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Summary and Keywords In the late 15th century, when Martin Luther was born and grew up, death was very much present. Family, friends, and neighbors seldom reached what we today would consider a middle age, and women of childbearing age were at special risk. Catholic clergy took pains to offer Christians at every social level ways in which they could prepare themselves for the happiest possible afterlife. When Martin Luther joined the order of Augustinian Eremite Friars in 1505, he had never read a Bible. He now gained access to one that the brothers of the Erfurt house had in their library. Luther read it intently. He found that numerous Catholic points of theology and practice were not validated in scripture. In 1517, he chose the issue of indulgences on which to attack church practice, in view of the fact that the ordinary people in Wittenberg to whom he regularly preached—he was not their pastor—sacrificed a great deal to pay for certificates of indulgence. As a result of his encounter with the Bible, Luther proceeded to dismantle long-standing Catholic belief concerning death and treatment of the dead. He disqualified the Virgin, saints, and priests as intermediaries between individual souls and God. He insisted that as a result of the Fall of Adam and Eve, humans could not perform good deeds to earn themselves entry to Heaven. They had, instead, to rely on the atoning power of Christ’s death on the cross to pay the penalties that they deserved for their continual sinning. Those who had faith in the atonement would be saved. Justification by faith supplanted a theology of justification by good works. Gradually, over about twenty years, new Lutheran liturgies for ministering to the sick and dying and for burying the dead were introduced. Beginning at about midcentury, preachers were instructed to compose funeral sermons for just about every burial. These constitute a new literary subgenre. Many were published for reading by a larger audience, and as many as a quarter million of such printed sermons have survived. Visible as a theme within them is the traditional belief that every Christian should strive to achieve a “good death.” The phrase meant that dying people should cling fervently to the certainty that Christ has paid the penalty for faithful Christians’ sins. Access to the complete content on Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.

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(1813 - 1897) For refusing her master’s sexual advances, Harriet Jacobs in 1835 was sent from his house to his plantation. She soon ran away, finding refuge in the attic of her free grandmother, where she remained for seven years. Reaching the North in 1842, Jacobs eventually found work in the antislavery reading room above Frederick Douglass’ newspaper, The North Star, in Rochester, New York. She is the author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.

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June is cataract awareness month. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 253 million people worldwide live with vision impairment and 36 million are blind. One of the top causes? Cataracts. And with a growing global population coupled with increasing life expectancy, those numbers are projected to increase. In observance of cataract education and awareness month, here are some common questions and answers about cataracts: What exactly is a cataract? A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. Some cataracts are caused by certain medical conditions, medications, or eye injuries, but most cataracts are related to aging and will eventually affect most of us. Cataract removal is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in the world. While cataracts may start out small at first and have little effect on your vision, as they grow larger, they may cloud more of your lens and distort the light passing through. This may lead to more noticeable symptoms. Are cataracts a disease? Cataracts are not a disease, but an aging process similar to graying hair. Studies suggest that everyone who lives long enough will eventually get cataracts. However, there may be reduced risk for people who stick to a healthy diet, avoid sun exposure, do not smoke, and limit alcoholic beverages. What are some common cataract symptoms? Slightly blurred vision, as though looking through a piece of cloudy glass, is a common cataract symptom. In addition, lights (either from the sun or from a lamp) may appear too bright. Some people even have difficulties driving at night because the oncoming headlights cause more glare. Colors may appear faded and less colorful and eyeglass prescriptions may require frequent changes. Double vision in one eye, sensitivity to light, and the need for brighter light in order to read are also common symptoms. How are cataracts treated? The only way to treat a cataract is to remove it with surgery. When symptoms begin to appear, glasses, contact lenses, or better lighting may improve vision for a time. However, when cataracts progress to the point where they impair vision and affect daily life, surgery is required. Fortunately, cataract surgery is one of the safest, most common and most effective surgeries in the world. During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens of the eye is removed and replaced with a clear artificial lens known as an intraocular lens or IOL. The surgery typically lasts about 20 minutes and most people can resume normal activities fairly quickly. Will I still need glasses after cataract surgery? The answer is: maybe. There are different types of IOLs. Some, like a monofocal IOL, will offer clear distance vision. There are IOLs designed for people with astigmatism, known as toric IOLs, and IOLs that provide different focusing distances, known as multifocal IOLs. A newer technology, known as an extended depth of focus IOL, provides a full range of vision from near to far. So, the answer depends on your particular visual problem and which type of IOL you and your doctor choose. But, you will likely experience an improvement in both your vision and your quality of life after cataract surgery. How can I protect myself from cataracts? While cataracts are not 100 percent preventable, there are some steps you can take to reduce risk. Wearing sunglasses, especially in the summer, may help. Studies show that ultraviolet radiation may cause the protein in your eye’s lens to breakdown, resulting in cataracts. Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol may also help as both increase your risk of cataracts. Choosing a healthy lifestyle may slow cataract progression. Other factors, such as family history, medications and age, are also significant. That’s why it’s important to get regular eye examinations with a qualified doctor.

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When do you use the past perfect or the past simple? Look out for past perfect (Italics) and past simple (Bold) in the article. To deal with the 922 arrested people that have be put on trial because of looting in London last week, Westminster Magistrates’ Court has been open round the clock. One man tried to explain to Judge Elizabeth Roscoe, that he had gone into a PC World computer shop which had been looted the previous day because he was curious to see what had been stolen because he was a freelance journalist. This excuse amused various journalists who were reporting from the court, but Judge Roscoe failed to see the funny side. She told him that he faced a prison sentence. Fortunately, the accused pleaded guilty to the charge of burglary, which may result in him receiving a reduced sentence when he eventually receives his punishment. The next to appear in the dock was a 17 year old girl who had handed herself into police after she had seen her picture in a national newspaper. She had stolen 2 televisions from the Richer Sounds store in Croydon, which had had £190,000 of electronic equipment stolen from the premises. As the judge arranged for her to appear in a youth court next week, she nervously chewed her nails, clearly showing regret for her actions. Another woman had handed herself into police the day after she had stolen a £300 television from a shop in Enfield. The 24 year old had been on her way to McDonald’s when she saw that other people had broken into the store. Her lawyer said that she had gone to the police as she could not sleep through guilt. In total, almost 100 people appeared at Westminster courts overnight and proceedings appeared to be passing smoothly without too many problems. Past Perfect vs Past Simple Use the past simple when you only want to talk about a finished action from the past. But if you look back from a point in the past to say what happened before, use the Past Perfect. In the article, every action relating to the day at Westminster Court is our ‘time point in the past’ (Which we use the past simple for). Everything that happened before then (e.g. the looting and people giving themselves in to the police) is before our ‘point in the past’, so we use the past perfect for all those events/actions. PAST PERFECT form: had & past participle (e.g. been, finished, thought) When we are telling a story about the past (e.g Tuesday 9th August) and then we want to talk about things that happened before this time (e.g. Monday 8th August 2011), then we use the past perfect. In other words, the past perfect is an ‘earlier past’, when we ‘go back’ from a point in the past to say what happened before that moment. Yesterday, I got to the pub at 8pm, but my friends had left to go to the cinema at 7.30pm. P.s. There is a bit more help with the past perfect and other past tenses (including Simple Past) here.

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What Causes Chronic Fatigue? A typical day living with chronic fatigue involves symptoms like mental fogginess and aches and pains throughout the body. Here are some of the most likely causes of your long-term exhaustion. Chronic fatigue is a debilitating condition that makes it difficult for you to concentrate and be productive. It often comes with aches and pains which aren’t easy to manage on your own. In fact, chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome requires personalized care from a pain management specialist. Here at the office of Jelena Petkovic, PAC, MMS, DHSc, in Miami, Florida, you can get integrative care for chronic fatigue that doesn’t just mask the symptoms using medication. In fact, the wellness therapies available at our practice improve your overall health in addition to helping you manage your symptoms. Recognizing the causes of chronic fatigue can help you better understand your condition and manage it more effectively. Here are the factors that can cause chronic fatigue or exacerbate your symptoms: Physical health influences your energy Conditions that affect your health physically can cause symptoms of exhaustion that last for longer than six months, which places them in the chronic fatigue category. There are numerous infections and other diseases associated with chronic fatigue, including: - Viral infections - Chronic kidney disease - Heart disease - Sleep apnea Chronic fatigue can influence your sleep cycle and drain your energy. A possible result of mental trauma Chronic fatigue can be the result of long-term conditions affecting your mental health. The emotional stress of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder can all lead to chronic fatigue symptoms. Chronic fatigue syndrome can also influence your mental well-being. In some cases, chronic disease symptoms worsen the mental health symptoms that are already present. Hormonal fluctuations and imbalances lead to long-term fatigue Your hormones drive the many processes happening within your body all the time. Even a small imbalance can greatly influence emotional or physical well-being, and chronic fatigue is one possible result. Living with a hormone condition, like hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can lead to depleted energy, poor sleep, and other symptoms characteristic of chronic fatigue. Experts believe that your genetics can leave you prone to chronic fatigue syndrome because multiple members of a family often develop the condition. While they haven’t identified the exact gene that puts you at risk for chronic disease, there have been studies on twins and other blood relatives in relation to the development of chronic fatigue. Whether or not you know the underlying cause of your chronic fatigue, getting personalized integrative care can dramatically improve your well-being while living with the condition. Schedule an appointment over the phone or online with chronic fatigue specialist Jelena Petkovic PACMMSDHC today.

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Determine how the physical properties of a solvent are dependent on the number of solute particles present measure the vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure of. In chemistry, colligative properties are properties ofsolvents which are affected by the number of particles into which asolute separates when. Freezing point depression boiling point elevation vapor pressure change osmosis: colligative properties now let's go back to a question asked at the very beginning of this lesson, and that. Chm130 colligative properties experiment: determination of molar mass by freezing point depression using paradichlorobenzene introduction: the vapor pressure of a pure liquid at a given. Colligative properties are determined by the number of particles (for example, molecules or ions) and not on the nature of the particles these properties apply to ideal solutions o with. Colligative properties problems - answers remember that colligative properties depend only on the number or concentration of particles in a solution the properties are, for ideal. Define colligative: depending on the number of particles (such as molecules) and not on the nature of the particles — colligative in a sentence. This year in the midwest united states, winter has been a fickle friend i haven’t seen the same amount of snow or ice as in recent years, but i still made sure i was prepared for it at our. Colligative properties the reduction of the freezing point of a substance is an example of a colligative property: a property of a solvent that depends on the total number of solute. In chemistry, colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution, and not on the. Colligative properties if you want to boil water you have to put enough thermal energy in to separate the water molecules from one another the heat is breaking the intermolecular bonds that. Colligative (collective) properties getting in the way and creating disorder colligative means collective so it implies that there is a collective effort to change properties of a pure. Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute. Colligative property: colligative property,, in chemistry, any property of a substance that depends on, or varies according to, the number of particles (molecules or atoms) present but does. Colligative comes from colligate –to tie together colligative properties have common origin colligative properties depend on amountof. Free practice questions for mcat physical - colligative properties includes full solutions and score reporting. Colligative properties are “properties of a solution that depends on the ratio of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution and not on the detailed properties of. This chemistry review video tutorial focuses on the equations and formulas that you know regarding colligative properties of solutions such as boiling point. Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute colligative properties include. Colligative definition, (of the properties of a substance) depending on the number of molecules or atoms rather than on their nature see more. Colligative properties are the physical changes that result from adding solute to a solvent colligative properties depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the solvent. Colligative properties by: cameron campbell what are colligative properties these properties do not depend on the identity of the particles themselves, but solely on the number of particles. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of solutions that is observed using a semipermeable membrane a barrier with pores small enough to allow solvent molecules. Colligative properties: freezing-point depression and molar mass lab report. Start studying colligative properties learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Colligative properties of solutions introductory tutorial suitable for chemistry students. As noted previously in this module, the colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the kind colligative property. Automotive antifreeze, kidney dialysis and using rock salt to make ice cream all depend upon the colligative properties of solutions, which are the physical properties of solutions, ones. Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution, and not on the type of. Get information, facts, and pictures about colligative properties at encyclopediacom make research projects and school reports about colligative properties easy with credible articles from. Colligative properties - solutions, part ii, the effect of the number of particles by melinda oliver | this newsletter was created with smore, an online tool for creating beautiful. Colligative properties depend upon the ratio of the number of solute particles to solvent molecules in a solution, but not on the type of chemicals. By the naming conventions this article should probably be at colligative propertyif no objection, i'll do this - taxman talk 16:55, august 1, 2005 (utc) they are always referred to in the.

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This article needs to be updated.(July 2020) Poverty is the state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person's basic needs.Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty measures compare income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter. Relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the same time and place. Therefore, the floor at which relative poverty is defined varies from one country to another, or from one society to another. As of 2019, most people on the planet live in poverty: (in Purchasing Power Parity dollars) 85% live on less than $30 per day, two-thirds live on less than $10 per day, and 10% live on less than $1.90 per day (extreme poverty). Many governments and non-governmental organizations try to reduce poverty by providing basic needs to people who are unable to earn a sufficient income. These efforts can be hampered by constraints on government's ability to deliver services, such as corruption, tax avoidance, debt and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedoms and providing financial services.Meanwhile, the poorest citizens of middle-income countries have largely failed to receive an adequate share of their countries’ increased wealth. The word poverty comes from the old (Norman) French word poverté (Modern French: pauvreté), from Latin paupertās from pauper (poor). There are several definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation it is placed in, and usually references a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain standard of living. United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is the inability of having choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life. European Union: The European Union (EU) definition of poverty is significantly different from definitions in other parts of the world, and consequently policy measures introduced to combat poverty in EU countries also differ from measures in other nations. Poverty is measured in relation to the distribution of income in each member country using relative income poverty lines.Relative-income poverty rates in the EU are compiled by the Eurostat, in charge of coordinating, gathering, and disseminating member country statistics using European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) surveys. Absolute poverty, often synonymous with 'extreme poverty' or 'abject poverty', refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. This set standard usually refers to "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services." The "dollar a day" poverty line was first introduced in 1990 as a measure to meet such standards of living. For nations that do not use the U.S. dollar as currency, 'dollar a day' does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the exchange rate.Rather, it is determined by the purchasing power parity rate, which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States. Usually, this would translate to having less local currency than if the exchange rate was used as the United States is a relatively more expensive country. From 1993 through 2005, the World Bank defined absolute poverty as $1.08 a day on such a purchasing power parity basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollarand in 2008, it was updated as $1.25 a day (equivalent to $1.00 a day in 1996 US prices) and in 2015, it was updated as living on less than US$1.90 per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 or $5 a day. Similarly, 'ultra-poverty' is defined by a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research Institute as living on less than 54 cents per day. The poverty line threshold of $1.90 per day, as set by the World Bank, is controversial. Each nation has its own threshold for absolute poverty line; in the United States, for example, the absolute poverty line was US$15.15 per day in 2010 (US$22,000 per year for a family of four), while in India it was US$1.0 per day and in China the absolute poverty line was US$0.55 per day, each on PPP basis in 2010. These different poverty lines make data comparison between each nation's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that the World Bank method sets the bar too high, others argue it is too low. There is disagreement among experts as to what would be considered a realistic poverty rate with one considering it "an inaccurately measured and arbitrary cut off". Some contend that a higher poverty line is needed, such as a minimum of $7.40 or even $10 to $15 a day. They argue that these levels would better reflect the cost of basic needs and normal life expectancy. One estimate places the true scale of poverty much higher than the World Bank, with an estimated 4.3 billion people (59% of the world's population) living with less than $5 a day and unable to meet basic needs adequately.Philip Alston, a UN special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, stated the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90 a day is fundamentally flawed, and has allowed for "self congratulatory" triumphalism in the fight against extreme global poverty, which he asserts is "completely off track" and that nearly half of the global population, or 3.4 billion, lives on less than $5.50 a day, and this number has barely moved since 1990. Still others suggest that poverty line misleads as it measures everyone below the poverty line the same, when in reality someone living on $1.20 per day is in a different state of poverty than someone living on $0.20 per day. Other measures of absolute poverty without using a certain dollar amount include the standard defined as receiving less than 80 percent of minimum caloric intake whilst spending more than 80% of income on food, sometimes called ultra-poverty. Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context. It is argued that the needs considered fundamental is not an objective measureand could change with the custom of society. For example, a person who cannot afford housing better than a small tent in an open field would be said to live in relative poverty if almost everyone else in that area lives in modern brick homes, but not if everyone else also lives in small tents in open fields (for example, in a nomadic tribe). Since richer nations would have lower levels of absolute poverty, relative poverty is considered the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations" and is the "most prominent and most-quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators". Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. This is a calculation of the percentage of people whose family household income falls below the Poverty Line. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.The United States federal government typically regulates this line to three times the cost an adequate meal. There are several other different income inequality metrics, for example, the Gini coefficient or the Theil Index. Rather than income, poverty is also measured through individual basic needs at a time. Life expectancy has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap to the developed world. 9,200 kilojoules (2,200 kilocalories) decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.Child mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world. The proportion of the world's population living in countries where the daily per-capita supply of food energy is less than Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal social status and inequitable social relationships, experienced as social exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of relational care to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, dis-empowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access to information, education, health care, social capital or political power. In the United Kingdom, the second Cameron ministry came under attack for their redefinition of poverty; poverty is no longer classified by a family's income, but as to whether a family is in work or not.Considering that two-thirds of people who found work were accepting wages that are below the living wage (according to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ) this has been criticised by anti-poverty campaigners as an unrealistic view of poverty in the United Kingdom. Secondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as alcoholic beverages, thus placing them below it in practice.In 18th- and 19th-century Great Britain, the practice of temperance among Methodists, as well as their rejection of gambling, allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital. Poverty levels are snapshot pictures in time that omits the transitional dynamics between levels. Mobility statistics supply additional information about the fraction who leave the poverty level. For example, one study finds that in a sixteen-year period (1975 to 1991 in the U.S.) only 5% of those in the lower fifth of the income level were still at that level, while 95% transitioned to a higher income category.Poverty levels can remain the same while those who rise out of poverty are replaced by others. The transient poor and chronic poor differ in each society. In a nine-year period ending in 2005 for the U.S., 50% of the poorest quintile transitioned to a higher quintile. According to Chen and Ravallion, about 1.76 billion people in developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.9 billion people lived below $1.25 per day in 1981. In 2005, about 4.09 billion people in developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.4 billion people lived below $1.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data are on inflation adjusted basis).The share of the world's population living in absolute poverty fell from 43% in 1981 to 14% in 2011. The absolute number of people in poverty fell from 1.95 billion in 1981 to 1.01 billion in 2011. The economist Max Roser estimates that the number of people in poverty is therefore roughly the same as 200 years ago. This is the case since the world population was just little more than 1 billion in 1820 and the majority (84% to 94% ) of the world population was living in poverty. The proportion of the developing world's population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia. In 2012 it was estimated that, using a poverty line of $1.25 a day, 1.2 billion people lived in poverty.Given the current economic model, built on GDP, it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the poverty line of $1.25 a day. UNICEF estimates half the world's children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty. The World Bank forecasted in 2015 that 702.1 million people were living in extreme poverty, down from 1.75 billion in 1990. Extreme poverty is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies. Of the 2015 population, about 347.1 million people (35.2%) lived in Sub-Saharan Africa and 231.3 million (13.5%) lived in South Asia. According to the World Bank, between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty fell from 37.1% to 9.6%, falling below 10% for the first time. During the 2013 to 2015 period, the World Bank reported that extreme poverty fell from 11% to 10%, however they also noted that the rate of decline had slowed by nearly half from the 25 year average with parts of sub-saharan Africa returning to early 2000 levels. The World Bank attributed this to increasing violence following the Arab Spring, population increases in Sub-Saharan Africa, and general African inflationary pressures and economic malaise were the primary drivers for this slow down. Many wealthy nations have seen an increase in relative poverty rates ever since the Great Recession, in particular among children from impoverished families who often reside in substandard housing and find educational opportunities out of reach. It has been argued by some academics that the neoliberal policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty. In East Asia the World Bank reported that "The poverty headcount rate at the $2-a-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent [in 2007], down from 29.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990."The People's Republic of China accounts for over three quarters of global poverty reduction from 1990 to 2005. Though, as noted, China accounted for nearly half of all extreme poverty in 1990. In Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up from 41 percent in 1981 to 46 percent in 2001,which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million. Statistics of 2018 shows population living in extreme conditions has declined by more than 1 billion in the last 25 years. As per the report published by the world bank on 19 September 2018 world poverty falls below 750 million. In the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income.The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in large declines in GDP per capita, of about 30 to 35% between 1990 and the through year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result, poverty rates tripled, excess mortality increased, and life expectancy declined. In subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31.4% of the population to 19.6%. The average post-communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per-capita GDP by 2005, although as of 2015 some are still far behind that. World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world except Middle East and North Africa since 1990: |Region||$1 per day||$1.25 per day||$1.90 per day| |East Asia and Pacific||15.4%||12.3%||9.1%||77.2%||14.3%||80.5%||61.3%||38.5%||11.2%||2.3%||1.3%| |Europe and Central Asia||3.6%||1.3%||1.0%||1.9%||0.5%||—||—||7.8%||2.5%||1.6%||1.2%| |Latin America and the Caribbean||9.6%||9.1%||8.6%||11.9%||6.5%||13.8%||15.2%||13.7%||6.2%||4.1%||4.4%| |Middle East and North Africa||2.1%||1.7%||1.5%||9.6%||2.7%||—||6.1%||3.8%||2%||3.8%||7.2%| The effects of poverty may also be causes as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global. One third of deaths around the world – some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day – are due to poverty-related causes. People living in developing nations, among them women and children, are over represented among the global poor and these effects of severe poverty.Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even starvation and disease, as well as lower life expectancy. According to the World Health Organization, hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Almost 90% of maternal deaths during childbirth occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world.Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a disability within their lifetime. Infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis can perpetuate poverty by diverting health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1.3% in some developing nations and AIDS decreases African growth by 0.3–1.5% annually. Poverty has been shown to impede cognitive function. One way in which this may happen is that financial worries put a severe burden on one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty.Many other pathways from poverty to compromised cognitive capacities have been noted, from poor nutrition and environmental toxins to the effects of stress on parenting behavior, all of which lead to suboptimal psychological development. Neuroscientists have documented the impact of poverty on brain structure and function throughout the lifespan. Infectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. 36.8 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 954,492 deaths in 2017.Every year there are 350–500 million cases of malaria, with 1 million fatalities: Africa accounts for 90 percent of malarial deaths and African children account for over 80 percent of malaria victims worldwide. Poor people often are more prone to severe diseases due to the lack of health care, and due to living in non-optimal conditions. Among the poor, girls tend to suffer even more due to gender discrimination. Economic stability is paramount in a poor household otherwise they go in an endless loop of negative income trying to treat diseases. Often time when a person in a poor household falls ill it is up to the family members to take care of their family members due to limited access to health care and lack of health insurance. The household members oftentimes have to give up their income or stop seeking further education to tend to the sick member. There is a greater opportunity cost imposed on the poor to tend to someone compared to someone with better financial stability. Substance abuse means that the poor typically spend about 2 percent of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (For example, 6 percent in Indonesia and 8 percent in Mexico). Rises in the costs of living make poor people less able to afford items. Poor people spend a greater portion of their budgets on food than wealthy people. As a result, poor households and those near the poverty threshold can be particularly vulnerable to increases in food prices. For example, in late 2007 increases in the price of grainsled to food riots in some countries. The World Bank warned that 100 million people were at risk of sinking deeper into poverty. Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the water crisis. Intensive farming often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of soil fertility and decline of agricultural yields. Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to United Nations University's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night. According to the Global Hunger Index, Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions over the 2001–2006 period. A psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES), tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, exposure to criminal activities all contribute to mental disorders. This study also found that it slows cognitive thinking in children when they are exposed to poverty stricken environments.It is seen that children perform better under the care and nourishment from their parents and found that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, therefore it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families. For a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need "A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities".[ citation needed ] In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127). Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The Great Smoky Mountains Study was a ten-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased. Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances. This is often a process that begins in primary school for some less fortunate children. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, children in poverty are at a higher risk than advantaged children for retention in their grade, special deleterious placements during the school's hours and even not completing their high school education.Advantage breeds advantage. There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. One is the conditions of which they attend school. Schools in poverty-stricken areas have conditions that hinder children from learning in a safe environment. Researchers have developed a name for areas like this: an urban war zone is a poor, crime-laden district in which deteriorated, violent, even war-like conditions and underfunded, largely ineffective schools promote inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and disruptive or non-compliant classroom behavior. Because of poverty, "Students from low-income families are 2.4 times more likely to drop out than middle-income kids, and over 10 times more likely than high-income peers to drop out" For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as juvenile delinquency rates, higher levels of teenage pregnancy, and the economic dependency upon their low-income parent or parents.Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well-being are major important issues to address since education from preschool to high school are both identifiably meaningful in a life. Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities, preferences, mannerisms" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not do these, students are at a disadvantage in the school and, most importantly, the classroom.Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from the academic year. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict a child or student's focus and concentration. In general, the interaction of gender with poverty or location tends to work to the disadvantage of girls in poorer countries with low completion rates and social expectations that they marry early, and to the disadvantage of boys in richer countries with high completion rates but social expectations that they enter the labour force early.At the primary education level, most countries with a completion rate below 60% exhibit gender disparity at girls’ expense, particularly poor and rural girls. In Mauritania, the adjusted gender parity index is 0.86 on average, but only 0.63 for the poorest 20%, while there is parity among the richest 20%. In countries with completion rates between 60% and 80%, gender disparity is generally smaller, but disparity at the expense of poor girls is especially marked in Cameroon, Nigeria and Yemen. Exceptions in the opposite direction are observed in countries with pastoralist economies that rely on boys’ labour, such as the Kingdom of Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia. The geographic concentration of poverty is argued to be a factor in entrenching poverty. William J. Wilson's "concentration and isolation" hypothesis states that the economic difficulties of the very poorest African Americans are compounded by the fact that as the better-off African Americans move out, the poorest are more and more concentrated, having only other very poor people as neighbors. This concentration causes social isolation, Wilson suggests, because the very poor are now isolated from access to the job networks, role models, institutions, and other connections that might help them escape poverty.Gentrification means converting an aging neighborhood into a more affluent one, as by remodeling homes. However, landlords then increase rent on newly renovated real estate; the poor people cannot afford to pay high rent, and may need to leave their neighborhood to find affordable housing. However, the poor also get more access to income and services while studies suggest poor residents living in gentrifying neighbourhoods are actually less likely to move than poor residents of non-gentrifying areas. Poverty increases the risk of homelessness.Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world, according to a report by the United Nations. There are over 100 million street children worldwide.Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. It is speculated that, flush with money, profit driven orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died. Many child advocates maintain that this can harm children's development by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans. As of 2012, 2.5 billion people lack access to sanitation services and 15% practice open defecation.The most noteworthy example is Bangladesh, which had half the GDP per capita of India but has a lower mortality from diarrhea than India or the world average, with diarrhea deaths declining by 90% since the 1990s. Even while providing latrines is a challenge, people still do not use them even when available. By strategically providing pit latrines to the poorest, charities in Bangladesh sparked a cultural change as those better off perceived it as an issue of status to not use one. The vast majority of the latrines built were then not from charities but by villagers themselves. Water utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which is typically skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying costs in developing countries is covered.This results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading to losses from leaks annually that are enough for 200 million people. This also leads to a lack of incentive to invest in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about five to 16 times the metered price. However, subsidies for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption have shown more promise for the poor. Similarly, the poorest fifth receive 0.1% of the world's lighting but pay a fifth of total spending on light, accounting for 25 to 30 percent of their income.Indoor air pollution from burning fuels kills 2 million, with almost half the deaths from pneumonia in children under 5. Fuel from Bamboo burns more cleanly and also matures much faster than wood, thus also reducing deforestation. Additionally, using solar panels is promoted as being cheaper over the products' lifetime even if upfront costs are higher. Thus, payment schemes such as lend-to-own programs are promoted and up to 14% of Kenyan households use solar as their primary energy source. Cultural factors, such as discrimination of various kinds, can negatively affect productivity such as age discrimination, stereotyping,discrimination against people with physical disability, gender discrimination, racial discrimination, and caste discrimination. Women are the group suffering from the highest rate of poverty after children; 14.5% of women and 22% of children are poor in the United States. In addition, the fact that women are more likely to be caregivers, regardless of income level, to either the generations before or after them, exacerbates the burdens of their poverty. Max Weber and some schools of modernization theory suggest that cultural values could affect economic success. [ who? ] have gathered evidence that suggest that values are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain most of the movement into and out of poverty, as opposed to shifts in values. A 2018 report on poverty in the United States by UN special rapporteur Philip Alston asserts that caricatured narratives about the rich and the poor (that "the rich are industrious, entrepreneurial, patriotic and the drivers of economic success" while "the poor are wasters, losers and scammers") are largely inaccurate, as "the poor are overwhelmingly those born into poverty, or those thrust there by circumstances largely beyond their control, such as physical or mental disabilities, divorce, family breakdown, illness, old age, unlivable wages or discrimination in the job market." Societal perception of people experiencing economic difficulty has historically appeared as a conceptual dichotomy: the "good" poor (people who are physically impaired, disabled, the "ill and incurable," the elderly, pregnant women, children) vs. the "bad" poor (able-bodied, "valid" adults, most often male).However, researchers According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution, as a means of survival and economic desperation.Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited. For example, in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to sex in return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. According to studies, as poverty decreases there will be fewer and fewer instances of violence. Various poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized based on whether they make more of the basic human needs available or whether they increase the disposable income needed to purchase those needs.Some strategies such as building roads can both bring access to various basic needs, such as fertilizer or healthcare from urban areas, as well as increase incomes, by bringing better access to urban markets. Agricultural technologies such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints.Goal 2 of the Sustainable Development Goals is the elimination of hunger and undernutrition by 2030. Before the Industrial Revolution, poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little, making wealth scarce.Geoffrey Parker wrote that "In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis." The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world. Mass production of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them. Even with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport 100 kilometres (60 mi) inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average. Microfranchising models such as door to door distributors who earn commission-based income or Coca-Cola's successful distribution system are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health.For example, Sri Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to 0.5–0.6% in the 1950s and to 0.6% today while spending less each year on maternal health because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works, such as the Copenhagen Consensus. Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia. Strategies to provide education cost effectively include deworming children, which costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from anemia, illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty-fifth as expensive as increasing school attendance by constructing schools.Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply providing free sanitary towels. Fortification with micronutrients was ranked the most cost effective aid strategy by the Copenhagen Consensus. For example, iodised salt costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 IQ points. Paying for school meals is argued to be an efficient strategy in increasing school enrollment, reducing absenteeism and increasing student attention. Desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid known as conditional cash transfers.In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16- to 19-year-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program. It is argued that affordable housing should be guaranteed as a right of every citizen.Policies such as Housing First emphasize that other basic needs are easier to be met when housing is first guaranteed. Government revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption.Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by government individuals for money laundering to overseas banks which insist on bank secrecy, instead of spending on the poor. A Global Witness report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism. Illicit capital flight, such as corporate tax avoidance,from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays, with one estimate that most of Africa would be developed if the taxes owed were paid. About 60 per cent of illicit capital flight from Africa is from transfer mispricing, where a subsidiary in a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or shell company in a tax haven at an artificially low price to pay less tax. An African Union report estimates that about 30% of sub-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to tax havens. Solutions include corporate "country-by-country reporting" where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective economic activity occurs. Developing countries' debt service to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government spending on the poor.For example, Zambia spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for basic state services in 1997. One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been debt relief. Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief. Since that round of debt relief, private creditors accounted for an increasing share of poor countries' debt service obligations. This complicated efforts to renegotiate easier terms for borrowers during crises such as the Covid pandemic because the multiple private creditors involved say they have a fiduciary obligation to their clients such as the pension funds. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach structural adjustment conditionalities in return for loans which are generally geared toward loan repayment with austerity measures such as the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices.In Malawi, almost five million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced, farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a major food exporter. A major proportion of aid from donor nations is tied, mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. US law requires food aid be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport. Distressed securities funds, also known as vulture funds, buy up the debt of poor nations cheaply and then sue countries for the full value of the debt plus interest which can be ten or 100 times what they paid.They may pursue any companies which do business with their target country to force them to pay to the fund instead. Considerable resources are diverted on costly court cases. For example, a court in Jersey ordered the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pay an American speculator $100 million in 2010. Now, the UK, Isle of Man and Jersey have banned such payments. The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect.As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia. Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools and promoting medical tourism so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries. It is very easy for Ugandan doctors to emigrate to other countries. It is seen that only 69 percent of the health care jobs were filled in Uganda. Other Ugandan doctors were seeking jobs in other countries leaving inadequate or less skilled doctors to stay in Uganda. Some argue that overpopulation and lack of access to birth control can lead to population increase to exceed food production and other resources.Better education for both men and women, and more control of their lives, reduces population growth due to family planning. According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), by giving better education to men and women, they can earn money for their lives and can help them to strengthen economic security. The following are strategies used or proposed to increase personal incomes among the poor. Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three-quarters of the poor today are farmers.Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors. A guaranteed minimum income ensures that every citizen will be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs. A basic income (or negative income tax) is a system of social security, that periodically provides each citizen, rich or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on. Studies of large cash-transfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they are tied to such conditions or not.Proponents argue that a basic income is more economically efficient than a minimum wage and unemployment benefits, as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing losses in efficiency. In 1968, Paul Samuelson, John Kenneth Galbraith and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics, with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include Herbert A. Simon, Friedrich Hayek, Robert Solow, Milton Friedman, Jan Tinbergen, James Tobin and James Meade. Income grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than subsidizing supplies whose effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.With cars and other appliances, the wealthiest 20% of Egypt uses about 93% of the country's fuel subsidies. In some countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education. A 2008 study concluded that the money spent on in-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all India's poor out of poverty for that year if transferred directly. The primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo and Afghanistan, while India is phasing out its fuel subsidies in favor of direct transfers. Additionally, in aid models, the famine relief model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs. Corruption often leads to many civil services being treated by governments as employment agencies to loyal supportersand so it could mean going through 20 procedures, paying $2,696 in fees, and waiting 82 business days to start a business in Bolivia, while in Canada it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created. Often, businesses have to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business. Noted reductions in poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the ending of the central planning model known as the License Raj in India. The World Bank concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and use are 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it.Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions costs were low. Greater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on poverty.Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from OECD members. In 2011, India got $52 billion from its diaspora, more than it took in foreign direct investment. Microloans, made famous by the Grameen Bank, is where small amounts of money are loaned to farmers or villages, mostly women, who can then obtain physical capital to increase their economic rewards. However, microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder, Muhammad Yunus,and in India, Arundhati Roy asserts that some 250,000 debt-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide. Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to save money, much more so than receiving loans.Additionally, a large part of microfinance loans are spent not on investments but on products that would usually be paid by a checking or savings account. Microsavings are designs to make savings products available for the poor, who make small deposits. Mobile banking utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones to address the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of saving accounts. This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers, instead of bank branches, would take deposits in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making remittances safer. Causes of poverty is a highly ideologically charged subject, as different causes point to different remedies. Very broadly speaking, the socialist tradition locates the roots of poverty in problems of distribution and the use of the means of production as capital benefiting individuals, and calls for redistribution of wealth as the solution, whereas the neoliberal school of thought is dedicated the idea that creating conditions for profitable private investment is the solution. Neoliberal think tanks have received extensive funding,and the ability to apply many of their ideas in highly indebted countries in the global South as a condition for receiving emergency loans from the International Monetary Fund. The existence of inequality is in part due to a set of self-reinforcing behaviors that all together constitute one aspect of the cycle of poverty. These behaviors, in addition to unfavorable, external circumstances, also explain the existence of the Matthew effect, which not only exacerbates existing inequality, but is more likely to make it multigenerational. Widespread, multigenerational poverty is an important contributor to civil unrest and political instability.For example, Raghuram G. Rajan, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India and former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund has blamed the ever-widening gulf between the rich and the poor especially in the US to be one of the main fault lines which caused the financial institutions to pump money into subprime mortgages – on political behest, as a palliative and not a remedy, for poverty – causing the financial crisis of 2007–2009. In Rajan's view the main cause of increasing gap between the high income and low income earners, was lack of equal access to higher education for the latter. Oxfam argues that the "concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else – particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder"and that the gains of the world's billionaires in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, was enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over. A data based scientific empirical research, which studied the impact of dynastic politics on the level of poverty of the provinces, found a positive correlation between dynastic politics and poverty i.e. the higher proportion of dynastic politicians in power in a province leads to higher poverty rate. There is significant evidence that these political dynasties use their political dominance over their respective regions to enrich themselves, using methods such as graft or outright bribery of legislators. A report published in 2013 by the World Bank, with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, found that climate change was likely to hinder future attempts to reduce poverty. The report presented the likely impacts of present day, 2 °C and 4 °C warming on agricultural production, water resources, coastal ecosystems and cities across Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and South East Asia. The impacts of a temperature rise of 2 °C included: regular food shortages in Sub-Saharan Africa; shifting rain patterns in South Asia leaving some parts under water and others without enough water for power generation, irrigation or drinking; degradation and loss of reefs in South East Asia, resulting in reduced fish stocks; and coastal communities and cities more vulnerable to increasingly violent storms. In 2016, a UN report claimed that by 2030, an additional 122 million more people could be driven to extreme poverty because of climate change. Global warming can also lead to a deficiency in water availability; with higher temperatures and CO2 levels, plants consume more water leaving less for people. By consequence, water in rivers and streams will decline in the mid-altitude regions like Central Asia, Europe and North America. And if CO2 levels continue to rise, or even remain the same, droughts will be happening much faster and will be lasting longer. According to a study led by Professor of Water Management, Arjen Hoekstra, and made in 2016, four billion people are affected by water scarcity at least one month per year. Many think that poverty is the cause of environmental degradation, while there are others who claim that rather the poor are the worst sufferers of environmental degradation caused by reckless exploitation of natural resources by the rich.A Delhi-based environment organisation, the Centre for Science and Environment, points out that if the poor world were to develop and consume in the same manner as the West to achieve the same living standards, "we would need two additional planet Earths to produce resources and absorb wastes.", reports Anup Shah (2003). in his article Poverty and the Environment on Global Issues. Among some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of renunciation in religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism (only for monks, not for lay persons) and Jainism, whilst in Christianity in particular Roman Catholicism it is one of the evangelical counsels. The main aim of giving up things of the materialistic world is to withdraw oneself from sensual pleasures (as they are considered illusionary and only temporary in some religions – such as the concept of dunya in Islam). This self-invited poverty (or giving up pleasures) is different from the one caused by economic imbalance. Some Christian communities, such as the Simple Way, the Bruderhof, and the Amish value voluntary poverty;some even take a vow of poverty, similar to that of the traditional Catholic orders, in order to live a more complete life of discipleship. Benedict XVI distinguished "poverty chosen" (the poverty of spirit proposed by Jesus), and "poverty to be fought" (unjust and imposed poverty). He considered that the moderation implied in the former favors solidarity, and is a necessary condition so as to fight effectively to eradicate the abuse of the latter. As it was indicated above the reduction of poverty results from religion, but also can result from solidarity. Extreme poverty, deep poverty, abject poverty, absolute poverty, destitution, or penury, is the most severe type of poverty, defined by the United Nations (UN) as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services". Historically, other definitions have been proposed within the United Nations. The Economy of Guatemala is a considered a developing economy, highly dependent on agriculture, particularly on traditional crops such as coffee, sugar, and bananas. Guatemala's GDP per capita is roughly one-third of Brazil's. The Guatemalan economy is the largest in Central America. It grew 3.3 percent on average from 2015 to 2018. However, Guatemala remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, having highly unequal incomes and chronically malnourished children. The country is beset by political insecurity, and lacks skilled workers and infrastructure. It depends on remittances for nearly one-tenth of the GDP. The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa. However, it is the most industrialized, technologically advanced, and diversified economy in Africa overall. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy, one of only eight such countries in Africa. Following 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product (nominal) almost tripled to its current peak at $416 billion in 2011. It has since declined to roughly $317 billion in 2021. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion to nearly $50 billion, creating a diversified economy with a growing and sizable middle class, within two decades of ending apartheid. A developed country is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. A point of reference of US$20,000 in 2021 USD nominal GDP per capita for the IMF is a good point of departure, it is a similar level of development to the United States in 1960. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. The term low and middle-income country (LMIC) is often used interchangeably but refers only to the economy of the countries. The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four groups, based on Gross National Income per capita: high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries. Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are all sub-groupings of developing countries. Countries on the other end of the spectrum are usually referred to as high-income countries or developed countries. The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line or breadline, is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. The poverty line is usually calculated by finding the total cost of all the essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year. The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required for accommodation, so historically, economists have paid particular attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line affect. Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries. Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation, is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Poverty in Australia deals with the incidence of relative poverty in Australia and its measurement. Relative income poverty is measured as a percentage of the population that earns less in comparison to the median wage of the working population. Child poverty refers to the state of children living in poverty and applies to children from poor families or orphans being raised with limited or—in some cases—absent state resources. Children that fail to meet the minimum acceptable standard of the nation where that child lives are said to be poor. In developing countries, these standards are low and, when combined with the increased number of orphans, the effects are more extreme. India is a developing nation. Although its economy is growing, poverty is still a major challenge. However, poverty is on the decline in India. It has around 84 million people living in extreme poverty which makes up ~6% of its total population as of May 2021. In May 2012, the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to their poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide. It was a minimal 3.6% in terms of percentage. As of 2020, the incidence of multidimensional poverty has significantly reduced from 54.7 percent in 2005 to 27.9 percent in 2015-16. According to United Nations Development Programme administrator Achim Steiner, India lifted 271 million people out of extreme poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16. A 2020 study from the World Economic Forum found "Some 220 million Indians sustained on an expenditure level of less than Rs 32 / day — the poverty line for rural India — by the last headcount of the poor in India in 2013." Poverty in Canada refers to people that do not have "enough income to purchase a specific basket of goods and services in their community." Poverty in the United States of America refers to people who lack sufficient income or material possessions for their needs. Although the US is a relatively wealthy country by international standards, poverty has consistently been present throughout the United States, along with efforts to alleviate it, from New Deal-era legislation during the Great Depression to the national War on Poverty in the 1960s to poverty alleviation efforts during the 2008 Great Recession. The causes of poverty may vary with respect to nation, region, and in comparison with other countries at the global level. Yet, there is a commonality amongst these causes. Philosophical perspectives, and especially historical perspectives, including some factors at a micro and macro level can be considered in understanding these causes. Nigeria had one of the world's highest economic growth rates, averaging 7.4% according to the Nigeria economic report that was released in July 2019 by the World Bank. Following the oil price collapse in 2014–2016, combined with negative production shocks, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropped to 2.7% in 2015. In 2016 during its first recession in 25 years, the economy contracted by 1.6%. Nationally, 43 percent of Nigerians live below the poverty line, while another 25 percent are vulnerable. For a country with massive wealth and a huge population to support commerce, a well-developed economy, and plenty of natural resources such as oil, the level of poverty remains unacceptable. However, poverty may have been overestimated due to the lack of information on the extremely huge informal sector of the economy, estimated at around 60% more, of the current GDP figures. As of 2018, the population growth rate is higher than the economic growth rate, leading to a slow rise in poverty. According to a 2018 report by the World Bank, almost half the population is living below the international poverty line, and unemployment peaked at 23.1%. Nigeria had one of the world's highest economic growth rates, averaging 7.4% according to the Nigeria economic report that was released in July 2019 by the World Bank. Following the oil price collapse in 2014–2016, combined with negative production shocks, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropped to 2.7% in 2015. In 2016 during its first recession in 25 years, the economy contracted by 1.6%. Nationally, 43 percent of Nigerians live below the poverty line, while another 25 percent are vulnerable. For a country with massive wealth and a huge population to support commerce, a well-developed economy, and plenty of natural resources such as oil, the level of poverty remains unacceptable. However, poverty may have been overestimated due to the lack of information on the extremely huge informal sector of the economy, estimated at around 60% more, of the current GDP figures. As of 2018, the population growth rate is higher than the economic growth rate, leading to a slow rise in poverty. According to a 2018 report by the World Bank, almost half the population is living below the international poverty line, and unemployment peaked at 23.1%. The Philippine poverty rate decreased from 23.3% in 2015 to 16.7% in 2018 according to official government statistics, and is expected to decline further in the following years. This shows that even though the economy has recently slowed, the Philippines is still making progress in poverty reduction. As in many other developing countries, hunger and poverty in Vietnam has existed for a significant amount of time. Until the 1920s, most of the Vietnamese population still lived under the poverty line. However, thanks to the political and economic reform in 1986 and the government's commitment, the status of poverty and hunger in Vietnam has been significantly improved. From one of the poorest countries in the World with per capita income below US$100 per year, Vietnam is now a middle income country with per capita income of US$1,910 by the end of 2013. Thereby, the poverty rate decreases gradually from 58 percent in 1993 to 28.9 percent in 2002, 14.5 percent in 2008 and 12 percent in 2011. About 28 million people are estimated to have been lifted out of poverty over approximately two decades. The 2014 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked Vietnam 15th amongst 81 nations suffering from hunger, with a GHI of 7.5 compared with 27.7 in 1990 (country with extremely alarming, alarming or serious hunger situation. Achievements in poverty reduction and hunger eradication have been highly appreciated by the international community and viewed overall as successful in furthering economic development. However, Vietnam still has many tasks ahead in fighting against poverty and hunger, particularly for vulnerable groups such as ethnic minorities, and the disabled. Extreme poverty is defined as living on less than 2.50 United States dollars (USD) purchasing power parity. Uganda has made significant progress in eradicating poverty and achieved the first millennium development goal of halving the number of people in extreme poverty. Uganda was listed as the 9th most successful country in Africa as regards poverty eradication. The percentage of Ugandans living in absolute poverty has been on a substantial decline, and the finance ministry in the country projected that the extreme poverty level will be reduced to 10% in the future. This success has been attributed to the deliberate efforts to combat poverty in the country by numerous national strategies that are explained below. The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group. Sustainable Development Goal 1, one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015, calls for "no poverty". The official wording is: "to end poverty in all its forms, everywhere". Member countries have pledged to "Leave No One Behind": underlying the goal is a "powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first". SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty. Critics of neoliberalism have therefore looked at the evidence that documents the results of this great experiment of the past 30 years, in which many markets have been set free. Looking at the evidence, we can see that the total amount of global trade has increased significantly, but that global poverty has increased, with more today living in abject poverty than before neoliberalism. So, what is the balance sheet of transition? Only three or at most five or six countries could be said to be on the road to becoming a part of the rich and (relatively) stable capitalist world. Many of the other countries are falling behind, and some are so far behind that they cannot aspire to go back to the point where they were when the Wall fell for several decades. Among those who have become convinced of the virtues of the basic income approach are several Nobel Prize-winning economists of surprisingly diverse political convictions: Milton Friedman, Herbert Simon, Robert Solow, Jan Tinbergen and James Tobin (besides, of course, James Meade who was an advocate from his younger days). I would pursue my recommendations of years ago for a negative income tax. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poverty .| |Look up poverty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.| |Wikiquote has quotations related to: Poverty| |Wikiversity has learning resources about Eliminating poverty|

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Linear Form Assignment Go to the library, web, etc and research birds. Choose one bird to work with that is interesting to you. Take notes on the bird’s habitat, song, behavior, and anything else you can find. Then, make three drawings of an imagined birdcage for your chosen bird. We all know what the standard birdcage looks like; use your lateral, divergent thinking skills here to come up with ideas and drawings in your sketch book. The goal here is to make a cage-like object that communicates the qualities that represent your bird. There should be no bird present in the cage. The viewer (Person looking at the sculpture) will need to get the information about the bird visually, by observing the cage’s shape/form, design, rhythm, etc. Fill up at least 15 pages in your sketch book. Remember these are not “good” drawings but experimental ways to “think” like we did in class. Use the elements of design and try out different forms, patterns etc. Have some fun and get wild with your thinking! Bring your notes and drawings to class on Monday. Also wire, pliers and wire cutter. Project Learning Objectives - Cultivate the ability to explore, research, and develop personal ideas and themes; - Develop a system of sketching and drawing methods that will allow them to investigate, conceptualize and bring ideas through to a finished project; - Develop an understanding of the principles and elements of design and begin to apply them effectively in their own work; - Develop a vocabulary of the principles and elements of design (such as linear form, implied form, pattern, contrast, dynamic 3D composition, etc.), and the ability to use it in discussing and writing about art; - Learn to make valid assessments of quality and effectiveness in design projects and works of art, especially their own; - Learn how to safely use selected hand and power tools. RESEARCH: Go to the library or go online and research birds. Choose one bird to work with that is interesting to you. Take notes on the bird’s habitat, song, behavior, and anything else you can find. Print a picture of the bird. LATERAL THINKING: Take all your notes and spend some time coming up with connotations or metonyms for the bird and its qualities (i.e. Dove =Love, religion, peace). Think about what would happen if the bird were personified (If it were human what would it be like? Would An Eagle be a king? A crow a thief?) SKETCH: Then, make three drawings of an imagined birdcage for your chosen bird. They should be different from each other, with the goal being to explore different possible paths for you to take with this assignment. We all know what the standard birdcage looks like; the goal here is to make a cage-like object that communicates the qualities that represent your bird. There should be no bird present in the cage. The viewer will need to get the information about the bird visually, by observing the cage’s shape, design, rhythm, etc. WRITE: Free write a list of what is most interesting about each drawing, and what might be rewarding or compelling about making each one. You should note how each birdcage elicits the idea of its bird in ways that most viewers would understand. IN CLASS: Bring your research notes, drawings, and free write lists to class along with wire, pliers and wire cutters. I will demonstrate how to twist wire with a drill and we will learn about techniques for bending wire and using triangulation to improve structural strength. IN GROUPS: Work with a partner to share your research, drawings, and ideas about proceeding. Advise each other about which paths seem most likely to yield a visually successful project. After you are both satisfied about which drawing you will work from, you may start building your birdcages on your own. FOR HOMEWORK: Work on your Bird Cage for 3 hours outside of class. DUE DATE and CRITIQUE: Beginning of Class. Finish your birdcage. Attach a one-page artist’s statement to your piece explaining how the project moved from the research phase to completion, and comment on which parts of the piece are most successful and which parts gave you the most trouble. Grading Rubric for the Birdcage Assignment |Category||Description||Percent of Total Grade| |Research||A solid amount of research is presented, including photos, descriptions of habitat and behavior, etc.||5| |Sketches||3 separate drawings are submitted. Each one represents a truly distinct cage idea for the same bird. Drawings are developed, and each drawing may include details, pattern sketches, and satellite ideas (At least 5 pages of explorational drawings for each distinct cage idea.). Drawings should reflect possibilities for pattern, contrast, appropriate craft, dynamic form.||20| |Free Writes||Each drawing has an accompanying written explanation that details several ideas about what is most interesting about the birdcage (visually and conceptually), and how each birdcage would elicit the concept of its bird for viewers.||15| |Group Work||You provide honest and thoughtful feedback for your partner, and take the time to listen to your partner’s ideas about your sketches. You do not rush your workshop.||5| |Use of Pattern||You incorporate linear 2D pattern into your birdcage in a way that is both visually interesting and conceptually relevant||5| |Appropriate Craft||Your sculpture appears to be constructed in a way that is conceptually consistent with your subject matter (ie- your chosen bird).||10| |Dynamic Form||Your birdcage is asymmetrical; it avoids parallel sides and 90 degree corners, and does not sit on a flat base (among other discussed attributes of dynamic form). It should draw the viewer’s eye around the piece.||5| |Contrast||Your birdcage should juxtapose visual elements that differ or which cause tension together.||5| |Concept||The viewer can pick out visual attributes of the bird by viewing the sculpture.||15| |Artist’s Statement||You articulate your process for the assignment, and assess the successes and challenges of the piece.||15|

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Lesson 1/Learning Event 1 The camshaft extends the full length of the engine and has a cam for each valve, except in a few cases where one cam is used to operate more than one valve. The location of the camshaft, tappets, and other valve operating parts depends on the design of the engine they are used in. In the in-line, L-head engine, the valve mechanism is located in the cylinder block. An adjusting screw is threaded into the top of the tappet to allow an adjustment of the operating clearance between the tappet and the valve stem. One or two covers with gaskets are bolted to the side of the cylinder block to cover the mechanism, protecting it from dirt and preventing oil leakage. FIGURE 33. OVERHEAD VALVES. The valves of the in-line, overhead valve (I-head) engine may be operated by either one of two different methods. In one method the camshaft and tappets are located in the cylinder block. Rocker arms that pivot on a shaft are located on the head. The valves are forced open when the rocker arms pivot. Tappet movements are transferred to the rocker arms through a pushrod

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Pithoragarh District, located in the state of Uttarakhand, India, is a region of immense historical significance, nestled amidst the majestic Himalayan ranges. This blogpost delves into the rich history, geography, climate, key facts, culture, and attractions that make Pithoragarh District a captivating destination. Pithoragarh District boasts a fascinating historical background that dates back to ancient times. Formerly a part of the Almora Kingdom, the district witnessed the reign of various dynasties, including the Katyuri dynasty, the Chand dynasty, and the Gorkha dynasty. It served as a prominent trade route between Tibet and the plains of India, contributing to its strategic importance. Additionally, Pithoragarh experienced the influence of the British Raj during the colonial period, adding another layer to its historical tapestry. The Katyuri dynasty, known for its architectural marvels and patronage of art and culture, left a lasting impact on Pithoragarh District. The Chand dynasty, which ruled the region for centuries, contributed to the district’s rich cultural heritage. The Gorkha dynasty, while short-lived, is still remembered for its influence on the region. Nestled in the easternmost part of Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh District is bordered by Nepal to the east and the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to the south. The district covers an expansive area of approximately 7,110 square kilometers, offering a diverse landscape to explore. Situated at an average elevation of 1,514 meters above sea level, Pithoragarh District is blessed with breathtaking natural beauty. The district’s geography is characterized by snow-capped peaks, dense forests, and picturesque valleys. The towering Himalayan ranges provide a majestic backdrop, creating a truly awe-inspiring setting. The district is also home to several rivers, including the Kali River, which adds to its scenic charm. Exploring Pithoragarh District provides an opportunity to witness nature at its finest. Pithoragarh District experiences a pleasant climate throughout the year, making it an ideal destination for nature lovers. The summer months, from April to June, offer a mild and pleasant climate with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C. This period is perfect for outdoor activities and exploration, as the weather is comfortable and welcoming. The monsoon season, from July to September, brings abundant rainfall to the region, enhancing the lush greenery and adding to the natural beauty of Pithoragarh District. It is a great time to witness the vibrant flora and fauna that thrive in this environment. However, it’s important to note that heavy rainfall may cause certain areas to be inaccessible, so it’s advisable to plan accordingly. The winter season, from October to March, envelops Pithoragarh District in a cold embrace. Temperatures often dip below freezing point, especially in higher elevations, and occasional snowfall adds a touch of magic to the landscape. Winter enthusiasts will find delight in the serene beauty of snow-covered peaks and the cozy atmosphere that blankets the district. - Pithoragarh District is home to the Pithoragarh Fort, also known as the Soar Valley Fort and part of Kumoun Region. This magnificent structure stands as a testament to the region’s historical significance and offers visitors a glimpse into its glorious past. - The district shares its borders with Tibet and Nepal, providing stunning views of the neighboring countries. The scenic beauty of Pithoragarh District is heightened by this unique geographical location, offering an opportunity to witness the convergence of cultures and landscapes. - Pithoragarh is the starting point for the famous Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra, a sacred pilgrimage to Mount Kailash. The journey from Pithoragarh takes devotees through breathtaking terrain and spiritual experiences, making it a significant destination for religious travelers. - Pithoragarh is renowned for its unique handicrafts, including handwoven pashmina shawls and intricately designed wooden artifacts. These exquisite crafts showcase the artistic skills of the local artisans and offer visitors a chance to take home a piece of the district’s cultural heritage. - The district serves as a gateway to the mesmerizing beauty of the Kumaon region. Pithoragarh offers several trekking trails and adventure activities for outdoor enthusiasts. From challenging hikes to serene nature walks, there are options for all levels of adventure seekers. Pithoragarh District is a melting pot of diverse cultures, with influences from the Kumaoni, Nepali, and Tibetan communities. The local inhabitants celebrate various festivals with great enthusiasm, reflecting the vibrancy of their traditions. The Baisakhi festival, Makar Sankranti, and Holi are some of the major festivals celebrated here, each marked by unique rituals and fervor. Folk music and dance performances are an integral part of the cultural heritage of Pithoragarh. These artistic expressions showcase the region’s vibrant traditions and provide an immersive experience for visitors. The rhythmic beats and colorful costumes transport audiences to a world of celebration and joy, adding to the overall cultural experience of Pithoragarh District. - Pithoragarh Fort: Standing proudly atop a hill, Pithoragarh Fort offers panoramic views of the surrounding valleys and snow-capped peaks. The fort’s architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Mughal styles, making it a must-visit historical site. Exploring the fort allows visitors to step back in time and appreciate the architectural grandeur of the past. - Askot Wildlife Sanctuary: Located near the Indo-Nepal border, this sanctuary is a paradise for wildlife enthusiasts. Its diverse ecosystem supports a wide range of flora and fauna, including rare species such as the Himalayan black bear, snow leopard, and musk deer. The sanctuary’s lush greenery and serene environment make it an ideal spot for nature lovers to indulge in birdwatching and wildlife spotting. - Dhwaj Temple: Situated in the heart of the Pithoragarh town, Dhwaj Temple is a sacred shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple’s strategic location offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes, allowing devotees and visitors to seek solace in the serenity of the surroundings. The temple’s spiritual significance and architectural beauty make it a significant attraction in Pithoragarh District. - Chandak Hills: A popular trekking destination, Chandak Hills offers adrenaline-pumping trails amidst nature’s beauty. The well-marked trails lead hikers through dense forests and meandering paths, culminating in stunning viewpoints that offer panoramic vistas of the majestic Himalayan peaks. Trekking enthusiasts will find themselves captivated by the beauty of this region. - Jhulaghat: Located on the banks of the Kali River, Jhulaghat is a picturesque border town that connects India and Nepal. The town is known for its iconic suspension bridge, which adds to its charm and allure. Visitors can soak in the tranquil atmosphere, take leisurely walks along the riverbank, and appreciate the natural beauty that surrounds Jhulaghat. Pithoragarh District in Uttarakhand is a treasure trove of history, natural beauty, and cultural heritage. From its fascinating historical background to its stunning landscapes and vibrant festivals, Pithoragarh offers a unique and immersive experience to visitors. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a nature lover, or an adventure seeker, Pithoragarh District has something to offer for everyone. Plan your visit to this enchanting district and immerse yourself in its captivating charm. - What is the historical significance of Pithoragarh District? - Pithoragarh District has a rich historical background, having been a part of the Almora Kingdom and witnessing the reign of various dynasties such as the Katyuri, Chand, and Gorkha dynasties. It also served as a prominent trade route between Tibet and the plains of India. - What is the climate like in Pithoragarh District? - Pithoragarh District experiences a pleasant climate throughout the year. The summer months are mild and pleasant, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C. The monsoon season brings abundant rainfall, enhancing the lush greenery. The winter season is cold, with temperatures often dipping below freezing point and occasional snowfall. - What are some key facts about Pithoragarh District? - Pithoragarh District is home to the Pithoragarh Fort, shares borders with Tibet and Nepal, serves as the starting point for the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra, is renowned for its handicrafts, and offers trekking trails and adventure activities in the Kumaon region. - What attractions can be found in Pithoragarh District? - Pithoragarh District offers several attractions, including the Pithoragarh Fort, Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, Dhwaj Temple, Chandak Hills, and Jhulaghat. These attractions showcase the historical, natural, and cultural beauty of the district.

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English chemist and physicist who devoloped his work on the atomic theory. A point made from his theory is elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. In 1803 Beethoven writes his 3rd symphony. He was a French chemist who proved substances combine in proportions. During 1811, on Dec 16th a horrible earthquake in Madrid occured. He was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity. In 1896 at this time, on April 6th, the first modern Olympic summer games are held in Athens, Greece. J. J Thomson Joseph John "J. J" Thomson was a British physicist who discovered the electron. An electron is a subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. Max Planck was a German physicist who founded the quantum theory. Quantum theory is about the nature of matter. Quantum theory is a description of the wave-like interactions of energy and matter at atomic or subatomic scales. On May 17, 1900 The Wizard of Oz becomes published. Robert Milikan was an American physicist who measured the charge on an electron. On July 13th this same year gold was discovered. A Danish physicist who understood quatum mechanics as well as atomic structure. His theory of the Bohr atom, in which the theory that electrons travel in orbit's around the atom's nucleus. Around this time period on February 4th, 1913 Rosa Parks was born. Louis de Broglie He was a French physicist who gave a theory about electron waves including the wave-particle theory of matter. In 1924 around this time period, on Feb 26th, hitler goes on trial for treason. He was a German physicist who contributed to quantum theory. He finds the uncertainty principal. An Austrialian physicist who was one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He created the Schrodinger equation which describes how the quantum state changes over time. During 1926, on June 1st, Marylin Monroe is born. Founder of the neutron. The neutron is a subatomic particle with no electronic charge. Found in the nucleus of an atom. In 1932 on February 26th, Johnny Cash is born. He was a British-New Zealand chemist and pyhsicist who in 1911 stated atoms have a positive charge in a small nucleus, known as the Rutherford model of the atom. In 1911, on March 25th marks the historic Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. He was an Ancient Greek phiospher who created an atomic theory for the cosmos. A cosmos is an orderky or harmonious system. He was a Greek philospher who adapted a theory of elements. Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and Aether.

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February 7, 2020 February is about more than flowers and chocolates—it’s also National Children’s Dental Health Month! It’s the perfect time to take a moment to appreciate your little one’s smile and teach them how to take care of it. Establishing great dental habits early in your child’s life will help to keep their smiles happy and healthy for years to come. Here are some tips from your children’s dentist in McKinney to get your son or daughter excited about taking care of their oral health! Make Toothbrushing a Fun Activity, Not a Chore One of the most influential habits you can teach your child early in life is to regularly and correctly brush their teeth. However, getting them to practice a regular dental care routine may feel more like pulling teeth if they see toothbrushing as a chore. Try making it a fun activity by: - Letting them pick out their own toothbrush with their favorite cartoon character on it. - Trying fun-flavored toothpastes and mouthwashes that have the American Dental Association’s Seal of Approval. - Being a great role model and setting a good example by brushing your teeth with them! Turn Dental Anxiety into Good Memories If you wait to take your child in for their first dental appointment until they have a toothache or cavity, they’re not likely to form a good first impression of oral healthcare. Instead, let them experience all of the new sights, sounds, and friendly faces of their McKinney dentist’s office with a simple routine checkup. Their McKinney dentist can take the necessary time and specialized care to help your child feel safe and comfortable in the examination chair. These good memories can help prevent dental anxiety and encourage them to continue visiting their dentist regularly as they grow. Keep Cavities Away with Smile-Friendly Snacks Tooth decay is the single most common chronic childhood illness. Unfortunately, that’s largely due to the fact that most snacks marketed for children are full of sugar. Chips, cookies, sodas, and even fruit juice and snacks are brimming with sugar that easily burns through the enamel of baby teeth. Try swapping out those sugary snacks with smile-friendly ones that can boost your little one’s oral health, like: - Cheese, yogurt, salmon, and other calcium-rich foods, which strengthen teeth. - Broccoli, oranges, bell peppers, and other foods with vitamin C to keep their gums healthy. - Raw carrots, celery, and other high-fiber vegetables that can help prevent cavities. - Tap water, which will wash away any lingering sugars and is often fortified with fluoride. So this National Children’s Dental Health Month, take some time to teach your little one about their oral health. The healthy habits you instill in them now will help to set them up for years of happy, healthy smiles. About the Author If you’re in search of a great dentist for kids in McKinney, you’ve found him! Dr. Zach Hegazin of Marble Dental Care in McKinney, TX is dedicated to making every dental appointment as comfortable and relaxing for both you and your child as possible. From cleanings, sealants, fluoride treatments, and more, he offers a range of specialized services for his younger patients. For more dental healthcare tips for children, feel free to contact him at his website or (214) 592-0441. No comments yet. RSS feed for comments on this post. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.

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Type of anion, commonly found in explosives and fertilisers Nitrate (NO31-) is a polyatomic ion. It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate. It is often used in fertilizers because plants need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods. |Systematic IUPAC name CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |Molar mass||62.0049 g mol-1| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Some nitrates are explosive. People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia. Nitrates are similar to nitrites. Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate. Nitric acid has the formula HNO3 and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive. Nitrate has a group valency of 1. - ↑ "The unhealthy preservative hiding in processed meats". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2020-10-08.

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Lungs facts the lungs are vital organs: lungs without we die. The primary function of the lungs, the gas exchange between the outside air and the blood. In the lungs, oxygen-poor blood provided with more oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 dispensed). When breathing is in this way, the waste CO 2 removed from the body. The amount of CO 2 which is separated has an influence on the pH, or the acid At the same content of the blood. In this way, the lungs also help to control the pH. In addition to the breathing, lungs also have a function of the renin-angiotensin system, a hormonal system that is responsible for other things, the blood pressure and the water balance in the body. Lungs facts Some species of mammals and birds, the lungs have a function in thermoregulation of the body: the right to keep the temperature of the body. The typical example is the dog panting when it’s hot. The respiration is a vital mechanism which provides the body with oxygen and removes waste products from the body. Breathing we do unconsciously; we should not think about it. But we can influence the process conscious: we can hold our breath or deliberately hyperventilate. The process controlled by the respiratory center which located in the brainstem. The respiratory center continuously checks the CO 2 content in the blood. Under the influence of an elevated level of CO 2 in the blood, the respiratory center will ensure that the breathing speeds and that, if necessary, be used, the auxiliary or auxiliary breathing muscles. In quiet breathing healthy adults about 12 to 16 times per minute. Inhaling pulls the diaphragm (aperture) and the external intercostal muscles. As a result, the diaphragm pulls down and the ribs to the top and the front. The volume of the thorax is consequently bigger, the lungs expand (in which the elastic fibers stretched), and the oxygen-rich air drawn through the mouth or nose. Lungs facts on the way to the alveoli pass through the air along the mucous membranes of the mouth or nose, throat, and bronchial tubes. The air is warmed and moistened it. Dust particles continue to stick in the protective mucous lining of the respiratory tract and are transported by cilia toward the top to be coughed up, and swallowed. In the alveoli, the gas exchange takes place: oxygen (O 2 ) diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the blood diffuses into the air in the alveoli. Exhalation occurs at rest passively; no muscles stretched due to the elimination of the voltage of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The elastic fibers will be in the lungs – which have stretched on the inhalation must be shorter. The thorax and lungs are smaller air pressed out of the lungs. The route of our oxygen Thanks to healthy lungs breathing automatic. Through the nose and mouth, we breathe a big gulp of air every few seconds inside. Then it enters the windpipe. The trachea can see as a reinforced pipe. The tracheal cartilage rings located. Allows the trachea is always open and the inhaled air can cover the route without further trouble. The trachea directly connected with our lungs. The trachea branched as it were, into the so-called bronchi. These branch is getting further and further into the lungs until the inhaled air reaches the alveoli. Once we reach the lung alveoli, these sure that the oxygen can deliver to the blood. Our hearts then ensures that the oxygen can end up anywhere in the body. We can breathe thanks to the lung function and ensure that can provide the body with oxygen. Mucosal protection as Our lungs are very vulnerable and are therefore equipped mucosa. This mucous membrane located along the entire route traveled by the oxygen. From the nose and mouth, all the way to the lungs. This mucosa is an essential function of the lungs. The air is full of pollutants and bacteria that can enter directly into our bodies without mucosa. The mucosa has a protective function. The bacteria and contaminants remain as it were sticking to the mucosa. Also, the lung mucosa itself provided with cilia. Is there anyway dirt trapped in the lungs? These cilia transport the debris immediately from the body and bring it back to the throat. Here we cough the mucus again if we swallow it. Thus again leave both coughed and through the feces, body. Thanks to the function of the lining keep our lungs clean and make harmful substances and bacteria less likely. Excess mucous can cause pneumonia At a little resistance, a virus or certain bacteria may happen that something does arrive in the lungs. This mucus production increases significantly. The body is working hard to get the body out of the dirt. Due to the large amounts of mucus sacs in the lungs can not do their job properly and will absorb less oxygen. You get stuffy and will cough up lots of mucus. Pneumonia therefore usually starts with a cold that will not go away and in many cases will be worse. Do you recognize the symptoms of pneumonia? Please always consult with your doctor. Today pneumonia in almost all cases properly treated. Thanks to the operation and function of the lungs we can live. Therefore make sure good! The body has two lungs. The left and right lung wrapped in a wet sack (the pleura), and a layer of pleural fluid so that they can move smoothly while breathing. The breathing is done using the diaphragm, oozing and flat as you breathe in or out. The ribs also assist in breathing by, with the aid of the muscles, to expand and to become smaller again. The air we breathe comes through the windpipe to the lungs. The air pipe opens into a left and right bronchus, which split into bronchi. The bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles and ending in bundles alveoli. The alveoli covered with capillaries, which absorb the oxygen from the alveoli, and are pressurization to the heart. The heart pumps oxygen through the body. It takes 7 seconds until the oxygen to your toe or your brains has been. When the capillaries receive oxygen from the alveoli, capillaries give while their carbon dioxide [a gas in the air that you can not smell or taste] to the alveoli. Bringing it back to the windpipe to breathe out. The part of the brains that control the lungs is called the brainstem. In your lungs are cilia. They are there to protect your lungs. If there is a speck of dust, the cilia will back up and then keep your lungs clean. We use our lungs are not always equal. If you sit quietly reading a book, you’ll need less oxygen and do not have to dispose of carbon dioxide. For example, if you’re running, you require more oxygen. The amount of air that you breathe, you call the breath volume. The maximum amount of air that you breathe is called your vital capacity. You vital capacity depends a lot on your health, your weight, and your physical condition. Smoking can reduce vital capacity. How hard you try, you can never break out your entire lung capacity; there will be air. This air hot air residue. When you breathe, will not further any inhaled air reaching your lungs. A portion of the inhaled air is stuck in your windpipe and your mouth and is not involved in gas exchange. Problems with the lungs As a result of a hole in the pleura can get collapsed lungs, we call this a collapsed lung. If you have an infection, for example, or if you suffer from heart failure, moisture can form behind the lungs. Aussies shortness of breath or tightness. Inflammation in the lungs is called pneumonia. A common cause of pneumonia, the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia. Pneumonia can occur when you cough hard, for example after a rib break or surgery coughing painful. Lungs facts when a malignant tumor is growing in the lungs, it is called cancer. Lung cancer is a leading cause of death in the United states and is mainly caused by smoking. Lungs Facts and numbers The half of smokers begin in the schoolyard. Children go faster smoke if their friends do; see smoke, smoking does. The sooner a child starts smoking, the more likely it is that he gets addicted. And the harder it is to quit later. Lungs facts on January 1, 2014, the government increased the age limit for tobacco sales from 16 to 18 years and the campaign NIX18 launched. Beginning in 2016 it adopted an amendment that makes school compulsory school grounds smoking 2020. They want to discourage smoking by children. 70% of smokers begin before his 18th smoking. 41% of all smoking children has ever made a quit attempt. half of the children who start smoking to it dies. HALF OF ALL SCHOOLS HAS BEEN A NON-SMOKING AREA Everyone agrees that children should get lessons in the healthy smoke-free environment, this also includes a smoking area at school. At school, you plug anything in! No one wants children to smoke. Please help. Our School smoking and let children grow up smoking. Together towards a smoke-free generation.

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Introduction to Dot Product (Scalar Product) Practice Problems The scalar product is useful in finding the angle between two vectors. Find the scalar product of vectors M and N for M = 3.00 i + 2.00 j and N = 9.00 i − 4.00 j. The scalar product is useful in finding the angle between two vectors. Find the angle between the two vectors M and N given M = 5.00 i + 4.00 j and N = 3.00 i − 7.00 j. A lion stalks a deer grazing in front of a pine tree. When close enough, it attempts a short charge. To reach a safe place, the deer can take two routes. It can go 400 paces north and then 200 paces west, but there are a lot of hyenas on the way, or it can set off along a brick path at a 50° angle west of north. After running 300 paces along the brick path, the deer see a way to the safe place. How far, and in which direction (as an angle east of north) should the deer run to reach the safe place?

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Christ and the Cross You have probably seen some people wearing a cross around their necks. If you have ever asked a person why he wears a cross, the person may have explained to you that the cross represents Christianity. What does a cross have to do with Christianity? In about 500 B.C., the Persian Empire invented a form of punishment we call crucifixion. It was passed down for hundreds of years and used in the first century by the Roman Empire. It was a form of capital punishment that was often applied to criminals and prisoners of war. Capital punishment occurs when the person being punished is sentenced to death for his crimes. Crucifixion often involved nailing a person to pieces of wood that formed the shape of a cross. The point of the punishment was to keep the criminal alive for many hours and cause him as much pain and humiliation as possible. Sometimes criminals would hang on a cross for several days before they died. Why would anyone want to use such a cruel form of death? The main point was to show other people what would happen to them if they committed a similar crime. Often during crucifixion, the crime that the criminal was being punished for would be written on a sign and hung at the top of the cross. If a person stole or committed murder, the sign would say something like “Thief” or “Murderer,” and would warn people to avoid such crimes if they didn’t want to die a cruel death. So, why is a torture device a symbol of Christianity? As you may know, the Roman governor, Pilate, ordered Jesus to be crucified on a cross about the year A.D. 30. In fact, the earliest Christians viewed the crucifixion of Christ as one of the most important events in His life. The apostle Paul once wrote to the church at Corinth, “For I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ and Him crucified” (1 Corinthians 2:2). If Jesus is God’s beloved Son, why would God let Him suffer and die such a painful death on a cross? When we look into the Bible, we find out that Jesus died on the cross to save humans from their sins. You see, when people sin by breaking God’s laws, they have earned the payment for sin—separation from God (Isaiah 59:2)—which the Bible calls death (Romans 6:23). There is no amount of work, good deeds, or prayers that a person can perform to ever earn forgiveness for sins. Death is a debt that God owes sinners. Because God is a just God, He must pay the debt (Deuteronomy 32:4). That means that all people who are old enough to understand sin, and who have sinned, deserve to be separated from God forever. Those who sin deserve to die, but they cannot pay the debt for their own sin. That means, if God is going to be just and punish sin with death, then someone must die for that sin. The Bible explains that Jesus carried the sins of the whole world to the cross and died to pay the debt for sins. This was only possible because Jesus never sinned. He did not deserve death, so He was not dying for His own sins. The Bible says that God “made Him (Jesus) who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the righteousness of God” 2 Corinthians 5:21. The apostle Peter wrote that Jesus “bore our sins in His own body on the tree (cross), that we, having died to sins, might live for righteousness” 1 Peter 2:24. The prophet Isaiah stated, “But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement for our peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray, we have turned, every one, to his own way; and the Lord has laid on Him the iniquity of us all” Isaiah 53:5. In other words, on the cross, Jesus paid our debt for sins. He could do this because He was the only person to ever live a perfect, sinless life on Earth. Humans who sin deserve to die a cruel death, but Jesus took our place. Think about it like this. Imagine that you go into a cafeteria and order a bunch of food. You get a slice of pizza, a candy bar, a soda, and a bag of chips. You then sit down and eat all the food. When you get done, you are about to walk out, but the owner explains that you owe her $12 for all the food you ate. You do not have any money, and since you ate the food, you cannot give it back. There is no way for you to pay the debt you owe. The owner will not let you leave until the debt is paid, but you have no money. How can you ever get out of the cafeteria? You need someone to come and pay your debt for you so you can leave and go home to be with your family. When Jesus died on the cross, it is like He paid our debt of sin (the money we owed for the food) so that we could go home. Let’s think about another illustration of this principle. In the book of Matthew, we read about a man named Barabbas who rebelled against Rome and committed murder during his rebellion. His crimes were exactly what the Romans used crucifixion to punish. They wanted to show everyone that a cruel and painful death awaited all such criminals. Barabbas deserved to die. The Roman governor Pilate knew that Jesus did not deserve to die. He had not committed any crimes and was innocent. The Romans had a custom that at a certain time of year, they would let one prisoner go without being punished. Pilate tried to get the Jewish mob to have Jesus released. The jealous crowd, however, did not want to let Jesus go, even though He was completely innocent. They demanded that Pilate release the murdering rebel Barabbas and crucify Jesus. Jesus went to the cross while Barabbas, the criminal who deserved death, was freed (read Matthew 27:26). All humans who have sinned are like Barabbas. We deserve death. But Jesus came to this Earth to live a perfect, sinless life so that He could pay our debt of sin on the cross. In the book of Colossians, Paul wrote that Jesus took our debt of sin “out of the way, having nailed it to the cross” (2:14). The next time you see a cross, remember what Jesus suffered to pay the debt for our sins. REPRODUCTION & DISCLAIMERS: We are happy to grant permission for this article to be reproduced in part or in its entirety, as long as our stipulations are observed.

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IGNEOVS ROCKS are those which have been produced from materials fused by heat. They differ from the sedimentary rocks in their origin. structure, and position. They invariably come from below upwards, breaking through the older rocks. The materials .rof sedimentary strata are fragments of pre-existing rocks, worn, by the action of water, either into a fine mud or into rounded particles, of greater or less size; whereas igneous rocks exhibit either a vitreous structure, as when they have been quickly cooled; or a granular structure, composed of more or less minute crystals, according to the rate of cooling or a vesicular structure, when they have been expanded by the contained gases, or by being brought into contact with water. Some rocks are erroneously called igne ous, whose materials, though originally obtained from volcanoes or other subterranean source, have yet been ultimately arranged by water, like the materials of Grahame's island (q.v.). When this fact receives due consideration, many igneous rocks, whose position is now a puzzle, will be better understood. Some of the rocks composing Arthur's seat, near Edinburgh, are undoubtedly of this character, and before a right theory of the ldll can be constructed, these must be separated from the truly igneous rocks. In position, also, the igneous may be distinguished from time sedimentary rocks, for they seldom occur regularly stratified, in with a parallel upper and under surface, but are generally local, thinning out into wedge-shaped beds, or having that irregular strati fication which may be seen n modern lava. They also occur as upright, walls or dikes, filling up cracks in the seditnenta•y" strata The most satisfactory classification of the igneous rocks is based upon their age. The three divisions thus established are each characterized by peculiar mineral and structural differences. The oldest or granitic series (see GRAN1TE) are generally associated with the paleozoic strata, but are sparingly found in the secondary, and even in the tertiary formations. The special peculiarity of the granitic rocks is the great abundance of silica contained in them; it forms not only a considerable amount, of the constituents of the hornblende and feldspar, but crystallizes free in the rock-mass as rock crystal. The trappean rocks (q.v.) are associated with the paleozoic and secondary strata, and are composed of crystals of feldspar and hornblende, varying in their character according to the predominance of the one or other of these ingredients. The volcanic (q.v.) are the newest igneous rocks; they belong to the present period, or the tertiary strata. The chemical ingredients are the same as those that constitute the trappean rocks, but somewhat differently built up, augite being the peculiar form the silicate of mag nesia and lime assumes in the newer rocks, while it appears as hornblende in the older or trappean series.

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Save the Children works across thematic areas to address the unique and complex causes of illness, malnutrition, and death in mothers, newborns and young children with the aim of ensuring that no child dies of preventable causes before their fifth birthday. During the 2016-2018 strategic period, Save the Children’s Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) work will aim to maximise on the health and child survival programming outcomes. Globally, 11% of deaths in children under 5 are attributable to diarrhoea – the vast majority of these deaths occur in lower-income countries. Nearly 90% of these deaths are due to unsafe drinking water, lack of access to appropriate sanitation and poor hygiene behaviours such as inadequate hand washing. While diarrhoea is a major contributor to child morbidity and mortality, emerging evidence implicates environmental enteric dysfunction or environmental enteropathy (a subclinical gut infection resulting from exposure to environmental contaminants) as another significant contributor, particularly as it relates to child undernutrition. While WASH cuts across Save the Children’s breakthroughs, work under this subtheme, “WASH for Health,” aims to reduce stunting in children under 2 and reduce diarrhoea in children under 5. This focus requires a more targeted and considered approach to our WASH programming. Priority program areas include the following: Behavioural interventions focused on increasing uptake of optimal WASH related practices and services - With the financial support from the Australian Charter-Organisation Mondialepourl’Education Laire Project (OMEP), Save the Children Fiji was able to support Nasaucoko Village Early Childhood Education Centre (ECE) with the installation of a 10,000 litre Water Tank, learning materials, tables and chairs and renovated the ECE Toilet. - Market-oriented approaches to support household level improvement in water quality, safe disposal of human faeces (particularly children’s faeces) and hand washing facilities; and, Save the Children aims to ensure delivery of these interventions in stable, transitional and emergency situations (full-spectrum programming). In established country contexts, a crisis may necessitate expanding, intensifying or adapting our approach to accommodate evolving needs. The community approached Save the Children Fiji and we sourced funding to meet this request. While water source was reliable and could supply the village throughout the day, the ECE experienced no water supply in the day and during school hours. Students often were advised to bring a bottle of water for their usage during school hours.Even though there was a flush water system available in the toilet, it was often not used because of no water and students had to go back home each time to use the toilet. The ECE teacher and management often had to bring water from the village to fill the water tank for emergencies. There was no ECE furniture for the children, children normally did their activities on the classroom floor. Six Low Tables and 16 children’s chairs were supplied for the school, this now makes learning more conducive and child-friendly for the children. A Early Childhood Education Kit was supplied and is a box filled with games and learning materials. In the event of a natural disaster, the teacher is able to fill the box with all the learning materials so that they are safe.

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Why XSLT is important for XML? XSLT provides an easy way to merge XML data into presentation because it applies user-defined transformations to an XML document and the output can be HTML, XML, or any other structured document. XSLT provides Xpath to locate elements/attribute within an XML document. XSLT brings XML, schemas, and XPath together in a declarative programming language. It is used to query and transform XML (and, with XSLT3, JSON) data, enabling one to express data in new ways or to create new data based on the content or structure of existing data. What is XSLT in XML? Which special characters are not used making tags in XML? Can we execute an XML? What is SGML in XML? Which is used to define descriptions of the structure of different types of an electronic documents?

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There have been many developments in electronics to create real life environments with respect to sight and sound. But there are three other significant senses- smells, touch and taste which have not been experimented much with. The sensor technology of artificial olfaction had its beginnings with the invention of the first gas multi sensor array in 1982. Advances in aroma-sensor technology, electronics, biochemistry and artificial intelligence made it possible to develop devices capable of measuring and characterizing volatile aromas released from a multitude of sources for numerous applications. These devices, known as electronic noses, were engineered to mimic the mammalian olfactory system within an instrument designed to obtain repeatable measurements, allowing identifications and classifications of aroma mixtures while eliminating operator fatigue. A few smell-sensing instruments had been proposed in narrow applications earlier in the 1960’s. Moncrief developed one of the first smell detection instruments in 1961 for agricultural application, where he used a single coated thermistor as the smell sensor. In 1964, Wilkens and Hartmen developed a smell detector where an array of smell detectors was used .It was in late 1980’s that the first intelligent electronic smelling system came into being. Researchers in the University of Warwick in Coventry, England, developed sensor arrays for odour detection. Pattern recognition techniques were used by Gardner to discriminate the output of electronic smell sensors. Hartfield described an integrated circuit based device that performs data acquisition from a miniature array of 32 conducting polymer gas sensors. David and Gardner designed a circuit capable of measuring signals from arrays of resistive and piezoelectric sensor types in the same board. Electronic noses were originally used for quality control applications in the food, beverage and cosmetics industries. Current applications include detection of hazardous chemicals and explosives, detection of odours specific to diseases for medical diagnosis, and detection of pollutants and gas leaks for environmental protection. The Warwick pioneers envisioned an electronic equivalent of the mammalian olfactory system and so even though it doesn’t resemble its biological counterpart the least bit, the label ‘electronic nose’ or ‘E nose’ has been widely adopted. The Electronic Nose Overview The electronic nose is a system that consists of three functional components that operate serially on an odorant sample-a sample handler, an array of gas sensors and a signal processing system. The output of the electronic nose can be the identity of the odorant, an estimate of the concentration of the odorant, or the characteristics properties of the odour as might be perceived by a human. ENS can be seen as arrays of-non specific sensors able to generate electrical signals in response to either simple or complex volatile compounds, and give through a suitable multi component analysis technique, the possibility of discrimination, recognition and classification of odours. The target compound, in gaseous form, is introduced into the sensing chamber where the sensors are exposed to the vapour. A variety of basic sensors can be used according to the nose strategy chosen. Some of them are sensitive to the mass of adsorbed species, others show sensitivities to electric charges while others are based on either surface or bulk conductivity changes due to chemically interactive materials. These changes are dependent on a complex interaction between the components of the vapour and the sensors, as each sensor responds to a number of components in a unique manner. Each sensor in the array has different characteristics (e.g., coatings, operating temperatures, etc.) and, hence, each sensor will give a different electrical response (voltage output) for a particular odour. The pattern of response across all the sensors in the array is used to identify and/or characterise the odour. In electronic noses pattern recognition methods are required for the qualitative analysis of odours or of different compounds present in a certain mixture and multi component analysis methods are required for the quantitative determination of one or more compounds in a mixture. Commercially available analysis techniques fall into three main categories as follows : 1. Graphical analyses: bar chart, profile, polar and offset polar plots 2. Multivariate data analyses (MDA): principal component analysis (PCA) 3. Network analyses: artificial neural network (ANN) and radial basis function (RBF) Experimental data are evaluated by a qualitative or quantitative link between output signals of an instrument and the chemical information (composition or concentration of analytes). This requires a comparison of the sensor outputs with previously recorded calibration data. When high concentrations of volatile are measured, a non-linear pattern recognition technique, such as ANN (Artificial Neural Networks), would be more appropriate . On a very simplified and abstract level, ANN is based on the cognitive process of the human brain. ANNs are a commonly used pattern recognition technique which attempt to mimic the biological processes of the human brain. An “electronic nose” is a system originally created to mimic the function of an animal nose. However, this analytical instrument is more a “multi-sensor array technology” than a real “nose”. Whatever the sensor technology, it is still far from the sensitivity and selectivity of a mammalian nose. Therefore, its aim is not to totally replace either the human nose or other analytical methods. A sensory panel is necessary to define the desired product quality which can then be used to train the system. Traditional analytical methods such as GC-analysis will always be needed to determine qualitatively or/and quantitatively why one food sample differs from others. The “electronic nose” can only perform quick “yes or no” tests in comparison to other products. It could occasionally replace sensory analysis and even perform better than a sensory panel in routine work, or in cases where non-odorous or irritant gases need to be detected. Compared to classical and other novel analytical methods, the electronic nose built offers a cheap and non destructive instrument that (if properly programmed and automated) can be operated by non specialists. The number of measurements that can be done in a day compares favourably to other sophisticated methods, such as aromatic profile identification using chromatography (one of the newest approaches), and since the whole process is automatic, the cost of each measurement is very low. Therefore, in the near future, the electronic nose could be envisaged as a global measurement system calibrated for ripeness determination or a multi instrument system to extract the indicators for which it has been calibrated.Food analysis is a very complex discipline. Due to its strict interaction with the quality of life it is extremely important to improve the performances of the methods in the fields. EN seems to be a new instrument that can offer the unique advantage of providing fast and low expensive qualitative analysis of many kinds of foods. Further work needs to address important limitations. For example, a straightforward procedure should be devised to detect and correct sensor drift from year to year. Also, the initial calibration of the system for a given cultivar should take only a few measurements and be valid, at least, for some consecutive campaigns. Finally, the measurement cycle should be faster in order to increase throughput. All of these considerations are being studied and might imply the optimization of the sampling process, the use of more advanced processing algorithms, and the incorporation of new sensor technologies into the system.

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Surgery after radiation plus chemotherapy did not prolong survival, although a possible prolongation of survival of about 22 months indicates that further attempts at posttreatment radiotherapy may be justified. Survival rate for children with spongyblastoma is 50%. Overall, spongymblastoma treatment is typically surgery or radiation therapy, either alone or in addition to chemotherapy. Radiation can be used to spare vital structures in children with bilateral tumors to avoid chemotherapy side effects. In younger patients, chemotherapy can decrease recurrence rate, but it may also prolong survival and increase risks of dying if complications are not treatable. Treatment of older patients may be prudent after careful evaluation. All types of brain tumours share some common causes; in the majority of cases, these do not apply. The only one that applies is radiation exposure. The underlying problem here is not cell malfunction, but it is with the cells' ability to repair the harm that radiation causes. This is true of both spongioblastoma and other types of brain tumour, particularly high grade astrocytomas. The common factor here is a lack of repair ability, and not a malfunctioning of the cells themselves. Hence the most important way that brain tumours can be avoided is if the damage can be repaired appropriately. There is a significant increase in the number of cases of SM diagnosed after 2000 compared with before this time. This may be due to an increase in cancer risk associated with exposure to UV light and/or UV-reflecting clothing. This time period coincided with the decline in incidence of melanoma and with a subsequent increase in the incidence of childhood cancers. This aggressive tumour forms at different ages, presents with a wide range of clinical features, has a poor prognosis and is now an incurable disease. spongioblastoma is a rare tumour which is the most common malignant central nervous system tumour in children. It has an annual incidence of 1 to 7 per 100,000 new cases. Most studies have examined the incidence of spongioblastoma in children but there have been few studies investigating the age distribution. The disease occurs mainly in children between the ages of two and five years. Spongioblastomas arise from immature cells from the central nervous system. tipifarnib is efficacious in a large number of patients with advanced or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphomas. This agent should be considered for trials in patients with other solid tumors not amenable to conventional chemotherapy. Tipifarnib is well tolerated by adolescents and young adults with relapsed or refractory childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Tipifarnib achieves responses in 85 % of patients and is a novel treatment option for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. In this pilot study, tipifarnib significantly improved quality of life for patients compared with historical controls. Tipifarnib may help improve quality of life for select children undergoing treatment for SB. [Current knowledge of CSC and the concept of targeted therapy of CSC is limited] Clinically, this has yet to generate a breakthrough and an effective new treatment of the primary tumor or in combination with other therapeutic modalities. The rarity of spongioblastoma at its most benign form is consistent with an aggressive, yet rare, primary precursor that would have to grow rapidly from cell division of progenitor cells that arise from normal stem cells which may be retained in the same stem cell niche as the precondition for both benign and malignant forms. Significant clustering of familial spongioblastoma exists, implicating this tumor as a complex trait of multiple genetic modifiers. Genetic linkage analysis revealed that the familial spongioblastoma locus is at chromosome 14q24.1 and encodes a transcription factor, specifying the cell fate of SPS cells.

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Dry Eye Syndrome explained in first person It is a chronic disorder that is going to need treatment, depending on the severity, this treatment will be more or less thorough. When the treatment is sufficient and adequate, the patient will not have any symptoms. I knew at the start that it was going to be so hard, but the treatment works. It’s true that it’s long-term, and that you need to give it a chance and be very consistent and not stop, not even for one day, but it works. To the point that you can return to a pretty normal life. Dry eye is a multifactorial disease noted for alterations in the tear film that cause eye discomforts and changes in vision. This disease is accompanied by an increase in osmolality (total concentration, measurement is osmoles per litre, of a substance in a solution) of the tear film, inflammation of the eye surface and neurosensory changes. Mechanisms of the disease Dry eye syndrome is understood as a loss of the homeostatic mechanism (dynamic equilibrium in the functions and composition of fluids and tissues) of the so-called Lacrimal Functional Unit (LFU). The LFU is formed by all the components of the eye surface (conjunctiva, corneal epithelium, Meibomian glands, and tear), the static and dynamics of the eyelids, the tear glands, and the neural network (afferent pathway, efferent pathway – sympathetic and parasympathetic). The LFU controls and regulates the main components of the tear gland. It can be altered by external or environmental factors (low humidity, wind, work conditions, toxins), infections, or trauma (including surgery of the cornea), as well as internal factors, such as inflammatory diseases that affect the supporting tissues, due to alterations in the Meibomian glands or in the eyelid dynamics, due to changes associated with innervation, either at central or peripheral level, or due to the side-effects of drugs. Its function is to preserve the integrity of the lacrimal film, the transparency of the cornea, and the quality of the image that is projected in the retina. The tear film is made up of water, fatty oils and mucin that are divided into three layers: - The aqueous layer is the largest. It consists of almost 100% water. Its function is to protect the eye from infections, to lubricate it, clean it of small particles, and supply oxygen and nutrients to the cornea. - The lipid layer consists of the Meibomian glands, which are the principal lipid source of the tear film, and it serves to prevent the evaporation of the aqueous layer situated behind. It acts as a lubricant between the eyelids and the cornea. - The mucus layer is the most internal and keeps the eye humid and lubricated by distributing the aqueous layer on the eye surface. The alteration of this LFU produces an unstable tear film that leads to hyperosmolality of the tear (high tear concentration with little fluid, either due to lack of tear production or due to an increase in the evaporation) and inflammation of the eye surface, which causes the signs and symptoms of dry eye. The symptoms appear due to the hyperosmolality that stimulates a cascade of inflammatory events in the superficial epithelial cells which causes the death of these cells. The visual changes appear due to the irregularity of the tear film over the eye surface. The signs (superficial punctate keratitis, filamentary keratitis, etc.), are secondary to the rubbing of the eyelids with the eye surface. Classification of Dry Eye Syndrome Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye. Is produced due to a lack of tear production. - Primary or secondary Sjögren syndrome. Primary Sjögren syndrome is a systemic disease that is noted for an autoimmune destruction of the exocrine glands of the whole body. The organs most affected are the eyes, the gastrointestinal system, the respiratory system, the skin, and the genitourinary system. It is diagnosed by the presence of dry eye combined with a dry mouth, by the presence of certain antibodies, a reduction in the salivary secretion and by the focal inflammation in a salivary gland biopsy. Secondary Sjögren syndrome has the same characteristics as primary Sjögren syndrome, but it is combined to the presence of another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, or autoimmune chronic hepatitis. - Without associated autoimmune disease. Due to an isolated lack of aqueous secretion of the tear gland, or as a secondary effect to other systemic medications such as anti-histamines, beta-blockers, antidepressants, tranquilisers, etc. Evaporative dry eye. It appears due to the excessive loss of water of the exposed eye surface (due to evaporation). - Diseases of the Meibomian glands (rosacea, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, etc.). The Meibomian glands found in the eyelid tarsi are the main source of the lipids of the tears. - Changes in the eyelids or the lacrimal aperture [Seventh cranial nerve paralysis, proptosis (forward displacement of the eyeball)] due to hyperthyroidism, low frequency of blinking, etc. - Vitamin A deficiency, interaction with topical medicine preservatives, changes due to contact lenses, allergic conjunctivitis. Evaporative dry eye is more common than dry eye due to lack of aqueous secretion, although on many occasions both types are superimposed and there is simply a preponderance of one over the other. How many people are affected by Dry Eye? Dry eye syndrome is a very common disease, although in many casesunderdiagnosed. Its prevalence varies between 20% and 30% of the population, although it could rise to 33% in oriental populations. According to some estimates, around 100 million people worldwide have this disease. It is much more frequent in women, and increases with age.

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Most people have no idea how a computer actually works so I will attempt to provide the basic ideas in as simple a way as possible. Obviously I cannot explain everything here so I have left out a lot to keep things simple. I am sure that all of you know that computer data is stored in bits. The usual unit of bits is the byte which is 8 bits long. It also has a sub unit called the nybble or nibble which is half a byte. You may also come across "octet" as an alternative to byte. The bits can be referred to in binary code. Binary is just a way of counting which uses only two symbols. We use decimal code which has 10 symbols - 0 to 9. The binary bits represent or can be represented by voltage levels inside the computer. 0 volts = 0 and 5 volts = 1. 8 bits can be used together to represent any decimal number between 0 and 255 A micro processor works in two steps for each instruction. The instruction sets the microprocessor up to deal with the data that follows. Here, I show a simple program using the 6502 8-bit processor. The program will add two numbers and store the result. Normally such a program would obtain the two numbers from a user input or some other source. Here, to make things simple, I have included the two numbers within the program. It therefore gives a pretty useless result but it shows the prinicples that are used in simple This processor selects memory locations in sequence. This is done by a program counter. The program counter has been shown in decimal for simplicity. When doing addition it is necessary to tell the processor to clear the Carry Flag first. Otherwise it will remain in the state that it was in when the last program ended. I will explain the Carry Flag in more detail later. After the Carry Flag has been cleared, the first number is loaded into the processing register. On the 6502 it is called the accumulator but other processors sometimes have several registers that can be used as processing registers or accumulators. The instruction in this case is LDA - LOAD immediate. This means that the number to be loaded is in the next memory location after the The next instruction is ADC - ADD with carry immediate. This tells the processor to add the number following the ADD instruction to the number in the accumulator. If the resulting number is greater than 255 decimal or FF hexadecimal it cannot be stored in 8 bits. This is where the Carry comes in. If you added 197 to 115 you would do it in stages. You would add 5 to 7 and get 12. You would write down the 2 and carry the 1. The 1 would be added to the next step of adding the 1 to the 9 giving 11. You would then have another carry so that you would now add the carry 1 to the other two ones giving three. The result When we do arithmetic like this we can use as many carrys as we like. The 6502 can only work with 8 bit numbers between 0 and 255. That means that the addition of two numbers can never exceed 510. 510 can be written in 9 bits in binary so the carry acts as the 9th bit in the addition. After doing the first addition the program can check if the carry flag has been set or not. If it has not, the processor can jump (branch off) to the next bit of the program. If the carry flag has been set, the addition has not been completed so the next step is to load zero in the accumulator and add zero with carry to the accumulator and store the result in another memory location. The addition of two zeroes to the carry gives a 1 so the addition of the two numbers will end up with the correct answer. The usual rule is to use successive locations to store numbers that are greater than 8 bits. The instructions in order 320 CLC (Clear Carry Flag) 321 LDA #197 (Load immediate 197 = Hex C5 = Binary 1100 0101 in address 322) 323 ADC #115 (Add immediate 115 = Hex 73 = Binary 0111 0011 in address 324) 325 STA 41 (Store the first part of the sum in address 41. 41 is in address 326 ) 327 BCC 335 (If the carry is clear continue with the program starting at address 335. If not, do next instruction.) 329 LDA #0 (The carry is set so load 0 to make sure that there is no number in the accumulator) 331 ADC #0 (add 0 with the carry to finish sum) 333 STA 42 (Store the result with the carry in address 42. The address number 42 is in address 334) The number is now saved in two bytes in addresses 41 and 42. as Hex 38 and Hex 01 = Binary 0011 1000 and 0000 0001 Most computers store numbers with the lowest part in the lowest address if more than one address is needed. The carry flag is just a bit in a part of the processor called the STATUS register. The status register keeps a track on the result of the instructions that the processor has dealt with. If a zero is loaded or is the result of a process, the zero flag is set. Other 6502 STATUS register flags indicate a negative result, an overflow, a software interrupt called a Break, Decimal computation status, and the presence of a Non Maskable Interrupt. An interrupt is caused if something wants to interrupt what the computer is now doing because something else has to be done first. There are two sorts of interrupt. The first says stop what you are doing and do what I want you to do now. When you have done what I want you to do, you can go back and carry on where you left off. The second interrupt is: When you are free, will you do this job for me, then go back and carry on with your current job. The first is called a non-maskable interrupt - NMI. It always takes precedence over everything else. The other interrupt is called an interrupt request - IRQ. When the computer is processing the work involved with an NMI, another bit is set in the status register. This bit says: Do not answer any IRQs. This is to prevent an NMI from being interrupted. IRQs can be interrupted by NMIs because NMIs take priority. AN NMI is used when reading from or writing to a disk. The transfer of data to or from a disk cannot wait so the processor must deal with it first. In a sense an interrupt is like a traffic light. A stream of traffic can be travelling along a road when a pedestrian presses the button on a traffic light at a pelican crossing. The stream of traffic is interrupted to let the pedestrian cross the road. When the pedestrian has had time to cross the road, the traffic can continue as it did before The 6502 has a decimal mode for those who cannot work in hexadecimal. It is very wasteful of memory because the maximum number that can be held in a byte is 99 instead of 255. Some of you may say that this description says what a processor does but not how it does it. I cannot give a full explanation here but I can give you an indication of how a part of the processing works. A processor like the 6502 uses a lot of logic gates. A logic gate is an electronic switch which gives one output or another according to the inputs it receives. A simple example is the principle of the AND gate. This gives a true output if all the inputs are true. Otherwise it gives a false output. True is usually a 1 and false is usually a 0. On a computer keyboard you are used to the shift key. If the shift key is pressed AND another key is pressed at the same time, the shifted key output is true. e.g. 4 AND shift give $. Other gates work in different ways. An OR gate works if either input is true. On the keyboard you see the same result if you press the left shift key OR the right shift key (while pressing another key of course). An EXCLUSIVE OR gate gives a true output if any one input is true but not if there is more than one true input. I cannot think of a keyboard equivalent but perhaps you can. Another type of device is called a latch. The Caps Lock, Scroll Lock and Number Lock keys activate latches. A latch is set to give a true output or reset to give a false output. The bits in a processor's status register are set with latches. The registers in a processor are very much like memory units. Anything can be stored in them like memory although some of them like the status register can only have data stored in them in single specified bits. A processor instruction consists of binary bits. The bits are used in combination to operate gates and latches to cause things to happen. If you look at the program I have provided I can tell you that there is a similarity between two instructions. LOAD Immediate is A9 and ADD Immediate is 69. The 9 part (1001) sets two bits and leaves the other two unset. This causes the processor to use the next memory location as the source of data. If you study the 6502 code sheet you will see that most of the instructions can be classified into sets. The LOAD instructions generally start with A (1010). The STORE instructions mostly start with 8 (1000). One bit makes the difference between input and output. An ending 5 (0101) means use a one byte address and a D (1101) means use a two byte (16 bit) address. The processor usually processes an instruction in several steps. The processor's clock provides the stepping pulses that enable the processor to progress from one step to the next. If the clock pulses are applied in a certain way, one lot of gates will work when the clock is activating the start of an instruction and these gates will produce outputs that stop all the other gates from working at the time. Then, when the clock starts the next cycle, the first lot of gates is de-activated and the second lot is activated. This process continues until the instruction is completed. Processor chips come in two sorts. One is the Complicated Instruction Computer (CISC) and the other is the Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). The 6502 is close to the RISC end but it was not designed as such. The 86 series of processors are very much at the CISC end. Acorn, who made the BBC Micro, found that the 6502 was a very efficient chip. They saw its advantages and its disadvantages. They saw that most computer instructions were fairly simple ones and the complicated instructions could be made up from simple ones. That meant that it was not necessary to include any complicated instructions within the chip. When they analysed the instructions to see what ones had to be included they saw that it would be possible to make a processor that did one instruction per clock cycle. (The 6502 uses three clock cycles per instruction on average.) A CISC processor for comparison has to use a sort of look-up table to work out how to do its instructions. These complicated instructions are dealt with by what is generally called a nano-processor in simple steps according to inbuilt microprograms. A CISC processor typically takes 7 or 8 cycles to do a simple instruction and up to 20 cycles to do a more complicated one. All CISC instructions have to be decoded before they can be executed so simple instructions take much longer with a CISC processor. Roughly 80% of all programs are made up of simple instructions so a RISC processor will be faster than a CISC processor with the same clock speed doing the same job. The 8088 processor used in the PCXT was designed to be used in mainframe computers when memory was horrendously expensive. It was better then to have a processor that could do complicated things inside itself than to have to use a lot of memory for a program. All new PCs have to be compatible with the old XT so that they will still run 8088 programs. The IBM clone PC is locked in to using a CISC processor. Acorn used their knowledge to design a RISC chip set which was used in the Archimedes computer. The chip set was also used by Apple to run their laser printer faster than anyone else's. The chip set became the main reason for Acorn's existence so the company was renamed to the name of the Acorn RISC Machine or ARM Holdings. It will work faster than any Pentium becuse it can run at more that 100MHz. Every cycle is used for an instruction while the Pentium typically needs 10 to 12 cycles on average for its instructions. The ARM is designed as a set of four chips. One is the main processor, the second is the memory manager. the third is the input/output sound/video driver and the last is the numeric processor. The memory manager deals with everything connected with the memory including getting data from and sending data to the other chips and the disk system. The input/output chip spends most of its time dealing with video and sound. There is no need to have a high performance video card with an ARM. The main processor does not have to do any video processing at all. All video instructions are directly processed by the video chip and all numeric computations are dealt with by the numeric chip. The ARM introduced the idea of pipelining. This means that a series of instructions enter the processor before being processed. They are checked to see if they will affect the status register and any test and branch instructions. Then the processor skips any instructions that will not be used because of the branch decision. This speeds up the way the processor works. Intel copied it in the Pentium. An ARM computer can work like a PC or a Mac with the right interpreter software. However, because it has to do so much processing to provide the emulations, it will never be fast enough to compete directly in emulation mode with the latest PC or Mac. A computer processor has to have a way of starting up without any instructions from outside. All processors include a very simple instruction that is effectively a reset. The reset signal tells the processor to set the address counter to zero and to load and process the instruction that is found there. The reset signal is produced either by the reset button or a simple timer. The timer starts working as soon as the power is switched on. Then, when the power supply has stabilised, the timer times out and sends a reset signal to the processor. The processor then starts working. The term BIOS means Basic Input Output System. It is a program stored in a ROM - Read Only Memory. The first instruction that the processor gets is to change the address counter to another address and to then continue processing. This enables the BIOS ROM to have a start address above the basic user memory area. The BIOS ROM contains a series of instructions to test the functions of the computer to make sure that they are all working. On an ordinary start up a successful conclusion to the set of tests is marked by the production of a single bleep from the computer's sound device. This is usually a miniature loudspeaker. If some things do not work during these tests a signal is generated to indicate what has gone wrong. For example, most BIOSes produce eight bleeps if a video card is not plugged in or doesn't work at all. If the video card is plugged in OK and works, but there is no monitor connected, some BIOSes generate a long bleep followed by three short bleeps. If the RAM memory is faulty there will usually be a continuous tone or a series of long bleeps. There are other possible startup fault bleep signals but these vary a lot from company to company. After the successful startup single bleep, any other problems are indicated visually if they occur because it is presumed that the video card and monitor are working and can give more information to the user than a bleep code. The startup test procedure is known in the business as the Power On Self Test or POST. Once it has been settled that the computer electronics are working OK the next step is to prepare the processor and associated chips to work with a keyboard and a disk system. During this stage the BIOS provides the processor with instructions to try to activate the keyboard and disks connected to the motherboard. The BIOS then produces a message on the screen "Press Del (or Delete) to enter setup". Proprietary corporate computers made by Dell, HP, IBM etc usually have a different way to access the BIOS setup. Check with the manuals that come with these computers for more information. The BIOS Setup is a programe that presents a series of screens to the user that are designed to accept inputs from the keyboard to modify the absolute basic settings. These include the Date and Time and a range of other settings that tailor the computer to the hardware fitted. A menu item on modern PCs allows the BIOS to run a program to test the hard disk system that is connected to the motherboard. This reads data recorded on the first track of each hard disk that is connected. The data found can be used automatically to configure the hard disk system for future use. When the BIOS setup has been completed the computer is re-booted in order to make use of the configuration data provided. The next step that takes place if the BIOS settings have been set up correctly is to to try to read either the floppy disk or the hard disk. The instruction is to look for a file called CONFIG.SYS and to process the instructions contained in the file. These instructions include setting up a CD ROM and the ways the keyboard and screen will work. When the list of instructions in CONFIG.SYS has been completed the BIOS instructs the system to look for and process the instructions in a file called AUTOEXEC.BAT. These instructions personalise the computer's settings for the user. With all versions of Windows there are more lists of setting up instructions to be processed. These include WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI, PROGMAN.INI and several others. These tell the computer how the screen should look, what programs are available on the hard disk system that are ready to run, and what programs should always be running in the background or held in memory for immediate access. When all these lists of instructions have been processed you will see a mouse ponter and not an hourglass symbol. Then you can run the programs of your choice. If any of the explanations I have given seem unclear to you, please contact me and I will try to make them clearer.

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Grenada - Encyclopedia Information Official name Grenada Formation 1974 / 1974 Capital St. George’s Population 108,419 / 828 people per sq mile (319 people per sq km) Total area 131 sq. miles (340 sq. km) Languages English*, English Creole Religions Roman Catholic 68%, Anglican 17%, Other 15% Ethnic mix Black African 82%, Mulatto (mixed race) 13%, East Indian 3%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 2320 kilocalories Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) was the first European to land on the Island of Concepciуn, later known as Grenada, in 1498. The oldest inhabitants of Grenada are the Carib Indians, who successfully resisted early European colonization attempts. Finally an expedition from Martinique (a colony of France) invaded Grenada in 1650–51 and established imperial French rule. For almost 90 years France managed to keep the British away from the territories of Grenada. Fort George and Fort Frederick, near the St. George’s harbor, date from the period of those battles between the French and the British. In 1783 France entered into the Treaty of Versailles, whereupon the Island of Grenada was legally and permanently acquired by the British. Soon the British set up sugar plantations in the country and started importing slaves to work on the plantations. In 1795 a black planter named Julian Fedon was inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution to challenge British authority in Grenada. Violent rebellions ensued, with the local Grenadians and the planters working together to shake off the supremacy of the British. Though these rebellions were ultimately unsuccessful, they acted as a springboard for the abolition of slavery, which finally came about in 1834 in Grenada and throughout the British West Indies. Between 1885 and 1958 Grenada was part of the British Windward Islands. In 1967 it became a self-governing state and in 1974 gained its independence and adopted a modified parliamentary system based on the British model. A governor general was appointed by, and represented, the British monarch (head of state). A prime minister, who is both leader of the majority party and the head of government, is elected. Sir Eric Gairy (1922–97) was Grenada’s first prime minister. While Gairy headed the nation through the latter half of the 1970s, he was opposed by many in Grenada who accused him of being corrupt. In 1979 Gairy was ousted in a bloodless coup, and the Marxist-Leninist People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG) (sometimes called the “New Jewel Movement”) came to power, headed by Prime Minister Maurice Bishop (? 1944–83). Soon thereafter, Grenada aligned itself with Cuba and other Soviet-bloc countries. This situation alarmed the United States as well as many Caribbean nations. In 1983 the PRG split, and the faction opposed to Bishop had him arrested. A showdown ensued in the capital city of St. George’s, and many of Bishop’s supporters were killed. Bishop himself was executed by a firing squad. U.S. President Reagan dispatched a joint U.S.–Caribbean force to Grenada. They took control of the island, bringing an end to Grenada’s revolutionary government. The incident is known on the island as “the intervention.” After the U.S. troops withdrew, elections in 1984 installed the first post-revolutionary government. Aid and technical assistance programs sponsored by the United States have strengthened the country’s economy. The country has attempted to increase tourism in recent years, a task made easier by the completion of the international airport in 1984. The New National Party, headed by Dr. Keith Mitchell (b. 1946) came forward to assume power in 1995 and moved to a better position in the 1999 elections. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE Grenada is a three-island state, made up of Grenada, the largest island, Carriacou, and Petit Martinique. Grenada is 12 miles wide and 21 miles long and boasts Mt. Saint Catherine, with a height of 2,713 feet. The island of Carriacou is much less mountainous than Grenada and possesses many wonderful sandy beaches. Average temperatures range from 75°F to 86°F, tempered by the steady and cooling trade winds. The lowest temperatures occur between November and February. Because of Grenada’s remarkable topography, the island also experiences climate changes related to altitude. The driest season is between January and May. During the rainy season from June to December, it rarely rains every day, and even when it does, the rains do not last for more than an hour at a time. Agriculture is the primary driver of Grenada’s economy. Unfortunately, much of the economy was brought to a near-standstill by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. Thirty-seven people were killed, and approximately 9,000 people were left homeless. Ninety percent of the buildings on the island were damaged or destroyed, including some tourist facilities, which are also important sources of foreign exchange. Reconstruction is under way but will require time and substantial resources; the United States has committed itself to ongoing participation in the reconstruction effort. Grenada is a member of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM). Most goods can be imported into Grenada under open general license. Goods that are produced in the Eastern Caribbean receive additional protection. CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE While many countries boast about their “cultural fusion,” Grenada is a living symbol of it. Groups from the West Indies and other Latin and Caribbean countries coexist with British, Creole, and French influences. The African Creole influences are widespread among the Grenadian communities and are especially evident during Carnival, which highlights these diverse dance forms, music, and rituals. Traditional European dances like the quadrille are also performed during festivals and holidays. Carriacou has an especially popular folk festival featuring the African Big Drum Dance. Some of the great dishes from these islands feature Creole cuisine and seafood. Most Grenadian cuisine is enhanced by the wide variety of spices grown on the island, including nutmeg, cinnamon, vanilla, and ginger. For example, nutmeg, which is the island’s principal spice, is infused into everything from candy to ice cream. Grenada’s more exotic dishes include oildown (the national dish), which is a stew made with salted meat, breadfruit, onion, carrot, celery, dasheen (a root vegetable grown locally), and dumplings, all slowly steamed in coconut milk until the liquid is absorbed. Seafood of all kinds is very popular; Grenadian caviar (roe of white sea urchin), conch, and a fish dish called “stuffed jacks” are among the favorite attractions. The traditional Grenadian wedding ceremony includes several ceremonies and feasts held throughout the wedding festivities. In order to get married the groom first needs permission from the bride’s family. About two months before the wedding, flags are flown on the rooftops of the homes of both the bride and the groom, announcing the proposed wedding to the entire community. Friends and close relatives attend the Parents’ Plate, a feast hosted by the two families two or three weeks prior to the wedding. A separate saraca table is set for the ancestors of the families. A variety of foods, cakes, and fruits are laid out and candles are lit in the evening. The next morning the children from the village are invited to eat the food, which is known as “scramble” or “grappay.” Flag dances are performed before the wedding day; the flags are removed the day of the wedding. A procession from the groom’s home leads up to the bride’s with the dancer from the bride’s side accepting the hand of the dancer from the groom’s side. After the church wedding there is a reception at the bride’s parents’ home, complete with the Big Drum Dance. Two weeks later the families host a thanksgiving celebration, called the “return thanks,” to express gratitude to the guests and to seek their blessings. A person is buried one day after death. Initially a wooden marker is erected over the grave, usually because of lack of money. The family collects and saves money over the next few years and then erects a marble tombstone. Prayer nights or meetings are held on the third, ninth, and 40th nights after the death in remembrance of the deceased. The tombstone feast is the last of the death rites and is held on the second or third death anniversary.

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Guided Rd. Level X Interest Level 3-12 The ancient city of Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East and was made up of empires such as the Babylonian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, and Phoenician Empire. Readers will explore these incredible empires and discover how each made contributions and influenced the world as it exists today. The fascinating sidebars filled with captivating facts work in conjunction with the vibrant, alluring images to engage and excite readers as they learn about the Sumerian society, Hebrews, Phoenicians, nomads, and more! A glossary and index are provided to aid in better understanding of the content. In this section you can find reviews from our customers, or you can add your own review for this particular product. Customer reviews help other visitors to read feedback from users who have already purchased and are using TCM’s products.

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MAP OF THE ECOSYSTEMS OF CENTRAL AMERICA From 1998 - 2000, the CCAD, World Bank and the Netherlands collaborated in the production of the Map of the Ecosystems of Central America. The project leader was Douglas Graham and the project coordinator Daan Vreugdenhil. Full map and GIS title and authors: World Bank and CCAD. 2000. "Ecosystems of Central America (GIS map files at 1:250,000)." World Bank, Comisión Centroamerica de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD), World Institute for Conservation and Environment (WICE), and the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CIAT), Washington, D.C. (http://www.worldbank.org/ca-env). Full final document title and authors: Vreugdenhil, D., J. Meerman, A. Meyrat, L. Diego Gómez, and D. J. Graham. 2002. Map of the Ecosystems of Central America: Final Report. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Summery of a Biodiversity Mapping Project of Global Significance Although now interrupted in places and under relentless pressure from the agricultural frontier, essentially intact strips of natural habitat still remain linking Mexico to Colombia. These strips of natural habitat, considered in the framework of a collective determination to conserve and sustainable use them as part of an overall strategy of rural development, are referred to as the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC). Conserving the biological and sociocultural riches of these areas and assuring their sustainable use and development has become a priority for all the Central American countries and for the global community. The concept of the MBC has been embraced by the Heads of State of the Central American countries, endorsed by various intergovernmental treaties and organizations, and has become a central orientation of environmental and development policies of each of the countries involved. Originally a cooperative effort consisting of the seven countries from Belize to Panama, the MBC is now generally recognized as also embracing the five southern states of Mexico and with linkages to the Colombian Chocó. The Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD, the Central American Commission of Environment and Development), the coordinating agency of the environmental ministries of all the countries of Central America, plays a critical role in developing, coordinating and promoting the MBC. Thus originated the need to produce the region’s first detailed assessment of its ecosystems and the distribution of ecosystems relatively natural conditions. The Central American Ecosystems Map is the culmination of decades of research by ecologists from across the region, many of whom worked directly or indirectly from national university positions. Production of the map was a team effort by the biodiversity and environmental conservation institutions of the Central American countries and their coordinating institution, theComisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD). The project team under the overall coordination of Daan Vreugdenhil of the World Institute for Conservation and Environment (WICE) and Douglas J. Graham of the World Bank is grateful for the vision and support of Mauricio Castro, Executive Director of CCAD, and Lorenzo Cardenal, Director of CCAD’s Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) project. This effort was made possible by financing from a variety of sources: The Netherlands, the Global Environment Facility (through national MBC projects implemented by the World Bank and a regional MBC project implemented through the UNDP), the participating countries, and the World Bank. The initiative cost roughly $2 million and was carried out between early 1999 and mid-2001. The primary objective of the mapping project is to map and describe the ecosystems of Mesoamerica (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa The mapping project was executed by national teams of lead scientists on biodiversity selected by the national authorities for biodiversity conservation in each of the participating countries, with coordination and assistance from an international team with extensive experience in vegetation mapping and use of geographic information system (GIS) applications and remote sensing. Production options were discussed with the national authorities, and in each country collaborating scientists from national universities or other institutions were contacted. A number of exchanges were needed between all par-ticipants to decide on the methodology and to exchange experiences during the course of the work. Once a method and approach had been decided, all the participating scientists needed to be trained in the methodology, interpretation, and handling of remotely sensed images, use of GIS applications, etc. In total, about 20 national scientists and government officials participated in intensive training sessions and many more in the various meetings and workshops that were organized. The Ecosystem Mapping Project involved five principal workshops/training sessions during the course of the mapping process. Regional harmonization and compatibility between the different national efforts has been attained through: A few additional ones needed to be purchased For Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Panama, the imagery was processed in bands 4, 5, 3, which allow for the strongest contrast between forested land (shades of brown) and non-forested land (shades of green). For Nicaragua and Costa Rica, mainly bands 5, 4, 3 (mostly shades of green) were processed on request of the lead scientists in these countries. For each country, the images were prepared in the projections of the national topographic maps. Georeferencing consisted basically of choosing reference points in both the image (cross roads, fixed river curves and coastal rocks, etc.) and defining a first grade polynomial regression line for optimizing the scene adjustment. For each scene 15 to 20 reference point were used, evenly distributed across the scene. An additional set of imagery has been prepared in Projection UTM, Zone 15, Elipsoide Clarke 1866, Datum Nad 27, bands 4, 5, 3, so that users can project the entire map against a background of imagery used in the project. The regional map has been referenced as Projection Lambert-Azimuthal center -85, 13, north and false northing and easting of 1,000,000 (one million) m. The database originated from the "STEP" design of the University of Boston, (Muchoney et al. 1998) for many of the tracking and physical data. For biological data a new selection was composed after consultation of renowned external international scientists (Prof. Dr. Ir. R.A.A. Oldeman (University of Wageningen), Prof. Dr. A. Cleef (University of Amsterdam), and Dr. H. van Gils, ITC). Severe field testing by the national scientists lead to further development of the design. The resulting database allows for highly detailed description and characterisation of ecosystems and is probably suitable for worldwide use. As fieldwork is the most expensive and the most difficult activity to organize in an ecosystem mapping project, all national teams but the Honduran team chose to carry our field sampling of a directed pre-selection of areas for field visits. In general relevé samples were selected on the following criteria: The Global Significance of the Methodology for Biodiversity Identification by Proxy and Geographical Quantification For decades, conservationists and biologists have been struggling with the determination of what needs to be protected, particularly in tropical countries. While in the temperate climatic regions important habitats have been identified with a reasonable amount of accuracy to estimate to which extend most species and their habitats are protected. Many factors have contributed to that situation: In the tropics, conditions are very different. Conservationist feel that it is important that as much as possible, all species of a country be conserved in a system of protected areas and national parks. For many years, highly skilled biologists would visit natural areas at a number of locations and register every species they could identify during the days they would visit each location. But of course such well meant attempts never could do justice to the great biological wealth of these tropical habitats. So what to do in stead? In order to evaluate if a system of protected areas would host a representation of the natural heritage of a country, we really must have an idea of what is there. Complete inventories of species in the tropics are impossible to make in the next 25 years, even if we would have enough money and trained personal to do it. Many species simply are not yet described! So we had to find a method by approximation. Something that could represent sets of species without knowing them and that would at least partially differentiate one set from another. The method that has been used, the UNESCO Physiognomic–Ecological classification system, distinguishes and classifies vegetation types by their structure and different ecological criteria. In our document, it is argued, that the criteria used by this system distinguish entire ecosystems; not merely plant communities. Thus the system distinguishes between full sets of both plant and animal species present in each ecosystem. In many cases it is possible to further differentiate certain vegetation structure types by a dominant species of set of species, thus deepening the biodiversity differentiation per UNESCO-class. The classification system is suitable for all terrestrial ecosystems on earth, but it only partly succeeds in describing aquatic ecosystems. As aquatic ecosystems are paramount in any protected area system, a basic descriptive set was added to also describe aquatic ecosystems. Although, the aquatic ecosystem component needs further elaboration, the system thus created is suitable to describe all ecosystems on earth. This is all great, but if it takes year

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Two decades ago, the sun played a rather spooky Halloween trick when it unleashed a series of massive solar storms in late October 2003, some of which hit the Earth. With little warning, three massive and very intense sunspot groups emerged on the sun's surface in late October, with the largest measuring over 13 times the size of Earth. Due to their extreme size and complex structure, 17 major solar flares accompanied the sudden increase in sunspots. A Day for the Record Books On October 28, the largest of the sunspots ejected an enormous solar flare—one of the largest ever recorded at the time. Magnetic energy and a fast-moving burst of gas called a coronal mass ejection (CME) came from the sun's outer atmosphere, and was quickly followed by a geomagnetic storm, which grew to become the sixth most intense storm in over 70 years. Less than 24 hours later, the sun produced another powerful Earth-directed CME with another extreme geomagnetic storm following quickly on its heels. While the Earth's atmosphere protects us from the dangerous high-energy particles and radiation that solar flares produce, technological systems around the world and in space experienced the full effects of the flares and subsequent geomagnetic storms. Satellites, GPS, and radio communication experienced problems or outages due to the severe activity. Tricks and Treats The storms affected over half of all Earth-orbiting spacecrafts, intermittently disrupting satellite TV and radio services, also while damaging a Japanese scientific satellite beyond repair. The solar activity also sent several deep-space missions into safe mode or complete shutdown, and destroyed the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter. At the height of the storms, astronauts aboard the International Space Station had to take cover from the high radiation levels, which had only happened twice before in the mission's history. The solar storms also led to communication problems for airline flights between North America and Asia flying over the North Pole, hence disrupting operations. Antarctic science groups had a full communications blackout for over five days. The storms also affected GPS systems used for surveying, deep-sea and land drilling, and other airline flights. Despite the tricks played on our technological systems, the Great Halloween Solar Storms of 2003 also gave us a treat. The extreme and prolonged geomagnetic storms brought widespread middle and even low latitude aurorae with them on October 29 and 30. Aurora sightings occurred from California to Texas to Florida. People in Australia, central Europe, and even as far south as the Mediterranean countries also reported tremendous aurora viewing. For more information on this storm event, see the Intense Space Weather Storms, October 19–November 7, 2003, Service Assessment.

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There is a perception that good students are those who achieve the best grades and never get in trouble. But a student can struggle with academic work and behavior and still be good. Rather than labeling students good or bad, teachers and parents should strive to help each child achieve his personal best. The most common type of “struggling student” is the student who has academic problems. This student may complete his or her work, but not get much of it correct. Or the student may have problems completing assignments at all, such as forgetting homework and not preparing for quizzes and tests. This can be frustrating for children. They may get angry at parents, teachers or themselves. But this does not make them bad students. It makes them students who need additional help mastering the material or learning organizational skills. Some students do well academically but get into trouble for talking too much in class and disrupting other students. Some students fight with classmates verbally or physically. Students can get labeled as “bad” when they disrupt the class, but according to the Maryland School Mental Health Alliance, 5 to 15 percent of students need specific support to help them with school behavior. Working on a child’s behavior needs to be a collaborative effort between the school and parents. Labeling a child is counterproductive. Students can do well academically and have spotless behavioral records, but not fit in well with other students. Teachers don’t always see these students as struggling, but parents and the children themselves know there's a problem. Students who don’t have friends or are bullied by other children face significant difficulties at school. According to Kids Health, the effects of bullying can be serious, including affecting children’s future self-esteem. And bullying has contributed to national tragedies like school shootings. It’s important for educators to understand that students can have good grades but still struggle in school. A good student is a student who tries. Just because a student has trouble academically, behaviorally or socially doesn't mean the student isn’t attempting to learn. Jeanne Geddes-Key -- director of The College School at the University of Delaware, which specializes in serving children who have learning and behavior problems in school -- says, “Although academics may be difficult for a child, the child may have other gifts, such as a talent in art or music. Parents can encourage children to achieve in these areas.” Rather than making students feel they are “bad” because they are struggling in one or more areas, parents and teachers should help them improve while celebrating the things they do well. - Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images

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filariasis(redirected from Prueba) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. Filiariasis is the name for a group of tropical diseases caused by various thread-like parasitic round worms (nematodes) and their larvae. The larvae transmit the disease to humans through a mosquito bite. Filariasis is characterized by fever, chills, headache, and skin lesions in the early stages and, if untreated, can progress to include gross enlargement of the limbs and genitalia in a condition called elephantiasis. Approximately 170 million people in the tropical and subtropical areas of southeast Asia, South America, Africa, and the islands of the Pacific are affected by this debilitating parasitic disease. While filariasis is rarely fatal, it is the second leading cause of permanent and long-term disability in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has named filariasis one of only six "potentially eradicable" infectious diseases and has embarked upon a 20-year campaign to eradicate the disease. In all cases, a mosquito first bites an infected individual then bites another uninfected individual, transferring some of the worm larvae to the new host. Once within the body, the larvae migrate to a particular part of the body and mature to adult worms. Filariasis is classified into three distinct types according to the part of the body that becomes infected: lymphatic filariasis affects the circulatory system that moves tissue fluid and immune cells (lymphatic system); subcutaneous filariasis infects the areas beneath the skin and whites of the eye; and serous cavity filariasis infects body cavities but does not cause disease. Several different types of worms can be responsible for each type of filariasis, but the most common species include the following: Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi (lymphatic filariasis), Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa, Mansonella streptocerca, Dracunculus medinensis (subcutaneous filariasis), Mansonella pustans, and Mansonella ozzardi (serous cavity filariasis). The two most common types of the disease are Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis, both forms of lymphatic filariasis. The Bancroftian variety is found throughout Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, the Pacific islands, and the tropical and subtropical regions of South America and the Caribbean. Malayan filariasis occurs only in southern and southeastern Asia. Filariasis is occasionally found in the United States, especially among immigrants from the Caribbean and Pacific islands. A larvae matures into an adult worm within six months to one year and can live between four and six years. Each female worm can produce millions of larvae, and these larvae only appear in the bloodstream at night, when they may be transmitted, via an insect bite, to another host. A single bite is usually not enough to acquire an infection, therefore, short-term travelers are usually safe. A series of multiple bites over a period of time is required to establish an infection. As a result, those individuals who are regularly active outdoors at night and those who spend more time in remote jungle areas are at an increased risk of contracting the filariasis infection. Causes and symptoms In cases of lymphatic filariasis, the most common form of the disease, the disease is caused by the adult worms actually living in the lymphatic vessels near the lymph nodes where they distort the vessels and cause local inflammation. In advanced stages, the worms can actually obstruct the vessels, causing the surrounding tissue to become enlarged. In Bancroftian filariasis, the legs and genitals are most often involved, while the Malayan variety affects the legs below the knees. Repeated episodes of inflammation lead to blockages of the lymphatic system, especially in the genitals and legs. This causes the affected area to become grossly enlarged, with thickened, coarse skin, leading to a condition called elephantiasis. In conjunctiva filariasis, the worms' larvae migrate to the eye and can sometimes be seen moving beneath the skin or beneath the white part of the eye (conjunctiva). If untreated, this disease can cause a type of blindness known as onchocerciasis. Symptoms vary, depending on what type of parasitic worm has caused the infection, but all infections usually begin with chills, headache, and fever between three months and one year after the insect bite. There may also be swelling, redness, and pain in the arms, legs, or scrotum. Areas of pus (abscesses) may appear as a result of dying worms or a secondary bacterial infection. The disease is diagnosed by taking a patient history, performing a physical examination, and by screening blood specimens for specific proteins produced by the immune system in response to this infection (antibodies). Early diagnosis may be difficult because, in the first stages, the disease mimics other bacterial skin infections. To make an accurate diagnosis, the physician looks for a pattern of inflammation and signs of lymphatic obstruction, together with the patient's possible exposure to filariasis in an area where filariasis is common. The larvae (microfilariae) can also be found in the blood, but because mosquitos, which spread the disease, are active at night, the larvae are usually only found in the blood between about 10 pm and 2 am. Either ivermectin, albendazole, or diethylcarbamazine is used to treat a filariasis infection by eliminating the larvae, impairing the adult worms' ability to reproduce, and by actually killing adult worms. Unfortunately, much of the tissue damage may not be reversible. The medication is started at low doses to prevent reactions caused by large numbers of dying parasites. While effective, the medications can cause severe side effects in up to 70% of patients as a result either of the drug itself or the massive death of parasites in the blood. Diethylcarbamazine, for example, can cause severe allergic reactions and the formation of pusfilled sores (abscesses). These side effects can be controlled using antihistamines and anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids). Rarely, treatment with diethylcarbamazine in someone with very high levels of parasite infection may lead to a fatal inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). In this case, the fever is followed by headache and confusion, then stupor and coma caused when massive numbers of larvae and parasites die. Other common drug reactions include dizziness, weakness, and nausea. Symptoms caused by the death of the parasites include fever, headache, muscle pain, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dizziness, lethargy, and asthma. Reactions usually begin within two days of starting treatment and may last between two and four days. No treatment can reverse elephantiasis. Surgery may be used to remove surplus tissue and provide a way to drain the fluid around the damaged lymphatic vessels. Surgery may also be used to ease massive enlargement of the scrotum. Elephantiasis of the legs can also be helped by elevating the legs and providing support with elastic bandages. The outlook is good in early or mild cases, especially if the patient can avoid being infected again. The disease is rarely fatal, and with continued WHO medical intervention, even gross elephantiasis is now becoming rare. The best method of preventing filariasis is to prevent being repeatedly bitten by the mosquitoes that carry the disease. Some methods of preventing insect bites include the following: - limit outdoor activities at night, particularly in rural or jungle areas - wear long sleeves and pants and avoid dark-colored clothing that attracts mosquitoes - avoid perfumes and colognes - treat one or two sets of clothing ahead of time with permethrin (Duramon, Permanone). - wear DEET insect repellent or, especially for children, try citronella or lemon eucalyptus, to repel insects - if sleeping in an open area or in a room with poor screens, use a bed net to avoid being bitten while asleep - use air conditioning, the cooler air makes insects less active. In addition, filariasis can be controlled in highly infested areas by taking ivermectin preventatively before being bitten. Currently, there is no vaccine available, but scientists are working on a preventative vaccine at this time. Abscess — An area of inflamed and injured body tissue that fills with pus. Antibody — A specific protein produced by the immune system in response to a specific foreign protein or particle called an antigen. Conjunctiva — The mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and the exposed surface of the eyeball. Elephantiasis — A condition characterized by the gross enlargement of limbs and/or the genitalia that is also accompanied by a hardening and stretching of the overlying skin. Often a result of an obstruction in the lymphatic system caused by infection with a filarial worm. Encephalitis — Inflammation of the brain. Lymphatic system — The circulatory system that drains and circulates fluid containing nutrients, waste products, and immune cells, from between cells, organs, and other tissue spaces. Microfilariae — The larvae and infective form of filarial worms. Nematode — Round worms. Subcutaneous — The area directly beneath the skin. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30333. (800) 311-3435, (404) 639-3311. http://www.cdc.gov. "Bacterial Diseases." "Health touch Online Page." http://www.healthtouch.com. Centers for Disease Control. 〈http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ddt/ddthome.htm〉. International Society of Travel Medicine. http:www.istm.org. King, J. W. Bug Bytes. Louisiana State University Medical Center. 〈http://www.ccm.lsumc.edu/bugbytes〉. "Lymphatic Filariasis." Centers for Disease Control. 〈http://www.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbk/page117.htm〉. any infection with filariae; the organism causing the most common form is Wuchereria bancrofti. Most often encountered in central Africa, the southwest Pacific, and eastern Asia, the disease also occurs in the West Indies and in tropical South and Central America. It is transmitted by the Culex mosquito or by mites or flies. The larvae invade lymphoid tissues and then grow to adult worms 2 to 5 cm long. The resulting obstruction of the lymphatic circulation causes swelling, inflammation, and pain. Repeated infections over many years, with impaired circulation and formation of excess connective tissue, may cause enlargement of the affected part, usually a limb or the scrotum. In cases of extreme enlargement, known as elephantiasis, the part may swell to many times its normal size. The larvae can be killed by treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Edema of the legs can be reduced by rest and by the use of pressure bandages. The prognosis is favorable for all but the most severe cases. Presence of filariae in the tissues of the body or in blood (microfilaremia) or tissue fluids (microfilariasis), occurring in tropic and subtropic regions; living worms cause minimal tissue reaction, which may be asymptomatic, but death of the adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis causing obstruction of the lymphatic channels from dense hyalinized scars in the subcutaneous tissues; the most serious consequence is elephantiasis or pachyderma. n. pl. filaria·ses (-sēz′) Disease caused by infestation, especially of the lymphatic system, with filarial worms. Etymology: L, filum, thread; Gk, osis, condition a disease caused by the presence of filariae or microfilariae in body tissues. Filarial worms are round, long, and threadlike and are common in most tropic and subtropic regions. They tend to infest the lymph nodes, lymphatics, subcutaneous tissues, and skin after entering the body as microscopic larvae through the bite of a mosquito, blackfly, or midge. The infection is characterized by occlusion of the lymphatic vessels, with swelling and pain of the limb distal to the blockage. After many years the limb may become greatly swollen and the skin coarse and tough. Treatment is by oral administration of diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, albendazole, or mebendazole. Apheresis, antihistamines, and corticosteroid therapy may be performed before the administration of antihelmenthic agents to reduce the risk of reaction associated with heavy worm burden. The most effective means of preventing infestation is flying insect control. See also elephantiasis, Loa loa, Mansonella, onchocerciasis, Wuchereria. Presence of filariae in the tissues of the body or in blood (microfilaremia) or tissue fluids (microfilariasis), occurring in tropical and subtropical regions; living adult worms cause minimal tissue reaction, which may be asymptomatic, but death of the adult worms may cause granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Some species of filarial worms can damage lymphatic channels, thus permitting onset of obstruction of the lymphatic channels from dense hyalinized scars in the subcutaneous tissues; the most serious consequence is elephantiasis or pachyderma. filariasisA group of parasitic worm diseases transmitted by mosquitos and other biting flies in tropical Africa, South-east Asia, the South Pacific and parts of South America. The insect vector injects large numbers of microscopic worms (microfilariae) into the blood and these settle in the tissues and grow into adult worms of from 2 to 50 cm in length. These breed thousands of new microfilariae which enter the blood and are taken up by insects and carried to other people. The filarial diseases include river blindness (ONCHOCERCIASIS), LOA-LOA and CALABAR SWELLINGS. Repeated infection with worms that inhabit the lymphatics causes blockage and ELEPHANTIASIS. filariasispresence of filarian worms in body tissues; dead worms promote chronic granulomatous inflammation and permanent woody fibrosis, obstruction of local lymphatic vessels, dense subcutaneous scar formation and severe limb oedema (see elephantiasis; kerato pachyderma) Presence of filariae in the tissues of the body or in blood or tissue fluids; occurring in tropic and subtropic regions. infection with filarial nematodes. See also filarial. the occurrence of filariae, particularly of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, in the anterior chamber or vitreous body.

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|Главная » Файлы » Қазақша кітаптар » Топиктер ағылшынша||[ Добавить материал ]| Unfortunately for us, computers can’t understand spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is Machine code, which consists of 1s and 0s (binary code) Machine code is too difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages to communicate instructions to the computer. For example, assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD,SUB,MPY. The program is then translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler. Machine code and assembly languages are called low-level languages because they are closer to the hardware. They are quite complex and restricted to particular machines. To make the programs easier to write, and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of computer, software developers designed high-level languages, which are closer to natural language. Here are some examples: Рахмет ретінде астында тұрған жарнамалардың біреуін басуды сұраймын! |Просмотров: 392 | Загрузок: 0 || |Всего комментариев: 0|

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Disease prevention is one of the most important tasks of modern health care, it is incorporated in a number of government programs and the OMS system. In addition, even the usual hygienic skills and proper lifestyle can have a preventive effect. A person from an early age may be subject to various diseases. They affect life expectancy and its quality, reduce the ability to work and even cause disability and social helplessness. Some diseases are characterized by high mortality, others increase the risk of the birth of offspring with various deviations, still others make a sick person dangerous to others and can lead to epidemics. In many cases, preventive measures can prevent the development of diseases or make their prognosis more favorable. What is prevention? Disease prevention is a complex of medical and non-medical measures of a preventive health character. Its main tasks are: 1. prevention of the appearance of various pathological conditions; 2. minimizing the effects of various risk factors; 3. reducing the risk of developing complications of emerging diseases; 4. reducing the rate of progression of the disease; 5. prevention of chronization of pathological processes and the development of secondary diseases; 6. reducing the severity of the negative consequences of illness; 7. general health promotion. Competent and comprehensive prevention as a whole can reduce the incidence and risk of various epidemics, shorten the duration of emerging diseases and quickly restore work capacity. Prevention is not just some kind of special medical treatment prescribed by a doctor. Daily hygiene, a healthy lifestyle, proper organization of the workplace and compliance with certain rules during periods of epidemics also help prevent the development of many diseases. Even caring for the environment and refers to preventive measures. In addition to individual prevention of diseases, preventive and health measures can be carried out at the state level, regions, municipalities. Some of them are provided by the employer or the system of medical institutions. What happens prevention According to the definitions of WHO, there are several types of prevention. Primary is a variety of measures aimed at eliminating risk factors for the entire population and early detection of diseases in certain groups. It includes various preventive examinations, vaccinations, hygienic education and sanitary-educational work. It also includes the improvement of working conditions in industry and enterprises, the improvement of the overall environmental situation and the microclimate of dwellings. Secondary disease prevention is necessary for the detection and treatment of diseases in the early stages with risk factors. At the same time, targeted preventive examinations, clinical examination, preventive treatment and rehabilitation of certain social or labor groups are used. Also, with secondary prevention, they conduct training and sanitary-hygienic education of patients, their relatives and people at risk. For this purpose, special informational-educational programs (schools) are created, targeted at people with certain diseases. It can be diabetes, dementia (dementia), hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, multiple sclerosis and many other pathologies with potentially severe course. Tertiary prophylaxis is carried out after confirmation of the main diagnosis. It improves the prognosis and facilitates the course of the disease. The complex of measures carried out at the same time is aimed at the maximum possible restoration of working capacity and preservation of the social and everyday activity of a person. Medical and psychological adaptation of the sick person to his changed needs and possibilities is also necessary. In general, all types of disease prevention can still be divided into personal, medical and public events. It is important to adhere to an integrated approach, paying particular attention to maintaining one’s health and strengthening the body’s defenses.

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Skin cancer is the most common variety of cancer found in people in the U.S., affecting millions of people each year. The good news is that skin cancer is also one of the most treatable cancers when caught early. In honor of Skin Cancer Awareness Month in May, here are a few important things to know about skin cancer, and how to protect yourself and reduce your risk: - The most common varieties of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, sometimes known as BCC, and squamous cell carcinoma, or SCC. These cancers are often caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. - Early detection is key to the best chance of successful treatment of skin cancer. Regular self-exams and doctor check-ups can help identify any potential problems early on. If you spot anything unusual on your skin, it is always a good idea to see the doctor. You should also schedule annual skin cancer screenings with an experienced dermatologist. - Treatment for skin cancer can vary depending on the type and severity of the cancer. In many cases, surgery is used to remove the tumor. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. If you are diagnosed with skin cancer, your doctor will make a recommendation regarding the most effective treatment for your unique situation. - Skin cancer prevention is key. Limiting your exposure to UV radiation, using sunscreen, and wearing protective clothing can help reduce your risk of developing skin cancer. It is vital that patients wear sunscreen every day as UV rays can even cause harm through office windows – when you aren’t even outside! Regular Skin Cancer Screenings And Evaluations Are Critical By taking the proper steps to protect the skin, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing skin cancer in your lifetime. But even with the best sun protection habits, sun damage can occur. A baseline skin check with an experienced dermatologist is a great way to keep track of new or changing spots, discoloration, or patches that appear. Get started today by contacting our practice to learn more about screenings and services that will help you prevent skin conditions like skin cancer.

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Mesopotamia and ancient egypt essays Mesopotamia and egypt were different in terms of geography because egypt’s how the nile form ancient egypt ancient civilization of mesopotamia recent essays. Paper in which you explore ancient mesopotamia and ancient egypt address the following in your paper: provide an overview of the significant cultural dev. Mesopotamia (from the greek, meaning 'between two rivers’) was an ancient region in the eastern mediterranean bounded in the northeast by. Cheap custom essay writing services question description write a 500- to 700-word paper in which you explore ancient mesopotamia and ancient egypt address the. Essay – compare/contrast mesopotamia and egypt compare and contrast an ancient mesopotamian society and ancient features of mesopotamia and egypt that. This sample ancient mesopotamia essay is published for informational purposes only free essays and of the ancient & medieval world, volume 2: egypt and. Read this essay on ancient egypt and mesopotamia come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your. Egypt mesopotamia comparison essay ancient mesopotamia and egypt ccot essay sample unit 2 essays-4 compare and contrast han china and imperial rome. Mesopotamia and ancient egypt essays Unlike mesopotamia, egypt moved almost directly from the pre-civilization state to a civilization ruled by a large government without passing through the city-state. Free essays regarding ancient mesopotamia ancient egypt for download 26 - 50. Inventions of ancient mesopotamia saved essays such as mesopotamia, egypt, and rome ancient inventions had a powerful and undisputable. Check out our top free essays on mesopotamia vs ancient egypt to help you write your own essay. Mesopotamia essay mesopotamia and egypt comparison essay 1190 words | 5 pages punished and required to follow the laws and mesopotamia and ancient egypt essays. Comparative essay ancient egypt and mesopotamia thousands of years ago, the first civilizations emerged on the face of the earth they weren’t as complex and. Egypt and mesopotamia essays: over 180,000 egypt and mesopotamia essays, egypt and mesopotamia term papers, egypt and mesopotamia research paper. Essays on mesopotamia we have found 500 essays the ancient civilizations are mesopotamia, egypt and india that emerged by the banks of rivers tigris and. Ancient egypt and mesopotamia both developed in river valleys these first civilizations in the middle east, mesopotamia between the tigris and euphrates and egypt by. ancient mesopotamia and egypt: the first western civilizations deborah smiroldo what aspects of life in ancient mesopotamia and egypt made them the first. According to many prominent scholars and historians that study the civilizations that arose in the ancient near east, exactly how and why. Read this history other essay and over 88,000 other research documents mesopotamia and ancient egypt mesopotamia and ancient egypt mesopotamia and ancient egypt are. Compare and contrast egypt and mesopotamia essay egypt developed around the nile river, while mesopotamia developed between the tigris and euphrates rivers. Egypt, mesopotamia and ancient greek civilizations essay michael jones 10/5/2012 cabrera egypt, mesopotamia and ancient greek civilizations the ancient egyptians. The history of mesopotamia and ancient egypt essay egypt and mesopotamia were in contrast to one another in many ways + popular essays. Ancient mesopotamia and egypt 3 pages 648 words june 2015 saved essays save your essays here so you can locate them quickly. Alabama homework help live mesopotamia essay essay on genetically modified foods college essay application review service editing.

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Common Core standards have opened a second front in the Reading Wars, writes Fordham’s Kathleen Porter-Magee. Unlike most state standards, which were “vague and virtually meaningless,” the new standards ask that “all students be exposed to and asked to analyze grade-appropriate texts, with scaffolding as necessary.” No one likes war, but this is an important fight that’s worth having. And it’s one that has been put off for too long. . . . There have long been two very different schools of thought about the best way to organize curriculum and instruction in literature. On one side are those who believe that reading comprehension will improve if teachers assess students’ individual reading levels and give them a bevy of “just right” books that will challenge them just enough to nudge them to read slightly more challenging texts. Yes, teachers do provide some guidance and instruction, but that instruction is limited. In essence, the book choice is leveled to meet the student where he or she is; the “heavy lifting” of reading is placed squarely on the students’ shoulders. On the other side are those who believe that reading comprehension improves as domain-specific content knowledge deepens and students are exposed to increasingly complex literature and nonfiction texts. Here the role of the teacher is more pronounced, and instruction more explicit. The instruction, not the text, is scaffolded to meet the students where they are. Common Core’s call for teaching challenging texts to all readers is “a sweeping change that holds enormous promise for improving the quality of ELA curriculum in America’s classrooms, she writes. However, “just right’ advocates are trying to co-opt the new standards to keep their “existing — and poorly aligned — materials” in the classroom.

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As with many of the PC and network technologies that we use today, Ethernet got its start in 1972 at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Xerox actually released a commercial version of Ethernet in 1975 that provided a transmission speed of 3Mbps. Ethernet was a big hit, and Xerox, Intel, and the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) worked together to modify the Ethernet specifications and produced a version that provided a data transmission speed of 10Mbps. It is this 10Mbps flavor of Ethernet that was standardized by the IEEE in its 802.3 specifications (which we look at later in the chapter). Ethernet is the most commonly used network architecture in the world. Let's look at how Ethernet controls the access of computers and other devices to the network. Ethernet Network Access Strategy Ethernet is a passive, wait-and-listen network architecture. Computers must contend for transmission time on the network medium. In fact, Ethernet is commonly described as a contention -based architecture . Ethernet provides access to the network using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) . This strategy of network access basically means that the devices (such as computers) on the network listen to the network and wait until the line is clear; they "sense" when the line is clear and they can transmit data. The computer then sends its packets out onto the line. If there is more than one computer transmitting, collisions result. Sensing the collisions, the computers stop transmitting and wait until the line is free. One of the computers will then transmit, gaining control of the line and completing the transmission of the data. To receive data, computers just sit and wait, listening to the line. When they sense that a particular transmission is meant for them, they receive it on their network card. Believe it or not, collisions are very common on Ethernet networks. Devices such as hubs (which we discussed in Chapter 3, "Networking Hardware") have a collision light on their front panel, and you will see it blink fairly often, letting you know that collisions have taken place on the LAN. Collisions are only a problem if they become excessive. The main advantage of Ethernet is that it is one of the cheapest network architectures to implement. Network interface cards, cabling, and hubs are fairly inexpensive when compared to the hardware required for other architectures such as Token Ring (which we discuss shortly). A major disadvantage of Ethernet relates to collisions on the network. The more collisions, the slower the network will run, and excessive collisions can even bring down the network. As far as network topologies go, Ethernet networks typically will be found in a bus or star configuration, depending on the type of cabling used. With twisted-pair cabling becoming more and more popular and hubs becoming very affordable, most Ethernet networks will be configured in a star topology, as shown in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1. Ethernet LANs are typically arranged in a star topology, with a hub at the center of the star. Faster versions of Ethernetfaster than the original 10Mbps flavor of Ethernethave been developed. Fast Ethernet is so named because of its "faster" throughput speed (when compared to the 10Mbps version). Fast Ethernet provides a bandwidth of 100Mbps. This faster throughput is due to the fact that the time it takes to transmit a bit of information over the Ethernet media has been reduced by a factor of 10. So, Fast Ethernet is able to run 10 times faster than 10Mbps Ethernet, thus providing 100Mbps throughput. Fast Ethernet cannot run over network cards and hubs designed for a 10Mbps Ethernet network. However many hubs, switches, and Ethernet network cards are now 10/100 switchable and so can accommodate 10Mbps or Fast Ethernet. An even faster version of Ethernet is Gigabit Ethernet, which uses the same IEEE Ethernet specifications and the same data format as the other versions of Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet provides a data transmission speed of 1,000Mbps. While Fast Ethernet has been implemented on LANs using both twisted-pair and fiber-optic cabling, Gigabit Ethernet was originally restricted to fiber- optic -based networks and required high-speed switches and specialized servers. Gigabit Ethernet was thought of as a high-speed backbone medium for large LANs. However, Gigabit Ethernet is now available within the LAN and Gigabit network cards can be deployed in network clients and servers. Category 5 cable can also be used as the Gigabit Ethernet connectivity medium (more about cabling later in the chapter). A faster version of Gigabit Ethernet, 10Gigabit Ethernet is currently in the works. It also has potential over both fiber optic and copper -based cabling media. Ethernet IEEE and Cable Specifications The IEEE provides specifications for a number of the technologies related to networking computers, including Ethernet. The list that follows shows some of these specifications: As you can see from the list, Ethernet is defined by the IEEE 802.3 specifications. Ethernet operates at the Data Link layer of the OSI conceptual model (discussed in Chapter 5). A number of different IEEE types of Ethernet exist depending on the variety of cabling used on the network (we will discuss different cable types in more detail later in the chapter, in the section "Cabling Options"). These types of Ethernet, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, are designated by three-part names , such as 10BASE-T . The first part of the name (such as 10 or 100) designates the transmission speed. For example, 10 indicates 10Mbps Ethernet. The second part of the name, which will be "base" for all the types of Ethernet, specifies that the Ethernet signal is a baseband signal. This means that the data flows in a stream in a single signal. This type of transmission cannot carry multiple channels of information as can the alternative, broadband (we discuss broadband technologies such as the T-Carrier system in Chapter 13, "Expanding a LAN with WAN Technology," and we look at broadband Internet connections in Chapter 15, "Connecting a Network to the Internet"). The final part of the Ethernet type name designates the kind of cable used. For example, in the type name 10BASE-T, the T specifies twisted-pair cable wire, and it is assumed that this is unshielded twisted-pair cable (it's also assumed that you would use Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair wire for networkingmore about cabling later in the chapter). Now that we've sorted out the naming conventions, we can take a look at the Ethernet and Fast Ethernet standards available. These different varieties of Ethernet are summarized in the list that follows: As already mentioned, you will find that many of the network cards and hubs you buy now support both 10Mbps and Fast Ethernet (the devices are switchable). Also, just about anyone putting together a new Ethernet network would use Category 5 (CAT 5) twisted-pair wiring (or CAT 6 if they wish to spend more and have the option of taking advantage of faster Ethernet specifications in the future). Most new network cards only support RJ-45 connectorsthe male connector type used on twisted-pair wiring. Larger companies may use some fiber-optic cabling as a high-speed backbone between floors, but copper-base cable is still the norm.

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Diagnosing mesothelioma at the earliest possible stage is crucial to minimising a patient’s often long and arduous treatment procedure, achieving a successful outcome and extending prognosis with a better quality of life. In too many instances, a lack of asbestos awareness and failure to recognise the first asbestosis symptoms or signs of mesothelioma are because of a close similarity to other types of common ailments, such as influenza, bronchitis, or respiratory conditions involving coughing, shortness of breath, chest or stomach pains. If the victim is elderly and / or there is a history of smoking, further confusion may arise. The long latency period of up to 50 years from first asbestos exposure when the lethal fibres were inhaled to permanently embed in the linings of the lungs means, that on many occasions diagnosis is only confirmed when the disease has spread to an advanced stage and survival rates are likely to be no more than 6 months to a year. Patients and their close family have three years from diagnosis to pursue a claim for mesothelioma compensation. Avoidance of aggressive invasive surgery has always been a desired objective in the attempt to find methods of early mesothelioma diagnosis. One area of endeavour has been in the study of techniques developed to measure exhaled breath. Latest research involves an ‘electronic nose’, a handheld device containing a 32-sensor chip, which can recognise a wide range of molecules with odorous properties from over 3,000 unstable organic compounds present in exhaled human breath. An unique olfactory profile of each chemical compound can be built up relating to a particular disease. A study of both diagnosed mesothelioma patients and those confirmed as having been exposed to asbestos were tested alongside a ‘healthy’ control group. Both the first results and a second set of measurements taken of the molecular pattern of exhaled breath suggest that the sensor device could be used to accurately provide an easier and more accurate method of early mesothelioma diagnosis. The electronic nose was clearly able to detect a difference between the mesothelioma patients and those who had been exposed to asbestos with an accuracy of over 90 per cent. Mesothelioma patients were also differentiated from the healthy control group. Recent estimates state that between 1968 and 2010, the total number of deaths from all diseases caused by asbestos exposure, including mesothelioma, asbestosis and asbestos-related lung cancer, could be over 110,000. Currently, over 2,000 diagnosed cases of mesothelioma are recorded each year in the UK, and the Health & Safety Executive( HSE) predict that 5,000 people will die from asbestos exposure each year by 2015.

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The Earth's climate has been continuously changing throughout its history. From ice covering large amounts of the globe to interglacial periods where there was ice only at the polesour climate and biosphere have been in flux for millennia. This temporary reprieve from the ice we are now experiencing is called an interglacial periodthe respite from the cold locker began 18,000 years ago as the earth started heating up and warming its way out of the Pleistocene Ice Age. Approximately every 100,000 years or so, our climate warms up temporarily. These interglacial periods usually last somewhere between 15,000 to 20,000 years before another ice age starts. Presently we're at year 18,000 of the current warm spell. Serbian astrophysicist Milutin Milankovitch is best known for developing one of the most significant theories relating to Earths motions and long term climate change. Milankovitch developed a mathematical theory of climate change based on the seasonal and latitudinal variations in the solar radiation received by the Earth from our Sunit was the first truly plausible theory for how minor shifts of sunlight could make the entire planet's temperature swing back and forth from cold to warm. Milankovitch's Theory states that as the Earth travels through space around the sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth/sun/geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches us. These three elements are: - Variations in the Earth's orbital eccentricitythe shape of the orbit around the sun, a 100,000 year cycle - Changes in obliquity or tilt of the earth's axischanges in the angle that Earth's axis makes with the plane of Earth's orbit, a 41,000 year cycle - Precessionthe change in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation, a 19,000 to 23,000 year cycle These orbital processes are thought to be the most significant drivers of ice ages and, when combined, are known as Milankovitch Cycles. Other Climate Change Drivers: - Changes occurring within the sun affect the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface. These changes in intensity can cause either warmingstronger solar intensityor cooling when solar intensity is weaker. - Volcanoes often affect our climate by emitting aerosols and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Aerosols block sunlight and contribute to short term cooling, but do not stay in the atmosphere long enough to produce long term change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a warming effect. For about two-thirds of the last 400 million years, geologic evidence suggests CO2 levels and temperatures were considerably higher than present. Each year 186 billion tons of carbon from CO2 enters the earth's atmospheresix billion tons are from human activity, approximately 90 billion tons come from biologic activity in earth's oceans and another 90 billion tons from such sources as volcanoes and decaying land plants. These climate change "drivers" often trigger additional changes or "feedbacks" within the climate system that can amplify or dampen the climate's initial response to them: - The heating or cooling of the Earth's surface can cause changes in greenhouse gas concentrationswhen global temperatures become warmer, CO2 is released from the oceans and when temperatures become cooler, CO2 enters the ocean and contributes to additional cooling. During at least the last 650,000 years, CO2 levels have tracked the glacial cyclesduring warm interglacial periods, CO2 levels have been high and during cool glacial periods, CO2 levels have been low. - The heating or cooling of the Earth's surface can cause changes in ocean currents. Ocean currents play a significant role in distributing heat around the Earth so changes in these currents can bring about significant changes in climate from region to region. In 1985 the Russian Vostok Antarctic drill team pulled up cores of ice that stretched through a complete glacial cycle. During the cold period of the cycle CO2 levels were much lower than during the warm periods before and after. When plotted on a chart the curves of CO2 levels and temperature tracked one another very closelymethane, an even more potent greenhouse gas, showed a similar rise and fall to that of CO2. Small rises or falls in temperaturemore, or less sunlightseemed to cause a rise, or fall, in gas levels. Changing atmospheric CO2 and methane levels physically link the Northern and Southern hemispheres, warming or cooling the planet as a whole. In the 1980s the consensus was that Milankovitch's Cycles would bring a steady cooling over the next few thousand years. As studies of past ice ages continued and climate models were improved worries about a near term re-entry into the cold locker died awaythe models now say the next ice age would not come within the next 10,000 years. It's obvious that the orbital changes, as explained by Milankovitch's Theory, initiate a powerful feedback loop. The close of a glacial era comes when a shift in sunlight causes a slight rise in temperaturethis raises gas levels over the next few hundred years and the resultant greenhouse effect drives the planet's temperature higher, which drives a further rise in the gas levels and so on. The exact opposite happens when sunlight weakens, we get a shift from emission to absorption of gases which causes a further fall in temperature. . . and so forth. How Higher Temperatures Effect Food Production The study Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980 compared yield figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with average temperatures and precipitation in major growing regions. Results indicated average global yields for several of the crops studied responded negatively to warmer temperatures. From 1981-2002, warming reduced the combined production of wheat, corn, and barleycereal grains that form the foundation of much of the world's dietby 40 million metric tons per year. The authors said the main value of their study was that it demonstrated a clear and simple correlation between temperature increases and decreased crop yields at the global scale. "Though the impacts are relatively small compared to the technological yield gains over the same period, the results demonstrate that negative impacts are already occurring." -David Lobell, lead researcher Other researchers who focused on wheat, rice, corn, soybeans, barley and sorghum (these crops account for 55% of non-meat calories consumed by humans and contribute more than 70% of the world's animal feed) reported that each had a critical temperature threshold above which yields started plummeting, for example: 29°C for corn and 30°C for soybeans. At the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines scientists have found that the fertilization of rice seeds falls from 100 per cent at 34 degrees to near zero at 40 degrees. By 2050, the world's population is expected to reach around nine billionminimum and maximum projections range from 7.4 billion to 10.6 billion. "Future food-production increases will have to come from higher yields. And though I have no doubt yields will keep going up, whether they can go up enough to feed the population monster is another matter. Unless progress with agricultural yields remains very strong, the next century will experience sheer human misery that, on a numerical scale, will exceed the worst of everything that has come before". - Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution Unfortunately, the Green Revolution's high-yield growth is tapering off and in some cases declining. So far this is mostly because of an increase in the price of fertilizers, other chemicals and fossil fuels, but also because the overuse of chemicals has exhausted the soil and irrigation has depleted water aquifers. If we are to stay in this current inter-glacial period for up to another 10,000 years, as current climate models predict, are we going to see regular occurrences of temperatures rising above plants' critical flowering thresholds? Considering population growth, draining of fresh water aquifers and declining plant yields it seems as if the supplies for drinking water/irrigation, and food, are going to come under increasing pressure, while at the same time demand is going to increase. Nuclear power (while reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere) where used for desalination of seawater would supply fresh water for the most parched areas of the globe while reliving strain on area aquifers. Farmers are going to have to grow more food on less acreage which means increased use of fertilizers. Rare Earth Elements (REE) applications are highly specific and substitutes are inferior or unknown. REE are environm entally friendly, reducing CO2 levels, and are going to continually come under greater supply pressure as demand increases, for example: - Rechargeable batteries - Automotive pollution control catalysts - Neodymium is key to the permanent magnets used to make high-efficiency electric motors. Two other REE mineralsterbium and dysprosiumare added to neodymium to allow it to remain magnetic at high temperatures. - Y, La, Ce, Eu, Gd, and Tb are used in the new energy-efficient fluorescent lamps. These energy-efficient light bulbs are 70% cooler in terms of the heat they generate and are 70% more efficient in their use of electricity. - Rare-earth elements are used in the nuclear industry in control rods, as dilutants, and in shielding, detectors and counters. - Rare metals lower the friction on power lines, thus cutting electricity leakage. The rechargeable power needs of our modern society have made lithium a serious player in the commodity markets, and no segment is more important than electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have far fewer moving parts than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) gasoline-powered carsthey don't have mufflers, gas tanks, catalytic converters or ignition systems, there's also never an oil change or tune-up to worry about getting done. Plug and go, pretty convenient and very green! But the clean and green doesn't end thereelectric drives are more efficient then the drives on ICE powered cars. They are able to convert more of the available energy to propel the car therefore using less energy to go the same distance. And applying the brakes converts what was simply wasted energy in the form of heat to useful energy in the form of electricity to help recharge the car's batteries. Are nuclear energy, fertilizers, lithium and rare earths on your radar screen? If not, maybe they should be. Richard (Rick) Mills If you're interested in learning more about the junior resource sector, bio-tech and technology sectors please come and visit us at www.aheadoftheherd.com. Site membership and our AOTH newsletter are free. No credit card or personal information is asked for. Richard is host of Aheadoftheherd.com and invests in the junior resource sector. His articles have been published on over 300 websites, including: Wall Street Journal, SafeHaven, Market Oracle, USA Today, National Post, Stockhouse, Lewrockwell, Uranium Miner, Casey Research, 24hgold, Vancouver Sun, SilverBearCafe, Infomine, Huffington Post, Mineweb, 321Gold, Kitco, Gold-Eagle, The Gold/Energy Reports, Calgary Herald, Resource Investor, Mining.com, Forbes, FNArena, Uraniumseek, and Financial Sense. This document is not and should not be construed as an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to purchase or subscribe for any investment. Richard Mills has based this document on information obtained from sources he believes to be reliable but which has not been independently verified; Richard Mills makes no guarantee, representation or warranty and accepts no responsibility or liability as to its accuracy or completeness. Expressions of opinion are those of Richard Mills only and are subject to change without notice. Richard Mills assumes no warranty, liability or guarantee for the current relevance, correctness or completeness of any information provided within this Report and will not be held liable for the consequence of reliance upon any opinion or statement contained herein or any omission. Furthermore, I, Richard Mills, assume no liability for any direct or indirect loss or damage or, in particular, for lost profit, which you may incur as a result of the use and existence of the information provided within this Report. Richard Mills does not own shares of any companies mentioned in this report.

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On average, a person typically has anywhere between 30 to 40 moles on their body. Indeed, most moles are largely benign and are generally not a cause for worry. However, although rare, some moles may become cancerous. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that occurs when pigment cells mutate and divide uncontrollably. While rare, Melanoma is serious as it can spread rapidly to the rest of the body if not detected early. To help with early detection, it is crucial to monitor moles overtime to detect any atypical or abnormal development. While most moles and spots are harmless, as previously mentioned, it never hurts to err on the side of caution. Medical professionals generally promote these ABCDEs of Melanoma to help with early detection. Most cancerous moles are asymmetrical. A way to check for asymmetry is to draw a line through the spot and check if the halves match. Benign moles typically have smoother, well-defined borders. On the other hand, cancerous moles may have borders that are fuzzy, uneven or even scalloped. In the animal world, brightly coloured animals are typically a sign of danger. Likewise, if your mole is an odd colour like blue or red, visit your doctor. Besides atypical colours, cancerous moles may also contain multiple colours, like different shades of brown. A rapidly growing mole should be highlighted to your doctor. Normal moles are generally smaller than 6mm, so if you notice any mole bigger than this diameter, it would be better to alert it to your doctor for further checking. Nonetheless, size is not a 100% accurate indicator of cancerous growth. A normal mole can be larger than 6mm, and there have also been reports of cancerous moles smaller than 6mm. Is your mole changing? Size, shape, elevation, colour – you should keep a lookout to see if your mole changes over time with regards to these aspects. Bleeding, crusting, or itching of moles are also well-documented warning signs.

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What foods are antioxidants found in? However, to combat oxidative stress and reduce your risk of these diseases, you should eat a diet rich in antioxidants which can help your body increase the amount of antioxidants in your blood. . To measure the antioxidant content of foods, scientists use several tests. The FRAP (plasma reduction capacity) analysis is considered to be one of the best tests. This test helps measure the antioxidant content of foods by how well they can neutralize a particular free radical. The more antioxidants a food contains, the higher the FRAP value. Here are the top healthy foods high in antioxidants. 2. Antioxidant-rich foods 2.1 Dark Chocolate For those who like chocolate, this is great because dark chocolate is very nutritious. Dark chocolate contains more cocoa than regular chocolate, as well as more minerals and antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, there are up to 15 mmol of antioxidants in every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of dark chocolate. Compared to blueberries and raspberries, this number is even higher, containing up to 9.2 and 2.3 mmol of antioxidants in the same serving, respectively. Plus, there are a number of other health benefits associated with the antioxidants found in cocoa and dark chocolate, like less inflammation and reduced heart disease risk factors. A review was done based on the results of 10 studies that looked at the link between cocoa intake and blood pressure in both healthy people and those with high blood pressure readings. Consuming cocoa-rich products such as dark chocolate reduced systolic blood pressure (the upper value) by an average of 4.5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (the lower value) by an average of 2.5 mmHg. Some other studies also show that consuming dark chocolate helps reduce the risk of heart disease by raising blood antioxidant levels, increasing levels of "good" HDL cholesterol, and preventing "bad" LDL cholesterol. Oxidized. Because it promotes inflammation in blood vessels, LDL cholesterol oxidizes harmfully, which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease. 2.2 Pecans Pecans are a nut native to Mexico and South America. They're a great source of healthy fats and minerals, plus they're packed with antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, each 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of pecans contains up to 10.6 mmol of antioxidants. In addition, consuming pecans can help your body raise the level of antioxidants in the blood. For example, one study found that you can significantly increase your blood antioxidant levels if you consume 20% of your daily calories from pecans. In another study, people who consumed pecans had a 26–33% reduction in oxidized blood LDL levels within two to eight hours. One of the major risk factors for heart disease is high levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol in the blood. Although pecans are a great source of healthy fats, they are also high in calories. Therefore, it is important to eat pecans in moderation to avoid consuming too many calories. 2.3 Blueberries Blueberries are packed with nutrients and antioxidants, yet they're low in calories. According to a FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of blueberries contains up to 9.2 mmol of antioxidants. Some studies even show that, of all commonly consumed fruits and vegetables, blueberries contain the highest amount of antioxidants Also, based on the results obtained Studies done from test tube and animal studies have shown that the decline in brain function that tends to occur with age can be delayed by the antioxidants in blueberries. According to some experts, the antioxidants in blueberries are responsible for this effect. These substances are thought to do this by neutralizing harmful free radicals, reducing inflammation, and altering the expression of certain genes. In addition, blueberries contain a special antioxidant that has been shown to reduce risk factors for heart disease, LDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure, called anthocyanins. 2.4 Strawberries A lot of people love strawberries. They are also a rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of strawberries provides up to 5.4 mmol of antioxidants. Furthermore, there is a type of antioxidant called anthocyanins present in strawberries, which gives them their red color. Strawberries will have a brighter red color if they are high in anthocyanins. Research has shown that, by lowering levels of "bad" LDL cholesterol and increasing "good" HDL cholesterol, anthocyanins can help reduce the risk of heart disease. A review done of 10 studies found that anthocyanin supplementation significantly reduced LDL cholesterol in people with heart disease or high LDL levels. 2.5 Artichoke Artichoke is an uncommon vegetable in the North American diet. This is a delicious and quite nutritious vegetable. But they have a long history - people in ancient times used their leaves as a remedy to treat liver ailments like jaundice. Artichokes are also known to be a rich source of fiber, minerals and antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, each 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of artichokes contains up to 4.7 mmol of antioxidants. In particular, artichoke is a food rich in antioxidants, this substance is also known as chlorogenic acid. Studies show that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of chlorogenic acid may help reduce the risk of certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Depending on how the artichoke is prepared, the antioxidant content of the artichoke can vary. Boiling artichokes can increase antioxidant content by 8 times and steaming can increase this content by 15 times. On the other hand, their antioxidant content is reduced if you fry artichokes. 2.6 Goji Berries Goji berries are a dried fruit of two related plants, Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense. Goji berries have been considered part of Traditional Chinese Medicine for over 2,000 years. Because Goji berries are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, they are often marketed as a superfood. Based on FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of goji berries contains 4.3 mmol of antioxidants. In addition, goji berries contain unique antioxidants called polysaccharides Lycium barbarum. Besides being beneficial in reducing the risk of heart disease and cancer, these substances also aid in anti-aging skin. Moreover, in raising the level of antioxidants in the blood, goji berries also bring certain effects. In several studies conducted with healthy elderly people consuming a milk-based goji berry drink every day for 90 days. Their blood antioxidant levels increased by 57% when tested at the end of the study. Goji berries are very nutritious but also quite expensive when eaten regularly. Furthermore, currently only a handful of studies on the effects of goji berries in humans have been performed. While these support our health benefits, more human-based research is still needed. 2.7 Raspberries Raspberries are a fruit commonly used in desserts. They have a sour, soft taste. They are an excellent food source rich in fiber, vitamin C, manganese, and antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, up to 4 mmol of antioxidants per 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of raspberries. According to experts, raspberries contain antioxidants and other components that help reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease. One test-tube study found that 90% of stomach, colon and breast cancer cells in a sample were killed by antioxidants and other components found in raspberries. A review based on the results of 5 studies concludes that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of black raspberries can slow and block the effects of many types of cancer. However, most of the evidence for raspberries' health benefits comes from test-tube studies. Before making further recommendations, more human studies are needed. 2.8 Kale Kale is a cruciferous vegetable and is grown from the species Brassica oleracea. Other vegetables include broccoli and cauliflower. Kale is considered the most nutritious green vegetable on the planet and is rich in vitamins A, K and C. It is also an antioxidant-rich food, each 3.5 ounces (100 grams) provides up to 2, 7 mmol. However, per 100g of red kale varieties like red kale and red Russian kale can contain almost double - up to 4.1 mmol of antioxidants . The red varieties of kale contain more anthocyanin antioxidants as well as several other antioxidants that give them their vibrant color. Kale is also an excellent plant-based source of calcium, an important mineral that helps maintain bone health and plays a role in other cellular functions. 2.9 Red Cabbage Red cabbage is a very nutritious food. Many people call it purple cabbage, which is rich in vitamins C, K and A, and has a high antioxidant content. According to a FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of red cabbage provides up to 2.2 mmol of antioxidants. The amount of this antioxidant is 4 times higher than that of regular cooked cabbage. This is because red cabbage contains anthocyanins, a group of antioxidants that give red cabbage its color. Anthocyanins can be found in strawberries and raspberries. These anthocyanins have been linked to a number of health benefits, helping to reduce inflammation, protect against heart disease, and reduce the risk of certain cancers. Besides, red cabbage is also a rich source of vitamin C which acts as an antioxidant in the body, helping to strengthen the immune system and keep the skin firm. Interestingly, red cabbage's antioxidant levels can also be affected by how it's prepared. Boiling and sautéing red cabbage can boost the antioxidants found in this food, while steaming red cabbage can reduce the antioxidant content by almost 35%. 2.10 Beans Beans are a diverse group of legumes and are very healthy. Beans are a high-fiber food, which can help you have regular bowel movements. Beans are also considered a food rich in antioxidants. A FRAP analysis found that chickpeas contain up to 2 mmol of antioxidants per 3.5 ounces (100 grams). In addition, a particular antioxidant called kaempferol is present in some beans, such as pinto beans. This antioxidant offers certain health benefits, such as reducing chronic inflammation and stopping cancer growth. Several animal studies have found that the growth of cancer in the breast, bladder, kidney and lung can be prevented by kaempferol. However, because most of the studies supporting the benefits of kaempferol have been in animals or test tubes, more human-based studies are needed. Beets, also known as beets, are the roots of a vegetable scientifically known as Beta vulgaris. They are a great source of fiber, potassium, iron, folate and antioxidants. Based on FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of beets contains up to 1.7 mmol of antioxidants. Beets are foods that contain a group of antioxidants called betalains. These substances give beets their red color and have been linked to health benefits. For example, some test-tube studies have linked betalain to a reduced risk of cancer in the colon and gastrointestinal tract. In addition, other compounds that can help reduce inflammation are also found in beets. For example, one study found that taking betalain capsules made with beetroot extract significantly reduced osteoarthritis pain and inflammation. 2.12 Spinach Spinach is one of the vegetables rich in nutritional value. There are many vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and extremely few calories in spinach. Based on FRAP analysis, every 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of spinach provides up to 0.9 mmol of antioxidants. Spinach is also a rich source of lutein and zeaxanthin. Two antioxidants can help protect your eyes from the damage of UV rays as well as other harmful wavelengths of light. These antioxidants help fight the damage that free radicals can cause over time to the eyes. 2.13 Purple, red, and green grapes Grapes, especially dark colored ones, are packed with phytochemicals, antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and heart disease. Two of those phytochemicals, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, are especially good for your immune system. Grapes are also rich in vitamin c and selenium. 2.14 Tea With a sip of tea, you'll get two potent phytochemicals - anthocyanin and pro anthocyanin. Both are antioxidants that help fight inflammation. Add to that a healthy dose of catechins, antioxidants thought to prevent cell damage that can lead to cancer. In particular, green tea contains many other protective phytochemicals. In particular, green tea contains a lot of Catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). This is a particularly potent antioxidant. If you are sensitive to small amounts of caffeine, look for other alternatives. Antioxidants can be made naturally by the body. You can also get these from food. Antioxidants protect your body from potentially harmful molecules called free radicals, which can build up and promote oxidative stress. Oxidative deficiency increases the risk of heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes and many other chronic diseases. Adopting a diet rich in antioxidants can help neutralize free radicals and reduce the risk of these chronic diseases. By eating a variety of foods rich in antioxidants, you can boost your blood antioxidant levels and provide many other health benefits. Để đặt lịch khám tại viện, Quý khách vui lòng bấm số HOTLINE hoặc đặt lịch trực tiếp TẠI ĐÂY. Tải và đặt lịch khám tự động trên ứng dụng MyVinmec để quản lý, theo dõi lịch và đặt hẹn mọi lúc mọi nơi ngay trên ứng dụng.

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Lesson Plan #:AELP-ARH0007 Author: Darlene Prina School or Affiliation: Arapahoe School, Fremont City, WY Date: 1994 Grade Level(s): Kindergarten,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Overview: Mask making is an activity which can be utilized in higher learning and disseminating knowledge of art history. Students learn the reverence of mask making from several cultures, besides their own. Students experience the cooperative learning spirit. Purpose: Students gain a greater perspective of other traditions and beliefs. They gain experience in exploring several medias. Students also work together, learn to share and care. - 1. Students cooperate with each other. - 2. Students learn to manipulate a variety of media. - 3. Students explore other traditions of several cultures. - 4. Students increase creativity by making something new and different. - 5. Students will this increase feelings of self-worth. - Slides of Native American art - Expert or mask-making artist in nearby area - Literature regarding African or any other culture that celebrates with masks - Plaster of paris - Paris craft plaster strips - Buckets and warm water - Rafia acrylic paint, brushes, glass medium - Sculpty mold compound - Beans and peas - Scissors, paper, markers, Vaseline, pantyhose - Drop cloths and plastic - 1. View and discuss a slide presentation of Native American art. - 2. Explore African mask-making viewing pictures. - 3. Attend a demonstration by community mask-maker, viewing a variety of masks made nationally and usage of masks in ceremonies. - 4. Create a preliminary picture of mask. - 5. Attend a demonstration of mask-making procedure. - 6. Cut and prepare for making masks. - 7. Make masks. - 8. Decorate masks. - 9. Display and/or create skit so school may view. Tying It All Together: Students’ critique: What design principles and elements have I used? What do I especially like and what will I do differently next time? Students display masks with a special name and stories of purpose, or students create a skit for other selected grades to observe, after which masks are displayed.

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Solar Panels for Your Home or Business! In recent years, drones have become increasingly popular for a wide range of applications, from aerial photography and surveillance to package delivery and search and rescue missions. One of the major challenges associated with drones is their limited battery life, which limits their range and endurance. However, advances in solar technology have made it possible to develop drones that are powered by the sun. In this article, we will explore the concept of solar-powered drones, including their design, applications, advantages, and challenges. The basic design of a solar-powered drone is similar to that of a conventional drone, with the addition of solar panels that are used to convert sunlight into electrical energy. The solar panels are typically located on the top surface of the drone’s wings or on the body of the drone itself. The electrical energy generated by the solar panels is stored in batteries that power the drone’s motors and other electronic components. The size and number of solar panels used on a solar-powered drone depend on a number of factors, including the drone’s size, weight, and intended use. Generally speaking, larger drones require larger solar panels to generate enough energy to power their motors, while smaller drones can get by with smaller panels. Another important factor to consider when designing a solar-powered drone is the efficiency of the solar panels. The efficiency of a solar panel refers to the percentage of sunlight that is converted into electrical energy. High-efficiency solar panels are essential for maximizing the amount of energy that can be generated by the limited surface area available on a drone. Solar-powered drones have a wide range of potential applications, including: Aerial Photography and Videography: Solar-powered drones can be used to capture high-quality aerial photographs and videos for a variety of purposes, including real estate marketing, landscape photography, and film production. Environmental Monitoring: Solar-powered drones can be used to monitor and map the environment, including tracking deforestation, measuring the impact of climate change, and monitoring wildlife populations. Agriculture: Solar-powered drones can be used to monitor crops and soil conditions, providing farmers with real-time data that can be used to optimize irrigation and fertilizer use. Search and Rescue: Solar-powered drones can be used to search for missing persons in remote or hard-to-reach areas, using thermal imaging cameras to detect body heat. Package Delivery: Solar-powered drones can be used to deliver packages to remote or hard-to-reach areas, eliminating the need for expensive and time-consuming ground transportation. There are several advantages associated with using solar-powered drones, including: Longer Flight Times: Solar-powered drones can stay aloft for longer periods of time than conventional drones, allowing them to cover more ground and collect more data. Lower Operating Costs: Solar-powered drones do not require fuel or other consumables, reducing their operating costs and making them more affordable to operate over the long term. Eco-Friendly: Solar-powered drones do not produce any emissions, making them a more environmentally friendly option than conventional drones. Versatility: Solar-powered drones can be used in a wide range of applications, from aerial photography and videography to environmental monitoring and search and rescue missions. While solar-powered drones offer a number of advantages over conventional drones, there are also several challenges that must be overcome in order to make them practical for widespread use. Some of these challenges include: Limited Power Output: Solar panels have a limited power output, which can limit the amount of energy that can be generated by a drone, particularly during cloudy or low-light conditions. Weight: Solar panels add weight to a drone, which can reduce its maximum payload capacity and limit its range. Cost: While the operating costs of solar-powered drones are lower than those of conventional drones, the initial cost of the solar panels and other components can be higher, making them less accessible to smaller organizations and individuals. Weather Dependence: Solar-powered drones are dependent on sunlight to generate power, which can limit their usability in cloudy or low-light conditions. Maintenance: Solar panels require regular maintenance to keep them clean and functioning at peak efficiency, which can add to the overall maintenance costs of a solar-powered drone. Despite the challenges associated with solar-powered drones, their potential benefits in terms of longer flight times, lower operating costs, and environmental sustainability make them an attractive option for a wide range of applications. As solar technology continues to improve, we can expect to see further advances in the design and performance of solar-powered drones, leading to even greater usability and versatility in the years to come. Take our solar quiz to see if your home qualifies in just a few minutes! By providing your contact information and clicking the button above, you agree and consent that Solgen Power, its affiliates and consultants may CALL/TEXT you in regards to appointments, products or services. Your consent to SMS TEXT is not required for a free quote. Solgen Power is a solar energy equipment company that sells and installs solar for homeowners. Solgen Power has been recognized by INC. 5000 as one of the fastest growing companies in the nation. Solgen Power has grown nationwide and continues to provide excellent customer service to homeowners.

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Red Dot Sight Table of Contents Red dot sights place the target and the reticle on nearly the same optical plane, allowing easy and quick target acquisition. The Bindon Aiming Concept (BAC) is made for this type of sight. Definition of a Red Dot Sight A red dot sight is an optic sight that displays an illuminated aiming point (reticle) for the operator that is superimposed on the field view. They generally have little or no magnification and as such, and are used mainly on targets at close to medium ranges. The Bindon Aiming Concept (BAC) The Bindon Aiming Concept (BAC) is the concept of shooting with both eyes open. Developed by Glyn Bindon, the founder of Trijicon. Glyn noticed that when both eyes are open and the firearm is moved if there is a bright enough light in the reticle field, one eye will see the lit reticle inside the sight, while the other eye takes in the target and area around it. Read more about it here: Trijicon Types of Red Dot Sights While we have described a red dot sight. The term “red dot sight” actually covers several different types: - Reflex Sights. - Holographic sights. - Prism Sights. Unlike conventional sights where the front and rear sights must be in perfect alignment to target correctly. Reflex sights can be used from different eye positions without adversely affecting the aim. This can allow for enhanced peripheral vision which can come in handy at close quarters or in dense scrub. Important to note that these sights are passive, that is they do not shine a laser on the target. Reflex sights typically have no magnification. Sight magnifiers (optical telescopes) have been used in conjunction with reflex sights and holographic sights. These are mounted so that they are flipped aside when not in use (sometimes referred to as “flip in” sights). Can be useful when hunting in thick scrub. Reflex sights are not totally free of parallax. However, as the sight is close to the same focal plane as the target and it is mainly used at short to mid ranges, it is not a notable factor. Howard Grubb, later to become Sir, an optical designer from Ireland, came up with the concept of the reflex (reflector) sight in 1900. He patented the idea as “Gun sight for large and small Ordinance”. The sight was used on everything from surveying equipment to fighter aircraft. It was the 1970s that saw the emergence of the red dot sight. Low power LED’s greatly improved the reliability and battery life of the sights and brought wider adoption. Types of reflex sights Reflex sights are divided into two subcategories: - Exposed reflex sights - Tube reflex sights Exposed Reflex Sights Exposed reflex (reflector) sights are relatively simple. A very bright LED (light-emitting diode) shines onto an angled lens which reflects the light to the user’s eye. Tube Reflex Sights Tube reflex sights work in a similar manner. They resemble a short riflescope and the LED is contained within the tube. These sights usually have a reticle that can be selected to illuminate by battery power of fibre optic-fed natural light. Holographic (holographic diffraction) sights use a hologram as a reticle. The reticle image is transmitted by laser and typically uses a rectangular field of view as opposed to the conventional circle. The reticle appears at the target’s focal plane (it is like the reticle is on the target). These sights have a great field view and, like reflex sights, allow the shooter to move their eye position without moving their aim. Holographic sights generally have no magnification. As with reflex sights holographic sights are not totally free of parallax error but it is markedly less than conventional scopes. Developed and manufactured by EOTech. Bushnell, using the trade name Holosight, introduced the first generation of holographic sight in 1996. EOtech was the sole manufacturer of the sights until Vortex joined the party in 2017. Prismatic sights are like a conventional rifle scope but use a roof prism to erect the image of the target instead of an erector lens array. In the majority of prismatic sights, the reticle is etched directly into one facet of the prism glass and can be illuminated from the rear of the prism. The magnification on prismatic scopes is generally fixed or has low multipliers (2x, 3x, 4x and 5 x) making them more suited to short to mid-ranges. Unlike the reflex and holographic sights, the prismatic sights are like using a conventional riflescope where correct eye relief is again critical. They also can suffer from parallax errors. Prism binoculars have been around since the late 1800s. It wasn’t until a prismatic scope sight was developed by the Warner and Swasey Company for World War I that prismatic scopes came into being. It wasn’t until 2010 that Vortex and Trijicon started making prismatic scopes for civilian applications. Red Dot Sight Pros and Cons FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) How accurate are red dot sights? It does of course rely mainly on the nut behind the bolt. However many users of red dot sights shoot better than with open sights. Can red dot sights be used with magnifiers? Yes. Sight magnifiers or “flip in” optics are available and are generally mounted to the rear of the red dot sight. Are all red dot sights compatible with all firearms? Red dot sights can be used on any firearm with an appropriate mounting system such as a Picatinny rail. How do I choose the right red dot sight for my needs? Horses for courses. Red dot sights are good at short to mid-range. Have fast target acquisition and have little parallax error. If your needs suit those requirements then the next step is to check some out. Decide on your budget and trip to the local store and actually look through the sight. They don’t suit absolutely everyone. Lastly, keep in mind they mostly require power to operate so check out the battery life and cost of such items. How often do I need to replace the battery in my red dot sight? The average battery life for a red dot sight is around 500 hours. This can vary from 20 hours to over 150000 (advertised) hours depending on the brand and make of the unit and its use. Be smart and switch the unit off when not in use. Use quality batteries and you should see some good life from them. Some people switch their batteries every year, regardless of use, just to be sure Can red dot sights be used in competition shooting? Red dot sights are popular in some competitions and are allowed to be used. There are exceptions of course so check with the organizers. Can red dot sights be used for hunting? Yes. Red dots are used widely in hunting, particularly at close ranges. They are also very popular on shotguns.

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What Is Lactose Intolerance? Lactose intolerance is an impaired ability to digest lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. During digestion, lactose is broken down into two simple sugars by lactase, an enzyme found in the small intestine. However, if an insufficient amount of this enzyme is produced, lactose cannot be properly digested, resulting in abdominal discomfort within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming milk or milk-based foods. The degree of lactose intolerance varies from person to person. In most cases, the ability to digest lactose was present at birth but was lost, either suddenly or gradually, between the ages of three and 20. The condition is very common; indeed, it is estimated that over 70 percent of the world’s adult population cannot digest lactose, with the exception of people of northern European descent, of whom less than 20 percent are lactose-intolerant. Most African American, Asian, and Native American adults produce little or no lactase. Lactose intolerance is not a health risk, and symptoms may be controlled by following dietary measures. Who Gets Lactose Intolerance? Many Americans who believe they are lactose intolerant are mistaken: The prevalence of lactose intolerance is overestimated, according to a review in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association. But the extent of the problem varies widely among different racial and ethnic groups. Only 15 percent of white Americans are affected by some degree of lactose intolerance; the proportion of African Americans affected is significantly higher at 60 to 80 percent. The problem occurs with varying severity in about 90 percent of Asian Americans, 65 to 100 percent of Native Americans, and about 50 percent of Mexican Americans. Up to 75 percent of adults worldwide may be affected. Abdominal pain, cramps, and bloating. Audible bowel noises. Weight loss or slow growth in infants and young children. - Hereditary factors play a role in lactose intolerance. - Some chronic gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohn’s disease may cause lactose intolerance. - In infants, an intestinal infection such as gastroenteritis may cause temporary lactose intolerance. - Temporary lactose intolerance may result from medication (such as antibiotics or NSAIDs like ibuprofen) that affect the intestinal lining and stop lactase production for a few weeks. What If You Do Nothing? Lactose intolerance is not a health risk. But if you are truly lactose intolerant, symptoms can occur whenever you consume milk and other dairy products high in lactose. (However, the amount that you consume makes a difference in how much discomfort you experience.) Lactose intolerance is suspected when stomach upset occurs shortly after consuming milk or other dairy products. Ability to absorb lactose can be determined by administering lactose orally and measuring the resulting rise in blood glucose (lactose tolerance test), or by measuring the amount of hydrogen subsequently exhaled in the breath (hydrogen breath test). If the lactose tolerance test results indicate the presence of a severe lactase deficiency, there may be a variety of culprits, including inflammatory bowel disease and malabsorption syndromes. Additional testing will usually be done to identify the precise cause. To measure lactic acid in the stool for infants and small children, a stool acidity test may be performed. Many times, the diagnosis rests on a patient’s description of symptoms and response to elimination of lactose in the diet, and does not always require another test. - Eliminate or reduce the amount of dairy products in your diet, including milk, cream, cheese, butter, and ice cream. - Experiment: You may be able to tolerate moderate amounts of milk. Many people have a certain low level of lactose that they tolerate and that will not cause symptoms. Sometimes lactose is better tolerated when consumed with a meal. Lactose-reduced milk and ice cream are available. - Add lactase drops to milk or swallow lactase tablets or caplets just prior to meals. The lactase in these over-the-counter supplements will break down most lactose in dairy products. - Try yogurt with live cultures. Yogurt contains less lactose than milk, and the bacteria predigest much of what remains. Look for live or active cultures listed on the label. - Substitute soy milk (a liquid made from soybeans) for cow’s milk. Soy milk may be fed to babies, poured on cereal, and used in baking. Other types of lactose-free foods include almond and coconut milk products. - Make sure to get enough calcium and Vitamin D in your diet. Broccoli, calcium-fortified orange juice, amaranth (a grain), and legumes are good choices. Your doctor may advise calcium and/or Vitamin D supplements as well. - Be aware that lactose is commonly found in many foods, including baked goods such as breads, cookies, and cakes; pancake mixes; some powdered drinks such as cocoa and flavored coffees; processed meats such as frankfurters; and some canned and powdered soups. - Hard, aged cheeses, like cheddar and Parmesan, are very low in lactose. - Many medications contain lactose as an additive—check with your pharmacist. There is no known way to prevent the development of lactose intolerance (although treatment can prevent symptoms). When To Call Your Doctor See your doctor if self-treatment for lactose intolerance does not relieve abdominal discomfort. Reviewed by Jenifer K. Lehrer, M.D., Department of Gastroenterology, Aria-Torresdale Hospital, Aria Health System, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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Religious education begins at home and it is never too early to start your child on the path of Catholic learning. One great way to introduce him or her to the faith is through picture books. When you sit down and read a book with your child, not only will you be helping him or her to understand Catholic Identity, but you’ll also be fostering the reading skills that your child needs in order to be successful in school and beyond. Reading is Fundamental (RIF), the nation's largest children’s literacy nonprofit organization, provides reasons why picture books are effective: - Kids love illustrations, especially colorful ones, so books with rich graphics grab their interest. - Pictures engage imagination and allow children to make connections between what they see and their own lives. - Images help children connect words to meanings. RIF explains, “Pictures can help increase vocabulary, an important building block for reading. Books can help young children identify colors, shapes, numbers, and letters, as well as names of people, places, animals, and everyday objects.” It’s really no secret that picture books help develop cognitive skills, but think about all of the social and emotional rewards that result from reading them with your child: - You will instill a love of reading. Some children are born with a passion for reading, but others need a little encouragement. When you enthusiastically read with your child, you become a role model for the act itself and the enjoyment of it. - You will instill the beliefs of the Catholic faith. As we mentioned above, Catholic education begins at home, and your child will look to you for guidance on how to live a virtuous life. However, some aspects and beliefs inherent in Catholicism may be difficult for a young child to understand. But, when you teach them through picture books, your child can make connections to the stories on many different levels. - You’ll be spending quality time together. It is always quality time when you are learning about faith; pair that with reading about faith, and you’ll have the best of both worlds. - Partner with parents to support students in their learning and in their search for knowledge, meaning, and truth - Create a Catholic climate that contributes to the formation of students as active participants in the parish community There are plenty of people at your parish or school who can recommend wonderful Catholic picture books, and we’ve also included some resources below:

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Hunter College and the Graduate Center City University of New York Five useful collections of articles on the varieties of Spanish spoken in the US. (Elias-Olivares, ed. 1978, Amastae and Elías-Olivares, eds. 1981, Durán, ed. 1981, Fishman and Keller, eds. 1982, Elías-Olivares, Leone, Cisneros, and Gutiérrez, eds. 1985) have appeared since the publication of the landmark annotated bibliography by Teschner, Bills, and Craddock (1975), but there are still many lacunae in our knowledge of the linguistic diversity in US. Latino populations. Only five articles in these volumes report on varieties other than Chicano or Puerto Rican Spanish. The need for linguistic research on other dialects becomes more urgent as the Latino population climbs toward the 25 million mark by the 1990 census, with increasing migrations from diverse Spanish-speaking nations. In New York City there are approximately two million Latinos from all parts of the Spanish speaking world; they constitute 20% of the city's total population. The presence of diverse groups of speakers of one language offers an invaluable opportunity to study the linguistic and socio-cultural effects of extensive contact among diverse dialects. This study analyzes inter-dialectal contact at the lexical level among the four largest Hispanic groups in New York City -Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Colombians, and Cubans. Specifically, we sought to investigate whether each group maintained its country's regional lexicon, assimilated that of the largest Spanish speaking group in the city or the most prestigious variety, or produced another, «New Yorker Spanish» lexicon, one shared with the majority of Hispanics58. Seminal research on the linguistic consequence of languages in contact was conducted by Weinreich (1953); Trudgill's more recent work pinpoints two of the principal gaps in our knowledge of dialects in contact: We do not know what exactly leads speakers to modify their speech and adopt the linguistic characteristics of those they are interacting with, and what role this plays in linguistic change. He argues that a society's incorporation of technological innovations suggests a theoretical framework of great benefit to those concerned with language change, especially in regard to factors which influence the acceptance or rejection of an innovation, e.g., the automobile or the computer. Change, whether technological or linguistic, is the result of the interrelationship between «information», i.e., experience with the new item, and factors which promote or inhibit its acceptance. The most effective manner of receiving information is through personal contact with others. This is especially true regarding language, because, as Trudgill notes, «the media... have almost no effect at all in phonological or grammatical change» (1984:61), although they do contribute to popular acceptance and use of some new vocabulary. Even in lexical diffusion, other more powerful propagators or inhibitors of change include geographic barriers and distances which may isolate one group from another, and socially significant differences which include classes, races, genders, and generations. Of importance linguistically are the similarities and differences of the Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Colombians, and Cubans arrived in the city at different periods and under different circumstances. Puerto Ricans were the first of these Spanish speaking groups to arrive in large numbers, primarily in the post World War II decade, and the only ones to come from a territory that belonged to the United States. Puerto Ricans come and go as U. S. citizens, and their migration fluctuates in accordance with push pull influences of the mainland-vs.-island economy. In 1980, Puerto Ricans constituted 61% of the Hispanic community in New York City (860,000). Since the liberalization of the immigration laws in 1965, other Hispanic groups have been growing at an even faster pace than the Puerto Rican community. There were approximately 400,000 Dominicans, 267,000 Central and South Americans -mainly Colombians-, and 61,000 Cubans legally registered in New York City in 1980 (Hispanic Research Center 1981). These figures can double when we take into account the census undercount of Hispanics, the influx since 1980 of 120,000 Dominicans, 24,000 Colombians and 4,000 Cubans, and the numbers of illegal residents. The official Hispanic population of New York City grew from 16% in 1970 to 20% in 1980; it is expected to reach 30% in the year 2000 and to comprise the largest group (35%) by 2010 (Bouvier and Briggs 1988). Hispanic residential segregation is increasing throughout the US. (Moore and Pachón 1985), and NYC was found to have the greatest concentration of Spanish speakers (Mann and De Salvo 1985). The principal Latino neighbor hoods house large numbers of two or more different groups. For example, in Manhattan's East Harlem «Barrio», the majority of the residents are Puerto Rican and Black, but Dominicans have also lived there for more than a decade, and Cubans from the Mariel boatlift joined them in 1980, along with increasing numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans in recent years. Evidence of the fact that inter group communication is frequent and intense is the finding that intermarriage among Hispanics is on the rise among the younger generations (Fitzpatrick and Gurak 1979). In addition to differences in population, periods of and reasons for migration, residential patterns, and rates of intermarriage, other significant factors that affect intergroup contact and communication are race, income, and education. Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Cubans, and Colombians differ markedly in terms of racial, economic, and educational background; Dominicans have the highest percent of mulattoes (77%), Colombians and other South and Central Americans have the highest labor force participation rate (73.5), and Cubans have the most education (19.8% with four years of college or more) and the highest median family income ($26,858). Puerto Ricans are the most disadvantaged group of all: they have the highest percent of persons who live below the poverty level (33.7%), the lowest labor force participation rate (54.2%), the least education (46% with less than 4 years of high school) and the lowest median family income ($18,132) [U.S. Department of Commerce 1990]. Coupled with other major demographic factors such as median age (Puerto Ricans and Dominicans under 27, Colombians/Central and South Americans 28, Cubans 41), these characteristics affect each community's posture toward issues as diverse as politics, health, education, reproduction, and institutional change (Andrade 1983). How does extensive contact among such diverse groups affect each group's active knowledge of lexical variety in surrounding Spanish dialects, and the ability of individual speakers to produce forms that are part of other groups' lexicons? We asked 194 Hispanics (73 Puerto Ricans, 51 Colombians, 50 Dominicans, and 20 Cubans, see Table I in Appendix) to identify 25 objects, presented in drawings, as part of a 1-2 hour sociolinguistic interview adapted from Labov (1984)59 . The items included common objects which are lexically different for one or more of the nationalities studied. Interviewees were asked how they referred to each item in everyday conversation, and whether or not they knew of any other group's term for it. Quite aware of the limitations of direct questions which elicit vocabulary items out of context in a formal situation, despite every attempt to overcome How do competing terms accommodate each other, or how and why does one win out? We may assume that a lexical item's chances of survival in New York's melting pot are assured if it is shared by several national groups, but that is not always the case, and it is even more difficult to determine the fate of those words/expressions which are part of only one or two national lexicons. The lexical synonyms offered by our respondents revealed five different scenarios with implications for lexical loss, maintenance, and leveling. The words that appear in each category are presented as follows: Numbers alone, or before a slash mark (/), represent the percent of the total group which gave this word as its everyday preference, followed by the percent of the occurrences of that word which were produced by that group. Thus, the last line of category I, #3 cartera (below): Col 58% (bolso 34/51, + All-Cu) is to be read as: 58% of all Colombians interviewed said cartera was their common word for pocketbook, but 34% preferred bolso, and 51% of all occurrences of bolso in the data came from Colombians, A (+) indicates that the group(s) that follow(s) produced there mainder of occurrences of this lexical item, and a (-) precedes the names(s) of the group(s) that never used the item. In this example, all of the other groups had some members who also preferred bolso except for the Cubans; none of them produced it. I. Majority Unity 1. collar «necklace»: Cu 95%, DR 87%, Col 86%, PR 80% 2. cadena «chain necklace»: Cu 95%, PR 91%, DR 83%, Col 75% 3. cartera «pocketbook»: Cu 87%, DR 80%, PR 64%, Col 58% (bolso 34%/51%, All-Cu) Three words, collar, cadena, cartera, were cited as the common term by the majority of all four groups for necklace, chain, and pocket book. Although members of each group offered synonyms for each of these, e.g., one third of the Colombians preferred bolso for pocketbook instead of camera, the majority of each group did employ the same word. The absence of significant differentiation confirms that these terms are part of the standard Spanish lexicon in New York, the bulk of which is shared by most of the nearly 400 million speakers of Spanish worldwide. We can predict that they are in no immediate danger of replacement, indeed, the Colombian bolso may be hard pressed to keep its place in view of the preference for cartera in every group. The speakers' in-group casual conversations revealed that informal situations are most likely to produce the regional variants, but each group also has access to the more general lexical item for formal and/or out-group settings. In this category, three of the four national groups gave the same terms more often than any other, but one group preferred another term. The influence of larger dialect region membership is apparent in #s 13-15, e.g., Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans walk on an acera «sidewalk», ride guagua «bus»; and sit It is possible that these nationally specific but minority lexical choices may fall by the wayside in favor of the word that is preferred by the majority of their co-nationals, particularly if they are also endorsed by other groups, or they may be kept as markers of in-group, intimate, speech styles. We must caution that the process of incorporation, loss, or maintenance is not predictable by a simple mathematical formula which calculates the number of people who know a term versus those who ignore it, because of a number of social and economic realities that impinge upon communication and linguistic change, leveling, and/or diffusion. We return to these factors below. III. Two For/Two Against A. Two groups prefer one term, two others each prefer one or more different terms. (1) Puerto Ricans and Dominicans prefer one term 16. birthday cake = bizcocho: (PR 71/54, DR 67/36) (Cu [kei(k)] 86/56, + All) (Col pastel 31/60, + All) (Col ponqué 24/100) 17. garbage can = zafacón: (PR 60/60, DR 63/36, +All) (Cu latón 57/71, + All-PR) (Col caneca 50/100) (Col tarro 19/100) 18. banana = guineo: (PR 67/59, DR 86/40, + Col) (Cu plátano 75/48, + All) (Col banano 63/80) (2) Puerto Ricans and Cubans prefer one term 19. eyeglasses = espejuelos: (PR 50/54, Cu 91/16, + All) (Col gafas 49/57, + All) (DR lentes 45/47, + All) (3) Puerto Ricans and Colombians prefer one term 20. halfslip = enagua(s): (PR [-s] 69/46, +DR) (Col [+s] 71/35) (Cu saya/sayuela 84/80) (DR mediofondo 47/90) In #s 16-20 the majority of two groups agree on the same term and each of the other two prefers a distinct term. There is no clear regional pattern to the groupings that are for or against a particular lexical item. The majority of Puerto Ricans and Dominicans use the same words for birthday cake, garbage pail, and banana, but the Colombians and Cubans differ in their responses. For Cubans a birth day cake is the anglicism [kei] or [keik]/[keike]/[keiki] but for Colombians it is a pastel or ponqué. A garbage can (#17) is a latón for Cubans and a caneca for Colombians, while a banana (#18) is a Cuban plátano and a Colombian banano. In numbers 19 and 20, the pair of nationalities that is united is different in each case. For eyeglasses (#19), the majority of Puerto Ricans and Cubans share espejuelos in contrast to the Dominicans' lentes and the Colombians' gafas. For halfslip (#20), Puerto Ricans and Colombians share a version of enagua(s), but the Dominicans prefer mediofondo and the Cubans alternate between saya and sayuela61. B. Two preferences, opposite priorities 21. pig = puerco plus cerdo for 60% of all groups puerco = DR55/39, Col 13/9 Cu 50/12, PR 36/40 cerdo = DR 24/18, Col 40/24 Cu 29/8, PR 37/46 22. grocery store = bodega plus tienda for 75% of all, -DR bodega = Cu 76/16, Col 2/1 tienda = Cu9/2, Col 73/44 (DR pulpería = 38/100) Another variation of Two For/Two Against is found in IIB. Many synonyms co-existed for pig and grocery store, but in each case two account for most of the responses of all four groups: puerco and cerdo for pig, and bodega and tienda for grocery. Two countries ranked the frequency of these terms in reverse order, i.e., Dominicans produced puerco first (55%) and cerdo last (24%), and Colombians produced cerdo first (40%) and puerco last (13%). Similarly, Cubans mentioned bodega more frequently than tienda (76% vs. 9%) but Colombians preferred tienda over bodega (73% vs. 2%). The continued existence of both leading competitors for #s 21 and 22 is favored by the fact that the largest group, Puerto Ricans, used both of them at similar rates: puerco (36%) and cerdo (37%), bodega (37%) and tienda (42%). Two words, #s 23 clothespin and 24 bobby pin, triggered extensive inter- and intra- group variation. These semantically linked words are both referred to as pinche by Puerto Ricans and pincho by Dominicans, but both occasioned the largest number of synonyms (n = 22) in the study, many of which were shared by all the countries. In addition to the number of competing variants, other factors which may accelerate the loss of these items are analyzed under Frequency and Semantic Weight, below. |kite||(ENG)=||PR 13,87,||DR 3/13,||-Col,-Cu| This category, which represents the maximum amount of dialectal distinction, is limited to one word in this list, and this phenomenon, i.e., each nationality prefers a different term, does not occur frequently in the full lexicon of the four groups. In this example, the Colombian cometa, the Cuban papalote, the Dominican chichigua, and the Puerto Rican chiringa are each maintained as distinct ways of labeling «kite», but the English word, some times pronounced as [kay], has made incursions in the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities, for reasons which we will analyze in our discussion of Anglicisms. What are the implications and repercussions of this lexical variety in New York City Spanish? We must proceed with caution before we consider the predictions this data will allow us to make about the future of Spanish in that city. Even with a study limited to 25 lexical items in 4 Spanish dialects, the variation is broad and the groupings are complex; more words from more countries would produce additional configurations, further complicating any prognosis. While we would be wise to avoid any conclusions about the fate of even this limited sample of vocabulary in NYC, it is possible and profitable to analyze the list in the light of the principal factors which play a crucial role in interdialectal contact. Although we have cautioned against the mechanical application of a purely quantitative approach, Trudgill (1984) and Labov (1966) are correct in maintaining that exposure via personal contact is essential to linguistic accommodations; thus it follows that the total number of people who know and use a term in everyday speech is of critical significance in its extinction or extension. This amount of exposure approach to lexical leveling would The extent to which a lexical item is part of the most common vocabulary stock affects its stability, i.e., frequent vocabulary is more stable, infrequent vocabulary is «less stable, more subject to oblivion and replacement» (Weinreich: 57). From our data we can see that the words for clothesline and bobby pin each produced nearly two dozen competing terms. These words are linked to everyday activities, but they are used infrequently today in New York City because the items themselves are going out of style, given the advent of blowdried hairdos and automatic clothes driers. The impact of this increasingly lower semantic weight is also related to a social variable, gender, because males were hard pressed to come up with words for these items, since they are linked to the female do mains of hairstyling and clothes washing. This factor has the effect of halving the pool of frequent users of the words. Moreover, the manufacture of these products in technologically advanced nations means that few indigenous terms existed for them in the home countries, if any. One possible outcome is that the memory of these vanishing cultural artifacts will be captured by the English words that their exporters used for them in the homeland and in NYC, as has occurred with newer and still popular items, e.g., blender «blender» and [bak)i)un 'kliner] «vacuum cleaner.» Weinreich disallowed the importance of structural resistance to assimilation, including the impact of homonyms, maintaining «that there exists structural resistance other than the recognizability of transferred forms has not been proven» (op. cit.: 62), and that «potential homonymy as a source of resistance to transfer... must be regarded with scepticism.» (op. cit.: 61). Our study provides evidence to the contrary, corroborating Trudgill's position that linguistic structure does exert an influence, particularly in regard to homonyms. The tendency to avoid homonyms is in keeping with the fact that a linguistic system avoids the loss of contrasts, so as to minimize the possibility of miscommunication. When speakers of different dialects come in contact, it is often the homonyms they share that make them most aware of the fact that they do not speak identical codes, and anecdotes about gaffs and misunderstandings, particularly regarding taboo terms, are plentiful in our recordings. That words as innocuo us for most Spanish speakers as bicho «insect», vente «come» (used pseudo reflexively), and papaya «papaya fruit» refer to the male sex organ, orgasm, and the female sex organ in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba respectively, as well as in other populations, is always a source of amazement and/or amusement to speakers when they are first encountered. Everyone who is aware of them makes an effort to avoid such homonyms when members of other nationalities are present. The majority of our interviews believed it appropriate to avoid or translate taboo terms in cross dialectal conversations, but they also recognized that there was no way to predict when another term might cause similar out rage. Almost everyone had a favorite story to tell in this regard, and even non-taboo homonyms that caused confusion were recalled as part of their experiences with other Latinos in NYC. To illustrate, the following incident about a misunderstanding with a Puerto Rican co-worker was recounted by a 55 year old Colombian female who has lived in the U.S. for ten years: The Colombian knew there was a homonym conflict because the meaning of [wawa] (as she pronounced guagua «bus») that she knew did not make any sense in the context of her Puerto Rican co-worker's conversation, but she did not challenge the term or ask for an explanation. Although it refers to a wild animal, possibly a prairie dog, in her Spanish, she interpreted it as another form of transportation, unknown to her, and it was clarified only when she used it in contradiction to bus. The attempt to make sense of an item by taking the context into account is a prevalent discourse strategy in the repair of cross dialectal miscommunication. Will this speaker and other Colombians replace their bus [bus] with guagua as time goes by? The preference for guagua in the Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Cuban communities suggests that its adoption by Colombians is inevitable, if we consider numbers only. On the other hand, the presence of a Colombian homonym in a different semantic field and the similarity of Colombian [bus] to English [b^s] may prove effective counterforces. The process of lexical diffusion proceeds on an individual, not wholesale basis, because it depends on the interplay of different linguistic and social factors in the case of each word, and each individual. To take a different example, pantalla means a movie or TV screen as well as lampshade in all varieties of Spanish, but for Puerto Ricans it is also the word for earrings. Colombians, Dominicans, Cubans and other Spanish speakers have grown accustomed to distinguishing their homonyms in context, but when they come into contact with Puerto Ricans, they must incorporate a third meaning. Although Puerto Ricans understand and can use the more general word for earrings, aretes, 73% of them responded to the picture with pantallas; that figure undoubtedly is higher in informal conversations. Puerto Ricans who are aware of other groups' conflicts with their term may switch to aretes in their presence, but since pantallas has no taboo connotations, most continue to use it. As a result, it was one of the variants most frequently cited as an example of Puerto Rican vocabulary by speakers of the other dialects. There also is evidence that members of other groups are adopting pantallas as their own: 10% of its occurrences were produced by non Puerto Ricans. In most cases, these were Dominicans who had lived in Puerto Rico or had lived among Puerto Ricans for years, but it was also adopted by some Colombians and Cubans. On some occasions, an individual's attempt to accommodate another group's term may lead to misassignment of the word to another object or semantic field. For example, anyone who has be en around Puerto Ricans, especially at Christmastime, hears frequent mention of a favorite national dish, pasteles. Since pastel is the word for cake in several regions of the Spanish speaking world, e.g., Colombia and Mexico, it is not uncommon for others to designate it as the Puerto Rican word for cake, thus keeping it in the field of food, but misassigning it to the wrong food. The varied patterns of alternative regionalisms, taboo terms, multiple homonyms and overlapping semantic fields that result from the lexical variation among New York's Spanish speakers may seem to present formidable barriers to communication, but strategies for resolving conflicts in meaning become part of their verbal repertoire. One alternative for neutralizing lexical conflict that is available to dialect speakers in a bilingual setting is to have recourse to loans from the dominant language. Thus, Latinos in New York turn to English in order to understand each other's Spanish. Powerful socioeconomic and cultural forces stimulate borrowing whenever two cultures are in contact; the borrowing by the subordinate group's language from that of the dominant group is always significantly greater than the other way around. Studies from all over the world and within many US. language minority groups have documented this uneven process, and the examples in New York Spanish, often labelled «Spanglish», have received wide attention (Acosta-Belén 1975, Milán 1982, Poplack 1979, Zentella 1985, Otheguy 1988). The factors that contribute to word borrowing are varied and overlapping. Most items reflect a cultural reality that is new or different, e.g., [kei/keike/keiki] «cake», [bobipín] «bobby pin», [ŷins/bluŷines] «(blue)jeans.» Anglicisms can play the role of neutralizer between competing dialectal variants because the prestigious outside language acts as the lingua franca that resolves the conflict without favoring one group at the expense of the other. This is not to suggest that Cubans, Colombians, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans come to adopt anglicisms only after their arrival in NYC; natives in Cuba eat [kei], in Colombia they ride the [bus], and in the Dominican Republic and Colombia they wear [ŷins]. Once in the U.S., their encounters with other products and a different social reality, coupled with the intense pressure and desire to learn English, encourage more borrowing. Our contention that an additional pressure that favors borrowing is the role that loans play as neutralizers of dialectal conflict is supported by the results for the term for kite (#25) in this study. Each of the four nationalities is known to have a different word for kite, and the majority of each group gave its regional variant when asked for their usual way of referring to a kite, but it seems that the longer a group has been in the U.S., the less they use the homeland's term: 60% of the Puerto Ricans mentioned chiringa, 76% of the Dominicans say chichigua, 86% of the Cubans say papalote, and 92% of the Colombians say cometa. In lieu of their native word, 13% of the Puerto Ricans and 3% of the Dominicans claimed to use the English word kite, in contrast to the Cubans and Colombians who preferred other Spanish synonyms only. Logically, more intense exposure to English over longer periods of time tends to result in the incorporation of more loan words. García, Otheguy and Fernández (1987) found that second generation Cubans incorporated more loans in their speech than members of the first generation. Since Puerto Rican and Dominican communities in New York have the highest proportion of youngsters, we might assume age to be the most significant factor in our Puerto Rican and Dominican subjects' choice of kite, further strengthened by the fact that kites usually are linked to the young. Yet in our sample population, there were less Puerto Ricans (31%) and Dominicans (32%) under the age of 26 than Colombians (39%), and the majority of the Puerto Ricans (59%) and Dominicans (58%) had lived in the U.S. for less than 15 years. Language proficiency appears to be a more relevant factor than age, but in contrasting ways for the groups that were studied. No member of a group whose great majority claimed either «very good» or «excellent» Spanish proficiency, i.e., Colombians and Cubans (84% each), mentioned kite, regardless of individual self-ratings. Puerto Ricans, who claimed the highest English proficiency (20% excellent and 37% very good), produced 87% of the occurrences of kite. These patterns are in keeping with the expectation that greater Spanish proficiency is related to adherence to Spanish synonyms, whereas greater familiarity with English paves the way for word borrowing. In the case of the Dominicans, however, low self-ratings in both English (46% fair, 30% poor) and Spanish (56% fair, 4% poor) point to the role played by linguistic insecurity in the adoption of anglicisms as possible status enhancers, and as a way to avoid criticism of their Spanish. Elsewhere, I have documented the extent to which Colombians, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans contribute to Dominican linguistic insecurity by their widespread rejection of Dominican Spanish (Zentella 1987). In this study, there is evidence of their rejection of Dominican lexicon, and a greater propensity to assimilate the regional terms of other groups. Some members of every group (except Cubans) have adopted the Colombian word for kite, cometa, some of every group (except Puerto Ricans) have adopted the Cuban papalote, and some from every group (except Colombians) have adopted the Puerto Rican chiringa. Only the Dominicans have adopted from every other group without exception, and theirs is the only word for kite (chichigua) that was not adopted by any members of the other groups. These results alert us to the impact of social variables which may be more powerful in the process of dialect leveling than Class, education, and race shape the attitudes of one group towards another and towards features of their linguistic codes. Negative attitudes inhibit the spread of certain features just as positive attitudes promote their adoption. In this regard, it is relevant to recall Labov's famous analysis of New York City's English, in which he attributed the confinement of linguistic changes in the city to the fact that it was «a great sink of negative prestige» (1966: 499). Among the groups that we studied, and in New York in general, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are the poorest, the least educated, and the darkest Latinos in the city; they are discriminated against as individuals and as a group, and so is the variety of Spanish that they speak. It is difficult to tease apart the relative weight of each of the social barriers, and their negative impact is further compounded by the fact that Caribbean Spanish is known for consonant deletion or aspiration, particularly of syllable final -s, e.g., lo(s/h) libro(s/h), assimilation, e.g., cerca [sekka], epenthesis, e.g., fuiste>fuistes, and metathesis, e.g., denle>delen. This Spanish, descended from that brought to the Caribbean from southern Spain by Andalusian colonizers and characteristic of the Spanish of the lowlands of Latin America (Canfield 1981), has been labelled «radical» in contrast to the «conservative» dialects that are found in the highlands (Guitart 1982). But as Guitart has noted, even the most conservative dialects display some radical phonology, especially in informal settings, e.g., the -s is lost before alveolar trills, e.g., los rojos>lorrojos, and intervocalic -d- is variably dropped in the past participle, e.g., cansado>cansao. Nor is it accurate to portray radical dialects as categorical deleters of segments or features, e.g., when -s occurs before vowels it is variably retained in Puerto Rican and Cuban Spanish (Terrell 1982). Even when -s deletion is widespread, the meaning of plurality and/or tense is conveyed by other syntactic elements (Poplack 1981). Nevertheless, the preservation of features that recall those of northern Spain's Castilian model in conservative dialects, e.g., Colombian highland Spanish, strongly favors prestige for those varieties of Spanish62. The fact that Cuban Spanish does not suffer the same wide spread condemnation that is voiced against Puerto Rican and Dominican Spanish, despite its linguistic similarities, reveals the overriding power that social factors have in the face of linguistic ones. Even when speakers of the higher status groups have radical phonology, they can evaluate their dialect positively and express negative attitudes towards the others. This is obvious in the remarks of a 21 year old Cuban female (15 years in the U.S.) who did not hesitate to admit her prejudice against Dominican Spanish: «Yo siempre pensaba que hablaban feo» «I always used to think they spoke ugly», and against Puerto Rican Spanish: «Yo odio como hablan los puertorriqueños.» «I hate how Puerto Ricans talk.» Although her own Spanish is replete with non standard and/or radical features, e.g., r-l alternation, loss of syllable final -s, and code switches, she is very proud of it, and of Cuban Spanish in general: Yo no creo que debemos cambial [<cambiar] la manera que yo hablo el español [redundant subject pronoun], a mí me gusta como yo hablo el español, porque yo creo que los cubanos tienen el español más bonito de -of all- of a lot of the ethnic, you know of Spanish people, 'cause nosotro(-s) no cantamos, nosotro(-s) no-no- [Interviewer: Pero espérate que los de Santiago cantan que se acabó]. A mí me gustan mucho las frases como nosotros hablamos. I think we are very happy people. [I don't think that we should change the way I speak Spanish, I like the way that I speak Spanish, because I think that Cubans have the prettiest Spanish of-of a lot of the ethnic, you know of Spanish people, 'cause we don't sing we don't, don't-don't [Interviewer: but wait because those from Santiago sing a whole lot]. I like the sentences how we talk a lot. I think we are very happy people.] This affirmation of dialect pride is in contrast to the negative Dominican evaluations of their dialect, e.g., 80% believe that their Spanish should not be taught in schools, 35% of these because it is «incorrecto» or «malo» (Zentella 1987). Since race, education, and class are inextricably linked in New York's Hispanic communities, e.g., the more middle class Cuban and Colombian migrants also tend to be the better educated and lighter skinned, their varieties of Spanish are not as stigmatized as that of their darker, poorer Caribbean sisters and brothers. For language teachers the results presented here have a number of obvious pedagogical implications related to the fundamental linguistic notion of dialectal equivalence which can make for exciting and relevant class But a major concern should be to help students understand the repercussions of dialectal contact for the course of the development of Spanish in the U.S., and the role of linguistic and social factors in the process of dialectal accommodation, change, and diffusion. Will Puerto Rican and Dominican variants be avoided at all costs because of their speakers' lower status? Will Cuban and/or Colombian variants take precedence because of their greater economic power? Do linguistic factors play a determining role in the direction of accommodation? Guitart indicates that in his experience speakers of radical dialects tend to imitate conservative speakers, not viceversa. However, I have found conservative speakers who became radical speakers because of their identification with a group of radical speakers, either because of personal relationships, e.g., some Mexicans who married into Puerto Rican families, or political ideology, e.g., South American community workers in Dominican neighborhoods. Although the role of attitude is crucial, it is necessary to recognize that often covert attitudes belie overt expressions of negativity, as has been documented in analyses of the continued maintenance of non standard dialects despite their prevalent rejection. Members of speech communities prize the non standard forms of their link to important affective variables such as sincerity and trustworthiness, and/or their correlation with coolness or toughness, and incorporate them in their speech for these reasons (Labov 1972). Corroboration of this view in this study came from the comments of several Dominicans who linked the pronunciation of syllable final -s in male speech to effeminacy and/or putting on airs; they refer to it as «hablar fisno.» Thus, although the pronunciation of -s is lauded overtly as correct in the Dominican community, its deletion may be linked covertly to masculinity, and being down to earth. The degree of speakers' integration into social networks that speak another dialect is related to the extent of linguistic assimilation that is possible as well as to the types of variables that are assimilated. The success with which speakers are able to reproduce accurately the syntactic as well as phonological and lexical variables of another group's dialect is presently being questioned. In Philadelphia, a very black-sounding Italian American teenager had adopted much more of Black English Vernacular (BEV) phonology than its syntax (Labov 1980). In NYC, the greatest amount of linguistic assimilation of Puerto Rican youths to BEV occurred in the speech of those who had more Black friends, yet most retained a distinctively Puerto Rican variety of English (Wolfram 1978). We can expect similar outcomes for Latinos in New York City, i.e., those who are members of dense and multiplex networks (Milroy 1980) which include an other Spanish speaking group sometimes will adopt features of that dialect, particularly the lexicon, using the appropriate forms that allow them to express different «acts of identity» (Le Page and Tabouret Keller 1985) in different settings/situations. There will be others, like the aged whites in Gullah-speaking territory (Rickford 1985), who will never accommodate to the surrounding dialect, despite extensive exposure and even dialect swamping, because they cannot overcome the racial and socioeconomic barriers that divide the groups. On the other hand not all linguistic accommodation should be interpreted as evidence of cultural assimilation, or even acceptance; in some cases it may merely be a practical manipulation of the linguistic resources available in order to meet special needs. Such is the case of conservative dialect speakers who adopt the Puerto Rican dialect in an attempt to avoid persecution by immigration authorities (since all Puerto Ricans are U. S. citizens). The Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico often is called upon to determine if someone is trying to pass as a Puerto Rican; they ask questions about the purported hometown if the speaker cannot be distinguished by dialect alone. Nor is the maintenance of one's own dialect necessarily a repudiation of other groups and their ways of speaking; indeed, pride in one's own dialect may coincide with interest in and respect for others' ways of speaking, in keeping with the vital cultural norm of «respeto» (Lauria 1964). 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Chang Rodríguez (ed.), The Spanish Language in the Western Hemisphere. Special issue of Word 33.1-2: 41-57. ——. 1987, October. Linguistic Security/Insecurity Among New York's Latinos. Paper presented at Symposium on Spanish and Portuguese Bilingualism, University of Colorado, Boulder. |Years in U.S.:| |English Proficiency: (self report)| |Spanish Proficiency: (self report)|

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An airborne transmission is disease transmission through small particulates that can be transmitted through the air over time and distance. Diseases capable of airborne transmission include many of considerable importance both in human and veterinary medicine. The relevant pathogens may be viruses, bacteria, or fungi, and they may be spread through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, raising of dust, spraying of liquids, flushing toilets, or any activities which generate aerosol particles or droplets. Human airborne diseases do not include conditions caused by air pollution such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gases and any airborne particles. Airborne transmission is distinct from transmission by respiratory droplets. Respiratory droplets are large enough to fall to the ground rapidly after being produced, as opposed to the smaller particles that carry airborne pathogens. Also, while respiratory droplets consist mostly of water, airborne particles are relatively dry, which damages many pathogens so that their ability to transmit infection is lessened or eliminated. Thus the number of pathogens that can be transmitted through an airborne route is limited. Both aerosols and respiratory droplets are part of the respiratory route of transmitting communicable diseases. Individuals generate aerosols and droplets across a wide range of sizes and concentrations, and the amount produced varies widely by person and activity. Larger droplets, greater than 100 μm fall to the ground, and settle within 2 m, except when propelled. Smaller particles can carry airborne pathogens for extended periods of time. There is a greater concentration of airborne pathogens within 2m, however they can travel farther and build up in concentration in a room. The traditional hard size cutoff of 5 μm between airborne and respiratory droplets has been criticized as a false dichotomy not grounded in science, as exhaled particles form a continuum of sizes whose fates depend on environmental conditions in addition to their initial sizes. However, it has informed hospital based transmission based precautions for decades. Recent data on indoor respiratory secretion transfer suggest that droplets/aerosols in the 20 μm size range initially travel with the air flow from cough jets and air conditioning like aerosols but fall out gravitationally at a larger distance. As this size range is most efficiently filtered out in the nasal mucosa, the primordial infection site in Covid-19, aerosols/droplets in this size range may contribute to driving the Covid-19 pandemic. Airborne diseases include any that are caused via transmission through the air. Many airborne diseases are of great medical importance. The pathogens transmitted may be any kind of microbe, and they may be spread in aerosols, dust or liquids. The aerosols might be generated from sources of infection such as the bodily secretions of an infected animal or person, or biological wastes such as accumulate in lofts, caves, garbage and the like. Such infected aerosols may stay suspended in air currents long enough to travel for considerable distances; sneezes, for example, can easily project infectious droplets the full length of a bus. Airborne pathogens or allergens often cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses and the lungs. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Air pollution plays a significant role in airborne diseases which is linked to asthma. Pollutants are said to influence lung function by increasing air way inflammation. Many common infections can spread by airborne transmission at least in some cases, including but not limited to: COVID-19; measles morbillivirus, chickenpox virus; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza virus, enterovirus, norovirus and less commonly coronavirus, adenovirus, and possibly respiratory syncytial virus. Because the drying process often damages the pathogens, the number of diseases that can be spread through an airborne route is limited. Airborne diseases can also affect non-humans. For example, Newcastle disease is an avian disease that affects many types of domestic poultry worldwide which is transmitted via airborne contamination. Often, airborne pathogens or allergens cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses, and the upper airway lungs. Upper airway inflammation causes coughing congestion, and sore throat. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. Routes of transmissionEdit Airborne infections usually occur by the respiratory route, with the agent present in aerosols (infectious particles < 5 µm in diameter). This includes dry particles, often the remainders of an evaporated wet particle called nuclei, and wet particles. This kind of infection usually requires independent ventilation during treatment. e.g., tuberculosis. Relative Humidity (RH)Edit Relative humidity (RH) plays an important role in the evaporation of droplets and the distance they travel. The 30 μm droplets evaporate in seconds. The CDC recommends a minimum of 40% RH indoors. Maintaining indoor relative humidity >40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus. An ideal humidity for preventing aerosol respiratory viral transmission at room temperature appears to be between 40% and 60% RH. If the relative humidity goes below 35% RH, there is more virus in the air. Environmental factors influence the efficacy of airborne disease transmission; the most evident environmental conditions are temperature and relative humidity. The sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity, either meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor), as well as other circumstances influencing the spread of droplets containing infectious particles, as winds, or human behavior, influence the transmission of airborne diseases. - Rainfall, the number of rainy days being more important than total precipitation; mean daily sunshine hours; latitude and altitude are relevant when assessing the possibility of spread of any airborne infection. Some infrequent or exceptional events influence the dissemination of airborne diseases, including tropical storms, hurricanes, typhoons, or monsoons. Climate determines temperature, winds and relative humidity, the main factors affecting the spread, duration and infectiousness of droplets containing infectious particles. The influenza virus is spread easily in the Northern Hemisphere winter due to climate conditions which favour the infectiousness of the virus. - After isolated weather events, the concentration of airborne fungal spores is decreased; a few days later, an exponentially increased number of spores is found, compared to normal conditions. - Socioeconomics has a minor role in airborne disease transmission. In cities, the spread of airborne disease is more rapid than in rural areas and urban outskirts. Rural areas generally favor higher airborne fungal dissemination. - Proximity to large bodies of water such as rivers and lakes can be a cause of some outbreaks of airborne disease. - Poor maintenance of air conditioning systems has led to outbreaks of Legionella pneumophila. - Hospital-acquired airborne diseases are associated with poorly-resourced medical systems, which make isolation challenging. Some ways to prevent airborne diseases include disease-specific immunization, wearing a respirator and limiting time spent in the presence of any patient likely to be a source of infection. Exposure to a patient or animal with an airborne disease does not guarantee contracting the disease, as infection is dependent on host immune system competency plus the quantity of infectious particles ingested. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises the public about vaccination and following careful hygiene and sanitation protocols for airborne disease prevention. Many public health specialists recommend physical distancing (also known as social distancing) to reduce the transmission of airborne infections. A 2011 study concluded that vuvuzelas (a type of air horn popular e.g. with fans at football games) presented a particularly high risk of airborne transmission when their operator has a respiratory infection, as they were spreading a much higher number of aerosol particles than e.g. the act of shouting. - "Transmission-Based Precautions". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2020. - Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. "2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings" (PDF). CDC. p. 19. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Airborne transmission occurs by dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles in the respirable size range containing infectious agents that remain infective over time and distance - Zhang N, Chen W, Chan PT, Yen HL, Tang JW, Li Y (July 2020). "Close contact behavior in indoor environment and transmission of respiratory infection". Indoor Air. 30 (4): 645–661. doi:10.1111/ina.12673. PMID 32259319. - "FAQ: Methods of Disease Transmission". Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto). Retrieved 31 March 2020. - Atkinson J, Chartier Y, Pessoa-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto WH (2009). "Annex C: Respiratory droplets". Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings. World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154785-7. - Morawska L (October 2006). "Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?" (PDF). Indoor Air. 16 (5): 335–47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x. PMID 16948710. - National Academies Of Sciences E, Staudt A, Saunders J, Pavlin J, Shelton-Davenport M, et al. (Environmental Health Matters Initiative, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine) (22 October 2020). Shelton-Davenport M, Pavlin J, Saunders J, Staudt A (eds.). Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Proceedings of a Workshop in Brief. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/25958. ISBN 978-0-309-68408-8. PMID 33119244. - Hunziker, Patrick (16 December 2020). "Minimizing exposure to respiratory droplets, 'jet riders' and aerosols in air-conditioned hospital rooms by a 'Shield-and-Sink' strategy". doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.20233056. Cite journal requires - Kesavanathan, Jana; Swift, David L. (January 1998). "Human Nasal Passage Particle Deposition: The Effect of Particle Size, Flow Rate, and Anatomical Factors". Aerosol Science and Technology. 28 (5): 457–463. doi:10.1080/02786829808965537. ISSN 0278-6826. - "Airborne diseases". Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2013. - "COVID-19: epidemiology, virology and clinical features". GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 October 2020. - La Rosa G, Fratini M, Della Libera S, Iaconelli M, Muscillo M (1 June 2013). "Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission". Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità. 49 (2): 124–32. doi:10.4415/ANN_13_02_03. PMID 23771256. - Mitchell BW, King DJ (October–December 1994). "Effect of negative air ionization on airborne transmission of Newcastle disease virus". Avian Diseases. 38 (4): 725–32. doi:10.2307/1592107. JSTOR 1592107. PMID 7702504. - "Prevention of hospital-acquired infections" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). - Bahl P, Doolan C, de Silva C, Chughtai AA, Bourouiba L, MacIntyre CR (April 2020). "Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19?". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa189. PMC 7184471. PMID 32301491. - Noti JD, Blachere FM, McMillen CM, Lindsley WG, Kashon ML, Slaughter DR, Beezhold DH (2013). "High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e57485. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857485N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057485. PMC 3583861. PMID 23460865. - Pica N, Bouvier NM (February 2012). "Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses". Current Opinion in Virology. 2 (1): 90–5. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.12.003. PMC 3311988. PMID 22440971. - Rodríguez-Rajo FJ, Iglesias I, Jato V (April 2005). "Variation assessment of airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores at different bioclimatical conditions". Mycological Research. 109 (Pt 4): 497–507. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.177. doi:10.1017/s0953756204001777. PMID 15912938. - Peternel R, Culig J, Hrga I (2004). "Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Zagreb (Croatia) and effects of some meteorological factors". Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 11 (2): 303–7. PMID 15627341. - Sabariego S, Díaz de la Guardia C, Alba F (May 2000). "The effect of meteorological factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (southern Spain)". International Journal of Biometeorology. 44 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:2000IJBm...44....1S. doi:10.1007/s004840050131. PMID 10879421. S2CID 17834418. - Hedlund C, Blomstedt Y, Schumann B (2014). "Association of climatic factors with infectious diseases in the Arctic and subarctic region--a systematic review". Global Health Action. 7: 24161. doi:10.3402/gha.v7.24161. PMC 4079933. PMID 24990685. - Khan NN, Wilson BL (2003). "An environmental assessment of mold concentrations and potential mycotoxin exposures in the greater Southeast Texas area". Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 38 (12): 2759–72. doi:10.1081/ESE-120025829. PMID 14672314. S2CID 6906183. - Tang JW (December 2009). "The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents". Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 6 Suppl 6: S737-46. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0227.focus. PMC 2843949. PMID 19773291. - "Legionnaire disease". Retrieved 12 April 2015. - American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) (2011). Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens. Jones & Barlett Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 9781449668273. Retrieved 21 May 2013. - Laura Ester Ziady; Nico Small (2006). Prevent and Control Infection: Application Made Easy. Juta and Company Ltd. pp. 119–120. ISBN 9780702167904. - "Redirect - Vaccines: VPD-VAC/VPD menu page". 7 February 2019. - Glass RJ, Glass LM, Beyeler WE, Min HJ (November 2006). "Targeted social distancing design for pandemic influenza". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (11): 1671–81. doi:10.3201/eid1211.060255. PMC 3372334. PMID 17283616. - Lai KM, Bottomley C, McNerney R (23 May 2011). "Propagation of respiratory aerosols by the vuvuzela". PLOS ONE. 6 (5): e20086. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620086L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020086. PMC 3100331. PMID 21629778.

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- mounted military units; cavalry. - members of a specially privileged class derived from the ancient Roman cavalry and having status intermediate between those of senatorial rank and the common people. Origin of equites Examples from the Web for equites Historical Examples of equites The senate offended the equites by proposing it, and yet did not carry the law.The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1 Marcus Tullius Cicero Juvenal speaks also of "Equites Cappadoces" in the same strain, Sat.The Life of Cicero Sulla restored the judicial functions to the Senate (from the Equites).Helps to Latin Translation at Sight This order seemeth to answer in part to that Equites aurati.Chronicles (1 of 6): The Description of Britaine Gracchus belonged to the class of Equites, and as such he had a Public horse.Plutarch's Lives, Volume IV - the cavalry - Also called: knights members of a social order distinguished by wealth and ranking just below the senators

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Solar array = Any number of Photovoltaic modules connected together electrically in a combination of series and parallel installed on a mechanical structure. The output from Solar Efficiency = The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device. Measured in Percentage. Spectral irradiance = The spectral irradiance as a function of photon wavelength (or energy), denoted by F, is the most common way of characterising a light source. It gives the power density at a particular wavelength. The units of spectral irradiance are in Wm-2µm-1. The Wm-2 term is the power density at the wavelength λ(µm). Therefore, the m-2 refers to the surface area of the light emitter and the µm-1 refers to the wavelength of interest. In the analysis of solar cells, the photon flux is often needed as well as the spectral irradiance. The spectral irradiance can be determined from the photon flux by converting the photon flux at a given wavelength to W/m2 Scheduling = The general practice of ensuring that a generator is committed and available when needed. It also can refer to scheduling of imports or exports of energy into or out of a balancing area. Sealed (SMF) battery = A sealed battery which does not require water topping up and hence making it maintenance free. Also called a valve regulated battery. Usually the popular version is a VRLA battery. Self-discharge = The rate at which a battery, without a load, will lose its charge. Semiconductor = Any material that has a limited capacity for conducting an electric current. Certain semiconductors, including silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride, are uniquely suited to the photovoltaic conversion process. Series connection = A way of joining photovoltaic cells by connecting positive leads to negative leads; such a configuration increases the voltage. Short-circuit current (Isc) = The current flowing freely through an external circuit that has no loador resistance; the maximum current possible. Shunt controller = A charge controller that redirects or shunts the charging current away from the battery. The controller requires a large heat sink to dissipate the current from the short-circuited photovoltaic array. Most shunt controllers are for smaller systems producing 30 amperes or less. Sine wave = A waveform corresponding to a single-frequency periodic oscillation that can be mathematically represented as a function of amplitude versus angle in which the value of the curve at any point is equal to the sine of that angle. Sine wave inverter = An inverter that produces utility-quality, sine wave power forms. Single axis tracking = A photovoltaic array tracking system capable of rotating independently in a single axis. It is basically a mechanical structure having other devices such as motors, drives, sensors, actuators, etc. Smart grid = An intelligent electric power system that regulates the two-way flow of electricity and information between power plants and consumers to control grid activity. Solar cell = The smallest semiconductor element within a PV module to perform the immediate conversion of light into electrical energy (direct current voltage and current). Solar constant = The average amount of solar radiation that reaches the earth’s upper atmosphere on a surface perpendicular to the sun’s rays; equal to 1353 watts per square meter or 492 Btu per square foot. Solar controller = See charge controller. Solar-grade silicon = Intermediate-grade silicon used in the manufacture of solar cells. Less expensive than electronic-grade silicon. Solar insolation = See insolation. Solar irradiance = See irradiance. Solar kit = A combination of the critical items in a solar system consisting of a pre-designed solar system which is ready to install at site. Available in different combinations to meet any kind of solar system requirement such as grid tied systems, battery based systems, hybrid systems, pumping systems, etc. Solar mounting structure = This refers to the mechanical structure used in solar photovoltaic systems to hold the solar modules. The solar mounting structures should ideally be made of a weather resistant material like Galvanized Iron (GI) or Anodized aluminium or other similar weather resistant materials. Solar resource = The amount of solar insolation a site receives, usually measured in kWh/m2/day, which is equivalent to the number of peak sun hours. Solar spectrum = The total distribution of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the sun. The different regions of the solar spectrum are described by their wavelength range. The visible region extends from about 390 to 780 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of one meter). About 99 percent of solar radiation is contained in a wavelength region from 300 nm (ultraviolet) to 3,000 nm (near-infrared). The combined radiation in the wavelength region from 280 nm to 4,000 nm is called the broadband, or total, solar radiation. Spinning reserve = Electric power plant or utility capacity on-line and running at low power in excess of actual load. Sputtering = A process used to apply photovoltaic semiconductor material to a substrate by a physical vapor deposition process where high-energy ions are used to bombard elemental sources of semiconductor material, which eject vapors of atoms that are then deposited in thin layers on a substrate. Square wave = A waveform that has only two states, (i.e., positive or negative). A square wave contains a large number of harmonics. Square wave inverter = A type of inverter that produces square wave output. It consists of a direct current source, four switches, and the load. The switches are power semiconductors that can carry a large current and withstand a high voltage rating. The switches are turned on and off at a correct sequence, at a certain frequency. SSL = Solar LED based street lighting models from Novergy. They include the solar module, solar controller, battery, etc. They are having various features such as automatic dusk to dawn capabilities and many protection features such as battery deep discharge and overcharging protection stand-alone system = An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand-alone systems require batteries or some other form of storage. STC (standard test conditions) = Conditions under which a module is typically tested in a laboratory. Typical STC conditions are Solar radiation of 1000 W/m2, AM of 1 and temperature of 25 Deg C. standby current = This is the amount of current (power) used by the inverter when no load is active (lost power). The efficiency of the inverter is lowest when the load demand is low. String = A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in series to produce the operating voltage required by the load. String inverters = A term used to describe a category of solar grid-tie inverters in lower power ratings. Typically models with power rating lower than 80kw are called as string inverters. Substrate = The physical material upon which a photovoltaic cell is applied. Superstrate = The covering on the sunny side of a photovoltaic (PV) module, providing protection for the PV materials from impact and environmental degradation while allowing maximum transmission of the appropriate wavelengths of the solar spectrum. Surge capacity = The maximum power, usually 1.5 to 3 times the rated power, that can be provided over a short time by a solar Inverter. Sometimes the inverter may have different surge ratings for different durations (eg. For 30sec, 5sec, 30 cycles, etc) System availability = The percentage of time (usually expressed in hours per year) when a photovoltaic system will be able to fully meet the load demand. System maximum operating voltage = The photovoltaic array output voltage under load. The system operating voltage is dependent on the load or batteries connected to the output terminals. Usually on-grid systems operate on either 600VDC or 1000VDC. Nowadays systems are also available in higher voltages such as 1500VDC.

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Come summer and you want to spend more time enjoying your outdoor space. But the presence of mosquitos can be a big deterrent, pushing you back inside the safe confines of your home. These pesky, blood-sucking creatures are a big annoyance as they come swarming to their next meal, i.e., you! What’s worse is that beyond the irritation and itch from their nasty bites, mosquitos are known carriers of viruses and diseases, some of which can be deadly like West Nile virus, Zika virus, and malaria. Why do mosquitos come out the most in the summer months? Here are some facts compiled by our landscaping experts that address this question and provide useful tips to keep these annoying pests at bay. 4 Reasons Mosquitos Are More Active in the Summer – What Can You Do? In Pennsylvania, the peak time for mosquitos is between April and October. Here are some reasons why they thrive during these months: Breeding sites: Mosquito eggs need warm stagnant water that offers organic matter in the form of leaves, grass, or soil, to hatch. Pennsylvania summers are warm, and the abundant rainfall creates the ideal conditions for them to thrive. - Don’t let water accumulate in your backyard. Routinely change or empty standing water from planters, bird baths, fountains, and other containers outside. Favorable weather: Mosquitos thrive in warm temperatures. They are at their busiest during mornings and evenings, or in shady areas when the sun doesn’t shine on them directly. - Keep fans in your shaded patio area. - Grow trees further away from your home’s structure. Abundant food sources: Summertime iswhen we conduct most outdoor activities. This gives mosquitos ample opportunities to feed on our blood as well as other animals found outside. - Cover yourself when outside, making it difficult for mosquitos to bite you. Wear long-sleeved shirts and don’t leave your legs bare. - Light colored clothing is less attractive to bugs in general, and also for mosquitos. - Use mosquito repellent sprays/creams, and citronella candles while outdoors. - Add mesh doors and windows and keep them shut so that these insects do not invade your homes. Vegetation: Tall shrubs, trees, and grass thrive during the summer months, giving mosquitos the required shade to stay at their active best. Mosquitos also feed on plant nectar during the summer. - Mow your lawn often to ensure the grass does not shield them from the sun’s rays. - Trim shrubs and bushes regularly. - Grow herbs like basil, peppermint, and rosemary, and flowering plants like geranium and marigold, as these are known mosquito deterrents. Garlic is another natural mosquito repellant and can be grown to keep them off your lawn. - If necessary, use EPA-approved insect repellants to eliminate them. Prevent Mosquito Infestation and Enjoy Your Outdoors Mosquitos can cause a lot of inconvenience and serious illness. Enjoy your summer outdoors by taking the preventative measures mentioned above. If you need professional help to get rid of them, contact reputable experts trained to use safe means for mosquito control. Greenskeeper’s Bug Barrier program is a safe method that eliminates mosquitos and bugs that may harm you as well as your lawn. Our highly trained lawn technicians inspect all areas around your property and apply our safe formulations covering all areas to ensure their elimination from your outdoor space. Contact us today and enjoy the summers ahead in your mosquito-free backyard.

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The New Testament Bible tells us that Jesus had a brothers named James, Joses, Judas and also other siblings including sisters who are not necessarily named. According to the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament, Jesus had both brothers and sisters : “…is this not the carpenter, the Son of Mary, and brother of Hames, Joses, Judas and Simon? And are not His sisters here with us?” (Mark 6:3, NKJV).† Jesus’s siblings were, in fact, half siblings. Their biological parents were Mary and Joseph. Jesus shared the same mother, Mary. And Joseph was his adopted father. But He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit as revealed in the Gospel genealogies. Click here to see Jesus’ biography seen in the New Testament Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John: http://www.jesuscentral.com/ji/life-of-jesus-ancient/biography-of-jesus-christ/jesus-Markbio.php For more details click here: http://www.gotquestions.org/Jesus-siblings.html A†relevant verse in the Old Testament worth noting is found in Isaiah 7, verse 14: “Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, ad shall call His name Immanuel” (Isa. 7:14, NKJV). Jesus was born of the virgin Mary. She was His mother. God was His father. Therefore his brothers and sisters were siblings by sharing the same mother as Him. The Bible also teaches that on a spiritual level, Jesus calls all who hear Him “brothers”. (Luke 8:21). Category: Who were Jesus's siblings?

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Years 7 to 10 - INTRODUCTION Language shapes our understanding of ourselves and our world, and is of obvious importance in the way we relate to others. In the study of English at high school, students explore how meaning is shaped, conveyed, interpreted and reflected in spoken, written and visual texts. The study of English is mandatory in NSW. Developing proficiency in English enables students to take their place as confident communicators, critical and imaginative thinkers, lifelong learners and active participants in Australian society. It develops skills to enable students to experiment with ideas and expression, to become active, independent learners, to work with each other and to reflect on their learning. In all years: * students respond to texts. Students read, listen to and view a variety of texts and analyse and evaluate the content and ideas in the texts. * students compose texts. Students create and produce written, spoken and visual texts in order to demonstrate their understanding of the texts and concepts studied. A text in English is any medium that uses language, including sound, print, film, electronic and multimedia. Examples include (but are not limited to): novels, plays, poems, song lyrics, films, documentaries, TV programs, interviews, web sites, newspaper and magazine articles. Students in Years 7 - 10 must read, listen to and view a variety of texts that are appropriate to their needs, interests and abilities. In each year students must study examples of * spoken texts * print texts * visual texts * media and multimedia including texts drawn from radio, television, newspapers, the internet and CD-ROMs. The selection of texts must include: * Fiction texts * Film (including film on video or DVD) The texts studied must give students experience of: * a widely defined Australian literature, and other Australian texts including those that give insights into Aboriginal experiences and multicultural experiences in Australia * literature from other countries and times * cultural heritages, popular cultures and youth cultures * picture books * everyday and workplace texts * a range of social, gender and cultural perspectives. * in years 9 and 10, students must also study Shakespearean drama. Adapted from the English Syllabus Years 7-10 (Board of Studies NSW 2003) ENGLISH Year 7 English is a mandatory subject for all Year 7 students in NSW. The study of English in Years 7 to 10 is intended to be both challenging and enjoyable. At Goulburn High School we have developed a Scope and Sequence from Years 7 to 10 which builds and develops student skills and understanding to prepare students for the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate and life after school. Core Modules studied in Year 7 Students explore autobiographical writings through the study of recounts and narratives in non-fiction texts and internet items, in order to learn about how and why people write about themselves. Students also compose a variety of autobiographical pieces based on their own lives. 2. Introduction to Poetry Students learn about poetic techniques through the study and analysis of a range of poems and the composition of their own poems. 3. Genre study – Fantasy Students develop an understanding of the conventions of the fantasy genre through the study of a fantasy film. Students learn about how filmic techniques are used to influence and engage the viewer. 4. Introduction to Drama This unit aims to develop students' confidence and enthusiasm for Drama. Students develop an understanding of Drama and the elements of Drama, focusing on script analysis, script writing and performance. Students also work in groups to create and perform a simple script. 5. Visual Literacy - Picture Books Students learn about visual literacy and develop skills to allow them to analyse and evaluate visual information. Students are introduced to a range of picture books, from those aimed at young children to those intended for an older audience. Students explore the messages and values inherent in picture books and how those messages are constructed.

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In today’s digital age, online communication plays a significant role in connecting people across the globe. Platforms such as social media, dating apps, and video conferencing tools have made it easy to communicate with others regardless of location or time. As the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated, online communication is essential, with people increasingly relying on digital tools for work, education, and social interactions. Connecting with one’s community through online communication is crucial for fostering new relationships, promoting empathy, and creating a sense of inclusiveness. This article will explore the positive effects that these connections can have on individuals and their communities. Top 3 Motivations for People to Engage in Community Conversations Establishing Connections and Seeking Support Communities are a source of valuable connections and support. An increasing number of people are turning to online chat platforms to create social bonds that contribute to their mental well-being. Feeling part of a larger community is vital, and establishing meaningful connections with others is essential. Engaging with individuals who share common interests and values can boost feelings of support and inclusivity, whether the interaction is online or face-to-face. Online communication platforms provide access to helpful advice and enable the formation of relationships that offer reassurance that one is not alone. Even when physical distance or mobility issues make in-person interactions challenging, online chats can foster a sense of connection. Sharing stories and experiences allows individuals to gain valuable insights into the world, enriching their lives with fresh perspectives. As people grow more at ease with online connections, they are more likely to participate in their communities and fortify relationships through digital communication. Online chat platforms serve as a vital channel for individuals to share and acquire valuable information within their community. By forging meaningful connections with like-minded individuals, people can exchange knowledge and skills. Virtual discussions empower community members to share personal experiences and offer useful advice and resources on a variety of subjects. Engaging in online conversations with fellow community members also enables individuals to stay informed, become involved, and participate in new initiatives. These discussions provide community members with the chance to strengthen local ties by exchanging relevant news, events, and projects. Socializing and Networking Forming robust connections through online communication is essential for many people when building a resilient community. With the right connections, individuals can discover new opportunities and unlock potential possibilities. Online chats create a platform for professionals to connect, exchange job opportunities, and share career advice and industry knowledge. They can even collaborate on projects or forge partnerships, illustrating how technology is revolutionising business networks worldwide. For small business owners and entrepreneurs, online communication is an invaluable resource for building connections. Through discussions and engagement, these connections can result in growth opportunities and the formation of professional relationships. Ultimately, online communication has become a crucial tool for cultivating strong communities and forging significant connections in the business world. Albanian chat platforms Various Albanian chat (chat shqip) platforms are accessible online, providing Albanians with a means to connect with others who share their cultural background and interests. These platforms encompass websites, forums, social media groups, and even online dating apps, creating a virtual environment where Albanians can discuss a wide range of topics, including culture, music, food, and politics. By participating in these platforms, you can connect with fellow Albanians worldwide, share experiences, learn about your cultural heritage, and make new friends with shared interests.

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What is Ontogeny? Ontogeny is the study of the origin and the development of an organism or species from gamete to mature adult form. Thus, the development of mimicry behavior can be investigated throughout the course of the cephalopod lifecycle. • Cephalopods are a very difficult species to track and observe, making it difficult to study the development of behaviors in individuals. • Cuttlefish change the type of mimicry they exhibit over their lifetime, using disguises as hatchlings and intraspecific signals in adulthood. • Cephalopods have been shown in laboratory settings to habituate, sensitize, and associatively learn. These abilities could aid cephalopods in the development of mimicry behavior • Cephalopods also have been shown to learn socially. This may one way in which they develop mimicking behavior. Development of Behaviors in Individuals It has been consistently difficult to study adult cephalopods in the sea (and even harder to observe young animals). Cephalopods are also difficult to keep, let alone rear in an aquarium. Due to these constraints very little is known about their development. The transition from a hatchling, which is only a few millimeters long, to an adult, often measuring over a meter, must involve significant behavioral alterations as well as physiological changes that with continued study will be better understood.(Hanlon, 1996). Hatchlings generally grow up living in sandy substrate on the ocean floor. They come out to at night to feed and remain hidden during the day. Their camouflage places an emphasis on concealment.(Barbosa, 2007). Cuttlefish disguises are largely determined by the visual environment around the cuttlefish, but cuttlefish of different ages (and therefore sizes) displayed different patterns given the same environment. Thus the size of the animal factors into the type of display that is generated (Mathger, 2007). Animals of all ages have very acute vision with adults having marginally better vision (Barbosa, 2007). Young cuttlefish and octopuses also use flamboyant responses to danger which is different than the adult response suggesting ontological developement across these organisms (Hanlon, 1996). Cuttlefish Hatchling courtesy of www.tenhand.com. Adult cuttlefish focus their mimicry in efforts to communicate with other adult cuttlefish. Primarily through sexual signaling (Barbosa, 2007). It has been shown that chromatophores density (see Mechanism) decreases with age but that variety of display increases with age (Barbosa, 2007). Adults have also been shown to produce some forms of disruptive coloration that hatchlings do not, which may be the result of chromatophore loss(Hanlon, 1996). Adults are also more likely to display a zebra pattern than the hatchlings, with adult males displaying the intense zebra pattern (a sexual signal). This pattern relies on iridophores and leucophores neither of which have fully developed (or been assimilated into the neural network) in hatchlings (Hanlon, 1996). Adult cephalopods also differ in their response to danger, using a deimatic display (turning white with two to four spots (fewer with age) rather than a flamboyant display (which involves rearing and tenticle flailing)( Hanlon, 1996). A picture of a sexually mature male cuttlefish with an Intense Zebra display (Hanlon, 2007). Associative learning, habituation, and sensitization Octopuses have been trained in a variety of settings to respond for food rewards (Cole, 2005). The most common experimental set up involves training octopuses to attack white rectangles in order to obtain food rewards. The have also been show to habituate to repeated stimuli and sensitize to a stimuli after a shock. Octopuses have also been shown to generalize across stimuli (Hanlon, 1996). These mechanisms though probably not enough to explain complex mimicry behavior support the notion that Cephalopods are particularly intelligent animals capable of complex behaviors. Octopus vulgaris were allowed to watch trained octupuses attack one of two targets. When tested they attacked the target they had seen the other octopus attack (Fiorito, 1992). This and other experiments have demonstrated that octopuses can learn from one another. This combined with the observation of Huffard (2006) that only half of the octopuses in her study walked using a bipedal gait could suggest a learned component to mimicry.

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), between 2006 and 2008, about 1.9 % of surgical wounds became infected in folks having operations in the United States. Cuts, grazes, and different breaks within the pores and skin can become contaminated when micro organism enter the wound and start to multiply. The micro organism might come from the encircling skin, the exterior setting, or the thing that caused the harm. In some circumstances, symptoms of extra severe sepsis or septic shock (when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low degree) develop soon after. “This treatment has large potential however it’s also essential for people to bear in mind that there are simple things we can do to reduce the danger of sepsis occurring,” he mentioned. In instances of severe or persistent sinusitis, surgery to drain the sinus cavities may be the best option for long-term reduction. Sinus infections are often attributable to viral infections that forestall the sinus cavities from draining properly. However, they can be brought on by bacteria or by foreign agents which were inhaled via the nostril. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the physique releases a considerable amount of chemical compounds to struggle an an infection that has unfold via the bloodstream. These chemical compounds can result in inflammation which might cause organ harm. Infectious illness is the subspecialty of internal medicine coping with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in all ages of sufferers. Ideas of contagion turned more well-liked in Europe through the Renaissance, significantly by way of the writing of the Italian doctor Girolamo Fracastoro. Bacteria and viruses are various kinds of pathogens, organisms that can cause illness. Bacteria are larger than viruses and are able to reproducing on their very own. Viruses are a lot smaller than bacteria and can’t reproduce on their very own. Instead, viruses reproduce by infecting a bunch and utilizing the host’s DNA restore and replication techniques to make copies of itself. It’s a pocket of pus that types over a hair follicle or oil gland. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial an infection of the bladder, urethra, kidneys, or ureters. Bacterial meningitis is a extreme an infection of the meninges, the lining of the brain. Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) causes fever, muscle aches, and diarrhea. Pregnant ladies, aged individuals, infants, and those with weakened immune systems are most in danger for buying this infection. The signs of sepsis mimic these of the flu — excessive temperature, speedy coronary heart fee, speedy respiratory, ache, pale or mottled skin, and usually feeling very sick. However, the pathogens that brought on the unique infection that result in sepsis may be contagious. Sepsis spreads inside an individual’s body from the unique source of infection to different organs via the bloodstream. Localized infections can often be handled with topical antibiotics. Drainage or debridement could also be essential to remove slough and devitalized tissue, as these sluggish wound healing and may affect the effectivity of topical antibiotics. Antimicbrobial dressings, together with those who use silver expertise, could also be used to assist cut back bioburden. Antibiotics, whether or not topical or systemic, should solely be used beneath the express course of a doctor. Approaches to treatment may be broken down by whether the an infection is systemic or localized just to the wound space. Fresh pineapple juice is understood to cool the blood and reduce irritation of the nostril and the sinuses. The anti-bacterial and ant-fungal properties of lemon enable it to struggle micro organism that trigger acne. It is full of Vitamin C, which additionally acts as an antioxidant that fights illness-causing free radicals in the body. You should drink a glass of nimbu paani made with the juice of two lemons to get your every day dose of Vitamin C. Systemic therapy typically will name for oral antibiotics, the specific sort determined by microbiological investigation and local infection management protocols. Since staph infections are caused by micro organism, they are handled with antibiotics. However, some strains of staphylococcus micro organism have become immune to antibiotics. Sinus infections might disappear over time but they could have to be handled with antibiotics. The CDC recommend that adults get a tetanus booster shot each 10 years to protect them against tetanus an infection. However, for certain types of wound, a doctor should prescribe a tetanus shot for individuals who haven’t had one in the past 5 years. Rarely, incision wounds from surgical procedures can even turn out to be contaminated.

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Unlocking the Goodness of Indian Grains: A South Indian Perspective In the heartlands of South India, where traditions and culinary artistry intertwine, the cherished Indian grains have held a special place for centuries. These grains, abundant in their diversity, have not only adorned our plates but have also adorned our lives with their numerous health benefits. Let’s embark on a journey to uncover the rich tapestry of advantages these grains bring, as we delve into some frequently asked questions. Millet, a versatile and ancient cereal grain, has garnered renewed attention for its remarkable nutritional value and culinary adaptability. With origins dating back thousands of years, millet has been a staple in various cultures around the world, particularly in regions with challenging growing conditions. This resilient grain is rich in essential nutrients, including dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals such as magnesium and phosphorus. Millet’s Hypoglycemic index contributes to stable blood sugar levels, making it an excellent choice for those seeking sustained energy and improved insulin sensitivity. Its mild flavor and light texture lend themselves to a variety of dishes, from porridges and pilafs to baked goods. As an environmentally friendly crop requiring minimal water and resources, millet also offers sustainable benefits. Embracing millet as a part of our modern diets not only connects us to ancient traditions but also paves the way for a healthier and more sustainable future. Sorghum, a resilient and versatile cereal grain, has gained prominence for its exceptional attributes and adaptability. Originating from Africa, sorghum has spread its roots across the globe due to its ability to thrive in diverse climatic conditions. This drought-tolerant grain is renowned for its nutritional richness, boasting antioxidants, fiber, and essential nutrients like iron and B vitamins. With both gluten-free and easily digestible qualities, sorghum is a suitable option for individuals with dietary restrictions and sensitivities. Its diverse applications range from being ground into flour for baked goods to popped as a wholesome snack. Beyond its culinary virtues, sorghum’s cultivation requires less water compared to other grains, making it environmentally sustainable. Embracing sorghum not only nourishes our bodies but also supports a sustainable and inclusive approach to agriculture and nutrition. 3. Red Rice: Red rice, a distinctive and nutrient-rich whole grain, has garnered attention for its unique hue and health benefits. Hailing from regions like Southeast Asia, red rice is known for its vibrant reddish-brown outer bran layer, which contains an abundance of antioxidants like anthologists. These antioxidants contribute to its distinctive color and offer potential health advantages. Red rice is an excellent source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, including B vitamins, iron, and zinc. Its hypoglycemic index aids in managing blood sugar levels, making it a favorable choice for individuals seeking to regulate their glucose intake. The nutty flavor and chewy texture of red rice lend themselves to a variety of dishes, from salads to risottos. By incorporating red rice into our diets, we not only savor its rich taste but also avail ourselves of its wholesome nutritional composition, contributing to a well-rounded and nourishing lifestyle. Furthermore, red rice cultivation often follows sustainable agricultural practices, which align with the growing global interest in Eco-friendly food sources. Its ability to thrive in a range of environments without extensive chemical inputs makes it an environmentally conscious choice. The cultivation of red rice also contributes to biodiversity preservation, as traditional varieties are often cultivated, maintaining genetic diversity within crops. Embracing red rice is not just an exploration of diverse culinary experiences; it’s a step towards holistic well-being and environmental consciousness. Its bold color, distinct flavor, and nutritional potency serve as a testament to the treasures found within nature’s bounty. By celebrating and incorporating red rice into our diets, we honor age-old traditions while nourishing our bodies and fostering sustainable practices that benefit both ourselves and the planet. FAQs About the Benefits of Indian Grains Q1: What are Indian Grains, and why are they significant in South Indian cuisine? A1: Indian grains encompass a spectrum of cereals and pseudo-cereals that form the foundation of our meals. In South Indian cuisine, these grains—such as rice, millet, sorghum, and more—have deep cultural roots, playing a pivotal role in everyday sustenance. Q2: What nutritional value do Indian grains offer? A2: Indian grains are a treasure trove of nutrients. They are rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, fostering energy, digestion, and overall well-being. Grains like millet are high in fiber, aiding in better digestion and promoting a feeling of fullness. Q3: How do these grains contribute to a healthy lifestyle? A3: Indian grains possess hypoglycemic indexes, preventing rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. This steadiness in energy release sustains us throughout the day and curbs unhealthy snacking tendencies. Q4: Are Indian grains suitable for weight management? A4: Absolutely! Indian grains offer a balance of nutrients and fiber that support weight management efforts. Their ability to satiate hunger while providing essential nutrients is a valuable asset in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. Q5: Can Indian grains be part of a gluten-free diet? A5: Certainly. Grains like rice, millet, quinoa, and amaranth are naturally gluten-free, making them an excellent choice for individuals with gluten sensitivities. Q6: How do Indian grains promote heart health? A6: The soluble fibers in these grains help lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart diseases. Their rich magnesium content supports cardiovascular health by relaxing blood vessels and regulating blood pressure. Q7: What role do Indian grains play in promoting gut health? A7: The high fiber content aids in maintaining a healthy gut by supporting regular bowel movements and fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Conclusion: Savoring the Wholesomeness In the sun-kissed lands of South India, the benefits of Indian grains have been woven into the fabric of life for generations. From the humble steamed idlis made from rice to the nutritious ragi dosas, these grains have graced our tables and nurtured our bodies. As we celebrate the symphony of flavors and health benefits that Indian grains bring, let us embrace them with open arms. With a heritage that spans centuries and a nutritional value that transcends borders, these grains invite us to nourish ourselves in the most wholesome and delightful way possible. So, let the tale of Indian grains continue, enriching our lives and reminding us of the beauty of simplicity and tradition.

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What is Selective Search? Selective Search is a region proposal algorithm used in object detection. It is designed to be fast with a very high recall. It is based on computing hierarchical grouping of similar regions based on color, texture, size and shape compatibility. Does R CNN uses selective search method for object detection? Prediction. Once different parts of R-CNN are trained, the next part is to do the object detection. An input image is taken and using selective search algorithm, around 2000 region proposals are obtained for an image. Each region proposal image is warped to a fixed size of 224x224. Why is Yolo bad? Although the apps intended use is to send and receive questions and answers anonymously, due to the format, it opens up users to harmful risks such as cyberbullying and trolling, harassment, hate speech, and other inappropriate behavior.

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In the 21st century, technology has brought massive changes in education. E-learning is booming in the modern world, aided by the accessibility of high-speed Internet like 4G. Higher learning institutions have adopted the E-learning trend, and education is spreading in the world today. Online learning is facilitated through the Learning Management System (LMS). These are online platforms or portals that aid the teaching in educational institutions. Technological features responsible for harbouring instructors’ learning materials support the learning experience. LMS helps to overcome traditional methods of education, and it in return overcomes the lack of educational diversity. Concurrently, LMS enables students to attain a specific skill set related to their passion. E-learning promotes practical skills through offline and online videos: etiquette, problem-solving, communication, and research. Through an in-depth analysis of learning facilitated by LMS, this paper aims to emphasize its delivery of online learning in educational institutions. Learning Management System (LMS) among university students studying online LMS is an online portal connecting students and lecturers. This portal allows interaction and sharing of information through forums for discussion out of the classrooms that could otherwise consume a lot of time to learn in classrooms. Most universities are located in cities where access to the Internet is easy. Lecturers give out lecture notes, and the students discover the rest of the information independently. Through searching for information, the students offer their thoughts and opinions about the topic (Nor & Lee, 2013). The use of the Internet by academicians worldwide is aimed at research. For instance, students in Malaysia had used the Internet for course-related activities to accomplish their learning tasks. It has improved the educational process and has managed to address declining academic standards, weak collaborative partnerships, and meet the increasing demand for higher education. Example of a Learning management system This learning management system fosters learning and teaching in colleges and universities. This system was developed in 1997, and it offers online services whereby students can join classes via hybrid learning models (Blackboard, 2022). According to Blackboard (2022), the system provides learning freedom and is reliable with a user-friendly interface. Students using this platform can submit their assignments as it is equipped with various web-based tools which aid them to create their content. These tools include wikis and electronic portfolios. It is an easy to maintain system offering flexibility to use with other institutional devices. How LMS Works concerning online learning LMS is a web-based technology it assists in planning, distributing, and evaluating a specified learning process. The environment of this software is designed to manage the learning interventions of the user apart from having the ability to deliver resources and learning content to the students. Further, it contains human interactions, pedagogical devices, assessment support, and learning content offered even from distant areas (Muhardi et al.,2020). Lecturers can interact and share learning tools through such features as video conferencing, thread discussions, and forums for discussions. Participation and assessment of online performance are made possible by the interactive features of LMS as it has the goal of tracking the students. As a learning tool, LMS facilitates the delivery of information at any place, time, and pace; hence it is a tool that benefits the adopters. Since LMS is linked to the aspects of the Internet, different factors influence the use of the Internet to search for information. The Internet is user-friendly, and its availability for research at any time is convenient. Other factors are personal characteristics like age, income which distinguishes people concerning economic power and educational level. The most connected age group is between 18 and 24years. Reports American Life Project and Pew Internet indicate that young people use the Internet the most. Individuals between 29 and 59 years use the Internet to perform research for jobs and government sites (Muhardi et al., 2020). The younger people are reported to also scratch for medical information online instead of visiting doctors manually. Last but not least, students search for information on the Internet due to pictures and drawings available on the web. They complement the almost constant flux of the information written in the textbooks. Researchers have contradicting ideas about whether students should use the Internet to search for information. Vom Brocke et al. (2015) explain the factors that determine what students and teachers will accomplish from the Internet are attributed to the following factors: the internet culture, technical knowledge, design of the curriculum, implementation, and attitude and expectations. Today, millions of students can connect to their schools worldwide through the Internet to provide such access. Huge investments have been spent to accord such an expectation to link communication with information. The Internet improves the outcomes of education. Thus it is true to say that what you get out a great deal has to be put into it. Another study indicates that the Internet can prove good but harmful for students. The Internet can aid studies, but students can be distracted due to being attracted while on the web. For example, the central question of the interaction of female students in the Internet environment proved to generate a solution from the data collected. They spent increased time on SN Websites (Vom Brocke et al., 2015). The female students need to cope with the stress associated with examination by limiting the use of social networking websites. Challenges Limiting delivery of Online Learning using LMS During the Covid-19 pandemic, many learning institutions found it challenging to implement LMS as it was used for the first time. By implementing strategies to curb the pandemic, most people changed their usual way of living (Adzharuddin & Ling 2013). There was no physical attendance at schools. Students had to rely on online platforms like LMS to continue their studies. No one was prepared for this, and therefore, fostering education depended on high understanding by relevant participants. According to Adzharuddin and Ling (2013), most learning institutions are reluctant to adopt LMS usage in schools. It might have been influenced by unpreparedness for the infrastructure required to conduct online learning due to proximity to cities. Areas considered of high technology in terms of the Internet. It made students stay at home for long periods without school. It, in return, also contributed to a lack of growth in the education sector, thereby encouraging traditional teaching methods. These traditional methods face many challenges: they lack education diversity, inadequate attention of the individuals, and inadequate skills. Further, LMS is faced with a low level of policy awareness by the stakeholders. Adzharuddin and Ling (2013) argue that the use of LMS features to engage students requires immediate feedback for the system to be successful. Lack of attention and student engagement leads to developments of negative attitude, thereby affecting education goals. Many university lecturers have limited themselves to uploading learning content that is not helpful to the students. Unstable connectivity to the Internet poses a challenge to the adoption and usage of LMS. an essential requirement for LMS to work is the internet connection. The absence of the unstable Internet may pose a challenge to adopt this online learning system. Lacking the proper gadgets like computers, tablets, laptops, pads, and even smartphones is a factor limiting the adoption of this education system that is distant (Adzharuddin & Ling 2013). Other factors include inadequate coordination about the management of technical resources of the education system and the lack of productive governing models for LMS. The Success of Online Learning using LMS E-learning enables students to acquire advanced skills, and more knowledge is gathered to expand the capacity. E-learning has been made successful by using LMS in universities mostly that can acquire and establish necessary equipment that supports the use of LMS. The Covid-19 pandemic contributed to the success of using the online learning system due to restrictions of movement and lockdown. The only access to educational resources relied entirely on online teaching. The form of online education has proven to be significant to students compared to traditional forms of education to gain more knowledge and skills. According to Mtebe (2015), student performance has been established by measuring the success rate of LMS. Students are granted full control of their education through the E-learning platform of LMS. It is a motivational tool for students to escalate in better courses. Confidence is thus built, and they have the opportunity to focus and consult in the courses they find challenging. The rate of retaining information is higher in online learning. It is necessitated by the engaging platform of the LMS for the students. Adzharuddin & Ling (2013) indicate that the following are ways in which LMS engages students while learning: Learners are presented with attractive images. It adds interest to the online course, learning through interaction- there is the presentation of dynamic videos and talking through new concepts. The use of multimedia in the modules helps retain the students’ attention. Games can be incorporated the E-learning. Gamification spikes interest when played across the board. Students can schedule their learning activities, thereby learning willingly. E-learning fosters better performance, according to the description of Mtebe (2015). He argues that there is increased user satisfaction since it regulates self-learning. In Online Learning, learning control is transferred to the individual from the tutor, unlike the traditional one that demands the student adhere to a sequence characterized by place, time, and context. Students are in control of their contingencies, pace, and learning path. In return, learners motivate their learning, thereby giving their best. Last but not least, with the use of LMS in online learning, the instructor can track and monitor performance through random assignments. In this way, the students requiring early intervention are identified and offered assistance. Mtebe (2015) says that key experiment design aspects like blinding, random assignments, and controlling help obtain non-deceptive results through confounding. Each participant has equal chances of being placed in any group where the instructor will offer appropriate guidance. Developments in LMS that enhance online learning The increased innovation in smart devices, interactive education models, and high-speed Internet facilitates development in E-learning in LMS. As a means to improve the existing learning systems, the following features have proven essential: there has been the innovation of low priced teaching methods compared to traditional systems of education (Sarkar, 2020). It applies in developing countries mostly, whereby the dominant education provider and financier is the government. Resources are scarce, while the demand for quality education is enormous. It makes education inaccessible to significant parts of society. The governments reach out to ensure services are delivered directly by providers and that they fulfil the terms of the contract, for example, Charter schools in the US and Concession schools in Colombia. Furthermore, systems are being created with more flexibility to accommodate learning without regard to differences in time zones, student location, or instructor. LMS has improved the quality of standards to improve education requirements to enable students’ satisfaction. LMS lacks direct relation between student collaboration and current LMS systems, which limits the appropriate approach of the educators towards E-learning. Real-time interaction between learners is also hindered. Models are being created to develop a road map for education institutions to adopt for E-learning (Sarkar, 2020). They are meant to integrate and incorporate platforms of social networking with LMS. It will help to overcome limitations posed by LMS and, in return, improve the quality of the education process such that it can be attractive, cooperative, and much better. In conclusion, this study reveals that LMS should be incorporated at the centre of these learning institutions for better educational performance. E-learning promotes flexibility and also enhances individual studies. The students become more committed, which increases their time management skills in the long run. Online learning using LMS improves the collaboration of the students with their instructors as they seek them for help on unclarified topics. Through increased personal studies, students gain critical thinking skills; thus, they can think and perceive assignments differently. It prepares them for the outside world regarding the job sector, whereby the majority of the companies are requesting candidates with such skills to hire. Adzharuddin, N. A., & Ling, L. H. (2013). Learning management system (LMS) among university students: Does it work. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 3(3), 248-252. Blackboard. (2022). Blackboard learning is for Educators. Blackboard is now part of Anthology. URL: https://www.blackboard.com/teaching-learning/learning-management/blackboard-learn Mtebe, J. (2015). Learning management system success: Increasing learning management system usage in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 11(2). Sarkar, S. (2020 May 16). A brief history of online education. Adams University. URL: https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/a-brief-history-of-online-education/ Kumar Basak, S., Wotto, M., & Belanger, P. (2018). E-learning, M-learning and D-learning: Conceptual definition and comparative analysis. E-learning and Digital Media, 15(4), 191-216. Muhardi, M., Gunawan, S. I., Irawan, Y., & Devis, Y. (2020). Design web-based LMS (learning management system) in SMAN 1 Kampar Kiri Hilir. Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS), 1(2), 70-76. Vom Brocke, J., Simons, A., Riemer, K., Niehaves, B., Plattfaut, R., & Cleven, A. (2015). Standing on the shoulders of giants: Challenges and recommendations of literature search in information systems research—communications of the association for information systems, 37(1), 9.

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opposite of digital Digital has been the primary method of communication we have used since the advent of writing. We have written letters, spoken to others, made phone calls, sent and received e-mails, posted pictures, and sent texts. For many, this is the only option to communicate. Of course, we have the option to communicate through physical objects as well. We can send letters, e-mails, and texts using physical forms of communication. You can even do this using the most basic of technologies. For instance, you can send pictures and write messages with a piece of paper. We don’t write letters anymore. It’s no longer the most expedient form of communication. Yet we still manage to send and receive pictures and text messages using our phones, computers, and iPads. We get up in the morning and turn on our phones. We open up our e-mail accounts and open up our texts. We can even make phone calls if we’re in a location that has phone service. This is one of the many reasons why we should stop comparing digital technology to paper. Sure, if you were to pick up a pen and paper these days, you could probably write a letter. You could even write a letter. But if you were to write a letter, you would probably only be able to write a letter, and you would probably have to type a lot of text. But in the modern age, there is no analog to that. Today, you can actually talk to a person with an iPhone on the other end by saying “Hey Siri.” Say “Hey Siri” and you’ll be able to call someone from your phone. You can even talk to someone on your phone by saying “Hello” and they’ll reply. It’s just a bit more convenient than typing “Hello” and waiting for someone to reply. When it comes to talking to people, we can also interact with digital things that exist in the physical world. This is called the Internet. The Internet has been around since the early 1990’s, and you can find people everywhere. But now, you can actually see them as well. Some people even have their own websites. All you need to do is find a website, open it up, put in a username and password, and you can go online and communicate with them. But can you actually communicate with something that’s not a person? Or is that just a “buzzword” that everyone uses when talking about the Internet? I’ll tell you the truth, I think it’s just a buzzword. I think some people just like talking about it. We can even talk to some computers. But I don’t think it’s a real thing. I’ve been wanting to do this for years. I’ve always wanted to have a personal website, and now I may actually do it. I’ve never done it because I don’t want to break the law. But the idea of getting into a relationship where one of us is the website and the other is the person we’re communicating with, that’s something I’d love to do. And that’s just what you’d call a fake business. That’s what it is. Even the term fake business is a fake business. Exactly. Now what we are talking about here are the same type of relationships that can be found on the Internet. In the real world, there are laws governing what you can and cannot do on the Internet. In the case of a fake business, I would expect the same thing.

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A group of sleep scientists has revealed that disrupted night sleep may increase the risk of fat buildup and inflammation in the arterial walls, a condition called atherosclerosis, which is the primary risk factor for heart attacks and stroke, the leading causes of death globally. The findings add poor sleep quality as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Established risk factors for cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity. To arrive at this conclusion, the researchers analyzed more than 1,600 middle-aged and older adults using a national dataset. Their work also showed that disrupted sleep patterns were associated with a higher levels of inflammation in the body, which contributes to atherosclerosis.

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Presentation on theme: "Iron and Steel Production Manufacturing Process Dr.Apiwat Muttamara."— Presentation transcript: Iron and Steel Production Manufacturing Process Dr.Apiwat Muttamara History of Materials Production of Iron Classifications of Metal Alloys Iron Metal Steel Stainless steel Classifications of Metal Alloys Metal Alloys Steels FerrousNonferrous Cast Irons CuAlMgTi <1.4wt%C3-4.5wt%C Steels <1.4wt%C Cast Irons 3-4.5wt%C Ferrous alloys: iron is the prime constituent -Alloys that are so brittle that forming by deformation is not possible ordinary are cast Common properties of metals. Chemical properties…ex. Corrosion resistance. Physical properties…color, density, weight, electrical and heat conductivity. Mechanical properties…are determined when outside forces are applied to a metal. Properties of Iron and Steel Many of the properties of steel are affected by: –Carbon content –Impurities (sulfur, phosphorus and slag) –Addition of alloys such as chromium –Heat treatment 7 HISTORY OF METALS 86 Metals known today Only 24 discovered before 19th century Earliest metals were gold (6000BC) and copper (4200BC) Seven Origin were: Gold( 6000BC), Copper( 4200BC), Silver (4000BC), Lead (3500BC), Tin (1750BC), Smelted Iron (1500BC) and Mercury ( 750BC) HISTORY OF METALS Although several metals occur in the earths crust in their native state, the early civilizations learned to process ores -- usually metal sulfides or oxides -- by reduction or oxidation processes at elevated temperatures. At first, this probably happened by accident, when these ores were dropped into campfires. By smelting tin ores with copper ores a new kind of copper was produced that was stronger and easier to cast.. This was discovery of bronze. Melting point ( c ) Aluminium 659 Silver 961 Gold 1063 Copper 1083 Iron 1520 Cast iron 1093 Steel 1371 Carbon 3500 Iron weapons revolutionized warfare and iron implements did the same for farming. Iron and steel have become the the building blocks of our society. Where Does Iron Come From? Naturally occurring iron exists as iron- oxide (rust) The iron in meteorites is metallic iron, but there arent enough meteorites to supply our iron needs Iron Ores Hematite -Fe 2 O 3 Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 Siderite limonite Si P Mn S Blast Furnace 40 10 Metallurgy Mid-18 th century use of coke instead of charcoal for smelting iron, main advantage is that it required less labour than charcoal. Slag is the left-overs from the removal of non-metallic impurities during the smelting of metals.smeltingmetal Production of Pig iron Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) Coke limestone C CO 2 Slag (Mn,P,Si) Reaction Coke CO, H 2, CO 2, H 2 O, N 2, O 2 Fe 2 O 3 + CO 2FeO+CO 2 CO 2 + C (coke) 2CO FeO + CO Fe + CO2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Pig Iron The principal raw material for all ferrous products is pig iron or direct iron. Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 4-5%, which makes it very brittle and not very useful directly as a material. on and several % Carboncarbon Steel It wasnt possible to make steel until about 1850 An open hearth furnace is used to burn off the excess carbon Carbon can also be burned off with –Electric Furnace Steel Designation –Wrought Iron –Low Carbon –Medium Carbon –High Carbon –Very High Carbon –Gray Cast Iron % Carbon –.02 -.03 –.05 -.30 –.30 -.45 –.45 -.75 –.75 - 1.00 –1.7 - 4.5 Iron with controlled amounts of carbon. Steels are classified by their carbon content. Percent of carbon in Iron Wrought iron is a very pure form of commercial iron, having a very small carbon content. It is tough, malleable(easily forming), ductile and can be easily welded. However, it is too soft to make blades from; steel, with a carbon content between wrought and the high-carbon brittle cast iron, is used for that. Wrought iron has been used for thousands of years, and represents the "iron" that is referred to throughout history.ironcarbonweldedsteel cast iron Steel generally has less than about 0.7% C, but can have up to 1.4 (2.11theory) % C. Fe 3 C cementite 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 4 0 1234566.7 L austenite +L +Fe 3 C +Fe 3 C + L+Fe 3 C (Fe) Carbon concentration, wt% C Eutectic Eutectoid 0.77 4.30 727°C 1148°C T(°C) Furnaces for Converting Steel Open hearth furnace Bessemer furnace Basic Oxygen furnace Induction furnace Open-hearth furnace THE FLOOR OF FIRE PLACE In the furnace, which has a wide, saucer- shaped hearth and a low roof, molten pig iron and scrap are packed into the shallow hearth and heated by overhead gas burners using preheated air. Open hearth furnance gas and air enter pre-heated chamber C. molten pig iron hearth chamber (cold) gas and air exit Basic–oxygen Furnance Tap hole Electric arc furnace Direct Indirect Induction furnance coil Refractory Insulator Ingot An ingot is a mass of metal or semiconducting material, heated past the melting point, and then recast, typically into the form of a bar or block. More generally, these objects are typically cast into a specific shape with the aim of rendering them easy to handle. Additionally, ingots may be molds from which metal objects are cast.metalsemiconducting materialmelting point Ingot pipe mold Cast Stool Ladle Tundish mold Straight Zone Continuous casting Summary: Steels Low-Carbon Steels Properties: nonresponsive to heat treatments; relatively soft and weak; machinable and weldable. Typical applications: automobile bodies, structural shapes, pipelines, buildings, bridges, and tin cans. Medium-Carbon Steels Properties: heat treatable, relatively large combinations of mechanical characteristics. Typical applications: railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts, and machine parts. High-Carbon Steels Properties: hard, strong, and relatively brittle. Typical applications: chisels, hammers, knives, and hacksaw blades. High-Alloy Steels (Stainless and Tool) Properties: hard and wear resistant; resistant to corrosion in a large variety of environments. Typical applications: cutting tools, drills, cutlery, food processing, and surgical tools. Standards Designation Equivalent of Tool Steels --- AISIAmerican Iron & Steel Institute JISJapanese Industrial Standards DINDeutsches Institut für Normung (German Standards Institute) SSSvensk Standard (Swedish Standard) BSBritish Standards Stainless Steel >10% Chromium May also contain large amounts of nickel The austenite structure survives at room temperature Makes the steel especially corrosion resistant Non magnetic-Only martensitic stainless Metal Casting Manufacturing Process Dr.Apiwat Muttamara Casting Has quite a bit more cementite in it than steel That makes it hard and brittle But cementite is a metastable compound, that can decompose into iron and graphite with the appropriate thermal treatment Cast iron Casting since about 4000 BC… Ancient Greece; bronze statue casting circa 450BC Iron works in early Europe, e.g. cast iron cannons from England circa 1543 The situations in which casting is the preferred fabrication technique are: - For large pieces and/or complicated shapes. - When mechanical strength is not an important consideration. - For alloys having low ductility. - When it is the most economical fabrication technique. Casting Methods Sand Casting High Temperature Alloy, Complex Geometry, Rough Surface Finish Investment Casting High Temperature Alloy, Complex Geometry, Moderately Smooth Surface Finish Die Casting High Temperature Alloy, Moderate Geometry, Smooth Surface Vents, which are placed in molds to carry off gases produced when the molten metal comes into contact with the sand in the molds and core. They also exhaust air from the mold cavity as the molten metal flows into the mold. Sand Casting Gate Sand Casting Mold Features Sand Casting Considerations (a) How do we make the pattern? [cut, carve, machine] (b) Why is the pattern not exactly identical to the part shape? - pattern outer surfaces; (inner surfaces: core) - shrinkage, post-processing (c) parting line - how to determine? Investment casting (lost wax casting) (a) Wax pattern (injection molding) (b) Multiple patterns assembled to wax sprue (c) Shell built immerse into ceramic slurry immerse into fine sand (few layers) (d) dry ceramic melt out the wax fire ceramic (burn wax) (e) Pour molten metal (gravity) cool, solidify [Hollow casting: pouring excess metal before solidification (f) Break ceramic shell (vibration or water blasting) (g) Cut off parts (high-speed friction saw) finishing (polish) Evaporative-pattern casting (lost foam process) - Styrofoam pattern - dipped in refractory slurry dried - sand (support) - pour liquid metal - foam evaporates, metal fills the shell - cool, solidify - break shell part Permanent mold casting MOLD: made of metal (cast iron, steel, refractory alloys) CORE: (hollow parts) - metal: core can be extracted from the part - sand-bonded: core must be destroyed to remove Mold-surface: coated with refractory material - Spray with lubricant (graphite, silica) - improve flow, increase life - good tolerance, good surface finish - low mp metals (Cu, Bronze, Al, Mg) (3) ram is withdrawn, die is opened, and part is ejected. Used for higher temperature metals eg. Aluminum, Copper and alloys Die Casting – Cold-Chamber Casting (1) with die closed and ram withdrawn, (2)forces and, maintaining pressure during the cooling and solidification Die Casting – Hot-Chamber Casting (1) with die closed and plunger withdrawn, (2) forces metal in, maintaining pressure during cooling and solidification; Die Casting – Hot-Chamber Casting (3) plunger is withdrawn, die is opened, and solidified part is ejected Finished part Die Casting Description: Molten metal is injected, under pressure, into hardened steel dies, often water cooled. Dies are opened, and castings are ejected. Metals: Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium, and limited Brass. Size Range: Not normally over 2 feet square. Some foundries capable of larger sizes. Tolerances: Al and Mg.002 /in. Zinc.0015 /in. Brass.001 /in. Add.001 to.015 across parting line depending on size High Melt Temperature Chemical Activity High Latent Heat Handling Off-gassing 3000° C 0° C 1000° C 2000° C Tungsten Carbide, WC, Silicon Carbide, SiC Alumina Al 2 O 3 Platinum, Pt Titanium, Ti IronFE, Nickel, Ni Copper, Cu, Bronze, Brass Aluminum Magnesium Zinc, Zn Tin, Sn Vacuum casting Similar to investment casting, except: fill mold by reverse gravity Easier to make hollow casting: early pour out Centrifugal casting - permanent mold - rotated about its axis at 300 ~ 3000 rpm - molten metal is poured - Surface finish: better along outer diameter than inner, - Impurities, inclusions, closer to the inner diameter (why ?) Casting Design: Typical casting defects Casting Design: guidelines (a) avoid sharp corners (b) use fillets to blend section changes smoothly (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas Casting Design: guidelines (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas (c2) if unavoidable, design mold to ensure - easy metal flow - uniform, rapid cooling (use chills, fluid-cooled tubes) Casting Design: guidelines (d) avoid large, flat areas - warpage due to residual stresses (why?) Casting Design: guidelines (e) provide drafts and tapers - easy removal, avoid damage - along what direction should we taper ? Casting Design: guidelines (g) proper design of parting line - flattest parting line is best Different Casting Processes ProcessAdvantagesDisadvantagesExamples Sandmany metals, sizes, shapes, cheap poor finish & tolerance engine blocks, cylinder heads Shell moldbetter accuracy, finish, higher production rate limited part sizeconnecting rods, gear housings Expendable pattern Wide range of metals, sizes, shapes patterns have low strength cylinder heads, brake components Plaster moldcomplex shapes, good surface finish non-ferrous metals, low production rate prototypes of mechanical parts Ceramic moldcomplex shapes, high accuracy, good finish small sizesimpellers, injection mold tooling Investmentcomplex shapes, excellent finish small parts, expensive jewellery Permanent mold good finish, low porosity, high production rate Costly mold, simpler shapes only gears, gear housings DieExcellent dimensional accuracy, high production rate costly dies, small parts, non-ferrous metals gears, camera bodies, car wheels CentrifugalLarge cylindrical parts, good quality Expensive, few shapes pipes, boilers, flywheels

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A brief overview of… Pervious concrete (porous concrete/ gap-graded concrete) is a pavement with a typical void content between 15% and 25%. It is a new movement towards the green era of construction. Voids allow rainwater to flow through the pores of the concrete and return to the earth. Pervious Concrete helps restore groundwater as well as the reduction in the amount of retaining ponds, thus allowing for more efficient land use. Many environmental engineers consider the placement of pervious concrete a best management practice. Based on research conducted at Middle Tennessee State University, pervious concrete can drain 5 gal/min between 30 seconds and 1 minute depending on void content of the mix. Pervious concrete is a mixture of cement paste and large aggregate, with little or no sand. This mix design, along with proper placement and finishing techniques, allows rain water to permeate to the sub-base of the slab and return to the earth. With a high percentage of voids and the low cement paste content, pervious concrete is considerably lower strength than normal concrete. Pervious concrete must be designed for its specific application or use. Most applications of pervious concrete are for low traffic pavements such as parking lots, alleys, and driveways. It is also practical to use along the shoulders of heavy traffic roads, such as highways and interstates, or as a sub-base to other pavements. These heavy traffic areas are graded towards the shoulder, directing the water towards the pervious pavement where it then percolates back to the earth. All in all, it reduces the need for storm water drains. Because of it’s insulating characteristics, pervious concrete is now being used in many structures. It acts as a filter and retains contaminants such as oils and other fluids that leak from automobiles onto the pervious pavement. These same contaminants on other pavement surfaces can be washed away and introduced to waterways. Within the pervious concrete, these chemicals are broken down by naturally occurring bacterias and fungi. Although pervious has many advantages in construction and environmental practices today, one disadvantage is that it can become clogged rather easily with sediment. The pavement must be flushed and cleaned out when this happens. When laying a section of pervious concrete, the sun and wind can be detrimental. The plastic state of pervious is very sticky and resembles sticky pea gravel. Adding water to the concrete will only make the mix creamy and will make the surface impermeable. Rolling the surface is the preferred method over troweling and floating the surface. This method is more effective for keeping the void content consistent, and it does not seal the surface like toweling or floating. Because pervious is a relatively new science in the concrete industry, there are many questions and technical problems that are still prominent. However, the strong surge in the economy for green practices is helping pervious concrete gain popularity

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How Fast is Your Metabolism? Are you a sloth or a hummingbird? Read on to understand how metabolism works Most people think of metabolism simply as a factor that influences your ability to gain or lose weight, but it’s more complicated than that! Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions in the body which convert the food we eat into the energy that we use for growth, movement, and thought. Metabolic reactions occur simultaneously to keep us healthy. The basal metabolic rate, or BMR, measures how fast a person’s body uses energy (in calories — a unit of energy) while at rest. If you eat too many calories, the body will store the energy as fat for later use. Those with a low BMR burn fewer calories while at rest and will have a tendency to gain weight. However, you can speed up your metabolism by exercising. - Try taking a walk in the countryside; - Or playing a game with friends; - Anything active can help to speed up your metabolism; - The key to sticking with exercise, is to find something you enjoy. It is very common for people to blame a slow metabolism for their weight problems, but it is often more likely that diet and lifestyle choices are to blame. What about hormones? Hormones play a role in metabolism: Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, which affects the speed of metabolism in a person’s body. An overactive thyroid can result in energy being used too fast, resulting in hyperactivity and weight loss. The hormone insulin is released by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose — usually after meals. It pushes blood sugar into the cells and triggers an increase in anabolic activities. When metabolism goes wrong it can result in any number of diseases including hypothyroidism, diabetes, and enzyme deficiencies which prevent people from being able to break down certain proteins. How does metabolism work? Metabolism begins with plants and photosynthesis — the process whereby a plant absorbs energy from sunlight, enabling it to create sugars from water and carbon dioxide. We eat the plants, taking in this energy in the form of carbohydrate which is digested, releasing glucose into the bloodstream to fuel the body. Digestive enzymes break protein from food down into its individual constituents, called amino acids. Fats are converted into fatty acids, and carbohydrates become sugars, all of which are slowly released into the bloodstream as part of the digestive process. These nutrients enter the body’s cells through the blood, and are either used to power the body, build muscle and repair damage, or they are stored for later use. So the process of metabolism is the building up of tissues, muscle and energy stores and the breaking down of energy stores and fat to generate energy on demand. Anabolism (constructive metabolism), is all about building and storing: It supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues, and the storage of energy for use in the future. The reverse, is catabolism (destructive metabolism), which produces energy for cellular activity. Catabolism releases glucose, mostly from carbohydrates and stored fat, which provides energy to heat the body and enable movement. Which animals have the fastest metabolism? Slow: A sloth’s metabolism is so slow that they take a long time to move and digest food. They only poop once a week! Faster: Ants living in a colony produce just 75% of the metabolic by-products that would be produced by each ant alone. Fastest: Hummingbirds have small bodies and very high levels of activity, giving them a metabolic rate approximately 12 times that of a pigeon.

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Hungarian, also known as Magyar, is the universal language. In addition to the letters of the English alphabet, it has the following letters and combinations: á, é, í, ó, ö, o , ú, u, cs, dz, dzs, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs . Written in Latin characters, Hungarian (Magyar) belongs to the Finno-Ugric family, a branch of the Ural-Altaic language group. Hungarian (Magyar) is also characterized by an admixture of Turkish, Slavic, German, Latin, and French words. In addition to their native language, many Hungarians speak English, German, French, or (since World War II) Russian. In 2002, 98.2% of the population spoke Hungarian; 1.8% spoke various other languages.

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Asking people how much inflation they expect can be a strange activity. However, it can provide key insights into people’s opinions and expectations regarding the state of the economy. Questions like this can provide important information about consumer sentiment and help economists better understand public perception. In this article, we’ll explore why it’s important to ask people how much inflation they expect and look at some of the key benefits of doing so: Definition of inflation Inflation is the general increase in prices and a fall in money’s purchasing value. Inflation occurs when too much money is chasing a limited amount of goods, increasing prices. This is because people are willing to pay more for the same item, leading to an overall price rise. The inflation rate is usually measured by calculating changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which measures price fluctuations for a basket of goods such as food, fuel and entertainment services. Inflation can have varying effects depending on how it affects each individual or society. In many cases, it can be beneficial if it stays within moderation levels most economists accept. Moderate inflation levels can encourage spending while giving people with debt more time to pay it off since their monthly payments become worth less when inflation rises. On the other hand, high inflation levels can hurt households’ budgeting and strain an economy’s resources due to higher demand for goods at greater prices. That is why consumers need to understand: - What economists mean when they forecast inflation - How much they expect from current economic policies. Why it’s important to ask people how much inflation they expect Inflation significantly impacts the economy and is a gauge of how well the government is managing its finances. Therefore, knowing how much people expect inflation to be shortly helps businesses, investors and policy makers make better decisions. Inflation expectations affect households, businesses and financial institutions’ spending, saving and investment decisions. For example, consumers tend to purchase more goods and services when the expected inflation rate is low, allowing them to buy goods at lower prices than if they were higher. Likewise, businesses use inflation expectations to decide how to price their goods. At the same time, investors adjust their portfolios to protect their wealth from losses due to higher or unexpectedly low inflation rates. The Federal Reserve pays close attention to expecting inflation levels, as these help determine monetary policies such as setting interest rates and controlling money supply. The Central Bank also conducts surveys of economic forecasters that measure current short-term expectations for economic indicators such as GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, exchange rates and – most importantly – expected inflation rate. Asking people about their expectations for future inflation helps economists understand public sentiment on what could happen shortly about market forces such as inflation levels. This can ultimately guide policy makers towards making better decisions that benefit everyone involved in the economy more effectively. Why People Predict Inflation Asking people how much inflation they expect is important for economists, investors and policy-makers. By surveying people on their inflation expectations, economists can gain valuable insights into how they perceive inflation. Moreover, people’s inflation expectations can be remarkably accurate at predicting future inflation rates, making it an important tool for economic decisions. In this article, we will explore - why people predict inflation - what their answers can tell us. Understanding the psychology of inflation Inflation influences many parts of our economic system, so it’s important to understand why people make specific predictions about inflation. The psychology of inflation prediction involves analyzing the attitudes and beliefs of those involved in predicting inflation. In particular, individuals tend to consider the current rate of inflation and its historical average when predicting future levels. Individuals also consider the rate of money supply growth, which indicates whether more money is being created or taken out of circulation by policy makers. Changes in the money supply can have direct ramifications for prices and general economic trends. Other factors considered include global pressures such as changes in commodities prices and supply and demand dynamics. Finally, individuals consider personal concerns such as purchasing behaviors that may be affected by price changes. For example, a person may be more likely to purchase costly items if they expect prices to rise soon due to fears of increasing prices. With an understanding of how individuals form expectations about inflation, economists can estimate how rising sources these will affect economic activities such as: - Consumer spending - Investments decisions How people’s expectations of inflation affect economic decisions People’s expectations of future inflation significantly influence their economic decisions and ultimately impact inflation. When people anticipate a period of higher inflation, they often take actions that can cause the actual inflation rate to become a self-fulfilling prophecy. For example, people might be more likely to make major purchases sooner rather than later if they think prices will be higher shortly. This could potentially increase demand for goods and services, which could also cause prices to increase. In addition, people may also demand higher wages if they believe that their money will buy less as time passes due to a rise in prices. This would further contribute to increasing cost levels. Additionally, investors may adjust the amounts they save or invest based on their expectations of how much they will need after inflation has eroded the purchasing power of their money over time. For example, when investors expect high rates of inflation, they are more likely to invest in investments that provide real returns such as precious metals and commodities, as opposed to investments such as stocks and bonds which provide nominal returns that are diminished by rising prices caused by inflation. All these activities play an important role in predicting how much future inflation will be and how it might affect overall economic growth. The Strange Art of Asking People How Much Inflation They Expect Inflation expectations can have a large impact on the economy, and yet it is often overlooked. Asking people how much inflation they expect is an important part of understanding how the economy works. We will discuss why it’s important to ask people about their inflation expectations, and also look at some of the ways that you can ask these questions: The importance of asking people how much inflation they expect It is no secret that inflation rates have been at historical lows in recent years. While this is generally good news for people who benefit from lower prices, persistent low inflation can lead to other economic difficulties. One way economists measure individuals’ inflation expectations is to simply ask consumers how much they expect goods and services to increase in the coming year or months. By doing so, we can gain insight into personal beliefs about the economy, assess if policymakers are succeeding in their goals and decide what levels of monetary policy would be most effective. Given these benefits, it is important to ask people how much inflation they expect regularly; however, this can be difficult. People may not always accurately report their inflation expectations for various reasons such as cognitive bias or lack of information about current economic conditions. Additionally, because economic outlooks often differ from person to person and tend to become less accurate the further into the future one looks, survey responses may become inconsistent over time or can yield vast discrepancies among different groups of people. That said, surveys such as consumer confidence ones that inquire about expected inflation levels still provide valuable information and can be a useful tool for deciphering consumer sentiment towards macroeconomic trends. Furthermore, by actively asking questions about expected inflation levels and comparing those results against figures provided by other methods (such as market-based data), economists can gain a more complete perspective on current economic conditions and use it to effectively create more efficient policies. How to ask people how much inflation they expect Inflation is a key indicator of overall economic performance and can play a major role in personal finances, investments or consumer spending decisions. Measuring expected inflation is important to understanding how people will adjust their behavior in anticipation of future prices. Asking people about their inflation expectations can provide valuable insights that supplement the more traditional metrics of consumer price indexes and other measurements. Asking the public about their inflation expectations allows analysts to assess sentiment about whether prices will rise (or fall) in the coming period. Answers to questions assessing one’s expectations for inflation help to determine expected paths for monetary policies, rate setting decisions and macroeconomic behavior that, ultimately, affect economic performance. The most common ways to ask people how much they expect prices to change are through surveys or so-called “minute labs” which collect real-time answers by giving participants options on a touch screen. Surveys are generally conducted in either random phone interviews or online questionnaires. At the same time, minute labs collect responses by prompting survey participants at specific times during their daily activities such as grocery shopping or waiting in line at the bank offering immediate feedback on price changes they’re likely experiencing. Regardless of the method used, questions evaluating future inflation should include objective and subjective measures – such as predicted price indices – along with qualitative information such as types of goods expected to rise and/or fall over time. Asking people about what level of inflation they expect helps generate meaningful estimates that can be used for further analysis and informs both private sector decision making and public policy going forward. The Benefits of Asking People How Much Inflation They Expect Asking people how much inflation they expect can be an important part of determining economic trends. This survey provides insight into consumer spending, the cost of goods and services, and the economy’s overall direction. By understanding the public’s expectations of inflation, businesses, governments and economists can make informed decisions about policies and investments. In this article, we’ll look at the benefits of asking people how much inflation they expect, and how it can inform economic policy. Improving economic forecasting Inflation is an important economic indicator, and economists must conduct surveys to get an accurate picture of what people expect the inflation rate to be. Asking people how much inflation they expect helps ensure that economic forecasts are accurate and reliable. Inflation affects consumer spending and investments. By asking people about their expectations for future inflation rates, economists can better understand how consumers will react to changes in the economy – whether positive or negative – and make more reliable forecasts. Businesses can also use this information when considering their investment decisions. Moreover, asking how much inflation people expect has other benefits beyond providing information for more reliable economic forecasting. It allows policymakers to gauge the public’s sentiment on the state of the economy and tailor policy making as needed. It also allows citizens to express their opinions on matters important to them, such as rising prices and wages, which can shape future policy discussions regarding taxation and other aspects of the economy. For example, suppose most respondents expect inflation rates at or above 5%. These results could prompt policymakers to focus on price stability rather than growth policies during economic uncertainty. Asking people about future prices helps paint a clearer picture of what consumers expect in terms of price increases over time. In addition, having this data available for research and policymaking purposes can improve accuracy in economic forecasting, which supports a higher degree of stability in households’ financial security over time. Improving economic policy decisions Asking the public how much inflation they expect can provide important information to help improve economic policy decisions that directly affect economic wellbeing. People’s expectations are essential to formulating accurate assessments of the economy’s trajectory and ensuring that governments implement policies that align with these expectations. When people expect prices to increase, households tend to spend quickly before higher prices for goods and services erode purchasing power. Similarly, businesses hold back investments as market uncertainty increases due to potential price volatility. Given this, data gathered from surveys on people’s expectation can prove beneficial, as they allow analysts to make better predictions regarding overall economic performance and fiscal direction. In addition, economists use this information to gain a better understanding of - how households decide when and where to invest their money, - how different socioeconomic factors impact their decision-making processes, and - their view of economic reality. This knowledge is key for policy makers who need reliable metrics that accurately reflect how the population perceives a particular issue or policy initiative – such as inflationary trends – to frame their solutions accordingly. The presence of social media has made it easier for people to interact with one another on an unprecedented level; consequently, people are more likely to express their thoughts and feelings about things such as expected inflation in a way that was not possible before the rise of digital communication networks. This allows analysts to gather more reliable data from diverse parts around the globe which can be leveraged for improved policy decisions geared towards promoting sustainable economic growth. tags = consumer inflation expectationsm, university of michigan survey, policy decisions that could make or break the economy, 70k 90kyang wall streetjournal, us 70k 90kyang streetjournal, us 90kyang wall streetjournal, us 70k 90kyang wall streetjournal, the 90kyang wall streetjournal, publish its final data on monthly consumer inflation expectations, survey a chief factor in the decision to raise interest rates

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Home / Nature & Environment / Sustainability / Sustainable Food Teach-Out / Pursuing the Paris Climate Accord Goals: Martin Heller Pursuing the Paris Climate Accord Goals: Martin Heller Martine Heller talks about sustainable diets and the process of producing food in the context of the Paris Climate Accord. Welcome back to this teach out on food sustainability. I’m here again with Dr. Martin Heller to talk about the Paris climate accord and carbon emissions, and how we think about our food choices and how they impact those overall emissions. So jumping into it, I know that you recently co-authored a study that explored the variability that there is between emissions that are associated with a variety of American diets, and you found a striking result here that 46 percent of total emissions from food came from the diets of just one fifth of the population. Can you tell us a little bit more about that finding in that study. Sure. So that’s utilizing diet data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. So this is an ongoing survey that we conducted in the US to ask people about what they’re eating and about their health, and a lot of other associated questions, but it’s really the the best source of information in the US that we have for understanding people’s diets and what they’re eating. The big advantage of using that to look at a question like this is, like you said, we can begin to look at what the spread is rather than just looking at a single number at the the average US diet. We can begin to look at how the variation in diets in the US influence that carbon footprint. One of the striking things that we found is just how much that high entail. The diets that are very high and greenhouse gas emissions contribute to the overall total. So like you said, that the top fifth something like 46 percent of the total, there’s like an eight-fold difference in the contribution from that highest fifth, the highest 20 percent of the population to the lowest 20 percent of the population. So pretty big spread there. Can you tell us a little bit more about these groups and who is in which groups, and how you partition that? Sure, Yeah. That’s a challenging thing to generalize. I mean the partition simply by linking environmental impact, linking greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing different foods to those individual diets, and so then assigning a carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions associated with that given diet, and then just ranking them based on that total. So that’s what gives the order, and then we divide them evenly up into fifths and can start to look at what’s going on in those groups. Because of the nature of this data, statistical stuff, it’s difficult to just hone in and look at individuals, you have to look at them in an aggregate. So we can start to look at what’s driving those differences. A big part of it is the folks in those high impact diets simply are eating more, that contributes a lot. But even if we normalize by the caloric intake, that difference between the high-impact diets and the low impact diets is still a factor of five. So the composition of the diets between those two groups is a big contributor as well. Largely, what we see is the amount of meat, and in particular, the amount of beef in the diets is a large driver. So more meat in the high-impact diets, more likely to be beef verses poultry in the lower impact diets. It’s helpful. So thinking back to the previous segment, where we were talking about how small decisions can have a really large positive impact on the environment in terms of your food choices. Looking at that 46 percent is a huge opportunity there to make even marginal changes for that group can have a really big impact. Yeah, just to put those numbers in perspective, we looked at a hypothetical diets shift, it’s just a what if. What if we were able to bring the greenhouse gas emissions of those upper fifth diets just down to the average of the total population? So if we’re thinking about that in terms of food intake, again, picking on beef because that’s a big driver of what’s going on up there, but the average beef intake in that upper fifth was something like a third of a pound a day. That’s a fair amount of beef. The average for the whole population was I think 51 grams. So that’s something like a quarter pound every other day. But, that gives you a little sense of the kinds of reductions we’re talking about here. Of course, beef isn’t the only thing that’s driving those changes, but it’s a big part of the driver and gives you a little sense of what the scale is. But, what we found is, if we are able to bring that upper fifth down to the average and assumed that that could happen every day of the year, it would bring us 10 percent closer to reaching our Paris accord agreement. So I think it starts to put in perspective that the role that diets shift can have in climate action. These net numbers or those types of changes really do matter from the broader perspective of our overall US emissions. Sure. That’s really striking, especially thinking about across all sectors not just looking at food, I mean there’s so many different behaviors that an individual can change to have a positive impact on their own contribution to carbon emissions. As we’re looking for these marginal decreases across the board, they add up, which is great. It’s really exciting to see those opportunities. So I wanted to talk a little bit about the concept of food miles. A lot of people think about the transportation associated with fluid as having a really large emissions impact. So we see a movement or an eating local and supporting things that are grown within certain amount of miles from where you live, right? Yeah. But, I’m curious to hear a little bit more from your perspectives looking at the life-cycle analysis of how food is produced, and also taking into consideration pre-production and production, as you mentioned earlier, what are your thoughts on that? Yeah. I’d love to start by saying that I’m a huge proponent of local food. I think that growing food among our neighbors, greatly having food and agriculture as part of our community is a huge importance. There’s lots of benefits in terms of nutrition and just the quality of food that you can get by having it grown locally, but what we see when we look at these life-cycle studies of food production is on the whole those transportation miles, those food miles don’t contribute all that much to the overall total. Again, there’s a lot more emissions associated with the actual on-farm production. Again, on the whole, the transportation is probably in the like five to 10 percent of total emissions associated with our food. That’s not to say that those food miles don’t matter, but if we are going to make a choice of choosing something because it’s local or choosing something because it’s a low emission plant-based food rather than an animal-based food, you’re going to see a much greater reduction by choosing a different food than by choosing the local one. That’s great. I mean that’s really helpful. So thinking about individual changes that we can make to help take that step in the right direction, thinking about growing a garden in your backyard. So going out and that really cuts down on the food miles. So trying to reconnect there to your local food economy in a different way is meaningful, and understanding that the production is going to be a huge part of where our food comes from and where a lot of the missions are, but knowing that wherever you want to buy your food, you have these decision points. You have these moments where you can weigh those options. So I think that the critical thinking skills associated with that are super important. So from what you’ve seen in your research, what do you think the best way that we can continue on this path to reduce our carbon emissions as it relates to everything that we’ve discussed in this segment? Sure. I really think that the two standout pieces are reducing food waste, and that’s a tricky one. It means changing our relationship with food and a lot of ways, and changing our behaviors around how we purchase, and what our thoughts are about leftovers, and how we prepare food and all of these other bits. But, I also want to make it clear that when I’m talking about reducing food waste, I mean not necessarily just composting it, I mean that’s a great thing. If you have to waste food, it’s better to dispose of it in a proper way, then send it off to the landfill. But again, the impact associated with that, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with it comes from production. So regardless of how we dispose it, we’ve already invested those carbon emissions. So that’s a big piece. The other one is thinking about our diet and the composition of our diet, and eating less animal-based foods. Again, there’s plenty of evidence that demonstrate that the benefits of that from an environmental perspective as well as a health perspective. I think we’re always going to have cultural discussions about what kind of diet is most health promoting and best for weight reduction, and all these other things. At the end of the day, those are individual choices, but we do know that reducing animal-based foods in your diet can have a noticeable impact on your carbon footprint. All right. Well, thank you so much for joining us Martin, and thank you for joining us. We look forward to continuing the conversation and the discussion forums. Share this post A recent study (optional reading), co-authored by Martin Heller, explored how much variability there is in the GHGs of American diets and found that 46% of the total emissions from food came from the diets of just 1/5 of the population. In this segment we will talk about how much our food choices individually and collectively, contribute to total GHG emissions in the United States. We also discuss the concept of “food miles” and where the majority of our food-related GHG emissions come from. Share this post This article is from the free online Sustainable Food Teach-Out Reach your personal and professional goals Unlock access to hundreds of expert online courses and degrees from top universities and educators to gain accredited qualifications and professional CV-building certificates. Join over 18 million learners to launch, switch or build upon your career, all at your own pace, across a wide range of topic areas. Register to receive updates Create an account to receive our newsletter, course recommendations and promotions.Register for free

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Poor dental hygiene can get your teeth colored, which will make you smile look awful. That will make you feel uncomfortable when you say something or smile and thus uncover your teeth. Aside from social stigma, this can lead to various oral and dental diseases like gum disease, teeth stains, tooth decay, or even oral cancer. The following five tips will help you have pearly white, healthy teeth. 1. Consider Teeth-Friendly Diet Most people considering the taste of the food rather than how it affects their teeth. That said, you should ensure that the food you’re eating is teeth-friendly. Consider eating foods such as cheese, vegetables, fruits (especially apples), nuts, chicken, and fish. Avoid or limit intake of sugary and acid foods, as well as sodas and alcohol. Instead of sugary drinks, consider beverages (such as milk and yogurt) that restore or strengthen teeth enamel. Drin plenty of water because there is no drink that can hydrate your body better than water. 2. Brush Your Teeth Properly In addition to teeth, it’s also important to brush other areas in your mouth like your tongue, gum, and the roof of the mouth. Make sure to do it properly. Here are a few tips: - Position the toothbrush bristles near your gum line at 45 degrees. That will ensure the bristles reach both your gum and teeth. - Brush your teeth and gum gently by making up and down as well as back and forth movements. This applies to both the outside and inner surfaces of your gum and teeth. - Then brush the roof of your mouth and your tongue as well. That will eliminate bacteria in your mouth that cause horrible breath. - Be sure to brush your mouth for about three minutes at least twice a day. 3. Floss Regularly Besides brushing, you also need to add flossing to your oral hygiene routine. Flossing will help you clean the spaces between your teeth that are unreachable for the toothbrush. This way you will get rid of harmful substances and food residues stuck between your teeth. Here are a few tips on flossing: - Use a piece of dental floss which isn’t shorter than 15 inches (it’s preferable to be about 18 inches long). - Rub it against your teeth. - Make semi-circular motions by creating a backward and/or forward C shape. - Wrap the dental floss around each tooth. - Practice flossing at least once a day. 4. Make Use Of the Dental Hygiene Kit There is a wide range of teeth cleaning tools and instruments to choose from. While brushing and flossing can partly clean your mouth out, dental hygiene kit ensures that you thoroughly clean your teeth and mouth. By removing the trapped food, plaque build-ups, and bacteria in tough-to-reach areas, you prevent possible dental diseases, infections, and bad breath. Visit esnproducts.co.uk/products/beautease-dental-hygiene-kit and learn more about the dental hygiene kit. 5. Go For Dental Checkups In addition to everything stated above, you should also regularly visit your dentist for full teeth cleaning and oral checkups. Besides treating the existing dental issues, the dentist can identify oral problems at an early stage and thus prevent them from progressing. That will save you from a dental nightmare. Stop neglecting your teeth and start maintaining good dental hygiene, keeping these tips in your mind. Eventually, you will have healthy teeth in a long run!

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America's Flagship: A Golden Door to the New World In April of 1953, the Freeman (Frydman) family sailed to America, the land of their dreams, on the SS United States. Elias and Regina Freeman survived the Nazi occupation of Poland from 1939 to 1945. In 1946, they moved to Sweden where their daughters Margareta and Sarah Elizabeth were born a few years later. For seven years, the Freemans waited for visas to the United States so they could rejoin their family in New York. Finally, in 1953, their visas came through and that April, they boarded the SS United States in Le Havre, France and set sail across the Atlantic. In 1959, Elias, Regina, Margareta, and Sarah all became American citizens. The documents shared with this story were so precious to Elias and Regina that they remained them among their keepsakes for the rest of their lives. Elias passed away in 2000 and Regina in 2009. While Sarah was going through their effects, she discovered the berthing cards and the ship’s log, among other documents of prime importance to her parents. Collectively, these items tell the story of a momentous event in the life of one family, but they are also a token of a major historical movement. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, more than 400,000 people displaced by World War II were accepted as immigrants to the United States. During these years, the Big U played its part in making the dream of liberty a reality to the “homeless, tempest-tossed” seeking entry to the “golden door” of the New World. The story of the SS United States is the story of progress — and not just technologically. The ship symbolized the promise of a better life for thousands of immigrants and their families, particularly those who sought to escape a European continent devastated by war. Does your family have a story to tell? We want to hear it. CLICK HERE to find out how to share, or send us an email at [email protected].

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Malaria is still a problem in the Kalibawang subdistrict. An outbreak occured in 1998. An investigation was conducted to determine the case distribution occording to man, place, and time. Other factors supporting the outbreak were also investigated. The investigation was conducted through Mass Fever Surveys (MFS), interviews to cases and puskesmas staff, field observations in 4 villages in October. Results revealed that during this outbreak two peaks occurred namely in June and October. The attack rate (AR) was 1,2%. No fatal cases were recorded. The main vectors were Anopheles aconitus and An.maculatus. Factors recorded causing the outbreak were late case finding and no vector control. Risk factors suporting malaria transmission were no mosquito proof houses, the existence of cattle in the houses, vector breeding sites surrounding human habitation, no reguler use of bednets, the behavior of being outdoors during the night and no use of any repellents.

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Crimes that are committed because of hate or prejudice should be punished more severely than crimes that are not committed for hatred or prejudice. In just 2014 there were over 7,000 incidents of hate crimes with more than 200,000 victims of these crimes. Whether or not the offenders of these hate crimes should be punished more severely is a widely known topic for arguing. The understandable explanation for not punishing them more severely is that of freedom of speech. Of which in the United States allows people the right to express their opinions public without government restriction. Some antihate crime law supporters claim that there are a majority of crimes caused by hatred, and that that there is no difference between crimes caused by bias and crimes just out of anger. But, there is a difference, biased based hate crimes hurt the surrounding community and sometimes the country to much to not be taken as a different situation and crime. Hate crimes can cause public outbreaks and chaos throughout the community. For example, on August 9, 2014 Michael Brown, a resident of Ferguson Missouri was shot to death by a local police officer. This killing led to a nationwide outrage stating that the shooting was an act of prejudice towards African Americans. Ferguson, as a result of the shooting, experienced months of protesting and riots. At the end of the unrest it left Ferguson destroyed with millions of dollars in damages. So, as a whole, it had Ferguson as a destroyed community. This is just one of the many incidents of destroyed communities as a result of hate crimes, but also an example of a community whose reputation was ruined by the crime. Hate crimes that are uncontrolled can lead to more violence and a sense of insecurity in communities. According to Samantha Lujan of wordpress.com, author of ,”Hate Crimes affect Communities,” citizens feel insecure about living in a community with a previous hate crime. People within the community, such as one like Ferguson, MO, can feel threatened by violence and some can even leave the community just because of it. Hate crimes cause much more damage than nonbiased crimes too the victims, communities, and nation; therefore they should not be taken as lightly as other comparable crimes. Hate crimes offenders need to be punished more harshly to help prevent these acts of hatred which in turn prevent the further disruptions in the surrounding people. The harsher punishment of hate crime offenders should be in effect because it would help in the equality and safety of races, ethnicity, gender, religions, nationalities, colors, and disability statuses.Nationwide known hate crimes incidents like these and even other less known hate crimes can cause divisions among races, ethnic origins, religions, and other biased motivated reasons for hate crimes. For example, if a Christian man killed another man because he was Jewish, this could potentially cause tensions between the people of each religion. These tensions could even lead to more incidents of hate crimes fueled by the hatred of each others religion. Tensions like these have led to wars and even genocides. Since hate

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Emergency Guide Active Shooter An active shooter emergency involves one or more persons using a firearm, engaging in a random or systematic shooting spree. The vast majority of shootings in this country are over in a matter of minutes, involve persons known to one another, and are confined to a particular area. An Active Shooting incident does not follow this template. It may last minutes or hours, range over a large and constantly changing area, and threaten everyone within close proximity of the shooter(s). Persons may or may not receive advance warning of an active shooter. A witness, personal observation or the sound of gunshots may be the only alert you receive, leaving little time to react. The sound of gunshots, unlike special effects in movies and television, may sound muffled and make a "pop, pop, pop" noise. It is reasonable to assume that a series of such noises are gunshots and you should begin to take necessary precautions. The traditional response to this type of incident has been to shelter in place and wait for the police to arrive. While this type of response is not completely wrong, case studies of several active shooter incidents have shown that using only this response has resulted in an increase in casualties. The "ALICE" response plan has been identified to assist you in your response should this type of incident occur. "ALICE" is an acronym for 5 steps you can utilize in order to increase your chances of surviving a surprise attack by an Active Shooter. It is important to remember that the "ALICE" response does not follow a set of actions you "shall, must, will" do when confronted with an Active Shooter. Your survival is paramount in this situation. Deal with known information and don't worry about unknowns. You may use only 1 or 2 parts of the response plan or you may have to utilize all 5. In this type of incident, your perception is the reality. You will be deciding the appropriate action to take. 1) Alert- Can be anything. - PA Announcement - Phone alert 2) Lockdown- This is a semi-secure starting point from which you will make survival decisions. If you decide not to evacuate, secure the room. - Lock the door. - Cover any windows in the door if possible - Tie down the door, if possible, using belts, purse straps, shoe laces, etc. - Barricade the door with anything available (desks, chairs, etc.) - Look for alternate escape routes (windows, other doors) - Call 911 - Move out of the doorway in case gunfire comes through - Silence or place cell phones on vibrate - Once secured, do not open the door for anyone. Police will enter the room when the situation is over. - Gather weapons (coffee cups, chairs, books, pens, etc.) and mentally prepare to defend yourself or others. - Put yourself in position to surprise the active shooter should they enter the room. 3) Inform- Using any means necessary to pass on real time information. - Given in plain language - Can be derived from 911 calls, video surveillance, etc. - Who, what, where, when and how information - Can be used by people in the area or who may come into it to make common sense decisions - Can be given by “Flash Alerts”, PA Announcements or Police Radio speakers 4) Counter- This is the use of simple, proactive techniques should you be confronted by the Active Shooter. - Anything can be a weapon - Throws things at the shooters head to disrupt their aim - Create as much noise as possible - Attack in a group (swarm) - Grab the shooters limbs and head and take them to the ground and hold them there - Fight dirty-bite, kick, scratch, gouge eyes, etc. - Run around the room and create chaos - If you have control of the shooter call 911 and tell the police where you are and listen to their commands when officers arrive on scene. 5) Evacuate- Remove yourself from the danger zone as quickly as possible. - Decide if you can safely evacuate - Run in a zigzag pattern as fast as you can - Do not stop running until you are far away from the area - Bring something to throw with you in case you would encounter the Active Shooter - Consider if the fall from a window will kill you - Break out windows and attempt to quickly clear glass from the frame - Consider using belts, clothing or other items as an improvised rope to shorten the distance you would fall - Hang by your hands from the window ledge to shorten your drop - Attempt to drop into shrubs, mulch or grass to lessen the chance of injury - Do not attempt to drive from the area - Responding Police will have their weapons drawn and ready for use. They do not know exactly who the shooter is and will probably point weapons at you. Remain calm and follow any directions they may give you. You may be asked questions, patted down, and given orders to exit. - Responding Police are there to stop the Active Shooter as soon as possible. They will bypass injured people and will not help you escape. Only after the shooter is stopped will they begin to provide other assistance. - If you come into possession of a weapon, do NOT carry or brandish it! Police may think you are the Active Shooter. If possible, put it in a trashcan and carry it with you. If you come across Police, calmly tell them what you are carrying and why. Follow their commands. - Be prepared to provide first aid. Think outside the box. Tampons and feminine napkins can be used to stop blood loss. Shoes laces and belts can be used to secure tourniquets. Weighted shoes can be tied around a person’s head to immobilize it. Remember it may be several hours until can safely move an injured person. The actions you take immediately to treat them may save their life. - If you are in lockdown for a long period of time, give consideration to issues such as bathroom use, keeping people calm, etc. - Discuss before hand with people in your office or classes where you will meet up should you have to evacuate and make it a place easily accessible and far away from the scene. - Talk to your students and co-workers before hand to know if they have any special skills. Consider strategic placement of these people in a classroom or office setting. You may have current or ex-military personnel, medically trained persons, or even people trained in martial arts that can provide assistance in this type of incident. - Consider setting up classrooms and offices to make it harder for an Active Shooter to enter and acquire targets.

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You are reading the article Cassandra Table Example: Create, Alter, Drop & Truncate Table updated in December 2023 on the website Achiashop.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested January 2024 Cassandra Table Example: Create, Alter, Drop & Truncate Table The syntax of Cassandra query language (CQL) resembles with SQL language.How to Create Table in Cassandra Column family in Cassandra is similar to RDBMS table. Column family is used to store data. Command ‘Create Table’ is used to create column family in Cassandra.Syntax Create table KeyspaceName.TableName ( ColumnName DataType, ColumnName DataType, ColumnName DataType . . . Primary key(ColumnName) ) with PropertyName=PropertyValue; 1. Primary key: There are two types of primary key. Single Primary Key: Single primary key is specified by the following syntax.Syntax Primary key (ColumnName) In the single primary key, there is only a single column. That column is also called partitioning key. Data is partitioned on the basis of that column. Data is spread on different nodes on the basis of the partition key. 2. Compound Primary Key: Compound primary key is specified by the following syntax.Syntax Primary key(ColumnName1,ColumnName2 . . .) In above syntax, ColumnName1 is the partitioning key and ColumnName2 is the Clustering key. Data will be partitioned on the basis of ColumnName1 and data will be clustered on the basis of ColumnName2. Clustering is the process that sorts data in the partition. 3. Compound Partitioning key: Compound partitioning key is specified by the following syntax.Syntax Primary Key((ColumnName1,ColumnName2),ColumnName3...)) In above syntax, ColumnName1 and ColumnName2 are the compound partition key. Data will be partitioned on the basis of both columns ColumnName1 and ColumnName2 and data will be clustered on the basis of the ColumnName3. If you have too much data on the single partition. Then, compound partitioning key is used. Compound partitioning key is used to create multiple partitions for the data. “With clause” is used to specify any property and its value for the defined table. For example, if you want to compress Cassandra table data. You can set compression property by specifying compression algorithm property value in “With clause.”Example Here is the execution of the command ‘Create table’ that will create table name ‘Student’ in the keyspace ‘University.’ After successful execution of the command ‘Create table’, table ‘Student’ will be created in the keyspace ‘University’ with columns RollNo, Name and dept. RollNo is the primary key. RollNo is also a partition key. All the data will be in the single partition.Cassandra Alter table Command ‘Alter Table’ is used to drop column, add a new column, alter column name, alter column type and change the property of the table.Syntax Following is the syntax of command ‘Alter Table.’Alter table KeyspaceName.TableName + With propertyName=PropertyValue Example Here is the snapshot of the command ‘Alter Table’ that will add new column in the table Student. After successful execution of the command ‘Alter Table’, a new column ‘Semester’ with ‘int’ data type will be added to the table Student. Here is the screenshot that shows the updated Student table.Cassandra Drop Table Command ‘Drop table’ drops specified table including all the data from the keyspace. Before dropping the table, Cassandra takes a snapshot of the data not the schema as a backup.Syntax Drop Table KeyspaceName.TableName Example Here is the snapshot of the executed command ‘Drop Table’ that will drop table Student from the keyspace ‘University’. After successful execution of the command ‘Drop Table’, table Student will be dropped from the keyspace University. Here is the snapshot that shows the error returned by the Cassandra when tried to access Student table that does not exist.Cassandra Truncate Table Command ‘Truncate table’ removes all the data from the specified table. Before truncating the data, Cassandra takes the snapshot of the data as a backup.Syntax Truncate KeyspaceName.TableName Example There are three records in the table Student. These are the records in the table. Here is the snapshot of the executed command ‘Truncate table’ that will remove all the data from the table Student. After successful execution of the command ‘Truncate Table’, all the data will be removed from the table Student. Here is the snapshot of the database state where there are no records in the table Student. You're reading Cassandra Table Example: Create, Alter, Drop & Truncate Table Introduction to SQL TRUNCATE() TRUNCATE in standard query language (SQL) is a data definition language (DDL) statement used to delete complete data from a database table without deleting it. It frees up space or empties space in the table. However, we should note that TRUNCATE TABLE statements might need to be roll backable in many SQL databases. Also, being a DDL statement, the TRUNCATE table statement does not require a commit at each step; it automatically fires a commit at the end of the execution of the statement. Hence, we should be careful while using it. Start Your Free Data Science Course Hadoop, Data Science, Statistics & others Syntax and Parameters The basic syntax for using a SQL TRUNCATE TABLE statement is as follows :TRUNCATE TABLE table_name; Table_name: It is the name of the table whose records or rows you want to delete permanently.How does the TRUNCATE TABLE statement work in SQL? TRUNCATE TABLE statement in SQL works by zeroing out a file in the database, i.e., after running a TRUNCATE statement on an existing table, the table becomes empty and hence does not hold any row records. It resets the table to zero entries. However, its structure, columns, indexes, constraints, relationships, views, etc., are preserved after truncating the table. The entire operation is like erasing data from the table but keeping the table intact. TRUNCATE in Data Definition Language (DDL) is equivalent to DELETE in Data Manipulation Language (DML). The only difference is that the latter can be rolled back, but the first cannot. However, TRUNCATE is faster than DELETE because it usually bypasses the transaction system. It is not logged (it can vary across SQL databases) and does not follow predicates and hence seems to be faster than the DELETE operation. DELETE is a safer and slower operation.Examples of SQL TRUNCATE() Here are a few examples to explain the TRUNCATE TABLE statement in great detail.Example #1 Simple SQL query to illustrate the function of the TRUNCATE TABLE statement. To understand the SQL TRUNCATE TABLE, let us consider a “customers” table. The data in the table looks like this. Command:SELECT * FROM public.customers Next, let us run the TRUNCATE TABLE statement on the customer’s table to remove all its records. We can do so using the following SQL query. Command:TRUNCATE TABLE customers; We can see in the figure below that the TRUNCATE TABLE statement has removed all the records in the customer’s table. However, all the columns, relationships, indexes, and table structures have been kept safe. Command:SELECT * FROM customers; For this, let us consider two tables, “customer_details” and “students”. The table structure and the data in them look something like this. Records in the “Customer_details” table are as follows: Command:SELECT * FROM public.customers_details Records in the “Students” table are as follows:SELECT * FROM public.students Next, we will run the TRUNCATE TABLE on the customer_details table and DROP TABLE on the student’s table, and then we will check the difference. Command:TRUNCATE TABLE customer_details; We can observe from the images above that the DROP TABLE statement is faster than the TRUNCATE TABLE statement in SQL. Now let us check what happened to the two tables after truncating and dropping, respectively. Command:SELECT * FROM customer_details; Command:SELECT * FROM students; From the above two images, we can observe that in the TRUNCATE statement, the table structure is preserved; only the data/records in the table have been removed. Whereas in the case of the DROP TABLE statement, the entire table has been removed from the database.Conclusion TRUNCATE TABLE in SQL is a Data Definition Language (DDL) statement that empties an existing table by removing all the records while preserving table columns, privileges, indexes, views, constraints, relationships, etc. It is equivalent to but faster than the DELETE statement in SQL. However, unlike DELETE, it cannot be rolled back.Recommended Articles We hope that this EDUCBA information on “SQL TRUNCATE()” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information. Definition of Statement of Retained Earnings Download Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & othersExamples of Statement of Retained Earnings (With Excel Template) Let’s take an example to understand the calculation of a Statement of Retained Earnings in a better manner. You can download this Statement of Retained Earnings Example Excel Template here – Statement of Retained Earnings Example Excel TemplateStatement of Retained Earnings – #1 FRY ltd had an opening retained earnings balance of $14,000 carried forward from the year 2023. In 2023, it earned an additional $54,000 after all expenses were paid. It was then decided that $30,000 would be paid to the shareholders as dividends. Below is the calculation involved in checking the retained earnings at the end of the year 2023:Statement of Retained Earnings – #2 Chan Ltd started 2023 with an opening retained earnings balance of $2,340. It earned a net income of $14,890 during the year and paid a dividend to preferred shareholders amounting to $4,210 and the equity shareholders worth $3,640. There was also a prior period adjustment of $2,400. The retained earnings at the end of the year 2023 will be calculated as below: The entity does not consider retaining earnings as a major source of funds. From the profit it earned during a year, it had a dual obligation to both the preferred and the equity shareholders, bringing down the amount that could have been retained. Also, prior period adjustments play a part in the ultimate retention. Companies must rectify any items erroneously passed in the previous year as prior period adjustments in the current year. They could either bring down or increase the profit in the present year.Statement of Retained Earnings – #3 For a statement of retained earnings, apart from arriving at the closing earnings balance through opening earnings and profits for the year, it is also useful if one could calculate the cost of retained earnings. Surprisingly, retaining the profits instead of distributing them to shareholders as dividends is associated with an opportunity cost. Also, if an entity retains earnings instead of distributing them to the shareholders, it risks displeasing them. Therefore, it is imperative that a good return may come up using the earnings. In general, if no other specific factors and variables are mentioned, the cost of retained earnings equals the cost of equity multiplied by a reduction in the shareholder’s tax rate. This assumption implies the absence of floatation costs. This cost of retained earnings should be compared with the cost of raising debt from the market, and the decision to limit the retention percentage should be taken accordingly. Suppose the cost of raising debt is lower. In that case, the funds are easily available, and unlike retained earnings, it provides the taxation benefit to the entity; then, the preferred method of obtaining funds should be from external sources.Conclusion The statement of retained earnings is a good indicator of the health of the company and the ability to be independent in the future. Organic growth using the funds generated by itself is always a preferred form of growth over utilizing funds from outside. But, the quantum of the earnings cannot be a definitive conclusion. Some of the industries which are capital intensive depend a lot more on the retained earnings portion than the outside funds. Retention is also a direct factor in the policy of the entity. Even though there are adequate profits, companies commonly have limited retained earnings as they distribute most of the funds among the shareholders as dividends. Again, market conditions give a direction to retained earnings. Emphasizing retained earnings becomes necessary if borrowing becomes expensive, even with limited profits. Generally, the following become determinants in the retained earnings policy The debt cost associated with raising funds from external sources The dividend policy needs to be adopted in the foreseeable future. If the policy is a populist catering to large dividends, the entity has to cut down on the portion of retention. For many concerns, the government or regulatory policies governing the entity become the primary source of checks to determine if the retained earnings are within limits. Lastly, the nature of the industry to which the entity belongs and the traditional method of getting the funds plays a major role in making the retention decision.Recommended Articles This has been a guide to the Statement of Retained Earnings Example. Here we discuss the introduction and top 3 Examples of a Statement of Retained Earnings, a detailed explanation, and a downloadable Excel template. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more – What is Marginal Costing? Marginal costing is an accounting measure determining the cost of producing additional output units. For example, a company produces 60 units of a product at $1.6 per unit for a total of $100. They receive an order of 90 units which the company makes for $140. In this case, the marginal cost for each additional unit becomes ($140-$100)/(90-60), which is $1.3 per unit. In other words, it refers to the adjustments in total when producing one more unit of the product/service. It considers both fixed and variable costs for the process.Key Highlights Marginal costing, in economic terms, describes how the changes in production quantity reflect production costs. The equation to calculate this metric is by dividing the difference in costs by the change in produced quantity. Its prominent characteristics are the determination of a firm’s profitability along with its profit-maximizing level of production, valuation of its stocks, and more. Although this measure helps businesses with budget planning and decision-making, cost segregation is one of its complex factors.How to Calculate Marginal Costing Using Formula? Start Your Free Investment Banking Course1. Determine the Quantity Change Initially, the company needs to ascertain the number of units they produce on a regular scale. It will be the number of standard units. In case of variation in the standard quantity, the company needs to record the number of units of production. Subtracting the original quantity the firm usually produces from the quantity value containing additional units gives the change in quantity. For example, a firm usually produces 100 units of a product. For custom orders, they make 160 units. Therefore, they had to build 60 additional units. Formula: Change in Quantity = Quantity Including Additional Unit – Normal Unit Quantity2. Determine the Cost Change Determine the total cost of production by summing the variable and fixed prices for a given units Fixed costs do not change throughout the evaluation period. Capital outlays (such as equipment), and rental fees are fixed costs Variable costs can change depending on the circumstances. Services, employee payroll, and raw materials are examples of variable costs After computing total costs for standard units of production and additional units, less the costs of producing standard units from the new price, including the additional units For example, a company produces its standard unit of products at $500. It costs the company $700 to make more than the standard unit. Therefore, the total cost will be $200. Formula: Change in total cost = Additional Unit Production Cost – Normal Unit Production Cost3. Calculate the Marginal Costing Once you have the change in total cost and quantity, divide them to derive each additional unit’s marginal cost It is usually lower than the average unit cost, but it can also be equal. Formula: Marginal Costing = Change in Total Cost / Change in QuantityMarginal Costing Example You can download this Marginal Costing Template here – Marginal Costing TemplateExample #1: A manufacturing company’s product price is $2.5. After receiving a custom order, they record a change in their quantity and production costs as follows, Change in quantity = 15,000 Change in total costs = $36,000 Calculate the marginal cost of each additional unit. Implementing the formula, The marginal cost for each extra unit is $2.Example #2: Company ABC produces 50,000 units every year at the cost of $220,000. In 2023, it produced additional units totaling 64,000 at $270,000. Calculate the additional unit’s marginal rate. Calculating the change in the measures, Implementing the formula,Features & Characteristics of Marginal Costing It can determine the impact of variable costs on production volume The contribution of each product or department serves as the foundation for determining their profitability It can help with the pricing of products to elevate profit margins at minimal costs Values the stock of work in progress and finished products solely on variable costs It is a helpful technique that contributes to analyzing profits concerning cost and capacity. Additionally, it also splits semivariable costs into fixed and variable components It affects profit despite no change in the selling price. With an increase in production, the average cost falls, and the average & total profit rises.Marginal Costing Assumptions Following are the assumptions, Segregation between fixed and variable costs is attainable The cost to produce a unit is constant. However, this assumption is not always valid because sometimes there are variable costs such as materials and labor. The price to sell the product remains the same before and after the production of additional units The only metric that modifies the costs is the change in the quantity of the output.Absorption Costing vs. Marginal Costing The products costs include both variable and fixed costs The product costs only considers variable costs, while fixed costs are for the period The allocation of the costs is for each unit of production The cost allocation is separate for the base units and the additional units It is on a per-batch basis, i.e., it considers all costs incurred for producing one more batch It uses a per-unit basis, i.e., it considers the additional cost incurred for making one more unit The overhead costs are considered and range from production and administration to costs for distribution. It takes into account fixed and variable overhead costs.Advantages & Limitations It makes it easier to calculate the cost of sales, resulting in greater accuracy in profit calculation It isn’t easy to separate costs into fixed and variable, as their distinction is only valid in the short term. The method of valuing shares becomes very simple Companies manufacturing various products can prepare a comparative profitability statement which assists in informed product decisions One cannot determine the price solely based on the contribution It can help determine the price of your product/service to make a profit. The sales function is given more weight over the production function. However, a business’s efficiency valuation should combine the sales and production functions.Marginal Costing Importance A clear division of costs into fixed and variable elements makes the flexible budget control system simple and effective, allowing for more practical cost control It aids in profit planning through the use of balance sheets and profit charts It is an effective tool for determining efficient sales, production policies, or pricing decisions, especially when the business is in a slump.Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs) Answer: Marginal costing is a way for companies to determine whether it’s worth producing another product. It helps them budget, forecast, and assess their profit on each product to make product-related decisions. Answer: Marginal-cost pricing is a strategy where companies sell a product/service where the cost of an additional unit is meager. Firms apply this when they detect a decline in demand for a product. For example, if the marginal cost of a product is $5 and the original selling price is $10, the firm may move the selling price to $6 or $7. They believe lower profit is better than no product profit. Answer: The determination of the marginal cost is different from that of the average basket. The average cost divides the total price by the total produced units to determine the price per unit. On the other hand, marginal cost is a generalized cost per additional unit when creating one more element. Answer: It represents the cost change in terms of a graph. The graph in the short run is U-shaped, where the x-axis and y-axis represent the quantity and costs, respectively.Recommended Articles This article explains everything about Marginal Costing. Read the following articles to learn more, In this tutorial, you’ll learn about the TABLE keyword in DAX Studio. The TABLE keyword allows you to create tables inside your DAX query. This is a continuation of a series of tutorials on the different keywords that you can use when creating DAX queries. Before diving into this topic, make sure to read first on the DEFINE and MEASURE keywords. To use this keyword, first write DEFINE followed by TABLE. Then, provide the name of the table you want to create. In this example, the table’s name is ModelStats. A specific function is used for this query: the COLUMNSTATISTICS () function. This function can be used to quickly create metadata on every table in your data model. This function is not available in the DAX in Power BI; it’s entirely unique to DAX Studio. To view the table, write EVALUATE ModelStats. After you run this query, you’ll get a table showing all the tables and statistics of each table in your data model. You can also add another column by using the ADDCOLUMNS function. In this case, the column’s name is “Random” and it shows random numbers generated by DAX Studio using the RAND function. Let’s go into a more realistic example. This is the same example used in the MEASURE keyword tutorial. It’s focused on a hypothetical business with “trendy” and “boring” products. In this case, the goal is to segregate the Products table into 2 categories. The first table is for the TrendyProducts, while the second is for the BoringProducts. For the TrendyProducts table, first DEFINE what are TrendyColors. In this instance, they’re Red, Blue, and Pink. Then, you need to inject that filter into the filter context. To do so, you need to use the CALCULATETABLE function. Notice that the VAR function is used. This is to differentiate between the variables and the name of the table. Next, create a variable for the Result. For this variable, create a new column using the ADDCOLUMNS function and name it “Description.” The Description column will identify which rows belong to the Trendy Products. Then, RETURN the Result. You can see that the table is returning 383 rows that are marked as Trendy Products. Now the same logic also applies for the BoringProducts table. You can copy the code and paste it after RETURN. So instead of TABLE TrendyProducts, replace it with TABLE BoringProducts. For the CALCULATETABLE argument, write the NOT function. And then, change the column name to “Boring.” Next, EVALUATE the BoringProducts table to view it. You can see that the boring products return 2,134 rows. You can also see in the Description column that it only contains “Boring.” The next thing you can do is join these two tables together using the UNION keyword. Now, one would think that you can just write a new TABLE keyword with the UNION function to combine the two tables together. However, it isn’t possible for this case since the BoringProducts code contains the TrendyProducts table. If you attempt to run this query, you’ll get an error. You can’t use a query table within another query table in DAX Studio. Instead, you should place the UNION syntax after EVALUATE. If you run this, you’ll get a table containing both the Trendy and Boring products. You can see that this table contains 2517 rows. This next example shows how to create a Dates table in your data model. Open a new blank query. Before anything else, let’s first try out the TABLE keyword with the CALENDAR and DATE functions. This query is simply evaluating the dates in between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2007. You can see that the results show all the dates in between what was specified in the query. To create more columns in the Dates table, use the GENERATE function over the current CALENDAR code. Then, use the ROW function to segregate different data within the Dates table. The [Date] column used in this query is from the CALENDAR function. Notice also that a variable VAR CurrentDate is used. This variable stores the value that’s being accessed from the row context. That value is then returned inside the row function. This is done to simplify the code. So instead of using the [Date] column reference, you can use the variable you declared. You can add more columns in your Dates table according to your needs. Another thing you can do with the Dates table you created is adding in the SUMMARIZECOLUMNS function. After EVALUATE, use SUMMARIZECOLUMNS and then COUNTROWS to count the number of rows belonging to your Calendar Year Number. After you run this, you can see that the table reports 365 rows belong to the year 2007. You can try and experiment with your current query. For instance, you can change the upper bound of the end date from 2007 to 2009. If you run this, you’ll see that the table now shows rows for the years 2007, 2008, and 2009. If for example, you want to add another column that shows the first date of the table, use the FIRSTDATE function. Similarly, use the LASTDATE function to identify the last date of each row. To get the Total Rows in your Dates tables, use the CALCULATE function with COUNTROWS. And then, use REMOVEFILTERS to remove the filter context from the Dates table you created using SUMMARIZECOLUMNS. After running the query, you can see that there’s a new column showing the total count of rows available in the Dates table. Along with DEFINE and MEASURE, the TABLE keyword is vital when creating queries in DAX Studio. It helps simplify the process of creating tables. This tutorial shows basic examples of how to use the TABLE keyword. It’s important to learn the basics as this helps in understanding more complex queries which are more common when real-world applications are involved. Enterprise DNA Experts The adage “the customer is always right” isn’t always true. Demanding and unreasonable clients can reach a point where they’re not worth your time. Before letting clients go, try to resolve conflicts diplomatically, using tactful and open communication strategies. If a client relationship is untenable, be honest, professional, and polite when parting ways. This article is for service-based business owners grappling with a difficult client and considering severing the relationship. Most service-based businesses have encountered a nightmare client at some point. This person makes outrageous demands of your team and expects them to be met immediately. They don’t respect the due date on the invoice and refuse to pay you on time. And when it comes to communication, this client either pesters you 24/7 or can’t be reached at all. The old cliche may say the customer is always right, but some problematic clients may not be worth your time. Although you may be hesitant to drop (or “fire”) a client, the temporary loss of income could be in your business’s best interest in the long run. Here’s a look at what to do when faced with a challenging client, when to know it’s time to part ways, and how to extricate yourself politely and professionally. If you have a consumer-focused business, some strategies for dealing with difficult customers are simply listening, empathizing, lowering your voice and staying calm.How to resolve conflicts with clients diplomatically If you’re fed up with a client, it may be tempting to let them go immediately. However, while some clients may be annoying, you may not want to give up on the relationship so fast. Here are a few tips for working things out with your client.1. Figure out what the problem is with your nightmare client. Step back from the situation and figure out what the issue truly is with your problematic client. Are they really unbearable to work with or negatively impacting your company’s bottom line? Or is there just something about their personality that rubs you the wrong way? If the problem comes down to clashing personalities, there may be other arrangements to make. Perhaps another team member could take over the lead role with that client – or maybe you can resolve to tolerate and deal with the individual until their contract runs out.2. Set boundaries with your difficult client. It’s always a good idea to reassess your client boundaries regularly. For instance, if you have a client who calls you at all hours of the day and night, you may need to reiterate when you’re willing to take calls and when you aren’t. As another example, if you have a client who regularly asks for revisions or tasks beyond the scope of your agreement, it may be helpful to review the terms of your initial contract. Firmly but politely restating your boundaries may be enough to salvage the working relationship. If the client refuses to respect your boundaries, this can be a clear sign that it’s time to end the working relationship. If you need help fielding client calls, consider using a call center or answering service. We’ll help you find the right one with our comparison of the best call centers and answering services for businesses.3. Communicate openly with your client. Your clients can’t read your mind; they won’t know if something they’re doing is bothering you unless you tell them. You’re not doing yourself or them a favor by pretending that everything is fine when it isn’t. If something is bothering you about your working relationship, you owe it to your client to be honest about it. This is especially true if it’s a long-term client; in this case, you probably want to do everything you can to repair the relationship. To improve communication with clients, respond to complaints immediately, implement a two-way communication channel, and monitor social media platforms to find out what others are saying about your business. Update the detailed information about Cassandra Table Example: Create, Alter, Drop & Truncate Table on the Achiashop.com website. 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Aegle marmelos; bael fruit; Bengal quince; Indian bael bel fruit (Aegle marmelos), bel also spelled bael, also called Bengal quince and Indian bael, fruit of the bel tree of the family Rutaceae, found wild or cultivated throughout India. The slow-growing trees bear strong spines; alternate, compound leaves, each with three leaflets; and panicles of sweet-scented white flowers, sometimes used in perfumes. The tree is valued for its fruit, which is pyriform (pear-shaped) to oblong in shape and 5–25 cm (2–10 inches) in diameter. The fruit has a woody gray or yellow rind and a sweet, thick, orange-coloured pulp. The unripe fruit, sliced and sun dried, is traditionally used as a remedy for dysentery and other digestive ailments. The ripe fruit is sweet, aromatic, and cooling. The bel tree’s wood is yellowish white and hard but not durable. Click anywhere inside the article to add text or insert superscripts, subscripts, and special characters. You can also highlight a section and use the tools in this bar to modify existing content: Add links to related Britannica articles! You can double-click any word or highlight a word or phrase in the text below and then select an article from the search box. Or, simply highlight a word or phrase in the article, then enter the article name or term you'd like to link to in the search box below, and select from the list of results. Note: we do not allow links to external resources in editor. Please click the Websites link for this article to add citations for

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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia. carbonyl group(kär`bənĭl), in chemistry, functional groupfunctional group, in organic chemistry, group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain properties of the molecule and reactions in which it takes part. Organic compounds are frequently classified according to the functional group or groups they contain. ..... Click the link for more information. that consists of an oxygen atom joined by a double bond to a carbon atom. The carbon atom is joined to the remainder of the molecule by two single bonds or one double bond. If the carbonyl group is joined only to alkyl groupsalkyl group , in chemistry, group of carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from an alkane molecule by removing one hydrogen atom (see radical). The name of the alkyl group is derived from the name of its alkane by replacing the -ane suffix with -yl, e.g. ..... Click the link for more information. or aryl groupsaryl group , in chemistry, group of atoms derived from benzene or from a benzene derivative by removing one hydrogen that is bonded to the benzene ring (see radical). The simplest aryl group is phenyl, C6H5 ; it is derived from benzene. ..... Click the link for more information. , the compound is a ketoneketone , any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, C=O, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR′, where R and R′ are alkyl or aryl groups. ..... Click the link for more information. ; if it is joined to at least one hydrogen atom, the compound is an aldehydealdehyde [alcohol + New Lat. dehydrogenatus=dehydrogenated], any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, , and in which the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen; the general formula for an aldehyde is RCHO, where R is hydrogen ..... Click the link for more information. . The chemical reactivity of aldehydes and ketones is primarily due to the difference in electronegativityelectronegativity , in chemistry, tendency for an atom to attract a pair of electrons that it shares with another atom (see chemical bond). For example, the molecule hydrogen chloride, HCl, consists of a hydrogen atom, H, and a chlorine atom, Cl, sharing a pair of electrons. ..... Click the link for more information. between carbon and oxygen. Because oxygen has the greater affinity for electrons, it acquires a partial negative charge, becoming electron-rich; the carbon atom of the carbonyl group thus becomes electron-deficient, acquiring a partial positive charge. One major type of reaction of aldehydes and ketones involves the addition of an electron-rich chemical species to the electron-deficient carbon atom of the carbonyl group. Another type of reaction is due to the tendency of the electron-deficient carbon atom of the carbonyl group to partially attract electrons from carbon atoms adjacent to it in the molecule, thus increasing the acidity of hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the adjacent carbon. carbonyl group[′kär·bə‚nil ‚grüp]

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Do your students need targeted practice with using information from illustrations and diagrams? Do they struggle with describing the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in an informational text? Integration of Knowledge and Ideas is the hardest strand for students. This short, informational text with a diagram and photographs will make the perfect literacy center activity, guided reading group lesson, or whole class close read. This product contains a short informational text about life in an ant colony, with a diagram and three photographs. There are 12 task cards with questions focused on understanding how the information in the text and the diagram and illustrations work together, and the text structure of the paragraphs, and the connections between sentences and paragraphs. The same questions are also provided in a worksheet version. Includes both color and grayscale versions of the article, diagram, and photographs. This product is available in a bundle: *Diagrams Illustrations Task Card Bundle for RI.3.7 and RI.3.8 Other sets of task cards like this: *Layers of the Rainforest Informational Text with Task Cards *Beautiful Butterflies Informational Text with Task Cards *Smoke Jumpers Informational Text with Task Cards *What Makes a Volcano Erupt Informational Text with Task Cards Integration of Knowledge and Ideas: Use information gained from illustrations (e.g., maps, photographs) and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text (e.g., where, when, why, and how key events occur). Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text (e.g., comparison, cause/effect, first/second/third in a sequence). You may also be interested in these other resources: MegaBundle: Regions, Economics, Government & More for 3rd grade Social Studies The Sun and the Stars Unit with Lapbook and Informational text Light Unit with Lapbook and informational text Properties of Matter Unit with Lapbook and informational text Light Unit with Lapbook and Informational Text

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Bhikaji Rustom Cama, also known as Madam Cama, was a stalwart of the Indian freedom struggle. ▪️ She was born on September 24, 1861, to Sorabji Framji Patel and Jaijibai Sorabai Patel. Life as a Freedom Fighter: ▪️ She was an active member of the Indian freedom movement. She propagated the cause of Swaraj among the Indian community in England. In 1907, Madam Cama became the first person to hoist the Indian flag in Germany. The flag was designed by Bhikaiji Cama and fellow activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. ▪️Bhikaiji Cama moved to Paris where she founded the Paris Indian Society. Munchershah Burjorji Godrej and S.R. Rana were the co-founders of this society. ▪️Bhikaji Cama was one of the bravest women involved in the Indian freedom struggle. She carried out many campaigns in the country and abroad to empower daughters; organised many exhibitions. ▪️She was arrested along with Rewabhai Rana while trying to incite Indian troops at Bordeaux on their way to the front. Rana was exiled to the Caribbean while Bikhaiji Cama was sent to Southern France in 1915. ▪️Literary works: She penned, published, and distributed revolutionary works such as ‘Bande Mataram’ and ‘Madan’s Talwar’. ▪️Recognition: In honour of the late freedom fighter, many Indian cities have streets and places named after her. 🔸On January 26, 1962, India’s 11th Republic Day, the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department issued a commemorative stamp in her honour. 🔸In 1997, the Indian Coast Guard commissioned a Priyadarshini-class fast patrol vessel ICGS Bhikaji Cama after Bikhaiji Cama.

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9.1 What is a statutory declaration? A statutory declaration is a legally recognised written statement made by a person (the declarant) who promises, before an authorised witness, that its contents are truthful. It includes an acknowledgement that the declarant knows it is an offence to make a statement they know to be untrue. It is a criminal offence to make a false statutory declaration. The declarant must treat the making of a statutory declaration seriously. Statutory declarations have a variety of uses, for example, they may be required by banks, trustee organisations, educational institutions, employers, clubs, and other organisations. A statutory declaration may be used to verify insurance claims, proof of age, applications for sick leave or various types of benefits and for many other day-to-day business and personal matters. Any person, whether adult or child, can make a statutory declaration. In some cases, the law requires information to be supplied in the form of a statutory declaration, but some people may wish to make a statutory declaration even when it is not legally necessary. 9.2 Who can witness a statutory declaration? 9.3 Prescribed form of statutory declaration The declarant may prepare a statutory declaration themselves, provided it is in the prescribed form. 9.4 How to witness a statutory declaration The person making the statutory declaration and the person witnessing the statutory declaration must be together and in front of one another. Each person must: - sign or initial any alteration to the statutory declaration - sign or initial each page of the statutory declaration - if the statutory declaration refers to a document, sign a certificate attached to the document identifying the document as an exhibit to the statutory declaration - sign and date the statutory declaration - legibly write, type or stamp that person’s name and address on the statutory declaration. The declarant makes an oral declaration in front of you by saying the following words in your presence: “I, [full name of person making declaration] of [address], declare that the contents of this statutory declaration are true and correct.” The declarant must say the prescribed words aloud, unless they are living with a disability that prevents them from doing so. They may repeat the words after you or read them from a card. It is not enough to simply answer “yes” to questions such as “are the statements made in this statutory declaration true and correct?”. You must write or stamp, under the declarant’s signature, your qualification as a statutory declaration witness. Your address may be a personal address or a professional address, including the address of the HJSS. Refer to the example set out below: A Bible or holy book is not used when making a statutory declaration. If the document has been pre-signed, you can cross out the signature and ask the declarant to re-sign the document in your presence or prepare a fresh statutory declaration (if this is convenient to the declarant). You, and the person making the statutory declaration, need to initial cross-outs. 9.5 Certification of Exhibits There is no limit to the number of exhibits that can be attached to a statutory declaration. The placement and form of certification for an exhibit to a statutory declaration is not prescribed in regulations. This is the exhibit marked [e.g., ABC-01] now produced and shown to me, [name of person making statutory declaration], at the time of making my declaration on [date]. Signed: [signature of person making statutory declaration] Witnessed by: [signature of statutory declaration witness] 9.6 Assisting a person to make a statutory declaration As impartiality is an important part of your role, it is not recommended that you both witness and contribute content for the same person. If you wish to help someone complete a document, you should not then witness that document and you should refer the person to another JP. However, you can help a person who needs assistance to make a statutory declaration which does not involve contributing substantive content. For example, translation or assistance with reading or writing. Either you or an additional person who provided assistance must legibly write or stamp on the front page of the statutory declaration: - the name and address of the assistant, and - the nature of the assistance provided. If the assistance is given by a person who, in their professional capacity, prepares or writes statutory declarations on the client’s instructions, they do not need to comply with this requirement. Examples include an Australian legal practitioner, a licensed conveyancer or a person assisting someone to prepare a Victim Impact Statement. 9.7 Reasonable modifications for persons living with disability If the person making the statutory declaration is living with a disability that makes it difficult for them to follow the usual process, you may make reasonable modifications to the usual process to help the person to make the statutory declaration. See the examples of reasonable modifications below: |Example 1||A person who has a hearing impairment may read and sign the oral declaration instead of saying it aloud| |Example 2||A person who is unable to speak may be able to listen to the statutory declaration being read and nod assent| |Example 3||A person who is unable to sign their name with their usual signature, can make a distinguishing mark, such as an ‘X’.| I confirm that reasonable modifications were used in preparing this statutory declaration and that the contents of this statutory declaration were read to the person making the statutory declaration in a way that was appropriate to the person’s circumstances. [signature of authorised statutory declaration witness] 9.8 No fee for witnessing a statutory declaration 9.9 Who can witness a statutory declaration for use in Victoria? A statutory declaration for use in Victoria can be witnessed by: - any person authorised to witness statutory declarations in Victoria - certain consular and Australian Trade and Investment Commission officials - a person who is authorised to administer an oath or affirmation in that place. 9.10 Offences in relation to statutory declarations It is an offence to make a statement in a statutory declaration that the person knows to be untrue. The penalty is a fine of up to 600 penalty units or imprisonment of up to 5 years or both. It is also an offence to make a false or misleading statement as to the making of a statutory declaration. The penalty for this offence is 10 penalty units. Please refer to the full . 9.11 Commonwealth statutory declarations Victorian honorary justices are authorised to witness Commonwealth statutory declarations. You should follow the same procedure when witnessing state or Commonwealth statutory declarations. 9.12 Common questions regarding statutory declarations 9.12.1 How do I determine if someone would benefit from reasonable modifications when making a statutory declaration? You will need to exercise your ordinary judgement. You are not expected to be a psychologist, psychiatrist, or a medical professional so you are not required to undertake a complex assessment. 9.12.2 How is a statutory declaration different to an affidavit? Unlike an affidavit, a statutory declaration is not made by oath or by affirmation. Most courts require affidavits, but statutory declarations can be used for a variety of other purposes. The penalty for making a false statutory declaration is significant. It is just as important for a person to tell the truth when making a statutory declaration as it is when making an affidavit. 9.12.3 Can multiple people make a single statutory declaration? No. It is recommended that each person complete their own separate statutory declaration – even though the statements of facts by each person may be identical. Reviewed 04 June 2023

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William Monroe Trotter was among the richest, best-educated, and most-well-connected African-American men in the United States--and he dedicated every ounce of his privilege into helping his fellow black Americans. By 1919, he had fought with the elder statesmen of his community, been arrested in protests over "Birth of a Nation," and denounced Woodrow Wilson's racial policies to president's face. But 1919 would bring one of Trotter's greatest challenges: he would need to learn how to peel potatoes. William Monroe Trotter was one of the most significant civil rights leaders in Amerian history, yet he is little remembered today. Trotter crossed the Atlantic on the SS Yarmouth as assistant cook--a strange position for a Harvard graduate with two degrees and a Phi Beta Kappa key. Trotter's father James Monroe Trotter fought in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. Afterward, he served as the first Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, a lucrative position where he earned a small fortune. James' only son William would inherit both wealth and influence, but James insisted that this privilege should be employed to fight for African-American rights. In 1899, William Monroe Trotter married Geraldine Pindell, known by friends and family as Deenie. She was passionate about civil rights as her husband. A year after his marriage, Trotter decided to fulfill the mission laid upon him by his father by publishing a newspaper, The Guardian. The weekly was dedicated to exposing racial issues across the United States. In 1905, Trotter, along with W.E.B. DuBois and several other black leaders, founded The Niagara Movement to advocate for civil rights and counter the message of the Tuskegee Machine. The organization collapsed within two years, largely because Trotter was so difficult to work with. In 1909, DuBois joined other activists to establish the NAACP with much the same aims. Trotter rejected the group, which he saw as dominated by white donors and leaders and too timid to tackle real issues. In response, he founded his own organization, which in time would take the name the National Equal Rights League, or NERL. The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation prompted immediate reaction from both the NAACP and Trotter's NERL. But those reactions took different forms. The NAACP focused on legal challenges and attempts to disprove the historical accuracy of the movie. The NERL organized public protests intended to demonstrate the depth of African-American opposition to whites. Among the protests Trotter organized was this one in Boston Common. The photo is extremely poor quality, but you can get a sense of the size of the crowd. At another Trotter-organized event, 11 protestors were arrested for disturbing the peace. Trotter was among them. At the end of the Great War, a dozen or so other delegates were elected to present an appeal for equal rights and justice to the Peace Conference. Among them were Trotter and Madam C J Walker. Walker has an incredible story--she built her business selling cosmetics and hair care products to African-American women into one of wealthiest and most successful in the country. At the same time Trotter was trying to get to Paris to present his appeal, W.E.B. Du Bois was organization the Pan-African Congress, which included representatives from African nations and the African diaspora. When Trotter returned home from Paris, Red Summer had begun. Trotter focused on creating a new organization that would help African-Americans defend themselves, using force against force. The ABB ceased to be a secret in 1921 when the armed response of African-Americans during the Tulsa Race Massacre horrified white Americans. The ABB was accused of conspiracy with all of the usual suspects of the era, including the Reds and the Wobblies. In this case, the Reds, were, in fact, a factor. Within a few years, the ABB had been absorbed by the American Communist Party. As these images show, whole blocks of Tulsa were burned to the ground, including the entire Greenwood Neighborhood, known as the "Negro Wall Street." It's unknown how many people died in Tulsa Support The Year That Was - Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter by Kerri K. Greenidge — Greenidge's book was my essential guide during this episode. I highly recommend the book. Trotter fought far more battles than I had time to describe, and Greenidge does a fantastic job of placing his life in the context of the time and place. - "The Legacy of a Radical Black Newspaperman" by Casey Cep, The New Yorker - Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) - "Woodrow Wilson was extremely racist — even by the standards of his time" by Dylan Matthews, Vox - "The Crisis," NAACP, January 1915 — This issue of "The Crisis" contains Trotter's description of his 1915 encounter with Woodrow Wilson, as well as several responses. The article begins on pages 119. It's also worth look at the other articles for insight into the time. - "The Birth of a Nation: How the fight to censor D.W. Griffith’s film shaped American history." by Dorian Lynskey, Slate - "The Black Activist Who Fought Against D. W. Griffith’s 'The Birth of a Nation'" by Richard Brody, The New Yorker - W.E.B. Du Bois, "Close Ranks," Editorial from "The Crisis" - A Letter From Camp Devens | American Experience — At the height of the flu pandemic, one of the doctors at Boston's Camp Devens wrote a letter to a friend and fellow physician describing his experience. Deenie Trotter was a regular visitor at the camp, where she visited with soldiers, until she died of influenza in October 1919. - Africa and World War I | World War I | DW - The First World War and its consequences in Africa | UNESCO - Home | Thugs and Miracles — Ben's podcast is a huge amount of fun and a great look at the wild and wacky kings and queens of France. Highly recommend you check it out!

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Higher intake of omega-3 fats is associated with lower body weight, says new research from Sweden that begins to explain the importance of the difference between omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFAs). The research also correlated higher BMI with higher sugar intake. The rate of childhood obesity is set to double by the end of the decade, according to recent forecasts by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). The alarming figures on childhood obesity estimate that by 2010 almost 287 million kids will be obese, and the overall obese population could more than double to 700 million by 2015. Researcher Malin Haglund Garemo, a dietician from Gothenburg University in Sweden, dissertation study focused on 182 healthy four-year-olds in Gothenburg and examined eating habits and lifestyles. Twenty per cent of the children were classified as being overweight based on their body mass index (BMI greater than 25 kg per sq. m and less than 30 kg sq. m), and two per cent were obese (BMI greater than 3030 kg sq. m). Diets, socio-economic, lifestyle and health questionnaires were completed by the parents of the children, and analysis of the children's body build showed that weight increases was a result of the body storing more fat, but those who ate the most fat were not the ones who weighed most. Instead, children who ate less fat had higher BMIs, reports Haglund Garemo. Startlingly, a fourth of all energy requirements of the children was coming from "junk food" (candy, ice cream, cookies, and sweet beverages), despite the overall energy intakes being in accordance with Nordic nutrition recommendations (NNR 2004). "Most children had higher intake of saturated fat and sucrose than NNR 2004, while the intake of polyunsaturated fat - especially omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D and iron were lower than recommended in most children," wrote Haglund Garemo. "Every third child in the study ate far too little unsaturated fat, above all too little omega-3. These children had significantly higher body weight. This supports other studies that show that obese children have shortages of omega-3," she said. Haglund Garemo also reported that many of the four-year old girls in the study were already displaying signs of the metabolic syndrome, a condition characterized by central obesity, hypertension, and disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism. The syndrome has been linked to increased risks of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The research indicated that children with the highest insulin levels gained the most weight since birth. "Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome can be identified already in healthy 4-year olds, especially in girls," she said. DHA and EPA are omega-3 fatty acids commonly found in fish and fish oil. Krill oil is another important source of omega-3 DHA and EPA. The Swedish Research Council published the research findings. Garemo M, Lenner RA, Strandvik B. Swedish pre-school children eat too much junk food and sucrose. Acta Paediatr. 2007 Feb;96(2):266-72. PMID: 17429918 [PubMed - in process] Garemo M, Palsdottir V, Strandvik B. Metabolic markers in relation to nutrition and growth in healthy 4-y-old children in Sweden. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):1021-6. PMID: 17093153 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Garemo M, Arvidsson Lenner R, Nilsson EK, Borres MP, Strandvik B. Food choice, socio-economic characteristics and health in 4-year olds in a well-educated urban Swedish community. Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb;26(1):133-40. Epub 2006 Sep 6. PMID: 16950546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Safe Sleep Environments Keeping your baby safe when sleeping means reducing risks in their sleeping environment. Though not everything can be controlled, reducing risk factors helps to keep your child safe. You’ll find different risks arise at different ages and stages. You can reduce risks by: Do this no matter their age This includes dummy chains and/or cords It’s preferable for you to hold them Make sure you are gentle, no matter how upset or frustrated you may feel Safe Sleep Environments In 2015, 113 deaths were categorised as sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This statistic represents an 80% reduction in deaths since the introduction of SIDS research and recommendations in 1989. Sourced from the Red Nose 2017 fact sheet. Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant under one year of age. It occurs during sleep, and remains unexplained. Current studies suggest there are three factors that interact to cause SIDS. These include: - A vulnerable infant - A critical developmental period - Exposing babies to risk factors Though you can’t control all these things, you can reduce risk factors by following the safe sleeping recommendations. Follow the six, key guidelines for safe sleeping, as recommended by Red Nose. - Sleep your baby on their back from birth Not on the tummy or side 2. Sleep your baby with the head and face uncovered 3. Keep your baby in a smoke-free environment Before and after birth 4. Provide a safe sleeping environment for your baby day and night 5. Sleep your baby in their own safe sleeping space Keep them in your room or with an adult caregiver for the first six to twelve months 6. Breastfeed your baby if possible The following image will help guide you through creating a safe sleeping space in your baby’s cot. More ways to keep your baby’s sleep environment safe: Not tilted or elevated Once your baby begins to roll it’s important they’re not wrapped for sleep – as this creates an unsafe sleeping environment. They’ll be at risk of being unable to free their arms to lift move their head once they’ve rolled onto their stomach. You can replace your baby’s wrap with a cotton sleeping bag that has holes for arms. Choose one with a fitted neck, armholes or sleeves with no hood, and check your baby can’t slip inside the bag and become completely covered. Remove any necklaces, cords and bibs when your baby sleeps. Once your baby begins to move in their cot, it’s important to leave the cot sides up at all times. If your toddler begins to climb from their cot, then it’s time to introduce them to a bed. Keep heaters and electrical appliances well away from your baby’s cot to avoid risks of overheating, burns and electrocution. Cover power points so your child cannot access them. Make sure there are no cords or drawstrings within easy reach. It’s also important not to place your child’s cot or bed near windows that can be easily opened. Sharing a sleep surface with your child can increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, and fatal sleep accidents. Often, parents and carers will settle their baby to sleep on a sofa or couch, or fall asleep with their baby unintentionally. The risk of a sleeping accident increases when this happens, as the baby may become wedged between cushions or into the sofa. Other risks include rolling onto your baby by you or your partner under the influence of alcohol or sedating drugs, entrapment or wedging between the mattress and another object like a wall, and suffocation from pillows and blankets. The safest place for babies to sleep is in their own safe sleeping place in your room, or in the room of an adult caregiver. We recommend sleeping your baby in a cot next to your bed for the first six to twelve months of life. Having your twins share the same sleep surface might be encouraged with the belief it promotes a bond and reduces stress. However, there is no compelling evidence for the benefit of co-sleeping, and therefore it is not recommended. Doing so increases the risk of overheating and rebreathing, therefore increasing the danger of SIDS. Another risk that arises with twins is that size difference increases the chance of suffocation. Co-sleeping twins is hazardous if one twin’s body part accidentally covers the face of the other, causing an interference with breathing. Karitane Tip: The safest way for twins to sleep is in their own safe sleeping space. We do not recommend placing them in the same cot or bassinette.

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Building constructions are a composite of complex components. As water ingress is amongst one of the most pressing concerns in the industry, waterproofing is a core component of a construction project. When designing new buildings, the structural design should consider the overall construction process together with a waterproofing design, as they interact & affect each other. For a building to permanently withstand water penetration, the fundamental issue is good waterproofing design. Essentially, good waterproof design protects the structure from the penetration of water, thereby eliminating structural and aesthetic potential damage via water ingress. Well-designed waterproofing together with correct installation and appropriate materials prevent water ingress into entire building envelope: internal and external, above and below ground, incorporating basements, foundations, balconies, planter boxes, terraces, roofs, and walls However all too often little attention is paid to waterproofing design, as it is a construction component hidden and out of sight. Failure to appreciate waterproofing and its function to protect a structure has resulted in catastrophic consequences. Studies suggest that nearly 60% of all building damages and defects are caused due to water. Water Ingress – Internal Waterproofing is the combination of materials used to prevent water intrusion into the structural elements of a building or its finished spaces. Once water enters an internal space, it can accumulate behind ceilings and walls which typically have high moisture concentration combined with lack of light. In such area’s moisture creates an environment highly suitable to encourage production of mildew and mold. With time, mold and mildew can compromise not only the integrity of the building but impact the health and wellbeing of a building’s inhabitants and visitors. Water Ingress – External External areas of buildings such a balconies, terraces, basements, and roofs, need to have effective waterproofing to safeguard against damaging effects of weather and water. Waterproofing membranes play an integral role in enclosing and protecting external building surfaces. If left unprotected, or poorly protected, external building elements become vulnerable to water penetration which in turn leads to the potential harmful effects to the fundamental integrity of the building. External structures like balconies, roofs and terraces have finished surfaces such as screed, ballast or tiling which are designed to limit water penetration into the rest of the building envelope. However, these finishes alone do not possess the ability to prevent water ingress completely. The waterproof membrane should do that Waterproof design should also consider where and how to manage water flow. When water falls on a surface it is either contained, distributed, or drained away. Balconies, decks, and external areas should be designed to provide drainage and surface falls to distribute water away. If drainage is inadequately designed, or drains become blocked etc, surface water may “pond” or stand still. Water may seep under the finished balcony surface, ie. under tiles and penetrate structural elements below. Over time water penetration will have aesthetic and damaging effects, and particularly significant if weight bearing structures are involved. Waterproofing design must consider membranes to permanently stop water ingress, but also the movement, distribution, and drainage of water from surfaces. Suboptimal Waterproofing Practices Membranes refer to watertight materials laid over a surface to prevent water penetration. For instance, for balconies these membranes are applied either below finished tiles or above the structural slab in the case of flat roofs and terraces. So many times, I have seen water penetration from an external balcony into a habitable room below. When taking up some of the tiles and removing some of the wall tiles & skirting we would often find that the waterproofing membrane was not turned far enough up inside the wall to contain the water. A perfectly good and expensive job rendered useless because an individual decided not to extend the membrane further up the wall. At junctions, membranes require turn ups, turn backs, and drip grooves to adequately control water. Waterproofing membranes can be classified as sheet membranes or liquid applied membranes. Membranes that can stretch and move according to the contours of the building, make an ideal solution for long term protection against water ingress. If the membrane is to be exposed to the sun, then it should be UV stable. The membrane should be flexible enough to take any shape it is laid over and be capable of turning up and over walls and other construction features. High-rise buildings benefit from the waterproofing applications that can stretch over future cracks that may develop. Waterproofing membranes also demonstrate potential in metal and steel components of a building to prevent water leaks. Liquid-applied systems offer important advantages over sheet and roll products, they provide seamless protection across the surface and seal difficult areas like around multiple penetrations, skylights, gutter ways, fountains and behind indoor tile. They also eliminate the time and expense of installing flashing and termination bars.” Because these membranes are applied as a liquid, they’re monolithic (no seams) and are typically considered self-flashing, so it’s an excellent choice for external structures with difficult flashing details. The lifespan varies, depending on conditions and materials, but is typically about 25 years. Waterproofing often possess beneficial properties such as tear resistance and breakage, as well as the ability to release water into the atmosphere in vapour form to lengthen the life of the structure. Concrete & Waterproofing Form defects, imperfections, honeycomb, shrinkage cracks and numerous penetrations all add up to one thing, concrete is not a reliable water containment. Concrete can be made to be waterproof, however unfortunately concrete very rarely is waterproof. Concrete structures are often affected by water penetration problems. To name just a few like Cold joints c& expansion joints are a major water entry point even in vertical surfaces. Beam and column ties can also be a point of water penetration. Waterproofing design involves those who have a responsibility to ensure a construction project is made watertight and perform as such for a given period (min 10 years). The industry needs to consider the contribution of waterproofing as a vital component in the design, planning and construct of our buildings. Waterproofing design affects building quality and the longevity of structures. Article by Paul Evans President – Australian Institute of Waterproofing (AIW) Registered Victorian Building Practitioner (RBP) – Building Practitioners Board License CBU-4077 & DBU-7983 Master Builders Association Victoria (MBAV) Specialist Contractor – License 094507 Managing/Director - Findlay & Evans Waterproofing Telephone: (03) 8812 2918 Australian Institute of Waterproofing (AIW) Address: 155 Barkly Ave Burnley Vic 3121 PH: 1300 249 466

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The Byronic hero originated in the poetry of Lord Byron (1788-1824). In poems such as Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, The Corsair, and most notably in his masterpiece, Don Juan. Byron’s protagonists are typically morally ambiguous, isolated, brooding, and overly passionate. Byron’s heroes remain unchanged throughout the course of his poems but are affected by their relationships with women and the circumstances of their time. After Byron, in the Victorian era of literature, characteristics of this Byronic stereotype continued to appear in works by other authors, including two examples in Gothic novels published in 1847: Rochester, in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre and Heathcliff from Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights. Both Rochester and Heathcliff harbor the Byronic characteristics of secrecy and unfulfilled desires. Rochester is infatuated with Jane but cannot act on his desires for her since he is already married, while Heathcliff is rejected by Catherine when she refuses to marry him. Struggles with power and its relation to the institution of marriage also characterized Byron’s deployment of his heroes. Another similarity that Heathcliff and Rochester share with Byron’s heroes is that we can simultaneously gain enjoyment by reading about their exploits and be repelled by their actions. The resulting moral ambiguity is a key feature shared by Byron and Gothic literature.

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Migraine is the common problem with people worldwide and is defined as the chronic neurological disorder characterized by moderate nausea and several headaches. In comparison to males this problem occurs three times more frequently in females. The true and specific migraine headache is pulsating in nature and affects only one half of the brain which means that it is unilateral and it usually lasts from 6 to 48 hours. True migraine headaches are not a result of a brain tumor or other serious medical problem. However, only an experienced health care provider can determine whether your symptoms are due to a migraine or another condition. Approximately one-third of people who suffer from migraine headaches perceive an aura—transient visual, sensory, language, or motor disturbances signaling the migraine will soon occur. Hence, vision disturbances, or aura, are considered a “warning sign” that a migraine is coming. The aura occurs in both eyes and may involve blurred vision, a temporary blind spot and pain in the eye, seeing stars or zigzag lines and tunnel vision. Not every person with migraines has an aura. Those who usually develop aura, feel it about 10 – 15 minutes before the headache. However, it may occur just a few minutes to 24 hours beforehand. A headache may not always follow an aura. Other symptoms that may occur with the headache include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, sweating, sensitivity to light (photophobia), increased urination, numbness, tingling, chills and sensitivity to sound (phonophobia). Symptoms may linger even after the migraine has gone away. Patients with migraine sometimes call this a migraine “hangover.” Many migraine sufferers have noticed that, at times, migraine and depression seem to go together and there is strong evidence to support this. However, it is not known whether treating migraine affects depressive symptoms or treating depression affects migraine symptoms. Understanding the nature of the association between migraine and psychiatric disorders has strong implications for diagnosis and treatment. Several mechanisms of comorbidity may be considered like psychiatric disorders and migraine is associated as a result of chance or Migraine is a causal factor in the development of psychiatric conditions or vice versa or both. Besides that, there might be shared environmental risks and even a common shared aetiological factor may explain the co-occurrence of both disorders. Prophylactic or preventive treatment of migraines such as taking preventive drugs, migraine surgery, taking nutritional supplements and lifestyle alterations can be an important component of migraine management.

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This Why Can't I Vote? lesson plan also includes: - Join to access all included materials Fourth graders take an unannounced test (failure is expected) and the top scores are rewarded with candy bars. They compare this test to the literacy tests given before 1960 and votes to candybars. They journal their responses. 3 Views 13 Downloads - This resource is only available on an unencrypted HTTP website. It should be fine for general use, but don’t use it to share any personally identifiable information

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Please Note: This article is written for users of the following Microsoft Excel versions: 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016. If you are using an earlier version (Excel 2003 or earlier), this tip may not work for you. For a version of this tip written specifically for earlier versions of Excel, click here: Non-adjusting References in Formulas. by Allen Wyatt (last updated September 10, 2016) Everybody knows you can enter a formula in Excel. (What would a spreadsheet be without formulas, after all?) If you use address references in a formula, those references are automatically updated if you insert or delete cells, rows, or columns and those changes affect the address reference in some way. Consider, for example, the following simple formula: If you insert a cell above B7, then the formula is automatically adjusted by Excel so that it appears like this: What if you don't want Excel to adjust the formula, however? You might try adding some dollar signs to the address, but this only affects addresses in formulas that are later copied; it doesn't affect the formula itself if you insert or delete cells that affect the formula. The best way to make the formula references "non-adjusting" is to modify the formula itself to use different worksheet functions. For instance, you could use this formula in cell C7: This formula constructs an address based on whatever cell the formula appears in. The ROW function returns the row number of the cell (C7 in this case, so the returned value is 7) and then the INDIRECT function is used to reference the constructed address, such as A7 and B7. If you insert (or delete) cells above A7 or B7, the reference in cell C7 is not disturbed, as it just blithely constructs a brand new address. Another approach is to use the OFFSET function to construct a similar type of reference: This formula simply looks at where it is (in column C) and compares the values in the cells that are to its left. This formula is similarly undisturbed if you happen to insert or delete cells in either column A or B. A final approach (and perhaps the slickest one) is to use named formulas. This is a feature of Excel's naming capabilities that is rarely used by most people. Follow these steps: Figure 1. The New Name dialog box. At this point you've created your named formula. You can now use it in any cell in column C in this manner: It compares whatever is in the two cells to its left, just as your original formula was designed to do. Better still, the formula is not automatically adjusted as you insert or delete cells. ExcelTips is your source for cost-effective Microsoft Excel training. This tip (12348) applies to Microsoft Excel 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016. You can find a version of this tip for the older menu interface of Excel here: Non-adjusting References in Formulas. Comprehensive VBA Guide Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is the language used for writing macros in all Office programs. This complete guide shows both professionals and novices how to master VBA in order to customize the entire Office suite for their needs. Check out Mastering VBA for Office 2010 today! Do you want Excel to take the case of your text into account when it does comparisons in a formula? The IF statement ...Discover More Formulas are the heart of using Excel, and formulas often refer to ranges of cells. How you insert cells into the ...Discover More You can easily set up a formula to perform some calculation on a range of cells. When you copy that formula, the copied ...Discover More FREE SERVICE: Get tips like this every week in ExcelTips, a free productivity newsletter. Enter your address and click "Subscribe." Got a version of Excel that uses the ribbon interface (Excel 2007 or later)? This site is for you! If you use an earlier version of Excel, visit our ExcelTips site focusing on the menu interface.

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Concept of social change pdf. 20.1 Understanding Social Change 2022-10-21 Concept of social change pdf Rating: The concept of social change refers to the transformation of cultural, economic, political, and societal institutions and structures over time. It can be driven by a variety of factors, including technological advances, economic shifts, political revolutions, and cultural movements. One of the key drivers of social change is technological advancement. As new technologies are developed and adopted, they can fundamentally alter the way societies function and interact. For example, the invention of the printing press in the 15th century revolutionized the spread of information and ideas, leading to significant cultural and intellectual changes. The development of the internet and social media in recent decades has similarly transformed the way people communicate and access information, leading to changes in social norms and political organization. Economic changes can also drive social change. For example, the rise of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries led to significant changes in the way people lived and worked. The growth of the global economy and the rise of multinational corporations in recent decades have also had a major impact on social and cultural dynamics. Political revolutions and movements can also catalyze social change. For example, the American and French revolutions in the late 18th century led to significant changes in the political systems and social structures of those countries. More recently, the civil rights movement in the United States and the fall of the Soviet Union are examples of political events that led to significant social change. Cultural movements and changes in social norms can also drive social change. For example, the feminist movement and the LGBTQ+ rights movement have led to significant changes in the way women and LGBTQ+ individuals are treated and perceived in society. Overall, the concept of social change encompasses a wide range of transformations that can occur at the individual, group, and societal level. It is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by a variety of factors, including technology, economics, politics, and culture. Understanding the forces that drive social change is crucial for predicting and shaping the future of society. Social Change and Development childhealthpolicy.vumc.org According to Marx, the social order has passed through five phases called the oriental, the ancient, the feudal, the capitalistic, and the communistic. . Sometimes it exerts many influences which spread out in different directions like the spokes of a wheel. They have produced scientific discoveries that have saved lives, extended life spans, and made human existence much easier than imaginable in the distant past and even in the recent past. The wealth-bringing technology brought also ugliness, shoddiness, and haste standardisation. Both Spencer and Durkheim employed the concept of structural differentiation to indicate that as society develops more functions, it becomes structurally more complex. Economic Mandan Theory of Social Change: Owing largely to the influence of Marx and Marxism, the economic theory of change is also known as the Marxian theory of change. Factors of Social Change: Physical Environment: Major changes in the physical environment are very compelling when they happen. This is a synthesis of ideational and the sensate. Social relationships are social processes, social patterns and social interactions. Change also takes the form of replacement. The pace of this change may be swift or slow. Social Change is bound by Time Factors: Social change is temporal. According to Karl Marx even the formation of social relations and mental conceptions and attitudes are dependent upon technology. He is an integral part of society which is made up of many individuals. He made the concept of accumulation the basis for his theory of social change. Social change in urban areas is faster than in rural areas. Thus, in the development of languages where the process of differentiation has been stressed we have many disconcerting facts. Social change is a term used to describe variations in, or modifications of, any aspect of social processes, social patterns, social interaction or social organisation. Social Change The term social change is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interactions and interrelations. Avoiding simplistic solutions, he focuses on the type of environmental problems that can be analyzed by Marx's theory and asks which of his approaches are still convincing. The three customary thoughts of social changedecay, cyclic change, and progresshave verifiably affected current speculations. Societies passed through three stages—the primitive, the intermediary and the scientific, which corresponded to the forms of human knowledge thought. A sensate culture is one that appeals to the senses and sensual desires. It might well have weakened social bonds, and it has certainly imperiled human existence. Moore, by small-scale changes we shall mean changes in the characteristics of social structures that though comprised within the general system identifiable as a society, do not have any immediate and major consequences for the generalised structure society as such. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Its indirect consequences are the increase of unemployment, the heightening of competition etc. Frustration with corruption leads to sting operations. In the ideational type of civilization reality and value are conceived of in terms of a supersensory and super-rational God, while the sensory world appears as illusory. A leading modern theorist Anthony Giddens 1979 has consistently attacked on evolutionism and functionalism of any brand. The word change denotes a difference in anything observed over some period of time. Our direct concern as sociologists is with social relationships. Many of the conditions on which important human values such as contentment, economic security, honesty and freedom depend are not often realized more adequately in the more evolved society. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Change will only occur as a victory of the exploited class. [PDF] Social Conflict and the Theory of Social Change Accordingly, the change, development, and progress take place by way of contradiction and conflict and that the resulting change leads to a higher unity. There is no scientific proof that human society is going through the stages visualized by Marx. Frazer and Max Weber held that religion is the chief initiator of social changes. It is believed that Marx has attached great importance to technology in his scheme of mode of production, which forms the main basis for the change in society. Marx believed that the basic contradictions contained in a capitalist economic system would lead to class consciousness. This realisation will unite them for proletarian revolution. Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology G. It is hedonistic in its ethics and stresses science and empiricism. Advances in agricultural technology, ranging from the iron-tipped plow to the tractor technology and the three-crop rotation system made possible the creation of a surplus. They have neglected conflict in favour of a unitary concept of society which emphasises social integration. The description given by Sorokin makes room for almost any possibility, deterioration, progress or cyclical change and, therefore, sociologists find little quarrel with his description. People do not hesitate to say that modem technology science is responsible for moral degradation of our society.

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Puducherry: Puducherry, the French Riviera of India is unique in several ways - the Union Territory has two Independence Days to celebrate. While the rest of India celebrated Independence Day on August 15, 1947, Pondicherry, as it was formerly known, remained a French colony. Fifteen years after India gained independence, this small French colony was liberated on August 16, 1962 when Pondicherry was officially merged with the Indian Union. Thus the union territory celebrates Independence Day on both August 15 and 16. Puducherry will celebrate its second Independence Day (De Jure Day) on Thursday, August 16, too. The French Indhiya Puducherry Pradesa Viduthalaikala Makkal Nala Narpani Iyakkam, a political party has been protesting, demanding the celebration of De Jure Day for years. Finally, government recognised the day and decided to celebrate Independence Day and Liberation Day on August 16 and November 1 respectively. Freedom from yoke The people of the union territory of Puducherry won freedom from the foreign yoke only after seven more years of struggle after India became free on August 15, 1947. Unlike many other states in India, people of the UT had to launch a separate movement to replace the French flag with the national tri-colour. The Indian government under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru continued to press for the unification of Puducherry. India signed an agreement with France in June 1948 which gave power to people to determine the political status of their land. Later, municipal elections in Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam were held in October 1948 . All municipalities except for one, elected representatives of the French India Socialist Party, a pro-French group. The new councillors, at a meeting, accepted the autonomy offered by the French Government. Later on March 18, 1954, members of the executive council, mayors of Pondicherry and seven adjoining communes proclaimed their decision to merge with India without a referendum. All communes in Karaikal also followed suit after which the referendum conducted by the French administration in the border village of Kizhur near here, to ascertain the wish of the people. On 18 October, 1954, the municipal councillors and members of the Assembly gave their verdict in favour of merger with India. The agreement for the de facto transfer of the four remaining French settlements to India was signed on October 21, 1954 and came into effect on November 1, 1954. A treaty was entered into between France and India, establishing the cession by the French Republic to the Indian Union of the French establishments of Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe and Yanam. The treaty was signed by the then French Ambassador Stanislas Ostrorog and the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who was also Union Minister for External Affairs.. Though government came forward to liberate the Union Territory on 1 November it was on August 16, 1962 that India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India, full sovereignty of the territories it held. The French government passed legislation in Parliament ratifying the Treaty of Cession and Puducherry became De Jure free on August 16, 1962. Struggles to celebrate the historic day The French Indhiya Puducherry Pradesa Viduthalaikala Makkal Nala Narpani Iyakkam, an organisation that espouses the causes of people who opted for Indian citizenship over French at the time of the merger, struggled for more than 12 years to ensure that the historic day is celebrated. It conducted hunger strikes and rallies on August 16, urging government to celebrate the day. However, there were differences of opinion on celebrating August 16 as Independence Day when freedom fighters, activists and others stress that November 1 should be made as Puducherry Independence Day, marking the de facto transfer made through a treaty of cessation between the French and Indian governments on November 1, 1954. Government decided to recognise November 1 as Liberation Day and organise celebrations on the lines of Independence Day and Republic Day. “Following the request from freedom fighters, the administration appointed a committee chaired by Judge David Anusamy and based on the recommendations, the Chief Minister declared November 1 as Liberation Day in 2014. We are conducting large scale celebrations to mark the day,” said a senior official of the administration. Some historians feel that the territorial administration is arranging very few programmes to recall the spirit of those times. “The De Jure transfer is a historically important event as it marked the attainment of liberation without bloodshed. But consecutive governments in the Union Territory show no interest in celebrating the historical importance of the day. Other than announcing a local holiday, no specific programs are conducted,” says a historian. “A monument is erected at Kizhur, a small village near Ariyur to mark the historic day. But the place and the monument is in a state of utter dilapidation. Puducherry has already lost many important documents and photographs due to negligence,” say historian. Independence Day celebrations, 2018 Puducherry Chief Minister V Narayanasamy unfurled the tri-colour at the Indira Gandhi sports complex at Uppalam here and inspected a guard of honour presented by the Puducherry armed police on the occasion of the 72nd Independence Day celebrations on Wednesday here. Speaking on the occasion, the Chief Minister said that his government was committed to introduce welfare schemes in the coming days despite obstacles. “It is really challenging to get funds from the Centre, but government is committed to work for the welfare of people,” he said. Claiming that law and order in the Union Territory is well maintained, Mr Narayanan said that steps were being taken to prevent cyber crimes against women and children. He also said that the number of tourists coming to Puducherry has increased by 9.5 per cent this year when compared to last year. Tourism development schemes worth over Rs 150 crore are being implemented. Rs 66 crore and Rs 41 crore were allocated for ‘Heritage Tourism’ and ‘Spiritual Tourism,’ respectively under the Swadeshi Darshan scheme. “Air service from Puducherry to Hyderabad and Bengaluru has commenced,” he added. Mr Narayanasamy also presented the President's police medal for distinguished service to Deputy Inspector General of Police V J Chandran and for meritorious service to R Narayanane, Sub-Inspector of police and service medals to others. Later in the evening, Chief Minister V Narayanasamy participated in the Independence Day celebrations organised at Raj Nivas along with spaker V Vaithilingam, minister M Kandasamy, legislators and other senior officials of the administration. Leader of the opposition N Ramaswamy also participated in the event.Sharing the pictures of the guests, the Lt Governor said that her office and residence is also home for all. “I am only one of the residents in it. Thank you all for coming and adding energy to it,” said Ms Bedi....

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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition - n. Superior skill or ability. - n. Superior strength, courage, or daring, especially in battle. Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. Excellence; virtue; goodness; integrity. - n. Bravery; valor; particularly, military bravery combined with skill; gallantry; daring. - n. A feat or deed of valor; a valiant act. - n. Skillfulness and manual ability; adroitness or dexterity. - n. Distinguished bravery or courage, especially in battle; heroism GNU Webster's 1913 - n. Distinguished bravery; valor; especially, military bravery and skill; gallantry; intrepidity; fearlessness. - n. a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation - From Old French proeche (Modern French: prouesse) (Wiktionary) - Middle English prowesse, from Old French proesse, from prud, prou, brave; see proud. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) “Even in the middle of their bloodstained feudal period, in the year 597 B. C.-forty-six years before Confucius was born-Prince Chuang of the State of Ch'u, proclaimed: "The ideograph for 'prowess' is made up of the signs 'to stay' and a 'Spear' -- in other words, the cessation of hostilities.” “Are we supposed to believe that defensive prowess is making up the difference?” “While it won't be clear until Election Day, the state Democratic Party's fundraising prowess is expected to give it a significant edge in organizing and capitalizing on its early-voting effort.” “And Iott's and the Wikings 'whitewashed account of their military prowess is beyond absurd.” “There was more, but what the world will remember is: "Andrew's prowess is legendary.” “His sees convictions confirmed when he, too, falls prey to polio and athletic prowess is forever stripped from him.” “An investment manager's prowess is often measured using two Greek letters, beta and alpha.” “Another impressive display of American technological prowess is at hand, but you'd hardly know it, so bitter the debate over the nation's impending political path.” “That was our most recent election news cycle, following the one in which Paladino bought time to tell us that when it came to sex, Cuomo's "prowess is legendary.” “Even so, apply it to a character like The Mentalist (CBS, 9 ET/PT), a man whose prowess is built upon his powers of observation, and it does offer more potential than the sweeps norm.” These user-created lists contain the word ‘prowess’. A complete Barron's Wordlist for GRE preparation. Your online flashcard replacement. I've noticed many, many words start with PRO and this is just a collection of them. Words contained in the screenplay of Wizard of Oz, 1939 film. Comments show the actual "line" from the film. The words are tagged for grade-level Temporary list is temporary. Collecting a few words here, which are then to be alloted to other lists. All my favourite words that I come across! cool mint antiseptic mostly from magoosh Vocabulary building for my quest of GRE 2013 Looking for tweets for prowess.

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(b ?Leiden; d Wiener Neustadt, Austria, ?1473). Sculptor, perhaps of Netherlandish origin, active in Germany and Austria, an artist of great power and originality. He is first recorded in 1462 in Trier and is known to have worked also in Strasbourg and Vienna; several signed or documented works survive, in sandstone and marble (woodcarvings have also been attributed to him), but the details of his life are mostly obscure. His work is extraordinarily vivid and unconventional, capturing an intense feeling of inner life, as in the celebrated sandstone Bust of a Man (Mus. de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, Strasbourg), which is usually considered to be a self-portrait. The voluminous style of his draperies and his boldness of approach suggest that he was trained in a Burgundian workshop where Claus Sluter's style was still predominant, although he is sometimes called Nicolaus ‘of Leyden’, implying that he came from Leiden in the northern Netherlands. His work had considerable influence in central Europe. Subjects: Renaissance Art.

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A GSM phone that supports three of the four major GSM frequency bands, and will therefore work in most parts of the world. Of the four major GSM frequency bands, 850 and 1900 are the two bands used in North America. 900 and 1800 are the most common bands in other parts of the world. There are two major types of tri-band GSM phones: European and Americas. European tri-band phones support the 900, 1800, and 1900 frequency bands. Therefore they provide complete coverage in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and work on at least one network in most countries in the Americas. Americas tri-band phones support the 800/850, 1800, and 1900 frequency bands. They provide complete coverage in the Americas, and will work on at least one network in most countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Tri-band is not be confused with tri-mode. Tri-mode usually refers to a CDMA phone, while tri-band usually refers to GSM phones.

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NASA's special "Webb-cam" kept an eye on the development of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, since 2012. Now that Webb telescope has moved to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, a special Webb camera was installed there to continue providing daily video feeds on the telescope's progress. Space enthusiasts, who are fascinated to see how this next generation space telescope has come together and how it is being tested, are able to see the telescope's progress as it happens by watching the Webb-cam feed online. There were two Webb-cams at NASA Goddard. Those cameras, which were mounted inside the giant cleanroom, provided still photos (refreshed every minute) of the activity inside and gave a peek at what engineers and technicians were doing to the telescope as it came together. Over the last five years, Webb-cam viewers saw some amazing images of the Webb at Goddard, such as when all 18 gold-coated mirror segments of the Webb's primary mirror were mounted on the telescope. "The two Webb-cams we installed in Goddard's giant cleanroom have developed a huge following over the last five years," said Maggie Masetti, social media manager and web developer on the Webb telescope mission at NASA Goddard. "With millions of views every month, you can bet that if there was a camera glitch, we heard about it right away." The new "Webb-cam" is mounted where it has a view of the cleanroom at NASA Johnson Space Center. The camera fronts the chamber where the Webb telescope will be undergoing cryogenic testing in a massive chamber called "Chamber A." Although there is no view of Webb once it is inside the chamber during the actual cryo-optical testing, there will be much activity on Webb in the cleanroom itself for several weeks before and after. The Web camera at NASA's Johnson Space Center can be seen online at: http://jwst.nasa.gov/, with larger views of the cams available at: http://jwst.nasa.gov/webcam.html. Explore further: Image: James Webb Space Telescope mirror seen in full bloom

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Citizenship, Migration, and Rights Migration is not only a process or an experience, but a lens through which we can study the world around us. Issues of migration reveal insights about geopolitics and global inequality. One seemingly simple question that drives the scholarship around migration is: Why do people migrate? Wrapped up in this question, however, are issues of economic insecurity, political persecution, opportunity, transnational ties, and diasporic connections, to name only a few topics. Almost any topic that you are interested in can be broached through the lens of migration. One of our goals for this class is develop the tools and insight to be able to make such connections. Our course will include a deep investigation into the experiences of undocumented migrants in the United States. We will be focused on the question: How does legal status shape one’s experience of migration? To investigate this question deeply, we will broach several other important questions, including: How do states control movement? What happens after people settle in a new country? How do individuals and their families experience social and political incorporation? What are the experiences of migrants’ children? How does gender, race, nationality, and sexuality shape belonging? Genocide and the Law Through a sociological lens, we will develop the tools to search for nuance and variation across cases and through time. We will ask: What is genocide? How does it occur? Why does it occur? Why do people participate, resist, or become bystanders? We will address issues of human rights, agency, survival, and ancestry. We will investigate responsibility and accountability. The course will include an in-depth examination of several cases, including: the Holocaust and genocide against Indigenous peoples, as well as the Armenian, Rwandan, and Cambodian genocides. Refugees, States, and the International System of Refugee Management This class is organized by the movement trajectory of a “composite” refugee. Beginning with flight from the conflict country, we will learn about refugee hosting in the countries of the Global South, resettlement in the countries of the Global North, asylum-seeking, and return and incorporation. While very few individual refugees pass through all these stages and places, we will use these categories to analyze different types of refugee policies and experiences. We will learn how refugees are embedded in a world system of control and humanitarian protection in which policymaking in one context is strongly shaped by actors elsewhere.

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Caroli disease is a nonobstructive dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, which was first described in 1958 by the French physician Jacques Caroli. This is a rare congenital disorder that classically causes saccular ductal dilatation, which usually is segmental. Caroli disease is associated with recurrent bacterial cholangitis and stone formation. (See the images below.) Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic image of Caroli disease. During catheter placement, contrast material previously injected outlines the irregular, dilated saccular ductal branches. Caroli disease. CT image in a patient with biliary dilatation. Drawing shows the main right hepatic duct and the multiple segmental branch dilatations related to Caroli disease. Note the saccular dilatations that can occur, involving the right lobe of liver in this case. Caroli disease also is known as communicating cavernous ectasia or congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tree. It is distinct from other diseases that cause ductal dilatation caused by obstruction. It is not one of the many choledochal cyst derivatives. Imaging studies play a major role in the diagnosis of Caroli disease. Ultrasonography is widely available and is often used first in the diagnosis of any process involving the liver; therefore, it is commonly performed early in the workup of patients with Caroli disease. Demonstration of the continuity of the cystic lesions with the bile ducts is paramount in diagnosis. Nuclear scintigraphy also may be performed in the initial workup and can be valuable in excluding obstructive causes for intrahepatic duct dilatation that are depicted on cross-sectional images. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is excellent for screening patients, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can aid in the diagnosis of Caroli disease. Also, MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can be performed, and images show ductal anatomy well, with additional techniques. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP, shown below) can be performed in patients with Caroli disease and can aid in diagnosis. Biliary interventions also can be performed, but the intrahepatic ducts can be difficult to access. Caroli disease. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic images obtained during stone removal from the hepatic ducts. The patient is prone. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) is a more invasive technique that can allow direct visualization of the biliary tree and then therapy with transcutaneous interventions. Drainage catheters may be placed to divert bile. Stones can be removed, or balloon sphincter dilatation can be performed. (See the images below.) Caroli disease. Contrast-enhanced percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic image shows the dilated ducts in the left lobe of the liver. Caroli disease. Image obtained after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography shows the percutaneous biliary drainage tube in place. Laboratory examinations also are important and include bilirubin level analysis and liver function testing. Elevated white blood cell counts indicate infection, possibly cholangitis. Cultures of the blood, if findings are positive, support a diagnosis of sepsis. Biopsy of solid liver masses may be performed to aid in the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Congenital hepatic fibrosis must be diagnosed at histologic examination; this diagnosis can help exclude cirrhosis. Limitations of techniques Ultrasonography can be limited by air in the adjacent bowel. The many reasons for false-positive scintigraphic results are well known, and if biliary obstruction from a complicating factor is present, nuclear scans may be nondiagnostic. Artifact can affect CT scans. Not all patients can receive iodinated intravenous (IV) contrast. ERCP and PTC are invasive. ERCP cannot be performed if a gastric outlet obstruction or a previous surgical anastomosis (eg, gastrojejunostomy) cannot be crossed. PTC can be difficult if the peripheral ducts are not dilated, or PTC may be contraindicated if the patient has a severe allergy to radiographic contrast media or an uncorrected coagulopathy. MRI and MRCP can be hampered by artifact, as well as by such patient factors as claustrophobia or excessive weight. The most common, and often the first, interventional radiologic procedure is PTC, which reveals dilated segmental intrahepatic biliary radicles. Drainage procedures with ERCP or PTC are important, and sphincterotomy can aid biliary drainage and stone removal or subsequent passage and may decrease bouts of cholangitis. ERCP reveals dilated segmental intrahepatic biliary radicles. With PTC or ERCP, the diagnosis can be made with a high degree of confidence when the large intrahepatic branches have focal or segmental involvement with cystic outpouchings in which the contrast medium collects. False-positive findings are rare with these techniques, and false-negative findings are related to poor filling in the dilated ducts (especially possible with ERCP). Caroli disease may be adequately treated by resection, but transplantation may be required in patients with hepatic fibrosis.

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Continued from series 1 The larvae of Tuta absoluta mine the leaves producing large galleries and burrow into the fruit, causing a substantial loss of tomato production in protected and open filed cultivations. The larvae feed on mesophyll tissues and make irregular mine on leaf surface. Damage can reach up to 100%. This pest damage occurs throughout the entire growing cycle of tomatoes. Tuta absoluta has a vey high reproduction capability. There are up to 10-12 generations in year in favourable conditions. The larvae are very unlikely to enter diapause as long as food source is available. Tuta absoluta can overwinter as eggs, pupae and adults. Adult female could lay hundreds of eggs during her life time. Tomato plants can be attacked from seedlings to mature plants. In tomato infestation found on apical buds, leaves, and stems, flowers and fruits, on which the black frass is visible. On potato, mainly aerial parts are attacked. However damage on tuber also recently reported. See you in our next farm site visit, for details click here Tuta absoluta reduced yield and fruit quality of Tomato grown in green house and open field. Severely attacked tomato fruits lose their commercial value. 50–100% losses have been reported on tomato (EPPO, 2005). On potato, CIP (1996) considers that is one of the major pests of foliage, occurring in warm zones of low altitudes (below 1000 m) As larvae are internal feeders it is difficult to achieve an effective control through application of chemical insecticides. Moreover, Tuta absoluta can rapidly evolve strains with reduced susceptibility to insecticides that have been previously effective. Failure by synthetic insecticides has also been reported in many countries.

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The Živánska Tower was probably built in the second half of the 14th century. Perhaps it was connected with the nearby royal castle in Hrušov (about 7 km away) and guarded the former route through the Žitava valley. This route, in operation since the first half of the 14th century, gained importance after the discovery of gold deposits in the vicinity of Nova Baňa. Most likely, the tower served to protect travelers in this road, and also functioned as a toll and customs collection point. The local customs house was confirmed in written sources in 1423, 1424 and 1481, and for the last time in 1496. It is not known when it ceased to be used or when it was destroyed. After it ceased to be used as guard of the customs chamber, it was to be used by robbers. It is known that in 1638, actions against them were organized in the Tekov County. Certainly, the tower ceased to be used after the destruction of the Hrušov Castle in 1708. When abandoned, it may have collapsed from old age, but an earthquake is also possible. For the construction of the tower, an exceptionally defensive and strategically advantageous place was chosen, in the area where the road and the Žitava River turned around a high rocky ridge. Situated at a height of about 40 meters, the tower could control a large part of the road, and access to it was significantly limited and possible only from the north. There, it was secured by creating a transverse ditch carved in the rock. On the opposite southern and south-eastern side of the tower, a flat, about 20-meter long fragment of the area could be used for wooden auxiliary or residential buildings, a kind of a small outer bailey. The tower was built of unworked erratic stones bonded with lime mortar, with the use of river gravel to fill in the unevenness (this material corresponds to the building materials of the castle in Hrušov, as well as its construction technique). It received a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 8.1 meters. It consisted of five storeys, its height reached about 15-17 meters, and the thickness of the walls in the ground floor, partially recessed in the rock, was 2.7 meters. The entrance to the tower was on the first floor and was accessible only from a ladder. Inside, all the storeys were separated by wooden ceilings, the beams of which were embedded in the wall in openings of 22×28 cm. People moved between them using ladders. For defensive reasons, the two lowest floors were not pierced with any window openings, only at the level of the second floor on the northern and eastern sides there were two slit openings with a clearance of 25×130 cm. Similar slits orientated to the west and northeast were pierced at the height of the third floor. At the height of the ceiling of this storey, openings in the external façade were evenly arranged for the installation of an all-round hoarding porch, accessible by stairs or a ladder. To this day, the northern part of the tower of a height up to 14.5 meters has survived, from which one can read the original thickness of the wall and the location of the windows. Entrance to the ruin is free. Bóna M., Živánska veža v chotári Jedľových Kostolian, “Pamiatky a múzeá”, č. 1, 42/1993. Website jedlovekostolany.sk, Živánska veža.

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Scientists have revealed they could use social media to monitor posts from drug addicts. Social media platforms are the latest scientific research method to discover more about physical addictions. Recent research conducted by Dartmouth, Stanford University and IBM research explores the effectiveness of sharing personal problems with addictions online. Sunny Jung Kim, lead author and e-health communication scholar, believes that the high traffic of social media provided them with important information about peoples activities online. “Our review and typology suggests that social media big data and platforms can be a tremendous resource for monitoring and intervening on behalf of people with drug addiction and abuse problems,” he said. “Harnessing social media platforms and data can provide insight into important novel discoveries of collective public health risk behavior, a better understanding of people. “I started this project because there were few studies about why people use social networking sites to share unsolicited, highly personal information about their drug use, nor about the psychological effects or consequences of this type of user-generated communication,” said Mr Kim who claims the research concluded that monitoring social media can be a tremendous resource.

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Ontological Metaphysics of Ancient Greece What Is Metaphysics? Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the precise nature of existence. The word itself is difficult to define; it originates from what we now refer to as Aristotle's Metaphysics, which was so named because it was published after his Physics. Aristotle himself never knew the term, and referred to this study simply as the "first philosophy." Specifically, metaphysics deals with such issues as cause and effect, objects and properties, causality and necessity, and being and universals. What Is Ontology? Ontology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being. Specifically, ontological metaphysicians seek to answer the question, What does is mean to be? When you think about it, this question is not so easy to answer. We know intuitively that certain things exist, but how can we categorize the reasons they do? What differentiates objects that exist from those that do not? The earliest pre-Socratic philosophers viewed all matter as originating from a single substance. These monistic views proposed that the origin of existence may have been: - Water (Thales) - Fire (Heraclitus) - Air (Anaximenes) - Atoms (Democritus) - Undefinable Infinity (Anaximander) Heraclitus is also well known for his theory of constant flux, which became popularized by the adage, "No man ever steps in the same river twice." To be as confusing as possible, Heraclitus put forth that everything always changes – but some things stay the same only by changing. That is, everything has the innate ability to change, but some beings only remain the same by changing; if something changes, then, it can be said to possess the property of being. You, for example, exist because you can (and do) change, while not-you does not exist because it cannot change (since it is not). Heraclitus’s flux theory leads in turn to the unity of opposites, the belief that being can imply both sameness and dissimilarity within the same set of objects. To resolve the distinctions between existential reality and illusion, Plato introduced the Theory of Forms, which poses that being consists of two worlds, the Sensible World (the ever-changing existence that we appear to endure in) and the Intelligible World, or World of Ideas, which consists of the eternal, intangible Forms. The only beings that actually exist are the Forms; each aspect of reality as we know is based upon a specific Form. According to Plato, the reason for your existence (whatever “you” is) is that there is a Form from which your experiences partake; not-you, on the other hand, does not exist because it is based upon the Form of non-being. Plato explained the Forms via his well-known Allegory of the Cave, which describes a society that has lived from its inception inside a dark cave, seeing only the shadows cast from a fire behind it. These people believe that the shadows are the highest forms of reality, until one prisoner is freed and sees the fire; after suffering from the light, he will realize that the fire is more real than the shadows it caused. When he then exits the cave and views the sun, he will understand that it is the true cause of everything he sees. Analogously, humankind exists in the world it appears to understand, despite the true Forms that are the actual source, cause, and foundation of being. Unsatisfied with the positions of Plato, Aristotle developed the Theory of Categories to define the highest levels of classification of existence. Everything that can be expressed as existing can be described by at least one of ten Categories. Aristotle posited that being has, in addition to its primary sense, related applicable senses. For example, as you exist, you have, in addition to your principal sense of being, the senses of your physical and emotional characteristics (each of which is a being, albeit not insofar as it itself is). All beings are related in that they refer to one central idea (though not to one object per se). Therefore, an object that does not exist is one that cannot be described by a Category. The ten Categories (in no specific order) are: Aristotle further expounded upon the meaning of being by distinguishing between what he termed the subject (what a given statement is about) and the predicate (what the statement says about its subject). According to Plato, any predication refers simply to participating in a Form; that is, the statement “x is y” means that x is based on the Form y. Aristotle felt that this model was too oversimplified, as it could not differentiate between predications that are essential (e.g., “Aristotle is a human”) and those that are accidental in nature (e.g., “Aristotle is intelligent”). That which cannot be predicated Nature of an object Result of a change The best way to gain a clearer understanding of discussed concepts is to read the original sources. For a basic introduction, I highly recommend the W. D. Ross translation of Aristotle's Metaphysics and Harvard University's translation of Plato's Republic, both of which are available online. Another great reference is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

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Glaucoma is an eye condition which causes irreparable damage to the eyes. Optic nerves are specifically targeted and the condition, when left untreated gets worse over time. It is primarily characterized by a buildup of pressure inside both eyes. Increased pressure is also known as intraocular pressure which can cause severe damage the optic nerve, which transmits images to your brain. If the damage continues, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss. Glaucoma can be hereditary as well. Without proper and timely treatment, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within a few years. Most people with glaucoma have no early symptoms or pain. Regular eye checkups are useful as they help diagnose and treat glaucoma before long-term visual loss happens.It mostly affects adults over 40 years of age. Risk factors associated with Glaucoma generally include family history of glaucoma, having poor vision, having diabetes & use of steroid medications. Most people do not experience any obvious signs & symptoms of glaucoma. There are certain symptoms which must not be ignored. They are loss of peripheral or side vision, sudden eye pain, headache, blurred vision, or appearance of halos around lights, redness in the eye, eye that looks hazy (particularly in infants), nausea or vomiting, eye pain & narrowed vision (tunnel vision). Common causes of Glaucoma include high fluid pressure inside one eye or both the eyes, a blunt or chemical injury to any of the two eyes, severe eye infection, blocked blood vessels inside the eye & inflammatory eye conditions. Glaucoma usually affects both eyes, but it may be worse in one eye than the other. For diagnosis and treating glaucoma eye doctors normally use eye drops to dilate the pupils. They will also test vision and conduct a general examination of the eyes. Glaucoma tests are painless and take very little time. Glaucoma treatments, prescription eye drops, corneal transplant surgery, laser surgery, or microsurgery and different kinds of eye disease treatments can also be effective in treating glaucoma. World Glaucoma Week is for creating glaucoma awareness. March 12 – 18, 2017 is observed as world glaucoma week. The number of people with glaucoma is expected to increase to 76.0 million in 2020. World Glaucoma Week is a joint initiative between the World Glaucoma Association (WGA) and the World Glaucoma Patient Association (WGPA) and it has been highly successful in creating awareness about glaucoma. They are creating awareness concerning glaucoma from the past 8 years. The WGA and WGPA cannot battle this eye disease by themselves and therefore aim to bring together more number of individuals who have wider scope, expertise, and influence to create glaucoma awareness. For instance, social networks or local establishments. World Glaucoma Week 2017 has the following goals. Eye disease treatments in India are also quite inexpensive. India has become a very popular medical tourism destination for international patients because it is known for cost-effective and excellent medical treatments. IndianMedTrip is an upcoming medical tourism company which is now a part of the World Glaucoma Week 2017 & provides assistance to medical tourists by offering wide range of eye treatment packages which are cost- considerate as well as customized according to the needs and requirements of different patients.

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DGAs (Domain Generation Algorithms) are rendezvous domains for malware and hacker-controlled-servers to communicate, generated by rules or algorithms, usually encoded/encrypted and often have a short life span. Hackers use DGAs to evade the detection or blocking from static blacklist-based systems, for example, (some) firewalls using threat intelligence data that does not get updated as frequently as needed. It is not easy to detect DGAs because they satisfy the DNS protocol in every manner and there is usually no signature to identify them. This is why we use artificial intelligence/machine learning technology to detect them. If you look at some DGA domains you can find that quite often they appear to be collections of random characters, and because of that, from lexical analysis point of view they are statically quite different from normal domains. On top of that, they usually do not resolve to IP addresses since most of them are not even registered. Both of these are very important characteristics, or “features” as called in machine learning, to be used when we train the machine learning models. Machine learning works similar to the way human beings forecasted weather before certain modern technologies, including sensors and computers were invented. We observed lots of similar independent signals such as temperature, wind direction and animal behavior then associated them based on very long term of observation. If you think of some weather proverbs you will know what I mean. Just like weather forecasting, the effectiveness of using machine learning may have false detections as the training data might be biased or not applicable. Since DGAs are early indicator of malicious activities, such false detections can be handled depending on users’ risk tolerance levels.

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|Lesson Plan - 1 hour A. Introduction (5 minutes) Write lesson outline on white board. B. Vocabulary Words (10 minutes) Match words with the picture 2. Business man 5. Beer tap 6. Beer keg 9. To toast 12. Wine bottle 13. Wine glass 14. Wine cork 21. Table cloth C. Expressions and social etiquette (5 minutes) 1. Commons expressions used at restaurants "Cheers" "Are you ready to order?" "Check please" "Soup or salad?" 2. Tipping at American Restaurants D. Practice patterns (10 minutes) 1. I will write the following sentences on the white board. Waiter: Are you ready to order? Customer: Yes, I would like ___________. Waiter: Would you like a beer to drink? Customer: No thank you. May I have a ___________. Waiter: May I suggest a ______ for desert? Customer: That sounds great. 2. I will ask the students to insert words in the blanks. 3. I will read the first time. 4. The second time, the class will read the dialogue together. 5. In groups of two, the students will ask each other these questions. E. Menus (10 minutes) 1. Handout and review the Steak House Restaurant menu hangouts. a. Each student will receive a photocopied menu. b. Have each student rotate reading the menus items aloud. a. The students will now practice ordering with each other in their groups of two. b. During this time, I will walk around and talk with each student. c. I will role-play as the waiter and the students as the customers. F. Dialogue (15 minutes) 1. Split into groups of two to create a dialogue with a minimum of 6 sentences. 2. Create the dialogue using the Attending a Business Lunch picture. 3. During this time, I will walk around and talk with each student. 4. When complete, each group will read aloud their dialogue to the class. G. Questions and review (5 minutes) 2. Sentence Patterns

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Ksar Wled Soltane Ksar Wled Soltane, located about 20 km south of the city of Tataouine in southern Tunisia, is a very well preserved fortified granary built by the Berbers in the 15th century. Built with adobe (raw earth), the ksar is spread over two courtyards, each of which has vaulted attics that serve as food reserves, called ghorfas. In ancient times, granaries were often fortified to stop looters of food supplies from villages. Like other granaries built by Berber communities in North Africa, the Ksar is located on a hill, protecting it from these raids. This Ksar was built in the 15th century and consisted of hundreds of ghorfas for grain storage. Later in the 19th century, the ksar was enlarged with a second courtyard, and the number of ghorfas increased to 400 granaries. The two courtyards are connected by a passage in palm wood. The ghorfas stand four stories high and are accessed by a steep external staircase that reaches one by one the door of each attic. Each Ghorfa has been allocated and is used by a single family.

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