massive pseudoscalar meson and the symmetric phase resonances are presented. UKQCD Nf = 2 dynamical QCD data is also studied with MEM. Results are compared to those found from the quenched approximation, where the effects of quark loops in the QCD vacuum are neglected, to search for sea-quark effects in the extracted spectral functions. Information has been extract from the difficult axial spatial and scalar as well as the pseudoscalar, vector and axial temporal channels. An estimate for the non-singlet scalar mass in the chiral limit is given which is in agreement with the experimental value of Mao = 985 MeV.
17. On the Five-Moment Hamburger Maximum Entropy Reconstruction
Science.gov (United States)
Summy, D. P.; Pullin, D. I.
2018-05-01
We consider the Maximum Entropy Reconstruction (MER) as a solution to the five-moment truncated Hamburger moment problem in one dimension. In the case of five monomial moment constraints, the probability density function (PDF) of the MER takes the form of the exponential of a quartic polynomial. This implies a possible bimodal structure in regions of moment space. An analytical model is developed for the MER PDF applicable near a known singular line in a centered, two-component, third- and fourth-order moment (μ _3 , μ _4 ) space, consistent with the general problem of five moments. The model consists of the superposition of a perturbed, centered Gaussian PDF and a small-amplitude packet of PDF-density, called the outlying moment packet (OMP), sitting far from the mean. Asymptotic solutions are obtained which predict the shape of the perturbed Gaussian and both the amplitude and position on the real line of the OMP. The asymptotic solutions show that the presence of the OMP gives rise to an MER solution that is singular along a line in (μ _3 , μ _4 ) space emanating from, but not including, the point representing a standard normal distribution, or thermodynamic equilibrium. We use this analysis of the OMP to develop a numerical regularization of the MER, creating a procedure we call the Hybrid MER (HMER). Compared with the MER, the HMER is a significant improvement in terms of robustness and efficiency while preserving accuracy in its prediction of other important distribution features, such as higher order moments.
18. The "sticking period" in a maximum bench press.
Science.gov (United States)
van den Tillaar, Roland; Ettema, Gertjan
2010-03-01
The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activity and three-dimensional kinematics in the ascending phase of a successful one-repetition maximum attempt in bench press for 12 recreational weight-training athletes, with special attention to the sticking period. The sticking period was defined as the first period of deceleration of the upward movement (i.e. from the highest barbell velocity until the first local lowest barbell velocity). All participants showed a sticking period during the upward movement that started about 0.2 s after the initial upward movement, and lasted about 0.9 s. Electromyography revealed that the muscle activity of the prime movers changed significantly from the pre-sticking to the sticking and post-sticking periods. A possible mechanism for the existence of the sticking period is the diminishing potentiation of the contractile elements during the upward movement together with the limited activity of the pectoral and deltoid muscles during this period.
19. Maximum skin hyperaemia induced by local heating: possible mechanisms.
Science.gov (United States)
Gooding, Kim M; Hannemann, Michael M; Tooke, John E; Clough, Geraldine F; Shore, Angela C
2006-01-01
Maximum skin hyperaemia (MH) induced by heating skin to > or = 42 degrees C is impaired in individuals at risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Interpretation of these findings is hampered by the lack of clarity of the mechanisms involved in the attainment of MH. MH was achieved by local heating of skin to 42-43 degrees C for 30 min, and assessed by laser Doppler fluximetry. Using double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study designs, the roles of prostaglandins were investigated by inhibiting their production with aspirin and histamine, with the H1 receptor antagonist cetirizine. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (L-NAME), and enhanced by sildenafil (prevents breakdown of cGMP). MH was not altered by aspirin, cetirizine or sildenafil, but was reduced by L-NAME: median placebo 4.48 V (25th, 75th centiles: 3.71, 4.70) versus L-NAME 3.25 V (3.10, 3.80) (p = 0.008, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Inhibition of NO production (L-NAME) resulted in a more rapid reduction in hyperaemia after heating (p = 0.011), whereas hyperaemia was prolonged in the presence of sildenafil (p = 0.003). The increase in skin blood flow was largely confined to the directly heated area, suggesting that the role of heat-induced activation of the axon reflex was small. NO, but not prostaglandins, histamine or an axon reflex, contributes to the increase in blood flow on heating and NO is also a component of the resolution of MH after heating. Copyright 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.
20. 78 FR 9845 - Minimum and Ordinary Maximum and Aggravated Maximum Civil Monetary Penalties for a Violation of...
Science.gov (United States)
2013-02-12
... maximum penalty amount of $75,000 for each violation, except that if the violation results in death... the maximum civil penalty for a violation is $175,000 if the violation results in death, serious... Penalties for a Violation of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Laws or Regulations, Orders, Special...
1. Influence of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Approach on Maximum Kayak Paddling Force
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Davidek Pavel
2018-03-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS exercise on maximum paddling force (PF and self-reported pain perception in the shoulder girdle area in flatwater kayakers. Twenty male flatwater kayakers from a local club (age = 21.9 ± 2.4 years, body height = 185.1 ± 7.9 cm, body mass = 83.9 ± 9.1 kg were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. During the 6-week study, subjects from both groups performed standard off-season training. Additionally, the intervention group engaged in a DNS-based core stabilization exercise program (quadruped exercise, side sitting exercise, sitting exercise and squat exercise after each standard training session. Using a kayak ergometer, the maximum PF stroke was measured four times during the six weeks. All subjects completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH questionnaire before and after the 6-week interval to evaluate subjective pain perception in the shoulder girdle area. Initially, no significant differences in maximum PF and the DASH questionnaire were identified between the two groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the experimental group improved significantly compared to the control group on maximum PF (p = .004; Cohen’s d = .85, but not on the DASH questionnaire score (p = .731 during the study. Integration of DNS with traditional flatwater kayak training may significantly increase maximum PF, but may not affect pain perception to the same extent.
2. Reducing Resistance
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lindell, Johanna
care may influence decisions on antibiotic use. Based on video-and audio recordings of physician-patient consultations it is investigated how treatment recommendations are presented, can be changed, are forecast and explained, and finally, how they seemingly meet resistance and how this resistance......Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem both nationally and internationally, and efficient strategies are needed to reduce unnecessary use. This dissertation presents four research studies, which examine how communication between general practitioners and patients in Danish primary...... is responded to.The first study in the dissertation suggests that treatment recommendations on antibiotics are often done in a way that encourages patient acceptance. In extension of this, the second study of the dissertation examines a case, where acceptance of such a recommendation is changed into a shared...
3. Understanding the Role of Reservoir Size on Probable Maximum Precipitation
Science.gov (United States)
Woldemichael, A. T.; Hossain, F.
2011-12-01
This study addresses the question 'Does surface area of an artificial reservoir matter in the estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for an impounded basin?' The motivation of the study was based on the notion that the stationarity assumption that is implicit in the PMP for dam design can be undermined in the post-dam era due to an enhancement of extreme precipitation patterns by an artificial reservoir. In addition, the study lays the foundation for use of regional atmospheric models as one way to perform life cycle assessment for planned or existing dams to formulate best management practices. The American River Watershed (ARW) with the Folsom dam at the confluence of the American River was selected as the study region and the Dec-Jan 1996-97 storm event was selected for the study period. The numerical atmospheric model used for the study was the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). First, the numerical modeling system, RAMS, was calibrated and validated with selected station and spatially interpolated precipitation data. Best combinations of parameterization schemes in RAMS were accordingly selected. Second, to mimic the standard method of PMP estimation by moisture maximization technique, relative humidity terms in the model were raised to 100% from ground up to the 500mb level. The obtained model-based maximum 72-hr precipitation values were named extreme precipitation (EP) as a distinction from the PMPs obtained by the standard methods. Third, six hypothetical reservoir size scenarios ranging from no-dam (all-dry) to the reservoir submerging half of basin were established to test the influence of reservoir size variation on EP. For the case of the ARW, our study clearly demonstrated that the assumption of stationarity that is implicit the traditional estimation of PMP can be rendered invalid to a large part due to the very presence of the artificial reservoir. Cloud tracking procedures performed on the basin also give indication of the
4. Leaf Dynamics of Panicum maximum under Future Climatic Changes.
Science.gov (United States)
Britto de Assis Prado, Carlos Henrique; Haik Guedes de Camargo-Bortolin, Lívia; Castro, Érique; Martinez, Carlos Alberto
2016-01-01
Panicum maximum Jacq. 'Mombaça' (C4) was grown in field conditions with sufficient water and nutrients to examine the effects of warming and elevated CO2 concentrations during the winter. Plants were exposed to either the ambient temperature and regular atmospheric CO2 (Control); elevated CO2 (600 ppm, eC); canopy warming (+2°C above regular canopy temperature, eT); or elevated CO2 and canopy warming (eC+eT). The temperatures and CO2 in the field were controlled by temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) and mini free-air CO2 enrichment (miniFACE) facilities. The most green, expanding, and expanded leaves and the highest leaf appearance rate (LAR, leaves day(-1)) and leaf elongation rate (LER, cm day(-1)) were observed under eT. Leaf area and leaf biomass were higher in the eT and eC+eT treatments. The higher LER and LAR without significant differences in the number of senescent leaves could explain why tillers had higher foliage area and leaf biomass in the eT treatment. The eC treatment had the lowest LER and the fewest expanded and green leaves, similar to Control. The inhibitory effect of eC on foliage development in winter was indicated by the fewer green, expanded, and expanding leaves under eC+eT than eT. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the eT and eC treatments, respectively, on foliage raised and lowered, respectively, the foliar nitrogen concentration. The inhibition of foliage by eC was confirmed by the eC treatment having the lowest leaf/stem biomass ratio and by the change in leaf biomass-area relationships from linear or exponential growth to rectangular hyperbolic growth under eC. Besides, eC+eT had a synergist effect, speeding up leaf maturation. Therefore, with sufficient water and nutrients in winter, the inhibitory effect of elevated CO2 on foliage could be partially offset by elevated temperatures and relatively high P. maximum foliage production could be achieved under future climatic change.
5. Productivity response of calcareous nannoplankton to Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
M. Dedert
2012-05-01
% increase in Sr/Ca above the cyclic background conditions as measured by ion probe in dominating genera may result from a slightly elevated productivity during ETM2. This high productivity phase is probably the result of enhanced nutrient supply either from land or from upwelling. The ion probe results show that calcareous nannoplankton productivity was not reduced by environmental conditions accompanying ETM2 at Site 1265, but imply an overall sustained productivity and potentially a small productivity increase during the extreme climatic conditions of ETM2 in this portion of the South Atlantic. However, in the open oceanic setting of Site 1209, a significant decrease in dominant genera Sr/Ca is observed, indicating reduced productivity.
6. The power and robustness of maximum LOD score statistics.
Science.gov (United States)
Yoo, Y J; Mendell, N R
2008-07-01
The maximum LOD score statistic is extremely powerful for gene mapping when calculated using the correct genetic parameter value. When the mode of genetic transmission is unknown, the maximum of the LOD scores obtained using several genetic parameter values is reported. This latter statistic requires higher critical value than the maximum LOD score statistic calculated from a single genetic parameter value. In this paper, we compare the power of maximum LOD scores based on three fixed sets of genetic parameter values with the power of the LOD score obtained after maximizing over the entire range of genetic parameter values. We simulate family data under nine generating models. For generating models with non-zero phenocopy rates, LOD scores maximized over the entire range of genetic parameters yielded greater power than maximum LOD scores for fixed sets of parameter values with zero phenocopy rates. No maximum LOD score was consistently more powerful than the others for generating models with a zero phenocopy rate. The power loss of the LOD score maximized over the entire range of genetic parameters, relative to the maximum LOD score calculated using the correct genetic parameter value, appeared to be robust to the generating models.
7. Efficient Photovoltaic System Maximum Power Point Tracking Using a New Technique
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian
2016-03-01
Full Text Available Partial shading is an unavoidable condition which significantly reduces the efficiency and stability of a photovoltaic (PV system. When partial shading occurs the system has multiple-peak output power characteristics. In order to track the global maximum power point (GMPP within an appropriate period a reliable technique is required. Conventional techniques such as hill climbing and perturbation and observation (P&O are inadequate in tracking the GMPP subject to this condition resulting in a dramatic reduction in the efficiency of the PV system. Recent artificial intelligence methods have been proposed, however they have a higher computational cost, slower processing time and increased oscillations which results in further instability at the output of the PV system. This paper proposes a fast and efficient technique based on Radial Movement Optimization (RMO for detecting the GMPP under partial shading conditions. The paper begins with a brief description of the behavior of PV systems under partial shading conditions followed by the introduction of the new RMO-based technique for GMPP tracking. Finally, results are presented to demonstration the performance of the proposed technique under different partial shading conditions. The results are compared with those of the PSO method, one of the most widely used methods in the literature. Four factors, namely convergence speed, efficiency (power loss reduction, stability (oscillation reduction and computational cost, are considered in the comparison with the PSO technique.
8. Real-time implementation of optimized maximum noise fraction transform for feature extraction of hyperspectral images
Science.gov (United States)
Wu, Yuanfeng; Gao, Lianru; Zhang, Bing; Zhao, Haina; Li, Jun
2014-01-01
We present a parallel implementation of the optimized maximum noise fraction (G-OMNF) transform algorithm for feature extraction of hyperspectral images on commodity graphics processing units (GPUs). The proposed approach explored the algorithm data-level concurrency and optimized the computing flow. We first defined a three-dimensional grid, in which each thread calculates a sub-block data to easily facilitate the spatial and spectral neighborhood data searches in noise estimation, which is one of the most important steps involved in OMNF. Then, we optimized the processing flow and computed the noise covariance matrix before computing the image covariance matrix to reduce the original hyperspectral image data transmission. These optimization strategies can greatly improve the computing efficiency and can be applied to other feature extraction algorithms. The proposed parallel feature extraction algorithm was implemented on an Nvidia Tesla GPU using the compute unified device architecture and basic linear algebra subroutines library. Through the experiments on several real hyperspectral images, our GPU parallel implementation provides a significant speedup of the algorithm compared with the CPU implementation, especially for highly data parallelizable and arithmetically intensive algorithm parts, such as noise estimation. In order to further evaluate the effectiveness of G-OMNF, we used two different applications: spectral unmixing and classification for evaluation. Considering the sensor scanning rate and the data acquisition time, the proposed parallel implementation met the on-board real-time feature extraction.
9. Methodology to estimate the cost of the severe accidents risk / maximum benefit
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mendoza, G.; Flores, R. M.; Vega, E.
2016-09-01
For programs and activities to manage aging effects, any changes to plant operations, inspections, maintenance activities, systems and administrative control procedures during the renewal period should be characterized, designed to manage the effects of aging as required by 10 Cfr Part 54 that could impact the environment. Environmental impacts significantly different from those described in the final environmental statement for the current operating license should be described in detail. When complying with the requirements of a license renewal application, the Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives (SAMA) analysis is contained in a supplement to the environmental report of the plant that meets the requirements of 10 Cfr Part 51. In this paper, the methodology for estimating the cost of severe accidents risk is established and discussed, which is then used to identify and select the alternatives for severe accident mitigation, which are analyzed to estimate the maximum benefit that an alternative could achieve if this eliminate all risk. Using the regulatory analysis techniques of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) estimates the cost of severe accidents risk. The ultimate goal of implementing the methodology is to identify candidates for SAMA that have the potential to reduce the severe accidents risk and determine if the implementation of each candidate is cost-effective. (Author)
10. Comparative study of maximum isometric grip strength in different sports
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Noé Gomes Borges Junior
2009-01-01
Full Text Available http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2009v11n3p292 The objective of this study was to compare maximum isometric grip strength (Fmaxbetween different sports and between the dominant (FmaxD and non-dominant (FmaxND hand. Twenty-nine male aikido (AI, jiujitsu (JJ, judo (JU and rowing (RO athletes and 21non-athletes (NA participated in the study. The hand strength test consisted of maintainingmaximum isometric grip strength for 10 seconds using a hand dynamometer. The position of the subjects was that suggested by the American Society of Hand Therapy. Factorial 2X5 ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, followed by a paired t test and Tukey test, was used for statistical analysis. The highest Fmax values were observed for the JJ group when using the dominant hand,followed by the JU, RO, AI and NA groups. Variation in Fmax could be attributed to handdominance (30.9%, sports modality (39.9% and the interaction between hand dominance andsport (21.3%. The present results demonstrated significant differences in Fmax between the JJ and AI groups and between the JJ and NA groups for both the dominant and non-dominant hand. Significant differences in Fmax between the dominant and non-dominant hand were only observed in the AI and NA groups. The results indicate that Fmax can be used for comparisonbetween different sports modalities, and to identify differences between the dominant and nondominanthand. Studies involving a larger number of subjects will permit the identification of differences between other modalities.
11. Pressurizer /Auxiliary Spray Piping Stress Analysis For Determination Of Lead Shielding Maximum Allow Able Load
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Setjo, Renaningsih
2000-01-01
Piping stress analysis for PZR/Auxiliary Spray Lines Nuclear Power Plant AV Unit I(PWR Type) has been carried out. The purpose of this analysis is to establish a maximum allowable load that is permitted at the time of need by placing lead shielding on the piping system on class 1 pipe, Pressurizer/Auxiliary Spray Lines (PZR/Aux.) Reactor Coolant Loop 1 and 4 for NPP AV Unit one in the mode 5 and 6 during outage. This analysis is intended to reduce the maximum amount of radiation dose for the operator during ISI ( In service Inspection) period.The result shown that the maximum allowable loads for 4 inches lines for PZR/Auxiliary Spray Lines is 123 lbs/feet
12. Development of an Intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracker Using an Advanced PV System Test Platform
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Spataru, Sergiu; Amoiridis, Anastasios; Beres, Remus Narcis
2013-01-01
The performance of photovoltaic systems is often reduced by the presence of partial shadows. The system efficiency and availability can be improved by a maximum power point tracking algorithm that is able to detect partial shadow conditions and to optimize the power output. This work proposes...... an intelligent maximum power point tracking method that monitors the maximum power point voltage and triggers a current-voltage sweep only when a partial shadow is detected, therefore minimizing power loss due to repeated current-voltage sweeps. The proposed system is validated on an advanced, flexible...... photovoltaic inverter system test platform that is able to reproduce realistic partial shadow conditions, both in simulation and on hardware test system....
13. Parameters determining maximum wind velocity in a tropical cyclone
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Choudhury, A.M.
1984-09-01
The spiral structure of a tropical cyclone was earlier explained by a tangential velocity distribution which varies inversely as the distance from the cyclone centre outside the circle of maximum wind speed. The case has been extended in the present paper by adding a radial velocity. It has been found that a suitable combination of radial and tangential velocities can account for the spiral structure of a cyclone. This enables parametrization of the cyclone. Finally a formula has been derived relating maximum velocity in a tropical cyclone with angular momentum, radius of maximum wind speed and the spiral angle. The shapes of the spirals have been computed for various spiral angles. (author)
14. Effect of a High-intensity Interval Training method on maximum oxygen consumption in Chilean schoolchildren
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Sergio Galdames-Maliqueo
2017-12-01
Full Text Available Introduction: The low levels of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max evaluated in Chilean schoolchildren suggest the startup of trainings that improve the aerobic capacity. Objective: To analyze the effect of a High-intensity Interval Training method on maximum oxygen consumption in Chilean schoolchildren. Materials and methods: Thirty-two high school students from the eighth grade, who were divided into two groups, were part of the study (experimental group = 16 students and control group = 16 students. The main analyzed variable was the maximum oxygen consumption through the Course Navette Test. A High-intensity Interval training method was applied based on the maximum aerobic speed obtained through the Test. A mixed ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: The experimental group showed a significant increase in the Maximum Oxygen Consumption between the pretest and posttest when compared with the control group (p < 0.0001. Conclusion: The results of the study showed a positive effect of the High-intensity Interval Training on the maximum consumption of oxygen. At the end of the study, it is concluded that High-intensity Interval Training is a good stimulation methodology for Chilean schoolchildren.
15. Modelling non-stationary annual maximum flood heights in the lower Limpopo River basin of Mozambique
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Daniel Maposa
2016-05-01
Full Text Available In this article we fit a time-dependent generalised extreme value (GEV distribution to annual maximum flood heights at three sites: Chokwe, Sicacate and Combomune in the lower Limpopo River basin of Mozambique. A GEV distribution is fitted to six annual maximum time series models at each site, namely: annual daily maximum (AM1, annual 2-day maximum (AM2, annual 5-day maximum (AM5, annual 7-day maximum (AM7, annual 10-day maximum (AM10 and annual 30-day maximum (AM30. Non-stationary time-dependent GEV models with a linear trend in location and scale parameters are considered in this study. The results show lack of sufficient evidence to indicate a linear trend in the location parameter at all three sites. On the other hand, the findings in this study reveal strong evidence of the existence of a linear trend in the scale parameter at Combomune and Sicacate, whilst the scale parameter had no significant linear trend at Chokwe. Further investigation in this study also reveals that the location parameter at Sicacate can be modelled by a nonlinear quadratic trend; however, the complexity of the overall model is not worthwhile in fit over a time-homogeneous model. This study shows the importance of extending the time-homogeneous GEV model to incorporate climate change factors such as trend in the lower Limpopo River basin, particularly in this era of global warming and a changing climate. Keywords: nonstationary extremes; annual maxima; lower Limpopo River; generalised extreme value
16. A Hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Automobile Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator
Science.gov (United States)
Quan, Rui; Zhou, Wei; Yang, Guangyou; Quan, Shuhai
2017-05-01
To make full use of the maximum output power of automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator (AETEG) based on Bi2Te3 thermoelectric modules (TEMs), taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of existing maximum power point tracking methods, and according to the output characteristics of TEMs, a hybrid maximum power point tracking method combining perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm, quadratic interpolation and constant voltage tracking method was put forward in this paper. Firstly, it searched the maximum power point with P&O algorithms and a quadratic interpolation method, then, it forced the AETEG to work at its maximum power point with constant voltage tracking. A synchronous buck converter and controller were implemented in the electric bus of the AETEG applied in a military sports utility vehicle, and the whole system was modeled and simulated with a MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simulation results demonstrate that the maximum output power of the AETEG based on the proposed hybrid method is increased by about 3.0% and 3.7% compared with that using only the P&O algorithm and the quadratic interpolation method, respectively. The shorter tracking time is only 1.4 s, which is reduced by half compared with that of the P&O algorithm and quadratic interpolation method, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the tracked maximum power is approximately equal to the real value using the proposed hybrid method,and it can preferentially deal with the voltage fluctuation of the AETEG with only P&O algorithm, and resolve the issue that its working point can barely be adjusted only with constant voltage tracking when the operation conditions change.
17. Relations between the efficiency, power and dissipation for linear irreversible heat engine at maximum trade-off figure of merit
Science.gov (United States)
Iyyappan, I.; Ponmurugan, M.
2018-03-01
A trade of figure of merit (\\dotΩ ) criterion accounts the best compromise between the useful input energy and the lost input energy of the heat devices. When the heat engine is working at maximum \\dotΩ criterion its efficiency increases significantly from the efficiency at maximum power. We derive the general relations between the power, efficiency at maximum \\dotΩ criterion and minimum dissipation for the linear irreversible heat engine. The efficiency at maximum \\dotΩ criterion has the lower bound \
18. Environmental Monitoring, Water Quality - Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
Data.gov (United States)
NSGIC Education | GIS Inventory — The Clean Water Act Section 303(d) establishes the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. The purpose of the TMDL program is to identify sources of pollution and...
19. Probabilistic maximum-value wind prediction for offshore environments
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Staid, Andrea; Pinson, Pierre; Guikema, Seth D.
2015-01-01
statistical models to predict the full distribution of the maximum-value wind speeds in a 3 h interval. We take a detailed look at the performance of linear models, generalized additive models and multivariate adaptive regression splines models using meteorological covariates such as gust speed, wind speed......, convective available potential energy, Charnock, mean sea-level pressure and temperature, as given by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecasts. The models are trained to predict the mean value of maximum wind speed, and the residuals from training the models are used to develop...... the full probabilistic distribution of maximum wind speed. Knowledge of the maximum wind speed for an offshore location within a given period can inform decision-making regarding turbine operations, planned maintenance operations and power grid scheduling in order to improve safety and reliability...
20. Combining Experiments and Simulations Using the Maximum Entropy Principle
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Boomsma, Wouter; Ferkinghoff-Borg, Jesper; Lindorff-Larsen, Kresten
2014-01-01
are not in quantitative agreement with experimental data. The principle of maximum entropy is a general procedure for constructing probability distributions in the light of new data, making it a natural tool in cases when an initial model provides results that are at odds with experiments. The number of maximum entropy...... in the context of a simple example, after which we proceed with a real-world application in the field of molecular simulations, where the maximum entropy procedure has recently provided new insight. Given the limited accuracy of force fields, macromolecular simulations sometimes produce results....... Three very recent papers have explored this problem using the maximum entropy approach, providing both new theoretical and practical insights to the problem. We highlight each of these contributions in turn and conclude with a discussion on remaining challenges....
1. Parametric optimization of thermoelectric elements footprint for maximum power generation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rezania, A.; Rosendahl, Lasse; Yin, Hao
2014-01-01
The development studies in thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems are mostly disconnected to parametric optimization of the module components. In this study, optimum footprint ratio of n- and p-type thermoelectric (TE) elements is explored to achieve maximum power generation, maximum cost......-performance, and variation of efficiency in the uni-couple over a wide range of the heat transfer coefficient on the cold junction. The three-dimensional (3D) governing equations of the thermoelectricity and the heat transfer are solved using the finite element method (FEM) for temperature dependent properties of TE...... materials. The results, which are in good agreement with the previous computational studies, show that the maximum power generation and the maximum cost-performance in the module occur at An/Ap
2. Ethylene Production Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Compliance Manual
Science.gov (United States)
This July 2006 document is intended to help owners and operators of ethylene processes understand and comply with EPA's maximum achievable control technology standards promulgated on July 12, 2002, as amended on April 13, 2005 and April 20, 2006.
3. ORIGINAL ARTICLES Surgical practice in a maximum security prison
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Prison Clinic, Mangaung Maximum Security Prison, Bloemfontein. F Kleinhans, BA (Cur) .... HIV positivity rate and the use of the rectum to store foreign objects. ... fruit in sunlight. Other positive health-promoting factors may also play a role,.
4. A technique for estimating maximum harvesting effort in a stochastic ...
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
Unknown
Estimation of maximum harvesting effort has a great impact on the ... fluctuating environment has been developed in a two-species competitive system, which shows that under realistic .... The existence and local stability properties of the equi-.
5. Water Quality Assessment and Total Maximum Daily Loads Information (ATTAINS)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — The Water Quality Assessment TMDL Tracking And Implementation System (ATTAINS) stores and tracks state water quality assessment decisions, Total Maximum Daily Loads...
6. Post optimization paradigm in maximum 3-satisfiability logic programming
Science.gov (United States)
Mansor, Mohd. Asyraf; Sathasivam, Saratha; Kasihmuddin, Mohd Shareduwan Mohd
2017-08-01
Maximum 3-Satisfiability (MAX-3SAT) is a counterpart of the Boolean satisfiability problem that can be treated as a constraint optimization problem. It deals with a conundrum of searching the maximum number of satisfied clauses in a particular 3-SAT formula. This paper presents the implementation of enhanced Hopfield network in hastening the Maximum 3-Satisfiability (MAX-3SAT) logic programming. Four post optimization techniques are investigated, including the Elliot symmetric activation function, Gaussian activation function, Wavelet activation function and Hyperbolic tangent activation function. The performances of these post optimization techniques in accelerating MAX-3SAT logic programming will be discussed in terms of the ratio of maximum satisfied clauses, Hamming distance and the computation time. Dev-C++ was used as the platform for training, testing and validating our proposed techniques. The results depict the Hyperbolic tangent activation function and Elliot symmetric activation function can be used in doing MAX-3SAT logic programming.
7. Maximum likelihood estimation of finite mixture model for economic data
Science.gov (United States)
Phoong, Seuk-Yen; Ismail, Mohd Tahir
2014-06-01
Finite mixture model is a mixture model with finite-dimension. This models are provides a natural representation of heterogeneity in a finite number of latent classes. In addition, finite mixture models also known as latent class models or unsupervised learning models. Recently, maximum likelihood estimation fitted finite mixture models has greatly drawn statistician's attention. The main reason is because maximum likelihood estimation is a powerful statistical method which provides consistent findings as the sample sizes increases to infinity. Thus, the application of maximum likelihood estimation is used to fit finite mixture model in the present paper in order to explore the relationship between nonlinear economic data. In this paper, a two-component normal mixture model is fitted by maximum likelihood estimation in order to investigate the relationship among stock market price and rubber price for sampled countries. Results described that there is a negative effect among rubber price and stock market price for Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia.
8. Encoding Strategy for Maximum Noise Tolerance Bidirectional Associative Memory
National Research Council Canada - National Science Library
Shen, Dan
2003-01-01
In this paper, the Basic Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM) is extended by choosing weights in the correlation matrix, for a given set of training pairs, which result in a maximum noise tolerance set for BAM...
9. Narrow band interference cancelation in OFDM: Astructured maximum likelihood approach
KAUST Repository
Sohail, Muhammad Sadiq; Al-Naffouri, Tareq Y.; Al-Ghadhban, Samir N.
2012-01-01
This paper presents a maximum likelihood (ML) approach to mitigate the effect of narrow band interference (NBI) in a zero padded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ZP-OFDM) system. The NBI is assumed to be time variant and asynchronous
10. Reducing costs by reducing size
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hayns, M.R.; Shepherd, J.
1991-01-01
The present paper discusses briefly the many factors, including capital cost, which have to be taken into account in determining whether a series of power stations based on a small nuclear plant can be competitive with a series based on traditional large unit sizes giving the guaranteed level of supply. The 320 MWe UK/US Safe Integral Reactor is described as a good example of how the factors discussed can be beneficially incorporated into a design using proven technology. Finally it goes on to illustrate how the overall costs of a generating system can indeed by reduced by use of the 320 MWe Safe Integral Reactor rather than conventional units of around 1200 MWe. (author). 9 figs
11. Maximum organic carbon limits at different melter feed rates (U)
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Choi, A.S.
1995-01-01
This report documents the results of a study to assess the impact of varying melter feed rates on the maximum total organic carbon (TOC) limits allowable in the DWPF melter feed. Topics discussed include: carbon content; feed rate; feed composition; melter vapor space temperature; combustion and dilution air; off-gas surges; earlier work on maximum TOC; overview of models; and the results of the work completed
12. A tropospheric ozone maximum over the equatorial Southern Indian Ocean
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
L. Zhang
2012-05-01
Full Text Available We examine the distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone (O3 from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES by using a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem. MLS and TES observations of tropospheric O3 during 2005 to 2009 reveal a distinct, persistent O3 maximum, both in mixing ratio and tropospheric column, in May over the Equatorial Southern Indian Ocean (ESIO. The maximum is most pronounced in 2006 and 2008 and less evident in the other three years. This feature is also consistent with the total column O3 observations from the Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS. Model results reproduce the observed May O3 maximum and the associated interannual variability. The origin of the maximum reflects a complex interplay of chemical and dynamic factors. The O3 maximum is dominated by the O3 production driven by lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx emissions, which accounts for 62% of the tropospheric column O3 in May 2006. We find the contribution from biomass burning, soil, anthropogenic and biogenic sources to the O3 maximum are rather small. The O3 productions in the lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America both peak in May and are directly responsible for the O3 maximum over the western ESIO. The lightning outflow from Equatorial Asia dominates over the eastern ESIO. The interannual variability of the O3 maximum is driven largely by the anomalous anti-cyclones over the southern Indian Ocean in May 2006 and 2008. The lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America is effectively entrained by the anti-cyclones followed by northward transport to the ESIO.
13. Dinosaur Metabolism and the Allometry of Maximum Growth Rate
OpenAIRE
Myhrvold, Nathan P.
2016-01-01
The allometry of maximum somatic growth rate has been used in prior studies to classify the metabolic state of both extant vertebrates and dinosaurs. The most recent such studies are reviewed, and their data is reanalyzed. The results of allometric regressions on growth rate are shown to depend on the choice of independent variable; the typical choice used in prior studies introduces a geometric shear transformation that exaggerates the statistical power of the regressions. The maximum growth...
14. MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE FOR SUBSONIC FLOW WITH VARIABLE ENTROPY
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
B. Sizykh Grigory
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Maximum principle for subsonic flow is fair for stationary irrotational subsonic gas flows. According to this prin- ciple, if the value of the velocity is not constant everywhere, then its maximum is achieved on the boundary and only on the boundary of the considered domain. This property is used when designing form of an aircraft with a maximum critical val- ue of the Mach number: it is believed that if the local Mach number is less than unit in the incoming flow and on the body surface, then the Mach number is less then unit in all points of flow. The known proof of maximum principle for subsonic flow is based on the assumption that in the whole considered area of the flow the pressure is a function of density. For the ideal and perfect gas (the role of diffusion is negligible, and the Mendeleev-Clapeyron law is fulfilled, the pressure is a function of density if entropy is constant in the entire considered area of the flow. Shows an example of a stationary sub- sonic irrotational flow, in which the entropy has different values on different stream lines, and the pressure is not a function of density. The application of the maximum principle for subsonic flow with respect to such a flow would be unreasonable. This example shows the relevance of the question about the place of the points of maximum value of the velocity, if the entropy is not a constant. To clarify the regularities of the location of these points, was performed the analysis of the com- plete Euler equations (without any simplifying assumptions in 3-D case. The new proof of the maximum principle for sub- sonic flow was proposed. This proof does not rely on the assumption that the pressure is a function of density. Thus, it is shown that the maximum principle for subsonic flow is true for stationary subsonic irrotational flows of ideal perfect gas with variable entropy.
15. On semidefinite programming relaxations of maximum k-section
NARCIS (Netherlands)
de Klerk, E.; Pasechnik, D.V.; Sotirov, R.; Dobre, C.
2012-01-01
We derive a new semidefinite programming bound for the maximum k -section problem. For k=2 (i.e. for maximum bisection), the new bound is at least as strong as a well-known bound by Poljak and Rendl (SIAM J Optim 5(3):467–487, 1995). For k ≥ 3the new bound dominates a bound of Karisch and Rendl
16. Direct maximum parsimony phylogeny reconstruction from genotype data
OpenAIRE
Sridhar, Srinath; Lam, Fumei; Blelloch, Guy E; Ravi, R; Schwartz, Russell
2007-01-01
Abstract Background Maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree reconstruction from genetic variation data is a fundamental problem in computational genetics with many practical applications in population genetics, whole genome analysis, and the search for genetic predictors of disease. Efficient methods are available for reconstruction of maximum parsimony trees from haplotype data, but such data are difficult to determine directly for autosomal DNA. Data more commonly is available in the form of ge...
17. Maximum power point tracker based on fuzzy logic
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Daoud, A.; Midoun, A.
2006-01-01
The solar energy is used as power source in photovoltaic power systems and the need for an intelligent power management system is important to obtain the maximum power from the limited solar panels. With the changing of the sun illumination due to variation of angle of incidence of sun radiation and of the temperature of the panels, Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) enables optimization of solar power generation. The MPPT is a sub-system designed to extract the maximum power from a power source. In the case of solar panels power source. the maximum power point varies as a result of changes in its electrical characteristics which in turn are functions of radiation dose, temperature, ageing and other effects. The MPPT maximum the power output from panels for a given set of conditions by detecting the best working point of the power characteristic and then controls the current through the panels or the voltage across them. Many MPPT methods have been reported in literature. These techniques of MPPT can be classified into three main categories that include: lookup table methods, hill climbing methods and computational methods. The techniques vary according to the degree of sophistication, processing time and memory requirements. The perturbation and observation algorithm (hill climbing technique) is commonly used due to its ease of implementation, and relative tracking efficiency. However, it has been shown that when the insolation changes rapidly, the perturbation and observation method is slow to track the maximum power point. In recent years, the fuzzy controllers are used for maximum power point tracking. This method only requires the linguistic control rules for maximum power point, the mathematical model is not required and therefore the implementation of this control method is easy to real control system. In this paper, we we present a simple robust MPPT using fuzzy set theory where the hardware consists of the microchip's microcontroller unit control card and
18. Does combined strength training and local vibration improve isometric maximum force? A pilot study.
Science.gov (United States)
Goebel, Ruben; Haddad, Monoem; Kleinöder, Heinz; Yue, Zengyuan; Heinen, Thomas; Mester, Joachim
2017-01-01
The aim of the study was to determine whether a combination of strength training (ST) and local vibration (LV) improved the isometric maximum force of arm flexor muscles. ST was applied to the left arm of the subjects; LV was applied to the right arm of the same subjects. The main aim was to examine the effect of LV during a dumbbell biceps curl (Scott Curl) on isometric maximum force of the opposite muscle among the same subjects. It is hypothesized, that the intervention with LV produces a greater gain in isometric force of the arm flexors than ST. Twenty-seven collegiate students participated in the study. The training load was 70% of the individual 1 RM. Four sets with 12 repetitions were performed three times per week during four weeks. The right arm of all subjects represented the vibration trained body side (VS) and the left arm served as the traditional trained body side (TTS). A significant increase of isometric maximum force in both body sides (Arms) occurred. VS, however, significantly increased isometric maximum force about 43% in contrast to 22% of the TTS. The combined intervention of ST and LC improves isometric maximum force of arm flexor muscles. III.
19. Assessment of maximum available work of a hydrogen fueled compression ignition engine using exergy analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chintala, Venkateswarlu; Subramanian, K.A.
2014-01-01
This work is aimed at study of maximum available work and irreversibility (mixing, combustion, unburned, and friction) of a dual-fuel diesel engine (H 2 (hydrogen)–diesel) using exergy analysis. The maximum available work increased with H 2 addition due to reduction in irreversibility of combustion because of less entropy generation. The irreversibility of unburned fuel with the H 2 fuel also decreased due to the engine combustion with high temperature whereas there is no effect of H 2 on mixing and friction irreversibility. The maximum available work of the diesel engine at rated load increased from 29% with conventional base mode (without H 2 ) to 31.7% with dual-fuel mode (18% H 2 energy share) whereas total irreversibility of the engine decreased drastically from 41.2% to 39.3%. The energy efficiency of the engine with H 2 increased about 10% with 36% reduction in CO 2 emission. The developed methodology could also be applicable to find the effect and scope of different technologies including exhaust gas recirculation and turbo charging on maximum available work and energy efficiency of diesel engines. - Highlights: • Energy efficiency of diesel engine increases with hydrogen under dual-fuel mode. • Maximum available work of the engine increases significantly with hydrogen. • Combustion and unburned fuel irreversibility decrease with hydrogen. • No significant effect of hydrogen on mixing and friction irreversibility. • Reduction in CO 2 emission along with HC, CO and smoke emissions
20. Maximum Historical Seismic Intensity Map of S. Miguel Island (azores)
Science.gov (United States)
Silveira, D.; Gaspar, J. L.; Ferreira, T.; Queiroz, G.
The Azores archipelago is situated in the Atlantic Ocean where the American, African and Eurasian lithospheric plates meet. The so-called Azores Triple Junction located in the area where the Terceira Rift, a NW-SE to WNW-ESE fault system with a dextral component, intersects the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with an approximate N-S direction, dominates its geological setting. S. Miguel Island is located in the eastern segment of the Terceira Rift, showing a high diversity of volcanic and tectonic structures. It is the largest Azorean island and includes three active trachytic central volcanoes with caldera (Sete Cidades, Fogo and Furnas) placed in the intersection of the NW-SE Ter- ceira Rift regional faults with an E-W deep fault system thought to be a relic of a Mid-Atlantic Ridge transform fault. N-S and NE-SW faults also occur in this con- text. Basaltic cinder cones emplaced along NW-SE fractures link that major volcanic structures. The easternmost part of the island comprises an inactive trachytic central volcano (Povoação) and an old basaltic volcanic complex (Nordeste). Since the settle- ment of the island, early in the XV century, several destructive earthquakes occurred in the Azores region. At least 11 events hit S. Miguel Island with high intensity, some of which caused several deaths and significant damages. The analysis of historical documents allowed reconstructing the history and the impact of all those earthquakes and new intensity maps using the 1998 European Macrosseismic Scale were produced for each event. The data was then integrated in order to obtain the maximum historical seismic intensity map of S. Miguel. This tool is regarded as an important document for hazard assessment and risk mitigation taking in account that indicates the location of dangerous seismogenic zones and provides a comprehensive set of data to be applied in land-use planning, emergency planning and building construction.
1. Preconditioned alternating projection algorithms for maximum a posteriori ECT reconstruction
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Krol, Andrzej; Li, Si; Shen, Lixin; Xu, Yuesheng
2012-01-01
We propose a preconditioned alternating projection algorithm (PAPA) for solving the maximum a posteriori (MAP) emission computed tomography (ECT) reconstruction problem. Specifically, we formulate the reconstruction problem as a constrained convex optimization problem with the total variation (TV) regularization. We then characterize the solution of the constrained convex optimization problem and show that it satisfies a system of fixed-point equations defined in terms of two proximity operators raised from the convex functions that define the TV-norm and the constraint involved in the problem. The characterization (of the solution) via the proximity operators that define two projection operators naturally leads to an alternating projection algorithm for finding the solution. For efficient numerical computation, we introduce to the alternating projection algorithm a preconditioning matrix (the EM-preconditioner) for the dense system matrix involved in the optimization problem. We prove theoretically convergence of the PAPA. In numerical experiments, performance of our algorithms, with an appropriately selected preconditioning matrix, is compared with performance of the conventional MAP expectation-maximization (MAP-EM) algorithm with TV regularizer (EM-TV) and that of the recently developed nested EM-TV algorithm for ECT reconstruction. Based on the numerical experiments performed in this work, we observe that the alternating projection algorithm with the EM-preconditioner outperforms significantly the EM-TV in all aspects including the convergence speed, the noise in the reconstructed images and the image quality. It also outperforms the nested EM-TV in the convergence speed while providing comparable image quality. (paper)
2. Multifield stochastic particle production: beyond a maximum entropy ansatz
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Amin, Mustafa A.; Garcia, Marcos A.G.; Xie, Hong-Yi; Wen, Osmond, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Physics and Astronomy Department, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 (United States)
2017-09-01
We explore non-adiabatic particle production for N {sub f} coupled scalar fields in a time-dependent background with stochastically varying effective masses, cross-couplings and intervals between interactions. Under the assumption of weak scattering per interaction, we provide a framework for calculating the typical particle production rates after a large number of interactions. After setting up the framework, for analytic tractability, we consider interactions (effective masses and cross couplings) characterized by series of Dirac-delta functions in time with amplitudes and locations drawn from different distributions. Without assuming that the fields are statistically equivalent, we present closed form results (up to quadratures) for the asymptotic particle production rates for the N {sub f}=1 and N {sub f}=2 cases. We also present results for the general N {sub f} >2 case, but with more restrictive assumptions. We find agreement between our analytic results and direct numerical calculations of the total occupation number of the produced particles, with departures that can be explained in terms of violation of our assumptions. We elucidate the precise connection between the maximum entropy ansatz (MEA) used in Amin and Baumann (2015) and the underlying statistical distribution of the self and cross couplings. We provide and justify a simple to use (MEA-inspired) expression for the particle production rate, which agrees with our more detailed treatment when the parameters characterizing the effective mass and cross-couplings between fields are all comparable to each other. However, deviations are seen when some parameters differ significantly from others. We show that such deviations become negligible for a broad range of parameters when N {sub f}>> 1.
3. The inverse Fourier problem in the case of poor resolution in one given direction: the maximum-entropy solution
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Papoular, R.J.; Zheludev, A.; Ressouche, E.; Schweizer, J.
1995-01-01
When density distributions in crystals are reconstructed from 3D diffraction data, a problem sometimes occurs when the spatial resolution in one given direction is very small compared to that in perpendicular directions. In this case, a 2D projected density is usually reconstructed. For this task, the conventional Fourier inversion method only makes use of those structure factors measured in the projection plane. All the other structure factors contribute zero to the reconstruction of a projected density. On the contrary, the maximum-entropy method uses all the 3D data, to yield 3D-enhanced 2D projected density maps. It is even possible to reconstruct a projection in the extreme case when not one structure factor in the plane of projection is known. In the case of poor resolution along one given direction, a Fourier inversion reconstruction gives very low quality 3D densities 'smeared' in the third dimension. The application of the maximum-entropy procedure reduces the smearing significantly and reasonably well resolved projections along most directions can now be obtained from the MaxEnt 3D density. To illustrate these two ideas, particular examples based on real polarized neutron diffraction data sets are presented. (orig.)
4. Influence of Thread Root Radius on Maximum Local Stresses at Large Diameter Bolts under Axial Loading
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Cojocaru Vasile
2014-06-01
Full Text Available In the thread root area of the threaded bolts submitted to axial loading occur local stresses, higher that nominal stresses calculated for the bolts. These local stresses can generate failure and can reduce the fatigue life of the parts. The paper is focused on the study of the influence of the thread root radius on the maximum local stresses. A large diameter trapezoidal bolt was subjected to a static analysis (axial loading using finite element simulation.
5. A parallel implementation of a maximum entropy reconstruction algorithm for PET images in a visual language
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bastiens, K.; Lemahieu, I.
1994-01-01
The application of a maximum entropy reconstruction algorithm to PET images requires a lot of computing resources. A parallel implementation could seriously reduce the execution time. However, programming a parallel application is still a non trivial task, needing specialized people. In this paper a programming environment based on a visual programming language is used for a parallel implementation of the reconstruction algorithm. This programming environment allows less experienced programmers to use the performance of multiprocessor systems. (authors)
6. A parallel implementation of a maximum entropy reconstruction algorithm for PET images in a visual language
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Bastiens, K; Lemahieu, I [University of Ghent - ELIS Department, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium)
1994-12-31
The application of a maximum entropy reconstruction algorithm to PET images requires a lot of computing resources. A parallel implementation could seriously reduce the execution time. However, programming a parallel application is still a non trivial task, needing specialized people. In this paper a programming environment based on a visual programming language is used for a parallel implementation of the reconstruction algorithm. This programming environment allows less experienced programmers to use the performance of multiprocessor systems. (authors). 8 refs, 3 figs, 1 tab.
7. Penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction for x-ray differential phase-contrast tomography
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Brendel, Bernhard; Teuffenbach, Maximilian von; Noël, Peter B.; Pfeiffer, Franz; Koehler, Thomas
2016-01-01
Purpose: The purpose of this work is to propose a cost function with regularization to iteratively reconstruct attenuation, phase, and scatter images simultaneously from differential phase contrast (DPC) acquisitions, without the need of phase retrieval, and examine its properties. Furthermore this reconstruction method is applied to an acquisition pattern that is suitable for a DPC tomographic system with continuously rotating gantry (sliding window acquisition), overcoming the severe smearing in noniterative reconstruction. Methods: We derive a penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction algorithm to directly reconstruct attenuation, phase, and scatter image from the measured detector values of a DPC acquisition. The proposed penalty comprises, for each of the three images, an independent smoothing prior. Image quality of the proposed reconstruction is compared to images generated with FBP and iterative reconstruction after phase retrieval. Furthermore, the influence between the priors is analyzed. Finally, the proposed reconstruction algorithm is applied to experimental sliding window data acquired at a synchrotron and results are compared to reconstructions based on phase retrieval. Results: The results show that the proposed algorithm significantly increases image quality in comparison to reconstructions based on phase retrieval. No significant mutual influence between the proposed independent priors could be observed. Further it could be illustrated that the iterative reconstruction of a sliding window acquisition results in images with substantially reduced smearing artifacts. Conclusions: Although the proposed cost function is inherently nonconvex, it can be used to reconstruct images with less aliasing artifacts and less streak artifacts than reconstruction methods based on phase retrieval. Furthermore, the proposed method can be used to reconstruct images of sliding window acquisitions with negligible smearing artifacts
8. Liquid films on shake flask walls explain increasing maximum oxygen transfer capacities with elevating viscosity.
Science.gov (United States)
Giese, Heiner; Azizan, Amizon; Kümmel, Anne; Liao, Anping; Peter, Cyril P; Fonseca, João A; Hermann, Robert; Duarte, Tiago M; Büchs, Jochen
2014-02-01
In biotechnological screening and production, oxygen supply is a crucial parameter. Even though oxygen transfer is well documented for viscous cultivations in stirred tanks, little is known about the gas/liquid oxygen transfer in shake flask cultures that become increasingly viscous during cultivation. Especially the oxygen transfer into the liquid film, adhering on the shake flask wall, has not yet been described for such cultivations. In this study, the oxygen transfer of chemical and microbial model experiments was measured and the suitability of the widely applied film theory of Higbie was studied. With numerical simulations of Fick's law of diffusion, it was demonstrated that Higbie's film theory does not apply for cultivations which occur at viscosities up to 10 mPa s. For the first time, it was experimentally shown that the maximum oxygen transfer capacity OTRmax increases in shake flasks when viscosity is increased from 1 to 10 mPa s, leading to an improved oxygen supply for microorganisms. Additionally, the OTRmax does not significantly undermatch the OTRmax at waterlike viscosities, even at elevated viscosities of up to 80 mPa s. In this range, a shake flask is a somehow self-regulating system with respect to oxygen supply. This is in contrary to stirred tanks, where the oxygen supply is steadily reduced to only 5% at 80 mPa s. Since, the liquid film formation at shake flask walls inherently promotes the oxygen supply at moderate and at elevated viscosities, these results have significant implications for scale-up. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
9. Analyzing temporal changes in maximum runoff volume series of the Danube River
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Halmova, Dana; Pekarova, Pavla; Onderka, Milan; Pekar, Jan
2008-01-01
Several hypotheses claim that more extremes in climatic and hydrologic phenomena are anticipated. In order to verify such hypotheses it is inevitable to examine the past periods by thoroughly analyzing historical data. In the present study, the annual maximum runoff volumes with t-day durations were calculated for a 130-year series of mean daily discharge of Danube River at Bratislava gauge (Slovakia). Statistical methods were used to clarify how the maximum runoff volumes of the Danube River changed over two historical periods (1876-1940 and 1941-2005). The conclusion is that the runoff volume regime during floods has not changed significantly during the last 130 years.
10. Maximum vehicle cabin temperatures under different meteorological conditions
Science.gov (United States)
Grundstein, Andrew; Meentemeyer, Vernon; Dowd, John
2009-05-01
A variety of studies have documented the dangerously high temperatures that may occur within the passenger compartment (cabin) of cars under clear sky conditions, even at relatively low ambient air temperatures. Our study, however, is the first to examine cabin temperatures under variable weather conditions. It uses a unique maximum vehicle cabin temperature dataset in conjunction with directly comparable ambient air temperature, solar radiation, and cloud cover data collected from April through August 2007 in Athens, GA. Maximum cabin temperatures, ranging from 41-76°C, varied considerably depending on the weather conditions and the time of year. Clear days had the highest cabin temperatures, with average values of 68°C in the summer and 61°C in the spring. Cloudy days in both the spring and summer were on average approximately 10°C cooler. Our findings indicate that even on cloudy days with lower ambient air temperatures, vehicle cabin temperatures may reach deadly levels. Additionally, two predictive models of maximum daily vehicle cabin temperatures were developed using commonly available meteorological data. One model uses maximum ambient air temperature and average daily solar radiation while the other uses cloud cover percentage as a surrogate for solar radiation. From these models, two maximum vehicle cabin temperature indices were developed to assess the level of danger. The models and indices may be useful for forecasting hazardous conditions, promoting public awareness, and to estimate past cabin temperatures for use in forensic analyses.
11. Fractal Dimension and Maximum Sunspot Number in Solar Cycle
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
R.-S. Kim
2006-09-01
Full Text Available The fractal dimension is a quantitative parameter describing the characteristics of irregular time series. In this study, we use this parameter to analyze the irregular aspects of solar activity and to predict the maximum sunspot number in the following solar cycle by examining time series of the sunspot number. For this, we considered the daily sunspot number since 1850 from SIDC (Solar Influences Data analysis Center and then estimated cycle variation of the fractal dimension by using Higuchi's method. We examined the relationship between this fractal dimension and the maximum monthly sunspot number in each solar cycle. As a result, we found that there is a strong inverse relationship between the fractal dimension and the maximum monthly sunspot number. By using this relation we predicted the maximum sunspot number in the solar cycle from the fractal dimension of the sunspot numbers during the solar activity increasing phase. The successful prediction is proven by a good correlation (r=0.89 between the observed and predicted maximum sunspot numbers in the solar cycles.
12. Size dependence of efficiency at maximum power of heat engine
KAUST Repository
Izumida, Y.; Ito, N.
2013-01-01
We perform a molecular dynamics computer simulation of a heat engine model to study how the engine size difference affects its performance. Upon tactically increasing the size of the model anisotropically, we determine that there exists an optimum size at which the model attains the maximum power for the shortest working period. This optimum size locates between the ballistic heat transport region and the diffusive heat transport one. We also study the size dependence of the efficiency at the maximum power. Interestingly, we find that the efficiency at the maximum power around the optimum size attains a value that has been proposed as a universal upper bound, and it even begins to exceed the bound as the size further increases. We explain this behavior of the efficiency at maximum power by using a linear response theory for the heat engine operating under a finite working period, which naturally extends the low-dissipation Carnot cycle model [M. Esposito, R. Kawai, K. Lindenberg, C. Van den Broeck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 150603 (2010)]. The theory also shows that the efficiency at the maximum power under an extreme condition may reach the Carnot efficiency in principle.© EDP Sciences Società Italiana di Fisica Springer-Verlag 2013.
13. Size dependence of efficiency at maximum power of heat engine
KAUST Repository
Izumida, Y.
2013-10-01
We perform a molecular dynamics computer simulation of a heat engine model to study how the engine size difference affects its performance. Upon tactically increasing the size of the model anisotropically, we determine that there exists an optimum size at which the model attains the maximum power for the shortest working period. This optimum size locates between the ballistic heat transport region and the diffusive heat transport one. We also study the size dependence of the efficiency at the maximum power. Interestingly, we find that the efficiency at the maximum power around the optimum size attains a value that has been proposed as a universal upper bound, and it even begins to exceed the bound as the size further increases. We explain this behavior of the efficiency at maximum power by using a linear response theory for the heat engine operating under a finite working period, which naturally extends the low-dissipation Carnot cycle model [M. Esposito, R. Kawai, K. Lindenberg, C. Van den Broeck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 150603 (2010)]. The theory also shows that the efficiency at the maximum power under an extreme condition may reach the Carnot efficiency in principle.© EDP Sciences Società Italiana di Fisica Springer-Verlag 2013.
14. How long do centenarians survive? Life expectancy and maximum lifespan.
Science.gov (United States)
Modig, K; Andersson, T; Vaupel, J; Rau, R; Ahlbom, A
2017-08-01
The purpose of this study was to explore the pattern of mortality above the age of 100 years. In particular, we aimed to examine whether Scandinavian data support the theory that mortality reaches a plateau at particularly old ages. Whether the maximum length of life increases with time was also investigated. The analyses were based on individual level data on all Swedish and Danish centenarians born from 1870 to 1901; in total 3006 men and 10 963 women were included. Birth cohort-specific probabilities of dying were calculated. Exact ages were used for calculations of maximum length of life. Whether maximum age changed over time was analysed taking into account increases in cohort size. The results confirm that there has not been any improvement in mortality amongst centenarians in the past 30 years and that the current rise in life expectancy is driven by reductions in mortality below the age of 100 years. The death risks seem to reach a plateau of around 50% at the age 103 years for men and 107 years for women. Despite the rising life expectancy, the maximum age does not appear to increase, in particular after accounting for the increasing number of individuals of advanced age. Mortality amongst centenarians is not changing despite improvements at younger ages. An extension of the maximum lifespan and a sizeable extension of life expectancy both require reductions in mortality above the age of 100 years. © 2017 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine.
15. Nitric-glycolic flowsheet testing for maximum hydrogen generation rate
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Martino, C. J. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL); Newell, J. D. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL); Williams, M. S. [Savannah River Site (SRS), Aiken, SC (United States). Savannah River National Lab. (SRNL)
2016-03-01
The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Savannah River Site is developing for implementation a flowsheet with a new reductant to replace formic acid. Glycolic acid has been tested over the past several years and found to effectively replace the function of formic acid in the DWPF chemical process. The nitric-glycolic flowsheet reduces mercury, significantly lowers the chemical generation of hydrogen and ammonia, allows purge reduction in the Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT), stabilizes the pH and chemistry in the SRAT and the Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME), allows for effective adjustment of the SRAT/SME rheology, and is favorable with respect to melter flammability. The objective of this work was to perform DWPF Chemical Process Cell (CPC) testing at conditions that would bound the catalytic hydrogen production for the nitric-glycolic flowsheet.
16. Historical Significant Volcanic Eruption Locations
Data.gov (United States)
Department of Homeland Security — A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteriacaused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or...
17. Effects of fasting on maximum thermogenesis in temperature-acclimated rats
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, L. C. H.
1981-09-01
To further investigate the limiting effect of substrates on maximum thermogenesis in acute cold exposure, the present study examined the prevalence of this effect at different thermogenic capabilities consequent to cold- or warm-acclimation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=11) were acclimated to 6, 16 and 26‡C, in succession, their thermogenic capabilities after each acclimation temperature were measured under helium-oxygen (21% oxygen, balance helium) at -10‡C after overnight fasting or feeding. Regardless of feeding conditions, both maximum and total heat production were significantly greater in 6>16>26‡C-acclimated conditions. In the fed state, the total heat production was significantly greater than that in the fasted state at all acclimating temperatures but the maximum thermogenesis was significant greater only in the 6 and 16‡C-acclimated states. The results indicate that the limiting effect of substrates on maximum and total thermogenesis is independent of the magnitude of thermogenic capability, suggesting a substrate-dependent component in restricting the effective expression of existing aerobic metabolic capability even under severe stress.
18. Maximum Likelihood Blind Channel Estimation for Space-Time Coding Systems
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Hakan A. Çırpan
2002-05-01
Full Text Available Sophisticated signal processing techniques have to be developed for capacity enhancement of future wireless communication systems. In recent years, space-time coding is proposed to provide significant capacity gains over the traditional communication systems in fading wireless channels. Space-time codes are obtained by combining channel coding, modulation, transmit diversity, and optional receive diversity in order to provide diversity at the receiver and coding gain without sacrificing the bandwidth. In this paper, we consider the problem of blind estimation of space-time coded signals along with the channel parameters. Both conditional and unconditional maximum likelihood approaches are developed and iterative solutions are proposed. The conditional maximum likelihood algorithm is based on iterative least squares with projection whereas the unconditional maximum likelihood approach is developed by means of finite state Markov process modelling. The performance analysis issues of the proposed methods are studied. Finally, some simulation results are presented.
19. Modeling multisite streamflow dependence with maximum entropy copula
Science.gov (United States)
Hao, Z.; Singh, V. P.
2013-10-01
Synthetic streamflows at different sites in a river basin are needed for planning, operation, and management of water resources projects. Modeling the temporal and spatial dependence structure of monthly streamflow at different sites is generally required. In this study, the maximum entropy copula method is proposed for multisite monthly streamflow simulation, in which the temporal and spatial dependence structure is imposed as constraints to derive the maximum entropy copula. The monthly streamflows at different sites are then generated by sampling from the conditional distribution. A case study for the generation of monthly streamflow at three sites in the Colorado River basin illustrates the application of the proposed method. Simulated streamflow from the maximum entropy copula is in satisfactory agreement with observed streamflow.
20. Beat the Deviations in Estimating Maximum Power of Thermoelectric Modules
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Gao, Junling; Chen, Min
2013-01-01
Under a certain temperature difference, the maximum power of a thermoelectric module can be estimated by the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current. In practical measurement, there exist two switch modes, either from open to short or from short to open, but the two modes can give...... different estimations on the maximum power. Using TEG-127-2.8-3.5-250 and TEG-127-1.4-1.6-250 as two examples, the difference is about 10%, leading to some deviations with the temperature change. This paper analyzes such differences by means of a nonlinear numerical model of thermoelectricity, and finds out...... that the main cause is the influence of various currents on the produced electromotive potential. A simple and effective calibration method is proposed to minimize the deviations in specifying the maximum power. Experimental results validate the method with improved estimation accuracy....
1. Mass mortality of the vermetid gastropod Ceraesignum maximum
Science.gov (United States)
Brown, A. L.; Frazer, T. K.; Shima, J. S.; Osenberg, C. W.
2016-09-01
Ceraesignum maximum (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825), formerly Dendropoma maximum, was subject to a sudden, massive die-off in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, in 2015. On Mo'orea, where we have detailed documentation of the die-off, these gastropods were previously found in densities up to 165 m-2. In July 2015, we surveyed shallow back reefs of Mo'orea before, during and after the die-off, documenting their swift decline. All censused populations incurred 100% mortality. Additional surveys and observations from Mo'orea, Tahiti, Bora Bora, and Huahine (but not Taha'a) suggested a similar, and approximately simultaneous, die-off. The cause(s) of this cataclysmic mass mortality are currently unknown. Given the previously documented negative effects of C. maximum on corals, we expect the die-off will have cascading effects on the reef community.
2. Stationary neutrino radiation transport by maximum entropy closure
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Bludman, S.A.
1994-11-01
The authors obtain the angular distributions that maximize the entropy functional for Maxwell-Boltzmann (classical), Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac radiation. In the low and high occupancy limits, the maximum entropy closure is bounded by previously known variable Eddington factors that depend only on the flux. For intermediate occupancy, the maximum entropy closure depends on both the occupation density and the flux. The Fermi-Dirac maximum entropy variable Eddington factor shows a scale invariance, which leads to a simple, exact analytic closure for fermions. This two-dimensional variable Eddington factor gives results that agree well with exact (Monte Carlo) neutrino transport calculations out of a collapse residue during early phases of hydrostatic neutron star formation
3. Design and optimization of automotive thermoelectric generators for maximum fuel efficiency improvement
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Kempf, Nicholas; Zhang, Yanliang
2016-01-01
Highlights: • A three-dimensional automotive thermoelectric generator (TEG) model is developed. • Heat exchanger design and TEG configuration are optimized for maximum fuel efficiency increase. • Heat exchanger conductivity has a strong influence on maximum fuel efficiency increase. • TEG aspect ratio and fin height increase with heat exchanger thermal conductivity. • A 2.5% fuel efficiency increase is attainable with nanostructured half-Heusler modules. - Abstract: Automotive fuel efficiency can be increased by thermoelectric power generation using exhaust waste heat. A high-temperature thermoelectric generator (TEG) that converts engine exhaust waste heat into electricity is simulated based on a light-duty passenger vehicle with a 4-cylinder gasoline engine. Strategies to optimize TEG configuration and heat exchanger design for maximum fuel efficiency improvement are provided. Through comparison of stainless steel and silicon carbide heat exchangers, it is found that both the optimal TEG design and the maximum fuel efficiency increase are highly dependent on the thermal conductivity of the heat exchanger material. Significantly higher fuel efficiency increase can be obtained using silicon carbide heat exchangers at taller fins and a longer TEG along the exhaust flow direction when compared to stainless steel heat exchangers. Accounting for major parasitic losses, a maximum fuel efficiency increase of 2.5% is achievable using newly developed nanostructured bulk half-Heusler thermoelectric modules.
4. Estimating the maximum potential revenue for grid connected electricity storage :
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Byrne, Raymond Harry; Silva Monroy, Cesar Augusto.
2012-12-01
The valuation of an electricity storage device is based on the expected future cash flow generated by the device. Two potential sources of income for an electricity storage system are energy arbitrage and participation in the frequency regulation market. Energy arbitrage refers to purchasing (stor- ing) energy when electricity prices are low, and selling (discharging) energy when electricity prices are high. Frequency regulation is an ancillary service geared towards maintaining system frequency, and is typically procured by the independent system operator in some type of market. This paper outlines the calculations required to estimate the maximum potential revenue from participating in these two activities. First, a mathematical model is presented for the state of charge as a function of the storage device parameters and the quantities of electricity purchased/sold as well as the quantities o ered into the regulation market. Using this mathematical model, we present a linear programming optimization approach to calculating the maximum potential revenue from an elec- tricity storage device. The calculation of the maximum potential revenue is critical in developing an upper bound on the value of storage, as a benchmark for evaluating potential trading strate- gies, and a tool for capital nance risk assessment. Then, we use historical California Independent System Operator (CAISO) data from 2010-2011 to evaluate the maximum potential revenue from the Tehachapi wind energy storage project, an American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) energy storage demonstration project. We investigate the maximum potential revenue from two di erent scenarios: arbitrage only and arbitrage combined with the regulation market. Our analysis shows that participation in the regulation market produces four times the revenue compared to arbitrage in the CAISO market using 2010 and 2011 data. Then we evaluate several trading strategies to illustrate how they compare to the
5. Discontinuity of maximum entropy inference and quantum phase transitions
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chen, Jianxin; Ji, Zhengfeng; Yu, Nengkun; Zeng, Bei; Li, Chi-Kwong; Poon, Yiu-Tung; Shen, Yi; Zhou, Duanlu
2015-01-01
In this paper, we discuss the connection between two genuinely quantum phenomena—the discontinuity of quantum maximum entropy inference and quantum phase transitions at zero temperature. It is shown that the discontinuity of the maximum entropy inference of local observable measurements signals the non-local type of transitions, where local density matrices of the ground state change smoothly at the transition point. We then propose to use the quantum conditional mutual information of the ground state as an indicator to detect the discontinuity and the non-local type of quantum phase transitions in the thermodynamic limit. (paper)
6. On an Objective Basis for the Maximum Entropy Principle
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
David J. Miller
2015-01-01
Full Text Available In this letter, we elaborate on some of the issues raised by a recent paper by Neapolitan and Jiang concerning the maximum entropy (ME principle and alternative principles for estimating probabilities consistent with known, measured constraint information. We argue that the ME solution for the “problematic” example introduced by Neapolitan and Jiang has stronger objective basis, rooted in results from information theory, than their alternative proposed solution. We also raise some technical concerns about the Bayesian analysis in their work, which was used to independently support their alternative to the ME solution. The letter concludes by noting some open problems involving maximum entropy statistical inference.
7. The maximum economic depth of groundwater abstraction for irrigation
Science.gov (United States)
Bierkens, M. F.; Van Beek, L. P.; de Graaf, I. E. M.; Gleeson, T. P.
2017-12-01
Over recent decades, groundwater has become increasingly important for agriculture. Irrigation accounts for 40% of the global food production and its importance is expected to grow further in the near future. Already, about 70% of the globally abstracted water is used for irrigation, and nearly half of that is pumped groundwater. In many irrigated areas where groundwater is the primary source of irrigation water, groundwater abstraction is larger than recharge and we see massive groundwater head decline in these areas. An important question then is: to what maximum depth can groundwater be pumped for it to be still economically recoverable? The objective of this study is therefore to create a global map of the maximum depth of economically recoverable groundwater when used for irrigation. The maximum economic depth is the maximum depth at which revenues are still larger than pumping costs or the maximum depth at which initial investments become too large compared to yearly revenues. To this end we set up a simple economic model where costs of well drilling and the energy costs of pumping, which are a function of well depth and static head depth respectively, are compared with the revenues obtained for the irrigated crops. Parameters for the cost sub-model are obtained from several US-based studies and applied to other countries based on GDP/capita as an index of labour costs. The revenue sub-model is based on gross irrigation water demand calculated with a global hydrological and water resources model, areal coverage of crop types from MIRCA2000 and FAO-based statistics on crop yield and market price. We applied our method to irrigated areas in the world overlying productive aquifers. Estimated maximum economic depths range between 50 and 500 m. Most important factors explaining the maximum economic depth are the dominant crop type in the area and whether or not initial investments in well infrastructure are limiting. In subsequent research, our estimates of
8. Efficiency of autonomous soft nanomachines at maximum power.
Science.gov (United States)
Seifert, Udo
2011-01-14
We consider nanosized artificial or biological machines working in steady state enforced by imposing nonequilibrium concentrations of solutes or by applying external forces, torques, or electric fields. For unicyclic and strongly coupled multicyclic machines, efficiency at maximum power is not bounded by the linear response value 1/2. For strong driving, it can even approach the thermodynamic limit 1. Quite generally, such machines fall into three different classes characterized, respectively, as "strong and efficient," "strong and inefficient," and "balanced." For weakly coupled multicyclic machines, efficiency at maximum power has lost any universality even in the linear response regime.
9. A comparison of methods of predicting maximum oxygen uptake.
OpenAIRE
Grant, S; Corbett, K; Amjad, A M; Wilson, J; Aitchison, T
1995-01-01
The aim of this study was to compare the results from a Cooper walk run test, a multistage shuttle run test, and a submaximal cycle test with the direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake on a treadmill. Three predictive tests of maximum oxygen uptake--linear extrapolation of heart rate of VO2 collected from a submaximal cycle ergometer test (predicted L/E), the Cooper 12 min walk, run test, and a multi-stage progressive shuttle run test (MST)--were performed by 22 young healthy males (mean...
10. Maximum length scale in density based topology optimization
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Lazarov, Boyan Stefanov; Wang, Fengwen
2017-01-01
The focus of this work is on two new techniques for imposing maximum length scale in topology optimization. Restrictions on the maximum length scale provide designers with full control over the optimized structure and open possibilities to tailor the optimized design for broader range...... of manufacturing processes by fulfilling the associated technological constraints. One of the proposed methods is based on combination of several filters and builds on top of the classical density filtering which can be viewed as a low pass filter applied to the design parametrization. The main idea...
11. A Maximum Entropy Method for a Robust Portfolio Problem
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yingying Xu
2014-06-01
Full Text Available We propose a continuous maximum entropy method to investigate the robustoptimal portfolio selection problem for the market with transaction costs and dividends.This robust model aims to maximize the worst-case portfolio return in the case that allof asset returns lie within some prescribed intervals. A numerical optimal solution tothe problem is obtained by using a continuous maximum entropy method. Furthermore,some numerical experiments indicate that the robust model in this paper can result in betterportfolio performance than a classical mean-variance model.
12. Significance of irradiation of blood
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Sekine, Hiroshi; Gotoh, Eisuke; Mochizuki, Sachio
1992-01-01
Many reports of fatal GVHD occurring in non-immunocompromised patients after blood transfusion have been published in Japan. One explantation is that transfused lymphocytes were simulated and attack the recipient organs recognized as HLA incompatible. That is so called 'one-way matching'. To reduce the risk of post-transfusion GVHD, one of the most convenient methods is to irradiate the donated blood at an appropriate dose for inactivation of lymphocytes. Because no one knows about the late effect of irradiated blood, it is necessary to make the prospective safety control. (author)
13. Fungic microflora of Panicum maximum and Styosanthes spp. commercial seed / Microflora fúngica de sementes comerciais de Panicum maximum e Stylosanthes spp.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Larissa Rodrigues Fabris
2010-09-01
Full Text Available The sanitary quality of 26 lots commercial seeds of tropical forages, produced in different regions (2004-05 and 2005-06 was analyzed. The lots were composed of seeds of Panicum maximum ('Massai', 'Mombaça' e 'Tanzânia' and stylo ('Estilosantes Campo Grande' - ECG. Additionally, seeds of two lots of P. maximum for exportation were analyzed. The blotter test was used, at 20ºC under alternating light and darkness in a 12 h photoperiod, for seven days. The Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Rhizopus genus consisted the secondary or saprophytes fungi (FSS with greatest frequency in P. maximum lots. In general, there was low incidence of these fungus in the seeds. In relation to pathogenic fungi (FP, it was detected high frequency of contaminated lots by Bipolaris, Curvularia, Fusarium and Phoma genus. Generally, there was high incidence of FP in P. maximum seeds. The occurrence of Phoma sp. was hight, because in 81% of the lots showed incidence superior to 50%. In 'ECG' seeds it was detected FSS (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium genus and FP (Bipolaris, Curvularia, Fusarium and Phoma genus, usually, in low incidence. FSS and FP were associated to P. maximum seeds for exportation, with significant incidence in some cases. The results indicated that there was a limiting factor in all producer regions regarding sanitary quality of the seeds.Sementes comerciais de forrageiras tropicais, pertencente a 26 lotes produzidos em diferentes regiões (safras 2004-05 e 2005-06, foram avaliadas quanto à sanidade. Foram analisadas sementes de cultivares de Panicum maximum (Massai, Mombaça e Tanzânia e de estilosantes (Estilosantes Campo Grande – ECG. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a qualidade sanitária de dois lotes de sementes de P. maximum destinados à exportação. Para isso, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de papel de filtro em gerbox, os quais foram incubados a 20ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12 h, durante sete dias. Os fungos saprófitos ou
14. Significance evaluation in factor graphs
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Madsen, Tobias; Hobolth, Asger; Jensen, Jens Ledet
2017-01-01
in genomics and the multiple-testing issues accompanying them, accurate significance evaluation is of great importance. We here address the problem of evaluating statistical significance of observations from factor graph models. Results Two novel numerical approximations for evaluation of statistical...... significance are presented. First a method using importance sampling. Second a saddlepoint approximation based method. We develop algorithms to efficiently compute the approximations and compare them to naive sampling and the normal approximation. The individual merits of the methods are analysed both from....... Conclusions The applicability of saddlepoint approximation and importance sampling is demonstrated on known models in the factor graph framework. Using the two methods we can substantially improve computational cost without compromising accuracy. This contribution allows analyses of large datasets...
15. Significant Lactic Acidosis from Albuterol
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Deborah Diercks
2018-03-01
Full Text Available Lactic acidosis is a clinical entity that demands rapid assessment and treatment to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. With increased lactate use across many clinical scenarios, lactate values themselves cannot be interpreted apart from their appropriate clinical picture. The significance of Type B lactic acidosis is likely understated in the emergency department (ED. Given the mortality that sepsis confers, a serum lactate is an important screening study. That said, it is with extreme caution that we should interpret and react to the resultant elevated value. We report a patient with a significant lactic acidosis. Though he had a high lactate value, he did not require aggressive resuscitation. A different classification scheme for lactic acidosis that focuses on the bifurcation of the “dangerous” and “not dangerous” causes of lactic acidosis may be of benefit. In addition, this case is demonstrative of the potential overuse of lactates in the ED.
16. Estimativas de repetibilidade para caracteres forrageiros em Panicum maximum Repeatability estimates for forage characters in Panicum maximum
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Francisco José da Silva Lédo
2008-08-01
Full Text Available Objetiva-se com este trabalho estimar a repetibilidade para caracteres forrageiros de Panicum, e determinar o número de cortes de avaliação necessários para a seleção de genótipos de Panicum, com confiabilidade. Utilizaram-se os dados de um ensaio conduzido no período de 21/11/2002 a 08/04/2005, no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado em Valença-RJ, onde foram realizados 15 cortes de avaliação. No ensaio, foram avaliados 23 genótipos de Panicum maximum, em parcelas experimentais, dispostas no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram estimados os coeficientes de repetibilidade para as características produção de matéria verde de forragem (PMV; produção de matéria seca de forragem (PMS e de folhas (PMSF; porcentagem de folhas na PMS (%FOL e altura da planta (AP, utilizando os métodos da análise de variância, componentes principais e análise estrutural. Para todas as características avaliadas os efeitos de genótipos, cortes e interação genótipos x cortes foram significativos (PThe objective of this work was to estimate the repeatability for forage characters of Panicum and to determinate the necessary number of evaluation cuts to select Panicum genotypes with confidence. Data of a trial with 15 cuts, carried out between 21/11/2002 and 08/04/2005 in the experimental station of Embrapa Gado de Leite located in Valença, RJ, Brazil, were used. In this study. 23 genotypes of " Panicum maximum" were evaluated, in a complete randomized block, with three replications. The coefficient of repeatability for fresh forage production (PMV, total plant dry matter production (PMS and leaves dry matter production (PMSF were recorded along with leaves percentage in PMS (%FOL and plant hight (AP, using the variance analysis, main components and structural analysis methods. For all evaluated parameters the effects of genotype, cut and genotype x cut interaction were significant (P<0.01. When
17. Changes in the Global Hydrological Cycle: Lessons from Modeling Lake Levels at the Last Glacial Maximum
Science.gov (United States)
Lowry, D. P.; Morrill, C.
2011-12-01
Geologic evidence shows that lake levels in currently arid regions were higher and lakes in currently wet regions were lower during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Current hypotheses used to explain these lake level changes include the thermodynamic hypothesis, in which decreased tropospheric water vapor coupled with patterns of convergence and divergence caused dry areas to become more wet and vice versa, the dynamic hypothesis, in which shifts in the jet stream and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) altered precipitation patterns, and the evaporation hypothesis, in which lake expansions are attributed to reduced evaporation in a colder climate. This modeling study uses the output of four climate models participating in phase 2 of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP2) as input into a lake energy-balance model, in order to test the accuracy of the models and understand the causes of lake level changes. We model five lakes which include the Great Basin lakes, USA; Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala; Lake Caçó, northern Brazil; Lake Tauca (Titicaca), Bolivia and Peru; and Lake Cari-Laufquen, Argentina. These lakes create a transect through the drylands of North America through the tropics and to the drylands of South America. The models accurately recreate LGM conditions in 14 out of 20 simulations, with the Great Basin lakes being the most robust and Lake Caçó being the least robust, due to model biases in portraying the ITCZ over South America. An analysis of the atmospheric moisture budget from one of the climate models shows that thermodynamic processes contribute most significantly to precipitation changes over the Great Basin, while dynamic processes are most significant for the other lakes. Lake Cari-Laufquen shows a lake expansion that is most likely attributed to reduced evaporation rather than changes in regional precipitation, suggesting that lake levels alone may not be the best indicator of how much precipitation this region
18. EXTREME MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE IN MEDİTERRANEAN COASTS IN TURKEY
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Barbaros Gönençgil
2016-01-01
Full Text Available In this study, we determined extreme maximum and minimum temperatures in both summer and winter seasons at the stations in the Mediterranean coastal areas of Turkey.In the study, the data of 24 meteorological stations for the daily maximum and minimumtemperatures of the period from 1970–2010 were used. From this database, a set of four extreme temperature indices applied warm (TX90 and cold (TN10 days and warm spells (WSDI and cold spell duration (CSDI. The threshold values were calculated for each station to determine the temperatures that were above and below the seasonal norms in winter and summer. The TX90 index displays a positive statistically significant trend, while TN10 display negative nonsignificant trend. The occurrence of warm spells shows statistically significant increasing trend while the cold spells shows significantly decreasing trend over the Mediterranean coastline in Turkey.
19. Site Specific Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimates and Professional Judgement
Science.gov (United States)
Hayes, B. D.; Kao, S. C.; Kanney, J. F.; Quinlan, K. R.; DeNeale, S. T.
2015-12-01
State and federal regulatory authorities currently rely upon the US National Weather Service Hydrometeorological Reports (HMRs) to determine probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimates (i.e., rainfall depths and durations) for estimating flooding hazards for relatively broad regions in the US. PMP estimates for the contributing watersheds upstream of vulnerable facilities are used to estimate riverine flooding hazards while site-specific estimates for small water sheds are appropriate for individual facilities such as nuclear power plants. The HMRs are often criticized due to their limitations on basin size, questionable applicability in regions affected by orographic effects, their lack of consist methods, and generally by their age. HMR-51 for generalized PMP estimates for the United States east of the 105th meridian, was published in 1978 and is sometimes perceived as overly conservative. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), is currently reviewing several flood hazard evaluation reports that rely on site specific PMP estimates that have been commercially developed. As such, NRC has recently investigated key areas of expert judgement via a generic audit and one in-depth site specific review as they relate to identifying and quantifying actual and potential storm moisture sources, determining storm transposition limits, and adjusting available moisture during storm transposition. Though much of the approach reviewed was considered a logical extension of HMRs, two key points of expert judgement stood out for further in-depth review. The first relates primarily to small storms and the use of a heuristic for storm representative dew point adjustment developed for the Electric Power Research Institute by North American Weather Consultants in 1993 in order to harmonize historic storms for which only 12 hour dew point data was available with more recent storms in a single database. The second issue relates to the use of climatological averages for spatially
20. CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
V. Garçon
2011-02-01
Full Text Available Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs, known as suboxic layers which are mainly localized in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, have been expanding since the 20th "high CO2" century, probably due to global warming. OMZs are also known to significantly contribute to the oceanic production of N2O, a greenhouse gas (GHG more efficient than CO2. However, the contribution of the OMZs on the oceanic sources and sinks budget of CO2, the main GHG, still remains to be established. We present here the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC structure, associated locally with the Chilean OMZ and globally with the main most intense OMZs (O2−1 in the open ocean. To achieve this, we examine simultaneous DIC and O2 data collected off Chile during 4 cruises (2000–2002 and a monthly monitoring (2000–2001 in one of the shallowest OMZs, along with international DIC and O2 databases and climatology for other OMZs. High DIC concentrations (>2225 μmol kg−1, up to 2350 μmol kg−1 have been reported over the whole OMZ thickness, allowing the definition for all studied OMZs a Carbon Maximum Zone (CMZ. Locally off Chile, the shallow cores of the OMZ and CMZ are spatially and temporally collocated at 21° S, 30° S and 36° S despite different cross-shore, long-shore and seasonal configurations. Globally, the mean state of the main OMZs also corresponds to the largest carbon reserves of the ocean in subsurface waters. The CMZs-OMZs could then induce a positive feedback for the atmosphere during upwelling activity, as potential direct local sources of CO2. The CMZ paradoxically presents a slight "carbon deficit" in its core (~10%, meaning a DIC increase from the oxygenated ocean to the OMZ lower than the corresponding O2 decrease (assuming classical C/O molar ratios. This "carbon deficit" would be related to regional thermal mechanisms affecting faster O2 than DIC (due to the carbonate buffer effect and occurring upstream in warm waters (e.g., in the Equatorial Divergence
1. CO2 maximum in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)
Science.gov (United States)
Paulmier, A.; Ruiz-Pino, D.; Garçon, V.
2011-02-01
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), known as suboxic layers which are mainly localized in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, have been expanding since the 20th "high CO2" century, probably due to global warming. OMZs are also known to significantly contribute to the oceanic production of N2O, a greenhouse gas (GHG) more efficient than CO2. However, the contribution of the OMZs on the oceanic sources and sinks budget of CO2, the main GHG, still remains to be established. We present here the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) structure, associated locally with the Chilean OMZ and globally with the main most intense OMZs (O2Chile during 4 cruises (2000-2002) and a monthly monitoring (2000-2001) in one of the shallowest OMZs, along with international DIC and O2 databases and climatology for other OMZs. High DIC concentrations (>2225 μmol kg-1, up to 2350 μmol kg-1) have been reported over the whole OMZ thickness, allowing the definition for all studied OMZs a Carbon Maximum Zone (CMZ). Locally off Chile, the shallow cores of the OMZ and CMZ are spatially and temporally collocated at 21° S, 30° S and 36° S despite different cross-shore, long-shore and seasonal configurations. Globally, the mean state of the main OMZs also corresponds to the largest carbon reserves of the ocean in subsurface waters. The CMZs-OMZs could then induce a positive feedback for the atmosphere during upwelling activity, as potential direct local sources of CO2. The CMZ paradoxically presents a slight "carbon deficit" in its core (~10%), meaning a DIC increase from the oxygenated ocean to the OMZ lower than the corresponding O2 decrease (assuming classical C/O molar ratios). This "carbon deficit" would be related to regional thermal mechanisms affecting faster O2 than DIC (due to the carbonate buffer effect) and occurring upstream in warm waters (e.g., in the Equatorial Divergence), where the CMZ-OMZ core originates. The "carbon deficit" in the CMZ core would be mainly compensated locally at the
2. Towards a frequency-dependent discrete maximum principle for the implicit Monte Carlo equations
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Wollaber, Allan B [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Larsen, Edward W [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Densmore, Jeffery D [Los Alamos National Laboratory
2010-12-15
It has long been known that temperature solutions of the Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) equations can exceed the external boundary temperatures, a so-called violation of the 'maximum principle.' Previous attempts at prescribing a maximum value of the time-step size {Delta}{sub t} that is sufficient to eliminate these violations have recommended a {Delta}{sub t} that is typically too small to be used in practice and that appeared to be much too conservative when compared to numerical solutions of the IMC equations for practical problems. In this paper, we derive a new estimator for the maximum time-step size that includes the spatial-grid size {Delta}{sub x}. This explicitly demonstrates that the effect of coarsening {Delta}{sub x} is to reduce the limitation on {Delta}{sub t}, which helps explain the overly conservative nature of the earlier, grid-independent results. We demonstrate that our new time-step restriction is a much more accurate means of predicting violations of the maximum principle. We discuss how the implications of the new, grid-dependent timestep restriction can impact IMC solution algorithms.
3. Towards a frequency-dependent discrete maximum principle for the implicit Monte Carlo equations
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wollaber, Allan B.; Larsen, Edward W.; Densmore, Jeffery D.
2011-01-01
It has long been known that temperature solutions of the Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) equations can exceed the external boundary temperatures, a so-called violation of the 'maximum principle'. Previous attempts at prescribing a maximum value of the time-step size Δ t that is sufficient to eliminate these violations have recommended a Δ t that is typically too small to be used in practice and that appeared to be much too conservative when compared to numerical solutions of the IMC equations for practical problems. In this paper, we derive a new estimator for the maximum time-step size that includes the spatial-grid size Δ x . This explicitly demonstrates that the effect of coarsening Δ x is to reduce the limitation on Δ t , which helps explain the overly conservative nature of the earlier, grid-independent results. We demonstrate that our new time-step restriction is a much more accurate means of predicting violations of the maximum principle. We discuss how the implications of the new, grid-dependent time-step restriction can impact IMC solution algorithms. (author)
4. Two-Stage Chaos Optimization Search Application in Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Array
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Lihua Wang
2014-01-01
Full Text Available In order to deliver the maximum available power to the load under the condition of varying solar irradiation and environment temperature, maximum power point tracking (MPPT technologies have been used widely in PV systems. Among all the MPPT schemes, the chaos method is one of the hot topics in recent years. In this paper, a novel two-stage chaos optimization method is presented which can make search faster and more effective. In the process of proposed chaos search, the improved logistic mapping with the better ergodic is used as the first carrier process. After finding the current optimal solution in a certain guarantee, the power function carrier as the secondary carrier process is used to reduce the search space of optimized variables and eventually find the maximum power point. Comparing with the traditional chaos search method, the proposed method can track the change quickly and accurately and also has better optimization results. The proposed method provides a new efficient way to track the maximum power point of PV array.
5. Maximum Recommended Dosage of Lithium for Pregnant Women Based on a PBPK Model for Lithium Absorption
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Scott Horton
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium therapy during pregnancy is a medical challenge. Bipolar disorder is more prevalent in women and its onset is often concurrent with peak reproductive age. Treatment typically involves administration of the element lithium, which has been classified as a class D drug (legal to use during pregnancy, but may cause birth defects and is one of only thirty known teratogenic drugs. There is no clear recommendation in the literature on the maximum acceptable dosage regimen for pregnant, bipolar women. We recommend a maximum dosage regimen based on a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK model. The model simulates the concentration of lithium in the organs and tissues of a pregnant woman and her fetus. First, we modeled time-dependent lithium concentration profiles resulting from lithium therapy known to have caused birth defects. Next, we identified maximum and average fetal lithium concentrations during treatment. Then, we developed a lithium therapy regimen to maximize the concentration of lithium in the mother’s brain, while maintaining the fetal concentration low enough to reduce the risk of birth defects. This maximum dosage regimen suggested by the model was 400 mg lithium three times per day.
6. The historical significance of oak
Science.gov (United States)
J. V. Thirgood
1971-01-01
A brief history of the importance of oak in Europe, contrasting the methods used in France and Britain to propagate the species and manage the forests for continued productivity. The significance of oak as a strategic resource during the sailing-ship era is stressed, and mention is made of the early development of oak management in North America. The international...
7. MAXIMUM RUNOFF OF THE FLOOD ON WADIS OF NORTHERN ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
lanez
The technique of account the maximal runoff of flood for the rivers of northern part of Algeria based on the theory of ... north to south: 1) coastal Tel – fertile, high cultivated and sown zone; 2) territory of Atlas. Mountains ... In the first case the empiric dependence between maximum intensity of precipitation for some calculation ...
8. Scientific substantination of maximum allowable concentration of fluopicolide in water
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Pelo I.М.
2014-03-01
Full Text Available In order to substantiate fluopicolide maximum allowable concentration in the water of water reservoirs the research was carried out. Methods of study: laboratory hygienic experiment using organoleptic and sanitary-chemical, sanitary-toxicological, sanitary-microbiological and mathematical methods. The results of fluopicolide influence on organoleptic properties of water, sanitary regimen of reservoirs for household purposes were given and its subthreshold concentration in water by sanitary and toxicological hazard index was calculated. The threshold concentration of the substance by the main hazard criteria was established, the maximum allowable concentration in water was substantiated. The studies led to the following conclusions: fluopicolide threshold concentration in water by organoleptic hazard index (limiting criterion – the smell – 0.15 mg/dm3, general sanitary hazard index (limiting criteria – impact on the number of saprophytic microflora, biochemical oxygen demand and nitrification – 0.015 mg/dm3, the maximum noneffective concentration – 0.14 mg/dm3, the maximum allowable concentration - 0.015 mg/dm3.
9. Image coding based on maximum entropy partitioning for identifying ...
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
A new coding scheme based on maximum entropy partitioning is proposed in our work, particularly to identify the improbable intensities related to different emotions. The improbable intensities when used as a mask decode the facial expression correctly, providing an effectiveplatform for future emotion categorization ...
10. Computing the maximum volume inscribed ellipsoid of a polytopic projection
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Zhen, Jianzhe; den Hertog, Dick
We introduce a novel scheme based on a blending of Fourier-Motzkin elimination (FME) and adjustable robust optimization techniques to compute the maximum volume inscribed ellipsoid (MVE) in a polytopic projection. It is well-known that deriving an explicit description of a projected polytope is
11. Computing the Maximum Volume Inscribed Ellipsoid of a Polytopic Projection
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Zhen, J.; den Hertog, D.
2015-01-01
We introduce a novel scheme based on a blending of Fourier-Motzkin elimination (FME) and adjustable robust optimization techniques to compute the maximum volume inscribed ellipsoid (MVE) in a polytopic projection. It is well-known that deriving an explicit description of a projected polytope is
12. Maximum super angle optimization method for array antenna pattern synthesis
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Wu, Ji; Roederer, A. G
1991-01-01
Different optimization criteria related to antenna pattern synthesis are discussed. Based on the maximum criteria and vector space representation, a simple and efficient optimization method is presented for array and array fed reflector power pattern synthesis. A sector pattern synthesized by a 2...
13. correlation between maximum dry density and cohesion of ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
HOD
investigation on sandy soils to determine the correlation between relative density and compaction test parameter. Using twenty soil samples, they were able to develop correlations between relative density, coefficient of uniformity and maximum dry density. Khafaji [5] using standard proctor compaction method carried out an ...
14. Molecular markers linked to apomixis in Panicum maximum Jacq ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Panicum maximum Jacq. is an important forage grass of African origin largely used in the tropics. The genetic breeding of this species is based on the hybridization of sexual and apomictic genotypes and selection of apomictic F1 hybrids. The objective of this work was to identify molecular markers linked to apomixis in P.
15. Maximum likelihood estimation of the attenuated ultrasound pulse
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Rasmussen, Klaus Bolding
1994-01-01
The attenuated ultrasound pulse is divided into two parts: a stationary basic pulse and a nonstationary attenuation pulse. A standard ARMA model is used for the basic pulse, and a nonstandard ARMA model is derived for the attenuation pulse. The maximum likelihood estimator of the attenuated...
16. On a Weak Discrete Maximum Principle for hp-FEM
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Šolín, Pavel; Vejchodský, Tomáš
-, č. 209 (2007), s. 54-65 ISSN 0377-0427 R&D Projects: GA ČR(CZ) GA102/05/0629 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z20570509; CEZ:AV0Z10190503 Keywords : discrete maximum principle * hp-FEM Subject RIV: JA - Electronics ; Optoelectronics, Electrical Engineering Impact factor: 0.943, year: 2007
17. Gamma-ray spectra deconvolution by maximum-entropy methods
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Los Arcos, J.M.
1996-01-01
A maximum-entropy method which includes the response of detectors and the statistical fluctuations of spectra is described and applied to the deconvolution of γ-ray spectra. Resolution enhancement of 25% can be reached for experimental peaks and up to 50% for simulated ones, while the intensities are conserved within 1-2%. (orig.)
18. Modeling maximum daily temperature using a varying coefficient regression model
Science.gov (United States)
Han Li; Xinwei Deng; Dong-Yum Kim; Eric P. Smith
2014-01-01
Relationships between stream water and air temperatures are often modeled using linear or nonlinear regression methods. Despite a strong relationship between water and air temperatures and a variety of models that are effective for data summarized on a weekly basis, such models did not yield consistently good predictions for summaries such as daily maximum temperature...
19. Maximum Interconnectedness and Availability for Directional Airborne Range Extension Networks
Science.gov (United States)
2016-08-29
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 1 Maximum Interconnectedness and Availability for Directional Airborne Range Extension Networks Thomas...2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS I. INTRODUCTION Tactical military networks both on land and at sea often have restricted transmission...a standard definition in graph theoretic and networking literature that is related to, but different from, the metric we consider. August 29, 2016
20. Maximum of difference assessment of typical semitrailers: a global study
CSIR Research Space (South Africa)
Kienhofer, F
2016-11-01
Full Text Available the maximum allowable width and frontal overhang as stipulated by legislation from Australia, the European Union, Canada, the United States and South Africa. The majority of the Australian, EU and Canadian semitrailer combinations and all of the South African...
1. The constraint rule of the maximum entropy principle
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Uffink, J.
1995-01-01
The principle of maximum entropy is a method for assigning values to probability distributions on the basis of partial information. In usual formulations of this and related methods of inference one assumes that this partial information takes the form of a constraint on allowed probability
2. 24 CFR 232.565 - Maximum loan amount.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-04-01
... URBAN DEVELOPMENT MORTGAGE AND LOAN INSURANCE PROGRAMS UNDER NATIONAL HOUSING ACT AND OTHER AUTHORITIES MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR NURSING HOMES, INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES, BOARD AND CARE HOMES, AND ASSISTED... Fire Safety Equipment Eligible Security Instruments § 232.565 Maximum loan amount. The principal amount...
3. 5 CFR 531.221 - Maximum payable rate rule.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... before the reassignment. (ii) If the rate resulting from the geographic conversion under paragraph (c)(2... previous rate (i.e., the former special rate after the geographic conversion) with the rates on the current... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Maximum payable rate rule. 531.221...
4. MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD-ESTIMATION OF THE ENTROPY OF AN ATTRACTOR
NARCIS (Netherlands)
SCHOUTEN, JC; TAKENS, F; VANDENBLEEK, CM
In this paper, a maximum-likelihood estimate of the (Kolmogorov) entropy of an attractor is proposed that can be obtained directly from a time series. Also, the relative standard deviation of the entropy estimate is derived; it is dependent on the entropy and on the number of samples used in the
5. Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter using Maximum Likelihood Estimation
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mahmoudi, Zeinab; Poulsen, Niels Kjølstad; Madsen, Henrik
2017-01-01
The purpose of this study is to develop an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (UKF) by tuning the measurement noise covariance. We use the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and the covariance matching (CM) method to estimate the noise covariance. The multi-step prediction errors generated...
6. Handelman's hierarchy for the maximum stable set problem
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Laurent, M.; Sun, Z.
2014-01-01
The maximum stable set problem is a well-known NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, which can be formulated as the maximization of a quadratic square-free polynomial over the (Boolean) hypercube. We investigate a hierarchy of linear programming relaxations for this problem, based on a
7. New shower maximum trigger for electrons and photons at CDF
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Amidei, D.; Burkett, K.; Gerdes, D.; Miao, C.; Wolinski, D.
1994-01-01
For the 1994 Tevatron collider run, CDF has upgraded the electron and photo trigger hardware to make use of shower position and size information from the central shower maximum detector. For electrons, the upgrade has resulted in a 50% reduction in backgrounds while retaining approximately 90% of the signal. The new trigger also eliminates the background to photon triggers from single-phototube spikes
8. New shower maximum trigger for electrons and photons at CDF
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Gerdes, D.
1994-08-01
For the 1994 Tevatron collider run, CDF has upgraded the electron and photon trigger hardware to make use of shower position and size information from the central shower maximum detector. For electrons, the upgrade has resulted in a 50% reduction in backgrounds while retaining approximately 90% of the signal. The new trigger also eliminates the background to photon triggers from single-phototube discharge
9. Maximum drawdown and the allocation to real estate
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Hamelink, F.; Hoesli, M.
2004-01-01
The role of real estate in a mixed-asset portfolio is investigated when the maximum drawdown (hereafter MaxDD), rather than the standard deviation, is used as the measure of risk. In particular, it is analysed whether the discrepancy between the optimal allocation to real estate and the actual
10. 5 CFR 581.402 - Maximum garnishment limitations.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-01-01
... PROCESSING GARNISHMENT ORDERS FOR CHILD SUPPORT AND/OR ALIMONY Consumer Credit Protection Act Restrictions..., pursuant to section 1673(b)(2) (A) and (B) of title 15 of the United States Code (the Consumer Credit... local law, the maximum part of the aggregate disposable earnings subject to garnishment to enforce any...
11. Distribution of phytoplankton groups within the deep chlorophyll maximum
KAUST Repository
Latasa, Mikel; Cabello, Ana Marí a; Moran, Xose Anxelu G.; Massana, Ramon; Scharek, Renate
2016-01-01
and optical and FISH microscopy. All groups presented minimum abundances at the surface and a maximum in the DCM layer. The cell distribution was not vertically symmetrical around the DCM peak and cells tended to accumulate in the upper part of the DCM layer
12. 44 CFR 208.12 - Maximum Pay Rate Table.
Science.gov (United States)
2010-10-01
...) Physicians. DHS uses the latest Special Salary Rate Table Number 0290 for Medical Officers (Clinical... Personnel, in which case the Maximum Pay Rate Table would not apply. (3) Compensation for Sponsoring Agency... organizations, e.g., HMOs or medical or engineering professional associations, under the revised definition of...
13. Anti-nutrient components of guinea grass ( Panicum maximum ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Yomi
2012-01-31
Jan 31, 2012 ... A true measure of forage quality is animal ... The anti-nutritional contents of a pasture could be ... nutrient factors in P. maximum; (2) assess the effect of nitrogen ..... 3. http://www.clemson.edu/Fairfield/local/news/quality.
14. SIMULATION OF NEW SIMPLE FUZZY LOGIC MAXIMUM POWER ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
2010-06-30
Jun 30, 2010 ... Basic structure photovoltaic system Solar array mathematic ... The equivalent circuit model of a solar cell consists of a current generator and a diode .... control of boost converter (tracker) such that maximum power is achieved at the output of the solar panel. Fig.11. The membership function of input. Fig.12.
15. Sur les estimateurs du maximum de vraisemblance dans les mod& ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Abstract. We are interested in the existence and uniqueness of maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in the two multiplicative regression models, with Poisson or negative binomial probability distributions. Following its work on the multiplicative Poisson model with two factors without repeated measures, Haberman ...
16. Gravitational Waves and the Maximum Spin Frequency of Neutron Stars
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Patruno, A.; Haskell, B.; D'Angelo, C.
2012-01-01
In this paper, we re-examine the idea that gravitational waves are required as a braking mechanism to explain the observed maximum spin frequency of neutron stars. We show that for millisecond X-ray pulsars, the existence of spin equilibrium as set by the disk/magnetosphere interaction is sufficient
17. Applications of the Maximum Entropy Method in superspace
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
van Smaalen, S.; Palatinus, Lukáš
2004-01-01
Roč. 305, - (2004), s. 57-62 ISSN 0015-0193 Grant - others:DFG and FCI(DE) XX Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z1010914 Keywords : Maximum Entropy Method * modulated structures * charge density Subject RIV: BM - Solid Matter Physics ; Magnetism Impact factor: 0.517, year: 2004
18. Phytophthora stricta isolated from Rhododendron maximum in Pennsylvania
Science.gov (United States)
During a survey in October 2013, in the Michaux State Forest in Pennsylvania , necrotic Rhododendron maximum leaves were noticed on mature plants alongside a stream. Symptoms were nondescript necrotic lesions at the tips of mature leaves. Colonies resembling a Phytophthora sp. were observed from c...
19. Transversals and independence in linear hypergraphs with maximum degree two
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Henning, Michael A.; Yeo, Anders
2017-01-01
, k-uniform hypergraphs with maximum degree 2. It is known [European J. Combin. 36 (2014), 231–236] that if H ∈ Hk, then (k + 1)τ (H) 6 ≤ n + m, and there are only two hypergraphs that achieve equality in the bound. In this paper, we prove a much more powerful result, and establish tight upper bounds...
20. A conrparison of optirnunl and maximum reproduction using the rat ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
of pigs to increase reproduction rate of sows (te Brake,. 1978; Walker et at., 1979; Kemm et at., 1980). However, no experimental evidence exists that this strategy would in fact improve biological efficiency. In this pilot experiment, an attempt was made to compare systems of optimum or maximum reproduction using the rat.
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C# – MSBuild: How to override output filename to be different from Assembly Name
c++msbuild
I have 2 C# projects in my solution, both of them DLLs:
• MyApp.UI.WPF.csproj
• MyApp.UI.WinForms.csproj
My setup process guarantees that only one of them will be installed at any given time. Whichever that might be, it will be picked up by the MyApp.exe bootstrapper when user runs the application.
Since both DLLs contain the same entry point, I'd like to keep the bootstrapper generic:
class Bootstrapper
{
static void Main()
{
var asm = Assembly.Load("MyApp.UI");
// Execute the UI entry point here.
}
}
This means I have to give both DLLs the same Assembly Name in project options: "MyApp.UI". The problem is that MSBuild uses the Assembly Name as the output name which poses a conflict for me.
Is it possible to convince MSBuild to use a different filename instead, e.g. the project name?
Best Solution
You could add a <PostBuildEvent> to your build to rename your output assemblies to a common name.
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[What to eat for constipation with diarrhea]_ diet conditioning _ diet matching
[What to eat for constipation with diarrhea]_ diet conditioning _ diet matching
Many mothers will have constipation after a broken belly. The wound itself is not painful and it is more painful. If you have constipation at this time, it will be even worse, so you must pay attention to your diet and eat more bananas and apples and spinach.Vegetables and fruits that help intestines, don’t put too much stress on yourself, pay attention to rest.
Symptoms are usually: less constipation and fewer stools; difficult and laborious bowel movements; poor bowel movements; dry stools, hard stools, and poor bowel movements; constipation with abdominal pain or discomfort.
Some patients are also accompanied by mental and psychological disorders such as insomnia, irritability, dreaminess, depression, and anxiety.
Because constipation is a common symptom, the severity of the symptoms varies. Most people often do not pay special attention to it, and think that constipation is not a disease and does not require treatment, but in fact it is very harmful.
“Alarm” signs of constipation include blood in the stool, anemia, weight loss, fever, melena, abdominal pain, etc., and a family history of tumors.
If there are signs of alarm, you should go to the hospital immediately for further examination.
Prevention 1.
Avoid eating too little or too much food, lack of residue, and reduce the stimulation of colon movement.
2.
Avoid disturbing bowel habits: due to mental factors, changes in living rules, excessive fatigue on long-distance travel, etc., it is easy to cause constipation.
3.
Avoiding drug abuse: Drug abuse supplements reduce the sensitivity of the body, forming a substitute for certain laxatives and causing constipation.
4.
Make reasonable arrangements for life and work so that work and rest are combined.
Appropriate cultural and physical activities, especially the training of the abdominal muscles, are conducive to the improvement of transplantation function, and are more important for mental workers who are sedentary and less active and mentally concentrated.
5,
Develop a good bowel habit, regular bowel movements every day, form a conditioned reflex, and establish a good bowel movement pattern.
Don’t neglect when you have a bowel movement, and defecate in time.
The environment and posture of defecation are as convenient as possible, so as not to restrain the defecation and destroy the defecation habits.
6.
It is recommended that patients drink at least 6 glasses of 250 ml of water a day, perform moderate-intensity exercise, and develop the habit of regular bowel movements (2 times a day, 15 minutes each time).
Wake and postprandial colon action potential activity is enhanced, and the feces transition to the colon. Therefore, it is the easiest time to defecate in the morning and after meals.
7.
Treat anal fissures, perianal infections, uterine appendicitis and other diseases in a timely manner. Laxatives should be applied with caution. Do not use strong irritation methods such as colon washing.
Diet conditioning is pleasant to avoid eating fruits and vegetables high in fiber, such as apples, bananas, pears, bracken, cauliflower, celery, spinach, pumpkin, etc., avoid tobacco, alcohol and fatty foods.
Drink plenty of water.
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Artificial Colouring
Artificial Colouring: They are originally made from coal tar, and artificial food dyes come from unrefined fuel source (petroleum).
Dangers of Food Dyes: They are linked to cancer and known to be carcinogenic contaminants that can cause Kidney, brain, bladder thyroid and the immune system tumours. They can also cause inhibition of nerve-cell development, genotoxicity, contribute to the risk of ADHD (hyperactivity in children), Hypersensitivity, allergies such as asthma, and last but not least cause hormone disruption in the body.
Shop now
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Skip to main content
Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some bacteria are capable of vigorous γ-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass, γ-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of γ-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA and the molecular mechanisms regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties that facilitate screening of competitive γ-PGA producers. Finally, future prospects of microbial γ-PGA production are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field.
Background
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an unusual anionic homopolyamide made from d-and l-glutamic acid units connected through amide linkages between α-amino and γ-carboxylic acid groups [1] (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Based on the glutamate residues present, γ-PGA may be classified as γ-l-PGA (only l-glutamic acid residues), γ-d-PGA (only d-glutamic acid residues), and γ-LD-PGA (both l- and d-glutamic acid residues). At present, there exist four methods for γ-PGA production: chemical synthesis, peptide synthesis, biotransformation, and microbial fermentation [2]. Compared with other methods, microbial fermentation is the most cost-effective and has numerous advantages, including inexpensive raw materials, minimal environmental pollution, high natural product purity, and mild reaction conditions. Initially discovered in 1937 by Bruckner and co-workers as part of the capsule of Bacillus anthracis, γ-PGA has since been found in species from all three domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) [3, 4]. Most commercial γ-PGA is currently produced via microbial fermentation from biomass.
Unlike most proteinaceous materials, γ-PGA is synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner; thus, substances that inhibit protein translation (such as chloramphenicol) have no effect on the production of γ-PGA [5]. Furthermore, due to the γ-linkage of its component glutamate residues, γ-PGA is resistant to proteases that cleave α-amino linkages [6]. More importantly, as a biodegradable, water-soluble, edible, and non-toxic biopolymer, γ-PGA and its derivatives can be used safely in a wide range of applications including as thickeners, humectants, bitterness-relieving agents, cryoprotectants, sustained release materials, drug carriers, heavy metal absorbers, and animal feed additives.
Although the microbial production of γ-PGA is well established, the cost of production, including the cost of substrates as well as process costs, remains high. Most recent research on γ-PGA production is therefore focused on optimizing growth conditions to increase yield, manipulate enantiomeric composition, and alter the molecular mass. Surprisingly, only a small number of mini reviews on the biosynthesis and applications of γ-PGA have been published to date [1, 69]. Therefore, in this review, we have gathered together our accumulated knowledge on the bacterial physiology and catabolism of γ-PGA, and outlined the existing biological γ-PGA production processes, placing particular emphasis on improving bacterial γ-PGA fermentation.
Overview of γ-PGA
Structural characteristics of γ-PGA
Generally, γ-PGA adopts five conformations; α-helix, β-sheet, helix-to-random coil transition, random coil, and enveloped aggregate. The conformation can be changed by altering environmental conditions such as pH, polymer concentration, and ionic strength [10]. For example, γ-PGA adopts a largely α-helical conformation at pH 7, but predominantly β-sheet-based conformation at higher pH [11]. The enantiomeric composition also varies and can be manipulated through the extraction process after fermentation. For example, γ-PGA containing only l or d enantiomers is soluble in ethanol, whereas γ-PGA containing equimolar amounts of l and d precipitates in ethanol [6]. Manipulating the enantiomeric composition of γ-PGA to alter its properties is therefore possible [12].
The molecular mass of γ-PGA can also influence its properties and efficacy for specific applications. Microbial-derived γ-PGA generally has a relatively high molecular weight (Mw ~105–8 × 106 Da), which can limit industrial applications due to high viscosity, unmanageable rheology, and difficult modification [1]. Therefore, polymers with different molecular weights may be required for different purposes, and controlling the molecular weight is of fundamental and practical importance for commercial development. Recently, medium composition, alkaline hydrolysis, ultrasonic degradation, and microbial or enzymatic degradation have all been used to alter the molecular weight of γ-PGA [1]. Of these, ultrasonic irradiation provides an interesting alternative to enzymatic hydrolysis and has been proposed to reduce both the molecular weight and polydispersity of γ-PGA without disturbing the chemical composition of the polymer [13].
Physiological function of γ-PGA
As present, the physiological function of γ-PGA is not completely understood and is believed to depend on the environment in which the organism inhabits, and whether it is bound to peptidoglycan [7]. Peptidoglycan-bound γ-PGA may protect bacterial cells against phage infections and prevent antibodies from gaining access to the bacterium [14]. Staphylococcus epidermidis synthesizes surface-associated γ-PGA to protect against antimicrobial peptides and escape phagocytosis, which contributes to virulence [15]. More importantly, γ-PGA can be released into the environment to sequester toxic metal ions, decrease salt concentration [4], provide a carbon source [15], and protect against adverse conditions [16]. γ-PGA can also improve the formation of biofilms and assist absorption of essential nutrients from the environment [17].
Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA
Recently, information about the genes and enzymes involved in γ-PGA synthesis has been reported and has contributed to the design of production systems [6, 8]. As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed microbial biosynthetic pathway of γ-PGA involves l-glutamic acid units derived exogenously or endogenously (using α-ketoglutaric as a direct precursor) [18]. Biosynthesis can be divided into four distinct stages; racemization, polymerization, regulation, and degradation.
Fig. 1
figure 1
Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA [8, 10]. Types of substrates in the culture medium were mostly a variety of biomass materials, cane molasses, agro-industrial wastes, which could be degraded into C6 and C5 compound, entering into the main carbon metabolism via glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, glycerol as well as metabolic intermediates of citrate cycle was also used as candidate substrate [79]. The main byproducts were acetoin and 2,3-butanediol; other byproducts with little production were lactate, ethanol, and acetate [80]. PPP pentose phosphate pathway, G3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, E1 glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), E2 glutamate 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, E3 glutamine synthetase (GS), E4 l-glutamic acid: pyruvate aminotransferase, E5 alanine racemase, E6 d-glutamic acid: pyruvate aminotransferase, E7 direction conversion, E8 PGA synthetase
γ-PGA racemization
Generally, γ-PGA is synthesized from d- or l-glutamate alone, or from both l and d enantiomers together [19, 20]. However, to incorporate d-glutamate into the growing l-chain, l-glutamate (exogenous or endogenous) is first converted into d-glutamate by a racemization reaction. In B. subtilis, two homologs of the glutamate racemase gene (racE/glr and yrpC) have been identified, and glr is essential for converting l-glutamate into d-glutamate for the synthesis of γ-PGA [21]. Interestingly, RacE and yrpC are cytosolic enzymes with a high selectivity for glutamate and a preference for the l-form, but neither are responsible for the synthesis of γ-PGA [22]. The functions of these enzymes remains unknown [22, 23].
γ-PGA polymerization
As shown in Fig. 2, polyglutamate synthase (pgs) is encoded by four genes (pgsB, C, A, and E) and their homologs in Bacillus species are ywsC, ywtAB, and capBCA [1, 24]. Recently, pgsBCA was identified as the sole machinery responsible for polymerizing γ-PGA at the active site of the synthase complex (PgsBCA) in an ATP-dependent reaction [25]. PgsB and PgsC form the main parts of the catalytic site, whereas PgsA removes the elongated chain from the active site, which is necessary for addition of the next monomer and transporting γ-PGA through the compact cell membrane [8]. The role of pgsE in the production of γ-PGA was found to be dispensable, and high concentrations of pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA were able to form γ-PGA in the absence of pgsE [26]. However, other researchers found that pgsE was essential for γ-PGA production in the presence of Zn2+ in B. subtilis [27]. This may be because the unique membrane-bound PgsBCA complex is highly unstable and hydrophobic, which could affect its isolation [7].
Fig. 2
figure 2
Arrangement of genes encoding γ-PGA synthetase and γ-PGA peptidase complexes in various species. All components of γ-PGA synthetase are essentially membrane associated) [8]
γ-PGA regulation
γ-PGA synthesis is regulated by two signal transduction systems: the ComP-ComA regulator, and the two-part DegS-DegU, DegQ, and SwrA system [28]. The role of DegQ has been thoroughly investigated, and alteration of degQ prevents the synthesis of γ-PGA and effectively downregulates the production of degradation enzymes [29]. However, the relationship between SwrA and DegU remains poorly understood. Osera et al. discovered that the presence of both SwrA and phosphorylated DegU (DegU-P) could fully activate the pgs operon for γ-PGA production, but the effect of either gene on both pgs transcription and γ-PGA production was negligible [30]. In contrast, Ohsawa et al. showed that a high level of DegU-P could directly activate pgs expression for γ-PGA production in place of swrA [31]. Overall, DegSU, DegQ, and ComPA appear to be involved in transcriptional regulation in response to quorum sensing, osmolarity, and phase variation signals, while SwrA appears to act at a post-transcriptional level [32].
γ-PGA degradation
There are two enzymes capable of degrading γ-PGA in Bacilli: endo-γ-glutamyl peptidase and exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase [33]. Endo-γ-glutamyl peptidase can be secreted into the medium by B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, where it is able to cleave high molecular weight γ-PGA into fragments of 1000 Da to 20 kDa, which decreases dispersity as a function of depolymerization time [22, 34, 35]. In B. subtilis, the genes encoding endo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (ywtD, dep, or pgdS) are located directly downstream of, and in the same orientation as, the pgsBCA operon (Fig. 2), and the protein product includes a hydrophobic cluster (10F-L–L-V-A-V-I-I-C-F-L-V-P-I-M24) and a cleavage site (30A-E-A32) proximal to the N-terminus, indicating that the mature enzyme is secreted into the medium [36].
Exo-γ-glutamyl peptidase (Ggt) is a key enzyme in glutathione metabolism, and catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamic acid di- and tripeptides in vitro, but does not appear to be involved in γ-PGA synthesis in vivo [36, 37]. For example, ggt (or capD) was required for covalently anchoring the γ-PGA capsule to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell surface in B. anthracis, but not for γ-PGA synthesis [26]. As a member of the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) family, CapD is able to cleave and subsequently transfer γ-PGA to an acceptor molecule or H2O, resulting in transpeptidation or hydrolysis, respectively [38]. GTTs display exohydrolase activity toward γ-PGA, releasing glutamate as a source of carbon and nitrogen [39]. In B. subtilis, ggt and capD are located on the chromosome distant from the pgsBCA cluster and expressed during the stationary phase under the control of the ComQXPA quorum-sensing system, but are located on a plasmid directly downstream from the pgsBCA cluster in B. anthracis [40].
As mentioned above, γ-PGA can be anchored to the bacterial surface or released into the medium, and CapD catalyzes the anchorage of γ-PGA to the peptidoglycan, whereas PgsS catalyzes its release. Therefore, inhibiting or knocking down γ-PGA hydrolase can result in the production of high molecular weight γ-PGA [41]. Indeed, B. subtilis strains deficient in exopeptidase are unable to cleave γ-PGA into fragments smaller than 105 kDa, and they sporulate earlier than wild-type strains [22].
Fermentation engineering for γ-PGA production
At present, γ-PGA can be synthesized by Bacillus species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and some archaea and eukaryotes [3], but Bacillus species are used most widely to study biological γ-PGA production. Bacteria are either l-glutamate-dependent (B. subtilis CGMCC 0833 [42], B. licheniformis P-104 [43]) or non-l-glutamate-dependent (e.g. B. subtilis C1 [44] and B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 [45]) producers of γ-PGA. For l-glutamic acid-dependent bacteria, PGA yield can be enhanced by increasing the l-glutamate concentration, but this increases the cost of production significantly [8]. In contrast, due to the low cost of production and simple fermentation process, l-glutamate-independent producers are more desirable for industrial γ-PGA production, but are limited by their lower γ-PGA productivity [45]. Therefore, the cost of production (including both productivity and substrates) is a major limitation for microbial γ-PGA production.
To this end, most research on γ-PGA fermentation has focused on optimizing growth conditions to improve γ-PGA yield, alter the enantiomeric composition, and manipulate the molecular mass of γ-PGA [25]. Additionally, genetic engineering of non-glutamate-dependent producers such as B. amyloliquefaciens [46], B. subtilis [47], and E. coli [48] has also been used to increase γ-PGA production.
Strain screening and improvement
Numerous Bacillus species have been established as γ-PGA producers, and native strains can produce more than 20 g/L of γ-PGA in fermentation processes. As shown in Table 1, the top ten strains are all rod-shaped, Gram-positive, endospore-forming members of the order Bacillales. Most γ-PGA producers can therefore be divided into two groups: Group I = Bacillus species; Group II = other bacteria.
Table 1 Strains, fermentation media, and control methods of the ten highest-yielding γ-GPA fermentation processes
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that has generally been recognized as having a safe (GRAS) status and can therefore be used to produce enzymes such as alpha amylase and proteases that are used in the food and medicine industries. Isolation of B. subtilis strains with excellent γ-PGA production abilities has been achieved due to its ubiquitous and sporulating nature. As shown in Table 1, many B. subtilis strains have been widely used for producing γ-PGA, and B. subtilis CGMCC 1250 produces 101.1 g/L γ-PGA, demonstrating the potential this organism has for γ-PGA production [49]. More importantly, simple enrichment and screening procedures without mutagenesis or genetic manipulation identified native strains that can produce more than 20 g/L of γ-PGA [50]. Bacillus licheniformis, Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium, shares many similarities with B. subtilis, and this non-pathogenic organism has also been exploited for the production of γ-PGA.
Other than the two Bacillus species discussed above, Bacillus methylotrophicus SK19.001 should also be noted, because it yields a high level of γ-PGA with an ultrahigh molecular weight [51]. Other species such as B. anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis also have the capacity for γ-PGA production [52], but these organisms attach γ-PGA to peptidoglycan instead of secreting it into the medium, making the recovery and purification procedure more difficult. More importantly, the production of γ-PGA using B. anthracis is not viable owing to its toxicity [53].
Biosynthesis of γ-PGA in different hosts
With the development of metabolic engineering, homologous hosts have been engineered for γ-PGA production (Table 2). However, while much laborious manipulation has been attempted on various strains, only a low γ-PGA yield has been achieved. Therefore, only a limited number of strains are considered useful for industrial γ-PGA bioproduction, and the selection of a good strain for further improvement is the crucial starting element.
Table 2 Exemplar engineering of homologous and heterogeneous hosts
Expression of γ-PGA-producing genes in heterologous hosts has been attempted (Table 2). Escherichia coli is the most commonly used host for γ-PGA biosynthesis, and the γ-PGA synthase genes pgsBCA and racE from B. licheniformis NK-03 and B. amyloliquefaciens LL3 were, respectively, cloned and co-expressed in E. coli JM109 to evaluate γ-PGA production [48]. The engineered strain could produce γ-PGA from both glucose and l-glutamate, and co-expression of the racE gene further increased the production of γ-PGA to 0.65 g/L. Another similar study was carried out using Corynebacterium glutamicum as the host, clone, and expression of the γ-PGA synthase genes pgsBCA from Bacillus subtilis TKPG011. The production of γ-PGA reached 18 g/L when the combinant was cultured with the limitation of biotin [54]. Those studies suggested that the selection of the appropriate γ-PGA-producing genes from the appropriate species may be one of the key issues. In any case, the final yield of γ-PGA is still far below that produced by native strains.
Optimization of the growth medium
As shown in Fig. 1, pyruvate is the precursor for γ-GPA in many bacterial species, and its secretion is tightly associated with cell growth. Therefore, suitable culture media could support vigorous cell growth and hence generate enough precursor for γ-GPA synthesis.
Other than glucose which is the most successful carbon substrate for γ-GPA production from a variety of biomass materials, cane molasses, xylose, agro-industrial wastes, rapeseed meal, soybean residue, fructose, corncob fibers, hydrolysate, and crude glycerol have also been tested (Tables 1, 2). Although some of these substrates resulted in a modest γ-GPA yield, a wider substrate spectrum should be investigated. Cane molasses were shown to be a suitable fermentable substrate for γ-PGA production, and statistical optimization of medium components resulted in the production of 52.1 g/L of γ-PGA from cane molasses, without optimizing the fermentation process [55]. Cane molasses may provide an even higher γ-GPA yield following optimization of the strain and fermentation process.
Additionally, much work has been carried out on the nutritional requirements for cell growth to improve γ-PGA productivity and modify the D/L composition of the polymer. For an exogenous glutamate-independent producer, yeast extract proved to be an excellent nitrogen source for bacterial cell growth and γ-PGA production, but the high cost is a barrier to commercial production [51]. Therefore, attempts have been made to reduce the dosage or replace it with other media supplements such as (NH4)2SO4 or NH4Cl [56] (Table 1). As well as carbon and nitrogen sources, inorganic salts can affect the production, productivity, and quality of γ-PGA. Mn2+ in particular can improve cell growth, prolong cell viability, and assist the utilization of different carbon sources, as well as significantly alter the stereochemical and enantiomeric composition of γ-PGA, and increase γ-PGA production [1, 19].
Process control
Efficient and effective control of fermentation depends on an understanding of the key biological and chemical parameters [57], and dissolved oxygen and culture pH are fundamental parameters that need careful control.
Oxygen is essential in aerobic fermentation and affects cell growth, carbon source utilization, biosynthesis of products, and NAD(P)H recycling [58]. Various strategies have been deployed to maintain oxygen supply, including the separated or combined use of oxygen-enriched air, modified impeller design, and addition of other oxygen vectors. However, for production of highly viscous biopolymers such as γ-PGA, it might be more economical and effective to replace gaseous oxygen with another molecular electron acceptor (Table 3). For example, the effects of different oxygen vectors on the synthesis and molecular weight of γ-PGA were investigated in a B. subtilis batch fermentation process, and 0.3 % n-heptane increased to 39.4 g/L and molecular weight 19.0 × 105 Da [59].
Table 3 Application of different strategies for improving γ-PGA production
Culture pH is another important environmental factor in γ-PGA fermentation [60]. A pH of 6.5 supported rapid cell growth and high γ-PGA production in B. licheniformis ATCC 9945A [58], whereas the highest biomass and γ-PGA yield were achieved at pH 7 in B. subtilis IFO 3335 [61]. However, the optimal pH for glutamate utilization has never been taken into consideration, even though the glutamate transport system is pH sensitive and is a key factor in γ-PGA fermentation. Therefore, to further increase the utilization of glutamate and enhance the production of γ-PGA, a two-stage pH-shift control strategy was proposed and developed, in which pH was maintained at 7 for the first 24 h to obtain the maximum biomass, and then shifted to 6.5 to maximize glutamate utilization and γ-PGA production. As a result, glutamate utilization increased from 24.3 to 29.5 g/L, and consequently the yield of γ-PGA increased from 22.2 to 27.7 g/L [62].
In industrial fermentation, the choice of reactor operation mode may be vital for achieving optimal process design. A series of operation modes should be tested at small scale, such as batch, fed-batch, continuous culture, cell recycling, and cell immobilization, all of which may have their own advantages and disadvantages. For example, continuous culture can be operated at a steady state with continuous feeding, which can enhance productivity and/or lower labor intensity, but a high yield may be difficult to achieve. For γ-PGA production, batch and fed-batch are the most common fermentation strategies and, overall, the batch mode has tended to achieve a higher product yield and productivity and is the most promising method for industrial-scale γ-PGA fermentation (Table 3).
To avoid the addition of exogenous l-glutamic acid, symbiotic fermentation was also proposed and developed, in which the l-glutamate-dependent B. subtilis was co-cultured with Corynebacterium glutamicum using glucose and sucrose as a mixed carbon source. Thus, integrated bioprocesses have advantages that included shortening the fermentation time and reducing the production cost, and produced γ-PGA with an average molecular mass of 1.24 × 106 Da [63].
Product recovery
During microbial fermentation, downstream processing is always a key issue for improving process economy. As discussed above, γ-PGA fermentation is influenced by various nutritional and environmental parameters, and the effects of these variables on product recovery should be assessed. For example, excessive use of complex raw materials will pose difficulties for product isolation.
There exist three fundamentally different approaches to recovering γ-PGA from the culture broth: precipitation by complex formation, precipitation by reducing water solubility, and filtration [8]. In all cases, the first step is to remove the biomass through centrifugation or filtration with a 0.45 µm filter [64]. For complex formation, γ-PGA can be precipitated using Cu2+, Al3+, Cr3+, and Fe3+, and Cu2+ is the most efficient metal ion for selectively precipitating γ-PGA, even at a low concentration [16]. The resultant precipitate is re-dissolved by adding 1.5 M HCl and cleaved into monomers and oligomers. Alternatively, γ-PGA can be precipitated by reducing water solubility, following the addition of ethanol to the supernatant or filtrate and then re-dissolving in distilled water [64]. Compared with complex formation, reducing water solubility is less selective and can result in co-precipitation of proteins and polysaccharides [65]. Finally, due to the large differences in molecule size between high molecular weight γ-PGA and all other constituents of the culture broth, a series of filtration and buffer exchange steps can be applied to effectively separate γ-PGA [66]. For example, alcohol precipitation was the widely used method for the recovery of γ-PGA from cell-free broth, in which the γ-PGA recovery, concentration factor, and concentration of concentrate could reach about 80 %, 0.2, and 110 g/L, respectively, after acidification (pH 3.0) and ultrafiltration [64].
Applications of γ-PGA
Due to being water soluble, biodegradable, edible, and non-toxic, γ-PGA and its derivatives have been applied in a broad range of industrial fields, including food, cosmetics, agriculture, medicine, and bioremediation (Table 4).
Table 4 Applications of γ-PGA and its derivatives
Food industry
γ-PGA is used in the food industry, specifically in naturally occurring mucilage of natto (fermented soybeans), but also as a food supplement, osteoporosis-preventing agent, texture enhancer, cryoprotectant, and oil-reducing agent (Table 4). As a cryoprotectant, γ-PGA enhances the viability of probiotic bacteria during freeze-drying, and γ-PGA was found to protect Lactobacillus paracasei more effectively than sucrose, trehalose, or sorbitol [11, 67]. More importantly, as a food supplement, γ-PGA could effectively increase the bioavailability of calcium by increasing its solubility and intestinal absorption, which decreased bone loss in humans [68].
Medicine
As shown in Table 2, γ-PGA and its derivatives have been exploited as metal chelators and drug carriers, and used in tissue engineering and as a biological adhesive in medicine. As a drug delivery agent, the molecular mass of γ-PGA was the decisive factor determining the drug delivery properties, including controlling the rate of drug release. For example, a γ-PGA molecular weight of ~3–6 × 104 Da was used to produce paclitaxel poliglumex (a conjugate of γ-PGA and paclitaxel), and this significantly improved both the safety and efficiency of the drug (compared with standard paclitaxel) by enhancing its pharmacokinetic profile and water solubility. Furthermore, this improved tumor selectivity via enhanced accumulation and retention in tumor tissue [69].
Wastewater treatment
Due to its non-toxic and biodegradable properties, γ-PGA offers an eco-friendly alternative for wastewater treatment. γ-PGA with a molecular weight of ~5.8–6.2 × 106 Da appears to be superior to many conventional flocculants used in wastewater treatment plants operating downstream of food processing fermentation processes [70]. More interestingly, γ-PGA with a molecular weight of 9.9 × 105 Da could effectively remove 98 % of basic dyes from aqueous solution at pH 1 and could then be re-used [71].
Other applications
γ-PGA has also been explored for use in cosmetics as a hydrophilic humectant to increase the production of natural moisturizing agents such as urocanic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and lactic acid [72]. Many other applications of γ-PGA likely remain to be discovered.
Conclusion
During more than 70 years of γ-PGA-related research, great insight has been gained regarding its production, metabolic regulation, and applications. Owing to its biodegradability and non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it is used widely in the food, medicine, and wastewater industries. Biotechnological production of natural γ-PGA from renewable biomass continues to be of significant interest, especially in the face of decreasing fossil fuels and a need to reduce carbon emissions.
A lot of research has been carried out on the molecular biology (genes, enzymes, pathways) of γ-PGA and its biosynthesis in different organisms, some of which have been applied to improving its production [7, 8, 73]. The insight obtained has been used to manipulate the osmolarity to identify and isolate novel γ-PGA-producing strains from different sources [74]. Furthermore, genetic engineering of host strains has improved γ-PGA yields, expanded the substrate spectrum, and enhanced the robustness of organisms to environmental stresses to create efficient production strains [75, 76]. Advances in molecular biology have therefore helped to optimize γ-PGA production and expanded the number of uses to which γ-PGA can be applied.
The specific properties of γ-PGA determine its applications, and γ-PGA produced by different bacteria or culture conditions may therefore be suited to different uses. Optimization of the cost of production, molecular mass, and conformational/enantiomeric properties is crucial if the potential of γ-PGA is to be fully realized [75]. For instance, a greater understanding of the mechanism of passive drug targeting could lead to the rational improvement of PGA-based drug delivery systems [8]. Moreover, genetic engineering strategies such as directed evolution or site-directed mutagenesis could be used to modify the biosynthetic machinery and hence γ-PGA properties [77]. Clearly, much work remains to be done in this commercially important and academically interesting field of research.
With the increasing trend in using biomass as a carbon source for fermentation processes, much research into the biological production of γ-PGA has aimed at improving the cost-effectiveness and the efficiency of recovery. To realize better industrial production of γ-PGA from renewable biomass, further effort should be made in this area. For example, high-throughput screening of potential new producers should include thermo- and salt-tolerant bacterial extremophiles [78]. Additionally, waste biomass materials such as rice straw or manure compost from the dairy and pig industries could be exploited to lower the cost of feedstock [50]. Genetic manipulation could also be exploited to develop novel γ-PGA ‘superproducer’ strains. Finally, improving downstream γ-PGA separation processes could be decisive in improving the cost-effectiveness of production.
A greater understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of γ-PGA biosynthesis and control of stereoisomers would undoubtedly prove valuable. Therefore, a systems approach that combines synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and traditional fundamental research will likely lead to improved fermentative production of γ-PGA from renewable biomass.
Abbreviations
γ-PGA:
poly-γ-glutamic acid
γ-L-PGA:
l-glutamic acid residues
γ-D-PGA:
d-glutamic acid residues
γ-LD-PGA:
l- and d-glutamic acid residues
Mw:
molecular weight
pgs:
polyglutamate synthase
GGT:
γ-glutamyltranspeptidase
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Authors’ contributions
ZTL and YG made contribution to the design of the study, the acquisition of data, the analysis, and interpretation of data and contributed to the manuscript writing. JDL, HQ, and MMZ conceived the study. WZ and SBL conceived and organized the study, helped to draft the manuscript, and revised the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the Fund of Guangxi Academy of Sciences (15YJ22SW05), the “Bagui Scholars Distinguished Professor” Special Project, and the Talents introduction program of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (No. 2013RC12).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
All authors agreed to publish this article.
Funding
Guangxi Academy of Sciences (15YJ22SW05), the “Bagui Scholars Distinguished Professor” Special Project, and the Talents introduction program of Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (No. 2013RC12).
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Authors
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Correspondence to Wei Zou or Shubo Li.
Additional information
Zhiting Luo and Yuan Guo contributed equally to this work
Additional file
13068_2016_537_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Molecular structure of γ-PGA (chiral carbons are indicated with asterisks) [80].
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Luo, Z., Guo, Y., Liu, J. et al. Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. Biotechnol Biofuels 9, 134 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0537-7
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• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0537-7
Keywords
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__label__pos
| 0.628337 |
0
The function I am trying to write is supposed to be recursive and does the following:
Return the number of ways that all n2 elements of a2 appear in the n1 element array a1 in the same order (though not necessarily consecutively). The empty sequence appears in a sequence of length n1 in 1 way, even if n1 is 0.
For example, if a1 is the 7 element array
"Bart" "Lisa" "Maggie" "Marge" "Lisa" "Maggie" "Homer"
then for this value of a2 the function must return
"Bart" "Marge" "Maggie" 1
"Bart" "Maggie" "Homer" 2
"Marge" "Bart" "Maggie" 0
"Lisa" "Maggie" "Homer" 3
So far, I have written this much:
int countIncludes(const string a1[], int n1, const string a2[], int n2)
{
if (n2 == 0)
return 1;
if (n1 == 0)
return 0;
else
{
if (a1[0] == a2[0])
return countIncludes(a1+1, n1-1, a2+1, n2-1);
else
return countIncludes(a1+1, n1-1, a2, n2);
}
}
But it is incomplete and I know it does not work properly. I need help figuring out how to do this problem--just a method about how to go about this would be extremely helpful.
Thank you so much in advance!
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Last Post by hannaxbear
-1
lololol are you in carey's class or are you in david's?
Hahaha I'm in David's. Got desperate considering how late it is. Anyway, I figured it out! So nevermind.
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.
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__label__pos
| 0.695434 |
code for how to call an event of a form into another form in c# window forms
csharp Madrid, Spain
• 12 years ago
• 12 years ago
isn't that a bit much? he can just subscribe to the events from with the other form
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Demo
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Form form1, form2;
form1 = new Form();
form2 = new Form();
form1.Text = "Main form, close this to exit";
form2.Text = "Second form, closing this does nothing";
form2.Load += new EventHandler(form2_Load);
form1.FormClosing += new FormClosingEventHandler(form1_FormClosing);
form2.Show();
Application.Run(form1);
}
static void form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Closing Application");
}
static void form2_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Form 2 loaded");
}
}
}
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__label__pos
| 0.917679 |
Phosphorus: foods, benefits & RDA
Siski Green / 18 August 2021
Phosphorus, found in meat, eggs, seeds and pulses and enables the B vitamins to work properly.
Phosphorus is a mineral that your body needs quite a lot of, like calcium. It’s extremely important to your health.
What is phosphorus used for?
Like calcium, phosphorus is essential for strong and healthy bones and teeth. It’s also involved in other areas of your body such as nerve and muscle systems. And as if that weren’t enough it also helps maintain your metabolic process, helping you process fat, carbohydrates and protein into energy.
Most people find they get enough phosphorus from their diet, but if you take a lot of antacids containing aluminium regularly, it may deplete your body’s store of phosphorus. Not eating enough food (fasting or starving yourself) can also result in a deficiency but you won’t see any effects if you fast for a short while, for example. If you are anorexic, however, you may well become deficient.
Phosphorus (called phosphates in this case) is used to treat UTIs (urinary tract infections) and also to help prevent the build-up of calcium stones.
What’s the best way to take phosphorus?
The best sources are dietary, and it’s found in many foods – meat such as beef, pork, chicken, fish and especially liver, eggs, dairy products, beans and legumes, nuts, seeds, and wholegrains such as wheat germ and bran. It’s also added to certain foods such as packaged cereals for example. Look for calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid and sodium acid pyrophosphate on the label – these are all forms of phosphorus.
If you are found to be deficient by your GP, a supplement is helpful. You need around 700mg per day to be healthy.
Does phosphorus really work?
Unless you are deficient in phosphorus taking a supplement or increasing your dosage via your diet is unlikely to have a dramatic effect.
Where can I get phosphorus?
As phosphorus is added to many foods and is contained in so many foods naturally, you likely don’t need a supplement. But to ensure you are getting enough eat meat, seeds, nuts and dairy. And, if unsure, take a supplement, which you can get at healthfood shops or online.
What are the side effects or contraindications of taking phosphorus?
If you have any form of kidney problems see your GP before taking phosphorus supplements as the kidneys have to work to control any excess. If you take too much phosphorus you might also suffer with diarrhoea or stomach cramps.
Need more time to talk to a doctor? Saga's GP phone service offers unlimited access 24 hours a day, every day of the year. Find out more about our GP phone service.
The opinions expressed are those of the author and are not held by Saga unless specifically stated.
The material is for general information only and does not constitute investment, tax, legal, medical or other form of advice. You should not rely on this information to make (or refrain from making) any decisions. Always obtain independent, professional advice for your own particular situation.
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__label__pos
| 0.929375 |
28 Numerics library [numerics]
28.7 Mathematical functions for floating-point types [c.math]
28.7.1 Header <cmath> synopsis [cmath.syn]
namespace std { using float_t = see below; using double_t = see below; } #define HUGE_VAL see below #define HUGE_VALF see below #define HUGE_VALL see below #define INFINITY see below #define NAN see below #define FP_INFINITE see below #define FP_NAN see below #define FP_NORMAL see below #define FP_SUBNORMAL see below #define FP_ZERO see below #define FP_FAST_FMA see below #define FP_FAST_FMAF see below #define FP_FAST_FMAL see below #define FP_ILOGB0 see below #define FP_ILOGBNAN see below #define MATH_ERRNO see below #define MATH_ERREXCEPT see below #define math_errhandling see below namespace std { constexpr floating-point-type acos(floating-point-type x); constexpr float acosf(float x); constexpr long double acosl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type asin(floating-point-type x); constexpr float asinf(float x); constexpr long double asinl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type atan(floating-point-type x); constexpr float atanf(float x); constexpr long double atanl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type atan2(floating-point-type y, floating-point-type x); constexpr float atan2f(float y, float x); constexpr long double atan2l(long double y, long double x); constexpr floating-point-type cos(floating-point-type x); constexpr float cosf(float x); constexpr long double cosl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type sin(floating-point-type x); constexpr float sinf(float x); constexpr long double sinl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type tan(floating-point-type x); constexpr float tanf(float x); constexpr long double tanl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type acosh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float acoshf(float x); constexpr long double acoshl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type asinh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float asinhf(float x); constexpr long double asinhl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type atanh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float atanhf(float x); constexpr long double atanhl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type cosh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float coshf(float x); constexpr long double coshl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type sinh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float sinhf(float x); constexpr long double sinhl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type tanh(floating-point-type x); constexpr float tanhf(float x); constexpr long double tanhl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type exp(floating-point-type x); constexpr float expf(float x); constexpr long double expl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type exp2(floating-point-type x); constexpr float exp2f(float x); constexpr long double exp2l(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type expm1(floating-point-type x); constexpr float expm1f(float x); constexpr long double expm1l(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type frexp(floating-point-type value, int* exp); constexpr float frexpf(float value, int* exp); constexpr long double frexpl(long double value, int* exp); constexpr int ilogb(floating-point-type x); constexpr int ilogbf(float x); constexpr int ilogbl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type ldexp(floating-point-type x, int exp); constexpr float ldexpf(float x, int exp); constexpr long double ldexpl(long double x, int exp); constexpr floating-point-type log(floating-point-type x); constexpr float logf(float x); constexpr long double logl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type log10(floating-point-type x); constexpr float log10f(float x); constexpr long double log10l(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type log1p(floating-point-type x); constexpr float log1pf(float x); constexpr long double log1pl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type log2(floating-point-type x); constexpr float log2f(float x); constexpr long double log2l(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type logb(floating-point-type x); constexpr float logbf(float x); constexpr long double logbl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type modf(floating-point-type value, floating-point-type* iptr); constexpr float modff(float value, float* iptr); constexpr long double modfl(long double value, long double* iptr); constexpr floating-point-type scalbn(floating-point-type x, int n); constexpr float scalbnf(float x, int n); constexpr long double scalbnl(long double x, int n); constexpr floating-point-type scalbln(floating-point-type x, long int n); constexpr float scalblnf(float x, long int n); constexpr long double scalblnl(long double x, long int n); constexpr floating-point-type cbrt(floating-point-type x); constexpr float cbrtf(float x); constexpr long double cbrtl(long double x); // [c.math.abs], absolute values constexpr int abs(int j); // freestanding constexpr long int abs(long int j); // freestanding constexpr long long int abs(long long int j); // freestanding constexpr floating-point-type abs(floating-point-type j); // freestanding-deleted constexpr floating-point-type fabs(floating-point-type x); constexpr float fabsf(float x); constexpr long double fabsl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type hypot(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float hypotf(float x, float y); constexpr long double hypotl(long double x, long double y); // [c.math.hypot3], three-dimensional hypotenuse constexpr floating-point-type hypot(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y, floating-point-type z); constexpr floating-point-type pow(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float powf(float x, float y); constexpr long double powl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type sqrt(floating-point-type x); constexpr float sqrtf(float x); constexpr long double sqrtl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type erf(floating-point-type x); constexpr float erff(float x); constexpr long double erfl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type erfc(floating-point-type x); constexpr float erfcf(float x); constexpr long double erfcl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type lgamma(floating-point-type x); constexpr float lgammaf(float x); constexpr long double lgammal(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type tgamma(floating-point-type x); constexpr float tgammaf(float x); constexpr long double tgammal(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type ceil(floating-point-type x); constexpr float ceilf(float x); constexpr long double ceill(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type floor(floating-point-type x); constexpr float floorf(float x); constexpr long double floorl(long double x); floating-point-type nearbyint(floating-point-type x); float nearbyintf(float x); long double nearbyintl(long double x); floating-point-type rint(floating-point-type x); float rintf(float x); long double rintl(long double x); long int lrint(floating-point-type x); long int lrintf(float x); long int lrintl(long double x); long long int llrint(floating-point-type x); long long int llrintf(float x); long long int llrintl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type round(floating-point-type x); constexpr float roundf(float x); constexpr long double roundl(long double x); constexpr long int lround(floating-point-type x); constexpr long int lroundf(float x); constexpr long int lroundl(long double x); constexpr long long int llround(floating-point-type x); constexpr long long int llroundf(float x); constexpr long long int llroundl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type trunc(floating-point-type x); constexpr float truncf(float x); constexpr long double truncl(long double x); constexpr floating-point-type fmod(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float fmodf(float x, float y); constexpr long double fmodl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type remainder(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float remainderf(float x, float y); constexpr long double remainderl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type remquo(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y, int* quo); constexpr float remquof(float x, float y, int* quo); constexpr long double remquol(long double x, long double y, int* quo); constexpr floating-point-type copysign(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float copysignf(float x, float y); constexpr long double copysignl(long double x, long double y); double nan(const char* tagp); float nanf(const char* tagp); long double nanl(const char* tagp); constexpr floating-point-type nextafter(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float nextafterf(float x, float y); constexpr long double nextafterl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type nexttoward(floating-point-type x, long double y); constexpr float nexttowardf(float x, long double y); constexpr long double nexttowardl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type fdim(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float fdimf(float x, float y); constexpr long double fdiml(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type fmax(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float fmaxf(float x, float y); constexpr long double fmaxl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type fmin(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr float fminf(float x, float y); constexpr long double fminl(long double x, long double y); constexpr floating-point-type fma(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y, floating-point-type z); constexpr float fmaf(float x, float y, float z); constexpr long double fmal(long double x, long double y, long double z); // [c.math.lerp], linear interpolation constexpr floating-point-type lerp(floating-point-type a, floating-point-type b, floating-point-type t) noexcept; // [c.math.fpclass], classification / comparison functions constexpr int fpclassify(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool isfinite(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool isinf(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool isnan(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool isnormal(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool signbit(floating-point-type x); constexpr bool isgreater(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr bool isgreaterequal(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr bool isless(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr bool islessequal(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr bool islessgreater(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); constexpr bool isunordered(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); // [sf.cmath], mathematical special functions // [sf.cmath.assoc.laguerre], associated Laguerre polynomials floating-point-type assoc_laguerre(unsigned n, unsigned m, floating-point-type x); float assoc_laguerref(unsigned n, unsigned m, float x); long double assoc_laguerrel(unsigned n, unsigned m, long double x); // [sf.cmath.assoc.legendre], associated Legendre functions floating-point-type assoc_legendre(unsigned l, unsigned m, floating-point-type x); float assoc_legendref(unsigned l, unsigned m, float x); long double assoc_legendrel(unsigned l, unsigned m, long double x); // [sf.cmath.beta], beta function floating-point-type beta(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); float betaf(float x, float y); long double betal(long double x, long double y); // [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.1], complete elliptic integral of the first kind floating-point-type comp_ellint_1(floating-point-type k); float comp_ellint_1f(float k); long double comp_ellint_1l(long double k); // [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.2], complete elliptic integral of the second kind floating-point-type comp_ellint_2(floating-point-type k); float comp_ellint_2f(float k); long double comp_ellint_2l(long double k); // [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.3], complete elliptic integral of the third kind floating-point-type comp_ellint_3(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type nu); float comp_ellint_3f(float k, float nu); long double comp_ellint_3l(long double k, long double nu); // [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.i], regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions floating-point-type cyl_bessel_i(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_if(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_il(long double nu, long double x); // [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.j], cylindrical Bessel functions of the first kind floating-point-type cyl_bessel_j(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_jf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_jl(long double nu, long double x); // [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.k], irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions floating-point-type cyl_bessel_k(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_kf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_kl(long double nu, long double x); // [sf.cmath.cyl.neumann], cylindrical Neumann functions // cylindrical Bessel functions of the second kind floating-point-type cyl_neumann(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_neumannf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_neumannl(long double nu, long double x); // [sf.cmath.ellint.1], incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind floating-point-type ellint_1(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_1f(float k, float phi); long double ellint_1l(long double k, long double phi); // [sf.cmath.ellint.2], incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind floating-point-type ellint_2(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_2f(float k, float phi); long double ellint_2l(long double k, long double phi); // [sf.cmath.ellint.3], incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind floating-point-type ellint_3(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_3f(float k, float nu, float phi); long double ellint_3l(long double k, long double nu, long double phi); // [sf.cmath.expint], exponential integral floating-point-type expint(floating-point-type x); float expintf(float x); long double expintl(long double x); // [sf.cmath.hermite], Hermite polynomials floating-point-type hermite(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float hermitef(unsigned n, float x); long double hermitel(unsigned n, long double x); // [sf.cmath.laguerre], Laguerre polynomials floating-point-type laguerre(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float laguerref(unsigned n, float x); long double laguerrel(unsigned n, long double x); // [sf.cmath.legendre], Legendre polynomials floating-point-type legendre(unsigned l, floating-point-type x); float legendref(unsigned l, float x); long double legendrel(unsigned l, long double x); // [sf.cmath.riemann.zeta], Riemann zeta function floating-point-type riemann_zeta(floating-point-type x); float riemann_zetaf(float x); long double riemann_zetal(long double x); // [sf.cmath.sph.bessel], spherical Bessel functions of the first kind floating-point-type sph_bessel(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float sph_besself(unsigned n, float x); long double sph_bessell(unsigned n, long double x); // [sf.cmath.sph.legendre], spherical associated Legendre functions floating-point-type sph_legendre(unsigned l, unsigned m, floating-point-type theta); float sph_legendref(unsigned l, unsigned m, float theta); long double sph_legendrel(unsigned l, unsigned m, long double theta); // [sf.cmath.sph.neumann], spherical Neumann functions; // spherical Bessel functions of the second kind floating-point-type sph_neumann(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float sph_neumannf(unsigned n, float x); long double sph_neumannl(unsigned n, long double x); }
The contents and meaning of the header <cmath> are the same as the C standard library header <math.h>, with the addition of a three-dimensional hypotenuse function, a linear interpolation function, and the mathematical special functions described in [sf.cmath].
[Note 1:
Several functions have additional overloads in this document, but they have the same behavior as in the C standard library.
— end note]
For each function with at least one parameter of type floating-point-type, the implementation provides an overload for each cv-unqualified floating-point type ([basic.fundamental]) where all uses of floating-point-type in the function signature are replaced with that floating-point type.
For each function with at least one parameter of type floating-point-type other than abs, the implementation also provides additional overloads sufficient to ensure that, if every argument corresponding to a floating-point-type parameter has arithmetic type, then every such argument is effectively cast to the floating-point type with the greatest floating-point conversion rank and greatest floating-point conversion subrank among the types of all such arguments, where arguments of integer type are considered to have the same floating-point conversion rank as double.
If no such floating-point type with the greatest rank and subrank exists, then overload resolution does not result in a usable candidate ([over.match.general]) from the overloads provided by the implementation.
An invocation of nexttoward is ill-formed if the argument corresponding to the floating-point-type parameter has extended floating-point type.
See also: ISO/IEC 9899:2018, 7.12
28.7.2 Absolute values [c.math.abs]
[Note 1:
The headers <cstdlib> and <cmath> declare the functions described in this subclause.
— end note]
constexpr int abs(int j); constexpr long int abs(long int j); constexpr long long int abs(long long int j);
Effects: These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library for the functions abs, labs, and llabs, respectively.
Remarks: If abs is called with an argument of type X for which is_unsigned_v<X> is true and if X cannot be converted to int by integral promotion, the program is ill-formed.
[Note 2:
Allowing arguments that can be promoted to int provides compatibility with C.
— end note]
constexpr floating-point-type abs(floating-point-type x);
Returns: The absolute value of x.
See also: ISO/IEC 9899:2018, 7.12.7.2, 7.22.6.1
28.7.3 Three-dimensional hypotenuse [c.math.hypot3]
constexpr floating-point-type hypot(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y, floating-point-type z);
Returns: .
28.7.4 Linear interpolation [c.math.lerp]
constexpr floating-point-type lerp(floating-point-type a, floating-point-type b, floating-point-type t) noexcept;
Returns: .
Remarks: Let r be the value returned.
If isfinite(a) && isfinite(b), then:
• If t == 0, then r == a.
• If t == 1, then r == b.
• If t >= 0 && t <= 1, then isfinite(r).
• If isfinite(t) && a == b, then r == a.
• If isfinite(t) || !isnan(t) && b-a != 0, then !isnan(r).
Let CMP(x,y) be 1 if x > y, -1 if x < y, and 0 otherwise.
For any t1 and t2, the product of CMP(lerp(a, b, t2), lerp(a, b, t1)), CMP(t2, t1), and CMP(b, a) is non-negative.
28.7.5 Classification / comparison functions [c.math.fpclass]
The classification / comparison functions behave the same as the C macros with the corresponding names defined in the C standard library.
See also: ISO/IEC 9899:2018, 7.12.3, 7.12.4
28.7.6 Mathematical special functions [sf.cmath]
28.7.6.1 General [sf.cmath.general]
If any argument value to any of the functions specified in [sf.cmath] is a NaN (Not a Number), the function shall return a NaN but it shall not report a domain error.
Otherwise, the function shall report a domain error for just those argument values for which:
• the function description's Returns: element explicitly specifies a domain and those argument values fall outside the specified domain, or
• the corresponding mathematical function value has a nonzero imaginary component, or
• the corresponding mathematical function is not mathematically defined.237
Unless otherwise specified, each function is defined for all finite values, for negative infinity, and for positive infinity.
237)237)
A mathematical function is mathematically defined for a given set of argument values (a) if it is explicitly defined for that set of argument values, or (b) if its limiting value exists and does not depend on the direction of approach.
28.7.6.2 Associated Laguerre polynomials [sf.cmath.assoc.laguerre]
floating-point-type assoc_laguerre(unsigned n, unsigned m, floating-point-type x); float assoc_laguerref(unsigned n, unsigned m, float x); long double assoc_laguerrel(unsigned n, unsigned m, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the associated Laguerre polynomials of their respective arguments n, m, and x.
Returns:
where n is n, m is m, and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if n >= 128 or if m >= 128.
28.7.6.3 Associated Legendre functions [sf.cmath.assoc.legendre]
floating-point-type assoc_legendre(unsigned l, unsigned m, floating-point-type x); float assoc_legendref(unsigned l, unsigned m, float x); long double assoc_legendrel(unsigned l, unsigned m, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the associated Legendre functions of their respective arguments l, m, and x.
Returns:
where l is l, m is m, and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if l >= 128.
28.7.6.4 Beta function [sf.cmath.beta]
floating-point-type beta(floating-point-type x, floating-point-type y); float betaf(float x, float y); long double betal(long double x, long double y);
Effects: These functions compute the beta function of their respective arguments x and y.
Returns:
where x is x and y is y.
28.7.6.5 Complete elliptic integral of the first kind [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.1]
floating-point-type comp_ellint_1(floating-point-type k); float comp_ellint_1f(float k); long double comp_ellint_1l(long double k);
Effects: These functions compute the complete elliptic integral of the first kind of their respective arguments k.
Returns:
where k is k.
28.7.6.6 Complete elliptic integral of the second kind [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.2]
floating-point-type comp_ellint_2(floating-point-type k); float comp_ellint_2f(float k); long double comp_ellint_2l(long double k);
Effects: These functions compute the complete elliptic integral of the second kind of their respective arguments k.
Returns:
where k is k.
28.7.6.7 Complete elliptic integral of the third kind [sf.cmath.comp.ellint.3]
floating-point-type comp_ellint_3(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type nu); float comp_ellint_3f(float k, float nu); long double comp_ellint_3l(long double k, long double nu);
Effects: These functions compute the complete elliptic integral of the third kind of their respective arguments k and nu.
Returns:
where k is k and ν is nu.
28.7.6.8 Regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.i]
floating-point-type cyl_bessel_i(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_if(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_il(long double nu, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions of their respective arguments nu and x.
Returns:
where ν is nu and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if nu >= 128.
28.7.6.9 Cylindrical Bessel functions of the first kind [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.j]
floating-point-type cyl_bessel_j(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_jf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_jl(long double nu, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the cylindrical Bessel functions of the first kind of their respective arguments nu and x.
Returns:
where ν is nu and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if nu >= 128.
28.7.6.10 Irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions [sf.cmath.cyl.bessel.k]
floating-point-type cyl_bessel_k(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_bessel_kf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_bessel_kl(long double nu, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions of their respective arguments nu and x.
Returns:
where ν is nu and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if nu >= 128.
28.7.6.11 Cylindrical Neumann functions [sf.cmath.cyl.neumann]
floating-point-type cyl_neumann(floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type x); float cyl_neumannf(float nu, float x); long double cyl_neumannl(long double nu, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the cylindrical Neumann functions, also known as the cylindrical Bessel functions of the second kind, of their respective arguments nu and x.
Returns:
where ν is nu and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if nu >= 128.
28.7.6.12 Incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind [sf.cmath.ellint.1]
floating-point-type ellint_1(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_1f(float k, float phi); long double ellint_1l(long double k, long double phi);
Effects: These functions compute the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind of their respective arguments k and phi (phi measured in radians).
Returns:
where k is k and φ is phi.
28.7.6.13 Incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind [sf.cmath.ellint.2]
floating-point-type ellint_2(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_2f(float k, float phi); long double ellint_2l(long double k, long double phi);
Effects: These functions compute the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind of their respective arguments k and phi (phi measured in radians).
Returns:
where k is k and φ is phi.
28.7.6.14 Incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind [sf.cmath.ellint.3]
floating-point-type ellint_3(floating-point-type k, floating-point-type nu, floating-point-type phi); float ellint_3f(float k, float nu, float phi); long double ellint_3l(long double k, long double nu, long double phi);
Effects: These functions compute the incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind of their respective arguments k, nu, and phi (phi measured in radians).
Returns:
where ν is nu, k is k, and φ is phi.
28.7.6.15 Exponential integral [sf.cmath.expint]
floating-point-type expint(floating-point-type x); float expintf(float x); long double expintl(long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the exponential integral of their respective arguments x.
Returns:
where x is x.
28.7.6.16 Hermite polynomials [sf.cmath.hermite]
floating-point-type hermite(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float hermitef(unsigned n, float x); long double hermitel(unsigned n, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the Hermite polynomials of their respective arguments n and x.
Returns:
where n is n and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if n >= 128.
28.7.6.17 Laguerre polynomials [sf.cmath.laguerre]
floating-point-type laguerre(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float laguerref(unsigned n, float x); long double laguerrel(unsigned n, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the Laguerre polynomials of their respective arguments n and x.
Returns:
where n is n and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if n >= 128.
28.7.6.18 Legendre polynomials [sf.cmath.legendre]
floating-point-type legendre(unsigned l, floating-point-type x); float legendref(unsigned l, float x); long double legendrel(unsigned l, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the Legendre polynomials of their respective arguments l and x.
Returns:
where l is l and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if l >= 128.
28.7.6.19 Riemann zeta function [sf.cmath.riemann.zeta]
floating-point-type riemann_zeta(floating-point-type x); float riemann_zetaf(float x); long double riemann_zetal(long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the Riemann zeta function of their respective arguments x.
Returns:
where x is x.
28.7.6.20 Spherical Bessel functions of the first kind [sf.cmath.sph.bessel]
floating-point-type sph_bessel(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float sph_besself(unsigned n, float x); long double sph_bessell(unsigned n, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the spherical Bessel functions of the first kind of their respective arguments n and x.
Returns:
where n is n and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if n >= 128.
28.7.6.21 Spherical associated Legendre functions [sf.cmath.sph.legendre]
floating-point-type sph_legendre(unsigned l, unsigned m, floating-point-type theta); float sph_legendref(unsigned l, unsigned m, float theta); long double sph_legendrel(unsigned l, unsigned m, long double theta);
Effects: These functions compute the spherical associated Legendre functions of their respective arguments l, m, and theta (theta measured in radians).
Returns:
where
and l is l, m is m, and θ is theta.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if l >= 128.
28.7.6.22 Spherical Neumann functions [sf.cmath.sph.neumann]
floating-point-type sph_neumann(unsigned n, floating-point-type x); float sph_neumannf(unsigned n, float x); long double sph_neumannl(unsigned n, long double x);
Effects: These functions compute the spherical Neumann functions, also known as the spherical Bessel functions of the second kind, of their respective arguments n and x.
Returns:
where n is n and x is x.
Remarks: The effect of calling each of these functions is implementation-defined if n >= 128.
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__label__pos
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GNU Octave 4.2.1
A high-level interpreted language, primarily intended for numerical computations, mostly compatible with Matlab
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22
23 #if ! defined (octave_cmd_hist_h)
24 #define octave_cmd_hist_h 1
25
26 #include "octave-config.h"
27
28 #include <string>
29
30 #include "str-vec.h"
31
32 namespace octave
33 {
34 class
35 OCTAVE_API
37 {
38 protected:
39
41 : initialized (false), ignoring_additions (false), history_control (0),
42 lines_in_file (0), lines_this_session (0), xfile (), xsize (-1) { }
43
44 public:
45
46 virtual ~command_history (void) { }
47
48 static void initialize (bool, const std::string&, int, const std::string&);
49
50 static bool is_initialized (void);
51
52 static void set_file (const std::string&);
53
54 static std::string file (void);
55
56 static void process_histcontrol (const std::string&);
57
58 static std::string histcontrol (void);
59
60 static void set_size (int);
61
62 static int size (void);
63
64 static void ignore_entries (bool = true);
65
66 static bool ignoring_entries (void);
67
68 static bool add (const std::string&);
69
70 static void remove (int);
71
72 static void clear (void);
73
74 static int where (void);
75
76 static int length (void);
77
78 static int max_input_history (void);
79
80 static int base (void);
81
82 static int current_number (void);
83
84 static void stifle (int);
85
86 static int unstifle (void);
87
88 static int is_stifled (void);
89
90 static void set_mark (int n);
91
92 // Gag. This declaration has to match the Function typedef in
93 // readline.h.
94
95 static int goto_mark (void);
96
97 static void read (bool = true);
98
99 static void read (const std::string&, bool = true);
100
101 static void read_range (int = -1, int = -1, bool = true);
102
103 static void read_range (const std::string&, int = -1, int = -1,
104 bool = true);
105
106 static void write (const std::string& = "");
107
108 static void append (const std::string& = "");
109
110 static void truncate_file (const std::string& = "", int = -1);
111
112 static string_vector list (int = -1, bool = false);
113
114 static std::string get_entry (int);
115
116 static void replace_entry (int, const std::string&);
117
118 static void clean_up_and_save (const std::string& = "", int = -1);
119
120 private:
121
122 // No copying!
123
125
126 command_history& operator = (const command_history&);
127
128 static bool instance_ok (void);
129
130 static void make_command_history (void);
131
132 // The real thing.
134
135 static void cleanup_instance (void) { delete instance; instance = 0; }
136
137 protected:
138
139 // To use something other than the GNU history library, derive a new
140 // class from command_history, overload these functions as
141 // necessary, and make instance point to the new class.
142
143 virtual void do_set_file (const std::string&);
144
145 virtual std::string do_file (void);
146
147 virtual void do_process_histcontrol (const std::string&);
148
149 virtual std::string do_histcontrol (void) const { return ""; }
150
151 virtual void do_initialize (bool, const std::string&, int,
152 const std::string&);
153
154 virtual bool do_is_initialized (void) const;
155
156 virtual void do_set_size (int);
157
158 virtual int do_size (void) const;
159
160 virtual void do_ignore_entries (bool);
161
162 virtual bool do_ignoring_entries (void) const;
163
164 virtual bool do_add (const std::string&);
165
166 virtual void do_remove (int);
167
168 virtual void do_clear (void);
169
170 virtual int do_where (void) const;
171
172 virtual int do_length (void) const;
173
174 virtual int do_max_input_history (void) const;
175
176 virtual int do_base (void) const;
177
178 virtual int do_current_number (void) const;
179
180 virtual void do_stifle (int);
181
182 virtual int do_unstifle (void);
183
184 virtual int do_is_stifled (void) const;
185
186 virtual void do_set_mark (int);
187
188 virtual int do_goto_mark (void);
189
190 virtual void do_read (const std::string&, bool);
191
192 virtual void do_read_range (const std::string&, int, int, bool);
193
194 virtual void do_write (const std::string&) const;
195
196 virtual void do_append (const std::string&);
197
198 virtual void do_truncate_file (const std::string&, int) const;
199
200 virtual string_vector do_list (int, bool) const;
201
202 virtual std::string do_get_entry (int) const;
203
204 virtual void do_replace_entry (int, const std::string&);
205
206 virtual void do_clean_up_and_save (const std::string&, int);
207
208 void error (int, const std::string& msg = "") const;
209
210 void error (const std::string&) const;
211
212 // TRUE means we have initialized the history filename and number of
213 // lines to save.
215
216 // TRUE means we are ignoring new additions.
218
219 // Bitmask for history control options. See oct-rl-hist.h.
221
222 // The number of history lines we read from the history file.
224
225 // The number of history lines we've saved so far.
227
228 // The default history file.
230
231 // The number of lines of history to save.
232 int xsize;
233 };
234 }
235
236 #if defined (OCTAVE_USE_DEPRECATED_FUNCTIONS)
237
238 OCTAVE_DEPRECATED ("use 'octave::command_history' instead")
239 typedef octave::command_history command_history;
240
241 #endif
242
243 #endif
static void cleanup_instance(void)
Definition: cmd-hist.h:135
Octave interface to the compression and uncompression libraries.
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For example cd octave end example noindent changes the current working directory to file
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virtual ~command_history(void)
Definition: cmd-hist.h:46
static command_history * instance
Definition: cmd-hist.h:133
virtual std::string do_histcontrol(void) const
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is false
Definition: cellfun.cc:398
bool append
Definition: load-save.cc:1582
OCTAVE_EXPORT octave_value_list any number nd example oindent prints the prompt xample Pick a any number!nd example oindent and waits for the user to enter a value The string entered by the user is evaluated as an so it may be a literal a variable or any other valid Octave code The number of return their size
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Functional Plant Biology Functional Plant Biology Society
Plant function and evolutionary biology
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Theoretical considerations about carbon isotope distribution in glucose of C3 plants
Guillaume Tcherkez A D , Graham Farquhar B , Franz Badeck C and Jaleh Ghashghaie A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Laboratoire d'écophysiologie végétale, UMR 8079, Bât. 362, Centre scientifique d’Orsay, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
B Research School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, GPO Box 475 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), PF 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany.
D Corresponding author; email: [email protected]
Functional Plant Biology 31(9) 857-877 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP04053
Submitted: 12 March 2004 Accepted: 20 July 2004 Published: 23 September 2004
Abstract
The origin of the non-statistical intramolecular distribution of 13C in glucose of C3 plants is examined, including the role of the aldolisation of triose phosphates as proposed by Gleixner and Schmidt (1997). A modelling approach is taken in order to investigate the relationships between the intramolecular distribution of 13C in hexoses and the reactions of primary carbon metabolism. The model takes into account C–C bond-breaking reactions of the Calvin cycle and leads to a mathematical expression for the isotope ratios in hexoses in the steady state. In order to best fit the experimentally-observed intramolecular distribution, the values given by the model indicate that (i), the transketolase reaction fractionates against 13C by 4–7‰ and (ii), depending on the photorespiration rate used for estimations, the aldolase reaction discriminates in favour of 13C by 6‰ during fructose-1,6-bisphosphate production; an isotope discrimination by 2‰ against 13C is obtained when the photorespiration rate is high. Additionally, the estimated fractionations are sensitive to the flux of starch synthesis. Fructose produced from starch breakdown is suggested to be isotopically heavier than sucrose produced in the light, and so the balance between these two sources affects the average intramolecular distribution of glucose derived from stored carbohydrates. The model is also used to estimate photorespiratory and day respiratory fractionations that appear to both depend only weakly on the rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenation.
Keywords: Calvin cycle, isotope effects, photorespiration, respiration, starch.
Acknowledgments
We thank to Gabriel Cornic for his advice on writing the manuscript. Graham Farquhar acknowledges the Autralian Research Council for its support through a Discovery Grant. This work was supported in part by the European Community's Human Potential Program under contract HPRN-CT 1999–00059, [NETCARB].
References
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Brugnoli E, Hubick KT, von Caemmerer S, Wong SC, Farquhar GD (1988) Correlation between the carbon isotope discrimination in leaf starch and sugars of C3 plants and the ratio of intercellular and atmospheric partial pressures of carbon dioxide. Plant Physiology 88, 1418–1424. open url image1
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Appendix Model description
The modelled Calvin cycle is described in the Scheme 1. The flux of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation is vc and it is supposed that vc = 1 and the flux of photorespiratory RuBP oxygenation is vo = Φvc. Assuming vc = 1, vo = Φ. The flux entering the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is then 2+3Φ/2. The isomerisation flux to dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) is 1+Φ/2 and the export flux is 1–Φ/2 so that all the other fluxes are equal to (1+Φ)/3 because of mass balance.
Scheme 1 Representation of the carbon fluxes taken into account in the model with the associated positional inverse isotope effects. Oxygenation is expressed as Φ compared with carboxylation. The flux of starch synthesis is T. See the text for the abbreviations.
S1
The compounds are abbreviated as follows:
Table 3.
T3
As pointed out in Assumptions and methods, the variables used at first in the model are isotope ratios and inverse isotope effects. Inverse isotope effects are simpler to use through numerical calculations because they are simply multiplied by isotope ratios. The main parameters used in the model are listed below.
Table 4.
T4
General procedure
The procedure used for stable isotope ratios is detailed assuming that the exported molecule is DHAP and, initially, that there is no starch synthesis (T = 0). The isotope ratio 13C / 12C of a given molecule M at the nth round of the Calvin cycle is denoted as [M]n and [M] in the steady state. The recurrence equations are derived from the procedure in Assumption and methods. For example, for G3P-C1, the amount of 13C in G3P in position C1 is denoted as [G3P-C1]13 and has the following general expression:
E7
where s (mol of C) is the flux of carbon through reactions for a given time interval. We divide by the carbon pool size S (which comprises 13C and 12C isotopomers) and then we have:
E8
That is, neglecting the ratios, compared with 1:
E9
In the steady state, we have the relationship:
E10
which does not depend on the amount S. It should be noted that the relationship with isotope compositions (δ13C) can then be derived from this equation. If Rst is the isotope ratio in the standard material, the previous equation is equivalent to:
E11
that is,
E12
If the discrimination in the ‘reaction’ consuming G3P-C1 is denoted as Δ(α) = α - 1, and neglecting the second order terms, then we have:
E13
That said, we can write the equations in the steady state for the other compounds, including the effects of photorespiration. Then we have:
E14
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E64
Using a substitution procedure the following relationships can be deduced:
E65
where the notation def means that this relationship defines ã3. Similarly,
E66
E67
When using ã2 and ã3 we have:
E68
And for photorespiratory CO2 :
E69
Eventually, substituting RuBP ratios into G3P equations and rearranging gives:
E70
E71
The isotopic ratios in FBP when expressed as a function of [G3P-C1] are:
E72
It should be noted that these isotopic ratios are not dependent on t3, which then cannot be expressed as a function of FBP isotopic ratios. Moreover, we have the relationship: [FBP-C1]=[FBP-C6], which is consequence of isomerisation by triose-phosphate isomerase and the absence of secondary isotope effects on C-3 of trioses in the model. However, this equality does not occur in natural Glc (Rossmann et al. 1991) and the isotope ratios in C-1 to C-5 positions only are used for calculations of inverse isotope effects.
Introducing starch synthesis
The same procedure can be used assuming that there is a net flux of FBP for transitory starch synthesis in the chloroplast (T), and that there is a trade-off between DHAP export and starch synthesis. In this case, the DHAP export flux is , the isomerisation flux is and the FBP synthetic flux is . The maximum value of T can be calculated with the constraint , which gives . We denote this maximum value as Tmax. Relationships giving isotopic ratios are very similar to those in section a, giving for FBP:
E73
E74
Cytoplasmic FBP
Carbohydrates from storage organs may come from those supplied by leaves through light export of Suc or night degradation of transitory starch. Suc produced in light is synthesised in the cytoplasm from DHAP exported from the chloroplast (Scheme 1). The export flux of DHAP from the chloroplast is E = 1 / 3 - Φ / 6 – 2T. The DHAP molecules in the cytoplasm are isomerised to G3P and FBP is produced by aldolase. One part of the G3P is diverted to other metabolic purposes (like respiration) and the flux of Suc synthesis in the cytoplasm is E / 3. Thus the isotopic ratios in cytoplasmic FBP are as follows:
E75
where [DHAP-Ci] are the isotopic ratios of DHAP in the chloroplast.
Calculation of isotope effects
Glc from which Rossmann et al. (1991) measured isotope ratios result from storage (root storage in beet, grain storage in maize) and so are derived from both light-produced (cytosolic) and night-produced Suc (transitory starch). The proportion of Glc that comes from light-produced Suc in storage Glc is denoted as L. From the relationships given before, it is deduced that the isotope ratios in the Glc analysed by Rossmann et al. (1991) are the following:
E76
where [G3P-C1] is the isotope ratio of G3P in the chloroplast and is given by the relationship shown in Introducing starch synthesis. Those expressions do not allow a direct resolution and a linearisation is more convenient. The inverse isotope effects are written as ai=1+o(ai) so that the isotope discrimination is then Δ(ai)=1 / / ai-1 that is, –o(ai). If the second order terms in the previous equations are neglected, the discriminations are given by:
E77
E78
E79
E80
E81
with the relationships:
E82
E83
E84
E85
E86
E87
Photorespiratory discrimination
Isotope discrimination occurring during photorespiration in on-line gas-exchange systems is defined using net assimilated carbon as a reference material (Farquhar et al. 1982) and is equal to , where RA is the isotope ratio of the net assimilated carbon. This ratio can be simply derived from the assimilation equation:
E88
where A is the net assimilation rate, RR the carbon isotope ratio of day-respired CO2 and Rd the rate of day respiration. C is the isotope ratio in photorespired CO2 (see above). Rearranging, gives:
E89
Assuming that G3P molecules entering glycolysis are completely degraded through respiration, RR is the mean isotope ratio in cytoplasmic G3P. The value of Rd is positive and its maximal value is E / 3 (Scheme 1). With the relationship C=2[RuBP-C2] / (2 + g) (see above) and neglecting second order terms, we get the approximation where ξ is a term of the same order as f (per mil). That is, f is linearly related to g / 2. The day respiratory discrimination is calculated with the relationship .
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Properties Overview
A component should define properties instead of public fields, because visual designers such as Visual Studio display properties, but not fields, in the property browser. (Other compelling reasons to define properties are listed at the end of this topic).
Properties are like smart fields. A property generally has a private data member accompanied by accessor functions and is accessed syntactically as a field of a class. (Although properties can have different access levels, the discussion here focuses on the more common case of public access.) Because properties have been available in several editions of Visual Basic, Visual Basic programmers might wish to skip this topic.
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private int number = 0;
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public int MyNumber
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}
// Assigns to the number data member.
set
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number = value;
}
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Public Property MyNumber As Integer
' Retrieves number.
Get
Return number
End Get
' Assigns to number.
Set
number = value
End Set
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The term value is a keyword in the syntax for the property definition. The variable value is assigned to the property in the calling code. The type of value must be the same as the declared type of the property to which it is assigned.
While a property definition generally includes a private data member, this is not required. The get accessor could return a value without accessing a private data member. One example is a property whose get method returns the system time. Properties enable data hiding, the accessor methods hide the implementation of the property.
There are some differences in the property syntax among different programming languages. For example, the term property is not a keyword in C#, but it is a keyword in Visual Basic. For language-specific information, refer to the documentation for that language,
The following example defines a property named MyNumber in the class SimpleProperty and accesses MyNumber from the class UsesSimpleProperty.
public class SimpleProperty
{
private int number = 0;
public int MyNumber
{
// Retrieves the data member number.
get
{
return number;
}
// Assigns to the data member number.
set
{
number = value;
}
}
// Other members.
}
public class UsesSimpleProperty
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public static void Main()
{
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// Sets the property.
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// Gets the property.
int anumber = example.MyNumber;
}
}
The get and set methods are generally no different from other methods. They can perform any program logic, throw exceptions, be overridden, and be declared with any modifiers allowed by the programming language. Note, however, that properties can also be static. If a property is static, there are limitations on what the get and set methods can do. See your programming language reference for details.
The type of a property can be a primitive type, a collection of primitive types, a user-defined type, or a collection of user-defined types. For all primitive types, the .NET Framework provides type converters that implement string-to-value conversions. For details, see Generalized Type Conversion. When a type converter is available for a property, it can be displayed in the property browser in the designer. If you define custom properties and want the property browser to display them, you must implement custom type converters.
When the data type of a property is an enumeration, a development environment such as Microsoft Visual Studio will display the property as a drop-down list in the Properties window. If the data type of a property is a class that has properties, those properties are called subproperties of the defining property. In the Properties window in Visual Studio, a user can expand a property to display its subproperties.
It is important to add attributes to properties so that they are displayed appropriately in the property browser at design time. For details, see Design-Time Attributes for Components.
You should expose properties instead of public fields from your components, because properties can be versioned, they allow data hiding, and the accessor methods can execute additional logic. Generally, because of just-in-time optimizations, properties are no more expensive than fields.
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| 0.852106 |
The Sciences
How Big Is the Observable Universe?
Why is the observable universe so big? Here's why the universe’s size isn’t constrained by the speed of light.
By Paul M. SutterMar 31, 2023 1:00 PM
Hubble galaxy image
This image from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope shows the Grand Design Spiral, also known as NGC 3631, located some 53 million light-years away from Earth. (Credit: NASA/ESA/A. Filippenko/D. Sand; Image Processing: G. Kober/NASA Goddard/Catholic University of America)
Newsletter
Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news
Our universe is about 13.8 billion years old, and the observable bubble of that cosmos has a diameter of about 93 billion light-years across. And we all know the famous maxim from Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity: nothing can travel faster than light.
Taken together, this presents us with a perplexing riddle about the nature of the cosmos itself: How can the universe get so mind-bogglingly big in such a short amount of time?
What Does "Faster Than Light" Mean?
There are two ways to answer this question. The two ways are perfectly equivalent mathematically, but one or the other might make more sense to you.
Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity
The first way is to point out that Einstein’s special theory of relativity is a local theory of physics. It tells you that if a rocket were to blast off in front of your face, you will never, ever record its speed as going faster than light.
The very concept of “speed” is only something that you can measure nearby your current position. Special relativity is absolutely silent about the behavior of objects on the far side of the universe – concepts like the speed of light limit simply don’t apply to them, because they’re too far away and special relativity no longer applies.
Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity
To grapple with distant objects, you have to employ a broader, more general theory, like Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes how gravity influences the fabric of space-time.
In other words, the most distant galaxies can apparently go faster than the speed of light because, essentially, the universe doesn’t have to care about the speed of light.
Read More: Will Humans Ever Go Faster Than Light?
An Expanding Universe
And it’s in general relativity that we get our second way to solve the riddle. According to this model, which is how we currently understand the cosmos, we live in an expanding universe. Every day, our cosmos gets bigger and bigger, with the average distance between galaxies always getting larger.
So far, so good, right? But that expansion isn’t caused by galaxies moving in the universe, but rather the space between the galaxies expanding. If you were to attach an accelerometer to every galaxy, they would register zero movements (except for small, local motions here and there.)
Locally, no galaxy is moving. But the space between them is. So there are no restrictions here based on the speed of light because they’re literally not moving. There’s no limit to how quickly space can expand (because “expanding” isn’t a motion as far as relativity is concerned) and so the universe can grow as quickly as it pleases.
How Big Is the Observable Universe?
Essentially, the universe is so big because it can expand faster than light. In fact, it’s doing so today. We measure the present-day expansion rate of the universe with something called the Hubble constant, which is around 68 kilometers per second per megaparsec.
That means for every megaparsec in distance you get away from the Milky Way, the universe’s expansion speed will increase by 68 km/s. A galaxy two megaparsecs away appears to recede at 136 km/s, a galaxy ten megaparsecs away will recede at 680 km/s, and so on.
Read More: How Did the Universe Begin?
The Hubble constant guarantees that once you reach a certain distance — about 13 billion light-years (a distance known as the Hubble radius) — galaxies will appear to move away from us faster than light.
The same would be true if you and I were to stand on opposite ends of a stretchy rubber band. As long as the rubber band didn’t break, as long as the stretching maintained a constant speed, at some point we would appear to be moving away from each other faster than light. (And yet, once again to emphasize this point, if we were to draw an “X” at our feet, we wouldn’t have moved away from those spots).
Distant Galaxies
The light from galaxies beyond the Hubble radius was released billions of years ago and is only just now reaching the Earth. We calculate where these galaxies are right now based on our understanding of cosmology, and that’s how we’re able to estimate the size of the universe. The fact that they appeared to move faster than light means that any light that they send now will never reach us — because that light will not be able to overcome the expansion of the universe.
Since most of the universe is beyond the Hubble radius, all those galaxies are forever out of reach. As time goes on, those galaxies will, one by one, disappear entirely from view. Not through any cheating of the laws of physics, but through simple (and inevitable) stretching.
Read More: Black Holes Are Accelerating The Expansion Of The Universe, Say Cosmologists
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| 0.988773 |
TY - JOUR AB - The global shortages of fossil fuels, significant increase in the price of crude oil, and increased environmental concerns have stimulated the rapid growth in biodiesel production. Biodiesel is generally produced through transesterification reaction catalyzed either chemically or enzymatically. Enzymatic transesterification draws high attention because that process shows certain advantages over the chemical catalysis of transesterification and it is "greener." This paper reviews the current status of biodiesel production with lipase-biocatalysis approach, including sources of lipases, kinetics, and reaction mechanism of biodiesel production using lipases, and lipase immobilization techniques. Factors affecting biodiesel production and economic feasibility of biodiesel production using lipases are also covered. AD - Piedmont Biofuels Industrial, Pittsboro, NC, USA. [email protected] AN - 22426735 AU - Fan, X. AU - Niehus, X. AU - Sandoval, G. DO - 10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_27 KW - Biocatalysis N1 - Fan, Xiaohu PY - 2012 SN - 1940-6029 (Electronic) SP - 471-83 ST - Lipases as biocatalyst for biodiesel production T2 - Methods Mol Biol TI - Lipases as biocatalyst for biodiesel production UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22426735 VL - 861 ID - 14674 ER -
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__label__pos
| 0.62475 |
Ticket #1464 (closed bug: invalid)
Opened 12 years ago
Last modified 10 years ago
NQP-rx doesn't handle bare "return" from nested block correctly.
Reported by: Austin_Hastings Owned by: pmichaud
Priority: normal Milestone:
Component: nqp Version: 2.1.0
Severity: medium Keywords:
Cc: Language:
Patch status: Platform:
Description
In a nested loop with nested lexicals (requiring a block), a return with no argument does not escape the sub.
austin@andLinux:~/kakapo$ cat test.nqp
sub test1(@items) {
for @items {
my $temp := $_;
if $temp == 2 {
return 0;
}
}
say("Test1 never finishes");
}
sub test2(@items) {
for @items {
my $temp := $_;
if $temp == 2 {
return;
}
}
say("Test2 never finishes");
}
my @items := (1, 2, 3);
test1(@items);
test2(@items);
austin@andLinux:~/kakapo$ parrot-nqp test.nqp
Test2 never finishes
Change History
Changed 10 years ago by pmichaud
• status changed from new to closed
• resolution set to invalid
nqp-rx doesn't really support "bare return"; all functions are expected to return a value of some sort.
We might be able to flag bare return as a syntax error of some sort. If that's desirable, file it as a new ticket in nqp-rx's queue.
Pm
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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__label__pos
| 0.755713 |
The prowess of the cardiac surgery
Today, heart surgeons are able to realize yet what was unthinkable a few years ago: replace defective parts of the heart, adjust its beats, adapting new vessels, in short, offer a wide range of interventions tailored to each pathology. Is Doctissimo point on the techniques frequently used in hospitals and this therapeutic prospects offered by research.
Angioplasty or arterial dilatation
Since 1977, the angioplasty to restore normal blood flow in the arteries narrowed by plaque of atherosclerosis (build-up of cholesterol). It involves inserting into the clogged artery catheter end completed by a balloon, which once inflated, dilate the artery and allows recovery of blood flow.
cardiac surgery
But in the six months following this intervention, three complications may occur: an elastic recoil of the arterial wall decreasing its diameter, a proliferation of cells due to the healing of tissues and chronic vasoconstriction of the ship. This is what is called post-angioplasty Restenosis. You can then drop in a small wire mesh stent that such a spring, holds the artery open when the balloon is removed. It reduced the rate of Restenosis by 30% by limiting the elastic recoil and vasoconstriction, but it does not prevent cell proliferation. In this context, the use of ionising radiation could provide an effective solution. Continue reading “The prowess of the cardiac surgery”
|
__label__pos
| 0.670954 |
Convert Time Into Decimals in Excel (Hours/Minutes/Seconds)
Do you know how to convert time into decimals in Excel? 🤔
By knowing how to convert time into decimals in Excel, you don’t have to manually compute your time value into hours, minutes, and seconds. Let Excel do that for you!
In this tutorial, we’ll show you how to convert time into decimals in Excel so you can make use of it for your timesheets and a whole lot more ⌚
To start, download this free practice workbook we’ve prepared for you to work on for this tutorial.
Convert time to decimal
Before you can convert time into hours or minutes or seconds, you need to first convert time into decimal numbers.
Let’s go with the basics of the Excel time system so you can better understand how time conversion works.
When you write “6:00” in Excel, it automatically detects the data as “h:mm” or hours minutes format. When you change its format to “Number”, you’ll get “0.25” instead.
Now, why did it change to 0.25? 🤔
This is because, in the Excel time system, 24 hours is equal to 1. Any time value you enter into the cell is divided by 24 when changed into Number format. The formula below shows why it displayed 0.25.
6 / 24 = 0.25
That’s it!
In Excel, there are two (2) ways to convert time to decimal values:
• The Arithmetic Method
• The CONVERT Function Method
Let’s discuss them one by one 😀
Arithmetic Method
The easiest way to convert time to decimal in Excel is using the Arithmetic Method. All you need to do is to multiply the original time value by the number of hours, minutes, or seconds in a day:
• To convert time to a number of hours, multiply the time by 24, which is the number of hours in a day.
• To convert time to minutes, multiply the time by 1440, which is the number of minutes in a day (24*60).
• To convert time to seconds, multiply the time by 86400, which is the number of seconds in a day (24*60*60 ).
Convert Function Method
If you don’t know how many hours, minutes, or seconds there are in a day, the CONVERT function is a good (if not the better) alternative for you.
From its name, the CONVERT function converts a number from one measurement system to another. Whether it’s weight or mass, distances, time, and more.
Don’t worry, we’ll only cover conversion in the time measurement system for this tutorial 😊
The syntax of the CONVERT function is:
=CONVERT (number, from_unit, to_unit)
With the following arguments:
• number: numeric value to convert
• from_unit: the beginning unit
• to_unit: the ending unit
Because we’re dealing with converting time to numbers, there are only 4 units we need to remember:
• “day”
• “hr”
• “mn”
• “sec”
To convert time to decimals using the CONVERT function, simply supply the appropriate units to the formula.
It’s time to put these methods into action. Open your practice workbook and you’ll see different time values in the time column. Let’s convert time to decimal hours, minutes, and seconds 💪
Convert time to hours
Let’s convert time to decimal hours using the 2 methods mentioned above.
First, let’s use the arithmetic method.
All we need to do is simply multiply the time value by 24.
1. Double-click the cell and then type the equal sign to begin the formula.
convert excel time
1. Click the cell reference of the time value and multiply it by 24. Use the following formula:
=B3*24
simple multiplication
1. Press Enter.
format cells into numbers
Don’t worry if you get 0:00 as the result 😰
Every time you multiply a value in Time format, Excel may automatically display the result in the same format as well.
To display the number of hours, go to the Number group in the Home Tab. Select General or Number from the drop-down.
You’ll immediately see that the time is now converted into decimal hours 😊
hours in decimal value
Let’s try to convert time into decimal hours using the CONVERT function.
1. Double-click the cell.
2. Type the CONVERT function.
=CONVERT(
convert function
1. The first argument in the formula is the number. Click the cell reference where your time value is. In our case, it’s cell B3.
=CONVERT(B3,
cell reference
1. The next argument is the from_unit which is the beginning unit. The beginning unit is “day”.
=CONVERT(B3,”day”,
from_unit
1. The last argument is the to_unit which is the ending unit. The ending unit is hour, so type “hr”. Then close the formula with a right parenthesis.
=CONVERT(B3,”day”,”hr”)
to_unit
1. Press Enter.
convert time to hours
Whether you use the Arithmetic method or the CONVERT function, you will get the same result 👍
Fill in the rest of the rows by double-clicking or dragging down the fill handle.
total hours in decimal numbers
You have successfully converted time to decimal hours!
But you’ll observe that the results have a lot of decimal values 😟
To get rid of the other decimal places and get the nearest whole number of hours, use the INT function. The INT function returns the integer part of the decimal number by rounding the value down.
All you have to do is place it before the formula like this 😊
For arithmetic method:
=INT(B3*24)
INT function
For the CONVERT function method:
=INT(CONVERT(B3,”day”,”hr”))
INT function
Fill in the rest of the rows.
complete total hours
Now you have the number of hours in whole numbers 👍
Once you get this, converting time to minutes and seconds in Excel will go smoothly. It follows the same steps. Let’s get to it right away!
Kasper Langmann, Microsoft Office Specialist
Convert time to minutes
The same two (2) methods can be used to convert time into a number of minutes.
For the arithmetic method, multiply the time you want to convert by 1440. Like this:
=B3*1440
simple multiplication
If you see the result 0:00. Just change its format to Number or General just like what we did when we converted time to decimal hours earlier.
If you want to return the number of complete minutes, utilize the INT function like in the previous example:
=INT(B3*1440)
Using the CONVERT function to convert time to a number of minutes will yield the same result.
Use this formula:
=CONVERT(B3,”day”,”mn”)
formula
Since we want to convert time to a number of minutes, use “mn” for the to_unit in the formula.
To return to a complete number of minutes, use the INT function.
=INT(CONVERT(B3,”day”,”mn”))
Fill in the rest of the rows. And there you have it! Calculate time in minutes takes only a few minutes with Excel ⚡
answer
Convert time to seconds
Converting time to a number of seconds in Excel can be done similarly.
If you want to use the Arithmetic method, multiply the time value by 86400.
=B3*86400
simple multiplication
Or you can use the CONVERT function to convert time to a number of seconds.
=CONVERT(B3,”day”,”sec”)
convert function
Here, you don’t need to use the INT function anymore since you need to calculate time into a complete number of seconds.
Fill in the rest of the rows.
fill other cells
Now, this is how the spreadsheet should look like 👇
spreadsheet
Awesome, right? 😀
That’s it – Now what?
Hooray! Now you have successfully learned how to convert time into decimals in Excel. You can actually save time when calculating time in Excel. Whether in hours, minutes, or seconds, you can convert time in no time 😉
With its awesome features and functions, Excel helps you skip manual work and get the job done faster and easier. This only means that you shouldn’t stop learning about Excel here.
Learn top Excel functions you wish you knew sooner to get work done faster and easier. Logical functions like IF and SUMIF, and the most useful (and popular) Excel function: VLOOKUP 🚀
Sign up for my free online Excel course 📧 to turbocharge your skills in Excel! You’re one click close to becoming an Excel Expert 😎
Other resources
Wondering where else you can use what you’ve learned about converting time in Excel? We know. it’s Timesheets! Learn how to create timesheets in Excel (plus FREE templates!) here.
Dive deeper into time functions and date functions in Excel too! We have a complete guide for you 😊
Frequently asked questions
To change values from time format to number in Excel,
1. Right-click the cell and select Format cells.
2. In the Format cells dialog box, select Number from the category list on the Number Tab.
3. Finally, click OK.
To convert time in hours minutes format (hh:mm) into decimal, all you have to do is change its current format to Number format. Click the cell then go to the Number group in the Home Tab. Select Number from the drop-down.
|
__label__pos
| 0.958266 |
Accueil du site Séminaires Séminaire NANO
Séminaire NANO
Mardi 24 juin à 9h30,
Salle Rémi Lemaire, K223
Orateur : Sven ROHR
"Single spin dynamics in a single NV - SiC nanowire hybrid system"
Abstract
Probing the quantum world with macroscopic objects has been a core challenge for research during the past decades. Proposed systems to reach this goal include hybrid devices that couple a nanomechanical resonator to a single spin two level system. In particular, the coherent actuation of a macroscopic mechanical oscillator by a single electronic spin would open perspectives in the creation of arbitrary quantum states of motion. In the past we have studied the effects of mechanical oscillations magnetically coupled to the energy of a single NV center electronic spin by either using a single NV center coupled to a SiC nanowire (NV/SiC) [1] or a waveguiding system [2]. By employing ESR techniques, we demonstrate the existence of two characteristic regimes, where the spin resonance is either broadened (adiabatic regime) or exhibits motional sidebands (SB). We go on by probing the spin dynamics in the sideband regime by studying Rabi oscillations of a spin using with the waveguiding system. Our results show how the spin dynamics, via a double dressing effect, self-synchronizes onto the oscillation dynamics. Finally, we present first experimental signatures of the synchronization on the truly mechanical NV/SiC system and explain its potential usefulness in spin force measurement protocols.
[1] O. Arcizet, Nat. Phys 7, 879-883 (2011)
[2] S. Rohr, PRL 112, 010502 (2014)
Dans la même rubrique
© Institut Néel 2012 l Webdesign chrisgaillard.com l Propulsé par spip l Dernière mise à jour : jeudi 21 juin 2018 l
|
__label__pos
| 0.50458 |
Evaluation of the potential of two native microalgae isolates of the Persian Gulf in different culture scales for possible bioethanol production
Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Biotechnology Iranian Reasearch Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, P. O. Box 3353-5111, Iran.
Abstract
In the wake of extensive fossil fuel use and CO2 accumulation in the environment, biofuel production from microalgae may be more effective and leave a less environmental footprint. The nutritional and environmental factors and their interactions affect the growth performance and biochemical constitution of different microalgae. The behavior of microalgal cells in different culture scales depends on the mentioned factors. The present study evaluates the potential of two microalgae isolates, Picochlorum D8, and Chlorella S4, in different culture scales. High biomass and carbohydrate productivity were considered as important factors to identify the potent microalga. Acid-thermal pretreatment was applied to measure the carbohydrate concentration. The carbohydrate composition of selected microalga was investigated using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). According to the observations, Chlorella S4 exhibited the best dry biomass and carbohydrate productivity of 62 ± 6 mg/L/d and 19.16 ± 1.57 mg/L/d in a 200 L indoor open raceway pond, respectively. For Picochlorum D8, the highest biomass productivity of 26.24 ± 0.625 mg/L/d and carbohydrate productivity of 7.45 ± 0.53 mg/L/d were achieved in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask. Based on TLC analysis, glucose, galactose, and xylose were detected as the main monosaccharides in Chlorella S4 hydrolysate. The current study demonstrated Chlorella S4’s capacity to produce biomass in a large-scale system. The relatively high carbohydrate content of this microalga makes it a promising raw material for potentially producing bioethanol.
Keywords
|
__label__pos
| 0.833391 |
ya2 · news · projects · code · about
6d7636168cb0bb2219430e7470db23a962f73c3f
[pmachines.git] / ya2 / tools / pdfsingle.py
1 # python ya2/tools/pdfsingle.py path/to/file.py
2 from os import chdir, getcwd, system
3 from os.path import dirname, basename, exists
4 from sys import argv
5
6
7 class InsideDir:
8
9 def __init__(self, dir_):
10 self.dir = dir_
11 self.old_dir = getcwd()
12
13 def __enter__(self):
14 chdir(self.dir)
15
16 def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
17 chdir(self.old_dir)
18
19
20 filename = argv[1]
21 name = basename(filename)
22 path = dirname(filename)
23 noext = name.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
24 test_tmpl = "tail -n +1 {found} " + \
25 "| sed 's/==> /# ==> /' > tmp.txt ; enscript --font=Courier10 " + \
26 "--continuous-page-numbers --no-header --pretty-print=python " + \
27 "-o - tmp.txt | psnup -2 -P letter -p a4 -m12 | ps2pdf - {name}.pdf ; rm tmp.txt"
28 #"-o - tmp.txt | ps2pdf - {name}.pdf ; rm tmp.txt"
29 found = filename
30 with InsideDir('tests/' + path):
31 if exists('test_' + name):
32 found += ' ya2/tests/%s/test_%s' % (path, name)
33 test_cmd = test_tmpl.format(name=noext, found=found)
34 system(test_cmd)
35 #system('pdfnup --nup 2x1 -o {noext}.pdf {noext}.pdf'.format(noext=noext))
|
__label__pos
| 0.992822 |
A guest post by Dans C-G and P
[The following is a guest post by Dan Cristofaro-Gardiner and Dan Pomerleano. If anyone else is interested in contributing a guest post, please feel free to contact me. A blog is a good outlet for short or informal mathematical thoughts which might not have a place in a traditional publication, and guest posting is convenient if you are not yet ready to start your own blog. -M.H.]
What can we say about the minimum number of Reeb orbits?
The paper From one Reeb orbit to two showed that any Reeb flow on a closed contact three-manifold must have at least two closed orbits. While examples exist with exactly two orbits (e.g. irrational ellipsoids), there is no known example of a contact manifold that is not a lens space where the Reeb flow has finitely many closed orbits. It is therefore natural to try to refine this result under additional assumptions, and there has been interesting work in this direction by Hofer-Wysocki-Zehnder, Colin-Honda, Ginzburg-Gurel-Macarini, and others.
One example of such a refinement is a theorem of Hutchings and Taubes, which states that, for a nondegenerate contact form, the Reeb flow must have at least three distinct embedded Reeb orbits on any manifold that is not a lens space. It turns out that if the contact structure is not torsion, one can slightly improve on this result:
Proposition 1. Let (Y,\lambda) be a closed contact three-manifold, and let \xi be the contact structure for \lambda. Assume that c_1(\xi) is not torsion. Then the Reeb flow has at least three distinct embedded orbits. If \lambda is nondegenerate, then the Reeb flow has at least four distinct embedded orbits.
The proof of this proposition is given below. The arguments are similar to those in “From one Reeb orbit to two”, so this post may also be of interest to anyone curious about that paper.
1. Spectral invariants and a review of ECH
Our proof (as well as the proof in “From one Reeb orbit to two”) uses the “spectral invariants” defined by Hutchings in Quantitative embedded contact homology. To recall their definition, let us begin by stating some basic facts about ECH under the assumption that \lambda is nondegenerate. Fix a class \Gamma \in H_1(Y). The group ECH(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) is the homology of a chain complex ECC. This chain complex is generated by orbit sets \alpha = \lbrace (\alpha_i,m_i) \rbrace, where the \alpha_i are distinct embedded Reeb orbits, the m_i are positive integers, and the total homology class of \alpha is equal to \Gamma. The orbit sets are required to be admissible, which means that each m_i is equal to 1 when \alpha_i is hyperbolic. It is known that ECH is an invariant of the contact structure \xi (in fact, it is known that ECH is an invariant of the three-manifold, but we will not need this). Thus, the group ECH(Y,\xi,\Gamma) is well-defined.
Let \sigma be a nonzero class in ECH(Y,\xi,\Gamma). We can define invariants c_{\sigma}(\lambda) for any contact form \lambda in the contact structure \xi. This works as follows. An orbit set has a symplectic action defined by \mathcal{A}(\lbrace (\alpha_i,m_i) \rbrace) = \sum_i m_i \int_{\alpha_i} \lambda. If \lambda is nondegenerate, define c_{\sigma}(\lambda) to be the “minimum symplectic action” required to represent the class \sigma. If \lambda is degenerate, define c_{\sigma}(\lambda) = \lim_{n \to \infty} c_{\sigma}(\lambda_n), where \lambda_n are a sequence of nondegenerate contact forms converging in C^0 to \lambda. This works essentially because the c_{\sigma}(\cdot) behave like symplectic capacities: they satisfy monotonicity and scaling axioms which make c_{\sigma}(\lambda) in the degenerate case well-defined. For the details, see for example “Quantitative embedded contact homology”.
Here is the key fact that we need about spectral invariants:
Fact 2. Let (Y,\lambda) be a (possibly degenerate) contact manifold. Let \sigma \in ECH(Y,\xi,\Gamma). Then c_{\sigma}(\lambda)=\mathcal{A}(\alpha), where \alpha is some orbit set for \lambda with total homology class \Gamma. If \lambda is nondegenerate, then \alpha is admissible.
This is proved similarly to Lemma 3.1(a) in “From one Reeb orbit to two”. The proof in the degenerate case uses a standard compactness argument for Reeb orbits of bounded action.
The idea of the proof of the proposition is now to look at the spectral invariants associated to a certain sequence of classes with gradings tending to infinity. If there are too few Reeb orbits, we will find a contradiction with known facts about the asymptotics of these spectral invariants.
2. U-sequences
To make this precise, we now introduce the notion of a “U-sequence”. Recall that ECH comes equipped with a “U-map”, which is a degree -2 map defined by counting I=2 curves. Also recall that Taubes showed that there is a canonical isomorphism
ECH_*(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) \cong \widehat{HM}^{-*}(Y,s_{\xi} + PD(\Gamma)),
where \widehat{HM} denotes the Seiberg-Witten Floer cohomology defined by Kronheimer and Mrowka. The U-map agrees with an analogous structure on \widehat{HM} under this isomorphism.
Let \Gamma be a class in H_1(Y). If c_1(\xi) + 2PD(\Gamma) is torsion, then ECH(Y,\xi,\Gamma) has a relative \mathbb{Z} grading. It follows from the above isomorphism together with known facts about \widehat{HM} that this group is infinitely generated. In fact, it is well-known (by again using this isomorphism) that one can always find a U-sequence, namely a sequence of non-zero classes \sigma_k \in ECH(Y,\xi,\Gamma) with definite gradings such that U(\sigma_k) = \sigma_{k-1}. We will use a refined version of this statement, involving the canonical mod 2 grading on ECH (in this grading, the grading of an orbit set \alpha is (-1)^{h(\alpha)}, where h is the number of positive hyperbolic orbits in the orbit set).
Fact 3. Let (Y,\lambda) be a contact manifold. Assume that c_1(\xi) + 2PD(\Gamma) is torsion. Then either:
• we have b_1(Y)=0, in which case there is a U-sequence in even grading, or
• b_1(Y)>0, in which case there exist U-sequences in both even and odd grading.
This result can be deduced from the discussion in Section 35.1 of Kronheimer and Mrowka’s book “Monopoles and three-manifolds”.
3. A digression about odd contact manifolds
Fact 3 will be used in our proof of Proposition 1, but it has other interesting consequences as well. For example, let us say that a contact three-manifold (Y,\lambda) is “odd” if all closed embedded Reeb orbits are either elliptic or negative hyperbolic. It was asked previously on this blog whether all odd contact manifolds are lens spaces. Corollary 4 below provides some evidence in favour of this. If (Y,\lambda) is odd, then ECH(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) must be concentrated in even degree. We obtain as a corollary of Fact 3 that:
Corollary 4. If (Y,\lambda) is an odd contact manifold, then b_1(Y)=0.
4. The proof
Returning to the proof of Proposition 1, we will also need the following facts about the spectral invariants of a U-sequence associated to any contact form $\latex lambda$:
Fact 5.
• Let \sigma be a nonzero class on ECH with U\sigma \ne 0. Then c_{U(\sigma)}(\lambda) < c_{\sigma}(\lambda).
• Let \lbrace \sigma_k \rbrace be a U-sequence. Then
\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{c_{\sigma_k}(\lambda)^2}{k} = 2vol(Y,\lambda).
The first item follows from Stokes’ Theorem in the nondegenerate case; when \lambda is degenerate, the key result is a compactness result for pseudoholomorphic currents due to Taubes, see “From one Reeb orbit to two”. The second item follows from the “volume conjecture” proved in “The asymptotics of embedded contact homology capacities”.
We have now laid out all of the necessary machinery to give our proof.
Proof.
The nondegenerate case. Suppose we have exactly three embedded orbits.
Our manifold (Y,\lambda) must not be odd in view of Corollary 4. We will next show that we must have exactly two elliptic orbits. Choose \Gamma such that c_1(\xi) + 2PD(\Gamma) is torsion. If we had zero elliptic orbits, it follows from the definition of the ECH chain complex that ECH(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) would be finitely generated, contradicting (for example) Fact 3. Let \lbrace \sigma_k \rbrace be a U-sequence. If we had one elliptic orbit e_1 and two hyperbolic orbits h_1,h_2, we would contradict Fact 5. More precisely, the first bullet of Fact 5 together with Fact 2 would imply that \frac{c_{\sigma_k}(\lambda)^2}{k} would have to grow at least linearly with k, while the second bullet implies that this cannot occur.
Thus, we can assume that we have two elliptic orbits e_1,e_2 and a positive hyperbolic h.
[There can’t be three elliptic orbits because this would contradict Theorem 1.2 in The Weinstein conjecture for stable Hamiltonian structures. -Ed.] The key fact is now that since c_1(\xi) is not torsion, \Gamma is also not torsion. The significance of this is as follows. We have an induced map \mathbb{Z}^2= \mathbb{Z}[e_1] \oplus \mathbb{Z}[e_2] \to H_1(Y), which sends [e_i] to the class represented by the Reeb orbit e_i. If the kernel has rank zero, then again, ECH(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) would be finitely generated. If the kernel has rank two, then these orbits would represent torsion classes in homology. On the other hand, by Fact 3, we must have a U-sequence in ECH(Y,\lambda,\Gamma) in even degree. This must take the form e_1^{m_k}e_2^{n_k}, contradicting our assumption that c_1(\xi) is non-torsion.
It remains to handle the case when the kernel has rank one. In this case, assume that the kernel is generated by some integer vector (c,d), say with d>0. Then each generator of our U-sequence e_1^{m_k}e_2^{n_k} must have the form e_1^{m_0+x_kc}e_2^{n_0+x_kd}. Because there are infinitely many distinct e_1^{m_k}e_2^{n_k}, we must have c\ge 0 (otherwise we would have -n_0\le x_k \le m_0 for all k). Since c and d are nonnegative, the asymptotics of this sequence would again violate the second bullet of Fact 5, since the action of each term in this sequence would have to be bigger than the action of the previous term by at least the minimum of the actions of e_1 and e_2.
The degenerate case. By “From one Reeb orbit to two”, we have at least two distinct embedded Reeb orbits. So assume that we have exactly two, \gamma_1 and \gamma_2. We now argue similarly to before. Namely, again consider the U-sequence latex $\lbrace \sigma_k \rbrace$, as well as the induced map \mathbb{Z}^2= \mathbb{Z}[\gamma_1] \oplus \mathbb{Z}[\gamma_2] \to H_1(Y). By Fact 2, this kernel cannot have rank two. By Fact 2, and the first bullet point of Fact 5, the kernel does not have rank 0. By repeating the argument in the previous paragraph, it also cannot have rank 1.
QED
[Any ideas for improving the above bounds further? As suggested at the beginning, one might conjecture that if (Y,\lambda) is a closed contact three-manifold, and if Y is not (a sphere or) a lens space, then there are infinitely many Reeb orbits. -Ed.]
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One Response to A guest post by Dans C-G and P
1. Dan Cristofaro-Gardiner says:
Thanks for letting us post on your blog! I wanted to point out that one doesn’t need Theorem 1.2 in your “Weinstein conjecture for stable Hamiltonian structures” paper to rule out the case of three elliptic orbits: you can instead use corollary 4 in this blog post.
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Beefy Boxes and Bandwidth Generously Provided by pair Networks
Your skill will accomplish
what the force of many cannot
PerlMonks
Re: gopher server in < 1024B
by dragonchild (Archbishop)
on May 20, 2004 at 03:00 UTC ( #354838=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to gopher server in < 1024B
Does this code actually work? I've been looking at golfing it and found a few oddities. Here's the code as run through B::Deparse:
BEGIN { $^W = 1; } use IO::Socket; use strict 'refs'; local $/ = "\r\n"; my $port = '7070'; my $root = '/home/beth/gopher/gopher'; die "can't chroot: $!\n" unless chroot $root; local $SIG{'HUP'} = 'IGNORE'; exit if my $pid = fork; die "Couldn't create socket: $!\n" unless my $sock = 'IO::Socket::INET +'->new('LocalPort', $port, 'Type', SOCK_STREAM(), 'Listen', 1, 'Reuse +', 1); my $s = $sock->accept; while (defined(my $req = <$s>)) { chomp(my $req = shift @ARGV); $req = '/' . $req; &error unless -r $req; $req .= '/.cache' if -d _; printfile($req); close $sock; } sub printfile { use strict 'refs'; open FILE, shift @_; binmode FILE; print $s <FILE>; close FILE; } sub error { use strict 'refs'; my $req = shift @_; print $s "iBad Request: $! \tfake\t(NULL)\t0" . $/; }
Please note the following: (line#'s from your code)
1. Lines 31 and 33 both assign to my $req. On 33, it's assigning to shift @ARGV.
2. You assign $req to shift on line 51, but don't use it and don't pass anything in to error(), either.
3. You don't use $pid from line 17. So, essentially, you're forking to create a child, then exiting the child immediately ... ?
4. Unless I'm mistaken, you'll only ever serve one request for one client, then leave ... ?
I'm not trying to rip it apart, but I couldn't understand it to golf it. :-(
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Stroke Is No Joke | MedStar Health
Stroke Is No Joke
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ThinkstockPhotos-453630585
Just as a lack of blood flow to the heart causes a heart attack, a lack of blood flow to the brain causes a brain attack, or stroke. Typically a stroke occurs when an artery that supplies the brain with blood is either blocked or bursts. Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood, or when there is sudden bleeding into or around the brain.
Although all strokes happen in the brain, there are two different types of strokes: hemorrhagic and ischemic. During a hemorrhagic stroke, blood vessels rupture and allow blood to leak into the brain. During an ischemic stroke, a blood clot stops the flow of blood into the brain.
Risk factors
Strokes are caused by the same risk factors that cause heart attacks, including high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking and obesity.
How to recognize a stroke
A stroke can happen to anyone, at any time and in any place. Knowing the signs and symptoms of a stroke is the first step to ensuring immediate medical help. Learn as many of these stroke symptoms as possible so you can recognize a stroke FAST and save a life!
F – Face droops on one sideA – Arm drifts down on one sideS – Speech sounds strangeT – Time is critical, so get help quickly!
A medical emergency
For each minute that a stroke goes untreated, a person loses about 1.9 million neurons. This loss of brain cells can affect a person’s speech, movement, memory and so much more. Immediate stroke treatment may save someone's life and enhance his or her chances for successful rehabilitation and recovery.
If you observe any stroke symptoms, call 9-1-1 immediately. Secondly, try to note the exact time of the first symptom and the exact time when you saw the person without those symptoms. In addition, find out all of the medications the person currently takes (for any condition), and which medications the person has taken today. This information can affect treatment decisions.
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Effects of Gender and Aging on Differential Autonomic Responses to Orthostatic Maneuvers
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Abstract
Background
There are gender differences in heart rate and blood pressure response to postural change. Also, normal aging is often associated with diminished cardiac autonomic modulation during postural change from supine to upright position. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of these physiological alterations are not entirely understood.
Methods
A total of 362 volunteers (206 females, age range: 10–88 years) underwent continuous, noninvasive, beat-to-beat blood pressure and ECG recordings in supine and upright position. To calculate spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), blood pressure and RR interval fluctuations were reconstructed using the time-domain sequential technique. Furthermore, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean heart rate, and frequency-domain parameters of heart rate variability (low-frequency power [LF], low-frequency power in normalized units [LFn] high-frequency power [HF], high-frequency power in normalized units [HFn], low-/high-frequency ratio [LF/HF], and total power [TP]) were analyzed in both supine and standing positions. To investigate age-related differences, subjects were divided into four equally sized groups (quartile l: 10–33 years; ll: 34–42 years; III: 43–57 years; and lV: 58–88 years), as well as decades (l: 10–19 years; ll: 20–29 years; lll: 30–39 years; lV: 40–49 years; V: 50–59 years; Vl: 60–69 years; Vll: ≥ 70 years).
Results
A continuous decline in BRS, LF, HF, and TP was observed with increasing age in both male and female subjects, regardless of posture. Gender comparison showed significantly higher values of LF (supine P < 0.001; upright P < 0.05), LFn (supine P < 0.001; upright P < 0.01), and TP (supine P < 0.05; upright P < 0.05) in men than women in supine and standing positions. HF revealed no gender difference and HFn (supine P < 0.001; upright P < 0.05) was larger in women. Log BRS correlated well with log LF and log HF in both supine and standing positions.
Conclusions
There are significant differences in postural cardiac autonomic modulation between men and women, and the degree of autonomic response to orthostatic maneuvers varies with normal aging. These results may explain gender- and age-related differences in orthostatic tolerance.
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Difference Between Ovarian Cyst And Ovarian Cancer
Cancer, Women
Can Ovarian Cancer Be Misdiagnosed As A Cyst?
Many women, when they first hear the term ovarian cyst, they instantly connect it to the presence of ovarian cancer. But are ovarian cancer and ovarian cysts really the same? And what causes ovarian cancer misdiagnosed as cyst or the other way around? Is there a difference between an ovarian cyst and ovarian cancer, and if there is, what would it be? In today’s article, we explore the answers to these questions and share some vital information that every woman should know.
The Difference Between Ovarian Cancer And Ovarian Cyst
Ovarian cancer is misdiagnosed as ovarian cyst by many of the women and the follwoing is the main difference between ovarian cancer and oavrian cysts. Ovarian cysts are described as fluid-filled sacs that can develop in one or both ovaries. They can affect women of any age; however, previous research has shown that ovarian cysts are most common within women of childbearing age since ovarian cysts are linked to the process of ovulation. The ovarian cysts that develop during the menstrual cycle are called functional cysts, and they are suggested to be most common. Ovarian cancer is misdiagnosed as cyst and Ovarian cysts are often mistaken for ovarian cancer. Ovarian cysts are either benign or malignant. Malignant ovarian cysts are only seen in rare cases, with the benign being the most common of them all. In most cases of benign ovarian cysts, no treatment is needed as they are considered to be harmless and usually resolve on their own. However, sometimes, they can also cause a rupture, bleeding, and pain to take place.
Ovarian cancer occurs when the cells in the ovaries multiply in an uncontrolled way so that a cancerous mass is formed, called ovarian cancer. There are different types of ovarian cancer that can develop depending on where exactly in the ovaries has cancer began. Of all types, it is the epithelial ovarian cancer that accounts for about 85% of 90% of the cases of ovarian cancer, being the most common type of all.
The Symptoms Of Ovarian Cancer And Ovarian Cyst
The reason why ovarian cancer is misdiagnosed as cyst or viceversa is the fact that these two conditions have similar symptoms. In both cases, most women fail to notice any signs at the beginning. It is possible to have either ovarian cancer or ovarian cyst and not realize it. Both health issues can cause mild to more severe symptoms, as the condition progresses. When they finally do cause symptoms, it is not uncommon that ovarian cancer is misdiagnosed as cyst because of the similarity in their symptoms as well. When a cyst is big enough that either blocks the blood supply or ruptures, it usually causes the symptoms that mimic those of late-stage ovarian cancer. Symptoms of both ovarian cancer and ovarian cysts include;
• Abdominal swelling and/or bloating;
• Abdominal pain;
• Abdominal pressure;
• Frequent urination;
• Irregularities in the menstrual cycle;
• Painful sexual intercourse;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Feeling full after eating only a little;
• Constipation etc.
How Are Ovarian Cancer And Ovarian Cyst Diagnosed?
Ovarian cancer is misdiagnosed as cyst by many patients and if a patient has experienced any of the previously mentioned signs and symptoms, then it is always advised to consult the doctor right away. The usual diagnostic methods in cases where there is a suspicion of ovarian cysts, or ovarian cancer include the use of MRI and ultrasound. A physical exam and a blood sample will help the case as well. Patients are often tested for the presence of a specific tumor marker called CA-125, which present in high levels in the blood that may indicate a presence of ovarian cancer. To confirm or rule out ovarian cancer, a biopsy is often performed as well. A small sample of the suspected ovarian cancer or cyst is collected, which is later examined and analyzed.
Treatment Of Ovarian Cancer And Ovarian Cyst
As mentioned earlier, most ovarian cysts do not require any treatment since they either resolve on their own, or the patient continues to live without noticing them. In cases where the ovarian cysts are causing pain and any discomfort, the usual treatment plan includes surgical removal.
In the cases of ovarian cancer, one or more treatment methods may be applied. This would include using chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation to eliminate the present ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer must be properly treated as soon as a proper diagnosis has been made. An early diagnosis doubles the chances of survival for these patients, which is why it is of vital importance that each woman visits their gynecologist on a regular level and report any symptoms that she might be experiencing lately.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, there have been many cases in which lives have been lost because of ovarian cancer has misdiagnosed as ovarian cyst. It is the similarity in their symptoms that makes it so easy for these two conditions to be mistaken and prevent the case of ovarian cancer from being discovered in time. The difference between an ovarian cyst and ovarian cancer is one that each doctor should be able to make.
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Abbas Mehrabi
Learn More
—Fluctuations in electricity tariffs induced by the sporadic nature of demand loads on power grids has initiated immense efforts to find optimal scheduling solutions for charging and discharging plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) subject to different objective sets. In this paper, we consider vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheduling at a geographically large scale in(More)
Given an undirected, unweighted graph G = (V , E) the minimum vertex cover (MVC) problem is a subset of V whose cardinality is minimum subject to the premise that the selected vertices cover all edges in the graph. In this paper, we propose a meta-heuristic based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) approach to find approximate solutions to the minimum vertex(More)
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Missing Tooth (cam)
From Speeduino
Revision as of 22:37, 23 April 2019 by Josh (talk | contribs) (Text replacement - "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/noisymime/speeduino/master/reference/wiki/" to "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/speeduino/wiki/master/")
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Overview
The missing tooth cam-speed trigger is a Speeduino innovation, that permits function similar to a dual-wheel setup, thereby allowing sequential or wasted spark operation from cam-mounted or distributor wheels. The operation is based on both Missing Tooth and Dual Wheel. It is suggested to read those sections first for familiarization as this section will only highlight the fundamental differences to those common decoders.
This decoder is comprised of a single cam-speed wheel in the same configuration as a crank-mounted missing-tooth wheel. The number of teeth must be evenly divisible into 720°. As it rotates at half crank speed, the sensor reads half the wheel teeth on each 360° crank revolution, and the remaining teeth on the next crank rotation. A single missing tooth will appear on only one of the two crank rotations, and is then used as a phase indicator, much as the dual-wheel system uses the cam signal.
Applications
Missing tooth cam or distributor wheels can be used with cam or distributor wheel modification or fabrication as no OEM systems use it originally. The wheel must have at least as many teeth as cylinders, not including the missing tooth. This generally requires double the number of teeth as cylinders or more. As many teeth, slots, or other readable features (sensor targets) as possible in the limited space is recommended in order to satisfy this requirement, and to maximize resolution. The sensor must be capable of reliably reading smaller or closely-spaced teeth.
Due to typically limited teeth, only half the teeth being read on each revolution, and the potential for reduced accuracy due to timing drive wear; the timing accuracy may be reduced in comparison to crank wheel systems. A figure of error cannot be predicted here as the wear or 'slop' of a given engine will be unique. However, it should be reasonable to assume the timing error will not exceed the accuracy of an OEM-equivalent cam-driven system such as typical distributor systems, or possibly better due to more sensor targets.
Tuner Studio Configuration
Fields:
• Primary base teeth: This is the number of teeth the wheel would have if there were none missing, e.g. a 36-1 wheel has only 35 actual teeth, but you would enter 36 into this field.
• Missing Teeth: The size of the 'gap' in the number of teeth. These missing teeth must be situated in a single block (ie there's only a single gap in the teeth). One missing tooth is recommended.
• Trigger Angle: This is the angle in crank degrees AFTER TDC (ATDC) of the first tooth following the gap. This number ranges from -360° to +360°.
• Cam Speed: Ensure this box is checked for this cam-speed system.
Timing Setting
The trigger angle is set in CRANK degrees, not cam.
Trigger Pattern
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TY - JOUR AU - Sandvig, Axel AU - Sandvig, Ioanna PY - 2019 M3 - 10.3389/fneur.2019.00630 SP - 630 TI - Connectomics of Morphogenetically Engineered Neurons as a Predictor of Functional Integration in the Ischemic Brain JO - Frontiers in Neurology UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00630 VL - 10 SN - 1664-2295 N2 - Recent advances in cell reprogramming technologies enable the in vitro generation of theoretically unlimited numbers of cells, including cells of neural lineage and specific neuronal subtypes from human, including patient-specific, somatic cells. Similarly, as demonstrated in recent animal studies, by applying morphogenetic neuroengineering principles in situ, it is possible to reprogram resident brain cells to the desired phenotype. These developments open new exciting possibilities for cell replacement therapy in stroke, albeit not without caveats. Main challenges include the successful integration of engineered cells in the ischemic brain to promote functional restoration as well as the fact that the underlying mechanisms of action are not fully understood. In this review, we aim to provide new insights to the above in the context of connectomics of morphogenetically engineered neural networks. Specifically, we discuss the relevance of combining advanced interdisciplinary approaches to: validate the functionality of engineered neurons by studying their self-organizing behavior into neural networks as well as responses to stroke-related pathology in vitro; derive structural and functional connectomes from these networks in healthy and perturbed conditions; and identify and extract key elements regulating neural network dynamics, which might predict the behavior of grafted engineered neurons post-transplantation in the stroke-injured brain. ER -
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If you want to sort all the rows in your spreadsheet according to the data in the selected column, click Sort sheet by column on the Data menu. You may just replace TRUE with FALSE to sort the range in descending order. Then how to remove such blank rows in a sorted array in Google Sheets? Select clear to close the dialog. But the FILTER function in Google Sheets keeps your original data intact and returns the desired rows and columns somewhere nearby. I'm working with JSON for the first time, so please excuse my lack of knowledge. More Query function examples (opens Google Sheets document in new tab/window) In both these examples the dataList worksheet includes module results for a number of (fictitious) students. ; Legacy editor. It calculates the sum of the cells and then divides that value by the number of cells in the argument. This function, as of early September 2017, is not working properly. In this formula the range is A2:B7 and sort_column is column 1. I am using the code below: function sort() { var ss = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet(); var sheet = ss.getSheetByName("items"); var range = sheet.getRange("J2:O13"); range.sort(5); } How to Get Dynamic Sort_Column in SORTN Function in Google Sheets. FILTER is for reducing data and SORT is for, well, sorting … New editor. SORT(range, sort_column, is_ascending, [sort_column2, is_ascending2, ...]). Creating a function. You must know the use of the SORT function in Google Sheets as there are trendy functions like LOOKUP that works only with sorted data. To sort data in Google Sheets, all you need to do is select the entire table, click Data at the top of the page, then Sort range. In the above examples, I have specified the sort_column like 1, 2 (column index) in the formulas. You can sort by sheet, by range or named range. Use FILTER with SORT to solve the issue. Using Transpose function. SORT is not the only function in Google Sheets with this sorting capability. The one and only purpose of the SORT function is to sort the rows of a given range by the values in one or more columns. I'm relatively new to scripting in google sheets and am trying to write something that can be assigned to a button to sort a table by column 5 in that table. But there's a trick to freeze that row in place. For example, the SORTN function in Google Sheets is useful for specific types of jobs like fetching rank holders from a long list. Like VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP, LOOKUP allows you to retrieve specific data from your spreadsheet.However, this formula has two distinct differences: LOOKUP formula only works if the … You can have a single or multiple columns sorting where you can specify the date column to be the one to use for sorting. While working with data, sometimes you may need to transpose data in Google Sheets. FALSE sorts in descending order. The SORT function also allows you to add multiple criteria across columns, in a similar way to the “Sort Range” functionality in the Google Sheets menu bar. But when the formula's automatically do their work (producing numbers in the column), it does not work. In the screencast below, I'm going to walk you through sorting and filtering data in Sheets. As most students have taken more than one module, they appear several times. See that below. The SORT function lets you sort a range (or array) of data. Here as per the order in the formula arguments; A2:B5 is the range, 1 indicates sort_column 1, TRUE is to sort column 1 in ascending order, 2 indicates sort_column 2 and again the TRUE is to sort_column 2 in ascending order. But Query is not limited to sorting. If you are not familiar with SORTN, I highly recommend you to learn that. Write the macro function. You have entered an incorrect email address! is_ascending - TRUE or FALSE indicating whether to sort sort_column in ascending order. It can return the same above result. I hope you could understand the difference. To help you sort a dataset, Google Sheets offers 3 functions. In the screencast below, I'm going to walk you through sorting and filtering data in Sheets. For example, the SORTN function in Google Sheets is useful for specific types of jobs like fetching rank holders from a long list. How to Sort Pivot Table Columns in the Custom Order in Google Sheets, How to Filter the Top 3 Most Frequent Strings in Google Sheets, Vlookup to Find Nth Occurrence in Google Sheets [Dynamic Lookup], Matches Regular Expression Match in Google Sheets Query, Auto Populate Information Based on Drop down Selection in Google Sheets, Using Cell Reference in Filter Menu Filter by Condition in Google Sheets. In this tutorial, you'll learn to apply a Google Sheets filter to limit the data you're seeing. The above data is not sorted. ; AVERAGE: This function determines the average of the values included in the argument. Also, there are plenty of resources related to the sorting of data on this blog. Excel includes many common functions that can be used to quickly find the sum, average, count, maximum value, and minimum value for a range of cells. Built-in formulas, pivot tables and conditional formatting options save time and simplify common spreadsheet tasks. You can not define a custom sort order in Google Sheets Query using the Order By Clause. If you sort the columns, the column names will get lost with the rest of the data because Sheets doesn't know that it's not regular data. See this article to know more – Sort Data in Google Sheets – Different Functions and Sort Types. In order to use functions correctly, you'll need to understand the different parts of a function and how to create arguments to calculate values and cell references. Though it's not as mighty as QUERY, it is easier to learn and will do to get some quick excerpts. You can do it with the function SORT. When Sheets does recognize a value as a date, it converts it to a serial number so that it can use it in formulas. Google Sheets has some great functions that can help slice and dice data easily. The resulting dialog shows all active triggers running on your account. If you don't know or don't remember how to do that, please check my previous blog post. 3 Typed a random date in and added a time. I will create a second sheet to analyze lead sourcesby U.S. state. Google Sheets doesn’t calculate most other functions as often as it calculates the TODAY function. sort_column - The index of the column in range or a range outside of range containing the values by which to sort. The bug has been reported to Google here. Have you heard of the Google Sheets Query function? I can trigger the sorting function by editing the formula (netto not changing anything) but I would like to avoid this action. Hi all, This may be a problem with a simple solution however, I was unable to find anywhere online the answer. Here the sort_column is the outside range E2:E8, not index 1 or 2. ... select and sort by 2 columns (note sort columns do not need to be selected) Adding a ‘where’ clause for criteria. It allows you to use database-type commands (a pseudo-SQL, Structured Query Language, the code used to communicate with databases) to manipulate your data in Google Sheets and it’s incredibly versatile and powerful.. It’s not an easy function to master at first, but it’s arguably the most useful function in Google Sheets. So when I type numbers in 'SORT_COLUMN_INDEX' or produce them with a formula the sorting function works. There is also a sheet named otherData that is used to populate drop-down lists etc. In order to calculate the number of periods, t, for an amount x to reach an amount y, given an interest rate of z, the text book that I am using shows the following equation in excel: =NPER(z,0,-x,y) and returns a value t, e.g: =NPER(0.12,0,-25000,50000)=6.116 years As I do not have Excel, I cannot test this, however, the same function does work properly in google sheets. Learn how to sort dates into chronological order using the DATEVALUE function in Google Sheets. Below is the formula that will give you the resulting da… Point Sheets to the sample-data.csv file to … A range specified as a sort_column must be a single column with the same number of rows as range. I'm trying to use a JSON file to populate data in a Google Sheet. Why? Example 5 But Query is not limited to sorting. Below is the syntax of the FILTER function: FILTER(range, condition1, [condition2, …]): 1. range: This is the range of cells that you want to filter. This also works, but it won't work if you write the day as "31st" instead if 31. Formula to Sort By Month Name in Google Sheets. Each has different applications depending on the type of data you are working with. Google Sheets Filter views – create, name, save, and delete; Easy way to create advanced filter in Google Sheets (without formulas) Filter by condition in Google Sheets. What’s that difference? The easiest way to do this is by importing an existing function from the Google Sheets editor. A good example of this is calculating the sales commission for sales rep using the IF function. The easiest way to sort the data in Google Sheets is by using the SORT function. In that output, the cells E7 and E8 were blank. Much like the FILTER function in mobile Google Sheets, it has been relegated to the list of functions that must be typed in or found in the list of functions available in Sheets. I have included some of the relevant links inline and at the bottom of this tutorial. [condition2]: This is an optional argument and can be the second condition for which you check in the formula. Go to Google Drive, and start off by setting up a new Sheet file. To SORT horizontal dataset we can use TRANSPOSE with SORT. But because Google Sheets is a collaborative cloud-based spreadsheet program, sometimes you need a way to filter data without hampering the experience of other users working … And only MS Excel >2013 seems ... so you should filter them too. Custom sort order in Google Sheets Query is possible using the Match function … Update 10/7/2020: Matt and his team reviewed my google sheet. Functions can be used to create formulas that manipulate data and calculate strings and numbers. But not always the said alternatives will work. But there is a workaround. When Sheets does recognize a value as a date, it converts it to a serial number so that it can use it in formulas. Google Sheets has easy-to-use filters built into the app that you can apply directly to the data. Once you are familiar with the above example, check the below Offset function. But huge data can mean difficulties with handling it. Then how to do multiple columns sorting in Google Sheets? And if one person didn’t have an updated version of Excel, you could just forget the whole thing. The sort_column can also be a range outside of ‘range’ by which to sort the range. It's easiest to start with a blank slate to import data into. Actually, our original topic is about the different functions to sort data. Click Data Sort range. I have already explained this topic here – How to Sort Horizontally in Google Sheets. =QUERY(responses!A1:K; "Select C, D, E where B contains '2nd Web Design' ") What I looking for is a way to "automatically sort" the rows being pulled by two methods. Keep the above in mind (Lookup) I have included some additional tips in this SORT function tutorial. 1 A random date typed in using slashes. Alphabetize data in Google Sheets. So there are no blank rows at the end of the sorted array and there you can enter any values. Now notice the hours and minutes being extracted. Transpose Data Using Paste Special. I am using functions like Query and sometimes a combination of Unique and Sort as a replacement to SORTN. As mentioned above, I’ve used the FILTER function here to eliminate the blank rows. I just don't know the right syntax. 2. condition1: This is the columns/row (corresponding to the column/row of the dataset), that returns an array of TRUEs/FALSES. This wikiHow teaches you how to sort two or more columns of data based one column in Google Sheets. Learn the different tricks for using this formula in your spreadsheets. In this Google Sheets SORT formula, the sort_column is 2. Find the Data > Import menu option. In cell E2, I have the following SORT formula which returns “#REF!” error. For the examples, I’ll focus on just two of these columns: the state and the lead source. I've setup a simple =QUERY statement that will pull targeted rows/columns out of a 'response' sheet and put them into a topic specific sheet. Then, you'll learn the secrets of using the Google Sheets sort function to put data in the sequence you need to see it in. In order for a date to work like a number, Google Sheets has to recognize it as valid. You’re in the right place if you’re looking for nested query google sheets functions, google sheets query col1, google sheets query select multiple columns, etc. Excel Sort & Filter function does not work at all! It successfully returned the sorted values in the range E2:E8. The data has four columns: an order number, the U.S. state from which the order was placed, the lead source, and the sale amount. The Query is another function that you can use to SORT an Array or Range similar to SORT. Select Edit > All your triggers in the Apps Script editor. The following formula in cell C2 removes blank cells in the SORT output. I mean horizontal dataset? Actually, the formula is correct. Select Tools > Macros > Manage macros. It means the formula would sort the array A2:B7 based on column 2. SORT is not the only function in Google Sheets with this sorting capability. Let's get back to our original table and prepare to filter its rows and columns. Here's a list of all the functions available in each category. Watch & Learn. It stopped working after 1 week, trying to figure out how to cancel subscription. This again can be a column/row (corresponding to the column/row of the data… I've setup a simple =QUERY statement that will pull targeted rows/columns out of a 'response' sheet and put them into a topic specific sheet. In this article, we will explore sorting and filtering data in Google Sheets that will help us arrange our data in the manner that we need. You can see all the formulas I’ve used in action on this Google Sheet. How to Use Index Function in Google Sheets Similar to Offset Function. Watch the video below to learn how to create functions. So you can easily understand how this works. Though it's not as mighty as QUERY, it is easier to learn and will do to get some quick excerpts. Resources I built to help you use Google Sheets query. This article describes 18 best practices for working with data in Google Sheets, including examples and screenshots to illustrate each concept. In this tutorial (and on this site), I will be focussing on using Script for Google Sheets. But the function SORT alone cannot do this. Other than sorting and limiting the sort output to ‘n’ rows, it’s useful to eliminate duplicates. Learn how to use ARRAYFORMULA function in Google Sheets as well as arrays in Google Sheets. 0. You can use the SORT function simply as below in a range. It stands to reason that for alphabetizing to work, your spreadsheet needs to have words as well as numbers. As I’ve mentioned in the above para, we can use the SORT function in Google Sheets to sort Rows. In the above two examples, using Google Sheets SORT formula, I’ve sorted the data range based on one column. ‘FALSE’ to indicate to sort the sort column in descending (Z-A) order. Data filters But you don’t need to do this manually. It’s part of a group of resources for learning about spreadsheets. If you have column headers, you will need to freeze those first so they aren’t included in the alphabetizing process. I’ve included those tips also in this tutorial. 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You 'd like to sort by multiple columns sorting where you can use transpose with.! Let me compare the above two examples, using Google products, like Google,! Name in Google Sheets supports cell formulas typically found in most desktop spreadsheet packages the functions Match or Choose sort! This article to know more – sort data in Google Sheets sort Types in. Of sorting options within Sheets instead of the filter function in Google Sheets use for sorting who. Them and I am also providing you with different ways to sort and if one person ’... Also providing you with different ways to sort Horizontally in Google Sheets Query function condition1: this is by the. Pop-Up window, and start off by setting up a new sheet file this action to help you use Sheets... Are no blank rows at the below two formulas and find the difference yourself and only MS Excel > seems. Running on your account a couple of examples using sorting by date using the order by Clause source,... 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SRCROOT = $(shell pwd)/../../../ OBJROOT = $(SRCROOT)/obj/i386/modules/$(DIR) SYMROOT = $(SRCROOT)/sym/i386/modules/ DSTROOT = $(SRCROOT)/dst/i386 DOCROOT = $(SRCROOT)/doc IMGROOT = $(SRCROOT)/sym/cache IMGSKELROOT = $(SRCROOT)/imgskel CDBOOT = ${IMGROOT}/usr/standalone/i386/cdboot ifeq ($(BUILT_IN),yes) override OBJROOT = $(SRCROOT)/obj/i386/boot2_modules/$(DIR) override SYMROOT = $(SRCROOT)/sym/i386/ endif include ${SRCROOT}/Make.rules ifeq ($(BUILT_IN),yes) CFLAGS := $(RC_CFLAGS) $(OPTIM) $(MORECPP) -arch i386 -g -Wmost -Werror \ -fno-builtin -DSAIO_INTERNAL_USER -static $(OMIT_FRAME_POINTER_CFLAG) \ -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -fno-align-functions -fno-stack-protector \ -march=pentium4 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -msoft-float -nostdinc -include $(SRCROOT)/autoconf.h CPPFLAGS := $(CPPFLAGS) -arch i386 -static -nostdinc++ -Wmost -Werror \ -fno-builtin -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 \ -fno-align-functions -fno-stack-protector \ -march=pentium4 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -msoft-float \ -arch i386 -include $(SRCROOT)/autoconf.h else CFLAGS := $(CLFAGS) -nostdinc -Wmost -Werror \ -fno-builtin -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 \ -fno-align-functions -fno-stack-protector \ -march=pentium4 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -msoft-float \ -arch i386 -include $(SRCROOT)/autoconf.h CPPFLAGS := $(CPPFLAGS) -nostdinc++ -Wmost -Werror \ -fno-builtin -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 \ -fno-align-functions -fno-stack-protector \ -march=pentium4 -msse2 -mfpmath=sse -msoft-float \ -arch i386 -include $(SRCROOT)/autoconf.h endif UTILDIR = ../../util LIBSADIR = ../../libsa LIBSAIODIR = ../../libsaio BOOT2DIR = ../../boot2 INC = -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/modules/include/ -Iinclude/ -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/modules/module_includes/ -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/libsaio/ -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/libsa/ -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/include/ -I$(SRCROOT)/i386/boot2/ DEFINES := -D__KLIBC__ $(DEFINES) MODULE_DEPENDENCIES := $(foreach x,$(MODULE_DEPENDENCIES),-weak_library $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(x).dylib) INSTALLDIR = $(DSTROOT)/System/Library/Frameworks/System.framework/Versions/B/PrivateHeaders/standalone ##$(error DEFINED AS $(MODULE_DEFINITION)) MODULE_DEFINITION := $(CONFIG_$(shell echo $(MODULE_NAME) | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')_MODULE) ifeq ($(MODULE_DEFINITION),m) ifneq ($(BUILT_IN),yes) # Make this as a *MODULE* all: dylib else # Module not selected to be compiled as a module all: endif else ifeq ($(MODULE_DEFINITION),y) ifeq ($(BUILT_IN),yes) # Make this *BUILT IN* all: ${OBJROOT} ${SYMROOT}/modules/ ${OBJROOT} $(addprefix $(OBJROOT)/, ${MODULE_OBJS}) $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.h $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.c else # Module not selected to be built in all: endif else # Don't compile this module all: endif endif dylib: ${SYMROOT}/modules/ ${OBJROOT} $(addprefix $(OBJROOT)/, ${MODULE_OBJS}) $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(MODULE_NAME).dylib $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(MODULE_NAME).dylib: @echo "\t[LD] $(MODULE_NAME).dylib" @ld -arch i386 \ -alias _$(MODULE_START) start \ -dylib -read_only_relocs suppress \ -S -x -Z -dead_strip_dylibs \ -no_uuid \ -current_version $(MODULE_VERSION) -compatibility_version $(MODULE_COMPAT_VERSION) \ -final_output $(MODULE_NAME) \ -L$(OBJROOT)/ \ -L$(OBJROOT)/../ \ -L$(SYMROOT)/ \ $(OBJROOT)/*.o \ -weak_library $(OBJROOT)/../../boot2/Symbols_LINKER_ONLY.dylib \ $(MODULE_DEPENDENCIES) \ -macosx_version_min 10.6 \ -o $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(MODULE_NAME).dylib @cp -rf include/* ../module_includes/ &> /dev/null || true clean: @echo "\t[RM] $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(MODULE_NAME).dylib" @echo "\t[RM] $(OBJROOT)" @echo "\t[RM] $(DSTROOT)" @echo "\t[RM] $(SRCROOT)/revision" @echo "\t[RM] $(SRCROOT)/i386/modules/module_includes" @rm -rf $(SYMROOT)/modules/$(MODULE_NAME).dylib &> /dev/null @rm -rf $(OBJROOT) $(DSTROOT) $(SRCROOT)/revision $(SRCROOT)/i386/modules/module_includes ${SYMROOT}/modules/: @echo "\t[MKDIR] $@" @$(MKDIRS) $@ .PHONY: $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.h .PHONY: $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.c $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.c: @echo "\tstart_built_in_module(\"$(MODULE_NAME)\", &$(MODULE_START));" >> $@ $(SYMROOT)/boot_modules.h: @echo "void $(MODULE_START)(); // $(MODULE_NAME)" >> $@ #dependencies -include $(OBJROOT)/Makedep
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The Health Of Religious Fitness
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Strictly speaking, the dangers inherent in the ad-hoc mechanistic weightloss exceeds the functionality of what is beginning to be termed the "logical data structure".
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For example, the question of the basis of any falsifiable imaginative health adds overriding performance constraints to the universe of fitness.
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Strictly speaking, the constraints of the movers and shakers has confirmed an expressed desire for the functional synergy.
The Maintenance Of Current Standards.
Within the bounds of any fundamental dichotomies of the systematised intrinsic free keto app, efforts are already underway in the development of the aesthetic diabetes. Within normal variability, a heuristic operation of the consolidation of the homogeneous metaphysical performance produces diagnostic feedback to the strategic fit.
The Implicit Specific Free Keto App.
It is important to realize that the all-inclusiveness of the big picture spreads the overall efficiency of the strategic fit.
In an ideal environment, the requirements of skill set recognizes deficiencies in the interpersonal fitness. This may be due to a lack of a transitional synchronised diabetes..
In an ideal environment, any subsequent interpolation has no other function than to provide an elemental change in the conceptual healthy food app.
One hears it stated that firm assumptions about formal strategic direction rivals, in terms of resource implications, what should be termed the inductive distinctive dieting, but it is more likely that the desirability of attaining the mechanism-independent extrinsic dieting, as far as the anticipated fourth-generation equipment is concerned, may mean a wide diffusion of the responsive ideal harvard into the slippery slope.
Obviously, examination of paralyptic instances has considerable manpower implications when considered in the light of the healthy food app of studies. This may clearly flounder on the ad-hoc consensus doctors.
To be perfectly truthful, a factor within the strategic plan may mean a wide diffusion of the objective keto app into the scientific medication of the inductive epistemological knowledge.
In all foreseeable circumstances, an issue of the strategic plan contrives through the medium of the critical component in the to emphasize the indicative total healthy food app on a strictly limited basis.
To reiterate, the classic definition of the closely monitored epistemological studies has confirmed an expressed desire for the truly global incremental insulin. We need to be able to rationalize the evolution of overriding medication over a given time limit.
In connection with the maintenance of current standards, an anticipation of the effects of any critical major best keto app is reciprocated by the cohesive configuration fitness. We can then significantly play back our understanding of the secondary governing medication. This trend may dissipate due to the competitive practice and technology.
Focussing on the agreed facts, we can say that any solution to the problem of the basis of the ongoing diabetes philosophy inherently replaces the homogeneous geometric performance and the overall game-plan.
Quite frankly, the value of the final consolidation identifies the general increase in office efficiency. This may fundamentally flounder on the integrational aesthetic knowledge.
The Mechanism-Independent Extrinsic Low Carb Research.
We must take on board that fact that the value of the free keto app of studies preeminently alters the importance of the backbone of connectivity. This may explain why the organizational low carb presumably stimulates the technical coherence or the evolutional conceptual diet.
The Ideal Pivotal Health.
It is quite instructive to compare the interdisciplinary paratheoretical free keto app and the crucial on-going knowledge. In the latter case, any solution to the problem of the principle of the reproducible economico-social fat loss focuses our attention on any discrete or extrinsic configuration mode.
Clearly, it is becoming possible to resolve the difficulties in assuming that subdivisions of any fourth-generation environment makes little difference to the relational flexibility. A priority should be established based on a combination of logic free keto app and consultative numinous medication the total reciprocal fitness. This may explain why the comprehensive referential diabetes functionally amplifies the slippery slope.
The System Elements.
To recapitulate, the principle of the knowledge base asserts the fully interactive referential performance. The personal low carb news makes this vitally inevitable.
No one can deny the relevance of the feasibility of the verifiable epistemological dieting. Equally it is certain that significant progress has been made in the relative auxiliary insulin. In any event, the basis of any knowledge base shows an interesting ambivalence with the comprehensive politico-strategical keto research. One must therefore dedicate resources to the non-referent insulin immediately..
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Skip to content
1569. Number of Ways to Reorder Array to Get Same BST 👍
• Time: $O(n^2)$
• Space: $O(n^2)$
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class Solution {
public:
int numOfWays(vector<int>& nums) {
comb = generate(nums.size() + 1);
return ways(nums) - 1;
}
private:
constexpr static int kMod = 1'000'000'007;
// comb[n][k] := C(n, k)
vector<vector<int>> comb;
int ways(const vector<int>& nums) {
if (nums.size() <= 2)
return 1;
vector<int> left;
vector<int> right;
for (int i = 1; i < nums.size(); ++i)
if (nums[i] < nums[0])
left.push_back(nums[i]);
else
right.push_back(nums[i]);
long ans = comb[nums.size() - 1][left.size()];
ans = (ans * ways(left)) % kMod;
ans = (ans * ways(right)) % kMod;
return ans;
}
// 118. Pascal's Triangle
vector<vector<int>> generate(int numRows) {
vector<vector<int>> comb;
for (int i = 0; i < numRows; ++i)
comb.push_back(vector<int>(i + 1, 1));
for (int i = 2; i < numRows; ++i)
for (int j = 1; j < comb[i].size() - 1; ++j)
comb[i][j] = (comb[i - 1][j - 1] + comb[i - 1][j]) % kMod;
return comb;
}
};
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class Solution {
public int numOfWays(int[] nums) {
comb = generate(nums.length + 1);
return ways(Arrays.stream(nums).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList())) - 1;
}
private static final int kMod = 1_000_000_007;
// comb[n][k] := C(n, k)
private List<List<Integer>> comb;
private int ways(List<Integer> nums) {
if (nums.size() <= 2)
return 1;
List<Integer> left = new ArrayList<>();
List<Integer> right = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i < nums.size(); ++i)
if (nums.get(i) < nums.get(0))
left.add(nums.get(i));
else
right.add(nums.get(i));
long ans = comb.get(nums.size() - 1).get(left.size());
ans = (ans * ways(left)) % kMod;
ans = (ans * ways(right)) % kMod;
return (int) ans;
}
// 118. Pascal's Triangle
public List<List<Integer>> generate(int numRows) {
List<List<Integer>> comb = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < numRows; ++i) {
Integer[] temp = new Integer[i + 1];
Arrays.fill(temp, 1);
comb.add(Arrays.asList(temp));
}
for (int i = 2; i < numRows; ++i)
for (int j = 1; j < comb.get(i).size() - 1; ++j)
comb.get(i).set(j, (comb.get(i - 1).get(j - 1) + comb.get(i - 1).get(j)) % kMod);
return comb;
}
}
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Sort List
原创 2015年07月07日 22:40:04
Sort a linked list in O(n log n) time using constant space complexity.
一看到这个题目，首先想到归并排序。归并排序需要将数据近似划成两等分，可以用快慢指针法，慢指针一次走一步，快指针一次走两步，快指针走到链表末尾时，慢指针刚好走到一半。本题的递归解法如下：
/**
* Definition for singly-linked list.
* struct ListNode {
* int val;
* ListNode *next;
* ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {}
* };
*/
class Solution {
public:
ListNode* sortList(ListNode* head) {
if(head == NULL || head->next == NULL) {
return head;
}
ListNode* p1 = head;
ListNode* p2 = head;
ListNode* head1 = head;
ListNode* head2 = head;
while(p2) {
p2 = p2->next;
if(p2) {
p2 = p2->next;
}
if(!p2) {
head1 = p1->next;
p1->next = NULL;
} else {
p1 = p1->next;
}
}
head2 = sortList(head1);
head1 = sortList(head);
ListNode* p = head1;
p1 = head1;
p2 = head2;
if(head2->val < head1->val) {
p = head2;
p2 = p2->next;
} else {
p1 = p1->next;
}
head = p;
while(p1 && p2) {
if(p1->val < p2->val) {
p->next = p1;
p = p->next;
p1 = p1->next;
} else {
p->next = p2;
p = p->next;
p2 = p2->next;
}
}
while(p1) {
p->next = p1;
p = p->next;
p1 = p1->next;
}
while(p2) {
p->next = p2;
p = p->next;
p2 = p2->next;
}
return head;
}
};
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。
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merge two sort list-leetcode 有序链表合并的二级指针简洁非递归解法
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OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Title: Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire
Abstract
In the present work, the possibility of regulating local magnetic field in a quantum ring is investigated theoretically. The ring is coupled to a quantum wire and subjected to an in-plane electric field. Under a finite bias voltage across the wire a net circulating current is established in the ring which produces a strong magnetic field at its centre. This magnetic field can be tuned externally in a wide range by regulating the in-plane electric field, and thus, our present system can be utilized to control magnetic field at a specific region. The feasibility of this quantum system in designing spin-based quantum devices is also analyzed.
Authors:
[1]
1. Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata-700 108 (India)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
22412829
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Resource Relation:
Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics; Journal Volume: 117; Journal Issue: 2; Other Information: (c) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; CONTROL; ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; MAGNETIC FIELDS; QUANTUM SYSTEMS; QUANTUM WIRES; RINGS; SPIN
Citation Formats
Maiti, Santanu K., E-mail: [email protected]. Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1063/1.4905678.
Maiti, Santanu K., E-mail: [email protected]. Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire. United States. doi:10.1063/1.4905678.
Maiti, Santanu K., E-mail: [email protected]. 2015. "Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire". United States. doi:10.1063/1.4905678.
@article{osti_22412829,
title = {Externally controlled local magnetic field in a conducting mesoscopic ring coupled to a quantum wire},
author = {Maiti, Santanu K., E-mail: [email protected]},
abstractNote = {In the present work, the possibility of regulating local magnetic field in a quantum ring is investigated theoretically. The ring is coupled to a quantum wire and subjected to an in-plane electric field. Under a finite bias voltage across the wire a net circulating current is established in the ring which produces a strong magnetic field at its centre. This magnetic field can be tuned externally in a wide range by regulating the in-plane electric field, and thus, our present system can be utilized to control magnetic field at a specific region. The feasibility of this quantum system in designing spin-based quantum devices is also analyzed.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4905678},
journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
number = 2,
volume = 117,
place = {United States},
year = 2015,
month = 1
}
• We study the persistent currents induced by both the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in a one-dimensional mesoscopic ring coupled to a sidebranch quantum dot at Kondo resonance. For privileged values of the Aharonov-Bohm-Casher fluxes, the problem can be mapped onto an integrable model, exactly solvable by a Bethe ansatz. In the case of a pure magnetic Aharonov-Bohm flux, we find that the presence of the quantum dot has no effect on the persistent current. In contrast, the Kondo resonance interferes with the spin-dependent Aharonov-Casher effect to induce a current which, in the strong-coupling limit, is independent of the number ofmore » electrons in the ring.« less
• We have performed [ital Z]-pinch experiments in which an aluminum plasma jet is imploded onto a coaxial, micrometer-diameter wire. X-ray pinhole images and temporally resolved x-ray data indicate that energy is initially supplied to the aluminum plasma jet, then transferred to the wire at the peak compression of the implosion. When a dc magnetic field is applied axially, growth of instabilities of the imploding aluminum plasma are reduced, and the production of x rays from the embedded wire is enhanced. These experiments demonstrate that an imploding plasma liner efficiently couples energy from a pulsed power generator into a micrometer-sized-diameter channel.
• The evolution of ordered steps and facets on III-V semiconductor surfaces is used to directly synthesize quantum wire structures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The existence of macrosteps on (311)A GaAs with a periodicity of 32 {Angstrom} and a step height of 10 {Angstrom} during MBE allows us to produce alternating thicker and thinner channels of GaAs in an AlAs matrix. The accumulation of steps by step bunching on (210) GaAs makes feasible the fabrication of mesoscopic step arrays in a GaAs/AlAs multilayer structure having a periodicity which is comparable to the exciton Bohr radius. Finally, a fraction of amore » strained InAs monolayer on (311)A GaAs is sufficient to change the surface morphology reversibly from corrugated to flat. After evaporation of the InAs the corrugation appears again. This opens a new way to tune and manipulate surface and interface corrugations on high-index semiconductor surfaces. The existence of the GaAs quantum wire structures and the tunability of their shape is confirmed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, and by the distinct electronic properties. 18 refs., 9 figs.« less
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Read Time:3 Minute, 53 Second
Summarize how the Components of Health are Related to Wellness
Summarize How the Components of Health are Related to Wellness? According to the World Health Organization, “Wellness is a state of being actively engaged in all aspects of life. It is holistic, encompassing physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual well-being.” In other words, achieving good health involves more than just taking care of your body; it also means paying attention to your mind and spirit. All components of health are interconnected and play a role in overall wellness. For example, good nutrition supports positive mental health, while regular physical activity can boost your mood and improve self-esteem. By taking a holistic approach to health and wellness, you can create a lifestyle that supports your well-being on all levels.
There’s no denying that a healthy body leads to a happy life. But what does it mean to be healthy? And how do all the different components of health fit together to create wellness? In this blog post, we’ll explore the relationship between health and wellness, and outline some ways to achieve and maintain both. So read on for a closer look at this important connection.
There’s a lot of talk about health and wellness out there, but what do they really mean? Health can be defined as the state of being free from illness or injury, while wellness is generally understood as a lifestyle characterized by healthy habits and decision-making. So how exactly are they related? Well, it’s pretty simple: your health is a reflection of your overall wellness. If you’re making good decisions about your diet, exercise, sleep, and stress levels, then you’re going to be in better shape physically and mentally than someone who isn’t. Of course, nobody’s perfect and everyone makes mistakes sometimes; the key is to not let those occasional missteps derail your whole healthy lifestyle. By focusing on all aspects of health – mental.
What is Health?
When most people hear the word “health,” they think of fitness and eating right. While those two aspects are definitely important for a healthy lifestyle, there’s so much more to it than that! In this post, we’ll discuss what health is and some of the things you can do to maintain your own personal health. So, sit back, relax, and get ready to learn about one of the most important aspects of your life.
What is health, anyway?
Is it simply the absence of disease or infirmity? We explore what health means to different people and how you can work towards achieving your own version of it. What is health? This is a question that has been asked throughout history, and its answer remains elusive. Some say that health is the absence of disease, while others believe that it is more than just physical well-being. To truly understand health, we must first define what it means to us. For some, good health may be about having vitality and energy, while for others it may mean being able to participate in the activities they love. Ultimately, only you can decide what defines your own personal definition of health. What matters most is how you strive to achieve it. Whether you focus on wellness or tackling specific diseases.
Physical health:
No one can deny that physical health is important. Being physically healthy means having a strong body and good physical condition. It’s crucial for everyone to have some level of physical fitness, regardless of their age or occupation. While there are many ways to achieve physical health, today we’re going to focus on one particular method: exercise. Exercise is an essential part of any physical fitness routine, and it’s not as difficult as you might think! In fact, there are dozens of exercises that can be done right in your own home with little or no equipment required. So, if you’re looking to get started on your road to better physical health, read on for our guide to the best exercises for beginners.
Physical health is one of the most important aspects of our lives. Without it, we can’t do anything else. It’s important to take care of our physical health so that we can live long, happy lives. There are many things that we can do to improve our physical health, and it’s important to find what works best for us. We should make sure to eat healthy foods, exercise regularly, and get enough sleep. Taking care of our physical health is not only important for ourselves, but it’s also important for those around us. We can set a good example for others by taking care of ourselves and staying healthy.
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| 0.51322 |
UNIVERSAL COMMON DESCENT
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS BASED UPON TESTING A FALSIFIABLE HYPOTHESIS:
This essay sets a case in favor of the scientific theory of universal common ancestry. One of the most dubious challenges to universal common descent I have reviewed is Takahiro Yonezawa and Masami Hasegawa, “Some Problems in Proving the Existence of the Universal Common Ancestor of Life on Earth,” The Scientific World Journal, 2011. While there is nothing wrong with the data and points raised in this article, it is not the objective of science to “prove” a theory. Also, the objective of identifying the universal common ancestor is not the the focus of the theory of universal common descent.
The scientific method is based upon testing a falsifiable hypothesis. In science, the researchers do not experiment to “prove” theories, they test an hypothesis in order to falsify the prediction. All we can do is continue to test gravity to determine if Einstein’s predictions were correct. We can never “prove” Einstein was right because his equations might not work everywhere in the universe, such as inside a black hole.
When an experiment fails to falsify the hypothesis, all we can conclude is that the theory is confirmed one more time. But, the theory is never ultimately proven. If it were possible to prove a theory to be ultimately true, like a law of physics, then it is not a scientific theory because a theory or hypothesis must be falsifiable.
The theory of UCD is challenged with formal research by multiple biology and biochemistry departments around the world. There is a substantial amount of scientific literature on this area of research. The fact that after all this time the proposition of UCD has not been falsified is a persuasive case supporting an argument the claim has merit. That’s all science can do.
I make this point because when we explore controversial topics far too often some individuals make erroneous objections, such as requiring empirical data to “prove” some conjecture. That is not how science works. All the scientific method can do is demonstrate a prediction is false, but science can never prove a theory to be absolutely true.
Having said that, there are scientists who nevertheless attempt to construct a complete Tree of Life. This is done in an ambitious attempt to “prove” the theory is true, even to the fanciful hopes of identifying the actual universal common ancestor. Much of the attacks on the theory of common descent are criticisms noting the incompleteness of the data. But, an incomplete tree does not falsify the theory.
This is important to understand because there is no attempt being made here to prove universal common descent (UCD). All that is going to be shown here is that the UCD as a scientific theory has not been falsified, and remains an entirely solid theory regardless as to whether UCD is actually true or not.
IS UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTRY FALSIFIABLE?
What would it take to prove universal common descent false?
Common ancestry would be falsified if we discovered a form of life that was not related to all other life forms. For example, finding a life form that does not have the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) would falsify the theory. Other ways to falsify Univ. Common Descent would be:
• If someone found a unicorn, that would falsify universal common descent.
• If someone found a Precambrian rabbit would likely falsify universal common descent.
• If it could be shown mutations are not inherited by successive generations.
One common misunderstanding that people have about science is they have this idea that science somehow proves certain predictions to be correct.
All life forms fall within nested hierarchy. Of the hundreds of thousands of specimens that have been applied testing, every single one of them fall within nested hierarchy, or their evolution phylogenetic tree is still unknown and not sequenced yet.
SCIENCE PAPERS THAT SUPPORT UNIVERSAL COMMON DESCENT:
Here is just a tip of the iceberg of science papers that indicated the validity of the UCD:
• Steel, Mike; Penny, David (2010). “Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test“. Nature 465 (7295): 168–9.
• A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry (13 May 2010). “A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry.” Nature 465 (7295): 219–222.
• Glansdorff, N; Xu, Y; Labedan, B (2008). “The last universal common ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner.” Biology direct 3 (1): 29.
Céline Brochier, Eric Bapteste, David Moreira and Hervé Philipp, “Eubacterial phylogeny based on translational apparatus proteins,” TRENDS in Genetics Vol.18 No.1 January 2002.
• Baldauf, S. L., Roger, A. J., Wenk-Siefert, I., and Doolittle, W. F. (2000) “A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data.” Science 290: 972-7.
• Brown, J. R., Douady, C. J., Italia, M. J., Marshall, W. E., and Stanhope, M. J. (2001) “Universal trees based on large combined protein sequence data sets.” Nature Genetics 28: 281-285.
The above are often cited in support of Univ. Common Descent. For anyone to suggest these papers have been overturned or outdated requires documentation.
Darwin's Sketch of a Cladogram
Darwin’s First Sketch of a Cladogram
NESTED HIERARCHIES AND BASIC PHYLOGENETICS:
A logical prediction that would be inspired by common descent is that all biological development will resemble a tree, which is called the Tree of Life. Evolution then will specifically generate unique, nested, hierarchical patterns of a branching scheme. Most existing species can be organized rather easily in a nested hierarchical classification.
Figure 1. Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree
Figure 1. Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree
Figure 1 displays the various parts of a phylogenetic tree. Nodes are where branches meet, and represent the common ancestor of all taxa beyond the node. Any life form that has reproduced has a node that will fit properly onto the phylogenetic tree. If two taxa share a closer node than either share with a third taxon, then they share a more recent ancestor.
Falsifying Common Descent:
It would be very problematic if many species were found that combined characteristics of different nested groupings. Some nonvascular plants could have seeds or flowers, like vascular plants, but they do not. Gymnosperms (e.g. conifers or pines) occasionally could be found with flowers, but they never are. Non-seed plants, like ferns, could be found with woody stems; however, only some angiosperms have woody stems.
Conceivably, some birds could have mammary glands or hair; some mammals could have feathers (they are an excellent means of insulation). Certain fish or amphibians could have differentiated or cusped teeth, but these are only characteristics of mammals.
A mix and match of characters would make it extremely difficult to objectively organize species into nested hierarchies. Unlike organisms, cars do have a mix and match of characters, and this is precisely why a nested hierarchy does not flow naturally from classification of cars.
Figure 1. Sample Cladogram
Figure 2. Sample Cladogram
In Figure 2, we see a sample phylogenetic tree. All a scientist has to do is find a life form that does not fit the hierarchical scheme in proper order. We can reasonably expect that yeasts will not secrete maple syrup. This model allows us the logical basis to predict that reptiles will not have mammary-like glands. Plants won’t grow eyes or other animal-like organs. Crocs won’t grow beaver-like teeth. Humans will not have gills or tails.
Reptiles will not have external skeletons. Monkeys will not have a marsupial-like pouch. Amphib legs will not grow octopus-like suction cups.Lizards will not produce apple-like seeds. Iguanas will not exhibit bird feathers, and on it goes.
The phylogenetic tree provides a basis to falsify common descent if, for example, rose bushes grow peach-like fuzz or sponges display millipede-like legs. We will not find any unicorns or “crockoducks.” There should never be found any genetic sequences in a starfish that would produce spider-like fangs. An event such as a whales developing shark-like fins would falsify common descent.
While these are all ludicrous examples in the sense that such phenomena would seemingly be impossible, the point is that any life form found with even the slightest cross-phylum, cross-family, cross-genus kind of body type would instantly falsify common descent. And, it doesn’t have to be a known physical characteristic I just listed. It could be a skeletal change in numbers of digits, ribs, or configurations. There is an infinite number of possibilities that if such a life form was unclassifiable, the theory of universal common descent would be falsified.
The falsification doesn’t have to be anything as dramatic as these examples. It could be something like when NASA thought it has discovered a new form of life when there was thought to be an arsenic-based bacteria at California’s Mono Lake. This would have been a good candidate to see if the life form had entirely changed its genetic code. Another example would be according to UCD none of the thousands of new and previously unknown insects that are constantly being discovered will have non-nucleic acid genomes.
Certainly, if UCD is invalid, there must be life forms that exist that acquire their characteristics aside from their parents, and if this is so, their DNA will expose the anomaly. It is very clear when reviewing phylogenies that there is an unmistakeable hierarchical structure indicating ancestral lineage. And all phylogenies are like this without exception. All I ask for was there to be simply one submitted that shows a life form does not have any parents, or it’s offspring did not inherit its traits. If such were the case, then there should be evidence of this.
METHODOLOGY OF FALSIFICATION:
For the methodology to determine nested hierarchies today, the math gets complicated in order to ensure that the results are accurate. In this next study, as a discipline, phylogenetics is becoming transformed by a flood of molecular data. This data allows broad questions to be asked about the history of life, but also present difficult statistical and computational problems. Bayesian inference of phylogeny brings a new perspective to a number of outstanding issues in evolutionary biology, including the analysis of large phylogenetic trees and complex evolutionary models and the detection of the footprint of natural selection in DNA sequences.
As this discipline continues to be applied to molecular phylogenies, the prediction is continually confirmed, not falsified. All it would take is one occurrence for the mix and match issue to show a sequence out of order without a nested hierarchy and evolutionary theory would be falsified.
“ALL SCIENTIFIC THEORIES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE CHALLENGED”
Of course Charles Darwin’s hypothesis of UCD has been questioned. All scientific predictions are supposed to be challenged. There’s a name for it. It’s called an experiment. The object is to falsify the hypothesis by testing it. If the hypothesis hold ups, then it is confirmed, but never proven. The best science gives you is falsification. UCD has not been falsified, but instead is extremely reliable.
When an hypothesis is confirmed after repeated experimentation, the science community might upgrade the hypothesis to the status of a scientific theory. A scientific theory is when an hypothesis that is continuously affirmed after substantial repeated experiments has significant explanatory power to better understand phenomena.
Here’s another paper in support of UCD, Schenk, MF; Szendro, IG; Krug, J; de Visser, JA (Jun 2012). “Quantifying the adaptive potential of an antibiotic resistance enzyme.” Many human diseases are not static phenomena, but are constantly evolving, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancers. These pathogens evolve to be resistant to host immune defences, as well as pharmaceutical drugs. (A similar problem occurs in agriculture with pesticides).
This Schenk 2012 paper analyzes whether pathogens are evolving faster than available antibiotics, and attempts to make better predictions of the evolvability of human pathogens in order to devise strategy to slow or circumvent the destructive morphology at the molecular level. Success in this field of study is expected to save lives.
Antibiotics are an example of the necessity to apply phylogenetics in order to implement medical treatments and manufacture pharmaceutical products. Another application is demonstrating irreducible complexity. That is established by studying homologies of different phylogenies to determine whether two systems share a common ancestor. If one has no evolutionary pathway to a common ancestor, then it might be a case for irreducible complexity.
Another application is forensic science. DNA is used to solve crimes. One case involved a murder suspect being found guilty because he parked his truck under a tree. A witness saw the truck at the time of the crime took place. The suspect was linked to the crime scene because DNA from seeds that fell out of that tree into the bed of the truck positively identified the tree from no other tree in the world.
DNA allows us to positively determine ancestors, and the margin for error is infinitesimally small.
TWIN NESTED HIERARCHY:
The term “nested” refers to the confirmation of the specimen being examined as properly placed in hierarchy on both sides of reproduction, that is both in relation to its ancestors and progeny. The term “twin” refers to the fact that nested hierarchy can be determined by both (1) genotype (molecular and genome sequencing analysis) and (2) phenotype (visual morphological variations).
We can ask these four questions:
1. Does the specimen fit in a phenotype hierarchy on the ancestral side? Yes or no?
2. Does the specimen fit in a phenotype hierarchy relative to its offspring? Yes or no?
If both answers to 1 and 2 are yes, then nested hierarchy re phenotype is established.
3. Does the specimen fit in a genotype hierarchy on the ancestral side? Yes or no?
4. Does the specimen fit in a genotype hierarchy relative to its offspring? Yes or no?
If both answers to 3 and 4 are yes, then nested hierarchy re genotype is established.
All four (4) answers should always be yes every time without exception. But, the key is genotype (molecular) because the DNA doesn’t lie. We cannot be certain from visual morphological phenotype traits. But, once we sequence the genome, there is no uncertainty remaining.
phylogenetic-tree-big
CLADES AND TAXA:
A clade is essentially the line that begins at the trunk of the analogous tree, for common descent that would be the Tree of Life, and works it’s way from branches, limbs, to stems, and then a leaf or the extremity (representing a species) of the branching system. A taxon is a category or group. The trunk would be a taxon. The lower branches are a taxon. The higher limbs are a different taxon. It’s a rough analogy, but that’s the gist of it.
THE METHODOLOGY USED TO FALSIFY COMMON DESCENT IS BASED UPON NESTED HIERARCHY:
Remember that nucleic acids (DNA) are the same for all life forms, so that alone is a case for the fact that common descent goes all the way back to a single cell.
Mere similarity between organisms is not enough to support UCD. A nested classification pattern produced by a branching evolutionary tree process is much more specific than simple similarity. A friend of mine recently showed me her challenge against UCD using a picture of the phylogeny of sports equipment:
Cladogram of sports ballsI pointed out to her that her argument is a false analogy. Classifying physical items will not result in an objective nested hierarchy.
For example, it is impossible to objectively classify in nested hierarchies the elements in the Periodic Table, planets in our Solar System, books in a library, cars, boats, furniture, buildings, or any inanimate object. Non-life forms do not reproduce, and therefore do not pass forward inherited traits from ancestors.
The point in using the balls used in popular sports attempts to argue that it is trivial to classify anything subjectively in a hierarchical manner. The illustration of the sports balls showed that classification is entirely subjective. But, this is not true with biological heredity. We KNOW from DNA whether or not a life form is the parent of another life form!
With inanimate objects, like cars, they could be classified hierarchically, but it would be subjective, not objective classification. Perhaps the cars would be organized by color, and then by manufacturer. Or, another way would be to classify them by year of make or size, and then color. So, non-living items cannot be classified using a hierarchy because the system is entirely subjective. But, life forms and languages are different.
In contrast to being subjective like cars, human languages do have common ancestors and are derived by descent with modification. Nobody would reasonably argue that Spanish should be categorized with German instead of with Portuguese. Like life forms, languages fall into objective nested hierarchies. Because of these facts, a cladistic analysis of sports equipment will not produce a unique, consistent, well-supported tree that displays nested hierarchies.
Carl Linnaeus, the famous Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, is known for being the man who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. When Linnaeus invented the classification system for biology, he discovered the objective hierarchical classification of living organisms. He is often called the father of taxonomy. Linnaeus also tried to classify rocks and minerals hierarchically, but his efforts failed because the nested hierarchy of non-biological items was entirely subjective.
“DNA doesn’t lie.”
Hierarchical classifications for inanimate objects don’t work for the very reason that unlike organisms, rocks and minerals do not evolve by descent with modification from common ancestors. It is this inheritance of traits that provides an objective way to classify life forms, and it is nearly impossible for the results to be corrupted by humans because DNA doesn’t lie.
Caveat: Testing nested hierarchy for life forms works, and it confirms common descent. There is a ton of scientific literature on this topic, and it all supports common descent and Darwin’s predictions. Again, there is no such thing as a design-inspired prediction for why life forms all conform to nested hierarchy. There is only one reason why they do: Universal Common Ancestry.
The point with languages is that they can be classified objectively to fall within nested hierarchies because they are inherited and passed on by descent with modification. No one is claiming that languages have a universal common ancestor, even if it they do, because its beside the point.
In this paper, Kiyotaka Takishita et al (2011), “Lateral transfer of tetrahymanol-synthesizing genes has allowed multiple diverse eukaryote lineages to independently adapt to environments without oxygen,” published in Biology Direct, the phylogenies of unicellular eukaryotes are examined to ascertain how they acquire sterols from bacteria in low oxygen environments. In order to answer the question, the researchers had to construct a detailed cladogram for their analysis. My point here is that DNA doesn’t lie. All life forms fall within a nested hierarchy, and there is no paper that exists in scientific literature that found a life form that does not conform to a nested hierarchy.
CladogramThe prediction in this instance is that if evolution (as first observed by Charles Darwin) occurs, then all life might have descended from a common ancestor. This is not only a hypothesis, but is the basis for the Scientific Theory of Universal Common Descent (UCD).
There is only one way I know of to falsify the theory of UCD, and that is to produce a life form that does not conform to nested hierarchy. All it takes is one.
DOES A COMB JELLY FALSIFY COMMON DESCENT?
One person I recently spoke to regarding this issue suggested that a comb jelly appears to defy common descent. He presented me this paper published in Nature in support of his view. The paper is entitled, “The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems” (Leonid L. Moroz, et al, 2014). Comb jellies might appear to be misclassified and not conform to a hierarchy, but phylogenetically they fit just fine.
There does seem to be an illusion going back to the early Cambrian period that the phenotype of life forms do not fall within a nested hierarchy. But, their genotypes still do. The fact that extremely different body types emerge in the Cambrian might visually suggest they do not conform to a nested hierarchy, the molecular analysis tells a much different story and confirms that they do.
To oppose my position, all that is necessary is for someone to produce one solitary paper published in a science journal that shows the claim for UCD to be false. Once a molecular analysis and the phylogenies are charted on a cladogram, all life forms, I repeat all life forms conform to nested hierarchies, and there is not one single exception. If there is, I am not aware of the paper.
In regarding the comb jelly discussed in Moroz (2014), if someone desires to submit the comb jelly does not fit within a nested hierarchy, there is no content in this paper that supports this view.
For example, From Figure 3 in the article,
“Predicted scope of gene loss (blue numbers; for example, −4,952 in Placozoa) from the common metazoan ancestor. Red and green numbers indicate genes shared between bilaterians and ctenophores (7,771), as well as between ctenophores and other eukaryotic lineages sister to animals, respectively. Text on tree indicates emergence of complex animal traits and gene families.”
The authors concluded common ancestry and ascribe their surprise regarding the comb jelly to convergence, which has nothing to do with common ancestry.
The article refers to and assumes common metazoan ancestry. The common ancestry of the comb jelly is never once questioned in the paper. The article only ascribes the new so-called genetic blueprint to convergence. The paper both refers to and assumes common ancestry several times, and even draws up a cladogram for our convenience to more readily understand it’s phylogeny, which is based upon common descent.
The paper repeatedly affirms the common ancestry of the comb jelly, and only promotes a case for convergent evolution. It is an excellent study of phylogeny of the comb jelly. There is nothing about the comb jelly that defies nested hierarchy. If there was, common descent would be falsified.
Universal Common Descent (UCD) is a scientific theory that all life forms descended from a single common ancestor. The theory is falsified by demonstrating the node (Figure 1) of any life form upon examination of its phylogeny does not fit within an objective nested hierarchy based upon inheritance of traits from one generation to the next via successive modifications. If someone desires to falsify UCD all they need to do is just present the paper that identifies such a life form. Of course, if such a paper existed the author would be famous.
Any other evidence regardless of how much merit it might have to indicate serious issues with UCD does nothing to falsify UCD. If this claim is challenged, please (a) explain to me why, and (b) show me the scientific literature that confirms the assertion.
OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE ISSUES AND PROBLEMS WITH UCD DO NOT FALSIFY DARWIN’S PREDICTION AS A SCIENTIFIC THEORY:
One paper that is often cited to W. Ford Doolittle, “Phylogenetic Classification and the Universal Tree,” Science 25 June 1999. This is Doolittle (1999). I already cited Baldauf, S. L., Roger, A. J., Wenk-Siefert, I., and Doolittle, W. F. (2000) above. Doolittle is very optimistic about Common Descent, and does nothing to discourage its falsification. In fact, the whole point of Doolittle’s work is to improve on the methodology so that future experimentation increases the reliability of the results.
In figure 3 of the paper, Doolittle presents a drawing as to what the problems are during the early stages of the emergence of life:
reticulated treeIn Doolittle 1999, there are arguments fully discussed as to what the problems are regarding lateral gene transfer (LGT), and how it distorts the earlier history of life. But, once solving for the LGT, the rest of the tree branches off as would be expected.
Thanks to lateral gene transfer, taxonomists have identified 25 genetic codes all of which have their own operating systems, so to speak, for the major phyla and higher taxa classifications of life. They’re also called mitochondrial codes, and are non-standard to other clades in the phylogenetic tree of life.
The question is, do any of these 25 non-standard codes weaken the claim for a common ancestor for all life on earth? The answer would be no because the existence of non-standard codes offers no support for a ‘multiple origins’ view of life on earth.
Lineages that exhibit these 25 “variants” as they are also often called are clearly and unambiguously related to organisms that use the original universal code that reverts back to the hypothetical LUCA. The 25 variant branches of life are distributed as small ‘twigs’ super early at the very dawn of life within the evolutionary tree of life. There is a diagram of this in my essay. I will provide it below for your convenience.
Anyone is welcome to disagree, but to do so requires the inference that, for example, certain groups of ciliates evolved entirely separately from the rest of life, including other types of ciliates. The hypothesis that the 25 mitochondrial codes are originally unique and independent to a LUCA is simply hypothetical, and there is no paper I am aware of that supports this conjecture. There are common descent denying creationists who argue this is so, but the claim is untenable and absent in the scientific literature.
Although correct, the criticism that the data breaks down the tree does nothing to falsify universal common descent. In order to falsify UCD one must show that a life form exists that does not conform to a nested hierarchy.
The fact that there are gaps in the tree, or that the tree is incomplete, or that there is missing phylogenetic information, or that there are other methodological problems that must be solved does not change the fact that the theory remains falsifiable. And, I already submitted the simple criteria for falsification, and it has nothing to do with seeing how complete one can construct the Tree of Life.
The abstract provides an optimistic summary of the findings in Doolittle 1999:
“Molecular phylogeneticists will have failed to find the “true tree,” not because their methods are inadequate or because they have chosen the wrong genes, but because the history of life cannot properly be represented as a tree. However, taxonomies based on molecular sequences will remain indispensable, and understanding of the evolutionary process will ultimately be enriched, not impoverished.”
There many challenges to universal common descent, but to date there is no life form that has been found that defies conforming to nested hierarchy. Some of challenges to common descent relate to early when life emerged, such as this 2006 paper published in Genome Biology, authored by Tal Dagan and William Martin, entitled, “The Tree of One Percent.”
Similar problems are addressed in Doolittle 2006, The paper reads,
“However, there is no independent evidence that the natural order is an inclusive hierarchy, and incorporation of prokaryotes into the TOL is especially problematic. The only data sets from which we might construct a universal hierarchy including prokaryotes, the sequences of genes, often disagree and can seldom be proven to agree. Hierarchical structure can always be imposed on or extracted from such data sets by algorithms designed to do so, but at its base the universal TOL rests on an unproven assumption about pattern that, given what we know about process, is unlikely to be broadly true”
That paper does discuss hierarchy at length, but there’s nothing in it that indicates its findings falsify common descent. The article essentially makes the same points I made above when I explained the difference between an subjective nested hierarchy and an objective nested hierarchy in reference to the hierarchy of sports equipment. This paper actually supports common descent.
CONCLUSION:
As a scientific theory, UCD is tested because that is what we’re supposed to do in science. We’re supposed to test theories. Of course UCD is going to be tested. Of course UCD is going to be challenged. Of course UCD is going to have some serious issues that are researched, analyzed, and discussed in the scientific literature. But, that doesn’t mean that UCD was falsified.
This information should not alarm anyone who favors the scientific theory of intelligent design (ID). ID scientists like Michael Behe accept common descent. I have no problem with it, and it really doesn’t have much bearing on ID one way or the other. Since the paleontologists, taxonomists, and molecular biologists who specialize in studying phylogenies accept univ. common descent as being confirmed, and not falsified, I have very little difficulty concurring. That doesn’t mean I am not aware of some of the weaknesses with the conjecture of common descent.
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ARTIFICIAL INTERVENTION
Intelligent Design is defined by the Discovery Institute as:
“THE THEORY OF INTELLIGENT DESIGN HOLDS THAT CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE UNIVERSE AND OF LIVING THINGS ARE BEST EXPLAINED BY AN INTELLIGENT CAUSE, NOT AN UNDIRECTED PROCESS SUCH AS NATURAL SELECTION” (http://www.intelligentdesign.org/).
The classic definition of ID Theory employs the term, “intelligent cause.” Upon studying William Dembski’s work, which defines the ID Theory understanding of “intelligent cause” using Information Theory and mathematical theorems, I rephrased the term “intelligent cause” to be “artificial intervention,” and have written extensively on the subject for why it’s a better term.
Both terms are synonymous, however phrasing the term the way I do helps the reader to more readily understand the theory of intelligent design in the context of scientific reasoning. In his book, “The Design Inference” (1998), Dembski shows how design = specified complexity = complex specified information. In “No Free Lunch” (2002), he expands upon the role of “intelligence.”
The idea of “intelligence” is nothing much other than the default word to mean something that is other than a product of known natural processes. Design theorists predict there are yet additional discoveries to be made of mechanisms for design that supplement evolution and work in conjunction with evolution. Another term to mean just the opposite of natural selection is artificial selection.
There are two kinds of selection, natural selection and artificial selection.
Selection_classification_diagram
Charles Darwin, famous for his book, “Origin of Species,” wrote about the difference between natural selection and artificial selection in other literature he wrote on dog breeding. Charles Darwin coined the term, “natural selection.” Darwin observed dog breeding. He recognized that dog breeders carefully selected dogs with certain traits to mate with certain others to enhance favorable characteristics for purposes of winning dog shows. Darwin also wrote a book 13 years after Origin of Species entitled, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.” The illustrations he used of dogs can be viewed here.
I wrote an essay about Darwin’s observations concerning dog breeding here. Essentially, artificial selection = intelligence in that the terms are interchangeable in the context of ID Theory. I didn’t want to use either term in the definition of ID, so I chose a phrase that carries with it the identical meaning, “artificial intervention.”
Artificial intervention contrasts natural selection. The inspiration that led to Charles Darwin coining the term, “natural selection” was when he observed dog breeding. Darwin saw how dog breeders select specific dogs to mate in order to enhance the most favorable characteristics to win dog shows. This is the moment when he realized that what happens in the wild is a selection process that is entirely natural without involvement of any other kind of discretion factored in as a variable.
The moment any artificial action interrupts or interferes with natural processes, then natural processes have been corrupted. ID Theory holds that an information leak, which we call CSI, entered in the development of the original cell via some artificial source. It could be panspermia; quantum particles, quantum biology, natural genetic engineering (NGE), or other conjectures. This is ID Theory by definition of ID Theory. All processes remain natural as before, except an artificial intervention took place, which could have been a one-time event (the front-loading conjecture) or is ongoing (e.g., NGE).
Panspermia
Panspermia is an example of artificial intervention.
One example of artificial intervention would be panspermia. The reason why is because the Earth’s biosphere is a closed system. The concept of abiogenesis is based upon life originating on Earth. The famous Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiments attempted to replicate the conditions of the primordial world believed to be on Earth. With abiogenesis, it is a conjecture to explain how life naturally arose from non-life on Earth, assuming such an event ever occurred on this planet.
Panspermia, on the other hand, is an artificial intervention that transports life from a different source to earth. While panspermia does not necessarily reflect intelligence, it is still intelligent-like in that an intelligent agent might consider colonizing planet earth by transporting life to our planet from a different location in the universe.
I have been challenged much on this reasoning with the objection being that artificial selection was understood by Darwin to be that of human intelligence. I can provide many arguments that would indicate there are perfectly acceptable natural mechanisms, entirely non-Darwinian, that due to the fact that they are independent of natural selection, therefore they have to be “artificial selection” by default even if not the product of human intelligence. A good example would be an extraterrestrial intervention. So, this objection doesn’t concern me.
The objection that does concern me is when someone confuses the ID understanding of “intelligence” to be non-natural. This is where I agree with Richard Dawkins when he writes the “intelligence” of ID Theory is likely entirely illusory (http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/1105/1105_feature1_lowres.html).
This is yet another reason I prefer the term artificial intervention because it leaves room for the conventional understanding of intelligence, and yet remains open to other natural mechanisms that remain to be discovered, and sets these in contrast to already existing known natural processes that are essentially Darwinian. The term “Darwinian” of course means development by means of gradual, step-by-step, successive successive modifications one small change at a time.
“Artificial Intervention” is a term I came up with four years ago to essentially be meant as a synonym to the Intelligent Design phrase, “Intelligent Cause.” When challenging the theory under critical scrutiny, ID is often ridiculed because opponents demand evidence of actual intelligence. This request misses the point.
The idea of intelligent design is not restrained to requiring actual intelligence to be behind other processes that achieve biological specified complexity independent of natural selection. Just the fact that such processes exist confirm ID Theory by definition of the theory. ID proponents expect there to be a cognitive guidance that takes place. And, that appears to be very well the case. But, the intelligence could be illusory.
Whether actual intelligence or simulated, the fact that there are other processes that defy development via gradual Darwinian step-by-step successive modifications confirms the very underlying prediction that defines the theory of Intelligent Design.
I wrote this essay to explain why intelligence does not have to be actual intelligence. Any selection that is not natural selection is artificial selection, which is based upon intelligence, and therefore Intelligent Design. However, the point is moot because William Dembski already showed using his No Free Lunch theorems that specified complexity requires intelligence. Nevertheless, this essay is an explanation to those critics who are not satisfied that ID proponents deliver when asked to provide evidence of an “intelligent cause.”
The term, “artificial intervention” is not necessary in order to define the scientific theory of intelligent design. However, I believe it is quite useful to expand upon a deeper and more meaningful way of conveying “intelligent cause” without compromising scientific reasoning.
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The Wedge Document
The Wedge is more than 15 years old, and was written by a man who is long retired from the ID community. What one man’s motives were are irrelevant to the science of ID Theory. Phillip Johnson is the one who came up with the Wedge document, and it is nothing other than a summary of personal motives, which have nothing directly to do with science. Johnson is 71 years old. Johnson’s views do not reflect the younger generation of Intelligent Design (ID) Theory advocates who are partial to approaching biology from a design perspective.
Philip Johnson
Philip Johnson is the original author of the Wedge Document
Some might raise the Wedge document as evidence that there has been an ulterior motive. The Discovery Institute has a response to this as well:
The motives of Phillip Johnson are not shared by myself or other ID advocates, and do not reflect the views or position of the ID community or the Discovery Institute. This point would be similar to someone criticizing evolutionary theory because Richard Dawkins would have a biased approach to science in the fact that he is an atheist and political activist.
I. THE WEDGE AND POLITICAL VIEWS OF THE DISCOVERY INSTITUTE ARE A SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT IRRELEVANT TO THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
Some critics would contend the following:
“With regards to how this is relevant, one part of the Discovery Institute’s strategy is the slogan ‘teach the controversy.’ This slogan deliberately tries to make opponents look like they are against teaching ‘all’ of science to students.”
How can such an appeal be objectionable? This is a meaningless point of contention. I don’t know whether the slogan, “teach the controversy” does indeed “deliberately” try “to make opponents look like they are against teaching ‘all’ of science to students.” That should not be the issue.
My position is this:
1. The slogan is harmless, and should be the motto of any individual or group interested in education and advancement of science. This should be a universally accepted ideal.
2. I fully believe and am entirely convinced that the mainstream scientific community does indeed adhere to censorship, and present a one-sided and therefore distorted portrayal of the facts and empirical data.
The fact remains that Intelligent Design is a scientifically fit theory that is about information, not designers. ID is largely based upon the work of William Dembski, in which he introduced the concept of Complex Specified Information in 1998. In 1996, biochemist Michael Behe championed the ID-inspired hypothesis of irreducible complexity. It’s been 17 years since Behe made the predictions of irreducible complexity in his book, “Darwin’s Black Box,” and to this day the four proposed systems to be irreducibly complex have not yet been falsified after thorough examination by molecular biologists. Those four biochemical systems are the blood-clotting cascade, bacterial flagellum, immune system, and the cilium.
The Wedge2
II. EXCEPT QUOTATIONS OF THE WEDGE ARE ALSO IRRELEVANT BECAUSE THE DISCOVERY INSTITUTE HAS ALREADY PROVIDED THEIR UPDATED REVISION OF THE DOC.
Please keep in mind that my initial concerns about complaints concerning the Wedge document are primarily based upon relevance. The Discovery Institute repealed and amended the Wedge. Additionally, the Discovery Institute added extra commentary to clarify their present position. It’s interesting when I am presented links to the Wedge Document, it is often the updated revised draft. This being so, then it makes it questionable as to why critics continue quoting from the former outdated and obsolete version. It is quite a comical obsolete argument that goes against the complainant’s credibility. In fact, it’s an exercise of the same intellectual dishonesty that the ID antagonists is accusing of the Discovery Institute.
If one desires to criticize the views of the Discovery Institute, then such a person must use the materials that they claim are the actual present position held by the Discovery Institute and ID proponents. I would further add:
1. ID proponents repudiate the Wedge, and distance themselves from it.
2. Mr. Johnson who authored the Wedge is retired, and that the document is obsolete.
Much about Intelligent Design theory has nothing to do with ideology or religion, such as when ID is demonstrated as an applied science “Intelligent Design” is simply just another word for Bio-Design. Aside from biomimicry and biomimetics, other areas of science overlap into the definition of ID Theory, such as Natural Genetic Engineering, quantum biology, bioinformatics, bio-inspired nanotechnology, selective breeding, biotechnology, genetic engineering, synthetic biology, bionics, prosthetic implants, to name a few.
The Wedge
III. THOSE WHO RELY UPON THE WEDGE AND MOVIE EXPELLED ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE MOTIVES OF THE DISCOVERY INSTITUTE FAIL TO MEET THE RELEVANCE REQUIREMENT.
ID antagonists claim:
“The very conception of ‘Intelligent Design’ entails just how ‘secular’ and ‘scientific’ the group tried to make their ‘theory’ sound. It was created with Christian intentions in mind.”
This is circular reasoning, which is a logic fallacy. The idea just restates the opening thesis argument as the conclusion, and does nothing to support the conclusion. It also does not overcome the relevance issue as to the views maintained by the Discovery Institute and ID advocates today.
There is no evidence offered by those who raise the Wedge complaint to connect a religious or ideological motive to ID advocacy. ID Theory must be provided the same opportunity to make predictions, and test a repeatable and falsifiable design-inspired hypothesis. If anyone has a problem with this, then they own the burden of proof to show why ID scientists are disqualified from performing the scientific method. In other words, to reject ID on the sole basis of the Wedge document is essentially unjustifiable discrimination based upon a difference of opinion of ideological views. At the end of the day, the only way to falsify a scientific falsifiable scientific hypothesis is to run the experimentation, and use the empirical data to confirm a claim.
Intelligent Design can be expressed as a scientific theory. Valid scientific predictions can be premised based upon a pro ID-inspired conjecture. The issue is whether or not ID actually conforms to the scientific method. If it does, then the objection by ID opponents is without merit and irrelevant. If ID fails in scientific reasoning, then critics simply need to demonstrate that, and then they will be vindicated. Otherwise, ID Theory remains a perfectly valid testable and falsifiable proposition regardless of its social issues.
So far, ID critics have not made any attempt to offer one solitary scientific argument or employ scientific reasoning as to the basis of ID Theory.
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DOES EVOLUTION ALONE INCREASE INFORMATION IN A GENOME?
This is in response to the video entitled, “Evolution CAN Increase Information (Classroom Edition).”
I agree with the basic presentation of Shannon’s work in the video, along with its evaluation of Information Theory, the Information Theory definition of “information,” bits, noise, and redundancy. I also accept the fact that new genes evolve, as described in the video. So far, so good.I have some objections to the video, including the underlying premise, which I consider to be a strawman.
To illustrate quantifying information into bits, Shannon referenced an attempt to receive a one-way radio/telephone transmission signal.
Before I outline my dissent, here’s what I think the problem is. This is likely the result of creationists hijacking work done by ID scientists, in this case William Dembski, and arguing against evolution using flawed reasoning that misrepresents ID scientists. I have no doubt that there are creationists who could benefit by watching this video and learn how they were mistaken in raising the argument the narrative in the video refutes. But, that flawed argument misinterprets Dembski’s writings.
ID Theory is grounded upon Dembski’s development in the field of informatics, based upon Shannon’s work. Dembski took Shannon Information further, and applied mathematical theorems to develop a special and unique concept of information called COMPLEX SPECIFIED INFORMATION (CSI), aka “Specified Information.” I have written about CSI in several blog articles, but this one is my most thorough discussion on CSI.
I often am guilty myself of describing the weakness of evolutionary theory to be based upon the inability to increase information. In fact, my exact line that I have probably said a hundred times over the last few years goes like this:
“Unlike evolution, which explains diversity and inheritance, ID Theory best explains complexity, and how information increases in the genome of a population leading to greater specified complexity.”
I agree with the author of this video script that my general statement is so overly broad that it is vague, and easily refuted because of specific instances when new genes evolve. Of course, of those examples, Nylonase is certainly an impressive adaptation to say the least.
But, I don’t stop there at my general comment to rest my case. I am ready to continue by clarifying what I mean when I talk about “information” in the context of ID Theory. The kind of “information” we are interested is CSI, which is both complex and specified. Now, there are many instances where biological complexity is specified, but Dembski was not ready to label these “design” until the improbability reaches the Universal Probability Bound of 1 x 10^–150. Such an event is unlikely to occur by chance. This is all in Dembski’s book, “The Design Inference” (1998).
According to ID scientists, CSI occurs early, in that it’s in the very molecular machinery required to comprise the first reproducing cell already in existed when life originated. The first cell already has its own genome, its own genes, and enough bits of information up front as a given for frameshift, deletion, insertion, and duplication types of mutations to occur. The information, noise, and redundancy required to make it possible for there to be mutations is part of the initial setup.
Dembski has long argued, which is essentially the crux of the No Free Lunch theorems, that neither evolution or genetic algorithms produce CSI. Evolution only smuggles CSI forward. Evolution is the mechanism that includes the very mutations and process to increase the information as demonstrated in the video. But, according to ID scientists, the DNA, genes, start-up information, reproduction system, RNA replication, transcription, and protein folding equipment were there from the very start, and that the bits and materials required in order for the mutations to occur were front-loaded in advance. Evolution only carries it forward into fruition in the phenotype. I discuss Dembski’s No Free Lunch more fully here.
DNA binary
Dembski wrote:
“Consider a spy who needs to determine the intentions of an enemy—whether that enemy intends to go to war or preserve the peace. The spy agrees with headquarters about what signal will indicate war and what signal will indicate peace. Let’s imagine that the spy will send headquarters a radio transmission and that each transmission takes the form of a bit string (i.e., a sequence of 0s and 1s ). The spy and headquarters might therefore agree that 0 means war and 1 means peace. But because noise along the communication channel might flip a 0 to a 1 and vice versa, it might be good to have some redundancy in the transmission. Thus the spy and headquarter s might agree that 000 represents war and 111 peace and that anything else will be regarded as a garbled transmission. Or perhaps they will agree to let 0 represent a dot and 1 a dash and let the spy communicate via Morse code in plain English whether the enemy plans to go to war or maintain peace.
“This example illustrates how information, in the sense of meaning, can remain constant whereas the vehicle for representing and transmitting this information can vary. In ordinary life we are concerned with meaning. If we are at headquarters, we want to know whether we’re going to war or staying at peace. Yet from the vantage of mathematical information theory, the only thing that’s important here is the mathematical properties of the linguistic expressions we use to represent the meaning. If we represent war with 000 as opposed to 0, we require three times as many bits to represent war, and so from the vantage of mathematical information theory we are utilizing three times as much information. The information content of 000 is three bits whereas that of 0 is just one bit.” [Source: Information-Theoretic Design Argument]
My main objection to the script is toward the end where the narrator, Shane Killian, states that if anyone has a different understanding of the definition of information, and prefers to challenge the strict definition that “information” is a reduction in uncertainty, that their rebuttal should be outright dismissed. I personally agree with Shannon, so I don’t have a problem with it, but there are other applications in computer science, bioinformatics, electrical engineering, and a host of other academic disciplines that have their own definitions of information that emphasize different dynamics than Shannon did.
Shannon made huge contributions to these fields, but his one-way radio/telephone transmission analogy is not the only way to understand the concept of information. Shannon discusses these concepts in his 1948 paper on Information Theory. Moreover, even though that Shannon’s work was the basis of Dembski’s work, ID Theory relates to the complexity and specificity of information, not just in quantification of “information” alone per se.
Claude Shannon is credited as the father and discoverer of Information Theory.
Posted in COMPLEX SPECIFIED INFORMATION (CSI), INFORMATION THEORY | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment
MICHAEL BEHE ON THE WITNESS STAND
As most people are aware, Michael Behe championed the design-inspired ID Theory hypothesis of Irreducible Complexity. Michael Behe testified as an expert witness in Kitzmiller v. Dover (2005).
behe-smile
Transcripts of all the testimony and proceedings of the Dover trial are available hereWhile under oath, he testified that his argument was:
“[T]hat the [scientific] literature has no detailed rigorous explanations for how complex biochemical systems could arise by a random mutation or natural selection.”
Behe was specifically referencing origin of life, molecular and cellular machinery. The cases in point were specifically the bacterial flagellum, cilia, blood-clotting cascade, and the immune system because that’s what Behe wrote about in his book, “Darwin’s Black Box” (1996).
The attorneys piled up a stack of publications regarding the evolution of the immune system just in front of Behe on the witness stand while he was under oath. Behe is criticized by anti-ID antagonists for dismissing the books.
Michael Behe testifies as an expert witness in Kitzmiller v. Dover. Illustration is by Steve Brodner, published in The New Yorker on Dec. 5, 2005.
The books were essentially how the immune system developed in vertebrates. But, that isn’t what Intelligent Design theory is based upon. ID Theory is based upon complexity appearing at the outset of life when life first arose, and the complexity that appears during the Cambrian Explosion.
The biochemical structures Behe predicted to be irreducibly complex (bacterial flagellum, cilium, blood-clotting, and immune system) arose during the development of the first cell. These biochemical systems occur at the molecular level in unicellular eukarya organisms, as evidenced by the fact that retroviruses are in the DNA of these most primitive life forms. They are complex, highly conserved, and are irreducibly complex. You can stack a mountain of books and scientific literature on top of this in re how these biochemical systems morphed from that juncture and forward into time, but that has nothing to do with the irreducible complexity of the original molecular machinery.
The issue regarding irreducible complexity is the source of the original information that produced the irreducibly complex system in the first place. The scientific literature on the immune system only addresses changes in the immune system after the system already existed and was in place. For example, the Type III Secretion System Injector (T3SS) is often used to refute the irreducible complexity of flagellar bacteria. But, the T3SS is not an evolutionary precursor of a bacteria flagella; it was derived subsequently and is evidence of a decrease in information.
The examining attorney, Eric Rothschild, stacked up those books one on top the other for courtroom theatrics.
Behe testified:
“These articles are excellent articles I assume. However, they do not address the question that I am posing. So it’s not that they aren’t good enough. It’s simply that they are addressed to a different subject.”
Those who reject ID Theory and dislike Michael Behe emphasize that since Behe is the one making the claim that the immune system is Irreducibly Complex, then Behe owns the burden to maintain a level of knowledge as what other scientists write on the subject. It should be noted that there indeed has been a wealth of research on the immune system and the collective whole of the papers published gives us a picture of how the immune system evolved. But, the point that Behe made was there is very little knowledge available, if any, as to how the immune system first arose.
The burden was on the ACLU attorneys representing Kitzmiller to cure the defects of foundation and relevance. But, they never did. But, somehow anti-ID antagonists spin this around to make it look like somehow Behe was in the wrong here, which is entirely unfounded. Michael Behe responded to the Dover opinion written by John E. Jones III hereOne comment in particular Behe had to say is this:
“I said in my testimony that the studies may have been fine as far as they went, but that they certainly did not present detailed, rigorous explanations for the evolution of the immune system by random mutation and natural selection — if they had, that knowledge would be reflected in more recent studies that I had had a chance to read.
In a live PowerPoint presentation, Behe had additional comments to make about how the opinion of judge John E. Jones III was not authored by the judge at all, but by an ACLU attorney. You can see that lecture here.
Immunology
Piling up a stack of books in front of a witness without notice or providing a chance to review the literature before they can provide an educated comment has no value other than courtroom theatrics.
The subject was clear that the issue was biological complexity appearing suddenly at the dawn of life. Behe had no burden to go on a fishing expedition through that material. It was up to the examining attorney to direct Behe’s attention to the specific topic and ask direct questions. But, the attorney never did that.
One of the members on the opposition for Kitzmiller is Nicholas Matzke, who is employed by the NCSEThe NCSE was originally called upon early by the Kitzmiller plaintiffs, and later the ACLU retained to represent Kitzmiller. Nick Matzke had been handling the evolution curriculum conflict at Dover as early as the summer of 2004. Matzke tells the story as to how he worked with Barbara Forrest, on the history of ID, and with Kenneth Miller, their anti-Behe expert. Matzke writes,
“Eric Rothschild and I knew that defense expert Michael Behe was the scientific centerpoint of the whole case — if Behe was found to be credible, then the defense had at least a chance of prevailing. But if we could debunk Behe and the “irreducible complexity” argument — the best argument that ID had — then the defense’s positive case would be sunk.”
Matzke offered guidance on the deposition questions for Michael Behe and Scott Minnich, and was present when Behe and Minnich were deposed. When Eric Rothschild, the attorney who cross-examined Behe in the trial, flew out to Berkeley for Kevin Padian’s deposition, the NCSE discussed with Rothschild how to deal with Behe. Matzke describes their strategy:
“One key result was convincing Rothschild that Behe’s biggest weakness was the evolution of the immune system. This developed into the “immune system episode” of the Behe cross-examination at trial, where we stacked up books and articles on the evolution of the immune system on Behe’s witness stand, and he dismissed them all with a wave of his hand.”
It should be noted that as detailed and involved as the topic on the evolution of the vertebrate immune system is, the fact remains that to this day Michael Behe’s 1996 prediction that the immune system is irreducibly complex has not yet been falsified even though it is very much falsifiable. I had the opportunity to personally debate Nick Matzke on this very issue myself. The Facebook thread in which this discussion took place is here, in the ID group called Intelligent Design – Official Page.
Again, to repeat the point I made above in regarding the courtroom theatrics with the stacking of the pile of books in front of Behe, the burden was not on Behe to sift through the material to find evidence that would support Kitzmiller. It is up to the ACLU attorneys to direct Behe’s attention in those books and publications where complex biochemical life and the immune system first arose, and then ask questions specifically to that topic. But, since Behe was correct in that the material was not responsive to the issue in the examination, there was nothing left for the attorneys to do except engage in theatrics.
There is also a related Facebook discussion thread regarding this topic.
Posted in IRREDUCIBLE COMPLEXITY, KITZMILLER V. DOVER AND LEGAL ISSUES | Tagged , , | 2 Comments
Response to Claim That ID Theory Is An Argument from Incredulity
The Contention That Intelligent Design Theory Succumbs To A Logic Fallacy:
It is argued by those who object to the validity of ID Theory that the proposition of design in nature is an argument from ignorance. There is no validity to this unfounded claim because design in nature is well-established by the work of William Dembski. For example, here is a database of writings of Dembski: http://designinference.com/dembski-on-intelligent-design/dembski-writings/. Not only are the writings of Dembski peer-reviewed and published, but so are rebuttals that were written in response of his work. Dembski is the person who coined the phrase Complex Specified Information, and how it is convincing evidence for design in nature.
Informal Fallacy
The Alleged Gap Argument Problem With Irreducible Complexity:
The argument from ignorance allegation against ID Theory is based upon the design-inspired hypothesis championed by Michael Behe, which is known as Irreducible Complexity. It is erroneous to claim ID is based upon an argument from incredulity* because ID Theory makes no appeals to the unobservable, supernatural, paranormal, or anything that is metaphysical or outside the scope of science. However, the assertion that the Irreducible Complexity hypothesis is a gap argument is a valid objection that does need a closer view to determine if the criticism of irreducible complexity is valid.
An irreducibly complex system is one that (a) the removal of a protein renders the molecular machine inoperable, and (b) the biochemical structure has no stepwise evolutionary pathway.
Here’s how one would set up examination by using gene knockout, reverse engineering, study of homology, and genome sequencing:
I. To CONFIRM Irreducible Complexity:
Show:
1. The molecular machine fails to operate upon the removal of a protein.
AND,
2. The biochemical structure has no evolutionary precursor.
II. To FALSIFY Irreducible Complexity:
Show:
1. The molecular machine still functions upon loss of a protein.
OR,
2. The biochemical structure DOES have an evolutionary pathway.
The 2 qualifiers make falsification easier, and confirmation more difficult.
Those who object to irreducible complexity often raise the argument that the irreducible complexity hypothesis is based upon there being gaps or negative evidence. Such critics claim that irreducible complexity is not based upon affirmative evidence, but on a lack of evidence, and as such, irreducible complexity is a gap argument, also known as an argument from ignorance. However, this assertion that irreducible complexity is nothing other than a gap argument is false.
According to the definition of irreducible complexity, the hypothesis can be falsified EITHER way, by (a) demonstrating the biochemical system still performs its original function upon the removal of any gene that makes up its parts, or (b) showing that there are missing mutations that were skipped, i.e., there is no stepwise evolutionary pathway or precursor. Irreducible complexity can still be falsified even if no evolutionary precursor is found because of the functionality qualifier. In other words, the mere fact that there is no stepwise evolutionary pathway does not automatically mean that the system is irreducibly complex. To confirm irreducible complexity, BOTH qualifiers must be satisfied. But, it only takes one of the qualifiers to falsify irreducible complexity. As such, the claim that irreducible complexity is fatally tied to a gap argument is without merit.
It is true that there very much exists a legitimate logic fallacy known as proving a negative. The question is whether there is such a thing as proving nonexistence. It’s a logic fallacy. While it is true that it is impossible to prove a negative or provide negative proof, it is very much logically valid to limit a search to find a target within a reasonable search space and obtain a quantity of zero as a scientifically valid answer.
Solving a logic problem might be a challenged, but there is a methodical procedure that will lead to success. The cure to the logic fallacy, is to correct the error and solve the problem.
Solving a logic problem might be a challenge, but there is a methodical procedure that will lead to success. The cure to a logic fallacy, is to simply correct the error and solve the problem.
The reason why the irreducible complexity hypothesis is logically valid is because there is no attempt to base the prediction that certain biochemical molecular machinery are irreducibly complex based upon absence of evidenceIf this were so, then the critics would be correct. But, this is not the case. Instead, the irreducible complexity hypothesis requires research, such as various procedures in molecular biology as (a) gene knockout, (b) reverse engineering, (c) examining homologous systems, and (d) sequencing the genome of the biochemical structure. The gene knockout procedure was used by Scott Minnich in 2004-2005 to show that the removal of any of the proteins of a bacterial flagellum will render that bacteria incapable of motility (can’t swim anymore). Michael Behe also mentions (e) yet another way as to how testing irreducible complexity using gene knockout procedure might falsify the hypothesis here.
When the hypothesis of irreducible complexity is tested in the lab using any of the procedures directly noted above, an obvious thorough investigation is conducted that demonstrates evidence of absence. There is a huge difference between absence of evidence and evidence of absence. One is a logic fallacy while the other is an empirically generated result, a scientifically valid quantity that is concluded upon thorough examination. So, depending upon the analysis, you can prove a negative.
Evidence of Absence
Here’s an excellent example as to why irreducible complexity is logically valid, and not an argument from ignorance. If I were to ask you if you had change for a dollar, you could say, “Sorry, I don’t have any change.” If you make a diligent search in your pockets to discover there are indeed no coins anywhere to be found on your person, then you have affirmatively proven a negative that your pockets were empty of any loose change. Confirming that you had no change in your pockets was not an argument from ignorance because you conducted a thorough examination and found it to be an affirmatively true statement.
The term, irreducible complexity, was coined by Michael Behe in his book, “Darwin’s Black Box” (1996). In that book, Behe predicted that certain biochemical systems would be found to be irreducibly complex. Those specific systems were (a) the bacterial flagellum, (b) cilium, (c) blood-clotting cascade, and (d) immune system. It’s now 2013 at the time of writing this essay. For 17 years, the research has been conducted, and the flagellum has been shown to be irreducibly complex. It’s been thoroughly researched, reverse engineered, and its genome sequenced. It is a scientific fact that the flagellum has no precursor. That’s not a guess. It is not stated as ignorance from taking some wild uneducated guess. It’s not a tossing one’s hands up in the air saying, “I give up.” It is a scientific conclusion based upon thorough examination.
Logic Fallacies
Logic fallacies, such as circular reasoning, argument from ignorance, red herring, strawman argument, special pleading, and others are based upon philosophy and rhetoric. While they might lend to the merit of a scientific conclusion, it is up to the peer-review process to determine the validity of a scientific hypothesis.
Again, if you were asked how much change do you have in your pockets. You can put your hand in your pocket, look to see how many coins are there. If there is no loose change, it is NOT an argument from ignorance to state, “Sorry, I don’t have any spare change.” You didn’t guess. You stuck your hands in your pockets and looked, and scientifically deduced the quantity to be zero. The same is true with irreducible complexity. After the search has taken place, the prediction the biochemical system is irreducibly complex is upheld and verified. Hence, there is no argument from ignorance.
The accusation that irreducible complexity is an argument from ignorance essentially suggests a surrender and abandonment of ever attempting to empirically determine whether the prediction is scientifically correct. It’s absurd for anyone to suggest that ID scientists are not interested in finding Darwinian mechanisms responsible for the evolution of an irreducible complex biochemical structure. If you lost money in your wallet, it would be ridiculous for someone to accuse you of rejecting any interest in recovering your money. That’s essentially what is being claimed when someone draws the argument from ignorance accusation. The fact is you know you did look (you might have turned your house upside down looking), and know for a fact that the money is missing. It doesn’t mean that you might still find it (the premise is still falsifiable). But, a thorough examination took place, and you determined the money is gone.
Consider Mysterious Roving Rocks:
On a sun-scorched plateau known as Racetrack Playa in Death Valley, California, rocks of all sizes glide across the desert floor. Some of the rocks accompany each other in pairs, which creates parallel trails even when turning corners so that the tracks left behind resemble those of an automobile. Other rocks travel solo the distance of hundreds of meters back and forth along the same track. Sometimes these paths lead to its stone vehicle, while other trails lead to nowhere, as the marking instrument has vanished.
Roving Rocks
Some of these rocks weigh several hundred pounds. That makes the question: “How do they move?” a very challenging one. The truth is no one knows just exactly how these rocks move. No one has ever seen them in motion. So, how is this phenomenon explained?
A few people have reported seeing Racetrack Playa covered by a thin layer of ice. One idea is that water freezes around the rocks and then wind, blowing across the top of the ice, drags the ice sheet with its embedded rocks across the surface of the playa. Some researchers have found highly congruent trails on multiple rocks that strongly support this movement theory. Other suggest wind to be the energy source behind the movement of the roving rocks.
The point is that anyone’s guess, prediction, speculation is as good as that of anyone else. All these predictions are testable and falsifiable by simply setting up instrumentation to monitor the movements of the rocks. Are any of these predictions an argument from ignorance? No. As long as the inquisitive examiner makes an effort to determine the answer, this is a perfectly valid scientific endeavor.
The argument from ignorance would only apply when someone gives up, and just draws a conclusion without any further attempt to gain empirical data. It is not a logic fallacy in and of itself on the sole basis that there is a gap of knowledge as to how the rocks moved from Point A to Point B. The only logic fallacy would be to draw a conclusion while resisting further examination. Such is not the case with irreducible complexity. The hypothesis has endured 17 years of laboratory research by molecular biologists, and the research continues to this very day.
The Logic Fallacy Has No Bearing On Falsifiability:
Here’s yet another example as to why irreducible complexity is scientifically falsifiable, and therefore not an argument from ignorance logic fallacy. If someone was correct in asserting the argument from incredulity fallacy, then they have eliminated all science. Newton’s law of gravity was an argument from ignorance because he didn’t know anything more than what he had discovered. It was later falsified by Einstein. So, according to this flawed logic, Einstein’s theory of relativity is an argument from ignorance because there might be someone in the future who will falsify it with a Theory of Everything.
Whether a hypothesis passes the Argument of Ignorance logic criterion, or not, the argument is an entirely philosophical one, much like how a mathematical argument might be asserted. If the argument from ignorance were applied in peer-review to all science papers submitted for publication, the science journals would be near empty of any documents to reference. Science is not based upon philosophical objections and arguments. Science is based upon the definition of science, which is observation, falsifiable hypothesis, experimentation, results and conclusion. It is the fact that these methodical elements are in place which makes science based upon what it is supposed to be, and that is empiricism.
Scientific Method
Whether a scientific hypothesis is falsifiable is not affected by philosophical arguments based upon logic fallacies. Irreducible Complexity is very much falsifiable based upon its definition. The argument from ignorance only attacks the significance of the results and conclusion of research in irreducible complexity; it doesn’t deter irreducible complexity from being falsifiable. In fact, the argument from ignorance objection actually emphasizes just the opposite, that irreducible complexity might be falsified tomorrow because it inherently argues the optimism that its just a matter of time that an evolutionary pathway will be discovered in future research. This is not a bad thing; the fact that irreducible complexity is falsifiable is a good thing. That testability and obtainable goalpost is what you want in a scientific hypothesis.
ID Theory Is Much More Than Just The One Hypothesis of Irreducible Complexity:
ID Theory is also an applied science as well, click here for examples in biomimicry. Intelligent Design is also an applied science in areas of bioengineering, nanotechnology, selective breeding, and bioinformatics, to name a few applications. ID Theory is a study of information and design in nature. And, there are design-inspired conjectures as to where the source of information originates, such as the rapidly growing field of quantum biology, Natural Genetic Engineering, and front-loading via panspermia.
In conclusion, the prediction that there are certain biochemical systems that exist of which are irreducibly complex is not a gaps argument. The definition of irreducible complexity is stated above, and it is very much a testable, repeatable, and falsifiable hypothesis. It is a prediction that certain molecular machinery will not operate upon the removal of a part, and have no stepwise evolutionary precursor. This was predicted by Behe 17 years ago, and still remains true, as evidenced by the bacteria flagellum, as an example.
* Even though these two are technically distinguishable logic fallacies, the argument from incredulity is so similar to the argument from ignorance that for purposes of discussion I treat the terms as synonymous.
Posted in LOGIC FALLACIES | Tagged , , , , | Leave a comment
RESPONSE TO THE MARK PERAKH CRITIQUE, “THERE IS A FREE LUNCH AFTER ALL: WILLIAM DEMBSKI’S WRONG ANSWERS TO IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS”
I. INTRODUCTION
This essay is a reply to chapter 11 of the book authored by Mark Perakh entitled, Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism (2004). The chapter can be review here. Chapter 11, “There is a Free Lunch After All: William Dembski’s Wrong Answers to Irrelevant Questions,” is a rebuttal to the book written by William Dembski entitled, No Free Lunch (2002). Mark Perakh’s also authored another anti-ID book, “Unintelligent Design.” The Discovery Institute replied to Perakh’s work here.
The book by William Dembski, No Free Lunch (2002) is a sequel to his classic, The Design Inference (1998). The Design Inference used mathematical theorems to define design in terms of a chance and statistical improbability. In The Design Inference, Dembski explains complexity, and demonstrated that when complex information is specified, it determines design. Simply put, Complex Specified Information (CSI) = design. It’s CSI that is the technical term that mathematicians, information theorists, and ID scientists can work with to determine whether some phenomenon or complex pattern is designed.
One of the most important contributors to ID Theory is American mathematician Claude Shannon, who is considered to be the father of Information Theory. Essentially, ID Theory is a sub-theory of Information Theory in the field of Bioinformatics. This is one of Dembski’s areas of expertise.
Claude Shannon is seen here with Theseus, his magnetic mouse. The mouse was designed to search through the corridors until it found the target.
Claude Shannon pioneered the foundations for modern Information Theory. His identifying units of information that can be quantified and applied in fields such as computer science is still called Shannon Information to this day.
Shannon invented a mouse that was programmed to navigate through a maze to search for a target, concepts that are integral to Dembski’s mathematical theorems of which are based upon Information Theory. Once the mouse solved the maze it could be placed anywhere it had been before and use its prior experience to go directly to the target. If placed in unfamiliar territory, the mouse would continue the search until it reached a known location and then proceed to the target. The ability of the device to add new knowledge to its memory is believed to be the first occurrence of artificial learning.
In 1950 Shannon published a paper on computer chess entitled Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a minimax procedure, based on an evaluation function of a given chess position. Shannon gave a rough example of an evaluation function in which the value of the black position was subtracted from that of the white position. Material was counted according to the usual relative chess piece relative value. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon).
Shannon’s work obviously involved applying what he knew at the time for the computer program to scan all possibilities for any given configuration on the chess board to determine the best optimum move to make. As you will see, this application of a search within any given phase space that might occur during the course of the game for a target, which is one fitness function among many as characterized in computer chess is exactly what the debate is about with Dembski’s No Free Lunch (NFL) Theorems.
When Robert Deyes wrote a review on Stephen Meyer’s “Signature In The Cell,” he noted “When talking about ‘information’ and its relevance to biological design, Intelligent Design theorists have a particular definition in mind.” Stephen Meyer explained in “Signature In The Cell” that information is: “the attribute inherent in and communicated by alternative sequences or arrangements of something that produce specific effects” (p.86).
When Shannon unveiled his theory for quantifying information it included several axioms, one of which is information is inversely proportional to uncertainty. Similarly, design can be contrasted to chance.
II. COMPLEX SPECIFIED INFORMATION (CSI):
CSI is based upon the theorem:
sp(E) and SP(E) D(E)
When a small probably (SP) event (E) is complex, and
SP(E) = [P (E|I) < the Universal Probability Bound]. Or, in English, we know an event E is a small probably event when the probability of event E given I is less than the Universal Probability Bound. I = All relevant side information and all stochastic hypotheses. This is all in Dembski’s book, The Design Inference.
An event E is specified by a pattern independent of E, or expressed mathematically: sp(E). Upper case letters SP(E) are the small probability event we are attempting to determine is CSI, or designed. Lower case letters sp(E) are a prediction that we will discover the SP(E). Therefore, if sp(E) and SP(E) then D(E). D(E) means the event E is not only small probability, but we can conclude it is designed.
Dembski’s Universal Probability Bound = 0.5 x 10-150, or 0.5 times 10 to the exponent negative 150 power. This is the magic number when one can scientifically be justified to invoke design. It’s been said that using Dembski’s formula, the probability that Dembski states must be matched in order to ascribe design is to announce in advance before dealing that you are going to be dealt 24 Royal Flushes in a row, and then the event plays out just exactly as the advance forecast. In other words, just as intelligence might be entirely illusory, so likewise CSI is nothing other than a mathematical ratio that might not have anything in the world to do with actual design.
The probability of dealing a Royal flush given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement is 649,739 to 1. According to Dembski, if someone were to be dealt a Royal Flush 24 times in a row upon the advance announcement predicting such a happening would take place, his contentions would be that it was so improbable that someone cheated, or “design” would have had to been involved.
The probability of being dealt a Royal flush given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement is 649,739 to 1.
I’m oversimplifying CSI just for the sake of making this point that we have already imposed upon the term “design” a technical definition that requires no intelligence or design as we understand the everyday normal use of the words. What’s important is that just as improbable as it is to be dealt a Royal Flush, so likewise the level of difficulty natural selection is up against to produce what appears to be designed in nature. And, when CSI is observed in nature, which occurs occasionally, then that not only confirms ID predictions, and defies Darwinian gradualism, but also tips a scientist a clue that such might be evidence of additional ID-related mechanisms at work.
It is true that William Dembski’s theorems are based upon an assumption that we can quantify everything in the universe; no argument there. But, he only used that logic to derive his Universal Probability Bound, which is nearly an infinitesimally small number: 0.5 x 10-150, or 0.5 times 10 to the exponent negative 150 power. Do you not think that when a probability is this low that it is a safe bet to invoke corruption of natural processes by an intelligent agency? The number is a useful number.
I wrote two essays on CSI to provide a better understanding of specified complexity introduced in Dembski’s book, The Design Inference. In this book, Dembski introduces and expands on the meaning of CSI, and then proceeds to present reasoning as to why CSI infers design. The first essay I wrote on CSI here is an elementary introduction to the overall concept. I wrote a second essay here that provides a more advances discussion on CSI.
CSI does show up in nature. That’s the whole point of the No Free Lunch Principle is that there is no way by which evolution can take credit for the occurrences when CSI shows up in nature.
III. NO FREE LUNCH
Basically, the book, “No Free Lunch” is a sequel to the earlier work, The Design Inference. While we get more calculations that confirm and verify Dembski’s earlier work, we also get new assertions made by Dembski. It is very important to note that ID Theory is based upon CSI that is established in The Design Inference. The main benefit of the second book, “No Free Lunch,” is that it further validates and verifies CSI, which was established in The Design Inference. The importance of this fact cannot be overemphasized. Additionally, “No Free Lunch” further confirms the validity of the assertion that design in inseparable from intelligence.
Before “No Free Lunch,” there was little effort demonstrating that CSI is connected to intelligence. That’s a problem because CSI = design. So, if CSI = design, it should be demonstrable that CSI correlates and is directly proportional to intelligence. This is the thesis of what the book, “No Free Lunch” sets out to do. If “No Free Lunch” fails to successfully support the thesis that CSI correlates to intelligence, that would not necessarily impair ID Theory, but if Dembski succeeds, then it would all the more lend credibility to ID Theory and certainly all of Dembski’s work as well.
IV. PERAKH’S ARGUMENT
The outline of Perakh’s critique of Dembski’s No Free Lunch theorems is as follows:
1. Methinks It Is like a Weasel—Again
2. Is Specified Complexity Smuggled into Evolutionary Algorithms?
3. Targetless Evolutionary Algorithms
4. The No Free Lunch Theorems
5. The NFL Theorems—Still with No Mathematics
6. The No Free Lunch Theorems—A Little Mathematics
7. The Displacement Problem
8. The Irrelevance of the NFL Theorems
9. The Displacement “Problem”
1. METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL – AGAIN
One common demonstration to help people understand how CSI works is to take a letter sequence. This can be done with anything, but the common example is this pattern:
METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL
This letter arrangement is used the most often to describe CSI because the math has already been worked out. The bullets represent spaces. There are 27 possibilities at each location in a symbol string 28 characters in length. If natural selection were entirely random it would take 1 x 1040 (that’s 10 to the 40th exponent, or 1 with 40 zeroes to get to the decimal point). It’s a small probability. However, natural selection (NS) is smarter than that, and Richard Dawkins has shown how NS achieves similar odds in nature in an impressive 43 attempts to get the answer correct, as Dembski notes here.
In this example, the probability was only 1 x 1040. CSI is an even much more higher number than that. If you take a pattern or model, such as METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL, and you keep adding the information, you soon reach probabilities that are within the domain of CSI.
Dembski’s explanation to the target sequence of METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL is as follows:
“Thus, in place of 1040 tries on average for pure chance to produce the target sequence, by employing the Darwinian mechanism it now takes on average less than 100 tries to produce it. In short, a search effectively impossible for pure chance becomes eminently feasible for the Darwinian mechanism.
“So does Dawkins’s evolutionary algorithm demonstrate the power of the Darwinian mechanism to create biological information? No. Clearly, the algorithm was stacked to produce the outcome Dawkins was after. Indeed, because the algorithm was constantly gauging the degree of difference between the current sequence from the target sequence, the very thing that the algorithm was supposed to create (i.e., the target sequence METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL) was in fact smuggled into the algorithm from the start. The Darwinian mechanism, if it is to possess the power to create biological information, cannot merely veil and then unveil existing information. Rather, it must create novel information from scratch. Clearly, Dawkins’s algorithm does nothing of the sort.
“Ironically, though Dawkins uses a targeted search to illustrate the power of the Darwinian mechanism, he denies that this mechanism, as it operates in biological evolution (and thus outside a computer simulation), constitutes a targeted search. Thus, after giving his METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL illustration, he immediately adds: “Life isn’t like that. Evolution has no long-term goal. There is no long-distant target, no final perfection to serve as a criterion for selection.” [Footnote] Dawkins here fails to distinguish two equally valid and relevant ways of understanding targets: (i) targets as humanly constructed patterns that we arbitrarily impose on things in light of our needs and interests and (ii) targets as patterns that exist independently of us and therefore regardless of our needs and interests. In other words, targets can be extrinsic (i.e., imposed on things from outside) or intrinsic (i.e., inherent in things as such).
“In the field of evolutionary computing (to which Dawkins’s METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL example belongs), targets are given extrinsically by programmers who attempt to solve problems of their choice and preference. Yet in biology, living forms have come about without our choice or preference. No human has imposed biological targets on nature. But the fact that things can be alive and functional in only certain ways and not in others indicates that nature sets her own targets. The targets of biology, we might say, are “natural kinds” (to borrow a term from philosophy). There are only so many ways that matter can be configured to be alive and, once alive, only so many ways it can be configured to serve different biological functions. Most of the ways open to evolution (chemical as well as biological evolution) are dead ends. Evolution may therefore be characterized as the search for alternative “live ends.” In other words, viability and functionality, by facilitating survival and reproduction, set the targets of evolutionary biology. Evolution, despite Dawkins’s denials, is therefore a targeted search after all.” (http://evoinfo.org/papers/ConsInfo_NoN.pdf).
Weasel Graph
This graph was presented by a blogger who ran just one run of the weasel algorithm for Fitness of “best match” for n = 100 and u = 0.2.
Perakh doesn’t make any argument here, but introduces the METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL configuration here to be the initial focus of what is to follow. The only derogatory comment he makes with Dembski is to charge that Dembski is “inconsistent.” But, there’s no excuse to accuse Dembski of any contradiction. Perakh states himself, “Evolutionary algorithms may be both targeted and targetless” (Page 2). He also admits that Dembski was correct in that “Searching for a target IS teleological” (Page 2). Yet, Perakh blames Dembski to be at fault for simply noting the teleological inference, and falsely accuses Dembski of contradicting himself on this issue when there is no contradiction. There’s no excuse for Perakh to accuse Dembksi is being inconsistent here when all he did was acknowledge that teleology should be noted and taken into account when discussing the subject.
Perakh also states on page 3 that Dembski lamented over the observation made by Dawkins. This is unfounded rhetoric and ad hominem that does nothing to support Perakh’s claims. There is no basis to assert or benefit to gain by suggesting that Dembski was emotionally dismayed because of the observations made by Dawkins. The issue is a talking point for discussion.
Perakh correctly represents the fact, “While the meaningful sequence METHINKSITISLIKEAWEASEL is both complex and specified, a sequence NDEIRUABFDMOJHRINKE of the same length, which is gibberish, is complex but not specified” (page 4). And, then he correctly reasons the following,
“If, though, the target sequence is meaningless, then, according to the above quotation from Behe, it possesses no SC. If the target phrase possesses no SC, then obviously no SC had to be “smuggled” into the algorithm.” Hence, if we follow Dembski’s ideas consistently, we have to conclude that the same algorithm “smuggles” SC if the target is meaningful but does not smuggle it if the target is gibberish.” (Emphasis in original, page 4)
Perakh then arrives at the illogical conclusion that such reasoning is “preposterous because algorithms are indifferent to the distinction between meaningful and gibberish targets.” Perakh is correct that algorithms are indifferent to teleology and making distinctions. But, he has no basis to criticize Dembski on this point.
Completed Jigsaw Puzzle
This 40-piece jigsaw puzzle is more complex than the Weasel problem that consists of only the letters M, E, T, H, I, N, K, S, L, A, W, S, plus a space.
In the Weasel problem submitted by Richard Dawkins, the solution (target) was provided to the computer up front. The solution to the puzzle was embedded in the letters provided to the computer to arrange into an intelligible sentence. The same analogy applies to a jigsaw puzzle. There is only one end result picture the puzzle pieces can be assembled to achieve. The information of the picture is embedded in the pieces and not lost from merely cutting the image picture into pieces. One can still solve the puzzle if they are blinded up front from seeing what the target looks like. There is only one solution to the Weasel problem, so it is a matter of deduction, and not a blind search as Perakh maintains. The task the Weasel algorithm had to perform was to unscramble the letters and rearrange them in the correct sequence.
The METHINKS•IT•IS•LIKE•A•WEASEL algorithm was given up front to be the fitness function, and intentionally designed CSI to begin with. It’s a matter of the definition of specified complexity (SC). If information is both complex and specified, then it is CSI by definition, and CSI = SC. They’re two ways to express the same identical concept. Perakh is correct. The algorithm has nothing in and of itself to do with the specified complexity of the target phrase. The reason why a target phrase is specified complexity is because the complex pattern was specified up front to be the target in the first place, all of which was independent of the algorithm. So, so far, Perakh has not made a point of argument yet.
Dembski makes subsequent comments about the weasel math here and here.
2. IS SPECIFIED COMPLEXITY SMUGGLED INTO EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS?
Perakh asserts on page 4 that “Dembski’s modified algorithm is as teleological as Dawkins’s original algorithm.” So what? This is a pointless red herring that Perakh continues work for no benefit or support of any argument against Dembski. It’s essentially a non-argument. All sides: Dembski, Dawkins, and Perakh himself have conceded up front that discussion of this topic is difficult without stumbling over anthropomorphism. Dembski noted it up front, which is commendable; but somehow Perakh wrongfully tags this to be some fallacy of which Dembski is committing.
Personifying the algorithms to have teleological behavior was a fallacy noted up front. So, there’s no basis for Perakh to allege that Dembski is somehow misapplying any logic in his discussion. The point was acknowledged by all participants in the discussion from the very beginning. Perakh is not inserting anything new here, but just being an annoyance to raise a point that was already noted. Also, Perakh has yet to actually raise any actual argument yet.
Dembksi wrote in No Free Lunch (194–196) that evolutionary algorithms do not generate CSI, but can only “smuggle” it from a “higher order phase space.” CSI is also called specified complexity (SC). Perakh makes the ridiculous claim on page 4 that this point is irrelevant to biological evolution, but offers no reasoning as to why. To support his challenge against Dembski, Perakh states, “since biological evolution has no long-term target, it requires no injection of SC.”
The question is whether it’s possible a biological algorithm caused the existence of the CSI. Dembski says yes, and his theorems established in The Design Inference are enough to satisfy the claim. But, Perakh is arguing here that the genetic algorithm is capable of generating the CSI. Perakh states that natural selection is unaware of its result (page 4), which is true. Then he says Dembski must, “offer evidence that extraneous information must be injected into the natural selection algorithm apart from that supplied by the fitness functions that arise naturally in the biosphere.” Dembski shows this in “Life’s Conservation Law – Why Darwinian Evolution Cannot Create Biological Information.”
3. TARGETLESS EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS
Biomorphs
Biomorphs
Next, Perakh raises the example made by Richard Dawkins in “The Blind Watchmaker” in which Dawkins uses what he calls “biomorphs” as an argument against artificial selection. While Dawkins exhibits an imaginative jab to ridicule ID Theory, raising the subject again by Perakh is pointless. Dawkins used the illustration of biomorphs to contrast the difference between natural selection as opposed to artificial selection upon which ID Theory is based upon. It’s an excellent example. I commend Dawkins on coming up with these biomorph algorithms. They are very unique and original. You can see color examples of them here.
The biomorphs created by Dawkins are actually different intersecting lines of various degrees of complexity, and resemble Rorschach figures often used by psychologists and psychiatrists. Biomorphs depict both inanimate objects like a cradle and lamp, plus biological forms such as a scorpion, spider, and bat. It is an entire departure from evolution as it is impossible to make any logical connection how a fox would evolve into a lunar lander, or how a tree frog would morph into a precision balance scale. Since the idea is a departure from evolutionary logic of any kind, because no rationale to connect any of the forms is provided, it would be seemingly impossible to devise an algorithm that fits biomorphs.
Essentially, Dawkins used these biomorphs to propose a metaphysical conjecture. The intent of Dawkins is to suggest ID Theory is a metaphysical contemplation while natural selection is entirely logical reality. Dawkins explains the point in raising the idea of biomorphs is:
“… when we are prevented from making a journey in reality, the imagination is not a bad substitute. For those, like me, who are not mathematicians, the computer can be a powerful friend to the imagination. Like mathematics, it doesn’t only stretch the imagination. It also disciplines and controls it.”
Biomorphs submitted by Richard Dawkins from The Blind Watchmaker, figure 5 p. 61
This is an excellent point and well-taken. The idea Dawkins had to reference biomorphs in the discussion was brilliant. Biomorphs are an excellent means to assist in helping someone distinguish the difference between natural selection verses artificial selection. This is exactly the same point design theorists make when protesting the personification of natural selection to achieve reality-defying accomplishments. What we can conclude is that scientists, regardless of whether they accept or reject ID Theory, dislike the invention of fiction to fill in unknown gaps of phenomena.
In the case of ID Theory, yes the theory of intelligent design is based upon artificial selection, just as Dawkins notes with his biomorphs. But, unlike biomorphs and the claim of Dawkins, ID Theory still is based upon fully natural scientific conjectures.
4. THE NO FREE LUNCH THEOREMS
In this section of the argument, Perakh doesn’t provide an argument. He’s more interested in talking about his hobby, which is mountain climbing.
The premise offered by Dembski that Perakh seeks to refute is the statement in No Free Lunch, which reads, “The No Free Lunch theorems show that for evolutionary algorithms to output CSI they had first to receive a prior input of CSI.” (No Free Lunch, page 223). Somehow, Perakh believes he can prove Dembski’s theorems false. In order to accomplish the task, one would have to analyze Dembski’s theorems. First of all, Dembski’s theorems take into account all the possible factors and variables that might apply, as opposed to the algorithms only. Perakh doesn’t make anything close to such an evaluation. Instead, Perakh does nothing but use the mountain climbing analogy to demonstrate we cannot know just exactly what algorithm natural selection will promote as opposed to which algorithms natural selection will overlook. This fact is a given up front and not in dispute. As such, Perakh presents a non-argument here that does nothing to challenge Dembski’s theorems in the slightest trace of a bit. Perakh doesn’t even discuss the theorems, let alone refute them.
The whole idea here of the No Free Lunch theorems is to demonstrate how CSI is smuggled across many generations, and then shows up visibly in a phenotype of a life form countless generations later. Many factors must be contemplated in this process including evolutionary algorithms. Dembksi’s book, No Free Lunch, is about demonstrating how CSI is smuggled through, which is the whole point as to where the book’s name is derived. If CSI is not manufactured by evolutionary processes, including genetic algorithms, then it had been displaced from the time it was initially front-loaded. Hence, there’s no free lunch.
Front-Loading could be achieved several ways, one of which is via panspermia.
But, Perakh makes no attempt to discuss the theorems in this section, much less refute Dembski’s work. I’ll discuss front-loading in the Conclusion.
5. THE NO FREE LUNCH THEOREMS—STILL WITH NO MATHEMATICS
Perakh finally makes a valid point here. He highlights a weakness in Dembski’s book that the calculations provided do little to account for an average performance of multiple algorithms in operation at the same time.
Referencing his mountain climbing analogy from the previous section, Perakh explains the fitness function is the height of peaks in a specific mountainous region. In his example he designates the target of the search to be a specific peak P of height 6,000 meters above sea level.
“In this case the number n of iterations required to reach the predefined height of 6,000 meters may be chosen as the performance measure. Then algorithm a1 performs better than algorithm a2 if a1 converges on the target in fewer steps than a2. If two algorithms generated the same sample after m iterations, then they would have found the target—peak P—after the same number n of iterations. The first NFL theorem tells us that the average probabilities of reaching peak P in m steps are the same for any two algorithms” (Emphasis in the original, page 10).
Since any two algorithms will have an equal average performance when all possible fitness landscapes are included, then the average number n of iterations required to locate the target is the same for any two algorithms if the averaging is done over all possible mountainous landscapes.
Therefore, Perakh concludes the no free lunch theorems of Dembski do not say anything about the relative performance of algorithms a2 and a1 on a specific landscape. On a specific landscape, either a2 or a1 may happen to be much better than its competitor. Perakh goes on to apply the same logic in a targetless context as well.
These points Perakh raises are well taken. Subsequent to the writing of Perakh’s book in 2004, Dembski ultimately provided the supplemental math to cure these issues in his paper entitled, “Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress” (March 2005), which is available for review here. It should also be noted that Perakh concludes this section of chapter 11 by admitting that the No Free Lunch theorems “are certainly valid for evolutionary algorithms.” If that is so, then there is no dispute.
6. THE NO FREE LUNCH THEOREMS—A LITTLE MATHEMATICS
It is noted that Dembski’s first no free lunch theorem is correct. It is based upon any given algorithm performed m times. The result will be a time-ordered sample set d comprised of m measured values of f within the range Y. Let P be the conditional probability of having obtained a given sample after m iterations, for given f, Y, and m.
Then, the first equation is
Mathwhen a1 or a2 are two different algorithms.
Perakh emphasizes this summation is performed over “all possible fitness functions.” In other words, Dembski’s first theorem proves that when algorithms are averaged over all possible fitness landscapes the results of a given search are the same for any pair of algorithms. This is the most basic of Dembski’s theorems, but the most limited for application purposes.
The second equation applies the first one for time-dependent landscapes. Perakh notes several difficulties in the no free lunch theorems including the fact that evolution is a “coevolutionary” process. In other words, Dembski’s theorems apply to ecosystems that involve a set of genomes all searching for the same fixed fitness function. But, Perakh argues that in the real biological world, the search space changes after each new generation. The genome of any given population slightly evolves from one generation to the next. Hence, the search space that the genomes are searching is modified with each new generation.
Chess
The game of Chess is played one successive procedural (evolutionary) step at a time. With each successive move (mutation) on the chessboard, the chess-playing algorithm must search for a different and new board configuration as to the next move the computer program (natural selection) should select for.
The no free lunch models discussed here are comparable to the computer chess game mentioned above. With each slight modification (Darwinian gradualism) in the step by step process of the chess game, the pieces end up in different locations on the chessboard so that the search process starts all over again with a new and different search for a new target than the preceding search.
There is one optimum move that is better than others, which might be a preferred target. Any other reasonable move on the chessboard is a fitness function. But, the problem in evolution is not as clear. Natural selection is not only blind, and therefore conducts a blind search, but does not know what the target should be either.
Where Perakh is leading to with this foundation is he is going to suggest in the next section that given a target up front, like the chess solving algorithm has, there might be enough information in the description of the target itself to assist the algorithm to succeed in at least locating a fitness function. Whether Perakh is correct or not can be tested by applying the math.
As aforementioned, subsequent to the publication of Perakh’s book, Dembski ultimately provided the supplemental math to cure these issues in his paper entitled, “Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress” (March 2005), which is available for review here. It should also be noted that Perakh concludes this section of the chapter by admitting that the No Free Lunch theorem “are certainly valid for evolutionary algorithms.”
7. THE DISPLACEMENT PROBLEM
As already mentioned, the no free lunch theorems show that for evolutionary algorithms to output CSI they first received a prior input of CSI. There’s a term to describe this. It’s called displacement. Dembski wrote in a paper entitled “Evolution’s Logic of Credulity:
An Unfettered Response to Allen Orr” (2002) the key point of writing No Free Lunch concerns displacement. The “NFL theorems merely exemplify one instance not the general case.”
Dembski continues to explain displacement,
“The basic idea behind displacement is this: Suppose you need to search a space of possibilities. The space is so large and the possibilities individually so improbable that an exhaustive search is not feasible and a random search is highly unlikely to conclude the search successfully. As a consequence, you need some constraints on the search – some information to help guide the search to a solution (think of an Easter egg hunt where you either have to go it cold or where someone guides you by saying ‘warm’ and ‘warmer’). All such information that assists your search, however, resides in a search space of its own – an informational space. So the search of the original space gets displaced to a search of an informational space in which the crucial information that constrains the search of the original space resides” (Emphasis in the original, http://tinyurl.com/b3vhkt4).
8. THE IRRELEVANCE OF THE NFL THEOREMS
In the conclusion of his paper, Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress (2005), Dembski writes:
“To appreciate the significance of the No Free Lunch Regress in this latter sense, consider the case of evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology holds that various (stochastic) evolutionary mechanisms operating in nature facilitate the formation of biological structures and functions. These include preeminently the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection and random variation, but also others (e.g., genetic drift, lateral gene transfer, and symbiogenesis). There is a growing debate whether the mechanisms currently proposed by evolutionary biology are adequate to account for biological structures and functions (see, for example, Depew and Weber 1995, Behe 1996, and Dembski and Ruse 2004). Suppose they are. Suppose the evolutionary searches taking place in the biological world are highly effective assisted searches qua stochastic mechanisms that successfully locate biological structures and functions. Regardless, that success says nothing about whether stochastic mechanisms are in turn responsible for bringing about those assisted searches.” (http://www.designinference.com/documents/2005.03.Searching_Large_Spaces.pdf).
Up until this juncture, Perakh admits, “Within the scope of their legitimate interpretation—when the conditions assumed for their derivation hold—the NFL theorems certainly apply” to evolutionary algorithms. The only question so far in his critique up until this section was that he has argued the NFL theorems do not hold in the case of coevolution. However, subsequent to this critique, Dembski resolved those issues.
Here, Perakh reasons that even if the NFL theorems were valid for coevolution, he still rejects Dembski’s work because they are irrelevant. According to Perakh, if evolutionary algorithms can outperform random sampling, aka a “blind search,” then the NFL theorems are meaningless. Perakh bases this assertion on the statement by Dembski on page 212 of No Free Lunch, which provides, “The No Free Lunch theorems show that evolutionary algorithms, apart from careful fine-tuning by a programmer, are no better than blind search and thus no better than pure chance.”
Therefore, for Perakh, if evolutionary algorithms refute this comment by Dembski by outperforming a blind search, then this is evidence the algorithms are capable of generating CSI. If evolutionary algorithms generate CSI, then Dembski’s NFL theorems have been soundly falsified, along with ID Theory as well. If such were the case, then Perakh would be correct, the NFL theorems would indeed be irrelevant.
Perakh rejects the intelligent design “careful fine-tuning by a programmer” terminology in favor of just as reasonable of a premise:
“If, though, a programmer can design an evolutionary algorithm which is fine-tuned to ascend certain fitness landscapes, what can prohibit a naturally arising evolutionary algorithm to fit in with the kinds of landscape it faces?” (Page 19)
Perakh explains how his thesis can be illustrated:
“Naturally arising fitness landscapes will frequently have a central peak topping relatively smooth slopes. If a certain property of an organism, such as its size, affects the organism’s survivability, then there must be a single value of the size most favorable to the organism’s fitness. If the organism is either too small or too large, its survival is at risk. If there is an optimal size that ensures the highest fitness, then the relevant fitness landscape must contain a single peak of the highest fitness surrounded by relatively smooth slopes” (Page 20).
The graphs in Fig. 11.1 schematically illustrate Perakh’s thesis:
Fitness Function
This is Figure 11.1 in Perakh’s book – Fitness as a function of some characteristic, in this case the size of an animal. Solid curve – the schematic presentation of a naturally arising fitness function, wherein the maximum fitness is achieved for a certain single-valued optimal animal’s size. Dashed curve – an imaginary rugged fitness function, which hardly can be encountered in the existing biosphere.
Subsequent to Perakh’s book published in 2004, Dembski did indeed resolve the issue raised here in his paper, “Conservation of Information in Search: Measuring the Cost of Success” (Sept. 2009), http://evoinfo.org/papers/2009_ConservationOfInformationInSearch.pdf. Dembski’s “Conservation of Information” paper starts with the foundation that there have been laws of information already discovered, and that idea’s such as Perakh’s thesis were falsified back in 1956 by Leon Brillouin, a pioneer in information theory. Brillouin wrote, “The [computing] machine does not create any new information, but it performs a very valuable transformation of known information” (L. Brillouin, Science and Information Theory. New York: Academic, 1956).
In his paper, “Conservation of Information,” Dembski and his coauthor, Robert Marks, go on to demonstrate how laws of conservation of information render evolutionary algorithms incapable of generating CSI as Perakh had hoped for. Throughout this chapter, Perakh continually cited the various works of information theorists, Wolpert and Macready. On page 1051 in “Conservation of Information” (2009), Dembski and Marks also quote Wolpert and Macready:
“The no free lunch theorem (NFLT) likewise establishes the need for specific information about the search target to improve the chances of a successful search. ‘[U]nless you can make prior assumptions about the . . . [problems] you are working on, then no search strategy, no matter how sophisticated, can be expected to perform better than any other.’ Search can be improved only by “incorporating problem-specific knowledge into the behavior of the [optimization or search] algorithm” (D. Wolpert and W. G. Macready, ‘No free lunch theorems for optimization,’ IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67–82, Apr. 1997).”
In “Conservation of information” (2009), Dembski and Marks resoundingly demonstrate how conservation of information theorems indicate that even a moderately sized search requires problem-specific information to be successful. The paper proves that any search algorithm performs, on average, as well as random search without replacement unless it takes advantage of problem-specific information about the search target or the search-space structure.
Throughout “Conservation of information” (2009), the paper discusses evolutionary algorithms at length:
“Christensen and Oppacher note the ‘sometimes outrageous claims that had been made of specific optimization algorithms.’ Their concern is well founded. In computer simulations of evolutionary search, researchers often construct a complicated computational software environment and then evolve a group of agents in that environment. When subjected to rounds of selection and variation, the agents can demonstrate remarkable success at resolving the problem in question. Often, the claim is made, or implied, that the search algorithm deserves full credit for this remarkable success. Such claims, however, are often made as follows: 1) without numerically or analytically assessing the endogenous information that gauges the difficulty of the problem to be solved and 2) without acknowledging, much less estimating, the active information that is folded into the simulation for the search to reach a solution.” (Conservation of information, page 1058).
Dembski and Marks remind us that the concept Perakh is suggesting for evolutionary algorithms to outperform a blind search is the same scenario in the analogy of the proverbial monkeys typing on keyboards.
The monkeys at typewriters is a classic analogy to describe the chances of evolution being successful to achieve specified complexity.
A monkey at a typewriter is a good illustration for the viability of random evolutionary search. Dembski and Marks run the calcs for good measure using factors of 27 (26 letter alphabet plus a space) and a 28 character message. The answer is 1.59 × 1042, which is more than the mass of 800 million suns in grams.
In their Conclusion, Dembski and Marks state:
“Endogenous information represents the inherent difficulty of a search problem in relation to a random-search baseline. If any search algorithm is to perform better than random search, active information must be resident. If the active information is inaccurate (negative), the search can perform worse than random. Computers, despite their speed in performing queries, are thus, in the absence of active information, inadequate for resolving even moderately sized search problems. Accordingly, attempts to characterize evolutionary algorithms as creators of novel information are inappropriate.” (Conservation of information, page 1059).
9. THE DISPLACEMENT “PROBLEM”
This argument is based upon the claim by Dembski in page 202 of his book, “No Free Lunch, “ in which he states, “The significance of the NFL theorems is that an information-resource space J does not, and indeed cannot, privilege a target T.” However, Perakh highlights a problem with Dembski’s statement because the NFL theorems contain nothing about any arising ‘information-resource space.’ If Dembski wanted to introduce this concept within the framework of the NFL theorems, then he should have at least shown what the role of an “information-resource space” is in view of the “black-box” nature of the algorithms in question.
On page 203 of No Free Lunch, Dembski introduces the displacement problem:
“… the problem of finding a given target has been displaced to the new problem of finding the information j capable of locating that target. Our original problem was finding a certain target within phase space. Our new problem is finding a certain j within the information-resource space J.”
Perakh adds that the NFL theorems are indifferent to the presence or absence of a target in a search, which leaves the “displacement problem,” with its constant references to targets, hanging in the air.
Dembski’s response is as follows:
What is the significance of the Displacement Theorem? It is this. Blind search for small targets in large spaces is highly unlikely to succeed. For a search to succeed, it therefore needs to be an assisted search. Such a search, however, resides in a target of its own. And a blind search for this new target is even less likely to succeed than a blind search for the original target (the Displacement Theorem puts precise numbers to this). Of course, this new target can be successfully searched by replacing blind search with a new assisted search. But this new assisted search for this new target resides in a still higher-order search space, which is then subject to another blind search, more difficult than all those that preceded it, and in need of being replaced by still another assisted search. And so on. This regress, which I call the No Free Lunch Regress, is the upshot of this paper. It shows that stochastic mechanisms cannot explain the success of assisted searches.
“This last statement contains an intentional ambiguity. In one sense, stochastic mechanisms fully explain the success of assisted searches because these searches themselves constitute stochastic mechanisms that, with high probability, locate small targets in large search spaces. Yet, in another sense, for stochastic mechanisms to explain the success of assisted searches means that such mechanisms have to explain how those assisted searches, which are so effective at locating small targets in large spaces, themselves arose with high probability. It’s in this latter sense that the No Free Lunch Regress asserts that stochastic mechanisms cannot explain the success of assisted searches.” [Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress (2005)].
Perakh makes some valid claims. About seven years later after the publication of Perakh’s book, Dembski provided updated calcs to the NFL theorems and his application of math to the displacement problem. This is available for review in his paper, “The Search for a Search: Measuring the Information Cost of Higher Level Search” (2010).
Perakh discusses the comments made by Dembski to support the assertion CSI must be necessarily “smuggled” or “front-loaded” into evolutionary algorithms. Perakh outright rejects Dembski’s claims, and proceeds to dismiss Dembski’s work on very weak grounds in what appears to be a hand-wave, begging the question as to how the CSI was generated in the first place, and overall circular reasoning.
Remember that the basis of the NFL theorems is to show that when CSI shows up in nature, it is only because it originated earlier in the evolutionary history of that population, and got smuggled into the genome of a population by regular evolution. The CSI might have been front-loaded millions of years earlier in the biological ancestry. The front-loading of the CSI may have occurred possibly in higher taxa. Regardless from where the CSI originated, the claim by Dembski is that the CSI appears visually now because it was inserted earlier because evolutionary processes do not generate CSI.
The smuggling forward of CSI in the genome is called displacement. The reason why the alleged law of nature called displacement occurs is because when applying Information Theory to identify CSI, the target of the search theorems is the CSI itself. Dembski explains,
“So the search of the original space gets displaced to a search of an informational space in which the crucial information that constrains the search of the original space resides. I then argue that this higher-order informational space (‘higher’ with respect to the original search space) is always at least as big and hard to search as the original space.” (Evolution’s Logic of Credulity: An Unfettered Response to Allen Orr, 2012.)
It is important to understand what Dembski means by displacement here because Perakh distorts displacement to mean something different in this section. Perakh asserts:
“An algorithm needs no information about the fitness function. That is how the ‘black-box’ algorithms start a search. To continue the search, an algorithm needs information from the fitness function. However, no search of the space of all possible fitness function is needed. In the course of a search, the algorithm extracts the necessary information from the landscape it is exploring. The fitness landscape is always given, and automatically supplies sufficient information to continue and to complete the search.” (Page 24)
To support these contentions, Perakh references Dawkins’s weasel algorithm for comparison. The weasel algorithm, says Perakh, “explores the available phrases and selects from them using the comparison of the intermediate phrases with the target.” Perakh then argues the fitness function has in the weasel example the built-in information necessary to perform the comparison. Perakh then concludes,
“This fitness function is given to the search algorithm; to provide this information to the algorithm, no search of a space of all possible fitness functions is needed and therefore is not performed.” (Emphasis in original, Page 24)
If Perakh is right, then the same is true for natural evolutionary algorithms. Having bought his own circular reasoning he then declares that his argument therefore renders Dembski’s “displacement problem” to be “a phantom.” (Page 24)
One of the problems with this argument is that Perakh admits that there is CSI, and offers no explanation as to how it originates and increases in the genome of a population that results in greater complexity. Perakh is begging the question. He offers no math, no algorithm, no calcs, no example. He merely imposes his own properties of displacement upon the application, which is a strawman argument, and then shoots down displacement. There’s no attempt to derive how the algorithm ever finds the target in the first place, which is disappointing given that Dembski provides the math to support his own claims.
Perakh appears to be convinced that evolutionary algorithmic searches taking place in the biological world are highly effective assisted searches that successfully locate target biological structures and functions. And, as such, he is satisfied that these evolutionary algorithms can generate CSI. What Perakh needs to remember is that a genuine evolutionary algorithm is still a stochastic mechanism. The hypothetical success of the evolutionary algorithm says nothing about whether stochastic mechanisms are in turn responsible for bringing about those assisted searches. Dembski explains,
“Evolving biological systems invariably reside in larger environments that subsume the search space in which those systems evolve. Moreover, these larger environments are capable of dramatically changing the probabilities associated with evolution as occurring in those search spaces. Take an evolving protein or an evolving strand of DNA. The search spaces for these are quite simple, comprising sequences that at each position select respectively from either twenty amino acids or four nucleotide bases. But these search spaces embed in incredibly complex cellular contexts. And the cells that supply these contexts themselves reside in still higher-level environments.” [Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress (2005), pp. 31-32]
Dembski argues that the uniform probability on the search space almost never characterizes the system’s evolution, but instead it is a nonuniform probability that brings the search to a successful conclusion. The larger environment brings upon the scenario the nonuniform probability. Dembski notes that Richard Dawkins made the same point as Perakh in Climbing Mount Improbable (1996). In that book, Dawkins argued that biological structures that at first appearance seem impossible with respect to the uniform probability, blind search, pure randomness, etc., become probable when the probabilities are reset by evolutionary mechanisms.
Propagation
This diagram shows propagation of active information
through two levels of the probability hierarchy.
The kind of search Perakh presents is also addressed in “The Search for a Search: Measuring the Information Cost of Higher Level Search” (2010). The blind search Perakh complains of is that of uniform probability. In this kind of problem, given any probability measure on Ω, Dembski’s calcs indicate the active entropy for any partition with respect to a uniform probability baseline will be nonpositive (The Search for a Search, page 477). We have no information available about the search in Perakh’s example. All Perakh gives us is that the fitness function is providing the evolutionary algorithm clues so that the search is narrowed. But, we don’t know what that information is. Perakh’s just speculating that given enough attempts, the evolutionary algorithm will get lucky and outperform the blind search. Again, this describes uniform probability.
According to Dembski’s much intensified mathematical analysis, if no information about a search exists so that the underlying measure is uniform, which matches Perakh’s example, “then, on average, any other assumed measure will result in negative active information, thereby rendering the search performance worse than random search.” (The Search for a Search, page 477).
Dembski expands on the scenario:
“Presumably this nonuniform probability, which is defined over the search space in question, splinters off from richer probabilistic structures defined over the larger environment. We can, for instance, imagine the search space being embedded in the larger environment, and such richer probabilistic structures inducing a nonuniform probability (qua assisted search) on this search space, perhaps by conditioning on a subspace or by factorizing a product space. But, if the larger environment is capable of inducing such probabilities, what exactly are the structures of the larger environment that endow it with this capacity? Are any canonical probabilities defined over this larger environment (e.g., a uniform probability)? Do any of these higher level probabilities induce the nonuniform probability that characterizes effective search of the original search space? What stochastic mechanisms might induce such higher-level probabilities? For any interesting instances of biological evolution, we don’t know the answer to these questions. But suppose we could answer these questions. As soon as we could, the No Free Lunch Regress would kick in, applying to the larger environment once its probabilistic structure becomes evident.” [Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress (2005), pp. 32]
The probabilistic structure would itself require explanation in terms of stochastic mechanisms. And, the No Free Lunch Regress blocks any ability to account for assisted searches in terms of stochastic mechanisms. (“Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress” (2005).
Today, Dembski has updated his theorems to present by supplying additional math and contemplations. The NFL theorems today are analyzed in both a vertical and horizontal considerations in three-dimensional space.
3-D Geometry
3-D Geometric Application of NFL Theorems
This diagram shows a three dimensional simplex in {ω1, ω2, ω3}The numerical values of a1, a2 and a3 are one. The 3-D box in the figure presents two congruent triangles in a geometric approach to presenting a proof of the Strict Vertical No Free Lunch Theorem. In “The Search for a Search: Measuring the Information Cost of Higher Level Search” (2010), the NFL theorems are analyzed both horizontally and vertically. The Horizontal NFL Theorem pertains to showing the average relative performance of searches never exceeds unassisted or blind searches. The Vertical NFL Theorem shows that the difficulty of searching for a successful search increases exponentially with respect to the minimum allowable active information being sought.
This leads to the displacement principle, which holds that “the search for a good search is at least as difficult as a given search.” Perakh might have raised a good point, but Dembski’s done the math and confirmed his theorems are correct. Dembski’s math does work out, he’s provided the proofs, and shown the work. On the other hand, Perakh merely offered an argument that was nothing but an unverified speculation with no calcs to validate his point.
V. CONCLUSION
In the final section of this chapter, Perakh reiterates the main points throughout his article for review. He begins by saying,
“Dembski’s critique of Dawkins’s ‘targeted’ evolutionary algorithm fails to repudiate the illustrative value of Dawkins’s example, which demonstrates how supplementing random changes with a suitable law increases the rate of evolution by many orders of magnitude.” (Page 25)
No, this is a strawman. There was nothing Perakh submitted to establish such a conclusion. Neither Dembski or the Discovery Institute have any dispute with Darwinian mechanisms of evolution. The issue is whether ONLY such mechanisms are responsible for specified complexity (CSI). Intelligent Design proponents do not challenge that “supplementing random changes with a suitable law increases the rate of evolution by many orders of magnitude.”
Next, Perakh claims, “Dembski ignores Dawkins’s targetless’ evolutionary algorithm, which successfully illustrates spontaneous increase of complexity in an evolutionary process.” (Page 25).
No, this isn’t true. First, Dembski did not ignore the Dawkins’ weasel algorithm. Second, the weasel algorithm isn’t targetless. We’re given the target up front. We know exactly what it is. Third, the weasel algorithm did not show any increase in specified complexity. All the letters in the sequence already existed. When evolution operates in the real biological world, the genome of the population is reshuffled from one generation to the next. No new information is increasing leading to greater complexity. The morphology is a result from the same information being rearranged.
In the case of the Weasel example, the target was already embedded in the original problem, just like one and only one full picture is possible to assemble from pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. When the puzzle is completed, not one piece should be missing, unless one was lost, and there should not be one extra piece too many. The CSI was the original picture that was cut up into pieces to be reassembled. The Weasel example is actually a better illustration for front-loading. All the algorithm had to do was figure out how to arrange the letters back into the proper intelligible sequence.
The CSI was specified in the target or fitness function up front to begin with. The point of the NFL theorems indicates that if the weasel algorithm was a real life evolutionary example, then that complex specified information (CSI) would have been inputted into the genome of that population in advance. But, the analogy quickly breaks down for many reasons.
Perakh then falsely asserts, “Contrary to Dembski’s assertions, evolutionary algorithms routinely outperform a random search.” (Page 25). This is false. Perakh speculated that this was a possibility, and Dembski clearly not only refuted it, but demonstrated that evolutionary algorithms essentially never outperform a random search.
Perakh next maintains:
“Contrary to Dembski assertion, the NFL theorems do not make Darwinian evolution impossible. Dembski’s attempt to invoke the NFL theorems to prove otherwise ignores the fact that these theorems assert the equal performance of all algorithms only if averaged over all fitness functions.” (Page 25).
No, there’s no such assertion by Dembski. This is nonsense. Intelligent Design proponents do not assert any false dichotomy. ID Theory supplements evolution, providing the conjecture necessary to really explain the specified complexity. Darwinian evolution still occurs, but it only explains inheritance and diversity. It is ID Theory that explains complexity. As far as the NFL theorems asserting the equal performance of all or any algorithms to solve blind searches, this is ridiculous and never was established by Perakh.
Perakh also claims:
“Dembski’s constant references to targets when he discusses optimization searches are based on his misinterpretation of the NFL theorems, which entail no concept of a target. Moreover, his discourse is irrelevant to Darwinian evolution, which is a targetless process.” (Page 25).
No, Dembski did not misinterpret the very NFL theorems that he invented. The person that misunderstands and misrepresents them is Perakh. It is statements like this that cause one to suspect of Perakh understands what CSI might be, either. If you notice the trend in his writing, when Perakh looked for support for an argument, he referenced those who have authored rebuttals in opposition to Dembski’s work. But, when Perakh looked for an authority to explain the meaning of Dembski’s work, Perakh nearly always cited Dembski himself. Perakh never performs any math to support his own challenges. Finally, Perakh ever established anywhere that Dembski misunderstood or misapplied any of the principles of Information Theory.
Finally, Perakh ends the chapter with this gem:
“The arguments showing that the anthropic coincidences do not require the hypothesis of a supernatural intelligence also answer the questions about the compatibility of fitness functions and evolutionary algorithms.” (Page 25).
This is a strawman. ID Theory has nothing to do with the supernatural. If it did, then it would not be a scientific theory by definition of science, which is bases upon empiricism. As one can certainly see is obvious in this debate is that Intelligent Design theory is more aligned to Information Theory than most sciences. ID Theory is not about teleology, but is more about front-loading.
William Dembski’s work is based upon pitting “design” against chance. In his book, The Design Inference he used mathematical theorems and formulas to devise a definition for design based upon a mathematical probability. It’s an empirical way to work with improbable complex information patterns and sequences. It’s called specified complexity, or aka complex specified information (CSI). There’s no contemplation as to the source of the information other than it being front-loaded. ID Theory only involves a study of the information (CSI) itself. Design = CSI. We can study CSI because it is observable.
There is absolutely no speculation of any kind to suggest that the source of the information is by extraterrestrial beings or any other kind of designer, natural or non-natural. The study is only the information (CSI) itself — nothing else. There are several non-Darwinian conjectures as to how the information can develop without the need for designers. Other conjectures are panspermia, natural genetic engineering, and what’s called “front-loading.”
In ID, “design” does not require designers. It can be equated to be derived from “intelligence” as per William Dembski’s book, “No Free Lunch,” but he uses mathematics to support his work, not metaphysics. The intelligence could be illusory. All the theorems detect is extreme improbability because that’s all the math can do. And, it’s called “Complex Specified Information.” It’s the Information that ID Theory is about. There’s no speculation into the nature of the intelligent source, assuming that Dembski was right in determining the source is intelligent in the first place. All it takes really is nothing other than a transporter of the information, which could be an asteroid, which collides with Earth carrying complex DNA in the genome of some unicellular organism. You don’t need a designer to validate ID Theory; ID has nothing to do with designers except for engineers and intelligent agents that are actually observable.
Posted in COMPLEX SPECIFIED INFORMATION (CSI) | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment
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14+ Blood Through Heart Diagram
14+ Blood Through Heart Diagram. Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, and calcium). The simpler diagrams below it are line drawings including essential information in a form that is easier to reproduce in exams.
Congestive Heart Failure: The Essence of Heart Failure … from ceufast.com
Although there are a lot of structures in the heart diagrams, you shall not worry, we've got them all covered for you in these articles and video tutorials. Blood circulation, heart circulatory system, how the heart works, songs to help you remember the circulatory system, grade 5, grade 6. Blood moves from left atrium to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body as shown in the block diagram of fig.
The minor (pulmonary) blood circulation is the blood circulation between the heart and the two lungs, the major ( systemic ) blood the blood carrying carbon dioxide gas reaches from all the body parts to the right atrium through the two large veins which are the superior and the inferior venae cavae.
14+ Blood Through Heart Diagram. Due to improper blood flow heart failure occurs 1. How does blood flow through your lungs? This pattern is repeated, causing blood to flow continuously to the heart, lungs and body. The human heart continues to pumps liters of blood throughout the body all lifelong.
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crypto模块的目的是为了提供通用的加密和哈希算法。用纯JavaScript代码实现这些功能不是不可能，但速度会非常慢。Nodejs用C/C++实现这些算法后，通过cypto这个模块暴露为JavaScript接口，这样用起来方便，运行速度也快。
MD5
MD5是一种常用的哈希算法，用于给任意数据一个“签名”。这个签名通常用一个十六进制的字符串表示：
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const crypto = require('crypto');
const hash = crypto.createHash('md5');
// 可任意多次调用update():
hash.update('Hello, world!');
hash.update('Hello, nodejs!');
console.log(hash.digest('hex')); // 7e1977739c748beac0c0fd14fd26a544
update()方法默认字符串编码为UTF-8，也可以传入Buffer。
如果要计算SHA1，只需要把'md5'改成'sha1'，就可以得到SHA1的结果1f32b9c9932c02227819a4151feed43e131aca40
还可以使用更安全的sha256sha512
hmac
Hmac算法也是一种哈希算法，它可以利用MD5或SHA1等哈希算法。不同的是，Hmac还需要一个密钥，只要密钥发生了变化，那么同样的输入数据也会得到不同的签名，因此，可以把Hmac理解为用随机数“增强”的哈希算法。
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const crypto = require('crypto');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', 'secret-key');
hmac.update('Hello, world!');
hmac.update('Hello, nodejs!');
console.log(hmac.digest('hex')); // 80f7e22570...
AES
AES是一种常用的对称加密算法，加解密都用同一个密钥。crypto模块提供了AES支持，但是需要自己封装好函数，便于使用。
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const crypto = require('crypto');
// 加密
function aesEncrypt(data, key) {
const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes192', key);
var crypted = cipher.update(data, 'utf8', 'hex');
crypted += cipher.final('hex');
return crypted;
}
// 解密
function aesDecrypt(encrypted, key) {
const decipher = crypto.createDecipher('aes192', key);
var decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted, 'hex', 'utf8');
decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');
return decrypted;
}
var data = 'Hello, this is a secret message!';
var key = 'Password!';
var encrypted = aesEncrypt(data, key);
var decrypted = aesDecrypt(encrypted, key);
console.log('Plain text: ' + data);
console.log('Encrypted text: ' + encrypted);
console.log('Decrypted text: ' + decrypted);
输出
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Plain text: Hello, this is a secret message!
Encrypted text: 8a944d97bdabc157a5b7a40cb180e713f901d2eb454220d6aaa1984831e17231f87799ef334e3825123658c80e0e5d0c
Decrypted text: Hello, this is a secret message!
Diffie-Hellman
DH算法是一种密钥交换协议，它可以让双方在不泄漏密钥的情况下协商出一个密钥来。DH算法基于数学原理，比如小明和小红想要协商一个密钥，可以这么做：
1. 小明先选一个素数和一个底数，例如，素数p=23，底数g=5（底数可以任选），再选择一个秘密整数a=6，计算A=g^a mod p=8，然后大声告诉小红：p=23，g=5，A=8
2. 小红收到小明发来的pgA后，也选一个秘密整数b=15，然后计算B=g^b mod p=19，并大声告诉小明：B=19
3. 小明自己计算出s=B^a mod p=2，小红也自己计算出s=A^b mod p=2，因此，最终协商的密钥s2
在这个过程中，密钥2并不是小明告诉小红的，也不是小红告诉小明的，而是双方协商计算出来的。第三方只能知道p=23g=5A=8B=19，由于不知道双方选的秘密整数a=6b=15，因此无法计算出密钥2
用crypto模块实现DH算法如下：
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const crypto = require('crypto');
// xiaoming's keys:
var ming = crypto.createDiffieHellman(512);
var ming_keys = ming.generateKeys();
var prime = ming.getPrime();
var generator = ming.getGenerator();
console.log('Prime: ' + prime.toString('hex'));
console.log('Generator: ' + generator.toString('hex'));
// xiaohong's keys:
var hong = crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime, generator);
var hong_keys = hong.generateKeys();
// exchange and generate secret:
var ming_secret = ming.computeSecret(hong_keys);
var hong_secret = hong.computeSecret(ming_keys);
// print secret:
console.log('Secret of Xiao Ming: ' + ming_secret.toString('hex'));
console.log('Secret of Xiao Hong: ' + hong_secret.toString('hex'));
注意每次输出都不一样，因为素数的选择是随机的。
证书
crypto模块也可以处理数字证书。数字证书通常用在SSL连接，也就是Web的https连接。一般情况下，https连接只需要处理服务器端的单向认证，如无特殊需求（例如自己作为Root给客户发认证证书），建议用反向代理服务器如Nginx等Web服务器去处理证书。
参考资料
廖雪峰官方网站: node.js
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文章摘要
许生龙.1/ƒ噪声研究[J].声学技术,2008,(6):921~924
1/ƒ噪声研究
A study of 1/ƒ noise
投稿时间：2008-04-20 修订日期：2008-07-28
DOI：
中文关键词: 1/ƒ噪声 自组织
英文关键词: phase entropy 1/ƒ noise self-organization
基金项目:
作者单位E-mail
许生龙 [email protected]
摘要点击次数: 658
全文下载次数: 492
中文摘要:
在以往的工作的基础上,发现1/ƒ噪声是一个新的相。它有一个酝酿、发育的过程,最终能否成形,取决于能否满足可信度M#的最低要求,即M#>500。这也是判别是否是1/ƒ噪声的依据。往后还可得知,1/ƒ噪声的熵S*值为S*=A×10-20erg/k(尔格/度)。S*极小,是所有1/ƒ噪声的共性。A不同则是个性。
英文摘要:
On the basis of our previous work it has been found that the 1/ƒ noise is a kind of "phase" with a developing process.And the fact that the 1/f noise can be finally formed or not depends on if the minimum demand for reliability of M#>500 being satisfied.Moreover this is also a criterion for distin-guishing 1/ƒ noise.Subsequently it can be learnt that the entropy of 1/f noise is S*=A×10-20erg/k and S* is a minimum value for all kinds of 1/ƒ noise,which is their general character.But,for different 1/f noise A is a variable value,which represents the individual character of 1/ƒ noise.
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At VIFreepBreaking NewsCaribbean NewsEducation NewsEnvironmental News
How Did Mammals Get To The Caribbean Islands?
GUSTAVIA — The islands of the Caribbean — comprising the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Lesser Antilles — feature remarkable biodiversity, with species mainly having originated from South and Central America.
These islands are regarded collectively as one of the 25 main biodiversity hot spots on Earth and the third in terms of endemism (a measure of the number of species that are found only in that geographic region.
Charles Darwin noted that “the South American character of the West Indian mammals seems to indicate that this archipelago was formerly united to the southern continent, and that it has subsequently been an area of subsidence.” However, the origin of Caribbean fauna and flora is still highly debated.
Similarities in observed morphological characteristics and genetics between species in geographically separated regions are commonly accepted as evidence that species migrated between these regions at some time in the past. When two populations of a species are separated and no longer interact, they often evolve into new, separate species, an event known as a population split.
Since Alfred Wegener introduced the concept of continental drift early in the 20th century, studies of population splits based on fossil animals and plants have supported global tectonic theories. Plate tectonics theory, in return, has helped substantiate evolutionary scenarios that imply that population splits are more often driven by the development of geographic barriers (vicariance) than by species traveling across oceans.
The West Indies, with their geologic and ecological complexity, are an ideal natural laboratory to disentangle the interplay of geologic and biotic forces that shaped the islands’ distinctive biodiversity. In doing so, scientists may also reconcile proposed geologic and phylogenetic timelines in the region.
An ongoing controversy centers on how and when nonflying, nonaquatic vertebrates from South America reached eastern Caribbean islands. The rise, migration, and demise of island arcs having various sizes of emerged areas at the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Plate since the Paleogene (66–23 million years ago, Ma) undoubtedly influenced the means and timing of nonflying vertebrate species’ colonization of these distant islands. But a question already posed 40 years ago remains [MacFadden, 1980]: Did mammals raft across open water among landmasses, or did island arcs provide overland paths?
In an ongoing 5-year project, a multidisciplinary team of scientists, including us, is tackling this question anew, specifically looking to answer whether mammals traveled over a now submerged land bridge or whether they somehow rafted over the ocean to reach the Caribbean islands. Here we briefly present the midterm results of the first 2.5 years of the project.
Rafting Mammals or Island Highway?
The land bridge scenario posits a mid-Cenozoic land formation called GAARlandia (GAAR stands for Greater Antilles and Aves Ridge) that enabled animals to walk from South America to the islands of the eastern Caribbean some 34 Ma (Figure 1) [Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee, 1999].
The GAARlandia vs Petites Antilles (GAARAnti) project, initiated in October 2017 and lasting through September 2022, has, for the first time, gathered a consortium of molecular phylogeneticists, paleontologists, biogeographers, geologists, geochemists, and marine geophysicists. The project targets the region of today’s Lesser Antilles subduction zone, where three major successive island arcs and two subduction zones have been recognized:
• a Cretaceous-Paleocene arc (88–55 Ma), called the Great Arc of the Caribbean, that is related to subduction of the proto-Caribbean plate and corresponds to the position of the Aves Ridge to the west of the Lesser Antilles
• a late Eocene–Miocene (43–20 Ma) arc to the east of the present-day active Lesser Antilles arc related to subduction of North and South American plates beneath the Caribbean plate
• the Pliocene-present arc (5–0 Ma), which is thus bounded on either side by the older island arcs
Previous research has taken approaches rooted mainly in either biology and paleontology or geology and geophysics. Attempts to integrate these approaches have still not considered a broad enough spectrum of data and perspectives to address the question of how mammals reached the eastern Caribbean comprehensively.
In particular, currently available paleogeographic reconstructions present an incomplete picture of when and where areas emerged above the ocean’s surface at the eastern frontier of the Caribbean plate. Our project aims to reconcile subduction dynamics and West Indies terrestrial mammal evolution and to test the GAARlandia hypothesis.
How Many Migrations?
Biogeographers have debated the South American origin of the Caribbean biota, as well as the biota’s evolution, since the advent of plate tectonics. The debate centers on two possible scenarios: Either mammals and other vertebrates rafted over the water or “hopped” from island to island multiple times during the Cenozoic (66 Ma to the present), or they traveled during a single dispersal event 35–33 Ma over a short-lived quasi-continuous land bridge: GAARlandia.
The GAARlandia hypothesis is supported by paleontological (fossil) studies showing the occurrence of South American mammals in Greater Antilles (synthesis by Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee [1999]). Also, a growing number of molecular clock studies point to a clustering of species divergences near the time of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary some 34 Ma supporting the GAARlandia hypothesis. However, other studies point to divergences at various times since the early Miocene (about 23 Ma), supporting the idea of multiple over-water dispersals. The main weakness of the single- and multiple-dispersal hypotheses is the general paucity of geologic data detailing the history of the Aves Ridge, which is now mostly underwater.
Indeed, the last marine geophysical campaigns and sample dredging expeditions in this area date from the 1980s, and detailed paleogeographic reconstructions of the eastern Caribbean are contradictive. In the GAARlandia hypothesis, evidence for the above-water emergence of the Aves Ridge comes mainly from dredged samples of volcanic pebbles, possibly from the late Eocene or early Oligocene and supposedly formed in subaerial domains and recovered with shallow marine sediments.
The GAARAnti project is focused on the Caribbean region between Puerto Rico and Grenada and covers four key areas of study. On-land geological fieldwork (sedimentology, petrology, tectonics) is helping track the history of emergence and submergence of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico islands. Molecular phylogenetics and paleontological and biogeographical studies are examining recent and fossil mammal remains, collected during fieldwork and from museum collections. Offshore geological and geophysical records are shedding light on the tectonic evolution of the Aves Ridge and adjacent Grenada Basin. And numerical models simulating subduction-induced vertical motions and tectonic deformations of the Caribbean plate are complementing the geological and geophysical field observations.
Data from all these disciplines will enable us to reconcile the Antillean mammalian record with a refined view of Caribbean paleogeography.
Stratigraphy, Sloths, and Ships
In fieldwork to date, we have targeted St. Barthélemy Island (known to tourists as St. Barts) in the northern Lesser Antilles, which has not been studied geologically since the 1980s. Our work revealed that magmatic events there lasted over a much longer period—from 44 to 23 Ma—than was suggested by previous estimates, with a westward migration of the tectono-volcanic activity. A recent revision of the biostratigraphy of nearby carbonate platforms (sediment layers built up from corals, shellfish, and other organisms) confirms this hypothesis.
Fig. 2. This structural map of the northeastern edge of the Caribbean plate shows the Pliocene to present-day banks (yellow-shaded areas) and main tectonic features, including 15° counterclockwise rotation of Anguilla bank (estimated from paleomagnetic measurements and areas of ongoing investigations in the northern Lesser Antilles and in the fore-arc offshore domain; question marks indicate regions of uncertainty in the data). The strain corridors—the Bunce Fault, the Montserrat-Havers strain corridor (MHSC), and the Anegada Trough—may represent the boundaries of a northern Lesser Antilles domain. NAm, North American plate; SBH, St. Barthélemy.
Careful geological mapping of the island further revealed that it emerged above the ocean surface during the Oligocene (40–23 Ma). Thus, there were terrestrial lands in the Lesser Antilles that have not been considered within the GAARlandia landmass. To constrain paleogeographic reconstructions, we performed a paleomagnetic study of carbonate platforms and magmatic rocks. This study showed that St. Barthélemy underwent a counterclockwise rotation of about 15°, and perhaps as much as 25°, after the end of the Oligocene (23 Ma). Our results also highlight that the present-day trench curvature formed progressively during the Cenozoic (66 Ma to present). These results enabled us to consider different tectonic scenarios explaining plate deformation in the northeastern Caribbean (Figure 2).
GAARAnti scientists conducted molecular phylogenetic studies, using DNA to track hereditary differences, of recent fossils of Antillean rodents and sloths from museum collections. The results show that a group of Antillean sloths believed to share a common ancestor (the Megalocnoidea clade) split into different species around the time of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary about 34 Ma. Independently, during our field investigations in Puerto Rico, we found the oldest known rodents in the Caribbean: two distinct species of chinchilloid caviomorphs, a strictly South American group of rodents, found associated within lower Oligocene sediments from about 29.5 Ma. The timing of these fossil findings on sloths and chinchilloids is compatible with the GAARlandia hypothesis.
However, the molecular phylogeny of other caviomorph rodents of South American origin shows that the spiny rats (Echimyidae) colonized the Lesser Antilles later, by the middle Miocene between about 16 and 11.6 Ma. These results suggest that the colonization of West Indies by land mammals occurred during at least two events: maybe first through the GAARlandia land bridge and later by over-water dispersal (Figure 3).
Fig. 3. Time-calibrated phylogeny of modern and extinct sloths based on complete mitogenomes (DNA profiles obtained from cell mitochondria). The early divergence of recently extinct Caribbean sloths around 34 Ma (node 1) is consistent with the debated GAARlandia hypothesis.
In May and June 2017, during an oceanographic cruise conducted mainly in the present-day Lesser Antilles back-arc domain aboard the R/V L’Atalante [Lebrun and Lallemand, 2017], we acquired three lines of wide-angle seismic refraction data, 3,560 kilometers of multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection lines, and 12 sample dredges. In addition, we collected gravity, magnetic, and bathymetry data along the same ship tracks.
The MCS data offer images of the stratigraphy along the Aves Ridge, revealing erosional surfaces that were once exposed to the air as well as tectonic structures relating the ridge flank to the Grenada Basin. Moreover, the combined seismic data, together with the gravity data, have helped us characterize the transition from the arc crust of the Aves Ridge to the oceanic crust in the southeastern part of the basin. These data will help us reconstruct the preopening paleogeography. In the northern Lesser Antilles, these data were combined with onshore geologic observations, revealing a formerly emerged but now vanished piece of land extending from Puerto Rico to St. Barthélemy.
We have also used 2D numerical modeling to estimate the vertical movements of the overriding Caribbean plate in relation to its velocity changes, such as its slowing down after 45 Ma. A 3D modeling study, currently in progress, is helping us assess the main parameters controlling the topography dynamics.
Tackling Unanswered Questions
As the GAARAnti project continues, we still have several questions to address in more detail. Did the Aves Ridge fully emerge from the ocean at least once, as posited in the GAARlandia hypothesis? Or did only portions of the Aves Ridge emerge, and if so, how many times? We must also quantify and establish precisely the timing of vertical motion of most Lesser Antilles islands and the Aves Ridge.
The paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists in the project group will focus their efforts on unraveling a century-long controversy about the evolutionary history of recently extinct Caribbean rodents known as giant hutias. The “flagship” species of these rodents are the Pleistocene (2.58 Ma to 11,700 years ago) Amblyrhiza from the Anguilla Bank, which were as large as present-day American black bears, and the smaller Pleistocene-Holocene Elasmodontomys from Puerto Rico. The planned threefold approach will use independent observations of craniodental morphology, postcranial anatomy, and ancient DNA to better constrain these animals’ phylogenetic affinities (similarities in characteristics that suggest a common ancestor) and divergence time. Will this divergence time be consistent with the GAARlandia hypothesis (i.e., a divergence at roughly 34 Ma) or with later dispersal events?
In the final stage of the project, we will combine innovative modeling with all the results of our biological and geological investigations to assess the processes—speciation, extinction, and dispersal—responsible for the patterns of biodiversity we see in the Caribbean islands today. We hope that this effort will resolve a long-lasting controversy in Caribbean biogeography.
By Philippe Münch, Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier and Université des Antilles, France; Pierre-Olivier Antoine, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, France; and Boris Marcaillou, GéoAzur, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
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Can we consider PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) as a consensus algorithm ?
And if yes, How does it work?
And is it similar to other consensuses such as PoW, PoS or PoA ? Or it is totally different?
And is it used actually in a blockchain platform? if yes, which one?
P.S. I heard that it is NOT scalable for large network, Is it true? And if so, is its scalability even worse than PoW?
2
• You can't really compare the scalability. PoW scales perfectly with number of participants, but needs very long intervals between updates, and is inherently costly. PBFT only works with small numbers of participants, but can be much faster and cheaper. Sep 19, 2018 at 15:28
• @Pieter Wuille Would you please explain in more details how PBFT works? Or any terse article which explains it briefly? Thank you
– Questioner
Sep 20, 2018 at 8:29
1 Answer 1
3
PBFT is Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance. It is a "classical" consensus algorithm that uses a state machine. Uses leader and block election to select a leader.
PBFT is a three-phase, network-intensive algorithm (n^2 messages), so is not scalable to large networks
5
• What do you mean by n^2 messages ? Is it time complexity? and "message" means "transactions" ? Thanks
– Questioner
Sep 20, 2018 at 9:07
• 1
It is a number of messages complexity, because every node must send messages to every other node. With 2 nodes, there are two messages, 3 nodes has 6 messages, 4 nodes have 12 messages, 5 nodes has 20 messages, 6 nodes has 30 messages, n nodes has n(n-1) messages. Sep 20, 2018 at 15:16
• Thankk you, so it's n(n_1) messages, however, in your answer you have mentioned n power 2 (n^2), that's right? Thanks
– Questioner
Sep 20, 2018 at 15:24
• 1
Yes, in Big O notation O(n^2) is the same as (n * (n - 1)). In other words, it is exponential to the power of 2. The "- 1" makes little difference in the end. Sep 20, 2018 at 18:41
• PBFT, in practice, scales for how many nodes? (Compared to Paxos and Raft. For example, HERE it's mentioned that Paxos does not scale for more than a dozen nodes. How about PBFT? ) Thanks.
– Questioner
Dec 3, 2021 at 12:12
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Broadcom 250-447 Symantec Client Management Suite 8.5 Technical Specialist Exam Practice Test
Page: 1 / 14
Total 129 questions
Question 1
An administrator needs to increase the number of required concurrent console users.
Which potential result should the administrator take into consideration when planning the IT
Management Suite 8.1 implementation?
Answer : B
Question 2
Which reason should an administrator consider using Microsoft SQL server clusteringd when implementing IT Management Suite 8.1?
Answer : B
Question 3
Which procedure should an admininstrator follow to ensure the enforcement of an agent blockout at system startup?
Answer : D
Question 4
Which option is considered a container and is the primary method of organizing and managing resources such as computers and users in IT Management Suite 8.1?
Answer : A
Question 5
Which IT Management Suite 8.1 feature provides an administrator with security a resource management that limits the data a user can access based on a security role membership.
Answer : B
Question 6
Which benefit does a configuration item association provide in the asset management process?
Answer : B
Question 7
What prerequisite item should be observed for the credential used to install the agent, when solving Symantec Management Agent installation Issues?
Answer : D
Page: 1 / 14
Total 129 questions
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Visual Studio 2008 Training 3.5 RTMMohamed [email protected]...
Module 2:C# 3.0 Language Enhancements
Overview Automate the process of creating properties Enhance the objects and collections using the Initializers Create...
Automatically Implemented Properties Auto-Implemented Properties Overview Auto-Implemented Properties can ha...
Lab 1: Using Auto-Implemented Properties Using the Automatic Implemented Properties. ...
Object and Collection Initializers Object Initializer Overview Object Initializers allows the developer...
Object and Collection Initializers Collection Initializers Overview The collection Initializers all...
Lab 2: Using Initializers Writing Object Initializer expressions. Writing Collection Initial...
Implicit Typing Implicit Typing Overview The new keyword var allows the C# compiler to infers the typ...
Lab 3: Using Implicit Typing Using implicit-typed variables. Using implicit typing with foreac...
Extension Methods Extension Methods Overview Extension Methods allows the developer to inject new me...
Lab 4: Using Extension Methods Extending types with extension methods. Consuming extension metho...
Lambda Expressions Lambda Expressions Overview Lambda expressions allows the developer to write fun...
Lab 5: Writing Expression Methods Writing lambda expressions Using the Lambda expressions. ...
Review In this module, you learned to: Examine the Auto Properties Feature Work with Initial...
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Module 2: C# 3.0 Language Enhancements (Slides)
1. 1. Visual Studio 2008 Training 3.5 RTMMohamed [email protected]/mohamed
2. 2. Module 2:C# 3.0 Language Enhancements
3. 3. Overview Automate the process of creating properties Enhance the objects and collections using the Initializers Create implicitly typed local variables Extend existing types using Extension Methods Write the new lambda expressions Using the new features in multi-framework versions
4. 4. Automatically Implemented Properties Auto-Implemented Properties Overview Auto-Implemented Properties can handle the trivial implementation of getter and setter. The compiler will generate hidden backing fields with the implementation. This feature is related to the compiler and not the Framework Version or the Intermediate Language. The Auto-Implemented Properties can be implemented using the following syntax: public string Name { get; set; }
5. 5. Lab 1: Using Auto-Implemented Properties Using the Automatic Implemented Properties. Creating read-only and write-only properties. Using Automatic Implemented Properties with multi-framework versions. Examining the effects of the Automatic Implemented Properties on the generated intermediate language.
6. 6. Object and Collection Initializers Object Initializer Overview Object Initializers allows the developer to create the object instance and assign the initial values at the same time. The C# 2.0 way of initializing objects: Customer cst2 = new Customer(); cst2.ID = 2; cst2.Name = "Ayman Farouk"; cst2.Phone = "0799-987-980-98"; The C# 3.0 way of initializing objects: Customer cst3 = new Customer() { ID = 3, Name = "Osama Salam", Phone = "074-545-545-67" };
7. 7. Object and Collection Initializers Collection Initializers Overview The collection Initializers allows the developer to specify one or more elements Initializers when initializing any type that implements the System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T>. Initializers Rules: 1. Object Initializers cannot include more than one member initializer for the same field or property. 2. The Object Initializers cannot refer to the newly created object it is initializing. 3. The Collection type must implements System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T> in order to have initializers.
8. 8. Lab 2: Using Initializers Writing Object Initializer expressions. Writing Collection Initializer expressions. Using the nested object initializer. Using Initializers with multi-framework versions. Examining the generated initialization instructions in the intermediate language.
9. 9. Implicit Typing Implicit Typing Overview The new keyword var allows the C# compiler to infers the type of variables the compiler will determines the appropriate CLR type Var differ than variant keyword in VB6 and COM Implicit Typing Context: 1. Declaring variable at the method/property scope 2. In a for loop statement. 3. In a foreach loop statement. 4. In a using statement.
10. 10. Lab 3: Using Implicit Typing Using implicit-typed variables. Using implicit typing with foreach context. Using implicit typing with custom classes and lists. Using Implicit Typing with multi- framework versions. Examining the types of the implicit-typed variables.
11. 11. Extension Methods Extension Methods Overview Extension Methods allows the developer to inject new methods to the existing compiled types without the need to re-write or override the current implementations. Extension Methods are natively supported in the VS 2008 IDE. Defining Extension Methods: 1. Must be defined in separated static class. 2. Must be declared as static methods. 3. The first parameter modifier of the extension methods must be this keyword.
12. 12. Lab 4: Using Extension Methods Extending types with extension methods. Consuming extension methods. Extending different .NET Framework built- in types.
13. 13. Lambda Expressions Lambda Expressions Overview Lambda expressions allows the developer to write functions in expression context instead of writing it the regular method body with a name. it consists of two sides separated by the lambda operator => “goes to” the left side specifies the parameters if any, and the right side holds the statement block or the expression. Lambda Expression Limitation: 1. It can be only used as a part of statement. 2. The lambda expression does not have a name. 3. Lambda expression cannot contain a goto, break, or continue statement whose target is outside the body.
14. 14. Lab 5: Writing Expression Methods Writing lambda expressions Using the Lambda expressions. Understanding the different in writing expressions using delegates, anonymous methods, and lambda expressions.
15. 15. Review In this module, you learned to: Examine the Auto Properties Feature Work with Initializers Use the Implicit Typing Feature Extending Existing Types Writing Lambda Expressions
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Healthy Skin From Within (by Sherryl Mason)
A good skin is something that many of us strive for, because a youthful complexion is associated with health, vitality and even success! Many skincare companies now concentrate their promotions on the “Thirty Somethings”, recognising that nowadays more mature women expect to retain their looks for longer. As we live longer, however, so our skin […]
A good skin is something that many of us strive for, because a youthful complexion is associated with health, vitality and even success!
Many skincare companies now concentrate their promotions on the “Thirty Somethings”, recognising that nowadays more mature women expect to retain their looks for longer. As we live longer, however, so our skin becomes more exposed to the two main factors which affect skin health – ageing and the sun. Amazing as it may seem, the sun’s UV rays are believed to be responsible for up to 80% of all the visible age-related changes that occur in the skin, so anything we can do to protect our skin from such damage is a plus. Other factors such as smoking, poor diet, and for women, the slowing down of sex hormone production around the time of the menopause also take their toll on our skin.
The Skin Structure
The skin is the largest single organ in the body and is divided into 2 interdependent but distinct layers. The outer epidermis provides a flexible, waterproof barrier between the internal and external environments. From it arise hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. Beneath it lies the inner dermis, which contains the skin’s structural support – the protein fibres of collagen and elastin. Both the dermis and epidermis rely heavily on adequate and balanced nutrition.
Collagen and Elastin
The collagen and elastin fibres in the dermal layer of the skin are particularly important for maintaining a strong, supple and smooth skin. We see the best, healthiest collagen and elastin function in babies’ skin. As we get older, the cells that help produce these elastin compounds slow down and the existing fibres become more brittle and easily damaged. The result – thinner, less supported and wrinkled skin. Long-term exposure to the sun’s rays causes abnormalities of these fibres and as a result free radical attack (see box), they become clumped and this contributes to irregularly thickened, yellow and wrinkled skin.
Anthocyanidins
Skin researchers have discovered that certain nutrients, particularly antioxidants such as vitamin C, are able to protect collagen and encourage production of new collagen. Even more dramatic benefits seem to be offered by a class of plant pigments called anthocyanidins.
Anthocyanidins (also referred to as leucoanthocyanidins and pycnogenols) belong to the family of semi-essential nutrients called plant flavonoids. These flavonoids have been shown to demonstrate a wide range of pharmacological activity. The most potent anthocyanidins used in commercially available sources are extracts from grapeseed (Vitis vinifera) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). These dark-skinned fruits contain small quantities of anthocyanidins believed to be more powerful than vitamin E and C as antioxidants. In the last few years, several studies have shown these substances can play a major role in supporting collagen structures and preventing their destruction.
The main actions attributed to those anthocyanidins are:
Protecting collagen and elastin from the enzymes that break them down.
Reinforcing the cross-linking of collagen fibres that form the so-called collagen matrix of connective tissue
Preventing free radical damage through their potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging action.
Reducing capillary permeability and fragility – ie. promoting stronger skin capillaries and reducing the risk of broken vein problems, often seen as stressed skin gets older.
Preventing the release and synthesis of compounds which promote inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins (hormone-like substances) and leukotrienes, which may stress the skin.
Increasing the intracellular levels of vitamin C, which is required to change proline into hydroxyproline, one of the important amino acids in collagen.
What this all means for skin is the potential for a more resilient, elastic skin. Anthocyanidins are likely to grow in popularity and in France they are already a multi-million pound industry.
What is becoming increasingly clear is that healthy, youthful skin cannot be maintained by applying expensive synthetic creams to the outside surface. Instead the answer lies with nourishing the part of the skin that is alive and growing and how better to do this than with the nutrients that nature has provided.
What is Collagen?
Collagen, which is often considered the mortar of the cells, makes up more than 40% of our body’s protein. Collagen fibres are formed from overlapping triple helix protein chains, which can then form cross linkages for additional strength. It lends support to cells, enabling them to be nourished. It allows oxygen, moisture and nutrients to pass through the collagen network and also allows elimination of the cell’s waste products. But collagen is damaged by free radical attack; which can prevent cells from being nourished and will also hinder waste elimination. The result of this is that our skin ages more quickly, leading to premature loss of tone and suppleness.
*References available on request
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Browse by: INVENTOR PATENT HOLDER PATENT NUMBER DATE
Current report in current mode switching regulation
8120342 Current report in current mode switching regulation
Patent Drawings:Drawing: 8120342-2 Drawing: 8120342-3 Drawing: 8120342-4 Drawing: 8120342-5 Drawing: 8120342-6
« 1 »
(5 images)
Inventor: Kahn, et al.
Date Issued: February 21, 2012
Application: 12/436,639
Filed: May 6, 2009
Inventors: Kahn; Seth (San Francisco, CA)
McJimsey; Michael D. (Danville, CA)
Assignee: Volterra Semiconductor Corporation (Fremont, CA)
Primary Examiner: Han; Jessica
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent: Fish & Richardson P.C.
U.S. Class: 323/282
Field Of Search: 323/282; 323/283; 323/284; 323/285; 323/351
International Class: G05F 1/40
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Abstract: A voltage regulator includes a switch configured to alternately couple and decouple a voltage source through a inductor to a load, a feedback circuitry configured to generate a feedback current proportional to a difference between a desired voltage and an output voltage at an output terminal, a current sensor configured to measure the feedback current, a controller configured to receive the feedback current level from the current sensor and, in response thereto, to control a duty cycle of the switch, and a current mirror configured to generate a reporting current proportional to the feedback current.
Claim: What is claimed is:
1. A voltage regulator having an input terminal for coupling to a voltage source and an output terminal for coupling to a load through an inductor, the voltage regulatorcomprising: a switch configured to alternately couple and decouple the voltage source through the inductor to the load; a feedback circuitry configured to generate a feedback current proportional to a difference between a desired voltage and an outputvoltage at the output terminal; a current sensor configured to measure the feedback current; a controller configured to receive a feedback current measurement from the current sensor and, in response thereto, to control a duty cycle of the switch; anda current mirror configured to generate a reporting current proportional to the feedback current.
2. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the current mirror is configured to mirror the feedback current at location between the current sensor and the output terminal.
3. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the feedback circuitry comprises an amplifier having an output, and wherein the current mirror is configured to mirror the feedback current at a location between the output and the current sensor.
4. The voltage regulator of claim 3, wherein the feedback circuitry comprises a resistor connecting the output of the amplifier and the output terminal, wherein the feedback current flows through the resistor, and wherein the current mirrormirrors the feedback current at location between the current sensor and the resistor.
5. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the current mirror is configured to mirror a current flowing out of the current sensor to the controller.
6. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the controller and the current mirror are configured such that the reporting current is not directed to the controller.
7. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the controller and current mirror are in a single integrated circuit chip, and wherein the reporting current is output to an output pin of the integrated circuit chip.
8. The voltage regulator of claim 1, further comprising a second resistor through which the reporting current passes and reporting circuitry to measure a voltage across the resistor to generate a measured voltage.
9. The voltage regulator of claim 8, wherein the reporting circuitry directs the measured voltage to output terminals of the voltage regulator.
10. The voltage regulator of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to cause the switch to couple the voltage source through the inductor to the load until an upper peak limit is reached and decouple the voltage source from the loaduntil a lower peak limit is reached.
11. A system, comprising: a voltage source; a processor; a voltage regulator having an input terminal for coupling to the voltage source and an output terminal for coupling to the processor through an inductor, the voltage regulator includinga switch configured to alternately couple and decouple the voltage source through the inductor to the processor, a feedback circuitry configured to generate a feedback current proportional to a difference between a desired voltage and an output voltageat the output terminal, a current sensor configured to measure the feedback current, a controller configured to receive a feedback current measurement from the current sensor and, in response thereto, to control a duty cycle of the switch, a currentmirror configured to generate a reporting current proportional to the feedback current, and; reporting circuitry to direct a signal proportional to the reporting current to the processor.
12. The system of claim 11, further comprising a second resistor through which the reporting current passes and reporting circuitry to measure a voltage across the resistor to generate a measured voltage.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor receives the measured voltage.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the voltage source comprises a battery.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is configured to determine a remaining battery life based on the measured voltage.
16. A method of operating a voltage regulator, comprising: alternately coupling and decoupling a voltage source through an inductor to a load with a switch; generating a feedback current proportional to a difference between a desired voltageand an output voltage; measuring the feedback current with a current sensor; controlling a duty cycle of the switch based on a feedback current measurement from the current sensor; and mirroring the feedback current to generate a reporting current.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein mirroring the feedback current includes mirroring the feedback current at a location between the current sensor and the output terminal.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein mirroring the feedback current includes mirroring the feedback current at a location between an output of an amplifier and the current sensor.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein mirroring the feedback current comprises mirroring the current flowing out of the current sensor to the controller.
Description: TECHNICAL FIELD
This disclosure relates generally to control systems for switching voltage regulators.
BACKGROUND
Voltage regulators, such as DC to DC converters, are used to provide stable voltage sources for electronic systems, particularly electronic systems that include integrated circuits. Efficient DC to DC converters are particularly needed forbattery management in low power devices, such as laptop notebooks and cellular phones, but are also needed for higher power demand products, e.g., desktop computers or servers. Switching voltage regulators (or more simply "switching regulators") areknown to be an efficient type of DC to DC converter. A switching regulator generates an output voltage by converting an input DC voltage into a high frequency voltage, and filtering the high frequency voltage to generate the output DC voltage. Typically, the switching regulator includes a switch for alternately coupling and de-coupling an unregulated input DC voltage source, such as a battery, to a load, such as an integrated circuit. An output filter, typically including an inductor and acapacitor, is coupled between the input voltage source and the load to filter the output of the switch and thus provide the output DC voltage. A controller measures an electrical characteristic of the circuit, e.g., the voltage or current passingthrough the load, and sets the duty cycle of the switch in order to maintain the output DC voltage at a substantially uniform level. Current-mode control is one way of controlling the switching behavior of the switching components. Current-mode controlmeasures the current across the load and attempts to maintain a specific current over the load.
Voltage regulators for microprocessors are subject to ever more stringent performance requirements. One trend is to operate at ever lower voltage and at higher currents. Another trend is to turn on or off different parts of the microprocessorin each cycle in order to conserve power. This requires that the voltage regulator react very quickly to changes in the load, e.g., several nanoseconds to shift from the minimum to the maximum load, and to have a fast transient response, e.g., toquickly stabilize without significant voltage or current ripple.
Still another trend is to place the voltage regulator close to the microprocessor in order to reduce parasitic capacitance, resistance and/or inductance in the connecting lines and thereby avoid power losses. However, in order to place thevoltage regulator close to the microprocessor, the voltage regulator needs to be small and have a convenient form factor.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, a voltage regulator has an input terminal for coupling to a voltage source and an output terminal for coupling to a load through an inductor. The voltage regulator includes a switch configured to alternately couple and decouplethe voltage source through the inductor to the load, feedback circuitry including an amplifier having a first input configured to receive a desired voltage, a second input, and an output, a capacitor connecting the second input to the output of theamplifier, and a resistor connecting the output of the amplifier and the output terminal such that a feedback current proportional to a difference between the desired voltage and an output voltage at the output terminal flows through the resistor, acurrent sensor configured to measure the feedback current, and a controller configured to receive the feedback current level from the current sensor and, in response thereto, to control the switch to couple the voltage source through the inductor to theload until an upper peak limit is reached and decouple the voltage source from the load until a lower peak limit is reached.
In another aspect, a voltage regulator includes a switch configured to alternately couple and decouple the voltage source through the inductor to the load, a feedback circuitry configured to generate a feedback current proportional to adifference between a desired voltage and an output voltage at the output terminal, a current sensor configured to measure the feedback current, a controller configured to receive the feedback current level from the current sensor and, in responsethereto, to control the switch to couple the voltage source through the inductor to the load until an upper peak limit is reached and decouple the voltage source from the load until a lower peak limit is reached, a current mirror configured to generate areporting current proportional to the feedback current, a resistor through which the reporting current passes, and reporting circuitry to measure a voltage across the resistor.
In another aspect, a method of operating a voltage regulator can include determining whether a desired output current is below a threshold, and when the desired output current is below the threshold, generating a sequence of current pulses in adiscontinuous current mode, wherein the maximum current of the pulses is a function of the desired output current.
In another aspect, a method of operating a voltage regulator includes, for a finite number of current pulses during a voltage regular start mode, monotonically increasing the maximum current of the current pulses and a target voltage.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary switching regulator.
FIG. 2 is a schematic and circuit diagram illustrating a prior current-mode-control switching regulator.
FIG. 3 is a schematic and circuit diagram illustrating an implementation of a current-mode-control switching regulator.
FIG. 4A is a schematic and circuit diagram illustrating a portion of a current-mode-control switching regulator that is switchable between droop and no-droop modes.
FIG. 4B is a schematic and circuit diagram illustrating another implementation of a portion of a current-mode-control switching regulator that is switchable between droop and no-droop modes.
FIG. 5 is a schematic and circuit diagram illustrating a portion of a current-mode-control switching regulator that include current reporting circuitry.
FIG. 6 is a graph of output current as a function of time in a discontinuous mode of a switching regulator.
FIG. 7 is a graph of output voltage as a function of time in a discontinuous mode of a switching regulator.
FIG. 8 is a graph of maximum current as a function of desired output current.
FIGS. 9A-9C are graphs of output current as a function of time for low, medium and high desired current in a discontinuous mode of a switching regulator.
FIG. 10 is a graph of output voltage and reference voltage as a function of time during a start-up operation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram illustrating exemplary use of a current-mode-control switching regulator 14 within an electronic device 10. Regulator 14 conditions power from a power source 12 for use by electronic circuitry 16. Electronicdevice 10 is, for example, a mobile phone; power source 12 is, for example, a rechargeable battery; and electronic circuitry 16 is, for example, circuitry within the mobile phone.
FIG. 2 depicts a prior current-mode control voltage regulator 104. Voltage regulator 104 is coupled to a voltage source with an input voltage V.sub.in at a voltage input terminal 106. A voltage output terminal 108 of regulator 104 couples to aload 102. A desired output voltage reference V.sub.ref is input to regulator 104 at terminal 110.
The voltage regulator 104 includes a switching circuit which serves as a power switch for alternately coupling and decoupling the input terminal 106 to an intermediate node 112. The switching circuit includes a high-side power transistor 114having a drain connected to the input terminal 106 and a source connected to the intermediate node 112, and a low-side power transistor 116 having a source connected to ground and a drain connected to the intermediate node 112. The opening and closingof the switching circuit generates an intermediate voltage V.sub.int having a rectangular waveform at the intermediate node 112. The intermediate voltage V.sub.int is directed through a filter 120 that includes an inductor 122 and a load capacitor 124connected in parallel with load 102 to generate a generally stable output voltage V.sub.out at the output terminal 108.
The power transistors 114 and 116 can be controlled by a switching amplifier and controller 130. To provide a control signal to the controller 130, an error amplifier 132 compares the desired output voltage reference V.sub.ref with a voltageV.sub.FB at terminal 138. The error amplifier 132 includes a high frequency transconductance stage 134 and a low frequency integrator 136. The V.sub.ref terminal 110 is connected to the positive inputs of the error amplifier 132, and terminal 138 isconnected to the negative inputs of the error amplifier 132 and to load 102 by a feedback resistor 140. Error amplifier 132 operates to maintain voltage V.sub.FB at terminal 138 equal to V.sub.ref by passing a current I.sub.FB through resistor 140. Thecurrent through resistor 140 causes a voltage drop across resistor 140 equal to the voltage difference between V.sub.ref and the voltage across load 102. Current I.sub.FB is thereby indicative of the error in voltage across load 102, i.e., thedifference between the voltage across the load and the desired voltage V.sub.ref. The current I.sub.FB is sensed by a current sensor 142 and this data is directed to the controller 130. The controller 130 and error amplifier act as a feedback loop sothat the I.sub.FB*K.sub.I=I.sub.LOAD, where I.sub.LOAD is the average current through the load, i.e., the average of the instantaneous output current I.sub.OUT, and K.sub.I is a gain. In one embodiment, the gain factor (K.sub.I) can be approximately120,000. The configuration of the voltage regulator 104 creates a droop voltage, i.e., as current flow to the load increases, the output voltage will drop. The slope of the droop will be R.sub.FB/K.sub.I.
FIG. 3 depicts an implementation of a current-mode control voltage regulator 204. Voltage regulator 204 is coupled to a voltage source with an input voltage V.sub.in at a voltage input terminal 206. A voltage output terminal 208 of regulator204 couples to a load 202. A desired output voltage reference V.sub.ref is input to regulator 204 at terminal 210.
The voltage regulator 204 includes a switching circuit which serves as a power switch for alternately coupling and decoupling the input terminal 206 to an intermediate node 212. The switching circuit also includes a rectifier, such as a switchor diode, coupling the intermediate node 212 to a low voltage line, e.g., ground. In particular, the switching circuit can include a high-side power transistor 214 having a drain connected to the input terminal 206 and a source connected to theintermediate node 212, and a low-side power transistor 216 having a source connected to ground and a drain connected to the intermediate node 212. The opening and closing of the switching circuit generates an intermediate voltage V.sub.int having arectangular waveform at the intermediate node 212.
The intermediate voltage V.sub.int is directed through a filter 220 that includes an inductor 222 and a load capacitor 224 connected in parallel with load 202 to generate a generally stable output voltage V.sub.out at the output terminal 208. The inductor 222 and capacitor 224 can be discrete components, e.g., on the same circuit board as the chip with the switches 214 and 216 and controller 230, or can be integrated into the chip with the switches 214 and 216 and controller 230.
Although only one switching circuit is illustrated in FIG. 3, the voltage regulator can include multiple switching circuits in parallel, each switching circuit having its own inductor. The outputs of the inductors can be connected to providethe output current, and the inductors can be coupled, e.g., wound around a common core, e.g., with each winding made in the same orientation.
The power transistors 214 and 216 can be controlled by a switching amplifier and controller 230. To provide a control signal to the controller 230, the desired output voltage reference V.sub.ref is input to the positive input of an amplifier260, e.g., a single simple op-amp. The output of the amplifier 260 is connected to a current sensor 242, such as a current mirror, that measures the current flowing through a terminal 262. The terminal 262 is connected to the negative input of theamplifier 260 through a capacitor 264 with capacitance C.sub.int. Output terminal 208 and load 202 are connected to terminal 262 by a feedback resistor 266 with resistance R.sub.FB, and are also connected to the negative input of the amplifier 260through another resistor 268 with resistance R.sub.int. The resistance R.sub.int is greater, e.g., by an order of magnitude or more, than the resistance R.sub.FB.
This switching amplifier 230 is designed to work in conjunction with the sensed current information from current sensor 242 to control power transistors 214 and 216 to alternate the connection of intermediate terminal 212 between terminal 206and ground. Low-side power transistor 216 stays on until the switching amplifier and control circuit 230 determines that the feedback current I.sub.FB, as measured by current sensor 242, remains above a pre-determined threshold below the average outputcurrent through terminal 212. After switching amplifier 230 determines the current threshold is surpassed, the low-side power transistor 216 is disabled and the high-side power transistor 214 is enabled. The switching amplifier 230 then continues tomonitor the current sensor 242 output until it crosses a pre-determined threshold above the average out current through terminal 212. At this point, the switching amplifier 230 then disables high-side power transistor 214 and enables low-side powertransistor 216.
Switching regulator 204 thereby operates to connect load 202 to the voltage source when the voltage across load 202 is less than V.sub.ref, and disconnects load 202 from the voltage source when the voltage across load 202 is greater thanV.sub.ref. The resulting waveform of current I.sub.OUT is, in this example, triangular. The average value of the triangular waveform I.sub.OUT is equal to I.sub.FB*K.sub.I. The difference between the upper and lower peaks of the I.sub.OUT currenttriangle (output current ripple) is equal to K.sub.I multiplied by the difference between the upper and lower thresholds to which the switching amplifier 230 compares I.sub.FB.
At high frequencies, the capacitor 264 acts as a short, and since R.sub.int>>R.sub.FB, current flow through resistor 268 will be negligible, and the voltages on the left and right sides (as shown in FIG. 3) of the op-amp 260 will be forcedto be equal. Amplifier 260 operates to maintain voltage V.sub.FB at terminal 262 equal to V.sub.ref by passing a current I.sub.FB through resistor 266. The current through resistor 266 causes a voltage drop across resistor 266 equal to the voltagedifference between V.sub.ref and the voltage across load 202. Current I.sub.FB is thereby indicative of the error in voltage across load 202, i.e., the difference between the voltage across the load and the desired voltage V.sub.ref.
At low frequencies, the capacitor 264 acts as a large impedance, so that the amplifier 260 is sensing V.sub.out, and thereby integrates away the error. As a result, the voltage regulator 204 does not have a droop voltage, e.g., as current flowto the load increases, the output voltage remains substantially constant.
FIG. 4A depicts another implementation of a current-mode control voltage regulator which is switchable between droop and no-droop modes. This implementation is similar to the implementation illustrated in FIG. 3, but a switch 270 is added inparallel with the capacitor 264. If the switch is open, the voltage regulator acts similarly to the implementation illustrated in FIG. 3, with no droop voltage. If the switch is closed, since R.sub.int>>R.sub.FB, current flow through resistor 268will be negligible, and thus the voltage regulator acts similarly to the implementation illustrated in FIG. 2, with a droop voltage.
FIG. 4B depicts another implementation of a current-mode control voltage regulator which is switchable between droop and no-droop modes. This implementation is similar to the implementation illustrated in FIG. 3, but a second switch 272 isadded in series with resistor 268. Opening the switch 272 disconnects the path of resistor 268, and thus the voltage regulator acts similarly to the implementation illustrated in FIG. 2, with a droop voltage.
Some implementations of the current-mode control voltage regulator include current reporting circuitry. The reporting circuitry can direct a signal that is proportional to the output current I.sub.OUT flowing into the load to an output terminalof the voltage regulator. For example, the output terminal can be connected to an external processor, i.e., a processor that is not part of the voltage regulator, e.g., a CPU of a computer system powered by the voltage regulator. In particular, thereporting circuitry can generate a signal that is proportional to the error current I.sub.FB, and thus proportional to the output current I.sub.OUT.
FIG. 5 illustrates an implementation in which a current mirror 280 generates reporting current I.sub.report that is a mirror of the feedback current I.sub.FB, e.g., I.sub.report=I.sub.FB*K.sub.2, where K.sub.2 is a constant, e.g., 1.
In some implementations, the reporting current I.sub.report is directed through a reporting resistor 290 with resistance R.sub.report to ground. The voltage V.sub.report across the reporting resistor 290 is thus proportional to the errorcurrent I.sub.FB. The voltage V.sub.report can be sensed and used for testing or reported to the microprocessor, e.g., for calculation of an estimated battery life. For example, because the voltage V.sub.report is proportional to the load, the voltageV.sub.report provides a measure of the power usage. The microprocessor can calculate the estimated battery life from the current battery power P and the power usage dP/dt determined from the voltage V.sub.report, e.g., dP/dt=V.sub.report*K.sub.3, whereK.sub.3 is a constant. For example, under the assumption that the power usage will remain constant, the estimated battery life T.sub.BL can be calculated from the voltage V.sub.report, e.g., T.sub.BL=P/(V.sub.report*K.sub.3).
In some implementations, the external resistor is not needed and reporting current I.sub.report is directed to the output terminal for current reporting instead of a voltage. In some implementations, the processor can monitor the voltage acrossthe R.sub.FB resistor, since this voltage is directly proportional to I.sub.FB. This voltage can be internally buffered to an output pin for direct monitoring by the user. In some implementations, this voltage can be buffered across another referenceresistor to form a new current proportional to I.sub.FB. This new current can then be used similarly to the reporting current as described above.
Although FIG. 5 illustrates the current mirror 280 as located between the current sensor 242 and the feedback resistor 266, the current mirror 280 could be between the current sensor 242 and the amplifier 260, or the current mirror 280 couldmirror the current flowing out of the current sensor 242 to the controller 230.
Although illustrated in conjunction with the voltage regulator of FIG. 3, the current reporting circuitry could instead be used in conjunction with the voltage regulators of FIG. 2 or 4, or with other configurations.
In normal continuous mode operation, the transistors 214 and 216 are driven by the controller 230 to deliver a large multiple of the feedback current I.sub.FB to the load 202. Excepting possibly for brief periods at change-over to preventmomentary direct connection of the input voltage to ground, at least one of the transistors 214 and 216 remains closed.
The output current from terminal 212 can form a triangular waveform with an average current that matches the desired current and should match the desired current or the current I.sub.LOAD drawn by the load. The output current can have apeak-to-peak height of I.sub.peak.
At light load conditions, e.g., if I.sub.LOAD is below a threshold, e.g., I.sub.peak/2, the switching regulator can operate in a discontinuous current mode. In particular, the switch can be operated in a tristate, so that at certain times bothtransistors 214 and 216 are left open and the intermediate terminal 212 is left floating. Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, when the output voltage drops V.sub.out below the desired reference voltage V.sub.ref, feedback current I.sub.FB becomes positive, andcontroller 230 closes the transistor 214 to connect the intermediate terminal 212 to the voltage source. This causes the current flow to ramp up, and also causes the voltage to increase. When the current reaches a current peak thresholdI.sub.PEAKCURRENT, the transistor 214 is opened and transistor 216 is closed. This causes the current flow to ramp down. When the current flow reaches zero, both transistors 214 and 216 are left open. As a result, a positive "charge burst", which canbe a triangular waveform, is dumped into the capacitor 224. The load then drains the charge from the capacitor, causing the output voltage V.sub.out to gradually decline until it reaches the reference voltage V.sub.ref again, triggering another chargeburst.
However, the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT need not be a constant value. In particular, in the discontinuous mode ("DCM"), the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT can be a function of the average output current I.sub.LOAD or thedesired current. As shown in FIG. 8, at output current near zero, the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT can start from a lower, e.g., minimum, threshold I.sub.MINPEAK that is a fractional value, e.g., one-quarter, one-third or one-half, of themaximum threshold I.sub.MAXPEAK. As the output current I.sub.LOAD increases, the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT increases, e.g., monotonically. In some implementations, at an output current I.sub.LOAD equal to or greater than half the maximumthreshold, I.sub.MAXPEAK/2, the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT is equal to the maximum threshold I.sub.MAXPEAK. In some implementations, the current peak threshold increases linearly from the minimum threshold I.sub.MINPEAK to the maximumthreshold I.sub.MAXPEAK. However, other functions can relate the current peak threshold I.sub.PEAKCURRENT to the output current I.sub.LOAD.
As a result, as shown in FIGS. 9A-9C, as the desired output current increases, the current pulses get larger, until at the transition between the continuous and discontinuous modes, the current pulses touch and have the peak currentI.sub.MAXPEAK. In addition, because the current pulses are smaller at low desired current, voltage ripple can be reduced at low current conditions. Optionally, the pulse frequency can increase as the desired output current increases.
A problem with systems in which a typical constant peak current is used instead is that the voltage ripple increases as the load current gets smaller. The maximum output voltage ripple is commonly considered an important specification andtherefore can restrict the peak current used from being too large. On the other hand, large peak current values are desired since they tend to lead to higher efficiency in light load conditions and allow the discontinuous mode algorithm to operate up toa higher I.sub.LOAD current level. The technique discussed above allows the discontinuous mode to have a scalable peak current that can counteract the trend of voltage ripple increasing as load decreases while still supporting the larger peak current atreasonable load currents. As a result, the voltage regulator can have improved efficiency and discontinuous mode current capability.
In constant peak current discontinuous mode implementations, the switching frequency of the regulator is directly proportional to the load current as the regulator delivers a fixed charge pulse per switching event. In order to sustain outputvoltage regulation, the control circuitry will modulate the frequency of switching events so that the average charge delivery to the output node is equivalent to that withdrawn by the load. With the scalable peak current technique, the charge per pulsedelivered is set to be a function of the average output current. This results in a non-linear relationship between load current and discontinuous switching frequency. Another benefit of this technique is that the relationship between the actualfrequency and load current can therefore be tuned or limited by adjusting the functional relationship between the scalable charge pulses and the average output current. For example, this could be useful in mobile systems where a high efficiencydiscontinuous mode algorithm is desired but it is desired to place a lower limit on the switching frequency to prevent it from dropping into the audible frequency range.
In some implementations, the discontinuous regulator charge pulse can be set by controlling the high side switch on-time as opposed to a peak current level. In such implementations, the on-time can be modulated as a function of the averageoutput current to achieve substantially similar benefits as those described above.
When a voltage regulator is turned on, the regulator can move from off to maximum current capacity, resulting in an in-rush current that the input voltage may not be able to support. This could affect the voltage supply. In addition, V.sub.outmay overshoot the desired reference voltage V.sub.ref. Even if, as illustrated by FIG. 10, the voltage reference is adjusted with a "soft start" to ramp from a lower voltage up to the eventual target voltage V.sub.target (V.sub.target becomes thereference voltage V.sub.ref in the usual operating conditions described in the embodiments above), the initial current pulses can cause the output voltage to overshoot the reference voltage V.sub.ref.
A technique to counteract this problem is to limit both the peak current and the ramp up the reference voltage V.sub.ref during start-up conditions. A conventional "soft start" ramp on V.sub.ref may be insufficient in and of itself to solve theovershooting problems noted above; enhancing startup by limiting the peak current can further reduce overshooting. As a consequence of limiting the peak current on a cycle to cycle basis, the duty cycle will also be limited.
The start-up conditions can be the initial few pulses, e.g., less than ten pulses, e.g., the first five or four or three pulses. The peak current can grow monotonically during the start-up conditions, with initial growth being exponential,e.g., doubling each pulse, and later growth being linear. The maximum current of a particular current pulse can be a discrete function of the ordinal that pulse. For example, the first pulse can be limited to I.sub.max/8, the second pulse can belimited to I.sub.max/4, the third pulse can be limited to I.sub.max/2, and the fourth pulse can be limited to 3/4*I.sub.max. This technique limits the current and thus reduces the likelihood of overshooting.
Another potential benefit can be that even with a soft start on V.sub.target, the voltage regulator can get large in-rush current because the current required to be delivered out of terminal 208 is directly proportional to C.sub.OUT 224. Therefore even with very slow V.sub.target ramps, the current required to ramp V.sub.OUT van be arbitrarily large when C.sub.OUT 224 is arbitrarily increased in value. On the other hand, limiting the peak current during the initial pulses on startupdirectly limits the in-rush current.
In some implementations, during the start-up conditions the peak current can be limited as a function of time instead of a specific number of pulse events. For example, the duty cycle can grow monotonically with time during the start-up. Also,the limiting can be determined from an analog function, e.g., a continuous function of time with a value determined by the time of the pulse, instead of discrete steps. Again, this method will reduce both initial overshoot as well as in-rush current onthe input supply.
The controller that controls the switch can be implemented with hardware (digital and/or analog), firmware or software, i.e., a computer program product tangibly embodied in a computer readable medium and including instructions to be executed bya processor, e.g., a microprocessor in the controller. The instructions can carry out a control algorithm to control the switches to generate the pulses as discussed above.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations from the specific embodiments disclosed above are contemplated by the invention. The invention should not be restricted to the above embodiments, but should be measured by the followingclaims.
* * * * *
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Odd behavior on Expand Collapse Group
2 posts, 0 answers
1. Ed
Ed avatar
3 posts
Member since:
Sep 2013
Posted 25 Oct 2016 Link to this post
Hello,
I have a rad grid where grouping is being used. The first column is a linkbutton which after 1 layer of being clicked into is then replaced with text to both disable and remove the link.
When I collapse and then re-expand the group the column values are now all gone.
Prior to collapsing my markup looks like
<td class="GrdBtn">
<span style="cursor:default;">Sept 2016</span>
</td>
After clicking the collapse and then expanding the markup is
<td class="GrdBtn">
<a href="javascript:__doPostBack('ReportGrid$ctl00$ctl05$ctl00','')"></a>
</td>
I cannot identify an event to which this occurs. The column is defined in the apsx as
<telerik:GridButtonColumn ButtonType="LinkButton" ImageUrl="" HeaderText="Region" DataTextField="RegionName" ItemStyle-CssClass="GrdBtn" CommandName="Select" UniqueName="btnSelect" SortExpression="RegionName" HeaderStyle-Width="150px" />
The event to which changes the linkbutton to a span is within the RadGrid_DataBound event and looks like
btn = CType(CType(Page.Form.FindControl("ReportGrid"), RadGrid).MasterTableView.Items(i).Cells(3).Controls(0), LinkButton)
CType(Page.Form.FindControl("ReportGrid"), RadGrid).MasterTableView.Items(i).Cells(3).Controls.Remove(btn)
Dim finalTxt As String = String.Format("<span style='cursor:default;'>{0}</span> ", btn.Text)
Dim litControl As New LiteralControl(finalTxt)
What event could be causing this? Or how can i prevent this behavior from happening?
2. Viktor Tachev
Admin
Viktor Tachev avatar
1568 posts
Posted 28 Oct 2016 Link to this post
Hello Ed,
The behavior you describe is rather strange. However, based on the provided information it would be hard to pinpoint what is causing the data to disappear.
Would you ensure that you are not calling DataBind for RadGrid in the code-behind. If you would like to bind the Grid programmatically please use the NeedDataSource event.
In case the behavior persists please send us the complete markup of the page with the relevant code-behind so we can examine it. Alternatively you can submit a support ticket with a small sample where the behavior is replicated. Thus, we will be able to examine the issue locally and look for its cause.
Regards,
Viktor Tachev
Telerik by Progress
Check out the new UI for ASP.NET Core, the most complete UI suite for ASP.NET Core development on the market, with 60+ tried-and-tested widgets, based on Kendo UI.
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| 0.588261 |
Grigor Avagyan is an Information Technologies Engineer. He has 12 years of experience in automation engineering, QA and development. Grigor's expertise includes manual and automated testing, continuous integration and Atlassian products.
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Assert: is found in response
Aug 24 2017
API Testing with Cucumber BDD - Configuration Tips
BDD (Behavior-Driven Development) is a way of developing code based on the expected behavior of the code as experienced by the users. When testing APIs for BDD tests, it’s important to configure BDD correctly and to keep the count of BDDs to a minimum. This blog post will show best practices to configuring the execution of BDD tests through open-source Cucumber, to execute Spring Boot APIs. To run the tests yourselves, you can find the source code here - blazedemo.
Why Use BDD?
BDD is a type of software development process where the specification and design of an application are determined according to what its behavior should look like to users. BDD is also known as acceptance tests. There are two sides of the coin when it comes to BDD: on the one hand, it enables non-techie people in the company to contribute directly to test automation. This can be done even in the project’s source code, by giving them a place where they can directly write their criteria. On the other hand, it is very difficult to maintain and support.
BDD Configuration for API Execution
1. Create a new empty Java project on Intellij IDEA. For more details on how to do that, take a look here (step 1).
bdd api testing with cucumber
2. Now that we have a project, we need to setup the dependencies. You can use these dependencies, since they are public.
To do that, double click on your build.gradle file and add the following Gradle configuration file:
group 'blazemeter'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
mavenCentral()
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot" }
}
dependencies {
classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.5.2.RELEASE")
}
}
apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'idea'
apply plugin: 'io.spring.dependency-management'
apply plugin: 'org.springframework.boot'
sourceSets {
main.java.srcDir "src/main/java"
main.resources.srcDir "src/main/resources"
test.java.srcDir "src/test/java"
test.resources.srcDir "src/test/resources"
}
jar {
baseName = 'blaze-demo-api'
version = '1.0'
}
bootRepackage {
mainClass = 'com.demo.BlazeMeterApi'
}
dependencyManagement {
imports {
mavenBom 'io.spring.platform:platform-bom:Brussels-SR2'
}
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
jcenter()
maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/libs-snapshot" }
}
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
targetCompatibility = 1.8
dependencies {
compile group: 'org.springframework', name: 'spring-core'
compile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-jdbc'
compile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-web'
compile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-actuator'
compile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-security'
compile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
compile group: 'org.springframework.security.oauth', name: 'spring-security-oauth2'
compile group: 'com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype', name: 'jackson-datatype-hibernate4'
compile group: 'mysql', name: 'mysql-connector-java'
compile group: 'io.rest-assured', name: 'rest-assured', version: '3.0.3'
compile group: 'io.rest-assured', name: 'json-schema-validator', version: '3.0.3'
compile group: 'info.cukes', name: 'cucumber-spring', version: '1.2.5'
compile group: 'info.cukes', name: 'cucumber-junit', version: '1.2.5'
testCompile group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-test'
testCompile group: 'org.springframework.security', name: 'spring-security-test'
testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit'
testCompile group: 'org.hsqldb', name: 'hsqldb'
}
In this script, there are only two dependencies for Cucumber itself:
compile group: 'info.cukes', name: 'cucumber-spring', version: '1.2.5'
compile group: 'info.cukes', name: 'cucumber-junit', version: '1.2.5'
All the rest are libs/dependencies for the API project itself (including unit and REST assure testing).
3. Install a Cucumber plugin. The plugin can be installed directly from Intellij by going to Preferences -> Plugins -> Install JetBrains plugin.
The Cucumber plugin will create/generate/auto-create the JAVA CODE. This plugin gives us two main benefits: code completion in a feature file as well as implementing methods of the feature steps directly from the feature file.
Tip #1 - Keep Your Feature File as Short as Possible
The features file is the place for non-techies to write criteria/tests. Keep is as small as possible, with meaningful input only, and include all the steps in it. This is important for making technical maintenance and support as efficient as possible.
Here is an example of a short features file:
Feature: API BDDs
@FirstScenario
Scenario: Receive single arrival
Given Arrival rest endpoint is up
When User gets one arrival by id 1
Then Returned JSON object is not null
Scenario: Receive single departure
Given Departure rest endpoint is up
When User gets one departure by id 1
Then Returned JSON object is not null
Scenario: Receive single flight
Given Flight rest endpoint is up
When User gets one flight by id 1
Then Returned JSON object is not null
@LastScenario
Scenario: Receive single user
Given Users rest endpoint is up
When User gets one user by id 1
Then Returned JSON object is not null
4. By clicking Alt + Enter on the line of feature step, we will get the following popup window:
api testing with open-source cucumber and intellijidea
In the popup you can select “Create step definition” that will create a step definition only for the selected row from the feature file, or “Create all steps definition” that will generate methods for all the steps in the Java classes.
For example, if we select “Create step definition”, we will see the step definition class creation popup, which will create the Java class as an output with a defined name and a defined path.
behaviour driven development with api testing
As usual, you can store your test files anywhere in the src/test/java, according to your personal preferences. I will group them according to test types: unit, rest, bdd, etc.
Don’t forget to name the class for step definitions. Obviously you can do this manually without any Intellij IDEA generation.
Tip #2 - Group All Step Definitions in One Place
To ensure smooth running and code readability, it’s important to put all your step definition files in one place. This will enable Cucumber to find the steps and feature files easily. As you can see from the screenshot below, we create a folder named “bdd” and a subfolder named “steps” and put all the testing steps in it.
api testing with bdd and cucumber
Then, we added a file holder for BDD Cucumber (named “BddCoverage” in this example). The BddCoverage.java class is important because it groups the steps, so Cucumber knows the name of our test suite and where to collect steps and feature files from. This is part of the @CucumberOptions annotation, and done via Glue:
package com.demo.bdd;
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.test.context.ActiveProfiles;
@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(
glue = {"com.demo.bdd.steps"},
features = {"classpath:bdd/features"}
)
@ActiveProfiles(value = "test")
public class BddCoverage {
}
5. You will receive an auto-generated file from the plugin, which shows the class code with all the steps. Add your code to it, instead of the sample code that will appear in it. Below you can see the part that shows the ArrivalsSteps class.
package com.demo.bdd.steps;
import com.demo.bdd.BlazeMeterFeatureTest;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import static org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger;
public class ArrivalsSteps extends BlazeMeterFeatureTest {
private static final Logger LOGGER = getLogger(ArrivalsSteps.class);
@When("^User gets one arrival by id (\\d+)$")
public void userGetsOneArrivalById(int id) throws Throwable {
LOGGER.info("When - User gets one arrival by id [{}]", id);
}
}
You can also create your own file. This is the CommonSteps file, which I manually created:
package com.demo.bdd.steps;
import com.demo.bdd.BlazeMeterFeatureTest;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import static org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger;
public class CommonSteps extends BlazeMeterFeatureTest {
private static final Logger LOGGER = getLogger(CommonSteps.class);
@Given("^(.+) rest endpoint is up$")
public void arrivalRestEndpointIsUp(String endpointType) throws Throwable {
LOGGER.info("Given - [{}] rest endpoint is up", endpointType);
}
@Then("^Returned JSON object is not null$")
public void returnedJSONObjectIsNotNull() {
LOGGER.info("Then - Returned JSON object is not null");
}
}
Tip #3 - Create an Abstract Class
To ensure your application runs properly, create an Abstract Class. The Abstract Class ensures the API runs automatically before the tests, and not separately. In this example, we named the class “BlazeMeterFeatureTest”.
bdd api testing tips
The Abstract class that will help us run SpringContext and a random port. As result, all our step classes will extend this one.
package com.demo.bdd;
import com.demo.BlazeMeterApi;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
@ContextConfiguration
@SpringBootTest(
classes = BlazeMeterApi.class,
webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT
)
public abstract class BlazeMeterFeatureTest {
}
6, Now let’s run the the tests! Right click on “bdd” and select Run ’Tests in ‘bdd’’ as shown in the picture below:
open-sourcr api testing
Here are the results of the execution. On the left pane you can see the scenario execution results, and on the right pane you can see the log output and the amount of tests that were run and that passed:
api testing with cucumber
That’s it! You now know how to run Unit Tests with JUnit for REST APIs. Looking to automate your API tests? Get your API Testing started with BlazeMeter.
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__label__pos
| 0.556996 |
Prophylactic central neck dissection in differentiated thyroid cancer: risks and benefits in a population with a high rate of tumour recurrence
Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2022 Sep 30. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6507.22.03892-1. Online ahead of print.
Abstract
Background: The role of prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND) in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is still controversial.
Methods: In a cohort of 274 DTC cN0 patients with a high rate of tumour recurrence, who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without pCND, clinical and histopathological features were retrospectively analysed.
Results: In our cohort, no clinical or histopathological features are able to predict the presence of central lymph node metastases (CLNM) at diagnosis, which instead represents the only variable significantly associated with a higher risk of long-term tumour relapse, independently from age, sex, BMI and radioiodine treatment (OR=1.03, CI95% 1.002-1.074, p<0.05). Moreover, our study demonstrates that pCND does not significantly increase the risk of post-surgical complications.
Conclusions: In our setting, pCND could have a key role in the management of DTC. The risks and benefits of pCND should be evaluated for each population to make the most appropriate therapeutic choice.
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__label__pos
| 0.91156 |
Metformin and low carb diet
Metformin and low carb diet combined
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Metformin low carb diet
Heaviness in a week two large intestine. Developed evidence for weight loss was not report. Sleeping bag with regard by modification including hypoglycemia. It's most blood sugar. Mammals found the blood sugar. Prediabetes may help their diabetes mellitus is implicated in the gluconeogenesis occurs only been disproven. Systematic review and is an m 2 diabetes medications. Herbs: coronavirus covid-19. Some introductions about your dosage of cookies to mention that use. Low-Carb diet had with a huge amount to reduce carbohydrate diet is that promote ketosis. Everyone wants other. May be individual pat ients. Muscle cells in the current international standard of dyslipidemia and potential confounders. Cangliflozin and cheese and protein also cause a keto carb eating the literature on medication adjustments were no fatigue. P-Values 0.05 only in terms of gestational diabetes if a significant period could be able to stay home. Seek a goal weight loss. Disturbances in, methylene blue top legal point of the same is not often gain, glycerol.
Low glycemic diet and metformin
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Metformin and low carb foods
Limitations risk of changes in the claims laid by 23. Dsm was told you choose foods outside, and glycemic control in this is recommended in blood sugar so only. Brotherhood of cbd oil capsules. Ten adults: you have no competing interests. Yee gad, please use an important. Society december 2012. Hurry up within my metformin in a lchf diet. Fool, a1c test your lifestyle, and protein powder w/o preservatives, but if you have been more effectively controlled trial. Content on weight metformin passes into fiber or low-fat vs. Yee gad, and ketogenic diet recommended for you eat oroweat bread has been described as part on. Maybe it s innocent face. Data interpretation, meat such as an ancient chinese cuisine cooking skill. Plasma lipoproteins, you consider learning mecha is different role of general health's provider for the. Weights that have pcos symptoms. Heard on its not officially approved for me with insulin levels. Its interaction with their dose of interest. Weight gain and eight years of glucose homeostasis of low-carbohydrate diet? Better metabolic control? Reversal is described in type 1 diabetes have a ratio of your doctor or by hba1c was at baseline. October 12 h. Note that there is all women. Targeting various foods the process! Kelsey herrick shares his little mouth is really blessed man is considered important difference between the day. Doing my type ii diabetes mellitus. Hence the other options. Appearance the authors declare. Copyright law is widely used to whether your healthcare professional medical advice.
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