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Birds have internal ears which are located on either side of their head (basically, two holes on either side of their head). In contrast, humans have external ears. A bird's ears are more evident after a bath when their plumage is wet. Birds have a very acurate sense of hearing. They can hear 400 – 20,000 Hz (humans can hear 16 to 20,000Hz) and can store sound sequences in their memory more efficiently than humans can (which is why they can mimic human speech). This large range of hearing allows them to distinguish certain calls quickly, efficiently, and accurately (which can mean the difference between life or dead upon hearing a warning call). Taste and Smell Birds have fewer taste buds than humans; birds have approximately 300 taste buds while humans have approximately 9,000! They can detect sweet, salty, bitter, and acidic substances. They usually prefer bitter and sour tastes over sweetness (which is why most birds prefer vegetables over fruits). Birds do not have a well developed sense of smell, but even so, being exposed to strong odors can kill them. To give you an idea of how sensitive a bird's respiratory tract is, consider the situation in WWI when canaries were position on war front and trenches to detect chemical war fare that the enemies unleashed. The canaries would die first which served as a warning signal for soldiers to evacuate. A bird's nose is located above their beaks. In budgies, their nares are surrounded by flesh which is known as the cere. Birds are sensitive to touch. They are sensitive to vibration (it is vital that the hen be able to sense the vibration of a chick trying to peck his way out of the egg shell upon hatching). In the wild, they use their sense of vibration to detect an approaching predator or predict rain. Because they are in tune with vibrations, if they register a vibration they are not familiar with it can cause them to get startled or panic. This is one of the leading causes for night frights. They also have specialized organs called the Herbsts corpuscles, found at the base of each feather, which allows them to detect touch (be it vibrations or the airflow over their body). Herbsts corpuscles are also located in the legs, allowing them to feel vibrations from the perch they are standing on. The beak is another tool they use for touch, this is why birds tend to mouth everything that is given to them. Birds can see 150 images/sec (compared to 60 images/sec for humans) which is an adaptation for these fast flying creatures. Their eyes are located on the side of their head giving them panoramic vision (meaning they can see in front of them, their sides, and behind them all at the same time) which gives them a large field of vision and allow them to spot predators efficiently. Each eye can register images independently of each other. Their eyes are globular and they can change the shape of their eyes which allows them to focus at different distances. On average, their eyes have twice the focus strength of human eyes. A bird's eyes contain rod and cone cells on their retina which enable them to see colors. They can also see ultraviolet light (a color human eyes cannot register) and are thought to recognize their own species by detecting ultraviolet light form cheek patches (in budgies), legs, and feet. Like human eyes, they contain a spot on their retina called the fovea. The fovea contains cone cells and allows birds to produce sharp images. Hence, when a bird tilts his head (known as "head cocking"), they are focusing the image on their fovea.

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PAGE 1 OF 1 These Rodents See Red by Paul Muhlrad Just one extra gene is all mice need to see vibrant colors. Colored lights help show that the brains of genetically-altered mice can process information from new photoreceptors in their eyes. Here, a mouse deciding that the third colored panel looks different from the other two is rewarded with a drop of soy milk. Some lab mice can see the world in a whole new light, thanks to HHMI investigator Jeremy Nathans and his colleague Gerald H. Jacobs. Their findings provide insight into the remarkable plasticity of mammalian brains, and shed light on a plausible means by which humans may have acquired the ability to see many colors. Nathans, at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Jacobs, of the University of California at Santa Barbara; and their colleagues introduced the gene for a human red-light-sensing pigment into mice, and showed that the new photopigment functioned correctly, allowing the mice to distinguish colors they previously could not detect. Most mammals have only two types of photopigments in the color-sensitive cone cells of their retinas. In mice, one pigment detects ultraviolet light, while the other sees yellowish-green wavelengths. Many primates, including humans, have three color-sensing pigments, which gives us our rainbow palette of color vision. The researchers wondered whether the gene alone would alter sensory perception, or if additional changes in the nervous system would be necessary. Nathans and Jacobs showed that just the addition of the new photopigment endowed the mice with broader color vision. Using electrophysiological tests, the researchers determined that the rodents' retinas responded to red light. Then they subjected the mice to a series of behavioral tests, which confirmed that the mice could indeed see red. In essence, says Nathans, the brains of the mice completed all the necessary rewiring to make their new color receptors function. He views the findings, published in the March 23, 2007, issue of Science, as a lesson on how color vision, and possibly other sensory traits, might have evolved in humans. "Maybe the principal way in which sensory systems evolve is by genetic change at the front end—at the receptor cells," he says, "and the brain is flexible enough to immediately take advantage of those changes." Scientific Image: Gerald Jacobs

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Animals Are Distinctive But Not Uniform A very important question to ask when thinking about vegetarianism is, “Are animals really animals?” The answer depends on who you ask. While most vegetarians will claim that animals are not animals, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding this topic, making it difficult to state with certainty that animals are not animals. Animals are classified as either cetaceans or chordates depending on whether they retain their vestigial forelimbs and retain their ability to swim. The classification also depends on whether or not species can interbreed. Vegetarians claim that animals are either cetaceans or chordates, while animal rights activists maintain that fish are categorised as a separate genus altogether. Plants are classified as either Homoplasmic. While homoplasmic plants are part of a clade (clades mean classifications of related plants that are classified by similar characteristics), homoplasmic subspecies are unique to species. For example, there are only two recognized subspecies of the umbrella flower C. heterophyllum, whereas there are over twenty recognized subspecies of the common cabbage. Animals and plants share many common characteristics such as a plump, fleshy interior; vascular system which consists of numerous branches; scent glands (although not all animals secrete scent) and reproductive organs but differ in specific traits. Taxonomic rank is based on similarities and differences among species and subspecies. An animal may be ranked in one of four general categories according to its physical features. These categories are Homoplasmic (or subgenus), Pathogenetic, Generational, or Prototypic. Within each rank, there are several hundred rank places that separating one animal from another. Rank is not a determinant for identifying a species, however, as most animals do not possess unique characters that distinguish them from other members of their genus or group. Most modern genus and family names that are used to identify animals also belong to a subspecies. For example, horses, cattle, pigs, etc. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is divided into five parts. Parts one through four describe general features of an animal. Parts five through seven detail unique characteristics of animals, while parts eight through twelve identify distinguishing characteristics unique to a particular subfamily. Parts thirteen through twenty-one provide details of common types of animals and plants, respectively, while parts twenty-two through twenty-nine give details of distinctive fishes. Parts one through twenty-one are inclusive of aquatic animals and fishes, while parts twenty-two through twenty-nine provide information concerning land animals and aquatic plants.

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How can we help fight climate change? How can we help fight climate change? What You Can Do to Fight Climate Change - Learn more about your carbon emissions. - Commute by carpooling or using mass transit. - Plan and combine trips. - Drive more efficiently. - Switch to “green power.” Switch to electricity generated by energy sources with low—or no—routine emissions of carbon dioxide. Is the sun losing its power? For about a billion years, the sun will burn as a red giant. Then, the hydrogen in that outer core will deplete, leaving an abundance of helium. That element will then fuse into heavier elements, like oxygen and carbon, in reactions that don’t emit as much energy. Who can help with global warming? - Power your home with renewable energy. - Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize. - Invest in energy-efficient appliances. - Reduce water waste. - Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat. - Buy better bulbs. - Pull the plug(s). - Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle. What are five things governments can do to help the environment? 5 ways our governments can confront climate change - Protect and restore key ecosystems. Respect for nature is fundamental. - Support small agricultural producers. - Promote green energy. - Combat short-lived climate pollutants. - Bet on adaptation, not just mitigation. Is the sun getting weaker? Scientists believe the Sun was at its weakest in 2019 in the last 100 years or so — known as the solar minimum — and 2020 marks the beginning of the 25th cycle. But the odd thing is that solar activity, measured by the number of Sun spots at any given time, is pretty low even in 2020. What is the sun responsible for on earth? The sun has extremely important influences on our planet: It drives weather, ocean currents, seasons, and climate, and makes plant life possible through photosynthesis. Without the sun’s heat and light, life on Earth would not exist. Is afternoon sun good for health? One study found that afternoon sun exposure may increase the risk of dangerous skin cancers ( 9 ). Midday is the best time to get vitamin D, as the sun is at its highest point and your body may manufacture it most efficiently around that time of day. This means you may need less time in the sunlight at midday. What are the roles of government in protecting? The idea of government as protector requires taxes to fund, train and equip an army and a police force; to build courts and jails; and to elect or appoint the officials to pass and implement the laws citizens must not break. What is the government doing to stop global warming? Government research and development programs, such as the Advanced Research Project Agency-Energy, can drive progress in clean energy technologies and bring them to commercial use. Voluntary programs, like the Natural Gas STAR program, work with businesses to reduce emissions, often with public recognition. How long can humans survive without sun? Within a few days, however, the temperatures would begin to drop, and any humans left on the planet’s surface would die soon after. Within two months, the ocean’s surface would freeze over, but it would take another thousand years for our seas to freeze solid. Is the sun hotter than before? The Sun is becoming increasingly hotter (or more luminous) with time. However, the rate of change is so slight we won’t notice anything even over many millennia, let alone a single human lifetime. Eventually, however, the Sun will become so luminous that it will render Earth inhospitable to life. What does lack of sunlight do to you? Without enough sun exposure, your serotonin levels can dip. Low levels of serotonin are associated with a higher risk of major depression with seasonal pattern (formerly known as seasonal affective disorder or SAD). This is a form of depression triggered by the changing seasons. Why is the sun so hot nowadays? The core of the sun is so hot and there is so much pressure, nuclear fusion takes place: hydrogen is changed to helium. Nuclear fusion creates heat and photons (light). The sun’s surface is about 6,000 Kelvin, which is 10,340 degrees Fahrenheit (5,726 degrees Celsius). What can the government do to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Switching power plants, for example, from coal-burning to gas-burning can significantly reduce emissions. Equip fossil fuel plants with carbon capture and storage technology. Although it doesn’t exactly reduce emissions, carbon capture technology does prevent emissions from reaching the atmosphere. How is Sun useful to us? Nothing is more important to us on Earth than the Sun. Without the Sun’s heat and light, the Earth would be a lifeless ball of ice-coated rock. The Sun warms our seas, stirs our atmosphere, generates our weather patterns, and gives energy to the growing green plants that provide the food and oxygen for life on Earth. How does the government protect the environment? The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) addresses several issues, from setting limits on certain air pollutants to enforcing federal clean water and safe drinking laws. In addition, EPA enforces federal regulations to reduce the impact of businesses on the environment.

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Try to learn to tell the time. You could make a clock together with moving hands. In Year 1, children need to tell the time to the hour and half past the hour – but of course there is no barrier to their learning if they are able to go beyond this. Make a number line to 50 or 100 number square. Take it in turns to throw a dice and move on that number or squares. First to the end is the winner. Start from 0 or from 50 and count back. Make single digit number cards 0-9. Turn them blank side up. Take it in turns to choose 2 to make a 2 digit number eg 3 and 4 to make 34. Whoever makes the highest number wins a counter, first to get 10 counters is the winner. Practise counting forwards and backwards in 2s, 5s and 10s. March around the garden reciting the times tables. https://www.topmarks.co.uk/- a large collection of maths games. Play simple board games to help with counting on and back, anticipating how many are needed to finish. Play card games, snap, higher/lower, pairs etc

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A research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has developed a new technique to increase the stability of copper nanoparticles, while decreasing the energy required for them to reduce carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon fuels such as methanol or methane. The research team has developed hybrid nanoparticles by mixing copper nanoparticles with gold. These nanoparticles can be utilized as a potentially energy-efficient method of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, according to Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli, one of the researchers. The team selected to engineer the nanoparticles as they have a larger surface area for reaction with carbon dioxide molecules. Gold was mainly selected because of its common properties. The addition of gold prevents copper oxidation. To synthesize the hybrid nanoparticles, the research team added gold salts to a copper salt solution and then heated it. The resulting nanoparticles were then subjected to a sequence of reactions forming a powder from the solution. To demonstrate the reactivity of the hybrid nanoparticles, the research team coated a tiny electrode with the powder and placed it in a container of solution. The team then introduced carbon dioxide into the container and supplied a very low voltage to the electrode to measure the resulting current. The team used the generated current as a measure of reactivity of the nanoparticles with carbon dioxide. It discovered that the voltage applied to attain a constant current for hybrid copper-gold nanoparticles was comparatively much smaller than for pure gold and copper. The team’s next step is to study the structure of the hybrid nanoparticles to identify an optical structure for carbon dioxide reduction. Hamad-Schifferli commented that using gold to coat industrial-scale electrodes will definitely be expensive. However, the savings in energy and reuse possibility for these electrodes may make up the initial expenditures.

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This Mapping Roxaboxen lesson plan also includes: - Join to access all included materials Fourth graders read Roxaboxen and draw a map of the Roxaboxen community. In this language arts and geography lesson plan, 4th graders use specifications given, adding features to the map as described in the book and creating a legend. 11 Views 17 Downloads - This resource is only available on an unencrypted HTTP website. It should be fine for general use, but don’t use it to share any personally identifiable information

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[permalink] [id link] According to Strabo, Demetrius inspired the creation of the Mouseion, better known as the Library of Alexandria, which was modeled after the arrangement of Aristotle's school. Some Related Sentences According and Strabo According to Strabo, this site was first called Sigeia ; around 306 BC Antigonus refounded the city as the much-expanded Antigonia Troas by settling the people of five other towns in Sigeia, including the once influential city of Neandria. According to Strabo, writing two centuries after the events, rather than being destroyed by the Romans like their Celtic neighbours, " the Boii were merely driven out of the regions they occupied ; and after migrating to the regions round about the Ister, lived with the Taurisci, and carried on war against the Daci until they perished, tribe and all — and thus they left their country, which was a part of Illyria, to their neighbours as a pasture-ground for sheep. According to Strabo, by the time of emperor Augustus, up to 120 Roman ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos in Roman Egypt to India. According to Strabo, a water powered mill was built in Kaberia of the kingdom of Mithridates during the 1st century BC. According to Strabo their territory was divided in accordance with custom, each tribe was further divided into cantons, each governed by a military aristocratic ruler whose title chief of the tribe gave him the powers of a King-Priest (' tetrarch '). " According to Strabo prior historians used Iberia to mean the country " this side of the Ἶβηρος ( Ibēros )" as far north as the Rhone river in France but currently they set the Pyrenees as the limit. According to the accounts of historian Diodorus Siculus and geographer Strabo, the area's first permanent settlers were the mountain-dwelling Ligures, who emigrated from their native city of Genoa, Italy. According to the " travels of Hercules " theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area. According to Strabo ( 1. 1. 9 ), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. According to Strabo Corcyra ( Κόρκυρα ) was the Homeric island of Scheria ( Σχερία ), and its earliest inhabitants were the Phaeacians ( Φαίακες ). According to the descriptions of Strabo, Dio Cassius and other Graeco-Roman geographers, the lands of Asturias were inhabited in the beginning of the Christian era by several peoples, amongst whom the more important were: From the Cantabrians, the Vadinienses, who inhabited the Picos de Europa region and whose settlement gradually expanded southward during the first centuries of the modern era ; the Orgenomesci, who dwelled along the Asturian eastern coast ; and from the Astures, the Saelini, whose settlement extended through the Sella valley ; the Luggones, who had their capital in Lucus Asturum and whose territories stretched between the rivers Sella and Nalón ; the Astures ( in the strictest sense ), who dwelled in inner Asturias, between the current councils of Piloña and Cangas del Narcea ; and the Paesici, who had settled along the coast of Western Asturias, between the mouth of the Navia river and the modern city of Gijón. According to Strabo, he was born in Ioulis, on the island of Ceos, and his mother was the sister of Simonides. According to Mela it was the richest town on that coast, and Strabo represents its population as equal to that of Carthago Nova ( modern Cartagena ). According to the Roman historian Strabo, the river named Aesontius which in Roman times flowed past Aquileia to the Adriatic Sea was essentially the Natisone and Torre river system. According to Strabo, Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius ( modern Sakarya river ), but the more commonly received division extended it to the Parthenius, which separated it from Paphlagonia, thus comprising the district inhabited by the Mariandyni. According to the Sicilian Greek poet Stesichorus, in his poem the " Song of Geryon ", and the Greek geographer Strabo, in his book Geographika ( volume III ), the Hesperides are in Tartessos, a location placed in the south of the Iberian peninsula. According to Strabo, Celts stabbed a victim with a sword and divined the future from his death spasms. According to Strabo, a heroum of Podalirius, and another of Calchas, were located in Daunia, Italy, on a hill known as Drium. According to Strabo they were one of the many Thracian tribes that had crossed from Europe into Asia. According to Strabo, the ancient capital was at the south of the island ; in classical times it was to the east, on the Kamatero Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Salamis ; in modern times it is on the west. According to the Roman geographer Strabo, the early Empire sent a fleet of around 120 ships on an annual one-year trip to China, Southeast Asia, India and back. According and Demetrius The Ancient Library of Alexandria According to the earliest source of information, the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas, the library was initially organized by Demetrius of Phaleron, a student of Aristotle, under the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( ca. 367 BC — ca. 283 BC ). According to Demetrius Phalereus, it was during the archonship of Damasias ( 582 / 1 BCE ) that the seven first become known as " the wise men ", Thales being the first so acknowledged. According to the ancient Greek historian Polybius, an important factor in Philip's decision to take advantage of this opportunity was the influence of Demetrius of Pharos. * c. 87 BCE: According to Josephus, following a six-year civil war involving Seleucid king Demetrius III Eucaerus, Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus crucified 800 Jewish rebels in Jerusalem According to legend, the first chapel was built on the cliff side by a woman whose son was freed from captivity by St. Demetrius. According to Mitchener, the Hathigumpha inscription indicates the presence of the Greeks led by a " Demetrius " in eastern India ( Magadha ) during the 1st century BC, although this interpretation was previously disputed by Narain. According to W. W. Tarn, Apollodotus I was one of the generals of Demetrius I of Bactria, the Greco-Bactrian king who invaded northwestern India after 180 BCE. According to the single remaining source, Roman historian Justin, Eucratides defeated Demetrius of India, but the identity of this king is uncertain: he could be either Demetrius I, or Demetrius II. According to the Hathigumpha inscription near Bhubaneswar, Orissa, he attacked Rajagriha in Magadha, thus inducing the Indo-Greek king Demetrius to retreat to Mathura. According to Polybius, Demetrius was instrumental in turning Philip's ambitions toward Illyria and Rome. According to 1 Maccabees he was a descendant of the Biblical Aaron, brother of Moses, but not in the high-priestly line ; and being ambitious for the office of high priest, he traveled to Antioch to secure the assistance of the Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter, who had just overthrown Antiochus Eupator. According and inspired According to J. P. Mallory, in his 1989 book In Search of the Indo-Europeans, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in-adze. According to the band's website, although the group admired Holly ( and years later produced an album covering some of his songs ), their name was inspired primarily by the sprigs of holly in evidence around Christmas of 1962. According to Gibson, he was inspired by the big screen epics he had loved as a child, such as Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus and William Wyler's The Big Country. According to some scholars, Howard's conception of Conan and the Hyborian Age may have originated in Thomas Bulfinch's The Outline of Mythology ( 1913 ) which inspired Howard to " coalesce into a coherent whole his literary aspirations and the strong physical, autobiographical elements underlying the creation of Conan. According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, such spiritual practices are, in and of themselves, inspired by promptings from the light of Christ or the Holy Spirit that are communications with an individual's divine essence or spirit that is linked directly to God through pre-existence as his offspring. According to Gerald Casale, the album's sound was inspired by reviewers calling them " fascist clowns " in articles. According to a Greg Johnson biographical note on Booker, the song title " Gonzo " comes from a character in a movie called The Pusher, which in turn may have been inspired by a 1956 Evan Hunter novel of the same title. According to one theory about how Cocteau was inspired to write La Voix humaine, he was experimenting with an idea by fellow French playwright Henri Bernstein. According to Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, in his book " The Two Faces of Islam ", “ some say that during this vagabondage Ibn Abdul Wahhab came into contact with certain Englishmen who encouraged him to personal ambition as well as to a critical attitude about Islam .” Specifically, Mir ’ at al Harramin, a Turkish work by Ayyub Sabri Pasha, written in 1888, states that in Basra, Abdul Wahhab had come into contact with a British spy by the name of Hempher, who “ inspired in him the tricks and lies that he had learned from the British Ministry of the Commonwealth .” According to Robert Kiely, " no figure in the Christian Pantheon except Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and John the Baptist has inspired, provoked, or confounded the imagination of painters more than the Magdalene. According to music journalist Ben Myers, Bad Religion " layered their pissed off, politicized sound with the smoothest of harmonies "; Descendents " wrote almost surfy, Beach Boys – inspired songs about girls and food and being young ( ish )". According to Samuel Colt, he came up with the idea for the revolver while at sea, inspired by the capstan winch, which had a ratchet and pawl mechanism on it, a version of which was used in his guns to rotate the cylinder. According to The Star Trek Encyclopedia, the registry number " NCC-1701 " was devised by Matt Jefferies, art director of the first Star Trek series, inspired by an old science fiction cover that Gene Roddenberry liked, with a starship flying through space. According to sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi. According to William Wordsworth, the poem was inspired while Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Wordsworth's sister Dorothy were on a walking tour through the Quantock Hills in Somerset in the spring of 1798. According to Paul LaViolette, Starburst Foundation, Schenectady, New York, Eric Dollard, and Guy Obolensky had independently conducted gravity-like beam experiments during the 1980s that had been inspired by observations reported by Nikola Tesla. According to comic book writer and editor Bob Budiansky, The Transformers character Shockwave was inspired by Spock. According to Martinson, he dictated the initial cycle as in a fever after a troubling dream, affected by the Cold War and the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Hungarian revolution ; in another version, the first 29 cantos were said to be inspired by an astronomic observation of Andromeda Galaxy. According to some reports, Kiss Me Kate, a 1953 filmic adaptation of the Cole Porter musical Kiss Me, Kate was inspired by the backstage antics of Lunt and Fontanne, who continually fought both on and off stage, but who always reconciled, both on and off stage. According to director Danny Boyle, it was the opening hospital sequence of The Day of the Triffids that inspired Alex Garland to write the screenplay for 28 Days Later. According to a legend, when Phidias was asked what inspired him — whether he climbed Mount Olympus to see Zeus, or whether Zeus came down from Olympus so that Pheidias could see him — the artist answered that he portrayed Zeus according to Book One, verses 528 – 530 of Homer's Iliad: According to author and journalist Martin Dillon, Wright had been inspired by the violent deaths of UVF men Harris Boyle and Wesley Somerville, both of whom were blown up after planting a bomb on board The Miami Showband's minibus. According to Tomonubu Imamichi, the concept of Dasein was inspired — although Heidegger remains silent on this — by Okakura Kakuzo's concept of das-in-der-Welt-sein ( being in the world ) expressed in The Book of Tea to describe Zhuangzi's philosophy, which Imamichi's teacher had offered to Heidegger in 1919, after having studied with him the year before.

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Kitten season is the time between late spring to late fall when the greatest number of kittens are born. Cats start mating as soon the days start getting longer and the weather starts turning warmer. Unaltered females can go into heat as young as 5 months. Females are usually in heat for about a week. During that time they can mate many times with many males. Because of this, kittens within the same litter can have different fathers. The gestation period for cats is around 65 days. If you do the math that means an unaltered female can have a two or three litters a year with four to six kittens on average, that is a lot of cats! Mama loves her kittens but animal shelters are overtaxed during kitten season. At some shelters kittens are euthanized due to lack of shelter space. You can help by having your cats spayed or neutered. If there are feral cats in your neighborhood work with a a local organization to Trap Neuter and Return (TNR) the cats. World Spay Day is Feburary 24. Many organizations will be offering specials on spaying and neutering so keep your eye out. Once kitten season is in full swing, you can help by adopting, fostering, or donating.

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The captivating sight of fireworks lighting up the night sky has long been a source of fascination for people around the world. However, the use and display of firecrackers have not always been without legal restrictions. This article aims to provide an in-depth guide to the regulations surrounding the use of display fireworks, exploring various legal frameworks and their implications on public safety. Imagine a bustling cityscape during a festive occasion, where vibrant bursts of color fill the air as fireworks dance above eager spectators. Now picture this scene disrupted by chaos and panic caused by mishandled explosives or uncontrolled pyrotechnics. Such incidents highlight the importance of strict regulations governing firecracker usage to ensure both public safety and enjoyment. From local ordinances imposed by municipalities to federal laws implemented at national levels, governments worldwide have recognized the potential hazards associated with fireworks displays and enacted legislation to mitigate risks. Understanding these legal restrictions is crucial for event organizers, enthusiasts, and citizens alike, ensuring compliance while still enjoying the beauty of these dazzling spectacles responsibly. Understanding Firework Regulations Imagine a small town celebrating its annual summer festival with a grand firework display. The night sky bursts into a kaleidoscope of colors, dazzling the spectators below. However, this delightful spectacle is not without its legal constraints. Understanding firework regulations is crucial to ensure public safety and prevent potential hazards. In this section, we will explore the various aspects of firework regulations that govern their display. Fireworks: A Recipe for Joy or Disaster? While fireworks ignite joy and create fond memories, they also possess inherent risks if mishandled or misused. It is essential to recognize these dangers as we delve into understanding firework regulations. These regulations aim to strike an equilibrium between allowing individuals to enjoy pyrotechnic displays while safeguarding public welfare. Regulations in Action: To comprehend the complexity surrounding firework regulations further, let us consider some key points: - Noise restrictions: Many jurisdictions impose specific noise limits on firecrackers to protect citizens from excessive sound disturbances. - Safety zones: Establishing safety perimeters around firework launch sites ensures that spectators are at an adequate distance from potential harm. - Time limitations: Authorities may restrict the timing of firework displays to minimize disruptions during late hours or sensitive periods. - Permits and licenses: Obtaining proper permits and licenses guarantees compliance with safety protocols and enhances accountability. Table 1: Emotional Impact The following table highlights the emotional impact associated with different categories of fireworks: |Colorful aerial shells||Astonishment| |Silent visual effects||Awe| Comprehending firework regulations entails recognizing both the thrill they provide and the potential pitfalls that accompany them. By implementing measures such as noise restrictions, establishing safety zones, imposing time limitations, and requiring permits or licenses, authorities strive to balance public enjoyment with safety considerations. In the subsequent section, we will delve into the specific laws governing firework displays. Now that we have explored the intricacies of firework regulations, let us turn our attention to understanding the laws that govern these dazzling spectacles. Laws Governing Firework Displays Fireworks have long been a symbol of celebration and excitement, but their use is not without legal restrictions. It is important to understand the laws surrounding firecrackers in order to ensure compliance and safety. To illustrate these regulations, let us consider the case study of John, a passionate fireworks enthusiast who lives in a residential neighborhood. One key aspect of firework regulations is the prohibition of certain types of explosives within city limits. For instance, many municipalities ban the sale or possession of aerial fireworks such as bottle rockets or mortars due to their potential for causing fires or injuries. In John’s case, he may find himself unable to legally obtain his desired selection of fireworks if they fall under this category. In addition to restricting specific types of fireworks, there are often limitations on when and where they can be used. Common rules include setting curfews that prohibit fireworks usage during late hours to avoid disturbing residents’ sleep. Furthermore, most jurisdictions establish designated areas for discharging fireworks, typically away from densely populated neighborhoods like John’s. Failure to adhere to these guidelines could result in fines or even criminal charges. To emphasize the impact that disregarding firework regulations can have on individuals and communities, consider the following bullet points: - Fires caused by improper handling of fireworks lead to property damage worth millions of dollars each year. - Thousands of people suffer burn injuries annually due to accidents involving illegal or improperly used fireworks. - Noise pollution from excessive firework displays can cause distress and anxiety for individuals with sensory sensitivities. - Pets experience heightened stress levels during firework events, potentially leading to escape attempts and increased strays at animal shelters. Furthermore, an informative table delineating various state-level restrictions helps shed light on the patchwork nature of firework legislation across different regions (Table 1). |State||Retail Sales Restrictions||Consumer Use Restrictions| |California||Legal only in specific communities||Limited to certain holidays| |New York||Illegal except for licensed professionals||Restricted to authorized events| |Texas||Legal with age restrictions||No use within 600 feet of schools| |Florida||Legal, but local ordinances may apply||Prohibited on public property| With this understanding of firework regulations and the potential consequences of non-compliance, it is crucial for individuals like John to respect these laws. In doing so, he can ensure his own safety and that of his community while still enjoying the thrill and beauty of fireworks displays. In the subsequent section, we will explore the permits required for organizing firework events, delving into the necessary steps one must take to host a safe and legal display. Permits Required for Firework Events Understanding the laws governing firework displays is crucial for event organizers and enthusiasts alike. By examining specific legal restrictions, we can gain insight into the complexities surrounding public fireworks exhibitions. In this section, we will explore the permits required for firework events, highlighting their significance in ensuring compliance with regulations. Permits Required for Firework Events: Obtaining a permit is an essential step in hosting a safe and lawful firework display. Failure to secure proper authorization may result in penalties or even legal action. To illustrate the importance of permits, let us consider a hypothetical case study involving a local community organization planning a Fourth of July celebration: The Riverdale Community Association decides to organize a grand firework show at Riverside Park to commemorate Independence Day. However, due to time constraints and lack of awareness about necessary permits, they proceed without obtaining official authorization from the local authorities. To prevent such situations and ensure compliance with relevant legislation, here are some key factors regarding permits required for firework events: - Permit Application Process: Organizers must submit an application well in advance of the planned event date. The application typically includes details such as location, duration, safety measures, and emergency response plans. - Safety Inspections: Authorities conduct thorough inspections before granting permits to assess if all safety requirements are met adequately. This process aims to minimize potential risks associated with fireworks displays. - Insurance Coverage: Obtaining liability insurance coverage is often mandatory when applying for a permit. This helps protect both event organizers and attendees against unforeseen accidents or property damage. - Noise Restrictions: Permits also address noise limitations imposed during firework shows to mitigate disturbances within residential areas neighboring the display site. Emotional Response Evoking Elements |1||Ensuring public safety||Protecting attendees| |2||Preventing property damage||Preserving community assets| |3||Promoting responsible usage||Encouraging compliance| |4||Minimizing environmental impact||Preserving natural resources| Understanding the significance of permits and adhering to their requirements is vital for organizers seeking to host firework displays safely and responsibly. By following these regulations, event planners contribute to the overall well-being of both participants and the surrounding community. In the subsequent section, we will delve into essential safety measures that should be implemented during firework shows to ensure a successful and incident-free experience for all involved. Safety Measures for Firework Shows Section H2: Safety Measures for Firework Shows Imagine a scenario where a small town is planning to hold an extravagant firework show as part of their annual Independence Day celebration. The organizers are excited about the event but want to ensure that all necessary safety measures are in place to prevent any accidents or injuries. In this section, we will explore the various safety measures that should be implemented during firework shows. Safety Measures for Firework Shows: Secure and Designated Firing Zone: To minimize potential risks associated with fireworks, it is crucial to establish a secure and designated firing zone. This area should be carefully chosen to ensure minimal impact on nearby structures, vegetation, and public areas. By confining the display within a controlled space, the risk of errant projectiles causing damage or injury can be significantly reduced. Operating fireworks requires expertise and experience due to the inherent dangers involved. It is imperative to have qualified personnel who possess comprehensive knowledge of pyrotechnics handling and safety protocols at every stage of the process. These individuals should oversee the setup, ignition, monitoring, and cleanup aspects of the show while adhering strictly to established guidelines. Audience Control Measures: Maintaining proper audience control is another critical aspect of ensuring firework show safety. Implementing effective crowd management techniques such as barriers, roped-off areas, clear signage, and trained staff can help prevent unauthorized access into danger zones or restricted areas during the event. Emergency Preparedness Planning: In case unforeseen circumstances arise during a firework show, having well-defined emergency preparedness plans in place becomes essential. This includes establishing communication channels with local authorities and emergency services, positioning first aid stations strategically throughout the venue, and training event staff on emergency procedures like evacuation protocols. The following bullet point list highlights some key reasons why implementing these safety measures is vital: - Prevents accidental fires and property damage - Minimizes the risk of injuries to both participants and spectators - Ensures compliance with legal requirements and regulations - Enhances public trust and confidence in firework events The table below showcases a comparison between firework shows that implemented comprehensive safety measures versus those that neglected proper precautions: |Safety Measures||Firework Show A (Implemented)||Firework Show B (Neglected)| |Secure Firing Zone||✔️||❌| |Audience Control Measures||✔️||❌| |Emergency Preparedness Planning||✔️||❌| By analyzing this table, it becomes evident that firework shows which prioritize safety measures significantly reduce the likelihood of accidents or mishaps occurring. With an understanding of the essential safety measures for firework shows, we can now delve into the potential legal penalties associated with violating firecracker regulations. Legal Penalties for Firework Violations One example of the importance of safety measures during firework shows can be seen in the case of a Fourth of July celebration gone wrong. In a small town, an inexperienced individual attempted to operate a professional-grade firework display without following proper protocols. As a result, one misfired firework caused multiple injuries and property damage. This unfortunate incident highlights the need for strict adherence to safety measures when organizing firework shows. To ensure the safety of both participants and spectators at firework shows, several key safety measures should be implemented: Secure perimeter: Establishing a secure perimeter around the fireworks launch site is crucial to prevent unauthorized individuals from entering dangerous areas. Clear signage and physical barriers should be used to clearly demarcate restricted zones. Crowd control: Proper crowd management is essential to avoid overcrowding and ensure that viewers are positioned at a safe distance from where fireworks will be launched. By controlling attendance numbers and implementing designated viewing areas, organizers can minimize potential risks associated with large gatherings. Trained personnel: The presence of trained personnel who possess expertise in pyrotechnics is vital for executing safe firework displays. These professionals should have thorough knowledge of local regulations, as well as experience in handling different types of fireworks. Emergency response plan: Organizers must develop comprehensive emergency response plans that outline procedures to follow in case of accidents or unexpected incidents during firework shows. This includes having medical personnel on standby, establishing communication channels with local authorities such as police and firefighters, and ensuring access to necessary equipment like first aid kits and extinguishers. By adhering strictly to these safety measures, organizers can significantly reduce the risk of accidents during firework displays while maximizing enjoyment for all involved parties. Moving forward into our next section about “Tips for Complying with Firework Restrictions,” it’s important to understand not only the legal penalties associated with violating firework regulations but also the proactive steps individuals can take to ensure compliance. Tips for Complying with Firework Restrictions While the previous section highlighted the legal penalties associated with violating firework regulations, this section will focus on providing practical tips to ensure compliance. It is important to understand that adhering to firework restrictions not only promotes safety but also helps protect communities from potential hazards. To illustrate the importance of complying with firework regulations, let’s consider a hypothetical scenario. Imagine an individual who disregards the law and decides to set off fireworks in a residential area despite local ordinances prohibiting such activities. Unfortunately, their actions result in a fire breaking out, causing significant property damage and endangering the lives of nearby residents. This example highlights the potential consequences that can arise from non-compliance with firework restrictions. In order to avoid similar situations, individuals should follow these guidelines: - Familiarize yourself with local laws: Each jurisdiction may have specific rules regarding fireworks, including permitted dates and times for usage. Research and familiarize yourself with these regulations to ensure you are compliant. - Purchase fireworks from licensed vendors: When buying fireworks, always choose reputable sellers who operate within legal boundaries. Licensed vendors typically sell products that meet safety standards. - Exercise caution when handling fireworks: Follow all instructions provided by manufacturers meticulously and use appropriate safety gear while handling or lighting them. - Attend public displays instead: Instead of setting off fireworks at home, consider attending professionally organized public displays where experts handle pyrotechnics in a controlled environment. Below is a table summarizing some common legal penalties associated with firework violations: |Fines||Monetary fines imposed as punishment for breaching firework regulations| |Imprisonment||In severe cases involving serious injuries or significant property damage, imprisonment may be imposed| |Community service||Offenders might be required to perform community service as part of their penalty| |Restraining orders or probation||In certain cases, individuals may be subjected to restraining orders or placed on probation| By adhering to firework restrictions and following the guidelines outlined above, individuals can play an active role in maintaining safety within their communities. Remember that promoting a responsible approach towards fireworks not only preserves personal well-being but also ensures a harmonious environment for everyone. (Note: Table formatting may not display correctly due to limitations of this text-based medium)

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5th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Minamata Convention on Mercury Nov 14, 2023 Edited from the Earth Negotiations Bulletin The Minamata Convention on Mercury, which is an international treaty, was adopted on October 10, 2013 and entered into force on August 16, 2017, and governments committed themselves to protecting human health and the environment from mercury and mercury compounds. Mercury, as a naturally occurring element, can be released into the air and water through the weathering of rock containing mercury ore or through human activities such as industrial processes, mining, deforestation, waste incineration, and burning fossil fuels. Mercury-containing products such as dental amalgam, electrical applications, laboratory and medical instruments, batteries, antiseptic and antibacterial creams, and skin-lightening creams can also release mercury. Effects on fetal neurological development, lowered fertility, brain and nerve damage, and heart disease have been linked to exposure to mercury. The Minamata Convention bans new mercury mines and calls for the phase-out of existing ones. It also contains control measures on emissions and products containing mercury and the regulation of mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. The Convention also addresses interim storage of mercury and its disposal once it becomes waste, sites contaminated by mercury, and health issues. This year, when parties to the Minamata Convention convened for the 5th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP-5), while commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Convention, they discussed further actions that will help make the promise of this treaty a reality. COP-5 took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from October 30 to November 3, 2023. Over 846 delegates participated in person, and for the first time, the meeting was broadcast via livestream to 900 viewers, with the recordings available following each plenary session. The Convention currently has 147 parties. Parties agreed to update Annexes A and B of the Convention to list phaseout dates for certain types of batteries, switches and relays, fluorescent lamps, and cosmetics, and mandate the phaseout of mercury as a catalyst in polyurethane production by 2025. They also agreed on language declaring mercury-free processes for production of sodium or potassium methylate or ethylate to be technically and economically feasible. However, efforts by the African Group and other parties to agree on a phaseout of dental amalgam, which is still widely used for dental fillings, did not achieve consensus. The final decision only requires parties that have not yet phased out dental amalgam to report on how they plan to do so. A decision on mercury waste thresholds means that countries have a fixed standard now for measuring whether imports and exports contaminated with mercury contain more than the allowed total concentration value of 15 mg/kg. This is important for countries who fear becoming global dumping grounds for mercury-contaminated wastes, as it gives an international standard for deciding whether a shipment should be blocked. It also means that producer nations now have a benchmark for blocking exports of mercury-contaminated waste. COP-5 applauded the 95% rate of national reporting on what parties have done to meet their obligations under the Convention. Parties welcomed the second review of the Convention’s financial mechanism, which provides new guidance to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and notes that the GEF increased its funding for the Minamata Convention by more than 30% in its latest replenishment. COP-5 adopted the budget and program of work for the 2024–25 biennium, approving a core budget of USD 8.4 million and estimating needs of USD 4.83 million for its Special Trust Fund. COP-5 also saw some emerging themes that are likely to shape the work of the Convention in years to come. COP-5 accomplished a lot. However, several issues for COP-6 in November 2025 are to be resolved, including phasing out dental amalgam and all mercury-added cosmetics and establishing the feasibility of mercury-free vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production. COP-6 will also examine the draft guidance on trade, a report on national emission inventories and plans.

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Step 4: Read and complete the decision guide to learn more about your symptoms. Treating the Common Cold in Children Call your doctor. These symptoms are uncommon with a cold, and are more common with other illnesses, such as influenza (the flu), pneumonia, pertussis (whooping cough), or croup. Please provide feedback to help us improve the Drugs.com Symptom Checker.

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**This product was created using SMART Notebook 11** This is a collection of lessons created to address the 4.MD.2 common core standard for fourth grade. The lessons include: -Multi-step measurement conversion tables -Metric units vs. customary units -Millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers, grams, kilograms, milliliters, liters, gallons, quarts, pints, cups, seconds, minutes, hours, inches, feet, yards, miles, pounds, ounces -Using fractions and decimals with whole numbers -Multi-step measurement conversion word problems Multi-digit multiplication (four-by-one and three-by-two), division with four-digit dividend and one-digit divisors, and six-digit addition/subtraction problems are included as warm-ups and cool-downs. There are 57 slides in this file, which should last you approximately one week. The practice problems at the end of each session/lesson can be used as a common assessment. Please let me know how I can improve these for you. Thank you for your interest in my product!

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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained. 1A chilled box or cupboard for keeping something cold, especially food. - ‘A good skipper will have a plentiful supply of bottled water in the icebox, but it is as well to check before leaving port that he had laid in enough to last the day.’ - ‘Nobody is kicking down your door, confiscating your icebox and saying you can't drink into the wee hours.’ - ‘I'm already thirsty for another frosty cool one from Hardway's icebox.’ - ‘I praised his courage, because it's not easy to carry the heavy icebox up to the top of mountain.’ - ‘Beryl spit out a mouthful of kibble and hid behind the antique icebox that never had any ice.’ - ‘‘He's against it,’ replied Coolidge coolly as he reached in the icebox for a beer.’ - ‘She then offered to help him carry the icebox where the fishes were.’ - ‘What did you think I was practicing for, when Dad needs extra ice for the icebox?’ - ‘The cupboards all matched, unlike Toni and Carina's mismatched, random cupboards and iceboxes.’ - ‘She looked around the small kitchen before she opened the cabinets and the icebox and saw that they were empty.’ - ‘Griffith ignored him and opened one of the iceboxes at the corner of the tiny kitchen.’ - ‘In my nightmares, I hid in an icebox, but they found me anyway.’ - ‘Evil slams down the piano, and grabs the icebox.’ - ‘The icebox is a 54-quart portable cooler that fits beneath the companionway steps.’ - ‘Reaching down, he opened an icebox, and then brought up a slab of meat.’ - ‘Against the back of this room was a cupboard for storage, a stove, and an icebox.’ - ‘The icebox only consisted of a wooden box with ice surrounding it.’ - 1.1US dated A refrigerator. - ‘While the pie was baking, she removed some vegetables and meat from the icebox to prepare for dinner.’ - ‘May, could you please get some eggs out of the icebox?’ - ‘People might have had iceboxes, but the very first home ‘fridges’ were not invented until 1913 and not mass-produced until 1939.’ - ‘But in other parts of the world, consumers with small iceboxes chug their milk from a rectangular drink box kept in the pantry.’ - ‘How about a refrigerator that goes back to the old icebox concept and stores coolness in a block of frozen material during certain hours?’ Top tips for CV writingRead more In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.

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Free shuttle to visit the factory Cone Crushers, How Do They Work Below Is A Animated Gif Showing How A Cone Crusher Crushes . Illustration Of How Cone Crusher Crushes. A Gyratory Cone Crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or ore processing plant. Gyratory cone crushers are designated in size either by the gape and mantle diameter or by the size of the.Free quote How Does A Cone Crusher Work. How Does A Cone Crusher Work Cone Crusher Working Principle is following Ore moving cone broken wall away from the fixed cone lining rolling acetabular wall side of the moment, fall into the crushing chamber, moving toward the fixed cone when the cone liner to return to complete the first ore crushing. How Does A Cone Crusher Work. Rock is fed into a large opening at the top of the cone crusher where it is squeezed between the mantle and the cone. 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Compression style crushers, such as a jaw crusher or a cone crusher, are typically used with more abrasive materials. Impact style crushers, such as a horizontal shaft impactor or a vertical shaft impactor, are used more for material that is less abrasive. Some plants will use both styles of crusher. How Does A Cone Crusher Work Sigma Plantfinder Blog. How does a cone crusher work sigma plantfinder blog cone crushers are one of the main types of primary crushers used in mining and ore processing they are categorised through size in either the mantle diameter or the size of the receiving entrance they are suitable for crushing a variety of matter including midhard ores and rocks.get price. Like jaw crushers, gyratory crushers are often utilized in primary crushing stations, though they may sometimes be used as secondary crushers, as well. Cone Crushers. Similar to jaw and gyratory crushers, cone crushers work by compression, which means they reduce materials by squeezing them until they break apart. How Keestrack Impact Crushers Work. An Impact Crusher can reduce an input material to a higher ratio than a standalone Jaw or Cone Crusher it does this via the use of two aprons suspended over the rotor Each apron is responsible for 12 of the crushing reduction with the 1st apron responsible for the primary crushing operation and 2nd apron fulfilling the secondary crushing. What Is A Cone Crusher How Does A Cone Crusher Work. How Does A Cone Crusher Work Rock is fed into a large opening at the top of the cone crusher where it is squeezed between the mantle and the cone As the size of the rock decreases pieces fall into lower levels of the crusher where they continue to be worn and broken down further. 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How Do Cone Crushers Work - MC World.INC. how do cone crushers work. Cone Crusher Working Principle is following Ore moving cone broken wall away from the fixed cone lining rolling acetabular wall side of the moment fall into the crushing chamber moving toward the fixed cone when the cone liner to return to complete the first ore crushing. How cone crusher work obsdelindertnl. Cone Crusher Work waterbaycoza When cone crusher work, motor drives the eccentric through the pulley, drive shaft and a rotating set of gears, crushing cone axis moving in force under the spin pendulum movement to do so crushing wall of rolling acetabular wall sometimes close, sometimes far away, ore. Metallurgical ContentCalculate Crusher MOTOR HORSEPOWERCone Crusher Motor SizingCALCULATIONSHow to Select the Correct CONE CrusherSIZING THE CONE CRUSHER In the cone. 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An Impact Crusher can reduce an input material to a higher ratio than a standalone Jaw or Cone Crusher it does this via the use of two aprons suspended over the rotor. Each apron is responsible for 12 of the crushing reduction with the 1st apron responsible for the primary crushing operation and 2nd apron fulfilling the secondary crushing. Need a mobile jaw with cone crusher for work in india. 2020 9 6ensp0183enspneed a mobile jaw with cone crusher for work in india cone crusher manufacturer india saluteindiain need a mobile jaw with cone crusher in india our vission is work through professional consultation exquisite technical support and rigorous work attitude to provide you with the comprehensive feasible high quality and. Jun 01, 2019018332The installation of the jaw crusher and the method of use directly affects the quality of the finished product and the smooth progress of production. 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Conservation is all about protecting natural resources and reducing energy usage to enhance overall sustainability. The fact is, everyone can take part in conservation, but not everyone can conserve in the same ways. What really matters is that you do your best to take the steps you can, understanding that some steps conserve more energy than others. Check out this breakdown of key conservation areas and what you can do to conserve more effectively. Conserving at home Heating and cooling According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the average American household uses approximately 43 percent of its total energy costs to heat and cool the home. To conserve energy most effectively, take steps to help maintain a stable, comfortable temperature without using more energy: - Install a programmable thermostat that automatically lowers the temperature at night and during your work hours. - Seal windows and doors to prevent leakage of heated or cooled air. - Clean your air ducts and furnace system regularly. - Add insulation to your walls and ceiling. Heating water seems so simple, but most households spend 12 percent of their energy costs on this one single factor. Conserve energy by: - Lowering the setting on your water heater to a maximum of 120 degrees F (most automatically default to 140 degrees F). - Shortening your showers. - Washing your laundry in cold rather than hot or warm water. - Replacing your old hot water heater with a new, Energy-Star solution. Other simple solutions There are lots of ways to conserve energy, and every little bit really does count. Consider these additional, simple solutions that really do make a difference: - Use your dishwasher and avoid pre-rinsing dishes. Run the dishwasher only when you have a complete load. - Likewise, run your washing machine only when you have a full load. - Replace incandescent light bulbs with CFL or LED lights. - Use rechargeable batteries instead of disposable ones. - Eat off real dishes, and use fabric linens. Stop using paper plates and disposable water bottles. - Unplug small appliances that aren't in use, and turn off lights and fans when you leave a room. Conserve on your commute Gas prices are skyrocketing again, so it makes sense to make your daily commute as conservation-friendly as possible. Consider the following: - If you live close to work, walk or ride a bike to the office at least a few times a week. - Look into carpooling or public transportation as another conservation solution. It may not seem as handy, but you'd be surprised how quickly you can adapt to the new system. - Do some research to see if investing in a hybrid or electric-only car is a viable alternative to your gas-guzzler. You may have to spend some money up front, but the investment may pay off in the long run. - If you include a pit stop at a coffee shop or fast food joint every day, make it a point to carry your own travel mug and silverware with you. This way, you won't be throwing away disposable mugs or plastic utensils every day. Same thing goes for water: Carry a reusable water bottle with you wherever you go. Conserve at work You may have limited input into conservation measures at work, but even small things can help. Try a few of the following: - Ask your boss if she's open to starting a conservation committee focused on making company-wide changes to foster overall sustainability. - Reduce your paper consumption. Avoid printing at all costs. If you have to print, reuse the paper to take notes or messages after you're done with it. - Turn off lights when you leave your office or the restroom. - Pack your lunch in a reusable lunch bag and glass containers. More about conservation Ways to conserve in the laundry room Sustainability made simple: Ways to start at home Plan a complete home energy makeover

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There is smooth, flat rock on the bottom of the Rio Grande, near where the river makes a bend toward the walls of Santa Elena Canyon. The water is shallow on that stretch of the water course, which turned it into a natural crossing point. Indigenous peoples like the Comanche and Apache used the location to hunt on both sides of the river before there were governments and countries with names and borders and flags and armies. Eventually, Mexicans and Americans found the spot convenient for conducting trans-border business and congregating with friends and families living on both sides of the river. Shortly after the beginning of the Twentieth Century, soldiers in uniforms of the United States military were bivouacked on a hill downstream from the crossing. They were under the command General John “Black Jack” Pershing, who had been given his nickname because he had served with Black soldiers in the Tenth Cavalry during the Santiago Campaign of the Spanish-American War in Cuba. Pershing, tall and patrician in bearing, had been given orders by President Woodrow Wilson to pursue Pancho Villa in Mexico, and put an end to his depredations on the U.S. side of the Mexican border. Pershing, who had been promoted to Brigadier General by Teddy Roosevelt, had taken command of Fort Bliss outside El Paso. Not many miles distant, Villa had sacked the Southern New Mexico town of Columbus, killing 17 Americans and setting flame to the community’s structures. Villa was trying to overthrow his country’s government with a revolution but consistently viewed the U.S. as intervening and causing further military and political challenges. Pershing crossed the border heading south toward the Sierra Madre Occidental, determined to pacify the outlaw and his bandits. Villa was to be captured or killed. The general reportedly took 9,000 soldiers with him and, prior to his departure, as many as 50,000 U.S. National Guard troops had lined the border to protect Texas from Villa. An unknown number of them were stationed just west of Santa Elena Canyon in a location later to be known as Lajitas, which refers to “little, flat rocks.” The low spot with the flat-rocked riverbed, which was where the troops crossed into Mexico on their pursuit of Villa, became known as “Black Jack’s Crossing.” Whether the general was ever present to lead those men across is not known for certain, though there are several photos of him riding his horse into the river and southward. His original campaign launched near the Texas-New Mexico line, not far from Columbus on March 16, 1916. The Mexican Revolution lasted ten years from 1910-1920, and there were concerns early that the political leadership of Mexico was clandestinely getting military assistance from Germany, which was poised to launch the first global war in Europe. Pershing, meanwhile, who later became the commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force confronting the Kaiser’s soldiers, never even caught sight of Pancho Villa even as talk of international wars escalated. His interdiction south of the border resulted in skirmishes, and one disastrous loss of men, horses, and materiel in a battle at Carrizal, less than two weeks after he had crossed the frontier. Villa had also plundered Nogales, Arizona and stopped a train carrying American railroad surveyors. He promptly executed seventeen men, without expressing remorse or facing punishment. Villa’s ability to disappear into the mountains around Chihuahua made Pershing’s task almost impossible. The general was the first American military commander, however, to deploy aircraft to conduct reconnaissance to find roads and trails and signs of the evasive revolutionary. Heavy trucks used by Pershing to haul ammo and supplies were never able to move sufficiently fast enough over Mexico’s mostly dirt roads and could not close on the rebel and his men. The U.S. was also never able to press an advantage using the airplanes. Although “Black Jack” spent only about eleven months in pursuit of Villa, he publicly claimed a putative victory by scattering the “Villistas,” revolutionaries who had followed Villa. The general in a letter to a friend, though, acknowledged the failure of his massive endeavor. “When the true history is written, it will not be a very inspiring chapter for school children or even grownups to contemplate. Having dashed into Mexico with the intention of eating the Mexicans raw, we turned back at the first repulse and are now sneaking home under cover, like a whipped curr with its tail between its legs." Villa lived on without worrying about Pershing’s “Punitive Expedition,” but met his fate in 1923. A former Mexican congressman, who had been pistol whipped by Villa in an argument over a woman, led an assassination squad that killed him in an ambush as he drove to meet a lawyer in Parral. The revolutionary leader was on his way to have his will rewritten. Pershing, though, had been picked by President Woodrow Wilson to lead American forces in World War I and played a role in the framing of the Treaty of Versailles when Germany finally sued for peace. The general was disinclined to accept the offer and wanted to continue prosecuting the war because he believed its leaders would not be politically chastened unless the conflict was punitive to conclusion, and the Kaiser’s army was destroyed. His belief was that the Germans had to be eliminated on the battlefield, troops and weapons, or they would be back to arms in another generation, which, obviously, turned out to be correct. The treaty provided Hitler with leverage to make his claims that the German people had been historically wronged and needed to ascend to their rightful place of power, which had been abrogated by peacemaking. He convinced his nation that the armistice was unfair to the German people and that they had been betrayed by politicians who had assented to its terms, which amounted to “stabbing the army in the back.” There is something politically allegorical to Pershing’s aggressive stance that lurks in today’s American presidential politics. Efforts to use the Fourteenth Amendment to disqualify Trump from getting on electoral ballots in various states, which could doom his candidacy, might offer America an historic backlash. No argument exists to suggest Trump did not attempt to overthrow a duly elected government, and that makes him subject to being banned from ever again running for, or holding public office in this country under Sec 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The evidence is abundant and manifest, but the strategy seems shortsighted and adorned with risks. He needs to be defeated at the ballot box, soundly and with great emphasis on rejection by the American electorate. There must be no doubt this nation is done with his histrionics and nascent authoritarianism. A friend of mine said, “We need to beat his ass into the ground.” If Trump were to be disqualified, and the U.S. Supreme Court denies any appeals to stop his removal from various state ballots, MAGAts will have a grudge to carry until they tear down the country and the Constitution. Trumpistas will not be appeased, regardless of how loudly the country will have spoken, but we still must make his rejection sound and final. Right now, Trump is moving toward a GOP coronation, and the remaining sane members of his party, who are disgusted with the man, feel the Republicans are forcing the Mayor of Mara-Lardo down their throats. This is akin to what the Democrats did in their selection of Hilary Clinton in 2016. If the irony needs pointing out, it is this: Donald Trump has become the Republicans’ Hilary Clinton. Meanwhile, down on the Rio Grande where Black Jack’s men crossed the river, the residents of both countries are developing traditions to heal the wounds of politics. The spot just west of Lajitas, which was once an official border crossing, has become the site of a frequent gathering of friends and families that live with a river in their midst. In the Voices from Both Sides celebration in the spring, people gather in the river and on both banks, north and south, to renew friendships and reconnect their families and enjoy the desert beauty. There is food and music and swimming, maybe a beer or two, and on the hill not too distant, the Border Patrol watches with a discerning eye. The ghosts of Pershing and Villa are likely around, too, baffled by the human behavior. When Villa died in the ambush, he was armed with two .45 pistols and accelerated his car into the gunfire. What’s left of that moment, and his legend, is the story, and a blackened finger sitting in the window of an El Paso pawn shop. The owner claims it is Pancho Villa’s trigger finger, and he’s been trying for years to sell the human remains for $9500 dollars. No takers. Villa never got around to using it when he was assassinated, and the pawn shop owner cannot guarantee the digit’s provenance. On the bend in the river today, a golf course resort bears the name of Black Jack’s Crossing, which is actually just upstream from the green fairways and tee boxes set in the brown and ochre desert rock. Private aircraft fly duffers to the 18-hole course from the major Texas metros. Some stay in hotel rooms that are located on a spot where Pershing’s men were bivouacked in canvas tents while awaiting orders to run the revolutionary to ground. They would probably be unsurprised to learn the world makes less sense now than it did even when they were mounting up.

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The Noon Fly, scientifically known as Mesembrina meridiana, is a species of fly that belongs to the Muscidae family. Predominantly found in various parts of Europe, the Near East, and some regions of Asia and North Africa, this fly has certain distinctive features that set it apart from other fly species. While its name might suggest a relationship to the time of day, it’s more about its behavior and habitat. This article delves into the specifics of the Noon Fly, providing a comprehensive overview for those interested in understanding this insect better. The Noon Fly measures between 9–13 millimetres (0.35–0.51 in) in length. It boasts a stout body that is predominantly shiny black in color. This black hue covers both its thorax and abdomen, and the body is uniformly covered with black hair. One of the most distinguishing features of the Noon Fly is its wings. The base of its wings exhibits a striking orange coloration, which contrasts vividly with its black body. Additionally, this orange hue can also be observed on its feet and face, giving it a unique appearance among flies. When observing the Noon Fly, it’s essential to note certain features that help in its identification. The fly’s eyes are bare, devoid of any hairiness, and the space beneath the eyes, known as the cheeks, is covered with fine yellow short hairs. The space between the orbits (eye regions) is wide and black. While its antennae and palps are black, the arista (a long bristle on the antenna) is yellow. These specific features can aid in distinguishing the Noon Fly from other similar species, such as Mesembrina resplendens and Mesembrina intermedia. Habitat and Distribution The Noon Fly has a broad distribution range, being widespread in most of Europe, the Near East, and the eastern Palearctic realm. This includes countries and regions such as Russia, Mongolia, and China. Additionally, its presence is also noted in North Africa. In terms of habitat, the Noon Fly is commonly observed in hedgerows and woodland edges. These environments provide the Noon Fly with the shelter and resources it requires for its daily activities and lifecycle. One of the characteristic behaviors of this fly is its penchant for basking in sheltered, sunny spots. This is often observed during the warmer parts of the day. Furthermore, the Noon Fly has a specific dietary preference, often feeding on plants known as umbellifers, which are a type of flowering plant. Biology and Life Cycle The biology of the Noon Fly is fascinating. It exhibits an ovoviviparous nature, which means that its eggs hatch either just before being laid or within an hour after deposition. This is a unique reproductive strategy that ensures a higher survival rate for the offspring. A female Noon Fly will lay up to five eggs during her lifetime. Each of these eggs is deposited in different cow dung, ensuring a diverse environment for the larvae to thrive. The adult Noon Flies are most active between the months of late April and late October. This period aligns with the warmer months in most of their habitats, especially in cattle-rearing areas where they are most commonly found. When it comes to their mating habits, Noon Flies are observed to mate in cow or horse dung. Post mating, their dietary habits shift towards feeding on the nectar and pollen of flowers. They have a particular preference for flowers from the Apiaceae family. Additionally, they are also known to feed on overripe berries, diversifying their diet. The larvae of the Noon Fly have a carnivorous diet. Instead of feeding on the dung where they are born, they prey on other fly larvae present within the same dung. This predatory nature ensures they have ample nutrition for growth and reduces competition for resources within the dung. Importance in Ecosystem The Noon Fly plays a pivotal role in the ecosystem, especially within agricultural grassland ecology. Grasslands, which are often used for cattle rearing, benefit from the presence of the Noon Fly in several ways. One of the primary ecological roles of the Noon Fly is its contribution to controlling the populations of other coprophagous insects. By laying their eggs in dung and having their carnivorous larvae feed on other fly larvae within the dung, Noon Flies naturally regulate the number of other dung-feeding insects. This control is crucial, as an unchecked population of coprophagous insects can lead to various ecological imbalances, affecting the decomposition rate of dung and the nutrient cycle in grasslands. Are Noon Flies Dangerous? Do Noon flies bite? A common question is whether Noon Flies bite. There’s no evidence to suggest that Noon Flies bite humans. Their primary diet consists of nectar, pollen, and, in the case of larvae, other fly larvae within dung. Are Noon Flies harmful to humans? The simple answer is no. They do not possess any venom, nor do they transmit diseases to humans. Their presence in cattle-rearing areas is more beneficial than harmful, as they play a role in controlling other insect populations. Frequently Asked Questions How big are noon flies? Noon Flies typically measure between 9–13 millimetres (0.35–0.51 in). Their size, combined with their distinctive coloration, makes them easily distinguishable from many other fly species. What is the Mesembrina Meridiana habitat? The primary habitats of the Noon Fly, or Mesembrina Meridiana, are hedgerows, woodland edges, and cattle-rearing areas. These environments provide the necessary resources and conditions for the Noon Fly to thrive. What is the smallest type of fly? The Noon Fly does not hold the title of being the smallest fly. At 0.4 millimeters (0.016 inches) in size, Euryplatea nanaknihali is the tiniest fly in the world. Due to its small size, the fly is unable to navigate even small air currents. What are the orange and black flies in the UK? In the UK, several flies exhibit orange and black coloration. However, the Noon Fly is one of the most prominent flies with these colors. Its distinctive orange wing bases and black body make it easily recognizable among the myriad of fly species in the region. To summarize, the Noon Fly, scientifically termed as Mesembrina meridiana, is a distinctive species prevalent in parts of Europe, the Near East, and certain regions of Asia and North Africa. Characterized by its unique size of 9–13 millimetres and a striking combination of black and orange coloration, it predominantly thrives in hedgerows, woodland edges, and cattle-rearing areas. Its ovoviviparous reproductive nature and carnivorous larvae play a crucial role in controlling the population of other dung-feeding insects, ensuring ecological balance in grasslands. As a pivotal component of the agricultural grassland ecosystem, understanding and appreciating the Noon Fly underscores the importance of even the smallest creatures in maintaining ecological harmony. Letter 1 – Noon Fly from UK Location: la12 8ht, UK December 14, 2010 5:05 pm i found this fly several months ago, i have searched thorugh several books and the internet but cannon find the name of the species and wondered if you could help, if it is an unidentified species how to i go about registering it? i found this fly in the summer Signature: James Gill This is not the ideal vantage for identification purposes, but we decided to give it a try. Upon browsing through the images of living specimens on the Dipterists Forum we found an image of Mesembrina meridiana that closely resembles your fly. Searching that name led us to the Natural England website that identified it as the Noon Fly in the family Muscidae and provided this information: “This is a large, shiny black fly with conspicuous yellow bases to its wings. Noonflies can be found sunning themselves on logs, fences, tree trunks, walls or sunny paths where their colourful wing-bases may make them conspicuous. The larvae develop in cattle dung. Although widespread and common, these flies are normally only to be found in fairly rural gardens or others which are near places where cattle are reared.” The Ecology of Commanster website has some marvelous images of this species. The family Muscidae contains the House Fly and kin.

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There are thousands of species of cockroaches in the world but only a handful are found in the United States. The most common species found in the US include the German cockroach, the American cockroach, the brown-banded cockroach, and the Oriental cockroach. While there are significant differences between these four species, there are some common features that are shared between ALL species of cockroaches. All roaches have flattened, oval-shaped bodies with antennae on their heads. They all move surprisingly fast and they all present a health risk for households. Roaches are known to spread more than 30 types of bacteria and even parasitic worms. One can find all of these species of cockroaches in the house. However, each species has its own characteristics and can be found in different parts of the home – making treatment methods vary from type to type. Let’s take a look at the different types of cockroaches and some ways to prevent them. The German cockroach, also known as Blattella germanica, is a smaller species of cockroach, usually only growing to about 5/8″ in length. They are usually pale brown or caramel colored with two dark brown stripes behind their heads. They have wings but do not fly. German cockroaches are found across the United States and prefer warm, moisture-rich habitats. They are often found near dishwashers, sinks, and stoves and are mostly found in kitchens and bathrooms. German cockroaches can live up to 12 months and produce more eggs than any other cockroach species. They eat a wide variety of things but prefer meat, grease, and starchy foods. They are notoriously responsible for outbreaks of illness and triggering allergic reactions in humans. Their small size allows them better hiding capabilities making them harder to get rid of. The American cockroach, also known as Periplaneta americana, is one of the largest cockroaches found in homes. American cockroaches grow up to 1-1/2″ in length. They are reddish-brown or brown in color and have light yellow bands around the shield behind their heads. American cockroaches have wings and can fly short distances. They are found throughout the United States and are often found in warm, dark areas like basements, crawlspaces, bathtubs, drains, and sewers. They are also common in households where food is stored. They will eat everything from plant material to garbage and contaminate any surfaces they walk across. American cockroaches can live up to 2 years. They are active when the temperature is 70 degrees or higher but have also adapted to survive at much lower temperatures with the right conditions. The brown-banded cockroach, also known as Supella longipalpa, is a smaller species of cockroach found throughout the United States. Brown-banded cockroaches are distinguished by 2 light yellow to brown bands across their bodies. Males have larger, dark brown wings that lighten in color as they extend to the tips. Females have smaller, reddish-brown to dark brown wings. Even though they both have wings, only males can fly. Brown-banded cockroaches like warm, dry environments that are higher than other species. They are often found in upper cabinets, behind pictures hanging on the walls, or in the hollow parts of furniture. In fact, they will often hide their egg casings in or under furniture. They will also gather near larger appliances like refrigerators and TVs because of the heat they give off. These cockroaches are often found in offices, apartments, kitchens, and hospitals. Brown-banded cockroaches prefer starchy foods like glue from envelopes and stamps and also paper products. They can live from 3 months up to 1 year and will jump when they have been disturbed. The Oriental cockroach, also known as Blatta orientalis, “water bugs,” and “black beetles,” has a glossy appearance that is dark brown or black in color. Oriental cockroaches can grow up to 1-1/4″ in length. These cockroaches cannot fly and are not as fast as other species. They prefer cool, dark, damp environments and are often found in basements, sewers, drains, and near woodpiles. They commonly enter homes through drains in search of food. Unfortunately they cannot climb smooth vertical surfaces and are often found stuck inside sinks and tubs. They primarily feed on decaying organic matter. Oriental cockroaches have a 6 month life span and give off a strong smell. They are considered one of the dirtiest species of cockroaches. Prevention and Treatment Seeing one or two cockroaches in the house usually means there are several more hidden out of sight. They are much more difficult to get rid of once a roach infestation is established. There are some steps you can take to help prevent roaches from taking over: - Keep pet food stored in sealed containers and don’t leave it out overnight. - Keep food sealed and stored properly, as well. - Keep kitchen surfaces free from food debris and crumbs. - Wipe down countertops often. - Sweep often. - Take out the trash frequently. - Clean in, around, and under appliances. - Check under sinks for leaks and drops. - Vacuum carpets and mop floors on a regular basis. - Keep basements and crawlspaces dry. Consider crawlspace enclosure to help prevent moisture buildup. - Seal any cracks and crevices in your home’s exterior. If you suspect you have a roach problem, contact a licensed pest control company. Professional pest control technicians can provide expert advice and thoroughly assess your home to help identify not only the type of cockroaches you have but also the most up-to-date treatment options and prevention techniques.

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By: Mir M.Hosseini Dariush had sent two of his generals Artaphernes and Datis on an expedition to add the Aegean islands to the empire and thus preventing Ionians which had revolted in 499 from contacting their Greek motherland. Naxos was added to the empire and the Persian army seized Delos almost immediately and on Aug, 3d Eritrea the capital of Euboea was taken and inhabitants were sent to Elam. On Aug, 7th, after Persians landed in Marathon which was located 25 kilometers east of Athens, the road to Athens was blocked by the Greek army in a defensive location but the Greek did not engage in a battle and the Persian army was too small to conquer Athens. After five days on Aug, 12 Artaphernes and Datis decided to leave early and while they were boarding, the Greek attacked from behind and caused heavy losses on the Persian army and general Datis was killed, but the overall mission was successfully accomplished.

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Hot Potato: How Cities Can Tackle Climate Change Through Zoning In the early hours of August 21, 2020, a blackened plume billowed across the skyline of Corpus Christi, Texas. Helicopters wove through the haze to rescue those injured by the “Refinery Row” explosion. Earlier that day, a dredging barge had collided with a submerged natural gas pipeline, igniting the highly volatile methane inside. Four people died, and eight were injured. Traumatic events like these serve as poignant reminders of the latent dangers of fossil fuel infrastructure. Yet the innocuous, everyday impacts from these commonplace facilities are no less perilous. Much of the natural gas in the United comes from hydraulic fracturing (fracking), a process that shatters the rock formations containing fossil fuels. This process uses several million gallons of pressurized water with added chemical agents later discharged into local reservoirs. Fracking facilities contribute to air and water contamination, earthquakes, and climate impacts from fugitive emissions. Proximity to these sites also correlates with birth defects and premature births. Other fossil fuel infrastructure poses similar problems of air and water pollution. Though production is most common in the Appalachian region, Midwest, and Texas, distribution facilities—pipelines, storage units, and power plants—are widespread. Indeed, “a spaghetti bowl of pipes underlies cities,” moving fossil fuels from “producing states to consuming centers.” These distribution sites are no less risky for public health. Pipelines, for example, not only threaten calamitous explosions like the one at Corpus Christi but also jeopardize public health and the environment. Maintenance processes can expose locals to high concentrations of toxic substances while leaking methane, a potent greenhouse gas linked to climate change. Residents near pipeline compressor stations have experienced dermatological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, neurological, and psychological ailments, and short-term storage facility leaks are linked to nausea, headaches, and nosebleeds. These issues compound the environmental problems associated with supporting further fossil fuel operations. Fossil fuels still compose most of the American energy mix. In 2018, carbon dioxide from fossil fuel energy combustion amounted to 75% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, indicating most of our climate impacts are attributable to current forms of energy use. However, studies show that an energy mix of 80% renewables, alongside improvements in grid connection or battery storage, can satisfy that demand. Despite renewables quickly becoming more cost-competitive than fossil fuel energy, fossil fuel industries continue to develop new infrastructure. Due to this expansion, continued use, and lackluster climate action, carbon emissions are still increasing, prompting some scholars to call for an abolition of fossil fuels. This Note provides a framework for creating local ordinances to local governments hoping to reduce climate impacts or the dangers associated with producing and transporting fossil fuels. Part I explains how health risks and climate impacts prompt municipalities to play hot potato with fossil fuel infrastructure. Cities can use their broad police powers to restrict fossil fuel infrastructure. Yet these restrictions nearly guarantee litigation. Part II looks at various legal challenges to local ordinances that restrict fossil fuel infrastructure and various provisions municipalities include to safeguard these ordinances. Part III extrapolates recommendations from those ordinances that successfully defend against legal challenges to provide a path forward for cities hoping to tackle the climate crisis. Suzanne Freeman, BREAKING NEWS: Corpus Christi Firefighters Battle Pipeline Blaze, Corpus Christi Bus. News (Aug. 21, 2020), https://www.ccbiznews.com/news/BREAKING-NEWS-corpus-christi-firefighters-battle-pipeline-blaze. Suzanne Freeman, Suits, Countersuits Filed in Corpus Christi Explosion, Corpus Christi Bus. News (Oct. 13, 2020), https://www.ccbiznews.com/news/suits-countersuits-filed-in-corpus-christi-explosion. Joel B. Eisen et al., Energy, Economics, and the Environment 148, 155–57 (Saul Levmore et al. eds., 5th ed. 2019). Monika U. Ehrman, A Call for Energy Realism, 2 Utah L. Rev. 435, 449 (2019). Barbara Gottlieb & Larysa Dyrszka, TOO DIRTY, TOO DANGEROUS: Why Health Professionals Reject Natural Gas, Physicians for Social Responsibility (Feb. 2017), https://www.psr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/too-dirty-too-dangerous.pdf. Eisen, supra note 5, at 162. U.S. Energy Mapping System, U.S. Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/state/maps.php (last visited Nov. 15, 2021). Eisen, supra note 5, at 162 (internal punctuation omitted). Gottlieb, supra note 7. See Eisen, supra note 5, at 148 (“About 62% of the energy used in the United States today is oil and gas, from both domestic and imported sources.”). Energy and the Environment Explained: Where Greenhouse Gases Come From, U.S. Energy Information Administration (Aug. 11, 2020), https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/energy-and-the-environment/where-greenhouse-gases-come-from.php#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20carbon%20dioxide%20(CO2,total%20U.S.%20anthropogenic%20CO2%20emissions. Matthew R. Shaner et al., Geophysical Constraints on the Reliability of Solar and Wind Power in the United States, 2 Royal Soc. of Chem. 914 (2018). Renewables Increasingly Beat Even Cheapest Coal Competitors on Cost, International Renewable Energy Agency (June 2, 2020), https://www.irena.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2020/Jun/Renewables-Increasingly-Beat-Even-Cheapest-Coal-Competitors-on-Cost. See, e.g., Mapped: The World’s Coal Power Plants, Carbon Brief (Mar. 26, 2020), https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-worlds-coal-power-plants?fbclid=IwAR0rerCGcEl_T1Akjs1fh9uStP6GJdKqyFBS-HoV44QKptLZunSHW5N9ecY (noting that 500 GW of coal power plant capacity is being built or planned). Karl S. Coplan, Fossil Fuel Abolition: Legal and Social Issues, 41 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 223, 225 (2016).

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The inflatable helmet for a cyclist is a new invention in place of the traditional bicycle helmet. It is also known as the invisible helmet or airbag bicycle helmet by some individuals. The helmet is like a soft scarf that is tied around the rider’s neck. There is a device in the scarf that can track the rider’s speed and direction. If the rider is getting involved in a crash due to a high speed, the helmet automatically opens up. Its work is similar to that of a car airbag. To set the helmet at work, the rider needs to zip up the scarf at the front and then insert the metallic button. The helmet can be charged with a USB cord, and each charge can last up to 9 hours of cycling. There are so many advantages of riding a bicycle wearing the airbag helmet. One of the prevalent advantages is that it helps so many riders to do without the traditional helmet on their head. In addition, it is far safer than using a regular helmet. The only downside of this helmet is that it can be used just once, as the car airbag. If the helmet gets activated after involving in a crash, the rider would need to buy another one. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages. There is a black box in the helmet that keeps a record of the rider’s trajectory and speed for about 10 seconds before it gets activated. The rider’s information can be retrieved immediately after the helmet has been deployed. It gives the freedom of riding your bicycle without bothering about putting on a hard helmet on your head. The oppustelig cykelhjelm can detect between an accident that occurs during cycling and the normal cycling. This is made possible because of the algorithmic data that is integrated into the helmet. The inbuilt computer or tracker, containing a gyroscope and accelerometer, makes it easier for the helmet to detect movement of the rider. It keeps track of the movement as many times as the rider keeps riding. Different patterns of movements of a rider have been integrated on the device. So, the helmet can know when an accident occurs and when the rider is on the move. Several tests have been carried out on dummies to check the reactions of the helmet in various kinds of movement and hits that could occur while riding. The different movements became the data that was changed into the algorithm planted in the inflatable helmet. In summary, the inflatable bicycle helmet plays an amazing and vital role for individuals that are concerned with their security or safety while riding on their bicycles. It can protect an individual from any form of accidental condition. It manufactured with lightweight technology. Though, in some major cities of the world, the helmet is not yet approved by the traffic authorities. Many are accepting this innovation. This is because the safety certificate procedure varies in different countries. Soon the world will come to accept this life-saving innovation. The inflatable bicycle helmet is gradually taking over the use of the normal helmet. You can check out for reviews and more info from oppustelig cykelhjelm to see more details. The helmet is fully accepted and approved in Japan and Europe and has become trending amongst cyclists and bikers. Get a proper cycling gear today for your safety and comfort.https://icrowdnewswire.com/2019/12/11/airbag-bicycle-helmet-for-your-safety/ Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. Frankly and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you are affiliated with this page and would like it removed please contact [email protected]

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Presentation on theme: "The IRB, IRA, and Black and Tans By: Nicole Sherretts 12 January 2010."— Presentation transcript: The IRB, IRA, and Black and Tans By: Nicole Sherretts 12 January 2010 Irish Republican Brotherhood Originally called the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood. Founded in Dublin on St. Patrick’s Day in Founded by James Stephens Was formed to makes ensure the formation of an independent Irish Republic. Primary purpose: to arrange an uprising in Ireland. It was democratic in outlook and in membership. Its rank and file was from among ordinary working people. Was connected with the Fenian Brotherhood in the U.S. as they were created at the same time and both Brotherhoods were known as the Fenian Movement. Members were part of the Irish Volunteers and the Sinn Fein organizations, along with other various organizations. Its Start and Connections History of the IRB The IRB was involved in the rescue of Fenian prisoners from Western Australia in The IRB played a key role in the Land War and the rise of Parnell. They had bombing campaigns in England in the 1880s. The IRB initially founded the GAA (The Gaelic Athletic Association ). The Easter Rising of 1916 was organized by the Supreme Council of the IRB. Many republicans blamed the secretiveness of the IRB for the confusion surrounding the Rising and for its failure. However, following it’s collapse after 1916, it was reorganized by Michael Collins as he believed they played a crucial role in gathering intelligence. By 1918 there were 350 IRB circles with a total membership of 3,000. Its Order of Events The Ending of the IRB During the War of Independence, however, the organization decreased in authority as the IRA gained more prominence. The IRB divided over the Treaty in December Having split and having members making a new splinter group made it impossible for the IRB to survive the effects of the Civil War and it disbanded in 1924. Irish Republican Army Founded in 1919 Organized by Michael Collins It was devoted to removing the British forces and British rule from Northern Ireland thus unifying Ireland. Formed by the militant members of the Irish Volunteers. It became the military wing of the Sinn Féin party. Traditional IRA Activities Bombings Assassinations Kidnappings Punishment beatings Extortion Smuggling Robberies Border Raids The Proof of the Violence of the IRA A History of the IRA IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of Independence. Was held responsible for the bomb explosions in England, which occurred in As a result hundreds of its members were imprisoned. During World War II many more IRA members were imprisoned without trial in Ireland. In 1956 violence erupted in Northern Ireland and the IRA performed a series of border raids. Following violence against civil rights demonstrators and nationalists by the IRA it split into Provisional and Official wings in 1969, thus ending the original IRA. However, a descendant of the original IRA still remains today. Black and Tans Were originally just reinforcements for the Royal Irish Constabulary because in 1919 the RIC had had enough of being a source of attack for the IRB and IRA. They became known as the Black and Tans for their clothing. Around 9,500 men who were British ex ‐ soldiers and sailors were recruited and joined the RIC and the RIC didn’t have enough uniforms so the new men were issued with khaki military trousers and dark green police tunics. Also, even though RIC uniforms were later substituted, the name remained. The Birth of the Black and Tans The Reality of the Black and Tans Unfortunately, the Black and Tans did not act as an adjunct to the RIC as originally planned because they lacked self-discipline. Because of this lack of discipline the the Black and Tans became known for their brutality. Therefore, they terrorized local communities and decided it was their job to make Ireland ‘hell for the rebels to live in’. An example of this brutality is the infamous attack on the public in November A mass group of people were in Croke Park, Dublin, to watch a football match when the Black and Tans opened fire on the crowd, killing twelve people in retaliation for the murder of fourteen undercover detectives. Source of quote: History Learning Site The End of the Black and Tans In the end the Black and Tans proved to be counterproductive as they caused civilians to give more support to the IRA. Therefore, the Black and Tans were pulled out of Ireland as part of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921. Irish Republican Brotherhood Sources “Irish Republican Brotherhood.” Encyclopedia.com. 9 Jan “IRISH REPUBLICAN BROTHERHOOD.” University College Dublin. 9 Jan Mac Donncha, Michael. “The Founding of the Fenians.” An Phoblacht. 13 Mar Jan “The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).” BBC. 9 Jan Irish Republican Army Sources “Irish Republican Army”. Infoplease. 9 Jan “Irish Republican Army”. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Jan “Irish Republican Army”. The New York Times. 9 Jan “Irish Republican Army”. History.com. 9 Jan Pike, John. ”Irish Republican Army (IRA)”. 21 July Jan Black and Tans Sources “Black and Tans”. Encyclopedia.com. 9 Jan “Black and Tans”. The Free Dictionary. 9 Jan “The Black and Tans”. History Learning Site. 9 Jan

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As announced by NASA on Friday 6th July, the famous Kepler Space Telescope has almost run out of its fuel. This implies that the Kepler would soon meet its end. According to the United States space agency, the telescope has entered into a state of hibernation to conserve the remaining fuel for its last activity. NASA said that the Kepler would return to the active state early in August. The spacecraft would then focus its antenna on the Earth for the space agency to download all the information it has collected during its latest study of the space. However, NASA is yet not clear whether Kepler has enough fuel for carrying out that transfer. The task of focusing the antenna of the spacecraft on the Earth is a fuel-intensive activity and at any time, the tank of the spacecraft could run dry. The officials of NASA stated, “To bring the data home, the spacecraft must point its large antenna back to Earth and transmit the data during its allotted Deep Space Network time, which is scheduled in early August.” Further, they added, “Until then, the spacecraft will remain stable and parked in a no-fuel-use safe mode. On Aug. 2, the team will command the spacecraft to awaken from its no-fuel-use state and maneuver the spacecraft to the correct orientation and downlink the data.” The space agency launched the Kepler Space Telescope in the year 2009 in order to understand clearly the frequency and the number of planetary bodies in our Milky Way galaxy. Until today the NASA scientists have discovered lots of exoplanets with the help of Kepler. The spacecraft is positioned at near about ninety-four million miles ahead of our Earth. It has only scanned a small part of the neighborhood of our galaxy and has led the astronomers to find around twenty-six hundred fifty confirmed planets till date. The US space agency already has launched the successor of Kepler, which is known as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The TESS was launched earlier in the current year on a SpaceX Falcon9. The range of view of the TESS is around four hundred times larger in comparison to that of the Kepler.

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For those with epilepsy, seizures can disrupt daily routines, whether going to school, holding a job, or driving a car. Medication offers relief for most patients, but for the small percentage whose seizures are debilitating and untreatable, surgical removal of damaged brain tissue may be the best option. A new imaging system now being developed by an interdisciplinary team of researchers may shorten surgery times and greatly improve the success rate of this sometimes-risky procedure by allowing surgeons to more precisely pinpoint, and then remove, seizure-causing brain regions. The new system integrates detailed information about brain anatomy, biochemistry, and electrical changes that occur during seizures, explains Dr. James Duncan, professor of diagnostic radiology, biomedical engineering, and electrical engineering at Yale University. As principal investigator of a five-year, $7.1 million research project funded since 2002 by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), Dr. Duncan heads a multi-institutional team of engineers, scientists, and physicians located at Yale, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the University of Minnesota, and BrainLAB, Inc., a German company that specializes in image-guided surgery. Dr. Duncan presented early results of this ongoing research project at a January 2004 meeting of the NIBIB Advisory Council. Shorter Surgery Times Typically, removal of seizure-causing brain tissue requires patients to undergo two seven-hour surgeries. During the first surgery, electrodes are placed on or inserted into brain areas suspected of causing seizures, usually detectable as sudden and intense bursts of electrical energy. Information gleaned from electrode monitoring allows surgeons to map the source of the seizure activity. During the second procedure, performed a few weeks later, surgeons follow the map to the damaged brain tissue, which is carefully removed. With the new imaging system, the first surgery might eventually be omitted, since high-resolution images of the brain's anatomy, biochemistry, and electrical activity would be integrated before and during the operation. This detailed information would help surgeons to plan and perform the procedure with greater precision. Neurosurgeon Dr. Dennis Spencer reports that the new prototype system provides a much more precise placement of electrodes and accurate anatomical correlation with chemical abnormalities and function. Dr. Spencer, acting dean of the Yale School of Medicine and a co-investigator on the NIBIB grant, has used the prototype imaging system on more than 50 patients, about half of whom are children. "The earlier you can correct their symptoms, the better," he notes. Pinpointing Brain Activity With the new imaging system, surgeons can correlate a wide variety of pre-operative brain images, including biochemical information obtained via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and computerized assessments of electrical activity obtained via electrode monitoring. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) taken prior to surgery are also available by way of pull-down screens in the operating room, along with projected displays of microscope-based images during the surgery. The MRI provides anatomical details and reveals important functional areas of the brain, like language regions, that must not be damaged during the operation. The researchers are also beginning to acquire and integrate images that represent blood flow in the brain. "By coregistering blood flow, electrical activity, and biochemical activity, we can more precisely see where brain activity is abnormal," says Dr. Spencer. Brain anatomy is also monitored during the surgery, since brain tissue tends to decompress by as much as 1 centimeter when exposed during the operation. Even a small shift of brain tissues can throw off the surgeons' calculations for locating seizure-causing areas. To avert such problems, Dr. Spencer and his colleagues have set up stereotactic cameras in the operating room that track the movement of the exposed brain surface from slightly different angles, thereby adding a perception of depth. Images from the cameras are then coupled with a computerized model, developed by Dr. Duncan and his colleagues, that predicts how the entire brain volume is shifting. This rapid modeling may allow surgeons to account for brain tissue deformation. "Using imaging and stereotactic cameras in the operating room is much less expensive than installing a $3 million MRI system in the operating room," as is done for some other image-guided surgery efforts, says Dr. Spencer. In contrast, he says, the cost for the modeling system developed by the Yale team and their colleagues is about $100,000. Over the next several years, Dr. Spencer expects the research team will develop a neurostimulator that could be implanted in the brain to short-circuit seizures and thus reduce symptoms. The neurostimulator would be programmed to shock the brain when a seizure-associated electrical pattern occurs. The pattern location would be determined by the prototype imaging system now under development, Dr. Spencer explains. The team's 10- to 15-year-goal is to develop a procedure in which surgeons insert a biosensor along with a drug-delivery system into the brains of epilepsy patients. The system would trigger release of a drug that blocks seizures before they begin. By taking a look at the entire brain – its chemistry, anatomy, and electrical activity – surgeons are better able to tackle epilepsy at its source. "This multi-dimensional approach is leading to a better understanding of the biochemical, functional, and anatomical changes in the brain that epilepsy creates," Dr. Duncan notes.

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The deer gestation period depends on its species. Other factors, such as season, can also play a part in how long deer carry their young before delivery. If you’re a hunter, it’s important that you understand deer gestation. If you lack this knowledge, then you won’t be able to make the right decisions in order to help ensure that the species and the local population of deer is able to grow and flourish. So, How Long is the Deer Gestation Period? In many species of deer, the period of gestation (the time during which a doe is pregnant) lasts between approximately 200 and 205 days. In some species, the day count can go as high as 230 or even 286. Deer are seasonal breeders. When is the Deer Breeding Season? Both female and male deer experience significant changes in their levels of hormone (as well as their reproductive organs) before the breeding season begins. The rut, or mating season, for deer takes place in the fall of each year. The estrus period for female deer is rather short. It begins in the fall and can take place between October to December for most types of deer. The doe is only able to conceive for a few days each year. It is difficult to discern whether a deer has just recently become pregnant. It’s only after a minimum of three months of pregnancy that you have any chance of being able to tell whether or not a doe is carrying young by looking at her. This is why hunters should completely avoid hunting during the gestation season. This is important in order to help ensure the strength and sustainability of deer generations, and it’s part of the reasons why many hunters target male deer (that and their antlers are prized). Factors Affecting the Deer Gestation Period A variety of factors can impact the deer gestation periods. The general guideline for gestation period also varies among the different species of deer: White Tail Deer Gestation Period The gestation period for whitetail deer is approximately 200 days. This is because this species tends to be native to cold regions. The whitetail doe can give birth to between one and three fawns each spring. Spring is the ideal period for deer to be born, as that time of year has mild and hospitable conditions with plenty of forage. Red Deer Gestation Period Red deer live in northwest Africa, Asia, and other areas of the world. In North America they’re often called Elk. The gestation period of red deer is around 236 days. The female will generally give birth to between one and three fawns (sometimes called calves) later in the spring. Red deer males and females tend to live completely separately except during breeding season. Roe Deer Gestation Period Roe deer is a species that is generally found in European countries. Its gestation period is usually about 290 days in length. Roe deer usually give birth to between one and three fawns each May. Mule Deer Gestation Period The gestation period for mule deer is about seven months in length. A mule deer female usually gives birth to one fawn in her first pregnancy. In the United States, female mule deer usually have twins for all their subsequent pregnancies. Gestation Period of Fallow Deer Fallow deer can be found in Asia, the United States (especially Texas), and Europe. The Fallow Deer doe’s gestation period is between 230 and 245 days in length. List of Gestation Period of Different Deer Species Below is a chart of showing these and other deer species and their gestation periods: |Deer Species||Gestation Period| |White-Tail Deer||201 days| |Red Deer||236 days| |Tufted Deer||181 days| |Roe Deer||290 days| |Fallow Deer||230 days| |Mule Deer||203 days| |Sambar Deer||246 days| |Roe Deer||290 days| |Thorold’s Deer||263 days| |Indian Muntjac||210 days| |Eld’s Deer||240 days| |Indian Hog Deer||220 days| |Javan Rusa||250 days| |Southern Pudu||210 days| |Red Brocket||225 days| |Calamian Deer||224 days| |Pere David’s Deer||286 days| |South Andean Deer||213 days| |Fea’s Muntjac||196 days| |Hairy Fronted Munjac||196 days| |Visayan Spotted Deer||243 days| |Brown Brocket||243 days| |Siberian Roe Deer||290 days| |Sika Deer||224 days| |Reeve’s Muntjac||214 days| How Many Fawns Can a Doe Have in Its Lifetime? There is no way to predict how many fawns a doe will have in its life. Factors that impact this include the health of the doe and the specific species. Some female deer only have around thee fawns during their lives, but others may have eight or more. Environment and other circumstances often play a part in this. Fawns grow all of their fur while still in their mother’s womb. As the period of gestation draws to its end, the front legs and head will turn towards the back of the uterus. This is necessary for birth to take place. The Fawn’s Early Life Does will usually go to an area away from the herd in order to give birth to their fawns. The spot the doe will choose will usually have a lot of thick vegetation. This is important so that the fawn is properly hidden from any predators that might be around. After the fawn is born, the doe will lick the fawn to clean off the birth fluid. This is important because the doe needs to remove all the scent she can from the fawn so that predators do not smell it. Within as few as 20 minutes of the fawn being born, the mother will encourage it to stand up. The fawn will be concealed within vegetation for the first week it is alive. It surprises many people to learn that the mother deer leave their new fawns hidden for most of this early period, but they do it for the fawn’s safety. The doe will come back on a regular basis in order to feed the fawn milk. The doe will finally bring the baby back to the herd when it is sufficiently strong. The fur of a fawn in most deer species has an abundance of white spots. These markings are important because they help the fawn hide effectively in vegetation, making them safer from predators. These spots will remain for up to a year. The only deer that keeps its spots for all its life is the fallow deer. Hunters Must Understand Deer Reproduction and Gestation Many fawns will not survive to adulthood, being killed by predators or even hunters. If a deer does reach adulthood, it can live for up to 20 years in the wild if it is lucky and avoids being eaten by a predator or shot by a hunter. Deer can live as long as 30 years if they live in captivity. It is every deer hunter’s responsibility to understand deer reproduction and gestation. If you make ill-informed decisions with your hunting methods and timing, you may easily damage the viability of a deer generation and impact the health of your local herd.

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The late Dr. Carl Sagan loved to tell us our bodies are made of star dust. James D. Watson told us that life was just a matter of chemistry, a sequence of naturally occurring chemical reactions building more and more complex molecules. But what is this star dust, what are the raw materials, the elemental components of the human body. Approximately 50 to 60 percent of the body weight of an average full grown human is water. Water, of course, is compose of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. But water is not the only compound in our bodies containing hydrogen and oxygen. The fundamental building blocks of the human body, and all life for that matter, are twenty different amino acids. They are the essential components of all proteins, DNA and RNA, which after the water has been removed make up the next largest amount of our body mass. There are 20 amino acids found in human bodies, consisting of complex molecules containing an amino group, a carboxyl group and an “R” group. The amino group is essentially a molecule of ammonia, which consists of one atom of nitrogen covalently bonded to 3 atoms of hydrogen. An ammonia molecule will react with a molecule of methane, comprised of one atom of carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms, to form a molecule called methylamine. Methylamine is the essential base molecule from which 19 of the twenty amino acids are formed. In the case of the twentieth amino acid, proline, the methane molecule is replaced by a propane one. When a molecule of methyl or propyl amine is formed the amino group essentially replaces one of the hydrogen atoms attached to the methyl or propyl component. The complete amino acid results when a carboxyl group (COOH) and R group are added. The R group can be any one of twenty organic compounds resulting in the differences between the basic amino acids found in human bodies. For instance, when the R group is a simple methane molecule, the simplest of the amino acids alanine, is the result. So basically, the major building blocks of the human body contain a hole lot of the elements hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Most of the structural tissues in our bodies are made up of proteins. Proteins themselves, are nothing but long single stranded chains of amino acids bonded together. The bond which links amino acids in proteins is called a peptide bond, and exists between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another. In addition to structural building material, proteins are also responsible for biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. All of the hormones and enzymes in our bodies would fall into this group of proteins. DNA and RNA provide the template to make every protein our body needs. Like proteins, DNA and RNA are long chains of amino acid based polymers called nucleotides; bonded with peptide bonds to form long chain molecules. But these macromolecules are substantially more complex than simple proteins. First of all, they are double stranded, each strand bonded to the other with hydrogen bonds. Next, they include a kind of interposer to facilitate the vertical nucleotide peptide bond arrangement. These interposers consist of 5-carbon sugars (ribose in the case of RNA and Deoxy-ribose in the case of DNA), and a molecule of mono-phosphate (PO4). These sugar phosphate molecules essentially form what molecular biologists refer to as the back-bone of DNA. All the phosphorus contained in DNA and RNA represents about 1% of the human bodies total mass. In addition to proteins, the human body uses the elements calcium as a structural building material for teeth and bone, representing about 1.5 percent of the bodies total mass. There are also trace amount of other elements, which generally facilitate metabolic processes. When you add it all up in terms of elemental content, Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the human body, representing about 63 percent of the total atoms. When measured by atomic, or “molar”content, Oxygen comes in second at 26% followed by carbon at 9% and nitrogen at 1.25 percent. This represents 99.25 percent of the atoms in the human body. If you look at the bodies elemental content by weight, it adds up a little differently, as quantified in the following list. . In the final analysis, it would appear the doctors, Watson and Sagan, summed up the elemental content of the human body pretty well, as a lot of chemistry and a little bit of star dust. http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/f/blbodyelements.htm (This 2nd source was used for corroborative purposes. analysis by weight is assumed but not stated in the article.)

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LATIN AMERICA. Latin America: Urbanization and Economic Development . HIGHLY URBANIZED compared to other developing regions Urbanization occurred during period of RAPID POPULATION GROWTH Urbanization fueled by RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION. Brazil Population . MEGACITIES. Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. Urban areas with more than 10 million people A PRIMATE CITY is disproportionately large and dominates the economic, political, and cultural life of a country Examples: Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Lima, Guatemala City Unregulated and untaxed, usually low wage occupations (examples: street vendors, artisans, illegal occupations – drugs, prostitution)

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What happens when you combine professional cheerleaders, microbiologists, and astronauts? The answer is Project MERCCURI and the Microbial Playoffs… in SPAAACE! SPACE FLORIDA, FL — Today, something amazing is headed toward the ISS—microbial life from earth!This moment is the culmination of a citizen science experiment called Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on the ISS), a collaboration between NASA, UC Davis, SciStarter, and Science Cheerleaders. Watch the launch LIVE today at 4:58pm ET / 1:58 PT onNASA TV!! There were two main goals for the project. The first involves a huge competition that will take place on the ISS between 47 different microbes that have been collected by thousands of public participants from the surfaces of various public spaces (mostly sporting venues). The microbial competitors will face off against each other to see who will grow the fastest, and the race will be monitored by astronauts on the ISS, using standard laboratory equipment. Researchers at UC Davis will host an identical race using the same kind of equipment on Earth. The second goal involves sending 4,000 cell samples to Argonne National Lab to be sequenced by Jack Gilbert. The lab will identify which microbes are present on the surfaces of cell phones and shoes and compare them to other cell phone and shoe samples from around the country. While astronauts do not carry cell phones or wear shoes, they will be swabbing similar surfaces onboard the ISS, like foot holds that they strap their feet into while they are operating the external robotic arms and their wall-mounted communication devices. You can get to know all of the microbial competitors, who they are, where they’re from, and why they are so cool on the official website. If you want, you can even print your own Microbial Trading Cards. Cell phone and shoe collections will continue through April! The microbes are sailing into space today aboard Space X’s Dragon spacecraft. SciStarter’s founder, Darlene Cavalier, is on site today at the launch. She notes, “We’re here, in part, as representatives of the thousands of citizen scientists who participated in this important research project to study microbes on Earth and in space!” There are nature lovers, wildlife photographers, hikers, kayakers and birdwatchers who pursue their passion every day, and most of them do so in the hope of spotting an osprey, or catching a glimpse of a mountain lion or bear. As rewarding as these sightings are, there is an equally fulfilling joy to be found in identifying a clump of apple snail eggs, butterfly or a nighthawk chick. This is what WildObs (official site), a crowdsourced program that partners with the National Wildlife Federation (NWF) does—it serves as a portal geared for enthusiasts rather than naturalists or scientists—users who want to gather, share and comment on their day to day sightings. Adam Jack the creator of the program launched it in 2008. “As a nature lover with a glorious number of encounters, and a reasonably technical iPhone user, I wanted to be able to remember wildlife I saw; what, where and when I saw the wildlife, and ideally try to build a community database to identify good places to find critters,” he said. The idea to build WildObs came in part from Goodreads; the system for books you’ve read, books you’d like to read, and book discovery. “Why not be able to record what wildlife you’ve seen, mark species as favorites, and so on. Given that knowledge the system could inform you about what has been seen recently around you, educate you with the wildlife you might not know existed, and bring you local news from other wildlife lovers.” The idea was to connect people, places and wildlife. You can record your encounters for your own studies, or enjoyment, use the records you produce to develop a personal wildlife calendar for the year, or maintain a life list as you learn about new species. The NWF uses the program as part of their Wildlife Watch initiative, to track the occurrences of natural phenomena. In addition you can share wildlife Stories online and join the NWF Flickr group. All of this is available to both first timers and professionals. As a wildlife community, WildObs participants help each other find the nature (for a photograph or close encounter) and users learn about the species in their neighborhoods, so the app essentially offers a collaborative wildlife experience—it helps people connect people to wildlife. When asked if the project plans to publish any findings related to the user collection, Jack says, “The database only has tens of thousands of records to date. WildObs has become more a system of ‘interesting encounters’ than every encounter. It doesn’t have bioblitz-type data, but rather more individual sightings—a Moose here, or a Bobcat there.” There are currently a few thousand users. There is always at least one exciting thing about a participatory project—something that enthuses users or that sparked the first idea for it. For Adam Jack and WildObs that would be how the app shares encounters amongst the community. “The app send its users custom notifications tailored to their interests, location and species encounter history. The ultimate goal for WildObs is to connect and engage people with the wildlife around them, and to excite them to go explore and enjoy,” says Jack. It actually sounds a bit like Instagram for nature lovers, which seems to be a pretty neat idea. Join the WildObs community via your Android or iPhone and use technology to help you connect with nature. Capture wildlife encounters and use them to develop your own wildlife calendar. Partner of National Wildlife Federation’s Wildlife Watch working with scientific studies to extract citizen science from your recorded encounters. Get started! SciStarter and Azavea (with support from Sloan Foundation) spent the last year investigating developments in software, hardware, and data processing capability for citizen science. Here’s what we found. Want your project featured in our newsletter? Contact [email protected] Last September, Mr. and Ms. Winfield were reported in the news as defying odds of one in a trillion! Did they win a lottery? Not the usual kind. They found 6 double-yolked eggs in one carton. It turns out the newspaper’s calculations were a little exaggerated—the Winfields’ odds were actually more like one in a billion—but this was still a remarkable find. If you eat eggs for breakfast, it is reasonable to have encountered a double-yolked egg by the time you reach your 8th carton of eggs. And that’s for domesticated poultry. What about for wild birds? Do people who monitor wild bird nests ever encounter twinning? Last year, when Gerald Clark, a retiree who spends time enjoying birds in his backyard, was monitoring the nests of Eastern Bluebirds in Pennsylvania, he suspected a twinning event. Robyn Bailey, project leader for NestWatch, a citizen-science project administered by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, authored this exciting paper with Clark based on his photographs and field notes of the nesting attempts. Twinning can happen a number of ways, though there are basically two ways to detect twins: dissecting an unhatched egg or finding more nestlings than eggs in a nest. Clark used the second option: by monitoring and reporting his observations to NestWatch, he collected evidence that there were four eggs in the nest, and then five nestlings. Clark even photo-documented the nest during hatching, capturing the moment when there were 4 nestlings and 1 egg in the nest. Additional support was that one egg was oversized. Federal law prohibits participants from handling eggs, so Bailey and Clark used the images to measure the eggs digitally. The presumed egg with twins was 11% longer and 12% wider than the other eggs. Among double-yolked eggs in other species, hatching success is reported to be low, probably because the twins are crowded. After all, one chick needs room to be able to pip the shell. Also, both embryos need to be positioned to access the air cell (the space where oxygen comes in after carbon dioxide goes out the pores of the shell). Therefore, the twins of Clark’s Eastern Bluebird in Pennsylvania appear to be an extremely rare event because not only did the egg contain twin embryos, but they were incubated, hatched without assistance, and survived for at least 11 days. Previously I’ve said that citizen science is like the folktale of stone soup because everyone chips in a few observations so that cumulatively we get a rich mix of observations, a soup of new knowledge. But sometimes citizen science is more like a lottery because we engage many people in making observations, and when so many people pay extra attention, a lucky few, unexpectedly, make unique discoveries. Rare phenomena, like exceedingly rare ladybugs, comets, a Gray whale in the Mediterranean Sea, and now eggs with twins, are possible to study through the large groups of citizen science volunteers. Together, volunteers contribute an untold, undoubtedly extraordinary number of hours of observations in the field. With thousands of eggs reported to NestWatch every breeding season, what’s next on the horizon? Sign up alone, or set up a group monitoring program, with NestWatch today and see what you might discover in this type of lottery! The equinox is upon us. Budding trees and baby birds will soon greet us. As the weather gets warmer, be ready to Spring into action with these five springtime citizen science projects! Help scientists understand the impacts of global climate change! Report data on the timing of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of plants in your area. To participate, you simply need access to a plant. Get started! Camel Cricket Census The Your Wild Life team needs citizen scientists to share observations and photos of camel crickets in your home! Many keen citizen observers have reported a preponderance of camel crickets, and interesting patterns in cricket distribution have emerged! Get started! Where’s the Elderberry Longhorn Beetle? This beautiful beetle species lived throughout eastern North America but in recent decades it’s all but disappeared. To help solve this mystery, a Drexel University researcher wants you to be on the lookout for this beauty of a beetle now through June. Get started! When a rain, hail, or snow storm occurs, take measurements of precipitation from your location.Your data will be used by the National Weather Service, meteorologists, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, mosquito control, ranchers and farmers, and more! Get started! Help scientists understand how environmental change and habitat destruction affect breeding birds. Visit nests once or twice each week and monitor their progression from incubating eggs to fuzzy chicks to fully feathered adults. Get started! Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Environmental Behaviors Project seeks help in sorting and ranking environmental stewardship. Many citizen science projects have been very successful in collecting high-quality scientific data through the participation of citizen scientists. However, less emphasis has been placed on documenting changes to citizen scientists themselves. In particular, many projects hope participants will increase their environmental stewardship practices, but few, if any projects, have been able to accurately measure or detect behavior change as a result of participation. Beginning in 2010, our team of researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology set out to create a toolkit of resources for helping project leaders measure participant outcomes. This project, titled DEVISE (Developing, Validating, and Implementing Situated Evaluation Instruments), is the parent of the Environmental Behaviors Project. In fact, the EBP is one of the final elements of the toolkit to be developed. So far, the DEVISE team has created and tested valid tools to measure interest, motivation, self-efficacy, and skills related to both science and environmental action. When completed, the Environmental Behaviors Project will result in a tool for measuring environmental stewardship behaviors in citizen science participants. We are looking for about 75 participants to sort a variety of stewardship activities into categories, and then rank those same activities by ease and importance. What makes this tool unique is that it will have input from a variety of people and be a weighted scale, informed by the degree of ease and importance that people assign to each item. The environmental behaviors tool will be an exciting conclusion to the DEVISE project. It is very common for citizen science projects to list behavioral change and increased stewardship as main goals – but these can be very difficult to measure accurately! Hopefully, by making this, and the other DEVISE tools available to project leaders, we can go beyond anecdotal accounts of the power of citizen science and provide evidence-based outcomes of the importance of citizen science to the people who make it possible. They’re all around us–microbes, that is! Here are some projects to help you explore the microbiome on earth, in space, and inside our own bodies. It’s time! Microbes collected by citizen scientists are heading to the International Space Station this weekend! This project from UC Davis, SciStarter, Science Cheerleader, Space Florida and Nanoracks still needs your help collecting microbes from shoes and cellphone. Find out why, here. Get started! Compare the microbes in your gut to those in the guts of thousands of other people in the US and elsewhere and help researchers learn more about the influence of microbes. American Gut is a project built on open-source, open-access principles. Get started! uBiome is the world’s first effort to map the human microbiome through citizen science. The microbiome are the bacteria that live on and within us. Take a look at yours! Get started! Think you have the flu? Join GoViral participants who report symptoms weekly using a website or mobile app and help researchers in the process. Get a Do-It-Yourself flu test kit, too. Get started! Help classify plant cell images by their “clumpiness” and give insights into the progression of bacterial infection in plant cells. Get started! Calling hackers and developers! SciStarter is organizing pop-up hackathons to develop open APIs and other tools to help citizen scientists. Contact the SciStarter Team if you’d like to join us in Boston, Philly, NYC, or Washington, DC in April! Email [email protected] Want your project featured in our newsletter? Contact [email protected] IMAGINE a world where all people are able to understand, value, and participate in science. This is the vision that inspires the Citizen Science Association (CSA), an emerging organization that will support organizers advancing scientific research that involves the public. It isn’t so hard to do. There are many prominent ornithological programs that engage bird watchers in research. These are not the only ones. There have been many scientific contributions of amateur astronomers. These are not the only ones. Right now you could look at almost any scientific discipline, and if you look deeply enough and carefully enough you’re going to see some aspects of citizen science happening. “The CSA is offering free inaugural membership for 2014 to grow, unite, and guide this global community of practice focused on public participation in citizen science. The CSA recognizes all forms of citizen science and focuses on building the community of practice involving those who organize volunteers. Whether organizers are scientists, educators, data managers, technology specialists, evaluators, or enthusiastic volunteers, the CSA welcomes those who want to benefit form a network based on the diverse practices of citizen science.” The work of building the association is just beginning to take shape. While four committees have begun to coordinate planning, the Association is soliciting the involvement and leadership of future members. Membership requires no financial contribution at this point, and people receive complementary membership by completing a short survey. According to the CSA, this survey will help the Association understand the diverse needs, interests, and expertise of the citizen science community, gauge the energy, initiative, and commitment to CSA activities, and inspire potential funders. Documenting the characteristics of the incoming membership is crucial because Citizen Science is a remarkably diverse field in terms of disciplines, sectors, and communities engaged. Panelists at the AAAS meeting included an astronomer, a neuroscientist, an ornithologist, an unusual combination for a single panel. It sounded so much like a ‘walked-into-a-bar’ joke that these practitioners jested they should crowdsource for the best punchline. Even though the research topics differed, the methods used and the challenges faced are similar. The panel also included professionals involved in computer science, informatics, human-computer interaction, and education. These are some of the fields enabling innovations in how citizen science is put into practice. The CSA will foster exchange, collaboration, and professional development across the compelling diversity in order to support parallel practices in various fields. To this end, the Association will establish an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advances in the theory and practice of citizen science. The Association will sponsor international conferences that disseminate findings and innovations and act as networking events. By building a digital community of practice, and compiling tools and resources to further best practices in the field, the CSA hopes to serve as an umbrella organization, drawing members from diverse communities including Scistarter, The Citizen Science Alliance, and the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA). Early support for the association is generously provided by National Geographic, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE), The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Schoodic Institute, and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). These organizations have common hopes for a world full of people engaged in citizen science. You may say these organizations are dreamers. If you are organizing citizen science activities, you are not the only one. With over 1,300 members already, we hope someday you’ll join us! Image credit: Kelly Hills This post is co-authored by Anne Bowser, a graduate Research Assistant in the Commons Lab, a PhD student at the University of Maryland’s College of Library and Information Science, and member of the Steering Committee of the Citizen Science Association. The story of a nuclear disaster and what can do you as a citizen scientist to help assess the residual aftermath. [In the news - KQED Science recently spoke to project organizer Ken Buessler about the radiation in our ocean.] Three years ago on March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami shook Japan. The loss of power that ensued eventually led to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant overheating. Four out of six reactors suffered meltdowns, spitting radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and directly into the ocean. 19,000 people died or went missing. Almost immediately, the news ignited fears of how this would impact marine ecosystem and human health over time. Today, three years later, there is still no U.S. government agency monitoring the spread of radiation from Fukushima along the west coast or Hawaiian Islands. In reaction to this, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the Center of Marine and Environmental radiation (CMER) are providing the equipment and the facilities to track the spread of radionuclides across the Pacific Ocean. Even further—they’re opening this process up to the public, to you. How Radioactive is Our Ocean? is a citizen ” science project that allows the public to propose sampling locations, raise the cost for testing and shipping of the supplies ($500-600), take samples and analyze 20 liters (about 5 gallons) of seawater for signs of radiation (cesium-137 isotopes) from Fukushima. Everything is provided by WHOI and CMER. There are three main ways that you can participate: Help the project reach their goal by donating to sample an existing site. Click “HELP FUND A LOCATION” on the main page and choose to support one of the many sites that are underway; Propose a new sampling site. Click “PROPOSE A LOCATION” and see what is involved. If accepted(we are trying to get spread of locations up/down coast), we ask for a donation of $100 and we’ll set up a fundraising webpage, add that page to our website, and send you a sampling kit once your goal of $550 to $600 has been reached. Donate to general capacity building and public education activities at CMER. Here’s a video showing how you would take samples from locations near you: How is radioactivity measured in the ocean? “We live in a sea of radioactivity,” says Ken Buesseler, marine chemist at the WHOI. “The danger is in the dose.” Buesseler spent the bulk of his career studying oceanography and the spread of radionuclides from Chernobyl in the Black Sea. He goes on to explain: The unit to describe the level of radiation in seawater samples is the Becquerel (Bq), which equals the number of radioactive decay events per second. This number is reported per cubic meter (i.e. 1,000 liters or 264 gallons) of water. A typical water sample will likely contain less than 10 Becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m3) from cesium-137. The amount of cesium-137 that leaked into the water as a result of Fukushima was in the penta-Becquerels (that’s 1,000,000,000,000,000 Becquerels). By comparing the amount of cesium-137, which has a relatively long 30-year half life, and cesium-134, which has a much shorter, 2-year half life, scientists can “fingerprint” the contamination from Fukushima and estimate how much was released into the Pacific. Is that much radiation significant? The world’s oceans contain many naturally occurring radioactive isotopes like potassium-40, which comes from the erosion and breakdown of rocks. Bananas, known for their potassium content, release about 15 Bq on average. That means that the radiation leakage was about the same as that of 76 million bananas, to put things in perspective. This is actually around and about (perhaps a little over) the amount of radiation Fukushima was allowed to dump into the environment before the disaster. However, WHOI and CMER still make the case that it would be important to monitor and track cesium-137 and cesium-134 levels in the ocean, given future projection. Fukushima plume predictions for cesium-137 levels in the Pacific Ocean for April 2016 How are marine species affected? Because the cesium-137 isotope is soluble, it mixes well with ocean currents. “The spread of cesium once it enters the ocean can be understood by the analogy of mixing cream into coffee,” writes Buesseler. “At first, they are separate and distinguishable, but just as we start to stir the cream forms long, narrow filaments or streaks in the water.” After they form streaks, they blend in and are diluted (think about how coffee turns into a lighter color after you add cream). Fish and other forms of marine life can take it up and excrete it, depositing it in the sediment below. The marine life most contaminated with Fukushima radiation is found nearest to the reactor, but some species, like Bluefin tuna, are far-ranging and even migrate across the Pacific. When these animals leave the Northeast coast of Japan, some isotopes remain in their body, but others, like cesium-137 and cesium-134, naturally flush out of their system. If you’re interested in proposing a sampling location to help the WHOI and CMER study the distribution of radionuclides in the Pacific, get started with the project or help spread the word about it! Help scientists learn about the gene that helps us taste “bitter!” The Denver Museum of Nature & Science is conducting a live research study, Genetics of Taste: A Flavor for Health, happening right now in the permanent exhibit Expedition Health. Get started! A photo taken in the field helps scientists and citizens to document changes in landscape, wildlife habitats, impacts of drought and flood and fire, and more! Users can upload, edit, query and download geo-referenced field photos in the library. All photos are also linked with satellite image series images (MODIS), so that people can “see” the changes over time. Get started! A spectrometer is a ubiquitous tool for scientists to identify unknown materials, like oil spill residue or coal tar in urban waterways. But they cost thousands of dollars and are hard to use — so the Public Lab community has designed one that you can build with your own hands! Get started! AND…SciStarter is organizing a series of citizen science activities on the concourse at the game! Each of the EIGHT Philadelphia organizations whose microbes will fly on the International Space Station via Project MERCCURI, will engage fans in science! If you’d like your citizen science project featured on SciStarter, email [email protected] Cooperation between professionals and citizen scientists to co-create scientific knowledge expands not only depth and breadth of discoveries, but also the very possibilities for discoveries. Citizen Sci bloggers will bring stories about innovative projects, methodologies, and histories to help chart the changing landscape of public participation in scientific research.

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The team used an instrument called an atomic force microscope to study three distinctly different types of cells to demonstrate the method's potentially broad applications, said Arvind Raman, a Purdue University professor of mechanical engineering. For example, the technique could be used to study how cells adhere to tissues, which is critical for many disease and biological processes; how cells move and change shape; how cancer cells evolve during metastasis; and how cells react to mechanical stimuli needed to stimulate production of vital proteins. The technique could be used to study the mechanical properties of cells under the influence of antibiotics and drugs that suppress cancer to learn more about the mechanisms involved. Findings have been posted online in the journal Nature Nanotechnology and will appear in the December print issue. The work involves researchers from Purdue and the University of Oxford. "There's been a growing realization of the role of mechanics in cell biology and indeed a lot of effort in building models to explain how cells feel, respond and communicate mechanically both in health and disease," said Sonia Contera, a paper co-author and director of the Oxford Martin Programme on Nanotechnology and an academic fellow at Oxford physics. "With this paper, we provide a tool to start addressing some of these questions quantitatively: This is a big step." An atomic force microscope uses a tiny vibrating probe to yield information about materials and surfaces on the scale of nanometers, or billionths of a meter. Because the instrument enables scientists to "see" objects far smaller than possible using light microscopes, it could be ideal for "mapping" the mechanical properties of the tiniest cellular structures. "The maps identify the mechanical properties of different parts of a cell, whether they are soft or rigid or squishy," said Raman, who is working with doctoral student Alexander Cartagena and other researchers. "The key point is that now we can do it at high resolution and higher speed than conventional techniques." The high-speed capability makes it possible to watch living cells and observe biological processes in real time. Such a technique offers the hope of developing a "mechanobiology-based" assay to complement standard biochemical assays. "The atomic force microscope is the only tool that allows you to map the mechanical properties - take a photograph, if you will - of the mechanical properties of a live cell," Raman said. However, existing techniques for mapping these properties using the atomic force microscope are either too slow or don't have high enough resolution. "This innovation overcomes those limitations, mostly through improvements in signal processing," Raman said. "You don't need new equipment, so it's an economical way to bump up pixels per minute and get quantitative information. Most importantly, we applied the technique to three very different kinds of cells: bacteria, human red blood cells and rat fibroblasts. This demonstrates its potential broad utility in medicine and research." The technique is nearly five times faster than standard atomic force microscope techniques. The Nature Nanotechnology paper was written by Raman; Cartagena; Sonia Trigueros, a Senior Research Fellow in the Oxford Martin Programme on Nanotechnology; Oxford doctoral student Amadeus Stevenson; Purdue instructor Monica Susilo; Eric Nauman, an associate professor of mechanical engineering; and Contera. The National Science Foundation and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of the U.K. funded the research. Writer: Emil Venere, 765-494-4709, [email protected] Sources: Arvind Raman, 765-494-5733, [email protected] Alexander Cartagena, [email protected] Emil Venere | EurekAlert! Nanotubes built from protein crystals: Breakthrough in biomolecular engineering 15.11.2018 | Tokyo Institute of Technology Insect Antibiotic Provides New Way to Eliminate Bacteria 15.11.2018 | Universität Zürich Biochips have been developed at TU Wien (Vienna), on which tissue can be produced and examined. This allows supplying the tissue with different substances in a very controlled way. Cultivating human cells in the Petri dish is not a big challenge today. Producing artificial tissue, however, permeated by fine blood vessels, is a much more... Faster and secure data communication: This is the goal of a new joint project involving physicists from the University of Würzburg. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research funds the project with 14.8 million euro. In our digital world data security and secure communication are becoming more and more important. Quantum communication is a promising approach to achieve... On Saturday, 10 November 2018, the research icebreaker Polarstern will leave its homeport of Bremerhaven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa. When choosing materials to make something, trade-offs need to be made between a host of properties, such as thickness, stiffness and weight. Depending on the application in question, finding just the right balance is the difference between success and failure Now, a team of Penn Engineers has demonstrated a new material they call "nanocardboard," an ultrathin equivalent of corrugated paper cardboard. A square... Physicists at ETH Zurich demonstrate how errors that occur during the manipulation of quantum system can be monitored and corrected on the fly The field of quantum computation has seen tremendous progress in recent years. Bit by bit, quantum devices start to challenge conventional computers, at least... 09.11.2018 | Event News 06.11.2018 | Event News 23.10.2018 | Event News 15.11.2018 | Earth Sciences 15.11.2018 | Physics and Astronomy 15.11.2018 | Physics and Astronomy

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Clinical Reference Systems: Pediatric Advisor 10.0 Animal or Human Bites - Bites from rabies-prone wild animals Rabies is a fatal disease. Bites or scratches from a bat, skunk, raccoon, fox, coyote, or large wild animal are especially dangerous. These animals can transmit rabies even if they have no symptoms. Bats have transmitted rabies without leaving a detectable bite mark on the skin. - Other wild animal bites Rodents such as mice, rats, gophers, moles, chipmunks, prairie dogs, and rabbits fortunately are considered free of rabies. Squirrels rarely carry rabies. Rodents can carry other diseases (such as plague). - Outdoor pet bites Most bites from pets are from dogs or cats. Bites from domestic animals such as horses can be handled using these guidelines. Dogs and cats are free of rabies in most metropolitan areas. The main risk in pet bites is serious wound infection, not rabies. Cat bites become infected more often than dog bites. Claw wounds are treated the same as bite wounds, since they are contaminated with saliva. - Indoor pet bites Small indoor pets (gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, white mice, etc.) are at no risk for rabies. Puncture wounds from these small animals usually do not need to be seen by a doctor. This kind of wound rarely goes through the - Human bites Most human bites occur during fights. Sometimes a fist is cut when it strikes a tooth. Human bites are more likely to become infected than animal bites. Bites on the hands are at increased risk of complications. Most toddler bites don't break the skin and don't need to be For help with children who deliberately bite, see First Aid for Suspected Rabies Contact Wash the wound immediately with lots of soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes. If possible, flush the wound thoroughly under a faucet. If a wild animal or sick pet animal is still on the premises, call the police department immediately. If the animal is captured or dead, avoid all contact with it. Saliva from a rabid animal can cause rabies if it gets into a cut. Home Care for Animal Bites (When Rabies Not Suspected) and for Human Bites - FIRST AID for puncture wound or laceration (deep cut) Wash the wounded area with water and liquid soap for 10 minutes before going to your physician's office. Scrub the wound enough to make it rebleed a little. Also check to see when your child last had a tetanus shot. (If your child has not had a tetanus booster in 5 years, he needs one within 3 days.) - Scrapes and superficial cuts For wounds that don't penetrate deeply into the skin, wash the area of the injury with water and liquid soap for 10 minutes. Apply an antibiotic ointment to the wound twice a day. You can leave it exposed to the air, or put a Band-Aid on it if it's an area that gets dirty - Pain relief Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain. - Observation of the pet If there is any possibility of rabies, the pet should be observed carefully for any signs of sickness. The pet should be isolated from contact with humans for 10 days. If the animal belongs to another family and they are not cooperative, report the incident to your city's or county's animal control division. - Prevention of animal bites Teach your children not to pick up sick or injured wild animals. Teach them not to pet strange dogs, try to break up dogfights, go near a dog that's eating, or touch a sleeping dog. Children under 4 years of age should always be supervised around dogs. Pit bull terriers, German shepherds, Dobermans, and St. Bernards are especially dangerous. Call Your Child's Physician Immediately If: - The animal could have rabies. - The teeth or claws went through the skin (that is, all puncture wounds). Note: Cat bites of the hand can become infected rapidly and need prompt attention. - The skin is split open (that is, may need stitches). - The bite looks infected (red streaks or increasing - Your child starts to act very sick. Call Your Child's Physician During Office Hours If: - The pain increases after the second day. - The bite wound isn't healed in 10 days. - You have other questions or concerns.

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|| Bālijātrā (also Bōita Bandāṇa (Oriya: ବୋଇତ ବନ୍ଦାଣ) literally means A Voyage to Bali. This festival is held in Odisha, in the city of Cuttack at Gadagadia Ghata of the Mahanadi river, to mark the day when ancient Sadhabas (Oriya mariners) would set sail to distant lands of Bali, as well as Java, Sumatra, Borneo (all in Indonesia), and Sri Lanka for trade and cultural expansion. They sailed in large vessels called Boitas. Bali Jatra is also associated with Taapoi and rituals like Bhalukuni Osha or Khudurukuni Osha and Bada Osha. Taapoi is closely associated with the Bali Jatra festival, which recalls traditional memories of young maidens waiting for the return of their sailor brothers. To commemorate this, the festival is celebrated every year from the day of Kartika Purnima according to the Oriya Calendar. The festival marks its beginning at Kartik Purnima which comes around the end of October and November, and goes on for a period of seven days from the full moon. This is the specific time that was considered auspicious by the Sadhabas to begin their voyage in vessels called Boitas. The voyage is begun on Kartika Purnima to take advantage of the favorable wind blowing during this time. Ajhala or big fabric sails were used to harness the wind power to move the Boitas. In Cuttack, Bali Jatra is celebrated annually as a large open fair near the Barabati Fort area. It is said to be the largest fair of Odisha state.

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Your brain develops differently than it normally would if you’re born with loss of hearing. Shocked? That’s because we normally have false ideas about brain development. You might think that only injury or trauma can alter your brain. But the fact is that brains are a little more…dynamic. Your Brain is Impacted by Hearing You’ve probably heard of the notion that, as one sense diminishes, the other four senses will become more powerful in order to counterbalance. The well-known example is always vision: as you lose your vision, your hearing and smell and taste will become ultra powerful as a counterbalance. That hasn’t been proven scientifically, but like all good myths, there could be a nugget of truth in there somewhere. Because the architecture of your brain can be and is changed by hearing loss. It’s open to debate how much this is true in adults, but we do know it’s true with children. CT scans and other studies of children who have hearing loss reveal that their brains physically change their structures, changing the hearing centers of the brain to visual centers. The newest studies have gone on to discover that even moderate hearing loss can have an impact on the brain’s architecture. How Hearing Loss Changes The Brain When all five senses are working, the brain devotes a specific amount of space (and power) to each one. A specific amount of brain power goes towards interpreting touch, a certain amount towards hearing or vision, and etc. A lot of this architecture is established when you’re young (the brains of children are incredibly pliable) because that’s when you’re first establishing all of these neural pathways. Established literature had already validated that in children with total or near-total loss of hearing, the brain changed its overall structure. Instead of being dedicated to hearing, that area in the brain is reconfigured to be dedicated to vision. Whichever senses deliver the most information is where the brain devotes most of its resources. Modifications With Mild to Medium Hearing Loss What’s unexpected is that this same rearrangement has been discovered in children with mild to moderate loss of hearing also. These brain changes won’t lead to superpowers or significant behavioral changes, to be clear. Rather, they simply appear to help individuals adapt to hearing loss. A Long and Strong Relationship The research that hearing loss can alter the brains of children certainly has implications beyond childhood. The great majority of people dealing with loss of hearing are adults, and the hearing loss in general is frequently a consequence of long-term noise or age-related damage. Are their brains also being changed by hearing loss? Some research reveals that noise damage can actually cause inflammation in certain parts of the brain. Other evidence has linked neglected hearing loss with higher risks for dementia, depression, and anxiety. So although we haven’t confirmed hearing loss boosts your other senses, it does affect the brain. That’s borne out by anecdotal evidence from people across the US. The Impact of Hearing Loss on Your Overall Health That loss of hearing can have such a major effect on the brain is more than simple trivial insight. It reminds us all of the vital and inherent relationships between your senses and your brain. When hearing loss develops, there are often considerable and recognizable mental health impacts. Being aware of those effects can help you be prepared for them. And being prepared will help you take action to protect your quality of life. Many factors will determine how much your hearing loss will physically alter your brain (including how old you are, older brains usually firm up that architecture and new neural pathways are more difficult to establish as a result). But regardless of your age or how severe your hearing loss is, untreated hearing loss will definitely have an effect on your brain.

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II The Substance of Economics. III Economic Generalizations or Laws. IV The Order and Aims pdf principles of economics Economic Studies. On Wants and Their Satisfaction. II Wants In Relation To Activities. III Gradations Of Consumers’ Demand. IV The Elasticity of Wants. V Choice Between Different Uses of the Same Thing. Land, Labour, Capital and Organization. II The Fertility of Land. III The Fertility of Land, Continued. The Tendency To Diminishing Return. IV The Growth of Population. V The Health and Strength of the Population. VII The Growth of Wealth. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Localities. Production on a Large Scale. Correlation of the Tendencies To Increasing and To Diminishing Return. General Relations of Demand, Supply, and Value. II Temporary Equilibrium of Demand and Supply. III Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply. IV The Investment and Distribution of Resources. V Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To Long and Short Periods. VI Joint and Composite Demand. VII Prime and Total Cost in Relation To Joint Products. VIII Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. IX Marginal Costs in Relation To Values. X Marginal Costs in Relation To Agricultural Values. XI Marginal Costs in Relation To Urban Values. XII Equilibrium of Normal Demand and Supply, Continued, With Reference To the Law of Increasing Return. XIII Theory of Changes of Normal Demand and Supply in Relation To the Doctrine of Maximum Satisfaction. XIV The Theory of Monopolies. XV Summary of the General Theory of Equilibrium of Demand and Supply. The Distribution of National Income. I Preliminary Survey of Distribution. II Preliminary Survey of Distribution, Continued. IV Earnings of Labour, Continued. V Earnings of Labour, Continued.

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The infestation of invasive plants such as Prosopis species does not only affect the groundwater levels but also threatens the grazing capacity and species richness of most of the semi-arid areas around South Africa. Though Prosopis is invasive, it is however of good nutritive value and can serve as an alternative source of protein and minerals for livestock during the dry season. Bush encroachment by browsable invasive species can be controlled through biological methods by using organisms such as livestock. The genus Prosopis has several species and hybrids, and in South Africa, the dominant ones are Prosopis glandulosa (Honey mesquite) and Prosopis velutina (Velvet mesquite) . The Prosopis species were initially introduced to South Africa from South, Central, and North America in the late 1880s, mainly to provide fodder (pods in drought years), shade for livestock, windbreak, wood for fuel, timber for furniture, and a nectar source for honey production . The plant was of great value to all stakeholders until the 1960s , before its negative invasive impact on ecosystem services, biodiversity, and local people’s livelihoods was observed . The species has invaded arid and semi-arid parts of Southern Africa, as well as other parts of the world . The high invasive capacity is derived from its vigorous growth and high seed production and efficient dispersal mechanism, while the absence of natural seed-eating insects preserves the seed for extended periods . Other than overwhelming the grazing land, devouring excessive amounts of groundwater, and reducing biodiversity, Prosopis is a very noxious invader, with areas of high infestation resulting in surrounding indigenous plants failing to deliver valuable ecosystem services for that ecological niche . Besides its invasive problem, Prosopis still provides some nutritional benefits to livestock , and therefore, any control programme should not ignore its contribution to the smallholder livestock farmers in semi-arid areas. Furthermore, beneficial ecosystem services such as the reduction of soil erosion are obtained from this invasive plant . Shackleton et al. highlighted that even though some of these invasive species can be beneficial, there are some detrimental aspects that can create vulnerability in social–ecological systems. The detrimental and beneficial aspects of Prosopis invasive plant species on a widespread extent, especially on livestock and underground water, have been reported in numerous locations of the world . Hence, the invasive woody alien plant species, as non-native organisms that increase from the point of introduction and become much more abundant, have a great potential to cause harm to the environment, as they are the key drivers of environmental change, disrupting ecosystem functioning, being detrimental to grazing lands, and tending to threaten the native biological diversity (being the main causes of biodiversity losses around the world), economics, and human and animal health . In South Africa, three different Prosopis plant species were introduced from North, South, and Central America in the last 1800s, namely, P. glandulosa, P. chilensi, and P. velutina (Figure 1) . The study of Visser reported that of the above-mentioned species, as well as their crossbreeds, there are only two species that prosper in South African environmental conditions, specifically Prosopis velutina and Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana. The genus has invaded several hectares of the western half of South Africa, forming extensive and impenetrable thickets over vast areas . The study of Nel et al. reported that numerous plant species have amplified their ranges within the past few centuries due to human activities. It is estimated that the spreading rate of Prosopis species in South Africa ranges from 18 to 40% per annum . Van den Berg stated that once the Prosopis species have set up in rangeland, the density of the infestations rapidly spreads at yearly rates of 3–10%. In the Northern Cape, Van den Berg showed that the average annual rate of spread of Prosopis is very high, being approximately 15% in upland areas and up to 30% in riparian areas. Several estimations of provinces invaded with Prosopis species have been made over the decades . With the use of biome-based procedures when ranking invasive plant species in South Africa , Robertson stated that in South Africa, Prosopis plant species were ranked the second species in the Nama-Karoo biome and the third in the Succulent Karoo biome. Martin reported that Prosopis seed may last a long time and may gain in mass over time to sizeable seed storage, which can endure for a minimum of 20 years without deteriorating. As per the study of Roberts , the measure of seed storage in South Africa changes over the distributional range of Prosopis species and is influenced by the existence or non-existence of animals, with accumulations of as numerous as 2500 seeds/m2 in some few regions. According to Pasiecznik , several key factors that are favourable for invasive species to dominate over the area include climate change, land-use changes, and competitive ecological advantages. For instance, in South Africa, the widespread occurrence of Prosopis invasive plant species takes place mostly in the areas where there is a scant herbaceous layer available and where the conditions for establishment and germination are favourable . According to Harding , seed production is predicted at 600,000 to 1,000,000 seeds per mature tree each year. It was highlighted that those seeds are most likely to sprout when they are scoured, as they pass throughout the digestive tract and are released into the humid faeces of ruminants . Prosopis pods play a great beneficiary role in livestock production, society, and the general economies in arid areas . Several uses have been reported over the years for Prosopis plant species such as animal feed , due to their high carbohydrate and protein content and their bioactivities, along with their medicinal properties . Due to their higher nutritive value than pasture, the pods and leaves of Prosopis species are very edible and are consumed voluntarily by goats, sheep, camels, and cattle. Pods can also be fed to monogastric animals as well . Ehsen stated that anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) are secondary plant metabolites and are considered to be biologically active substances. The fruits, seed, and other plant parts produce these substances . A study conducted by Anhwange et al. revealed that Prosopis species contain ANFs, i.e., saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and oxalates, in varying quantities. The utility of Prosopis species is limited as animal feed by the existence of ANFs. According to Aganga and Tswenyane , ANFs reduce livestock productivity, but they can cause toxicity or confinement if animals eat large amounts of feed rich in these substances. Many studies have been conducted in an attempt to reduce and control the increase in invasive species. Livestock grazing in low invasive species abundance and separate species zonation common in wetland ecosystems may permit the superior achievement and targeted control of invasive species . Zedler and Kercher suggested that livestock could be useful resources for handling the influences and increase in invasive species in marshes where monoculture-forming invasive species are ordinary and drive large-scale ecosystem alteration. On the other hand, livestock is considered as one of the chief contributors to the spread of invasive species, as they can introduce pods from outside the area . In the African continent and other continents, usage of livestock to manage invasive species has been fundamentally limited to world grasslands, where this technique has been met with diverse success . Although small stock alone as a treatment cannot successfully eradicate invasive species, few authors have documented the use of goats. Mayo used goats to control Sericea lespedeza, and a reduction in seed production was witnessed. Results by Rathfon et al. suggested that goats give an effective and environmentally friendly method to control invasive species.

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If you have a freshwater aquarium, you may have noticed small, white bugs crawling on the glass or floating in the water. These bugs are called copepods, and they are actually a good sign that your aquarium is healthy. Copepods eat fish poop, which helps to keep the water clean. Do Fish Eat Poop in Freshwater Tanks? The answer may surprise you – it’s usually other fish! It’s a common question among new fishkeepers: what eats fish poop in freshwater tanks? In fact, some fishkeepers intentionally add scavenger fish to their tanks to help keep the water clean. Many species of fish are known as “scavengers” and will readily eat anything that looks edible, including fish poop. There are a few different reasons why fish eat poop. For one, it’s a source of food. Poop is full of nutrients that can help a fish grow and stay healthy. Another reason is that fish poop can actually be used as a form of communication. By eating poop, fish are able to spread information about their environment and what’s going on in it. So, if you see your fish nibbling on some poop, don’t be alarmed – it’s just nature taking its course! Which Fish Species Are Most Likely to Eat Fish Poop? These fish species include the plecostomus, the otocinclus, and the bristlenose plecostomus. These fish are all bottom-dwellers that help to keep the aquarium clean by eating the fish poop that falls to the bottom. There are a few different fish species that are known to eat fish poop in freshwater aquariums. This fish is a large, bottom-dwelling fish that originates from South America. The plecostomus is the most well-known of the three fish species that eat fish poop. The plecostomus has a long, sucker-like mouth that it uses to vacuum up the fish poop from the bottom of the aquarium. The otocinclus is a smaller fish that also originates from South America. This fish is a member of the catfish family and has a small, round mouth that it uses to eat the algae and detritus that accumulates on the bottom of the aquarium. The otocinclus is a peaceful fish that is often kept in aquariums with other peaceful fish species. The bristlenose plecostomus is another bottom-dwelling fish that originates from South America. This fish is similar in size and appearance to the plecostomus, but has a shorter body and a bristly nose. The bristlenose plecostomus is a peaceful fish that is often kept in aquariums with other peaceful fish species. Do Snails and Shrimp Eat Fish Poop in Freshwater Tanks? It’s no secret that uneaten food and fish waste can quickly pollute an aquarium. But what’s the best way to deal with this waste? But do these creatures actually eat fish poop? Many aquarium enthusiasts believe that adding snails and shrimp to their tanks will help to keep things clean. However, they will occasionally nibble on fish waste if it is available. In fact, they are more likely to eat algae and other plant matter. It turns out that snails and shrimp are not particularly interested in fish poop. You’re better off relying on filter-feeding creatures, such as sponges and certain types of worms, to help keep your tank clean. So, if you’re looking for a cleanup crew for your aquarium, snails and shrimp are not your best bet. Types of Snails And Shrimp That Eat Fish Poop in Freshwater This can be beneficial to the aquarium as it helps to keep the water clean. There are a few different types of snails and shrimp that will eat fish poop in freshwater aquariums. Some of the most common types of snails and shrimp that eat fish poop are nerite snails, mystery snails, and Amano shrimp. Nerite snails will also eat fish poop if there is no algae available. They are one of the most popular types of snails for aquariums because they are very good at eating algae. Nerite snails are a type of snail that is native to fresh and brackish waters. They are native to South America and get their name from the fact that they can sometimes change color. Mystery snails will also eat fish poop if there is no other food available. Mystery snails are another type of snail that is popular in aquariums. They are named after Takashi Amano, who is a famous aquarium hobbyist. Amano shrimp are a type of shrimp that is native to Japan. Amano shrimp are very good at eating algae and will also eat fish poop if there is no algae available. What Will Remove Fish Poop in Your Freshwater Tank? There are a few different things that will eat fish poop in your freshwater tank. The first and most common are the plecostomus, or pleco, fish. These guys are specifically designed to eat algae and detritus, and they will do a great job of cleaning up your tank. Another option is to get a snail. Many people choose to get a nerite snail because they are very good at eating algae and they don’t reproduce very quickly. Shrimp are very good at eating algae and detritus, and they also add a lot of color and interest to your tank. The last option is to get a shrimp. How to Remove Fish Poop in Your Freshwater Tank? While some people think this is gross, it’s actually a good thing! If you have fish in your freshwater aquarium, you’re going to have fish poop. Fish poop is full of nutrients that your plants can use to grow. So, how do you remove fish poop from your freshwater tank? But, if you have too much fish poop in your tank, it can start to stink and make your water cloudy. You can also use a gravel vacuum to remove the fish poop from your gravel. The best way to remove fish poop is to do a water change. This will remove the fish poop and any other debris from your tank. If you have a lot of fish in your tank, you may need to do water changes more often to keep the fish poop from building up. Plants will help to consume the fish poop and keep your water clean. You can also add more plants to your tank. Removing Fish Poop from Sand If you have a freshwater aquarium, you know that one of the most important things you can do to keep your fish healthy is to remove their poop from the sand. But what if you don’t have a lot of time to do this yourself? This is a tube that you insert into the sand and then use to suck up the water and waste. One is to use a siphon. There are a few different options for removing fish poop from sand. This is a special vacuum that is designed to remove waste from gravel and sand. Another option is to use a gravel vacuum. This is a tool that you can use to scoop up the waste and then remove it from the tank. Finally, you can also use a fish pooper scooper. Whichever method you choose, be sure to do it regularly to keep your fish healthy and your tank clean. Removing Fish Poop from Gravel But what if you don’t have time to do this every day? If you have a freshwater aquarium, you know that one of the most important things you can do to keep your fish healthy is to remove their poop from the gravel. Plecos are a type of fish that are known for their ability to clean up aquariums. One is to add a pleco to your tank. There are a few things you can do to help remove fish poop from gravel. There are a few different brands that make these products, so be sure to do your research to find one that is right for your tank. Another option is to add a product to your tank that will eat fish poop. This is a bit more time consuming, but it will get the job done. Finally, you can also vacuum your gravel to remove fish poop. This will help keep your fish healthy and your aquarium clean. No matter which method you choose, be sure to remove fish poop from your gravel on a regular basis. Use a Filter and Wavemaker to Rid of Fish Poop While it may not be the most pleasant thing to think about, it is important to remove fish poop from your aquarium to keep your fish healthy. If you have a freshwater aquarium, you know that fish poop is a fact of life. Be sure to clean your filter regularly to keep it working properly. One way to remove fish poop from your aquarium is to use a filter. Filters help to remove debris and waste from the water, including fish poop. Another way to remove fish poop from your aquarium is to use a wavemaker. Again, be sure to clean your wavemaker regularly to keep it working properly. Wavemakers create a current in the water that helps to circulate the water and remove waste. Both filters and wavemakers are great ways to remove fish poop from your aquarium. By using one or both of these devices, you can help to keep your fish healthy and your aquarium clean. How to Reduce Fish Poop in a Freshwater Tank? There are a few things you can do to reduce the amount of fish poop in your tank. While fish poop is not necessarily harmful to your fish, it can be unsightly and cause your tank to become dirty more quickly. If you have a freshwater aquarium, you know that fish poop is inevitable. Overfeeding your fish not only leads to more fish poop, but can also be harmful to your fish’s health. First, feed your fish only as much as they can eat in one sitting. Second, choose a filter that is designed to trap fish waste. A good filter will help to keep your water clean and clear and will also help to reduce the amount of fish poop in your tank. Live plants help to absorb fish waste and help to keep your water clean and clear. Finally, consider adding a few live plants to your aquarium. By following these simple tips, you can help to reduce the amount of fish poop in your freshwater aquarium and keep your tank looking clean and clear. How Often Should I Clean Fish Poop in My Freshwater Tank? When it comes to cleaning fish poop in freshwater tanks, the general rule of thumb is to do it as often as necessary. This means that you should clean the tank whenever you see fish poop starting to accumulate. If you have a lot of fish, you may need to clean the tank more frequently. Fish poop can contain harmful bacteria that can make your fish sick. It can also cause the water in your tank to become dirty and cloudy. Therefore, it’s important to remove fish poop as soon as you see it. The vacuum will suck up the fish poop and any other debris, and then you can dispose of it in the trash. The best way to clean fish poop is to use a gravel vacuum. This will help you to remove the poop and any other debris from the bottom of the tank. To use a gravel vacuum, simply place the end of the vacuum hose into the tank and turn on the pump. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is fish poop? Fish poop is the solid waste that is excreted by fish. It is typically brown or green in color and is made up of uneaten food, scales, and other organic matter. 2. What eats fish poop? There are a variety of creatures that eat fish poop in freshwater aquariums, including snails, shrimp, and certain types of worms. These animals help to keep the tank clean and free of excess waste. 3. Why is it important to have something eat fish poop? It is important to have something eat fish poop because it can help to keep the water quality in the tank high and prevent the build-up of harmful ammonia and nitrites. 4. How often should fish be fed? Most fish should be fed once or twice a day, and only as much as they can eat in a few minutes. Overfeeding can lead to water quality issues and excess waste in the tank. 5. What are the consequences of overfeeding fish? Overfeeding fish can lead to a number of problems, including water quality issues, excess waste in the tank, and even the death of the fish. It is important to only feed fish as much as they can eat in a few minutes. There you have it! These are the creatures that help keep your aquarium clean by eating fish poop. While they perform a very important function in the freshwater aquarium ecosystem, be sure not to overstock your tank with them as they can quickly become nuisance algae eaters.

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Heuer gallaudet. If you are not organized, it will take considerably more time to write the paper. To make it easy on yourself, you can use an index card system as you gather information. With this method, you categorize the information you find by topic. For each topic, you could have any number of cards from several different sources. Later, as you write your paper, each card topic becomes a body paragraph supporting idea in your paper. As you find interesting facts about your topic during your research, you should write them down. Each sentence or idea that you find should be paraphrased summarized in your own wordsand written on a card. In order to keep your ideas in order, and to remember where you found the ideas, there are four items that you should include on the index card, as you will see below. Once you have written the information down on the note cards, you only need to go back and organize your cards by topic. Group together all the cards that have the same topic i. When you finish, you should have your cards in piles, one topic per pile. You can have any number of piles and any number of cards in each pile. The length and detail of your paper will determine how many piles and cards you have. Once you have separated your cards into piles, each topic pile should become a body paragraph in your paper. That is the key to this system. If every topic directly supports your thesis statement, then each topic pile should become a supporting idea, body paragraph, or part of a paragraph in your paper. But before you actually begin writing, you should make an outline of the order you want to present these topics in your paper. For help making an outline, see the English Works web page on Pre-writing and Outlines. Once the outline is complete, use your note cards as guides and begin writing. For further help on writing a research paper, refer to the English Works! Current Students my. Researching As you find interesting facts about your topic during your research, you should write them down. Here is a sample card: The card topic is the title for the kind of information on the card. The card topic is a name that you make up yourself. Think of it as the titleor main idea of the card. After writing down the information, figure out how you could briefly categorize, or title it. For example, if you are writing a paper on the life and works of the poet, Langston Hughes, you may have cards with topics such as: Hughes' upbringing Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance Hughes' influences Hughes' poetry Hughes' political beliefs Hughes' influence on America Although it may seem tedious to give each note card a topic name, it serves two purposes: It keeps you focused in your research. You will be less likely to write down unnecessary information facts that are not related to your topic if you are careful to write down the topic for every card. It is necessary to have these topics once you begin organizing your research.It's okay to use notes when presenting, especially if you're speaking on a new topic or to a new audience. The key to using notes effectively is what is included in your notes and how you use them. The following ten tips will help you use notes effectively to remember the key points of your presentation so you can deliver your message to your audience clearly and within the time limit. If you're reading every word of the script, you're usually not making eye contact or using gestures since your attention is focused on the script rather than the audience. And if you do look up at the audience, it will be almost impossible to find your place in the script again. I've seen speakers flip through multiple pages, looking for their place, which flusters them and distracts the audience. These tips do not apply, of course, if you are using a teleprompter, which would contain the entire script. Yes, it's okay to memorize these lines. With practice, you should be able to deliver them without looking at your notes, but it's good to have them written out in case you get nervous. Having a strong opening will build your confidence and make a good first impression on the audience. Also, write out the transition to the next section. Separate sections in your notes with blank lines, indentation or whatever will signal to you to pause, regroup and then move on to the next section. In your closing line, restate your message and include your call to action. How large the font should be depends on your eyesight, whether you use reading glasses, the lighting in the room, etc. Heavy cardstock won't blow away if there if there's strong air movement from the fan or air conditioning vent. You can also hold the cardstock with one hand and still read it while gesturing or holding the microphone with the other. Use both sides if necessary. If your notes don't fit, then you have too many words in your notes.5 WAYS TO USE FLASHCARDS - studycollab: alicia The goal is not to memorize every word of your presentation, but to get comfortable saying it a variety of ways and using your notes to remember the keywords, phrases and transitions. Remember, you are the presentation and the slides are just the visual aids. If everything is written out on your slides, then why would we need you? And those slides would be impossible to read anyway. If used effectively, notes can be a part of a successful presentation. Following these suggestions will help you remember the key points of your presentation so you can deliver your message to your audience clearly and within the time limit. Gilda Bonanno is a speaker, trainer and coach who helps people from all walks of life improve their communication and presentation skills. You'll also be subscribed to Gilda's free twice-monthly e-newsletter containing practical tips you can use immediately to improve your communication and presentation skills. Copyright c Aside from these main categories we will also share betting tips for athletics around the popular events such as the Olympics. Winter Olympics tips will also be available for the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. We also have a designated section of the site for Cheltenham Tipsa seperate site for Grand National tips and will also have a dedicated area for World Cup 2018 betting tips. Quite simply becuase we have the best tipsters. OLBG has been providing betting tips since 2002. These huge prize funds attract and retain the best sports betting tipsters around. The competition is fierce but this brings you the best tips as the tipsters are constantly looking for ways to recommend profitable bets consistently. We anaylse all the data for you so that we can show you the best betting tips from specialist tipsters for each sport. For example if you look at the football betting tips then the profits by the tips will be only for tips placed on football. The competitions are all seperate for each sport which allows us to grow specialist tipsters for you. There are many ways to analyse the tipsters to understand which are the best bets. We provide profit figures from all bets for the sport over the past six months, profit consistency figures so you can see which of the last 6 months the tipsters have yielded a profit in and other interesting factors like profits this month or week or days in profit. The easiest way to see all this information is through the OLBG Sports Betting Tips app. Install it now from iTunes or Google Play and make sure that you consult expert tipsters before placing each bet you make. You will see many tip comments by each betting selection. Some of our users like to read these and decide which opinion they will follow. You can gain some great insight to betting strategies from our tipsters through these comments. For popular events you will see comments for most outcomes. Each will be trying to convince you to follow their tip. Make your mind up from these comments which often put people onto winning bets that they would never have considered. For discussion around the best bets for each event we have a very friendly and busy sports betting tips forum. Head here if you want to ask questions to tipsters or to share your opinions too on what are the best betting opportunities today.I ended up with a lot of duplicates and some folks have reported albums going missing. That being said, there are millions of happy iCloud Photo Library users out there. 10 Tips for How to Use Notecards Effectively When Presenting Just be sure to prepare, in the event that something does go awry. To enable it, just launch the Photos app on your Mac, choose Photos in the top navigation and then Preferences. Under the iCloud section, simply check the box for iCloud Photo Library. Then just make sure the sub-option for Optimize Mac Storage is also selected. Hat tip to Eric in the comments who pointed out that remembering to empty your trash periodically is important. This post was syndicated via The App Factor. There are no disks in SSDs. You may only re-download an app from the Mac App Store so long as that app is still sold in the Mac App Store. This is one of the things that irritates me most. If I purchase it, it should be available in the cloud forever. Kind of hard to save storage space if you have to worry about a movie being removed from the Store. None of my computers or iOS devices have used hard drives for years. MaH This is one of the things that irritates me most. Complete the form below, then visit ourInnergie store to order your tip. The serial number is marked on product. The Note Card System Please see the sample image below. Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Your Laptop Brand Your Laptop Model No. These awesome little tips are under 200 words, which means it takes about 60 seconds to read a tip. Topics include:Please complete the information below. You will receive an email confirmation from us. Due to CASL rules you must click on the consent link in that email. Only then we can start sending you our free weekly tips. Of course, at any point, you will be able to select the link at the bottom of every future email you receive to unsubscribe. Topics include: networking connecting communication collaboration Gayle, Judy and Darcy Shepa Learning Company Sign Up Form Please complete the information below. The best part about this thriving channel. Anyone can use it. When it comes to marketing on the Internet, content is king. That means no matter what type of small business you have, you need to focus on creating quality content for the right audience. Here are a few examples: Think of Instagram as a digital magazine. Meaning, you should be posting content that shares a similar style or vibe. This way you can stand out in the feed and Instagram users will instantly recognize you. You can crop your images the same way, or use the same filter or color theme on all of your pictures. If you are just getting started, Instagram can be a great place to build and establish an ambiance for your biz. That might seem kind of obvious, but sounding and looking casual can sometimes take a lot of work. The important thing to remember is to find your voice and invite your customers to engage with you- trust us, keeping it real will go a long way. This is where your soon to be BFF, hashtags, come into play. Instagram visitors can search for a hashtag to explore content within that subject.After you complete your subscription payment visit www. Login or Register To Join VIP Membership and Start your Investment Journey in gambling. Quick Links Premium Tips Mega Jackpots Free Tips Livescores Premium Results Contact us Login After you complete your subscription payment visit www. Now, after more than a decade, we give you all our soccer picks for free. FREE Sports Betting Picks Soccer Picks NBA Picks Tennis Picks Hockey Picks Handball Picks Cricket Picks Baseball Picks Voleyball Picks Snooker Picks Rugby Picks Boxing Picks Golf Picks Football Tips for Today Free Tips Newsletter. USD in 12h, 46m, 55 sin 20h, 1m, 55 sin 20h, 1m, 55 s HALF TIME PICKS To return: 0 USD 6h, 13m, 5 s ago6h, 43m, 5 s ago12h, 43m, 5 s ago DOUBLE CHANCE PICKS To return:??. USD in 17h, 46m, 55 sin 14h, 16m, 55 sin 14h, 46m, 55 s MATCH GOALS PICKS To return:??. Henryka Reymana Wisla Plock Legia Warsaw Legia Warsaw vs. Bundesliga Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern vs. Moscow Terek Grozny Terek Grozny vs. Afonso Henriques Feirense Maritimo Maritimo vs. We offer betting tips, free soccer predictions from all the big leagues like English Premier League, German Bundesliga, Spanish Primera Division, Italy Serie A, France League 1, UEFA Champions League, etc. Our betting predictions and reviews are examined closely by our team of betting experts. This is a full time job for them so they are taking things very seriously. We cannot guarantee that you will win if you use our services but the people who choosed to follow us won more than 20. Soccer Paid Picks We also offer VIP Picks and Member Picks for those who want to invest more than a couple of bucks in their bets. Try to visit our website daily or subscribe to our "E-MAIL Picks" service, as from time to time we're giving these services for free. Flora Tallinn 90 36 28 6 2 100 28 72 2. Levadia Tallinn 84 36 25 9 2 106 20 86 3. Nomme Kalju 78 36 24 6 6 101 32 69 4. FC Infonet 65 36 20 5 11 103 47 56 5. Trans Narva 45 36 13 6 17 46 63 -17 6. Paide 38 36 10 8 18 47 88 -41 7. JK Tammeka Tartu 37 36 9 10 17 40 63 -23 8. JK Sillamae Kalev 36 36 10 6 20 52 76 -24 9. Tulevik Viljandi 28 36 8 4 24 34 95 -61 10. Please refresh the page and retry.What could happen if Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece united together and left the EU. What do Turks think of France, Italy and Spain. What would happen if Portugal, Spain, France and Italy became a single country. Are Argentina and Uruguay more similar to Spain or Italy. Are the modern people of Portugal, Italy, Spain, and France descendants of ancient Romans. Can France annex Spain. Still have a question. AskRelated QuestionsWhy can't cricket prevail over football in European countries like Spain, Italy, Germany, France etc. Are Portugal, Italy, Spain and Greece peach or coconut cultures. Cite this articleHide citationsCLOSEBenton, Joshua. Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard, 5 Jul. Last modified July 5, 2016. Accessed December 9, 2017. Spaceship Media is about to tryChristine SchmidtThe FCC is swiftly changing national media policy. What does that mean on the local level. Sign up for The Digest, our daily email with all the freshest future-of-journalism news. Prefer a once-a-week email. Dispensing nearly 50,000 winning tips every month, BE is a thriving community of tipsters and players following the most popular sporting disciplines, as well as top casino games. Working with Mark and Systemato is contributing to this goal since the work that has been delivered is on high quality standards. They send us links to the hottest casinos online, while we provide them with high-quality, unbiased reviews on a nearly weekly basis, ranging from quick overviews of 600 words to detailed reports running in excess of 3,000 words. We take every single aspect of the gameplay experience into consideration, starting from first impressions and the registration process, then onto depositing and claiming the welcome bonus, and finally playing the games and testing withdrawal methods. Cottoner, Lija Press enter to begin your searchNo menu assigned. Bettingexpert and Systemato have been working hand in hand for a long time now. Normally I bet around two per cent of my bankroll per play, I'm thinking with the payouts that maybe only one per cent should be bet on draws. In other words I stick to level stakes. The beauty of playing the draw though as highlighted before is now I am in a position where I have got four weeks worth of selections to have before I begin to show a loss. When compiling the stats for Premier Betting you get to see how various teams perform and you can asses whether or not the draw is of any value. I've mostly tended to make two bets - a safe bet (max 2. What nuggets would you share with respect to betting strategy. If you have been following my selections you will see that we are well over 10 points up. This means in effect I have 10 more bets before I start showing a loss. So avoid short priced favourites. But most importantly whatever bet you choose ensure that it contains value. Please explain how the system works. Here sat watching all your draws going the right way without staking a penny. Am I going to stake each game separately or there is way of me putting all of it together and just needing one match to make a profit. Last year doing this I made over 30 points level stakes profit. If you go to our website at Premier Betting you will see our ratings compared to the bookmakers odds this will give you some indication if you are obtaining value in your selection.In a future version, you will be able to share samples with other co-workers. It includes the fields' dictionary describing the fields and their summaries and the rows. A description of the status of the sample. This is the date and time in which the sample was updated with microsecond precision. Each entry includes the column number in the original dataset, the name of the field, the type of the field, and the summary. See this Section for more details. A list of lists representing the rows of the sample. Values in each list are ordered according to the fields list. A status code that reflects the status of the sample creation. That is no categories are specified. A dictionary between input field id and an array of categories to limit the analysis to. Each array must contain 2 or more unique and valid categories in the string format. If omitted, each categorical field is limited to its 100 most frequent categorical values. This field has no impact if the data type of input fields are non-categorical. Example: "This is a description of my new correlation" Global numeric field transformation parameters. Example: false size optional The number of equal width bins. If pretty is enabled then this value acts as a maximum size, but the actual number of bins may be lower. Example: 12 trim optional A real number between 0 and 0. Default is 0, however, 0. Example: "width" edges optional A numeric array manually specifying edge boundary locations. If this parameter is present the corresponding field will be discretized according to those defined bins, and the remaining discretization parameters will be ignored. Example: "width" category filterable, sortable, updatable One of the categories in the table of categories that help classify this resource according to the domain of application. This will be 201 upon successful creation of the correlation and 200 afterwards. Make sure that you check the code that comes with the status attribute to make sure that the correlation creation has been completed without errors. It includes the field's dictionary describing the fields and their summaries, and the correlations. See the Correlations Object definition below. This is the date and time in which the correlation was created with microsecond precision. The list of fields's ids that were excluded to build the correlation. The id of the field to be used as the objective for a correlations test. See the Objective Field Details. In a future version, you will be able to share correlation with other co-workers or, if desired, make them publicly available. This is the date and time in which the correlation was updated with microsecond precision. Research Note Cards See Correlation Results Object. Each entry includes the column number in original source, the name of the field, the type of the field, and the summary. Name of the correlation. A correlation result which is a dictionary between field ids and the result. The type of result object varies based on the name of the correlation. See Pearson's correlation coefficients for more information. Thus, the number of parameters grows with the amount of training data) measure of statistical dependence between two variables.

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Stresses in the helical spring wire: From the free body diagram, we have found out the direction of the internal torsion T and internal shear force F at the section due to the external load F acting at the centre of the coil. The cut sections of the spring, subjected to tensile and compressive loads respectively, are shown separately in the figure. The broken arrows show the shear stresses arising due to the torsion T and solid arrows show the shear stresses due to the force F. It is observed that for both tensile load as well as compressive load on the spring, maximum shear stress always occurs at the inner side of the spring. Hence, failure of the spring, in the form of crake, is always initiated from the inner radius of the spring. The radius of the spring is given by D/2. Note that D is the mean diameter of the spring. The torque T acting on the spring is If d is the diameter of the coil wire and polar moment of inertia, The shear stress in the spring wire due to torsion is

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The Sharpeville massacre, the name given to the murder of 69 unarmed civilians by armed South African police, took place on 21 March 1960. That date now marks the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and without the Sharpeville massacre, we may not have the international system of human rights that we have today. In 1960, states had no binding international human rights obligations and there were no oversight mechanisms. All that changed following the world’s moral outrage at the killings. Early on that March morning, demonstrations against the pass laws, which restricted the rights of apartheid South Africa’s majority black population, had begun in Sharpeville, a township in Transvaal. By lunchtime, the crowd outside the police station had grown to an estimated 20,000 people. All the evidence points to the gathering being peaceful and good humoured. Just after 1pm, there was an altercation between the police officer in charge and the leaders of the demonstration. Amid confusion, two shots were fired into the air by somebody in the crowd. In response, a police officer shouted in Afrikaans skiet or n’skiet (exactly which is not clear), which translates either as “shot” or “shoot”. Another officer interpreted this as an order and opened fire, triggering a lethal fusillade as 168 police constables followed his example. By the end of the day, 69 people lay dead or dying, with hundreds more injured. The power of an event In my own research, I have looked to complexity theory – a theory developed in the natural sciences to make sense of the ways that patterns of behaviour emerge and change – to understand the way that international human rights law developed and evolved. One of the insights has been that international law does not change unless there is some trigger for countries to change their behaviour. Significant reshaping of international law is often the result of momentous occurrences, most notably the two world wars. But change can also be prompted by seemingly minor events in global affairs, such as the Sharpeville massacre – the so-called butterfly effect. The term “human rights” was first used in the UN Charter in 1945. In 1946, the UN established the Commission on Human Rights, whose first job was to draft a declaration on human rights. The commission completed this task, under the chairmanship of Eleanor Roosevelt, when it finalised the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. But attempts to transform this non-binding moral declaration into a binding legal code were immediately bogged down in Cold War disputes. The logjam was only broken after the Sharpeville massacre, as the UN decided to deal with the problem of apartheid South Africa. Apartheid before the UN The subject of racial discrimination in South Africa was raised at the UN General Assembly in its first session, in 1946, in the form of a complaint by India concerning the treatment of Indians in the country. But it was not until after Sharpeville that the UN made clear that the country’s system of racial segregation would no longer be tolerated. As part of its response, the General Assembly tasked the UN Commission on Human Rights to prepare the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the first global human rights treaty. It was adopted on 21 December 1965. The argument against apartheid was now framed as a specific manifestation of a wider battle for human rights, and it was the only political system mentioned in the convention: Nazism and antisemitism were not included. The adoption of the convention was quickly followed by two international covenants – on economic, social and cultural rights and on civil and political rights – in 1966, introduced to give effect to the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ‘Gross and systematic’ violations As well as the introduction of the race convention, Sharpeville also spurred other moves at the UN that changed the way it could act against countries that breached an individual’s human rights. At its inaugural session in 1947, the UN Commission on Human Rights had decided that it had “no power to take any action in regard to any complaints concerning human rights”. For the next two and a half decades, the commission held to this position on the basis that the UN Charter only required states to “promote”, rather than “protect”, human rights. But in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre, the UN adopted a more interventionist stance towards the apartheid state. As the number of UN members from Africa increased, the commission reversed its “no power to act” position and turned its attention to the human rights situation in South Africa. The key developments were the adoption of Resolution 1235 in 1967, which allowed for the examination of complaints of “gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as exemplified by the policy of apartheid”, and Resolution 1503 in 1970, which allowed the UN to examine complaints of “a consistent pattern of gross and reliably attested violations of human rights”. These resolutions established two important principles: that the human rights provisions in the UN Charter created binding obligations for member states, and that the UN could intervene directly in situations involving serious violations of human rights. This set the UN on the path towards the recognition of “all human rights for all” and, eventually, the establishment of the Human Rights Council and the Universal Periodic Review of the human rights performance of all states. On the 60th anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre, the world should remember the contingency and fragility of the international human rights law system that we so easily take for granted today. Stephen Wheatley is a professor of international law at Lancaster University. This article first appeared on The Conversation Join our new commenting forum Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies

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First of all we need some definitions. The first and foremost definition is the definition of “Yoga.” The word itself has been translated in varieties of ways from simply “yoking” (as in yoking with ultimate reality), to the classical definition of “Chitta Vritti Nirodha” meaning - cessation of the fluctuations of the mind; to the Bhagavad Gita’s “Yoga is skill in action.” Also, “Yoga is Samadhi,” says Patanjali. Yoga is one of the accepted schools of philosophy (dharshansa) within Hinduism, standing on its own feet along side Sumkha and Vedanta. In Jainism, yoga is the sum total of all activities — mental, verbal and physical. For Buddhist the yogachara path is a framework of philosophy and psychology for engaging in practices that lead to the path of the bodhisattva. Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh teacher referred to as the “Great Yogi” by Yogi Bhajan (the founder of Kindalini Yoga and the 3HO movement), taught to engage all beings as members of the one family, being in service to others and deepening one’s own awareness of the mysteries of the body and mind. Other important definitions: Physical fitness/Health Related Fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness (a state of health and well-being,) and Specific Fitness/Skill Related Fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports, or occupations). There is no simple definition of fitness, but when spoken of, it is generally understood that fitness has to do with the ability of the human body to function effectively, efficiently, meet energetic demands on it imposed by physical activity and be free of conditions occurring as the result of sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, there are 5 major areas that are looked at when Health Related Fitness levels are assessed. Cardiovascular fitness (Aerobic fitness) which refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity. Regular exercise creates cardiovascular fitness by enlarging and strengthening the muscle of the heart, thus making it more capable to pump more blood with each heart beat, thus supplying oxygen to skeletal muscles. In addition, it is shown that regular exercises increase the number of arteries in skeletal muscles that are regularly worked. Further, the amount of oxygen being inhaled increases (lung capacity) and thus more oxygen is available for the system to function on. Flexibility – this one should be self explanatory, but in case you are unsure – this is a measure of the range of motion in the joints of the human body. If one cannot tie their shoes, or scratch their head – there‘s not flexibility. Endurance is a measure that shows the ability of the body to exert energy over a task and over a prolonged period of time. The definition of “long” generally depends on the type of activity being performed and the level of intensity of that activity. Muscle Strength and Body Composition are the final two parameter looked at when speaking of Health Related Fitness. While muscle strength is an obvious one, body composition refers to the percentage of fat, muscle and bone in one’s body at any given time. Two people with the same weight and height, but with different body composition will look completely different. On the Skill Related Fitness end of things, things like Ability, Balance, Motor Coordination, Speed, Reaction Time and Power are relevant. One can take this in an everyday sense to determine if one can go up and down the stairs, bend over and squat in order to perform everyday tasks, or if one is coordinated enough to dance and play music, can get things done fast and is able to react to environmental stimuli appropriately. On the other hand, one can take that to the sports arena and depending on the sport in focus, these parameters must be within certain ranges, for the person to be successful in that sport. If you are going to be a soccer player but you can’t duck, kick, squat, take off running, change direction in an instant and jump, you will have a hard time playing at all. Further on fitness, age and gender play a role in what is considered “excellent,” “good,” “moderate” or “poor” level of fitness. Does yoga, then, have anything to do with fitness? Physical fitness is a way of keeping the body healthy through a cycle of exercise, nutrition and rest. Yoga is a path to liberation and fulfilling your potential as a being while embodied. Physical fitness is only important as it enables the individual to proceed along the path with minimal distractions such as illness or discomfort. Hence, the asana and pranayama practices. However, physical fitness is not in and out of itself the goal. The number of pushups one can do is absolutely irrelevant to personal freedom. Standing on one’s head is no measurement for wisdom. Ability to sit in lotus is no prerequisite, or a guarantee for fulfillment and enlightenment. The number of pushups done with grace, the lightness and control of a head stand, the ease of a lotus posture are only indications, (not always good ones either) of the time spend in a committed practice. More important things such as mindfulness, equanimity and compassion have more of a chance of developing with a long committed practice. Think of it this way – the asanas will prepare your body for long hours of meditation, or the grueling demands of service to others. The asanas will give you the energy, stamina, and physical freedom to pursue other things you enjoy – from the great outdoors to cooking, writing music or playing sports. The asana will open the door for you to see and even understand many of your own traits and mental habits, teach you to be aware of your being physically, energetically and even mentally and emotionally. Meditation will refine these skills and take them further into and outside of your being. Long and committed practice in itself is no guarantee for moral, ethical or psychological progress, not even for enlightenment. But as the yogis say, no effort is wasted on the path. You may get the point next time around. Meanwhile you are gathering the stones to pave the road when you are ready to do so, and while you are at it, you are still enjoying many of the physiological benefits of the practice. If the ego owns your asana accomplishments, rather than viewing them as simply manifestations of possibilities, and opportunities to observe yourself in yet another twisted situation, than your asana practice is gymnastics and your time in a yoga class is strictly a work out. Good news is that yoga can be an excellent work out too. It is sad to reduce the practice to just a work out, but if all you want is to work out – than be my guest. …Which brings us back to comparing what kind of fitness levels we can achieve with just doing yoga. Since I have been a full time yoga teacher for many years now, and at least 75% of my physical activity is yoga (the other 25% being split between dancing, occasional bike rides, hikes, gardening and walking around town with the sporadic and unusual fun things like zip lining, swimming, etc., when on vacation), I decided to go through a few standard fitness tests just for fun. Please understand, that I am not the kind of person to work too hard at physical things. I like hiking but slowly, so I can enjoy the scenery. I like biking – the same way. Going at 12 miles per hour is like…way too much work, and there better be some kind of a treat. So... my long training days and competing have long gone! I got on the scale noting my weight – 115 lb, body fat -21% this morning (it actually ranges from 19 – 22% depending on what I had for dinner, how much water I drank, and when I got on the scale). I am age 38, height 5.4. Here are the results of this morning’s experiments: - BMI is 19.7, which makes me normal (18.5 – 24 for female of 38). - Below 21% body fat for a female of 38 would be “too little,” and 21 – 33% would be normal. - Blood pressure – excellent 109/75…or something of the sort. - Resting heart rate while typing on the computer is 60 (female athletes ages 34 -41 get 54-60, excellent is considered 61-65, good is 65 - 69). - Flexibility – off the charts. - Upper body strength (the push up test) - did 27. Excellent is 25+ push ups in a minute (and I did chaturangas which are harder)...and it's sucks to hurry up. I can do more s-l-o-w-e-r. - Abdominal strength (simple crunches for 1 min) – Excellent. I did a total of 54 no fuss, no sweat. Second try was 63 still no sweat. Hmm... (39 + is considered excellent.) - Leg strength – that’s the infamous wall squat test. 3 minutes. Actually, my alarm when off at 3 min but I could have stayed longer. I’d say I was at about 60 % capacity at that point, but who knows. That’s also “excellent.” Excellent is considered to be something above 46 seconds for women of 38 and 51 seconds for man of 38. - Balance test – you’ve got to be kidding me, right? Anyhow, I did it. It’s a joke. They don’t have a category for a person that can stand on one leg for more than 3 minutes doing varieties of twisted things. - I did not do the Explosive Power test since I do not have the proper equipment and I am committed to none violence. But I can open my own jar of spaghetti sauce, thank you. - Will do the running test and let you know how it goes soon. I need someone to spot me, but I am guessing I’ll score in the excellent category as well. Why? Because WHAT IS CONSIDERED HEALTHY IS NOT THAT MUCH! To be healthy, yoga can give you more than you need. Yoga is not Olympic training. It’s a health and wellness practice. If you want to win Ironman, you will have to train for that and push the limits. Winning the Ironman is not a measurement for either health or wellness. It’s an extraordinary accomplishment for which one will pay the price later. Just like all athletes pay the price later – physically, mentally, emotionally, there’s always a price to pay for our greatest accomplishments….Why? Because they are, most often, accomplishments of the ego and in most cases they are in disregard of other important things in life and in the body. Did you know….. The average world class athlete retires from his sport at the age of 33. Incredibly, the average NFL player is retired by the age of 28, the average world class wrestler by 24, and the average elite gymnast by 19. And here’s another staggering statistic: The average elite athlete will die by the age of 67. That is considerably lower than the 76 year life expectancy of the average American. According to the NFL Players Association, the average life expectancy of an NFL player is 58 years of age. With yoga, on the other hand, since it is not about accomplishments, the only thing you’ll get over time is more health, more wellness and more happiness. Lots of people I know began yoga at 58 – the age the average NFL athlete is already dead! There is a multitude of yoga teachers over 50 and a respectable number of them over 70. If you want to see what yoga can do for your longevity, see Patricia Walden, Iyengar, Dharma Mittra. Krishnamacharia died at a 100 years of age. Indra Devey at 101 and there a countless others, most of whom continue to practice all the way to the end. There’s a reason yoga is called “the fountain of youth.” So, to all my friends who are wondering if they are getting enough from yoga, I suggest you ask yourself the following few questions. 1) Why are you doing yoga? 2) Are you actually doing yoga? Of course, there’s a lot more to be said about the incredible benefits of yoga physically. News and research is coming out regularly, expounding on what yoga can help you with, heal you from and in general what it does to your biology, physiology, psychology and spirituality. Since, I’ve written plenty on the subject, I will save my ink here. However, next time your doctor, or your friends tell you that yoga is not enough for you to maintain a healthy level of fitness, you go ahead and invite them to a yoga class with me. This being said, if you are one of the folks out there, enjoying your really gentle and restorative classes, and you never find yourself physically challenged, you may consider trying harder classes, or supplement your yoga with daily walking, swimming, biking and whatever else you like. People do yoga for different reasons. Peace, calmness, relaxation and enjoyment ARE very good reasons to be practicing gently. Just realize that you are not addressing all of your body’s needs, even though you may be addressing all of your mind’s needs…. As always…there’s got to be a balance!

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This schematic is unique in the thing that it is the first variation of the SGTC to work on such low voltage AC. Instead of a static gap, it uses the contacts of a relay to act as a spark gap. 1. Because the relay contacts are NC, the current flows through the relay and activates it. 2. When the relay is on, the contacts open for a short moment. So, the current charges up the capacitor to a certain voltage. (Due to resonant charging through the ballast and the relay coil, the peak charging voltage across the MMC was measured at 640V) 3. Because the contacts are open, and the MMC is charged, there is practically no current going through the relay coil, and it restores it's normal (closed) position of the contacts. So, the contacts are now closed, and the MMC is connected in parallel with the primary coil (L1), creating a resonant (Tank) circuit. The resonant circuit begins oscillating at a fixed resonant frequency (In this case- fres=1/(2*pi*sqrt(C1*L1)) ). 4. The resonant circuit oscillates, thus it creates a strong EM field, which induces a current in the secondary coil. The secondary coil and the sum of the coil's parasitics and the capacitance of the topload, create a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency almost identical to that of the primary resonant circuit (C1 and L1). All of these factors provide significant voltage magnification through resonant action. 5. Because the contacts are closed, besides the current of the resonating primary circuit, there is also a current flowing through the ballast, relay coil and relay contacts. The current flowing through the relay coil creates a fast growing magnetic field that opens the contacts, thus breaking the parallel connection between C1 and L1 and stopping the oscillations. 6. Go back to step 1. -THE BALLAST LIMITS THE CURRENT GOING THROUGH THIS WHOLE CIRCUIT, AND ALSO HAS A VOLTAGE MAGNIFICATION EFFECT ON THE CAPACITOR CHARGING VOLTAGE. -IT SHOULD BE ONLY REMOVED IF THIS CIRCUIT OPERATING VOLTAGE IS BELOW 40V. -YOU MUST NOT OPERATE THIS CIRCUIT ON MAINS POWER WITHOUT THE BALLAST AT ANY COST. -I AM NOT RESPONSIBLE OF ANY OF YOUR ACTION(S) USING THIS SCHEMATIC. -YOU SHOULD ALWAYS HAVE SOMEONE TO GIVE YOU FIRST AID JUST IN CASE SOMETHING BAD HAPPENS. -YOU MUST NOT EVER ATTEMPT TO EXPERIMENT WITH TESLA COILS IF YOU HAVE ANY ELECTRONIC LIFE SUPPORT DEVICE IMPLANTED!

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If you have tingling or numbness in your fingers, nerve pain in your wrist or hand, weakness in your hand, or swollen fingers you may have carpal tunnel syndrome. What is carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from your spinal cord down the arm through the carpal tunnel, is compressed. The carpel tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist that has just enough room for tendons and nerves to pass through it. If any of your tendons become swollen, the median nerve can be compressed in the small passageway. This causes a significant problem because the median nerve controls movement for some hand muscles, and the sense of touch for the thumb and some fingers. You may have carpal tunnel syndrome if: - you experience tingling or numbness, such as pins and needles, in your fingers or the palm of your hand - nerve pain in your wrist or hand that can spread up your arm or down to your fingers - weakness in the muscles in your hands, making it hard to grip things - swollen fingers. Carpal tunnel syndrome may be caused by factors such as a wrist or arm sprain or fracture, repetitive use of the wrist and hand, rheumatoid arthritis, fluid retention, a cyst or tumour in the carpal tunnel, diabetes, thyroid issues, and kidney disease. How to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome There are a number of ways to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome such as: - ensure your wrists are correctly positioned in a neutral, almost straight position when using a keyboard or mouse. Avoid flexing the wrists in either direction - if your job involves heavy use of power tools, take regular wrist breaks and gently rotate your wrists to keep them mobile - avoid repetitive movements as much as possible. If your job requires repetitive wrist movements, such as for typing or maintenance work, take regular wrist breaks - physical therapy exercises and yoga that strengthen wrist mobility - medical treatment for underlying conditions such as thyroid problems, diabetes or arthritis. Chiropractic treatments can be very effective at relieving carpal tunnel syndrome through light techniques and mobilisation to restore joint function in the wrist, and may help sufferers avoid surgery. For more information contact Lane Chiropractic Pottsville on 6676 2270.

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The .asm file extension is used for a source code or script file format. These ASM files contain lines of code in assembly language, and this can be converted to machine language. Applications created with assembly language use these .asm files.Assembly language is a programming language that was developed in the mid 1950s. Presently, script files in C or C++ are combined with these ASM files, which are also known as assembler source code files.These .asm files can be opened and edited using a common text editing program like Notepad. For quicker and easier creation and editing of ASM files and other files, Microsoft Visual Studio can provide more options than text editing programs. Try a universal file viewer File.org aims to be the go-to resource for file type- and related software information. We spend countless hours researching various file formats and software that can open, convert, create or otherwise work with those files. If you have additional information about the ASM file format or software that uses files with the ASM suffix, please do get in touch - we would love hearing from you.

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Write 1 page essay on the topic Discussion Board Question. The policies before and after 1986 had a uniform naturalization rule of setting a residence requirement of two years. Policies were expanded for exclusion and deportation of subversives whereby all aliens had to report their address every year. In 1988, a mandate was made to increase border patrol agents. The agents increased by twice as much by 2004. Also, there was provision to enhance national and border security by increasing border fencing, surveillance and detainment of unauthorized border crossing. Religion has influenced me in such a way that I am now able to work and get along with other people. Religion has enabled me to avoid engaging in unhealthy activities such as drug abuse. People are reluctant to talk about religion because some individuals have mystical experiences whereby, they tend to think that their relationship with religion is intimate and should not be divulged to others (Schaefer, 2011). Religion reflects conservative and liberal positions on social issues as it describes people’s views. For example, the conservative rules describe views of various Christians on specific issues unlike liberalism. Another example is that liberalism can support homosexuality in a society while conservative religion can reject

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COP21, also known as the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, will, for the first time in over 20 years of United Nations (UN) negotiations, aim to achieve a global, legally binding agreement on climate with the aim of keeping global warming below 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the conference is expected to engage 50,000 participants in this discussion on climate. Roughly 25,000 of these participants will include official delegates from various government and UN agencies, as well as intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In previous years, the UN identified the following sectors as vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change: agriculture and food security, biodiversity and ecosystems, water resources, human health, human settlements and migration patterns, and energy, transport and industry. In many of these contexts, women are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than men. In fact, a 2007 study found that natural disasters are more likely to kill women than men, and that this disparity is largest where women’s socioeconomic status is lowest. Available at: http://www.concordy.com/opinions/2015/10/conference-on-climate-change-excludes-gender/

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Coal preparation plant is a coal processing plant that include a series of processes: coal screening, crushing, coal washing, separation, clean coal dewatering and slime recycling. Which can separate coal from impurities, remove mineral impurities from coal and divide it What is a Coal Preparation Plant? (with pictures),2020-12-14 · Most of the time, a coal preparation plant will have a method of storing or purifying this water, often through evaporation. The dangerous material is a common point of discussion when talking about the dangers of coal mining processes. Most of the time, a coal preparation plant will keep a stockpile of coal ready for processing. The challenge. Creating intelligent coal processing plants. Automation and control of a coal processing plant is a real challenge. In order to automate, we first need to know the current operating position of the plant and how various changes affect operations in particular, the dense medium cyclone (DMC) circuit, which processes 80 per cent of the plant's feed.Coal Processing an overview ScienceDirect Topics,Describing and eliminating the health hazards of coal processing requires an understanding of the nature of the materials, products, by-products, the type of pollutants produced, the design of the plant and its operating methods (Wadden, 1976).The structure of coal was described in Chapter 6 and is thought to be a highly linked amorphous polymer consisting of aggregates connected by transporting coal from processing plant. Coal Mining and Transportation Energy Explained Your Transporting coal Coal can be transported from mines and processing plants to consumers in several different ways Conveyors trams and trucks move coal around mines short distances from mines to consumers close to the mines or to other modes of long-distance transportationCoal processing Britannica,2021-1-14 · Other articles where Coal processing is discussed: coal mining: Coal preparation: As explained above, during the formation of coal and subsequent geologic activities, a coal seam may acquire mineral matter, veins of clay, bands of rock, and igneous intrusions. In addition, during the process of mining, a portion of the roof and floor material The scheme used in physical coal cleaning processes varies among coal cleaning plants but can generally be divided into four basic phases initial preparation fine coal processing coarse coal processing and final preparation A process flow diagram for a typical coal cleaning plant CHPP Coal Handling and Processing Plant,related. The list of acronyms and abbreviations related to CHPP Coal Handling and Processing Plant De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "coal processing plant" Dictionnaire français-anglais et moteur de recherche de traductions françaises.Coal processing Britannica,2021-1-14 · Other articles where Coal processing is discussed: coal mining: Coal preparation: As explained above, during the formation of coal and subsequent geologic activities, a coal seam may acquire mineral matter, veins of clay, bands of rock, and igneous intrusions. In addition, during the process of mining, a portion of the roof and floor material 2020-12-23 · NEPEAN manufactures a range of site specific modular coal processing plants from 250 TPH to more than 2,000 TPH. Plant Key Features: Latest technology resulting in state of the art plant designs. Tailor-made designs for every individual site. Shorter delivery (possible 18-26 weeks). Reduced manning requirements(2men/shift).Coal processing plant University of Illinois at Urbana,Doc Horrell Photo Collection (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) Advanced Search. CARLI Digital Collections Home; All Collections; About CARLI 2015-7-14 · Coal processing has two forms, here descripe flow chart of coal processing plant: Industrial process is the coal after the coal crusher, with the belt conveyor to quantitative feeder, to pressure the ball machine feeding by quantitative feeder uniform, sometimes need to improve the coal briquette strength, therefore, quantitative feeder and intermediate pressure ball machine can also addCoal Processing QCC Resources,Coal Processing CHPP Design With almost 35 years' experience in coal preparation, engineering and design,our teams have the critical expertise to make meaningful contributions to the future strategy of preparation plant and mining operations. 2 天前 · The U.S. coal industry serves a vital role in the nation’s economy by producing fuel for more than half of its electricity. Despite the industry’s importance, industry financial data for 2005—the strongest year for the coal industry in recent years—shows that it is a relatively small industry with revenues totaling $20 billion to $25 billion and net income between $1 billion and $2Appendix E: Coal Mining and Processing Methods ,1 天前 · In surface mining, the ground covering the coal seam (the overburden) is first removed to expose the coal seam for extraction. The elements of a surface mining operation are (1) topsoil removal and storage for later use, (2) drilling and blasting the strata overlying the coal seam, (3) loading and transporting this fragmented overburden material (called spoil), (4) drilling and blasting the Aimed at prosper growth in our domain, we are instrumental in manufacturing an excellent quality Coal Processing Plant. Specifications: • TECHNO POWER has gathered vast experience in handling turnkey projects in the Coal industry since 2000.Clean Coal Processing Eriez,2017-11-21 · iron from the coal processing stream reduces damage to an electric plant’s conveyor belts, pulverizers and coal feeders, and allows electric plant op-erators to burn a cleaner type coal free of metal contamination. A variety of sources can lead to met-al contamination. Metallic foreign ob-jects are picked up during the mining A day of workshops provides you training in coal handling and processing, and the keynote session the next day provides valuable insight as to where the US coal industry is headed. Technical presentations on new plant construction and modifications, coal cleaning and non-energy uses of coal give ideas on how to grow this industry into the future.,

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Graduation caps and gowns symbolize the perseverance and hard work the student applied during their college career, and their origin dates back centuries. The tradition of wearing a gown, which is technically called an academic dress, started in the 12th century, when European universities began to validate degrees. Gowns and hoods were worn by students to signify their religious status, marking their difference from the laypeople of the town in which they studied. The gowns had an extra function because universities didn’t provide sufficient heating systems, so students needed extra clothing to keep warm. In 1321, the University of Coimbra mandated that all doctors, licentiates and bachelors wear gowns. England universities made academic dress a matter of university control, even to the extent of their minor details. Historically, scholars would continue to wear their gown for years following achievement of their degree for two reasons: to symbolize they were scholars and to represent religious status. Today, some colleges, such as Oxford and Cambridge, require their professors to wear their gowns as they teach in order to show their education status. Graduation caps became popular in the 14th century and were usually red, meant to signify life and power. Tassels only became a tradition in the United States 50 years ago. The assignment of colors to signify certain areas of study was adopted from Oxford and Cambridge, who assigned fur trimming in their hoods to signify areas of study. White signified arts and letters, red signified theology, green signified medicine and yellow signified the sciences. Weber graduates will adorn two different colors of robes. Associate graduates wear purple robes, and their cap is purple with a purple and white tassel. Unlike bachelor degree graduates, who have a different color tassel depending on the school they are graduating from, associate graduates’ tassels are all the same color. Bachelor graduates wear black robes, black caps and a colored tassel that represents the college they’re graduating from. Qualifying graduates may have honor cords, which are yellow. Master’s graduates have gowns with long, draping sleeves. According to WSU’s Gradfest webpage, the tassel color for each college is as follows: Applied Science & Technology: Black Bachelor of Electronics Engineering: Orange Arts & Humanities: White Master of English: White Master of Professional Communication: Crimson Business & Economics: Brown Master of Business Administration: Brown Master of Accounting: Brown Master of Taxation: Brown Education: Light blue Master of Education: Light blue Master of Athletic Training: Light blue Health Professions: Apricot Master of Nursing: Apricot Master of Radiology: Apricot Health Administration Services: Salmon Science: Golden Yellow Social & Behavior Sciences: Cream Master of Criminal Justice: Citron

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- Propagation under aseptic conditions (in an in vitro laboratory) - Meristem culture - Where to find buds for in vitro propagation - Node culture One speaks of vegetative / clonal propagation when the produced plants are identical to the original plant. This type of propagation is always required when you want to make copies of a plant. Some examples from horticultural practice are the propagation of cuttings, the dividing of large plants and air layering. Grafting is also a type of vegetative propagation, which unfortunately cannot be used with orchids. In the case of orchids, by crossing different parent plants, their properties are combined and the desired plants are created through ongoing selection. If one were to pollinate such a hybrid / cross with its own pollen and cultivate the resulting seeds, then the seedings would no longer have the same properties because the genetic information mixes again during pollination. The only way to multiply a successful cross is through vegetative propagation. With sympodial growing orchids (e.g. Cattleya, Encyclia, etc.), dividing the plant is the easiest way of vegetative propagation. Monopodial orchids (e.g. Phalaenopsis, Vanda, etc.) are a little more difficult to propagate because there is usually only one shoot without side shoots. In the genus Phalaenopsis, rooted Keikis, that can be separated and potted, sometimes form at the nodes of the flowering shoot. By applying so-called "keiki pastes" (containing Cytokinins to trigger growth), the dormant buds can be motivated to grow. Some Dendrobium bulbs form new shoots when they are placed on potting material. The flowering shoots of Phaius behave in a very similar way. If you put the flower stalk with the sleeping buds in moss, these buds sprout and form young plants (see Phaius node culture in soil). All the methods described so far have the disadvantage that if only a few starting plants are present, only a very small amount of young plants can be produced in a certain time. This is because the young plants cannot be divided often because they need a certain minimum size to be divided and that takes time. Propagation under aseptic conditions in a laboratory (in vitro propagation) removes this restriction. At the beginning there is always the finding / selection of suitable starting material. In principle, it is possible to regenerate a complete plant from every plant cell. Unfortunately, when only a few cells are used, the risk of mutations is quite high. Since changes in the genome are usually not desired, larger parts of the plant are chosen to start propagation. The first choice here are usually buds, because these have already been created by the plant to form a new shoot and "only" need to be motivated to start growing. The buds are extracted, cleaned of contamination (fungi & bacteria) and placed on sterile culture media. The media contain all the substances necessary for plant growth. So that the dormant buds starts growing, growth regulators (e.g. Cytokinins) are added to the nutrient medium. Within a few weeks, the buds form one or more young plants, which can then be divided over and over again. Due to the much shorter division interval, this method enables you to produce more plants in the same time. The number of plants per unit of time can be further increased by not taking the entire dormant bud in culture, but only the tissue in the bud. The following picture shows a maple bud with a red frame marking the tissue to be extracted. If you cultivate this tissue (cube with a side length of 1-2mm) in a liquid medium with constant movement, it gets the necessary air supply and loses its orientation. The loss of orientation means that the tissue continues to divide and leaves and roots do not develop. As soon as the tissue gets transferred to solid media, leaves and roots form. With this type of propagation, only the central, dividing tissue (the meristem) gets extracted from the bud under a microscope. This tissue is the place where new leaves, flowers, etc. emerge (corresponds roughly to a cube with a side length of 0.5 - 1mm). The advantage of the meristem is that it is usually free of any viruses and bacteria that may be living in the plant and that virus-infected plants can be freed from them (usually in combination with heat treatment). The meristems are cultivated in the same way as the tissue pieces from the buds described in the previous section. Nurseries often use the word meristem to indicate that the plants offered are copies of a certain mother plant. In most cases, however, the plants were not propagated via the meristem but via the tissue in the bud, which is easier to remove. In both cases, the plants are copies of the original plant. The easiest way to find these buds is to look at how the plants reproduce vegetatively under normal conditions. A few practical examples now follow. As already mentioned in the introduction, some Phalaenopsis plants produce Keikis on their flower stalks. This is a sign that there are dormant buds in these places that can be used for propagation. A detailed description of the node culture process is available here. Epidendrum mirabile tends to form a branching shoot. Each of these branches emerged from a dormant bud. In the following picture, two buds (which are already showing activity) are marked by red arrows. The recording of an interesting presentation by Steve Arthur on the subject of "in vitro propagation of Cattleya" is available here. From minute 19 the propagation via buds on new shoots of Cattleya is explained! Author: Thomas Ederer

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- Types Of Speech - You can use hillbilly as a noun in a sentence. - About Hillbilly - A 3 syllables noun and 9 letters with the letters b, h, i, l, and y, 7 consonants, 2 vowels and 3 syllables with the middle letter b. Hillbilly starts with and ends in a consonant with the starting letters h, hi, hil, hill, hillb, and the ending characters are y, ly, lly, illy, billy, . Hillbilly is also a double consonant (ll) word. View the double consonant words list. - A disparaging term for an unsophisticated person - Compound Words - A compound word, hillbilly has more than one word within it. There's 2 words which are hill, and billy. - Pig Latin - Hillbilly in Pig Latin is said as "illbillyhay or illbillyhway". - h | i | l | l | b | i | l | l | y - hi | il | ll | lb | bi | il | ll | ly - hil | ill | llb | lbi | bil | ill | lly - hill | illb | llbi | lbil | bill | illy - Word Gram |Arboriculturist||someone trained in forestry| |Backwoodsman||a man who lives on the frontier| |Ball||a pitch that is not in the strike zone| "he threw nine straight balls before the manager yanked him" |Barbarian||a crude uncouth ill-bred person lacking culture or refinement| |Boor||a crude uncouth ill-bred person lacking culture or refinement| |Brogan||a thick and heavy shoe| |Brogue||a thick and heavy shoe| |Bucolic||a short descriptive poem of rural or pastoral life| View all cognitive synonyms for Hillbilly |Hillbilly||a disparaging term for an unsophisticated person| View English words with the unique letters used in hillbilly. Words With The Letters Bhily |Rustic||an unsophisticated country person| Hillbilly Is In These Word Lists - Starts With H - Ends With Y - Spelled With / Contains Letters

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A mutation occurs in a section of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence found in an enzyme’s active site. Which of the following best describes what could happen? (A) The protein will react differently and the enzyme will be killed. (B) The enzyme’s active site will have to be repaired by fixing enzymes. (C) The DNA will be transcribed into tRNA rather than mRNA. Or (D) the protein will fold differently and the active site will change shape. Key knowledge required to select the correct solution option here includes mutations, protein synthesis, structure, and function, including that of enzymes. So let’s review what we need to know about each of these topics, starting with proteins. Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into specific shapes according to function. The sequence of amino acids in the protein is determined by the sequence of bases in the section of DNA that codes for the protein called a gene. To synthesize a protein, the sequence of DNA bases in the gene is used as a template to produce a molecule of messenger or mRNA. Then the messenger RNA delivers the information stored in its sequence of bases to one of the cell’s protein factories, a ribosome, where it is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein. The newly synthesized chain of amino acids can now fold into its specific shape, forming a protein with a particular function. Proteins have many different functions, including speeding up chemical reactions. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes. And their specific shape is responsible for this ability. Enzymes bind one or more reactants or substrates, speed the chemical reaction, and after releasing the product or products are free to catalyze more reactions. The place on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site, which is referenced in the question. And as we just saw, the shape of the active site needs to fit the substrate precisely. Keep that in mind as we review mutations. Mutations are an accidental change in the sequence of bases in a section of DNA. And mutations that result in a different sequence of amino acids can affect the shape of a protein. Here is a diagram showing the normal base sequence of a very, very short gene. If the sequence of bases is changed such that one base is substituted for another, we have a substitution mutation. Or if a base is added, we have an insertion mutation that shifts the entire sequence of bases, changing the reading frame of the genetic code. This can result in many amino acid changes in the protein. A deletion mutation can have the same frameshifting effect. So insertions and deletions are often called frameshift mutations. Other types of mutations are possible as well. But let’s try to connect what we know about proteins, specifically enzymes, to possible effects of mutations. Earlier, we noted that the sequence of amino acids in a protein, such as an enzyme, is responsible for its shape. And the shape of an enzyme determines its function, especially at its active site. And that’s just what this question is asking about. A mutation that occurs in a section of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence found in an enzyme’s active site can modify the folded shapes of the active site and its affinity for its substrate. Now let’s take another look at our solution options. We can eliminate option (A) because it doesn’t make any sense at all that the enzyme is going to be killed. Enzymes aren’t even alive. While option (B) is an improvement with its inference that there’s a problem in the active site, there’s no such thing as fixing enzymes. And we can eliminate option (C) because mutations do not cause DNA to be transcribed into tRNA. Therefore, the answer to the question a mutation occurs in a section of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence found in an enzyme’s active site is option (D). The protein will fold differently, and the active site will change shape.

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What is the difference between type of speech style and type of speech? Answer: In general, Speech Context refers to the purpose of the speech- why you are giving thespeech- while Speech Style refers to how you deliver your intended message. What are the examples of consultative speech style? The consultative speech style is also known as the Third level of language. It uses the listener participation and feedback speech style….Below are some examples: - How have you been? - I’m good, how about you? - I’m okay. - Have you met Dr. - No I haven’t. - It is very nice to meet you. - Enjoy your day! What are the three types of speech style How do they differ? Answer Expert Verified Casual speech style is an informal language. this speech style uses slang and colloquialism often used by friends and peers. Formal speech style are straightforward,does’nt use slang and colloquialism. Consultative speech style is used in a semi-formal conversation. What are the examples of frozen speech style? Example of Frozen Speech Styles - The Preamble of the Constitution. - School Creeds. - Marriage Ceremonies. - National Pledge. - National Anthem. - Speech for a State Ceremony. - Judicial Sentencing. What are the examples of casual speech style? - Use contractions: “That’s not true,” “What’re you doing?” “Where’d he go?” “This’s a good idea,” etc. - Use slang: “Slang” is language that’s only recently been created. - Use simplified grammar: An example of something that people do in casual conversation is drop “that” from clauses. What could be the difference between consultative and formal type of speech? From the word consult, consultative utilizes open-ended questions to get all opinions, to uncover hidden issues, and reveal personal agendas while formal speech is used in formal and serious situations. What are the example of frozen? The definition of frozen is a person or something turned into ice, damaged by extreme cold, preserved or made motionless by extreme cold, or without affection or in a fixed position. An example of frozen is a bag of peas just removed from the freezer. An example of frozen is a nose exposed to freezing cold weather. What are the four main kinds of speech delivery? There are four main kinds of speech delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized. What is the difference between frozen and formal speech style? Answer: It is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during respectful events and ceremonies. Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting, does not require any feedback from the audience, most formal communicative style for respectful situations. What type of speech style is talking to a stranger? 3. CONSULTATIVE STYLE This is the normal style for speaking to strangers or persons who are neither acquaintances nor friends or relatives (e.g., in a dialog or interview). What makes a good school council? A good school council is one that represents the views of all students and gets things done. A council that is not too big. Class/Form councils that meet regularly. Good communication between representatives and their class. What are the type of speech styles? According to Martin Joos in Johnson ( there are five types of speech styles; frozen, formal, informal, intimate, and consultative. What is a formal speech style? In composition, formal style is a broad term for speech or writing marked by an impersonal, objective, and precise use of language. A formal prose style is typically used in orations, scholarly books and articles, technical reports, research papers, and legal documents. What is the most informal speech style? The standard style of speech in the casual style, 3. Consultative style is used when talking to someone in authority. What makes a good speech? An ideal speech is one that is delivered slowly and in the usual tone. It helps the audience to hear and understand the message clearly. Another important feature of a good speech is that it should be delivered in an unbiased and unemotional way. Speaker’s emotion may drive him away from the main theme. What do I write in a speech? It’s not easy picking a topic for your speech as there are many options so consider the following factors when deciding. - Familiarity. Topics that you’re familiar with will make it easier to prepare for the speech. - The audience’s interest. - Not overdone. - Emotional topics. - Desired outcome. What do you think is the main reason there are different speech styles? Speech style is important because we need it in order to relay the message of our speech well. Explanation: speech style tends to relate to how a person wouls take what we say and when we use certain styles for certain coversations or speeches; we are able to convey our thoughts in a better manner. What are the types of speech delivery? There are four main kinds of speech delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized. Impromptu speaking involves delivering a message on the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to “say a few words.” Extemporaneous speaking consists of delivering a speech in a conversational fashion using notes. Is debate a speech? A speech, or a debate, is a formal manner of addressing a group of people. The most obvious difference between the two forms of address is, a speech follows one opinion, while a debate is between two people on two opposing sides. Each side of the debate gives an opposing opinion. What is high school speech? SPEECH I: COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC SPEAKING: This one-semester course offers an overview of the process of communication and provides a variety of public speaking experiences. Students will develop critical speaking and listening skills. What do you say at the end of a speech? Key Points Use your conclusion as an opportunity to summarize the main points of your speech. Don’t repeat your main points word for word; rather, paraphrase the key themes and arguments you have just presented. Consider ending your speech with an additional anecdote or quotation that captures the theme of your speech. What are the different types of speech style? According to Joos (1976), speech style is divided into five forms. They are frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style and intimate style. What does speech and debate do? WARRANT: Speech and debate provides students an opportunity to develop skills in research, critical thinking, organization, persuasion and communication. Students must set aside personal bias and previous knowledge to objectively debate both sides of an issue. What should I write in a school speech? List of School Speech Topics - Girls are under more pressure in high school. - Schools must not sell unhealthy foods. - Cyberbullies should be suspended from school. - Peer pressure will help students grow. - Parents must not pay kids for good grades. - Students don’t spend enough time reading books. What are the 4 types of speech? The four types of speeches are manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu. What is casual style of speech? Casual speech is a way of talking that you use with people that you are close to and trust. There are different words, phrases, and ways of speaking that you can use with your friends, your family members, and with people who are a similar age, social status, and personality to you. What is debate in high school? High school debates have set formats to create a fair and challenging contest for both sides. Debates are centered on a resolution (a controversial statement). Resolutions are about a variety of topics. In every debate the affirmative side speaks in favor of the resolution and the negative side speaks against it. What are the examples of formal speech style? 3 example situations for formal speech style - Couple talking about their future plans, family sharing ideas, very close friends sharing secrets, etc. - i think that is about intimate speech style. What is the difference between debate and speech? Debate is primarily a bi directional communication where two opposing or clashing view points of the topic being discussed are evaluated for their pros and cons. A speech is more of a uni directional communication where the speaker presents his views on the topic to the listening audience.

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On this November 2, 1983, a federal holiday was declared in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In the bill signed by President Ronald Reagan, every third Monday in January would from then on be observed as Martin Luther King Jr. Day. Dr. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. Four days after his death, the first legislation seeking a Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday was made by Congressman John Conyers and 15 years later the holiday was solidified by President Reagan. As the years passed, Martin Luther King Jr. Day became more than just a day off from work or school. It evolved into a day of service, a day when Americans of all backgrounds came together to volunteer, to give back to their communities, and to uphold the values of equality and social justice that Dr. King had championed.

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This Atmospheric Layers lesson plan also includes: Space diving refers to the act of jumping from outer space and falling through Earth's atmosphere before parachuting to land. Scholars learn about this extreme activity and study the layers of the atmosphere they must conquer in the process. They complete a hands-on activity, correctly sort and label the layers, and answer in-depth analysis questions. - Discuss the jump that occurred from a higher height by Alan Eustace - Debate the future of space diving as a sport - Requires prior knowledge of heat transfer, the atmosphere, graphs, and the scientific method - Uses basic materials - Follows a 5E format - Offers teacher tips throughout

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Hocking Hills State Park in Ohio has its share of ghost stories. One tells of an adventurous man who fell in love with a windy, steep-sided hollow. In the 1790s, William Conkle traveled the lands in the spirit of exploration. He traded with Shawnee and Wyandot Indians. He witnessed animals such as bears, elk, bison and bobcats. When he came upon that wondrous hollow in Hocking Hills, he carved his name and the year, 1797, in to stone for future travelers. It's unclear how he died but it's believed he roams that gorge, keeping a watchful eye over his treasure. And he has company. After his death, life molded in to a much harsher nature. The population among the wilderness grew. Native Americans found the situation cramped. While paddling down the Ohio River to their new home, a group of three Shawnee raided settlers, stealing silver and other treasures. In the spirit of thievery, a posses of settlers followed the natives in hopes of taking what they had stolen. The natives were chased in to the dead-end walls of Conkle's Hollow. In desperation, they cut a Hemlock tree to lean against the cliff wall and climbed to a "hominy hole", hiding their loot in the small opening. Then, climbed down and knocked over the tree. The plan was to chop and lean another tree against the cliff and retrieve the stolen silver. Unfortunately, they were captured outside the hollow and hanged before telling anyone where they had hid it. The treasure is yet to be found. Then again it may never be recovered with the Shawnee spirits guarding it. Their shouts and chants can still be heard within the narrow walls. And don't think they won't appear to divert any chance you have to finding it either. An alternative to this legend has the Shawnee marking their hiding place by carving an arrow in the stone wall. Then, they escaped their predators and continued to their new home. Years later, they returned to find the arrow had eroded. Some say by nature. Others think it was by Conkle's ghostly hands. When the War of 1812 broke out, the need for iron and gunpowder grew. Therefore, the Appalachian Hills came in to great use. Saltpeter Cave, located just down the road from Conkle's Hollow, held a large deposit of saltpeter, a key component in gunpowder. Production began and twenty Native American slaves went to work mining this precious mineral from the cave. As the work continued, disaster hit. Work regulations were unheard of at the time. The result was a large portion of the roof caved in, crushing over half the native workers. Their spirits wander the valley. A man name Charlie is also said to haunt Saltpeter Cave. He allegedly cut off the head of his wife and her lover. Then tossed them both off the top of the cave. He is heard chopping wood near the cave at night. You can visit Conkle's Hollow. However, it's not a place for children and you should check with park services before venturing down the trail.

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New Hampshire Biochar helps soils retain nutrients and water. Plants and vegetables have a greater chance for strong growth that produces nutrient rich food. If used agriculturally, or on lawns, it can prevent nutrient runoff into rivers and streams. Biochar binds nitrogen so emissions of nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas) are also be reduced. Turning waste biomass into biochar also reduces methane (another potent greenhouse gas) generated by the natural decomposition of the waste. Between 20% to 40% of the carbon in the original biomass is locked up in the soil for thousands of years, helping to slow down climate change. Use biochar in the root zone of your plants. Apply in a ratio of 5%-10%. Mix well with soil to avoid losses from wind and water erosion. It may take two growing seasons to fully realize the beneficial effects of biochar. Speed up the effects of biochar by mixing it with manure tea, mycorrhizae, or compost before use. We strongly recommend that you have your soil tested. If your soil is deficient in nutrients, biochar will not make up for these deficiencies. For best results, you should amend your soil with the appropriate nutrients as determined by your soil test. Biochar is a special charcoal made by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen. Our biochar is made in New England from woodchips. The excess energy is captured for electricity production. We became interested in biochar from a 2008 article in National Geographic about Terra Preta del Indio. We were fascinated that something so ancient could have an potentially larger impact today on soil health, food production and the environment. After following interest and research we founded the Charcola Group in 2013. Since then we have been trying different biochars in many applications from kitchen composting to garden trials.

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Summary: A new study reveals a mechanism that may explain the link between sound input and cognitive function in the developing brain. Source: University of Maryland. Some expectant parents play classical music for their unborn babies, hoping to boost their children’s cognitive capacity later in life. While some research supported a link between prenatal sound exposure and improved brain function, scientists had not identified any structures responsible for this link in the developing brain. A new study led by University of Maryland neuroscientists is the first to identify a mechanism that could explain such an early link between sound input and cognitive function, often called the “Mozart effect.” Working with an animal model, the researchers found that a type of cell present in the brain’s primary processing area during early development, long thought to form structural scaffolding with no role in transmitting sensory information, may conduct such signals after all. The results, which could have implications for the early diagnosis of autism and other cognitive deficits, were published in the online early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on November 6, 2017. “Previous research documented brain activity in response to sound during early developmental phases, but it was hard to determine where in the brain these signals were coming from,” said Patrick Kanold, a professor of biology at UMD and the senior author of the research paper. “Our study is the first to measure these signals in an important cell type in the brain, providing important new insights into early sensory development in mammals.” Working with young ferrets, Kanold and his team directly observed sound-induced nerve impulses in subplate neurons for the first time. During development, subplate neurons are among the first neurons to form in the cerebral cortex–the outer part of the mammalian brain that controls perception, memory and, in humans, higher functions such as language and abstract reasoning. Subplate neurons help guide the formation of neural circuits, in the same way that a temporary scaffolding helps a construction crew build walls and install windows on a new building. Much like construction scaffolding, the role of subplate neurons is thought to be temporary. Once the brain’s permanent neural circuits form, most of the subplate neurons die off and disappear. According to Kanold, researchers assumed that subplate neurons had no role in transmitting sensory information, given their temporary structural role. Conventional wisdom suggested that mammalian brains transmit their first sensory signals in response to sound after the thalamus fully connects to the cerebral cortex. In many mammals used for research, the connection of the thalamus and the cortex also coincides with the opening of the ear canals, which allows sounds to activate the inner ear. This coincident timing provided further support for the traditional model of when sound processing begins in the brain. However, researchers had struggled to reconcile this conventional model with observations of sound-induced brain activity much earlier in the developmental process. Until his group directly measured the response of subplate neurons to sound, Kanold said, the phenomenon had largely been overlooked. “Our work is the first to suggest that subplate neurons do more than bridge the gap between the thalamus and the cortex, forming the structure for future circuits,” Kanold said. “They form a functional scaffolding that actually processes and transmits information before other cortical circuits are activated. It is likely that subplate neurons help determine the early functional organization of the cortex in addition to structural organization.” By identifying a source of early sensory nerve signals, the current study could lead to new ways to diagnose autism and other cognitive deficits that emerge early in development. Early diagnosis is an important first step toward early intervention and treatment, Kanold noted. “Now that we know subplate neurons are transmitting sensory input, we can begin to study their functional role in development in more detail,” Kanold said. “What is the role of sensory experience at this early stage? How might defects in subplate neurons correlate with cognitive deficits and conditions like autism? There are so many new possibilities for future research.” Kanold’s findings are already drawing interest from researchers who study sensory development in humans. Rhodri Cusack, a professor of cognitive neuroscience at Trinity College Dublin, in Ireland, noted that the results could have implications for the care of premature infants. “This paper shows that our sensory systems are shaped by the environment from a very early age,” Cusack said. “In human infants, this includes the third trimester, when many preterm infants spend time in a neonatal intensive care unit. The findings are a call to action to identify enriching environments that can optimize sensory development in this vulnerable population.” In addition to Kanold, UMD-affiliated co-authors of the research paper include former graduate student Jessica Wess (Ph.D. ’17, neuroscience and cognitive science) and former postdoctoral researchers Amal Isaiah and Paul Watkins. The research paper, “Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to respond to sensory stimuli,” Jessica Wess, Amal Isaiah, Paul Watkins and Patrick Kanold, was published November 6, 2017 in the online early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Award No. R01DC009607) and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The content of this article does not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Source: Matthew Wright – University of Maryland Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com. Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Patrick Kanold. Original Research: Abstract for “Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to respond to sensory stimuli” by Jessica M. Wess, Amal Isaiah, Paul V. Watkins, and Patrick O. Kanold in PNAS. Published online November 7 2017 doi:10.1073/pnas.1710793114 Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to respond to sensory stimuli In utero experience, such as maternal speech in humans, can shape later perception, although the underlying cortical substrate is unknown. In adult mammals, ascending thalamocortical projections target layer 4, and the onset of sensory responses in the cortex is thought to be dependent on the onset of thalamocortical transmission to layer 4 as well as the ear and eye opening. In developing animals, thalamic fibers do not target layer 4 but instead target subplate neurons deep in the developing white matter. We investigated if subplate neurons respond to sensory stimuli. Using electrophysiological recordings in young ferrets, we show that auditory cortex neurons respond to sound at very young ages, even before the opening of the ears. Single unit recordings showed that auditory responses emerged first in cortical subplate neurons. Subsequently, responses appeared in the future thalamocortical input layer 4, and sound-evoked spike latencies were longer in layer 4 than in subplate, consistent with the known relay of thalamic information to layer 4 by subplate neurons. Electrode array recordings show that early auditory responses demonstrate a nascent topographic organization, suggesting that topographic maps emerge before the onset of spiking responses in layer 4. Together our results show that sound-evoked activity and topographic organization of the cortex emerge earlier and in a different layer than previously thought. Thus, early sound experience can activate and potentially sculpt subplate circuits before permanent thalamocortical circuits to layer 4 are present, and disruption of this early sensory activity could be utilized for early diagnosis of developmental disorders. “Subplate neurons are the first cortical neurons to respond to sensory stimuli” by Jessica M. Wess, Amal Isaiah, Paul V. Watkins, and Patrick O. Kanold in PNAS. Published online November 7 2017 doi:10.1073/pnas.1710793114

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100 hundred years of invasive experiments on chimpanzees used in biomedical research came to an end in 2015 when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designated captive chimps as endangered. But even though testing stopped, hundreds of chimps still live in labs because there’s no place for them to go. In this three-part story, WUTC's Will Davis takes us to Project Chimps, a sanctuary in the Blue Ridge Mountains that’s making a home for chimpanzees retired from research. Nickajack Cave is one of the most important caves in the Tennessee Valley for biologists because it’s a maternity roost for the federally endangered Gray Bat. If you’re wondering how many bats are in the cave, WUTC’s Will Davis has the answer. This year marks the 85th anniversary of the signing of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, and to celebrate, TVA invited the public to tour some of their hydro facilities, including Chickamauga Dam. WUTC’s Will Davis took a tour.

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How an Ancient Society Found a Way To Thrive in the ‘Worst Year’ in Human History The years between 536 C.E. to 541 C.E., science has it, were among the worst to be alive for human beings. It makes the past two years spent under the shadow of a pandemic pale in comparison. A series of volcanic eruptions, which sent great clouds of fly-ash into the atmosphere, leading to a catastrophic chain of events, marked these years. This included perpetual darkness due to blocked sunlight, colder global temperatures, and crop failure. But even as various societies struggled to survive, the Pueblo society, a prehistoric Native American civilization, living in what is today Southwest USA, seemingly thrived. How they responded to an unprecedented global ice age ensured that they emerged from it as an advanced and flourishing cultural center for centuries. Looking at their lives can give us clues about what it takes to be a society that survives the worst of times. A study published last week in Antiquity explored how their survival came to be. Using carbon dating of food grains found from the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries, the team of researchers was able to uncover astonishing levels of adaptation among the Puebloan people. So much so, that the Hopi community — the living descendants of Puebloan people today — still utilize some of their ancestors’ techniques for farming in cold weather and turkey domestication. While researchers have known for a while that there was a sudden population boom and demographic changes to the society, the new study provides important context as to why that was. Using food grains and other evidence excavated from the Colorado Plateau, researchers found that the Puebloans started out-growing farming-intensive crops in a more scattered way, and eventually advanced into becoming expert growers with only a short gap during the crisis. Similarly, housing structures saw a similar pattern, where construction activity saw an upswing at the end of the sixth century. The secret ingredient, it would seem, is large-scale cooperation. The Puebloans were not always one, cohesive society — they started out as isolated bands of farmers and kin-based groups growing maize and beans, or otherwise hunting and foraging. Researchers surmise that as disparate groups of crops were failing, there was no choice but to band together to ensure the larger community’s survival. Their sharing of technology and ideas for how best to weather the crisis ensured that when it passed, the Puebloans became a more structured, organized society than they ever were. Related on The Swaddle: A 1,000‑Year‑Old Fossil is Challenging Sex and Gender Binaries in History “Archaeological tree-ring and radiocarbon dates, along with settlement survey data suggest that extreme cooling generated the physical and social space that enabled early farmers to transition from kin-focused socio-economic strategies to increasingly complex and widely shared forms of social organization that served as foundational elements of burgeoning Ancestral Pueblo societies,” the paper states. This transition was the key to ensuring that the Pueblo society continued to figure in ancient human history as one of the major societies for several centuries. As settlements moved closer together in response to the crisis, the cluster led to better knowledge sharing and technology. This is the story of how most civilizations expand, but the research shows how this was the case during — and arguably, due to — a major external upheaval. The cold temperatures due to the global ice age spurred a “swift resettlement” — a change in population movement patterns — that allowed for the sharing of favorable socio-economic traditions. “The climate anomaly upended diverse, longstanding settlement systems on the Colorado Plateau by pushing population movements beyond the boundaries of established social networks,” the study says. “This generated a cultural milieu ripe for the renegotiation of distinct and long-held local traditions.” For instance, farming techniques grew more sophisticated as communities moved closer to one another — farmers now grew crops in a wide range of places and conditions, testing to see which one worked. In other words, a willingness to rethink longstanding norms to adapt for survival, was an essential part of the process. “Ancestral Pueblo people restructured … and thrived with this reorganized economic and political structure… cooperation at this scale was not common earlier in time, but quickly became the norm,” said Reuven Sinensky, an anthropology graduate student from the University of California, Los Angeles, and lead author of the study. Amid our own devastating circumstances, not only do these findings provide insights into our history; they could also be the key to surviving and discovering our future. With the pandemic and the climate crisis threatening many aspects of society, understanding the link between cooperation and survival during adversity may ensure a future worth aspiring for. The findings have particular implications for how we might tackle climate-induced food security, and taking cues from indigenous knowledge may help us recover what we may have deemed to be lost. “We should take some solace in knowing that it’s possible to reorganize, to change, even deeply rooted aspects of societies,” Sinensky reminds us. Leave a Comment

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Embed Size (px) Transcript of Research The way to do research is to attack the facts at the point of greatest astonishment.-- Celia Green RESEARCH, WRITTEN ANALYSIS OF CASE BAUTISTA, JOHN LORENZO T.BSCS31 RESEARCH, WHAT IS IT? AND HOW CAN WE MAKE USE OF IT?Research is a topic that many find intimidating.Over the years, we have been acquainted to research, either as a project we have to accomplish in school even as a grade school student until now in a college, or as a way for us to find new ways of making things more comfortable for us. We could define research as in may ways such as: 1. the systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. b. an endeavor to discover new or collate old facts etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation.(2003, Oxford Concise Dictionary) 2. the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method. The primar y purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of me t hods and syst ems f or t he advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe (Jan 2011, Wikipedia, the FreeEncyclopedia) the phenomenon and to communicate that understanding to others. (2009, Leedy P.D., Practical Research:Planning and Design, Prentice Hall Pub.) 4. a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, analysis, and interpretation of facts that links mans speculation to reality. (2003,Calmorin L.P., Methods of Research and Thesis Writing, Rex Bookstore) 3. t h e s y s t e m a t i c p ro c e s s o f collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under study. It is the function of t he researc her to contribute to the understanding of There are new materials and techniques that can be used for procedures that YOU can invent Why do we need In conclusion research is very vital to our everyday decision making. It arms you from wrong informations and save time and money. It is important to your success as you take on lifes challenges and career decisions making. But be careful though because too much research without action on what you re learning is not good either. The question is how much information is enough? How much information can you afford? Information obesity can be research problem just my advice. Research plus action will most likely guarantee a successful research. Basic Elements of RESEARCH1. INTRODUCTION Outline your t hesis, problem, question, etc. The most important point is that you are stating a thesis/ theory (relationship among variables), examining a problem, investigating a question, or the like. You are not simply describing. In terms of the Ws, above and beyond the What, When, and Where, the most important is Why. 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Summarize the state of the current literature relevant to your topic. What have been the major articles and books? What have been their critical findings? How does your research expand upon the relevant literature? 3. ANALYSIS AND SUBSTANTIATION This section is the body of your paper. You are presenting your evidence and developing your a r gum ent. If appro pr i at e , yo u analyze your data, outline your evidence, and apply your research design. 4. CONCLUSION Summarize your major findings. 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY You should alphabe tize your bibliography by authors last name. Each citation should include authors name(s), date of publication, title of publication, publisher, title of journal (if applicable), and page numbers (if applicable). You should utilize footnotes in your content whenever you are directly quoting or borrowing from a particular publication.(2003, University of Texas at Arlington, Basic Elements of a Research) It can be a fun process where you can learn a lot that is not taught in the classroom What makes research different from classroom learning?Research differs from classroom learning in many ways, First, research starts by ones personal interest or will of satisfying his thirst for knowledge. Second, it can start with unintentional incidents, or a spur of a movement. Third, the information that are needed are not easily supplied. The researcher must use his own skills to garner the data. Last but not the least, research - most of the time, gathers first hand information. What makes a good research paper?In order to write a good research paper, one should " identify a broad area of research..., focus the topic through some general background reading, identify a clear research question, marshal primary and secondary resources to answer the question, and present the argument in a clear and creative manner, with proper citations". (http:// www9.georgetown.edu/ faculty/ kingch/ How_to_Write_a_Research_Paper.htm) There are many definitions of a research paper. Most of them have certain elements which are common, which one may conclude are its basic characteristics. The common elements are the following (a) a presentation and/or (b) a point of view which is new or amplification of the old, of limited scope and of one specified subject based on a study of the existing work or on a survey or interview containing logical arguments to oppose, to support , to synthesize and to conclude using one of the accepted methods of presentation of facts, data, arguments, conclusions , footnotes, reference to sources, existing literature etc ( bibliography) From what is understood and accepted as a research paper, it is obvious that there are basically two elements which are of critical importance. These are the subject of the paper and the presentation thereof. In terms of painting, these would be the soul of the painting and its technical perfection- without the other, each by itself is not complete. One may conclude and state what constitutes a good research paper on these two axes. One axis is "Subject". (a) The paper should have a clear objective and should state it clearly, (b) It should state what the existing work or literature have said on the subject and what it seeks to prove or establish, (c) It should also state the line of research, methodology and reasoning, (d) It should logically arrive at its findings unambiguously, and (e) Many times, it also talks about scope for further research on the matter. The other axis is "Presentation" which is seen to have three aspects, namely, (a) the first relates to the style of the author in terms of language- easy to read, non complex, sentence lengths, etc. (Dr. Fletcher M. Green, ), (b) the second relates to the coherence which stems from the flow of the subject in logical sequencing of thoughts and arguments. This would include the step down from Introduction to Conclusion, and (c) the third aspect relates more to the structural documentation aspects such as putting down quotations, bibliography, footnotes. There are many options for research opportunities from laboratory to clinical to behavioral (depending on your interest) Basicconcerned with knowledge for the sake of theory. Its design is not controlled by the practical usefulness of the findings. Appliedconcerned with showing how the findings can be applied or summarized into some type of teaching methodology. Practicalgoes one step further and applies the findings of research to a specific "practical" teaching situation. RESEARCHGenerally speaking, in second language research it is useful to distinguish between BASIC (or theoretical ), APPLIED, and PRACTICAL research.A useful way to look at the relationships among these three research types is illustrated in the diagram below. Each of the three d i f f e re n t t y p e s o f re s e a rc h contributes to the other in helping revise and frame the research from each category. Basic research or fundamental research (sometimes pure research) is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles. research that is applied, accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose. Applied research is often opposed to pure research in debates about research ideals, programs, and projects. APPLIED RESEARCH Many times the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits: basic research can be thought of as arising out of curiosity. Values and Benefits of ResearchResearch is of great value to man. Through research, the quality of a mans life is improved from conventional to modern because life becomes not only meaningful but enriching as well. Research is valuable for:1.Research improves the quality of life. It has led man to search for ways in improving his life. It has led him to focus on improving processes and mean by which he must love. The quality of life has improved through research because man is a dreamer, is ambitious, and is industrious in achieving his dreams. 2.Research improves instruction. Research has no beginning and end. It is a never ending task. Through research, instruction has improved because the modern teacher introduces innovations not only return to the basics but also right conduct, rational thinking, and research well. 3. Research satisfies mans needs 4. Research reduces the burden of work 5. Research had deep-seated psychological aspects. It stimulates and ennobles the human spirit. Advantages of Research to StudentsResearch improves students achievements. The students achievements could be improved through research if the modern teacher studies and understands the students

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5G towers are the infrastructure that holds the network equipment for speedier internet access, and while they’re technically different from mobile phone towers—the gear produces higher frequency radio waves that are significantly shorter in length—they’re practically harmless. With the commencement of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negative perceptions of 5G have gotten even worse, with some people making alarming, unfounded allegations that the coronavirus and the deployment of 5G towers are linked. People in the United Kingdom have burned down approximately 80 cell phone towers in recent months as a result of this fear mongering. HOW DOES 5G WORK? Quite different from the lattice cell phone towers that enable LTE networks—hulking structures that are often 200 to 400 feet tall and spaced miles apart—5G networks rely mainly on compact units, aptly dubbed “small cells,” that are often affixed to existing utility poles in urban environments. To understand why these two types of infrastructure are so dissimilar, we must first look at the fundamental technology that enables 5G: Electromagnetic Waves: The visible spectrum, or all of the light we can see, is part of a larger electromagnetic spectrum, yet it’s only a blip on the radar. The visible spectrum, as shown in the diagram below, lies between ultraviolet and infrared light, or 400 and 700 nanometers. That makes sense because our eyes’ photoreceptors, known as cones and rods, can only detect light in the range of these frequencies. The waves become shorter as energy increases over the electromagnetic spectrum—note that gamma rays are significantly more powerful and have more tightly packed waves than FM radio, for example. As a result, frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. 5G uses a higher frequency than previous communication systems such as 3G, 4G, and LTE. These networks operate at frequencies ranging from 1 to 6 gigahertz, whereas 5G is closer to the 24 to 90 gigahertz spectrum, according to experts. 5G waves are more powerful but also shorter in length because they operate at a higher frequency. The fundamental reason for the need for new infrastructure for 5G rollout is that the waves have distinct characteristics. Shorter waves, for example, will encounter more interference from things such as trees and skyscrapers, as well as raindrops and snowflakes. Small cells are mounted on utility poles for this reason. 5G is fast and powerful in cities, but it can’t pass well over walls or other impediments. As a result, the better the signal, the more relay points you have. After all, you wouldn’t want a connected autonomous vehicle to easily glide down the interstate only to lose signal as soon as it passes between two big buildings. How Dangerous Is 5G Radiation? 5G radiation is a type of microwave radiation with a high frequency. The 2.45 GHz frequency is used to cook food in a microwave oven. The frequency range for 5G is predicted to be about 24 GHz to 300 GHz. As previously said, the higher the frequency within the radio frequency sector of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes the 5G microwave range, the more damaging the radiation is to living organisms, according to Kevin Mottus of the US Brain Tumor Association. For more details on this, you can also read…Is It Safe To Live Near A 5G Tower? How To Reduce Radiation Risks: In the following ways outlined below, you can reduce the risks of radiation around you. - If you have an office, ensure sure your Wi-Fi router is turned off while not in use. Also, don’t take your phone inside your room at night. Several studies have linked cell phone radiation to sleep disturbances. When you don’t get enough sleep, it can throw your entire day off. You’ll never have to count sheep again if you keep your phone out of your room at night. - You have no say in where cell towers are erected, but you do have say in how and when you use your phone. Limiting your time on the phone and wearing radiation-blocking cases and shielding headphones can significantly lower your exposure to cell phone radiation. It doesn’t matter how small your contribution is. - Pay attention to the Wi-Fi issue at school and in their classrooms if you have children. Wi-Fi routers and neighboring cell towers have been linked to ADD, ADHD, memory impairments, and behavior problems in certain studies. School districts make a lot of money from cell phone towers. Many local governments are selling or renting land for cell phone towers across the country. Speak up if this is happening in your neighborhood. With the introduction of 5G, it will only become more common. - Examine your meter outside your home more closely. Smart meters are being adopted by a large number of power companies. These meters eliminate the guesswork in determining how much energy you use. Smart meters communicate data wirelessly throughout the day, providing electricity companies with real-time data on your energy consumption. Meter readers are being replaced by smart meters. Smart meters, on the other hand, emit dangerous quantities of radiation. Get a smart meter guard if you can to protect yourself and your family from dangerous radiation. For less than $100, you can have a smart meter protection for your wifi and cell phone. You can improve your chances of staying healthy and living a long and happy life by lowering your radiation risk. What are your thoughts? Feel free to share the post using the share buttons.

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Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are universal enzymes of organisms that live in the presence of oxygen. They catalyze the conversion of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide anions are the intended product of dedicated signaling enzymes as well as the byproduct of several metabolic processes including mitochondrial respiration. Through their activity, SOD enzymes control the levels of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, thus both limiting the potential toxicity of these molecules and controlling broad aspects of cellular life that are regulated by their signaling functions. All aerobic organisms have multiple SOD proteins targeted to different cellular and subcellular locations, reflecting the slow diffusion and multiple sources of their substrate superoxide. This compartmentalization also points to the need for fine local control of ROS signaling and to the possibility for ROS to signal between compartments. In this review, we discuss studies in model organisms and humans, which reveal the dual roles of SOD enzymes in controlling damage and regulating signaling. The first superoxide dismutase (SOD) was discovered half a century ago (McCord and Fridovich, 1969). It was subsequently well established that SODs are the first line of defense against oxygen free radicals, and the vast majority of organisms that live in the presence of oxygen express at least one SOD. Three classes of SOD have evolved in various organisms possessing different catalytic metal ions: Cu/Zn SODs, Mn SOD/Fe SODs, and Ni SODs (Table S1; Levanon et al., 1985; Campbell et al., 1986; Chang et al., 1988; Wan et al., 1994; Jones et al., 1995; Strålin et al., 1995; Duttaroy et al., 1997; Folz et al., 1997; Antonyuk et al., 2009; Jung et al., 2011; Blackney et al., 2014). In addition to requirements for metal ion cofactors, SOD enzymes also have distinct subcellular localizations. Eukaryotes only express Cu/Zn SODs (in the cytoplasm and extracellularly) and Mn SODs (in the mitochondria; Miller, 2012). Chemically, the dismutase activity of SODs accelerates the reaction of the superoxide anion (O2•−) with itself to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen (2O2•−+2H+ → H2O2+O2; Fridovich, 1997). Superoxide is a negatively charged free radical formed through a single electron donation to oxygen (Hayyan et al., 2016). It is only moderately reactive by itself (Winterbourn, 2008), but it participates in several reactions yielding a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as H2O2 and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), from which many additional secondary radical species can be generated (Fig. 1; Stamler et al., 1992; Beckman and Koppenol, 1996; Fridovich, 1997). By controlling O2•−, SODs also control the concentrations of these species. The SOD-catalyzed dismutation reaction is extremely efficient, occurring at the almost diffusion-limited rate of ∼2 × 109 M-1·s-1, which is ∼104 times the rate constant for spontaneous dismutation (Fridovich, 1975). In respiring organisms, many spontaneous and enzymatically catalyzed reactions can give rise to O2•− (Fig. 2). These include the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), the plasma membrane–associated NADPH oxidase complex (NOX), the cytosolic xanthine oxidase, and the cytochrome p450 monooxygenases, which are present mainly in the ER (Holmström and Finkel, 2014). Despite their potential toxicity, O2•− and some of its derivatives, especially H2O2, are also signaling molecules that mediate a variety of biological responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration (Holmström and Finkel, 2014). Furthermore, evidence is presented that burst production of ROS such as O2•− and/or H2O2 is an important component of the pathogen defense mechanism (Cross and Segal, 2004; Ha et al., 2005; Chávez et al., 2007). Superoxide does not readily pass though cell membranes and is relatively short lived; thus, it presumably acts where it is produced. In contrast, H2O2 is uncharged, more stable, and can traverse membranes freely, making it a more versatile signaling molecule (Fig. 2; Cardoso et al., 2012; Holmström and Finkel, 2014). The presence of specific SOD isoforms in distinct subcellular compartments highlights the need for a tight control of ROS homeostasis and suggests a role for ROS in signaling between compartments. For example, changes in SOD activity in a particular compartment could lead to production of an H2O2 concentration gradient, leading to an H2O2 flux and subsequently activation of particular redox-sensitive pathways. In this review, we will discuss the functions of SODs by focusing principally on findings arising from the study of SOD mutants in model organisms. Limiting simple chemical ROS toxicity Although O2•− is generally not considered to be a strongly oxidizing agent, it is still potentially toxic. In particular, O2•− can oxidize iron–sulfur clusters in proteins (e.g., the Krebs cycle and cytosolic enzymes aconitase), resulting in cluster degradation and loss of the catalytic iron and hence enzymatic activity (Liochev and Fridovich, 1999; Imlay, 2003). Furthermore, the iron atom released in this process can directly reduce H2O2 to generate the highly toxic hydroxyl radical (OH•; Fig. 1; Liochev and Fridovich, 1999). In organisms ranging from bacteria to mice, loss of SOD activity is associated with increased levels of oxidative damage such as membrane lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA breakage (Dukan and Nyström, 1999; Van Remmen et al., 2003; Elchuri et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2007). This indicates that insufficient removal of endogenously generated superoxide is indeed deleterious. In addition to the toxicity of superoxide itself, this is likely because of the generation of ONOO− when O2•− reacts with nitric oxide (NO•; Pacher et al., 2007). Decomposition of ONOO− also results in the formation of some very reactive species such as OH•, NO2•, and CO3•- (Tharmalingam et al., 2017). The SODs are the only enzymes that can prevent ONOO− formation by removing O2•−. In fact, ONOO− accumulation resulting from inefficient O2•− removal in the mitochondria can significantly impair mitochondrial function and could thus contribute to the early lethality of Sod2 null mice (Brown and Borutaite, 2007) as will be discussed. Cysteine-mediated redox signaling Besides potentially evoking oxidative and nitrosative stress, the loss of SODs might also be toxic by perturbing ROS signaling by lowering H2O2 concentration. Indeed, the best-known mechanism of how ROS act as signaling molecules involves H2O2-mediated oxidation of key cysteines within proteins that possess regulatory functions (Finkel, 2001). The thiol (RSH) groups of cysteines, including those at active sites, can exist in different redox states (Paulsen and Carroll, 2010, 2013). Oxidation of the reactive cysteine residues can result in a wide range of posttranslational modifications (e.g., S-glutathiolation, sulfenic acid, and disulfide formation), which can produce structural changes that are sufficient to alter protein function, stability, and subcellular localization (Rhee, 2006). Also, importantly, the reactivity of any cysteine thiol group is greatly influenced by the protein context, meaning that some cysteine residues are more susceptible to oxidation than others, which provides a molecular basis for selectivity and specificity in redox signaling (Marino and Gladyshev, 2012; Cremers and Jakob, 2013; Marinho et al., 2014). Like cysteines, methionines also contain reactive sulfur atoms that are susceptible to reversible redox modifications and thus may also mediate redox signaling (Drazic and Winter, 2014). One widely studied class of targets of redox regulation is the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPs) family. Acting in concert with receptor tyrosine kinases, PTPs play a regulatory role in many cellular functions such as responses to growth factor signaling (Trachootham et al., 2008). The active site of PTPs contains an essential cysteine residue that is in the thiolate anion form (Cys-S−) at neutral pH and is therefore highly susceptible to oxidation (Tonks, 2005; Rhee, 2006). Oxidation of the active-site cysteine leads to PTP inactivation, which is generally reversible and thus transient (den Hertog et al., 2005; Rhee, 2006). H2O2 has also been shown to play a role in phosphorylation-dependent signaling via activating intracellular tyrosine kinases. In this case, specific oxidation of the cysteine sulfhydryl (SH) group induces conformational changes that lead to kinase activation. For example, the first discovered oncogene Src, which is such a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is well demonstrated to be redox sensitive (Giannoni et al., 2005; Corcoran and Cotter, 2013). Furthermore, serine/threonine-specific protein kinases MAPK and Akt, both important effectors of growth factor receptor signaling pathways, have been shown to undergo direct redox activation (Nakashima et al., 2002; Corcoran and Cotter, 2013). Finally, transcriptional factors constitute an important class of ROS-responsive proteins. Those include NF-κB, AP-1, H1F-1a, p53, and upstream stimulatory factor (USF), with active sites that contain low-pKa cysteine residues, whose oxidative modifications cause either their activation (e.g., p53, HIF-1, HSF1, and NRF2) or inactivation (e.g., USF; Fig. 2; Ahn and Thiele, 2003; Brandes et al., 2009). Oxidation of cysteine thiols by H2O2 is a two-electron reaction that leads to the production of sulfenic acids, whereas one-electron oxidation by superoxide and the OH• leads to thiyl radicals (Trujillo et al., 2016). It is postulated that cysteine thiyl radicals can undergo intramolecular hydrogen transfer reactions with the surrounding amino acids, causing protein damage (Schöneich, 2008). They are also a potential source for S-nitrosylation, S-glutathiolation, and sulfenic acid production regulation. But little is known about the in vivo role of cysteine thiyl radicals in redox signaling (Schöneich, 2011). Although the removal of H2O2 is highly regulated by numerous enzymatic systems (e.g., catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins [Prxs]), this might be for the purpose of regulating its signaling activity rather than its potential toxicity. This is suggested by the observation that there is little phenotypic effect of the loss of catalase in mice. Catalase is normally found at high concentrations in peroxisomes, where H2O2 is mainly produced by the β oxidation of fatty acids and might have no signaling role (Schrader and Fahimi, 2006). Additional aspects of the diverse role of SODs in the regulation of redox signaling Among ROS, superoxide and H2O2 have the most favorable properties to operate as signaling molecules. However, H2O2 has been given the most attention. First, it is relatively stable and can cross through cellular membranes, implicating the ability to deliver a redox signal to distant targets (Bienert et al., 2006). Second, its enzymatic production and removal potentially provides site and time specificity for its action (Forman et al., 2010; Finkel, 2011; Marinho et al., 2014). There are also some practical reasons for why H2O2 is best understood. For example, it is very difficult to target O2•− specifically (e.g., manipulations of O2•− levels will also affect H2O2), but many more tools are available to modify steady-state levels of H2O2, such as exposure of culture cells to H2O2 directly or treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, which impacts mainly H2O2. Note that superoxide production can also be tightly regulated, such as for example its production by NADPH oxidases (Bedard and Krause, 2007). If, as some research suggests, ROS signaling is largely elicited by a transient burst of ROS generation (part of the mechanisms conferring signal specificity; Terada, 2006), O2•− should be able to oxidize thiols on regulatory proteins in the immediate vicinity of its point of generation despite its relative instability and poor diffusibility (Cardoso et al., 2012). Still, relatively little is known about O2•− signaling (Forman et al., 2010). Interestingly, it has been shown that O2•− participates in major epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation (Afanas’ev, 2015). O2•− has also been shown to regulate autophagy (Chen et al., 2009). Cells lacking functional ETC showed reduced autophagy during starvation, indicating ROS of mitochondrial origin playing a major role (Li et al., 2013). The study of SODs helps clarify the signaling roles of superoxide and H2O2. For example, the SOD1 inhibitor tetrathiomolybdate (ATN-224) protects PTPs from oxidation, and this, in turn, attenuates growth factor–mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in endothelial and tumor cells (Juarez et al., 2008). The implication is that it is H2O2 rather than superoxide that mediates these effects (Juarez et al., 2008). Of note, however, is that ATN-224 was shown to increase O2•− but also elevates intracellular H2O2 levels, which was interpreted to suggest an unconventional function of SOD1, though this remains to be fully elucidated (Glasauer et al., 2014). Overexpression of human SOD1 in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts enhances vascular endothelial growth factor expression, which can be suppressed by overexpression of human catalase, again pointing to a role of H2O2 in these phenomena (Marinho et al., 2014). Similarly, SOD2 overexpression in human fibrosarcoma mitochondria leads to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inactivation and subsequent activation of PI3K-Akt signaling. This can be inhibited by overexpression of catalase in the cytosol or mitochondria (Connor et al., 2005). How closely is ROS signaling controlled by SODs? There is consensus that ROS fulfills its signaling function at low or moderate levels. One mechanism that has been proposed for how ROS signaling specificity is achieved is confinement of the sources of ROS, such as SODs and NOXs, close to their intended targets (Mittler et al., 2011). Several lines of evidence further suggest that NOX ROS production may be localized proximal to signal proteins (e.g., PTPs), and such spatial restriction of ROS signal is required for effective oxidation of specific redox-sensitive proteins (Ushio-Fukai, 2006; Chen et al., 2008). Thus, the compartmentalization of SODs is likely critically important for spatial control of ROS-based signaling. Altered SOD expression or activity changes are observed in various pathological conditions such as, for example, cancer and amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Dhar and St Clair, 2012; Robberecht and Philips, 2013). These changes may not only perturb protection from potential ROS toxicity but also misregulate many redox-sensitive pathways that contribute to disease outcome. Finally, it is noteworthy that at neutral pH, the rate constant for thiol oxidation by superoxide (<103 M−1 s−1) is far lower than the rate constant for SODs (>109 M−1s−1; Forman et al., 2010). Similarly, the redox-active thiols in some signaling proteins like the phosphatases Cdc25B and PTB1B were found to have a lower reactivity toward H2O2 (i.e., the rate of oxidation by H2O2) than H2O2 scavengers, especially Prxs (Winterbourn, 2008; Marinho et al., 2014). The kinetic disadvantage of protein thiol oxidation appears difficult to reconcile with them being a direct sensor and target of ROS signal. Explaining how poorly reactive targets outcompete ROS scavengers in reacting with ROS, there are currently two main schools of thought. The floodgate hypothesis posits that oxidation of redox-regulated target proteins requires the inactivation of Prxs, which allows for local accumulation of a sufficiently high concentration of H2O2, resulting in a temporal oxidation of target thiols of signaling pathways. The redox relay model proposes that thiol peroxidases, in particular Prxs, are the initial recipients of H2O2 and subsequently transfer redox equivalents to the end targets (Reczek and Chandel, 2015; Stöcker et al., 2018). Clarification of how each antioxidant system and their subcellular localization play into the mechanisms of ROS signaling is fundamental to better understanding ROS signaling and modulation of ROS-dependent signaling pathways. Lastly, although this review focuses on animals, a study in yeast reveals how highly specifically SODs can act in signaling (Reddi and Culotta, 2013). It was shown that active SOD1 enzyme is required for glucose repression of respiration by binding to a C-terminal degron of Yck1p/Yck2p (two casein kinase 1-γ [CK1γ] homologues). This binding results in a very localized rise in H2O2 levels, which stabilizes the CK1γ kinases, whose activity ultimately results in respiratory repression (Reddi and Culotta, 2013). Role of SODs in RNS control and signaling Like ROS, RNS, including NO•, NO2, ONOO−, and others, are reactive molecules that are both functionally important and potentially dangerous. NO• is the main RNS and the primary source of all other RNS (Adams et al., 2015). Superoxide can directly react with NO• to form ONOO− (Fig. 1). At physiological pH, the direct biradical reaction of NO• with O2•− proceeds approximately three times faster than the decomposition of O2•− by SODs (Beckman and Koppenol, 1996), which might be one of the reasons why SODs (especially SOD1, which acts in the largest compartment, comprising cytoplasm and mitochondrial intermembrane space) are so abundant (Chang et al., 1988; Banci et al., 2013). Chemically, NO• is not intrinsically more reactive than oxygen, nor is it highly toxic by itself. However, ONOO− is both a strong oxidant and a nitrating agent toward a wide range of macromolecules. Moreover, it is considered to be relatively stable under physiological conditions and can diffuse across several cell diameters, making it far more toxic (Szabó et al., 2007). NO• is an important signaling molecule modulating diverse physiological processes such as vasodilation, neurotransmission, and the immune response. Thus, by controlling the level of O2•− available to react with NO•, SODs also preserve the physiological functions of NO•. For example, in the blood vessels of mammals, NO• produced by endothelial cells is a vasodilator of the underlying smooth muscles (Zhao et al., 2015). It diffuses from the endothelium into the subjacent vascular smooth muscle cells, where it activates guanylate cyclase to increase synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. This in turn activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinases, leading to muscle relaxation. SOD3, the extracellular matrix SOD isoform, inhibits inactivation of vascular NO• by scavenging O2•−, and thus it plays an essential role in maintaining proper vascular tone and blood pressure (Fukai et al., 2002). The biology of SOD in model animals Several genetic tools have been created in model organisms that have allowed for the study of the roles of SOD function and ROS metabolism in vivo. In this section, we discuss the findings in three major model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse. In C. elegans, five genes encode SODs: sod-1 to sod-5. SOD-1, SOD-4, and SOD-5 are Cu/Zn SODs, whereas SOD-2 and SOD-3 are Mn SODs (Table S1; Jensen and Culotta, 2005; Yang et al., 2007; Doonan et al., 2008). SOD-1 itself contributes almost 80% of the total sod mRNA expression as well as 80% of the total SOD activity in C. elegans (Doonan et al., 2008). The fact that control of superoxide and peroxide levels is spread over five different SODs with different properties, subcellular distributions, and possibly tissue distributions makes C. elegans a particularly good model to explore the variety of biological roles of the SODs. Cellular and subcellular patterns of expression of SODs in C. elegans SOD-1 and SOD-5 are predicted to be intracellular cytoplasmic Cu/Zn SODs (Larsen, 1993; Jensen and Culotta, 2005). SOD-4 is predicted to be an extracellular membrane–bound Cu/Zn SOD, which exists in two different forms arising from alternative splicing, although neither form has been directly detected (Fujii et al., 1998). SOD-1 appears expressed in the cytoplasm of most cells of the worm (Doonan et al., 2008; Yanase et al., 2009). SOD-5 expression has been detected in the cytoplasm of a small subset of neurons (Doonan et al., 2008). However, given that sod-5 is an inducible sod (see below) this may not reflect the complete pattern of expression (Doonan et al., 2008). SOD-2 and SOD-3 are very similar in amino acid sequence and are predicted to be mitochondrial Mn SODs (Hunter et al., 1997; Henderson et al., 2006; Doonan et al., 2008; Honda et al., 2008). Although the two proteins may be coexpressed in the same tissue, it is unclear whether they are colocalized to the same cells, and if so, to the same mitochondria (Henderson et al., 2006; Doonan et al., 2008). Furthermore, the interpretation of the expression of sod-3 is complicated by the fact that sod-3 is inducible. Interestingly, SOD-2 and SOD-3 have been reported to localize in mitochondria at the site of the supercomplex I:III:IV of the ETC. This raises the possibility that these SODs could participate in detoxifying O2•− right at the site where it is produced (Suthammarak et al., 2013). Induction of sod genes in C. elegans The expression of both of the two major sod genes, sod-1 and sod-2, has been found to be mildly up-regulated by oxidative stress (Tawe et al., 1998; Yang et al., 2007; Meng et al., 2017) and possibly by the loss of other sod genes (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2009; Yanase et al., 2009; Back et al., 2010). However, the findings about sod-1 and sod-2 up-regulation are conflicting, and the conditions under which the studies were done vary greatly. For example, to induce oxidative stress, the prooxidant paraquat (PQ) has been used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 mM to 100 mM. In WT C. elegans, there is little to no expression of sod-3 and sod-5 under normal conditions (Honda and Honda, 1999; Doonan et al., 2008). They are thus unusual SOD isoforms in that they are strictly inducible. Many environmental conditions, in particular stresses, and genetic mutations have been shown to induce sod-3 transcription (Feng et al., 2001; Honda and Honda, 2001; Yanase et al., 2002; Henderson et al., 2006; Wolf et al., 2008; Dingley et al., 2010; González-Cabo et al., 2011; Erkut et al., 2013; Suetomi et al., 2013; Suthammarak et al., 2013; Song et al., 2014; Oh et al., 2015; Rathor et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2016). However, the importance of sod-3 up-regulation for resistance to most of these stresses has not been established (see text box for discussion of aging). One notable exception is resistance to Enterococcus faecalis, which requires sod-3 (Chávez et al., 2007). sod-5, which is also induced by several conditions, has been studied less extensively (Doonan et al., 2008; Erkut et al., 2013; Suetomi et al., 2013; Song et al., 2014). The Free Radical Theory of Aging, also known as the Oxidative Stress Theory, proposes that free radicals including ROS are toxic molecules that produce oxidative damage to cellular constituents (Harman, 1956; Sohal and Weindruch, 1996). Over time, the accumulation of this oxidative damage contributes to or may even cause aging. Given this proposed link between ROS and aging as well as the direct role SODs play in regulating ROS, it is not surprising that the phenotype that has been most studied for the sod genes in both C. elegans and Drosophila is aging. In C. elegans, most studies have focused on the effects of sod knockout mutants. Aging phenotypes have only been reported for sod-1 and sod-2, and only a subset of studies that examined their lifespan found any effect. sod-1 mutants were found to be slightly short lived (Doonan et al., 2008; Yanase et al., 2009), whereas surprisingly, sod-2 mutants have been found to be long lived (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2009; Dingley et al., 2010; Yang and Hekimi, 2010). Several groups have also combined sod mutations with other long-lived mutants and examined the effects on lifespan. The increase in sod levels reported for many long-lived mutants has been shown repeatedly not to be necessary for their longevity (Yang et al., 2007). This is especially striking for the case of sod-3 and daf-2. Indeed, sod-3 is strongly up-regulated in daf-2 mutants (Honda and Honda, 1999), but knocking down sod-3 does not suppress daf-2 longevity (Henderson et al., 2006; Doonan et al., 2008); in fact, it can actually lengthen it (Honda et al., 2008). Another key finding is that increased sensitivity to ROS does not shorten lifespan. RNAi knockdown of sod-2 leads to a measurable increase in ROS sensitivity but increases lifespan (Yang et al., 2007). Overexpression of sod-1, against expectation, can also lead to ROS hypersensitivity and an extended lifespan (Doonan et al., 2008). Most strikingly, the quintuple sod knockout, which is hypersensitive to ROS as well as to other stressors, has a normal lifespan (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2012). A lack of correlation has also been observed by combining sod mutations with other mutations that affect lifespan (for examples, see Schaar et al. and Dues et al. ). In Drosophila, mutation of any of the Sods leads to ROS sensitivity and a shortened lifespan, so there has been a major effort by several laboratories to determine whether overexpression of SODs could be beneficial for lifespan. Indeed, lifespan-lengthening effects were observed in several overexpression models. For example, using P-element–mediated introduction of DNA, transgenic flies overexpressing both Sod1 and catalase were observed to have an increased lifespan and reduced oxidative damage, whereas overexpression of either enzyme alone had no effect (Orr and Sohal, 1994). Using a different transgenic system that used FLP recombinase to mediate overexpression of transgenes, it was observed that overexpression of either Sod1 or catalase conferred protection to H2O2, but only Sod1 overexpression could increase lifespan in some lines (Sun and Tower, 1999). Another study used the GAL4-UAS system to overexpress human SOD1 specifically in motor neurons and observed both an increased protection from oxidative stress and an extension of lifespan (Parkes et al., 1998). Overexpression of Sod2 has also been found to increase lifespan (Sun et al., 2002). However, for every study that found an effect on lifespan, there appears to be an equal number of studies that found no effect, even in cases where an increase in oxidative stress resistance was observed (for examples, see (Seto et al. , Orr et al. , Bayne et al. , and Mockett et al. ). Thus, it appears that increasing SOD activity can increase stress resistance and lifespan in some experimental contexts, but it is not sufficient. Other experimental and/or genetic factors must also be necessary to achieve lifespan extension. Collectively, studies of the SODs in both C. elegans and Drosophila do not lend support to the oxidative stress theory of aging. Indeed, measurable increases in ROS do not necessarily decrease lifespan and can even lengthen it. In fact, in C. elegans, conditions of increased ROS generation such as ETC dysfunction, loss of sod-2, PQ treatment, and reduced glucose metabolism were shown to promote longevity (Schulz et al., 2007; Durieux et al., 2011; Wang and Hekimi, 2015). The elements that were demonstrated to be necessary for the longevity phenotypes include the intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway, which is stimulated by ROS, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, which is required for the survival of worms with damaged mitochondria (Houtkooper et al., 2013; Yee et al., 2014). Whether some of the effects on aging could be attributed to phenomena akin to mitohormesis (Ristow, 2014) could not be discussed because of space constraints. ROS sensitivity of C. elegans sod mutants Several studies have examined the ROS sensitivity of sod mutants. The consensus seems to be that loss of the major sod genes sod-1 or sod-2 leads to hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. For example, sod-1 mutants are hypersensitive to 0.1 M PQ (Yanase et al., 2009), RNAi knockdown of either sod-1 or sod-2 leads to hypersensitivity to 4 mM PQ (Yang et al., 2007), and knockouts of either sod-1 or sod-2 (but not other sod genes) are sensitive to 40 mM PQ (Doonan et al., 2008). Similarly, knockout of either sod-1 or sod-2 leads to sensitivity to both 4 mM PQ and 240 µM juglone (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2009). Finally, quintuple knockout mutant animals lacking all the sods are extremely hypersensitive to PQ and juglone as well as to other stresses such as osmotic stress, extreme heat, and cold (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2012). In contrast with sod-1 and sod-2, loss of sod-3 leads only to very mild hypersensitivity to PQ, and loss of sod-4 or -5 do not lead to hypersensitivity to either PQ or juglone (Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2009). Given the link between ROS damage and aging, several studies have examined how the sod mutations affect lifespan (see text box). Roles of SOD isoforms in ROS signaling in C. elegans Although a role for ROS in signaling has been well established, it has not yet been studied extensively in C. elegans. However, there are some observations from studies of sod genes that are consistent with ROS-related roles in signaling. As described above, sod-3 expression is induced by a variety of stresses. However, the four following considerations suggest that this is not because of an increased need for O2•− detoxification but is more likely part of a stress response signaling pathway: (1) It is unclear that all the conditions that up-regulate sod-3 described above also increase oxidative stress. (2) There is very little evidence that the SOD-3 protein accumulates in amounts that are consistent with a role in detoxification. For example, sod-3 transcripts but not SOD-3 protein levels are up-regulated in daf-2 mutants (Doonan et al., 2008; Dingley et al., 2010). Similarly, the massive up-regulation of sod-3 that is observed in dauer larvae contributes very little or nothing to overall SOD activity (Doonan et al., 2008). (3) Loss of SOD-3 increases the lifespan of the insulin-signaling mutant daf-2 and suppresses the shortened lifespan of daf-2; sod-2 double mutants (Honda et al., 2008). It was also demonstrated that, at least in daf-2 mutants, sod-2 and sod-3 are expressed in fully distinct subsets of cells. They therefore concluded that SOD-3 and SOD-2 are involved in a ROS signal that functions in intercellular communication and that regulates longevity. (4) Despite the fact that neither decreasing (Doonan et al., 2008; Honda et al., 2008; Van Raamsdonk and Hekimi, 2009) nor increasing (Henderson et al., 2006) sod-3 expression has any effect on lifespan, the expression of a sod-3::gfp reporter is reported as being the best predictor of remaining lifespan from a collection of genes whose expression is age dependent (Sánchez-Blanco and Kim, 2011). Possibly, this means that sod-3 is coregulated with other genes that affect lifespan or that it is the combined effect of these coregulated genes that can affect lifespan. There is also a very interesting study on cell-specific up-regulation of sod-1 (Horspool and Chang, 2017). Horspool and Chang (2017) show that sod-1 expression is specifically induced in the gustatory neuron ASER in response to pathogenic bacteria and that this up-regulation is required to mediate pathogen avoidance. Horspool and Chang (2017) interpret these findings to suggest that pathogen-induced ROS activate a sod-1–dependent pathway to mediate the avoidance behavior. SODs have also been shown to be required in a developmental context: the development of the vulva, which is regulated by the RAS signaling pathway. RAS signaling has been shown to be regulated by ROS in a variety of organisms. In C. elegans, RNAi knockdown of sod-1 or sod-4 down-regulates RAS signaling in a Ras gain-of-function mutant, suggesting that the RAS pathway is down-regulated by O2•− or the absence of H2O2 in the context of vulval development (Shibata et al., 2003). SOD enzymes in Drosophila and their expression In Drosophila, there are three genes that encode SOD (Table S1; Landis and Tower, 2005). Sod1 and Sod3 encode Cu/Zn SODs, and Sod2 encodes an Mn SOD. It has been shown experimentally that SOD1 and SOD2 confer protection from oxidative stress specifically in their respective compartments, i.e., the cytosol and the mitochondria (Missirlis et al., 2003). Sod3 is extracellular (Jung et al., 2011). Like for the C. elegans extracellular SOD (SOD-4), there are two isoforms of Sod3 in Drosophila, so that in addition to the extracellular form, there is also predicted to be a form that is membrane associated (Blackney et al., 2014). The Drosophila genome also contains an insect-specific SOD-related gene Sodesque (Sodq), which is related to the extracellular Cu/Zn SOD family but has lost critical residues required for SOD enzymatic activity, as well as a member of another conserved family of proteins related to Cu/Zn SOD, Related to Sod (Rsod), whose function is unknown (Landis and Tower, 2005). Induction of sod genes in Drosophila Although there are not strictly inducible Sod genes in Drosophila, up-regulation of SOD activity or expression has been reported in a few contexts. As in C. elegans, SOD activity is up-regulated in long-lived insulin/IGF receptor (INR) mutants as well as in mutants of the insulin receptor substrate CHICO. However, in these cases, it is Cu/Zn SOD activity that is elevated, rather than up-regulation of an Mn SOD (Clancy et al., 2001; Tatar et al., 2001; Kabil et al., 2007). However, the up-regulation in activity does not appear to correlate with an increase in resistance to oxidative stress. It has also been shown that the Cu/Zn SOD Sod3 is up-regulated in a fly model of Aβ-toxicity (Favrin et al., 2013). Surprisingly, knocking down Sod3 by RNAi improved both behavioral phenotypes and survival, suggesting that it may not act simply to reduce oxidative damage, as will be discussed. There appears to be an interesting interaction between the two Cu/Zn SODs. Half of Cu/Zn SOD activity is lost in homozygous Sod3 mutants, suggesting it contributes about half the Cu/Zn SOD activity. However, all Cu/Zn SOD activity in lost in homozygous Sod1 mutants, suggesting some dependence of Sod3 on Sod1 (Phillips et al., 1989; Blackney et al., 2014). Moreover, in the Sod3KG06029 hypomorph mutant, when Sod3 expression is restored as a result of excision of the KG p-element upstream of the Sod3 coding sequence, higher mRNA expression was observed for all types of Sod, especially Sod1, suggesting that their levels may be coregulated, although it is unclear how or why (Blackney et al., 2014). ROS sensitivity of Drosophila sod mutants Sod1 mutants harboring a point mutation show a complete lack of Cu/Zn activity and display hypersensitivity to oxidative stress induced by PQ, increased rates of DNA damage, and a shortened lifespan (Phillips et al., 1989; Rogina and Helfand, 2000; Woodruff et al., 2004). However, a deletion allele is homozygous lethal (Phillips et al., 1995; Blackney et al., 2014). Similarly, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Sod2 leads to increased sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by PQ and a dramatic increase in adult-onset mortality (Kirby et al., 2002). Sod2 heterozygotes are viable and also display hypersensitivity to PQ treatment (Duttaroy et al., 2003). However, mutants homozygous for a null allele of Sod2 suffer from neonatal lethality. Collectively, these results suggest that both Sod1 and Sod2 offer protection from oxidative stress. Similarly, mutation of Sod3 and RNAi knockdown of Sod3 leads to increased sensitivity to PQ and shortened lifespan (Jung et al., 2011). In contrast, Sod3 hypomorphic mutants have normal survival but are less sensitive to H2O2 and PQ. This suggests that at least in some contexts, loss of Sod3 can somehow confer protection (Blackney et al., 2014). Given that mutation of any of the Sods can increase ROS sensitivity and shorten lifespan, several studies have examined whether overexpression of Sod genes could be beneficial for stress resistance and longevity (see text box). Roles for SOD in Ros signaling in Drosophila Similar to the situation in C. elegans, there are few studies that have directly addressed the roles of ROS in signaling in vivo in Drosophila. However, some of the phenotypes of the Sod mutants are suggestive of ROS functions in signaling. For example, mutants carrying a particular reduction-of-function missense mutation of Sod2 exhibit increased mitochondrial ROS and sensitivity to hyperoxia as well as behavioral defects, defects in axonal targeting, and neurodegeneration (Celotto et al., 2012). Although some of these phenotypes could be caused by ROS toxicity, it is likely that specific neural phenotypes like impairments of axon targeting arise from aberrant intracellular signaling caused by increased mitochondrial O2•−. Similarly, it is difficult to imagine how loss of the extracellular Sod3 can be protective both in an Aβ toxicity model (Favrin et al., 2013) and to H2O2 and ROS generators like PQ (Blackney et al., 2014) unless it also serves to regulate some cellular functions in response to ROS levels rather than protect from superoxide damage. Mammalian SOD enzymes There are three known SOD isoforms in mammals (Table S1). The Cu/Zn SOD SOD1 is the cytoplasmic isoform but has also been identified in the nucleus, lysosome, peroxisome, and the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Chang et al., 1988; Crapo et al., 1992; Okado-Matsumoto and Fridovich, 2001). The Mn SOD SOD2 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix (Slot et al., 1986). Although complex I superoxide is released nearly exclusively to the mitochondrial matrix, complex III generates superoxide not only to the matrix but also outward to the inner membrane space, where it becomes a substrate for SOD1 (Murphy, 2009; Holmström and Finkel, 2014). The Cu/Zn SOD SOD3 is secreted into the extracellular space (Fukai et al., 2002). SOD1 is most abundant in most tissues, with a surprisingly high cellular concentration (estimated to be 10–40 µM; Chang et al., 1988; Banci et al., 2013). SOD1 and SOD2 are expressed in practically all cells. High expression of Sod3 was identified in selected tissues, particularly in blood vessels, lung, kidney, and heart (Marklund, 1984; Folz and Crapo, 1994; Strålin et al., 1995; Fattman et al., 2003). SOD3 can also be inducible in other tissues, which we will discuss. Lethality of Sod2 knockout mice As valuable tools to study ROS metabolism, an extensive collection of Sod mutant mice has been generated and characterized (Table S2). Loss of a single copy of Sod2 (Sod2+/−) does not produce any overt pathology except for increased incidence of cancer in old age (Li et al., 1995; Lebovitz et al., 1996; Van Remmen et al., 2003). Close examination revealed that Sod2+/− mutants display higher levels of oxidative damage, susceptibility to oxidative stress, inhibition of mitochondrial function, and premature initiation of apoptosis, yet exhibit close-to-normal lifespans (Li et al., 1995; Lebovitz et al., 1996; Kokoszka et al., 2001; Van Remmen et al., 2001, 2003). Along the same lines, several studies showed that increased SOD2 expression is associated with a reduction of mitochondrial O2•− levels, attenuated age-dependent increase of oxidative damage, and better preservation of mitochondrial function especially in old age (Silva et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009). Despite this, increased SOD2 expression had little or no effect on lifespan (Hu et al., 2007; Jang et al., 2009). To study the requirement for SOD2 in vivo, several conditional knockout lines have already been created (Table S2). Among those, conditional knockout of Sod2 in the highly aerobic tissues (e.g., cardiac and skeletal muscles) appears to be most damaging (Nojiri et al., 2006; Izuo et al., 2015). Especially, in contrast with other tissue-specific knockouts of Sod2, loss of Sod2 in the brain is lethal within 3–4 wk after birth, suggesting a particularly high sensitivity of neurons to elevated mitochondrial O2•− (Izuo et al., 2015). The exact pathophysiological effects and the resulting animal lethality of loss of mitochondrial SOD are not entirely clear, as superoxide is not a particularly reactive species and its toxicity has been most clearly linked to its transformation into other more toxic species rather than by direct oxidative damage by itself (Benov, 2001). Another important and direct target of superoxide is iron–sulfur cluster proteins, which might be particularly relevant for the condition of Sod2 knockout as many of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes (e.g., succinate dehydrogenase) and TCA enzymes (e.g., aconitase) contain iron–sulfur clusters in their active sites. For example, aconitase has long been recognized as a sensitive index of steady-state superoxide, and loss of mitochondrial aconitase activity has been observed in many conditions where excessive superoxide is expected to be present, including Sod2 mutants (Nojiri et al., 2006; Lapointe and Hekimi, 2008; Kuwahara et al., 2010). Finally, reduced NO• bioavailability, in addition to ONOO- accumulation resulting from inefficient superoxide removal in the mitochondria, could significantly impair mitochondrial function (Brown and Borutaite, 2007), contributing at least in part to the early lethality of Sod2 null mice. Phenotypes associated with loss of Sod1 and Sod3 in mice In contrast with Sod2−/− mice, homozygous mutations in the Sod1 and Sod3 genes are not lethal but rather appear superficially normal (Pouyet and Carrier, 2010). Sod1−/− mice, as expected, showed extensive oxidative damage in the cytoplasm as well as to a lesser extent in the nucleus and mitochondria (Elchuri et al., 2005). In addition to ∼30% reduction in lifespan, many abnormalities have been reported for Sod1−/− mice including acceleration of age-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy, hearing loss, delayed wound healing, increase in cellular senescence, locomotor defects, denervation, motor axonopathy, impaired motivational behavior, accelerated age-related macular degeneration, impaired olfactory sexual signaling in the male, and lower female fertility (Table S2; Matzuk et al., 1998; Flood et al., 1999; Elchuri et al., 2005; Imamura et al., 2006; Muller et al., 2006; Iuchi et al., 2010; Fischer et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013, 2017; Garratt et al., 2014; Shi et al., 2014; Yoshihara et al., 2016). Sod1−/− mice also have increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in old age (Elchuri et al., 2005). Sod3−/− mice under normal conditions develop normally and remain healthy for the majority of their adult lives (Carlsson et al., 1995). However, under high oxygen pressure (>99%), they show a significantly shorter survival time than the WT and develop an earlier onset of lung edema (Carlsson et al., 1995). The lack of SOD3 is also shown to exacerbate angiotensin-induced hypertension, which is likely attributed to a decrease in endothelial NO• bioavailability (see above; Jung et al., 2003). As lung and blood vessels have high amounts of SOD3 expression (Fukai et al., 2002), it is not surprising that they are most affected by the loss of SOD3. In contrast with the germline Sod3 knockout, acute deletion of Sod3 in adult mice results in severe acute lung injury and death within 7 d of induction of the gene knockout (Table S2; Gongora et al., 2008). The striking phenotypic difference between the germline and induced adult-onset knockouts points to the presence of powerful compensatory mechanisms that acts in the conventional Sod3 knockout model. Interestingly, in cell culture, the effects of the loss of different Sod genes appear to be exactly opposite to those observed in mice. That is, the mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from Sod1−/− mice die a few days after isolation (Tsunoda et al., 2013), whereas Sod2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts and equivalent human cells can grow and proliferate under normal conditions despite compromised mitochondrial function (Zhang et al., 2010; Cramer-Morales et al., 2015). This phenomenon is not yet understood. Another type of SOD signaling in mammals In mammals, Cu/Zn SOD SOD3 (also extracellular SOD [EcSOD]) is found in the extracellular matrix of tissues as well as extracellular fluids including the blood (Karlsson and Marklund, 1988). It is a glycoprotein, and because of its affinity for heparan-sulfate polysaccharides, a portion of SOD3 binds to the glycocalyx of cell surfaces, where it acts on O2•− released by the membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (Fukai et al., 2002). O2•− diffuses poorly across membranes but can penetrate the plasma membrane through anion channels. Thus, both O2•− and H2O2 produced in the extracellular space potentially can travel back into the cells, where they could initiate signaling by interacting with nearby proteins (Fisher, 2009). It is not yet known what regulatory role SOD3 could have in the cross-membrane signaling. Because SOD3 is secreted, it potentially can be redistributed via circulation and have an action at a distance. Indeed, a recent study shows that overexpression of SOD3 in skeletal muscles led to significantly elevated SOD3 levels both in the serum and in most of the peripheral tissues, which protected against organ damage and improved animal survival under lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. Similar beneficial effects were also seen in the parabiotic mice who shared blood with ones that overexpress SOD3 in muscle (Call et al., 2017). The observed increase of SOD3 protein in peripheral organs could be mainly caused by its accumulation on cell surface; however, internalization by endothelial cells is also possible (Chu et al., 2006). Interestingly, exercise was reported to sufficiently enhance expression of SOD3 in muscle tissues, though the effect appears to depend on exercise mode and intensity (Hitomi et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2013). Lastly, as mentioned above, altered SOD3 levels could affect NO• availability and endothelial function. Therefore, one possible effect of increased circulating SOD3 that has not been studied is how vascular tone and tissue blood supply are affected, the result of which could significantly impact tissue oxygenation and ultimately viability. The roles of SODs in human diseases As SOD enzymes are key player in antioxidant defense, there has long been an interest in their roles in disease and the potential of increasing SOD levels for therapeutic use. In fact, alterations in the expression level or catalytic activity of SODs have been found in a variety of pathological conditions, including some of the most common age-dependent diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer (Marcus et al., 2006; Robbins and Zhao, 2014). We will briefly discuss a few diseases for which the role of SOD has been studied. Mutation of SOD1 in ALS The most widely studied connection between SOD and human diseases is ALS, a late-onset fatal neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor neurons (Robberecht and Philips, 2013). Mutations in the SOD1 gene were first identified as a cause of familial ALS in 1993 (Rosen et al., 1993). Since then, >170 different mutations spread throughout the SOD1 gene have been described to result in ALS, and a general estimate is that SOD1 mutations account for ∼14–20% of familiar ALS and 1–3% of sporadic cases (Andersen and Al-Chalabi, 2011; Taylor et al., 2016). Although it has been generally accepted that acquisition of a toxic property by mutant SOD1 forms rather than loss or gain of its superoxide scavenging activity is responsible for the manifestation of ALS phenotype, how exactly SOD1 mutations lead to the selective motor neuron death is not yet entirely clear. SODs in cancer redox signals Oxidative stress has been heavily implicated in many aspects of cancer biology. First, higher ROS level could promote DNA mutations, thus playing a potential causal role in tumorigenesis. After transformation and during tumor maintenance, cancer cells must cope with toxic effects of high oxidative stress and potentially alter their redox homeostasis to support fast growth (Panieri and Santoro, 2016). Tumor cells often display enhanced intracellular ROS levels (Schumacker, 2006; Sabharwal and Schumacker, 2014). A more recent view is that their increasing ROS production is an adaptive process that tumor cells use to induce changes in signaling pathways beneficial for their normal function. For example, activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling transduction pathway, one of the major targets of ROS, can promote proliferation, metabolic adaption, and cell mobility (Cantley, 2002; Leslie et al., 2003; Pelicano et al., 2006; Sullivan and Chandel, 2014). ROS stabilize HIF1α and activate NRF2, and their aberrant activation can facilitate adaptations to hypoxia, stimulate angiogenesis, and enhance cell proliferation (Chandel et al., 2000; Semenza, 2003; Mitsuishi et al., 2012). Furthermore, several oncogenes like KRAS and MYC have been linked to increased mitochondrial ROS production (Sabharwal and Schumacker, 2014). It has been shown that many tumor cells also display changes in antioxidant enzyme profiles. For example, alterations in SOD2 gene expression and/or protein levels have been reported in various types of cancer cells, but some with conflicting results (Hempel et al., 2011). This is perhaps not surprising given that the studies dealt with different cancer types, samples at varying stages of metastatic progression, and different detection techniques. It remains to be fully understood how SOD2 contributes to aberrant protumorigenic signaling; however, one point of view particularly noteworthy is that SOD2 activity may change with cell transformation and malignant progression in accordance with the different needs of tumor cells at different stages to maintain their viability and growth advantage (Hempel et al., 2011). That is, in the initial onset/proliferative stage of tumor initiation, SOD2 level is low, which may help promote malignant transformation, yet once the tumor progresses to a more aggressive phenotype, SOD2 level/activity is increased, contributing to a mitochondrial H2O2 increase that, through activation of oncogenic and angiogenic pathways, helps the cell to acquire invasive properties (Hempel et al., 2011; Miriyala et al., 2012). In fact, using transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of human SOD2 promoter and a chemically induced skin tumorigenesis model, a shift in SOD2 expression from low at early stage to high at advanced squamous cell carcinoma was identified (Dhar et al., 2011). Furthermore, catalase levels are found to be decreased in some tumor cells, and more notably, catalase overexpression, which is expected to accelerate H2O2 destruction, was shown to inhibit invasive and migratory phenotype (Connor et al., 2007; Hempel et al., 2011). In vitro induction of SOD2 overexpression was shown to slow cancer cell proliferation (Hurt et al., 2007), which presumably is mediated by redox-dependent signaling events, though how is not completely clear. SOD3 in cardiovascular diseases Because of the key role of SOD3 in modulating O2•- levels in the vasculature, this SOD has been linked to pathological conditions that involve vascular dysfunction such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis (Fukai et al., 2002). Oxidative stress, especially production of O2•-, is believed to induce endothelial dysfunction, a crucial early step in atherosclerosis (Münzel et al., 2010). Furthermore, as previously mentioned, excess O2•- itself can directly antagonize NO• by a direct chemical interaction. The endothelium-derived NO• controls the extent of vascular smooth muscle relaxation, inhibits platelet aggregation, and attenuates neutrophil adherence to the endothelium (Tousoulis et al., 2012). SOD3, by opposing inactivation of vascular NO•, might therefore be crucial for the maintenance of blood vessel tone and protection against plaque formation. In support of this, decreased SOD3 activity was observed in human atherosclerotic lesions (Fukai and Ushio-Fukai, 2011). In patients with coronary artery disease, the activity of SOD3 was also found to be reduced, whereas SOD1 and SOD2 remain unaffected (Fukai and Ushio-Fukai, 2011). Hypertension has also been linked to increased vascular oxidative stress. Sod3−/− mice were shown to display augmented hypertension in response to angiotensin II or development of higher renovascular hypertension after renal artery clipping (Jung et al., 2003; Gongora et al., 2006). These findings suggest a role for SOD3 and superoxide in the genesis of hypertension. Interestingly, more recent studies demonstrated that deletion of SOD3 in the circumventricular organs raised basal blood pressure and augmented the hypertension caused by angiotensin II, whereas removal of SOD3 specifically in the vascular smooth muscle showed no effect on blood pressure either at baseline or in response to angiotensin II despite observable effects on vascular O2•- and NO• (Lob et al., 2010, 2011). It has been well established that ROS and RNS function as important diffusible signaling molecules. Because the SODs are the only enzymes that interact with superoxide specifically and thus control the levels of ROS and RNS, they also serve as key regulators of signaling. Of course, in addition to acting as signaling molecules, at high levels, these reactive species can become toxic. In fact, most attention has focused on their toxic properties because when their levels are dramatically altered, damaging effects become a more obvious phenomenon than alteration in signaling, although the deleteriousness of the loss of SODs might involve both aspects. This is clearly shown by some of the studies in model organisms discussed in this review, where the loss of a particular SOD leads to specific developmental or physiological changes without impairing viability. Online supplemental material Table S1 show nomenclature and characteristics of SOD enzymes across various species. Table S2 shows Sod gene knockout mouse models and their phenotypes. Research in laboratory of S. Hekimi is funded by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-142774, MOP-123295, and MOP-97869) as well as by McGill University. S. Hekimi is Campbell Chair of Developmental Biology at McGill University. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Gemstones are minerals which are utilized for the purposes of jewelry and ornamentation. Each species of gem material is created by a specific set of geologic conditions and the availability or absence of certain elements. There exists on earth seminal localities for different types of gem materials and amongst these are: - Copper-rich locality of Arizona lends itself well to the minerals of turquoise, azurite and malachite. - Rubies and sapphires from Kashmir region of Pakistan and India as well as blue topaz - Kimberly South Africa where the majority of the word's diamonds are found within igneous intrusions of the mineral kimberlite - Mina Gerias, Brazil where the world's best examples of quartz including amethyst are found - San Diego county California and Newry Maine where tourmaline specimens are known the world over

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Philippines dragon-sized lizard is a new species 2010 04 08 By Deborah Zabarenko | Reuters.com A dragon-sized, fruit-eating lizard that lives in the trees on the northern Philippines island of Luzon has been confirmed as a new species, scientists reported on Tuesday. Hunted for its tasty flesh, the brightly colored forest monitor lizard can grow to more than six feet in length but weighs only about 22 pounds (10 kg), said Rafe Brown of the University of Kansas, whose team confirmed the find. "It lives up in trees, so it can’t get as massive as the Komodo dragon, a huge thing that eats large amounts of fresh meat," Brown said by telephone. "This thing is a fruit-eater and it’s only the third fruit-eating lizard in the world." Discovering such a large vertebrate species is extremely rare, Brown said. The lizard, a new species of the genus Varanus, is skittish and able to hide from humans, its primary predators, which could explain why it has gone undetected by scientists for so long. A Northern Sierra Madre Forest Monitor Lizard, a dragon-sized, fruit-eating lizard that lives in the trees on the northern Philippines island of Luzon. Both Photographs: REUTERS/Joseph Brown/University of Kansas/Handout Biologists first saw photographs of the big, skinny lizard in 2001, when those surveying the area passed hunters carrying the lizards’ colorful carcasses, but the species at that point had never been given a scientific identification. In the next few years, Brown said, ethnobiologists kept hearing stories "about these two kinds of lizard that everyone liked to eat because their flesh tasted better than the ones that lived on the ground; this thing was described as bigger and more brightly colored." The two kinds of lizard described by the local people were two names for the same animal, Brown said. CLAW SCRATCHES ON TREES In 2009, graduate students at the end of a two-month expedition kept seeing signs of the big lizard. There were claw-scratches on trees and clumps of pandanus trees, whose fruit the lizard prefers. The clumps indicated that the lizards had eaten pandanus fruit and then excreted the seeds in clusters. "It was literally in the last couple days of the expedition, we were running out of money and food and this was the payoff: they finally got this gigantic animal," Brown said. Hunters who had heard of the team’s interest brought a barely-alive adult male lizard to their camp. The team euthanized the animal and did genetic tests that confirmed it as a unique species, Brown said. DNA analysis showed there was a deep genetic divergence between the new lizard and its closest relative, Gray’s monitor lizard, which is also a fruit-eater but lives on the southern end of Luzon, rather than the northern end where the forest monitor lizard lives. "They are extremely secretive," Brown said of the new species. "I think that centuries of humans hunting them have made the existing populations ... very skittish and wary and we never see them. They see and hear us before we have a chance to see them, they scamper up trees before we have a chance to come around." These findings were published in the Royal Society Journal Biology Letters, with additional work by scientists in the Philippines and the Netherlands. Article from: Reuters.com Lizards Undergo Rapid Evolution After Introduction To A New Home Cosmic Keys, Archaic Man, and The ShapeShifting Lizard Kings (Video) All Hail Our Lizard Overlords: White and Wright Prepare For ‘Them’ Remains of Prehistoric Reptile Species Found Clotaire Rapaille - SUVs and the Reptilian Brain - 60 Minutes (Video) Clotaire Rapaille - Reptilian Marketing (Video) Reptilian Complex - Wikipedia Latest News from our Front Page DARPA’s mirror-killing membrane could change astronomy, allow total global surveillance 2013 12 06 When it launches in 2018, the James Webb Space Telescope will let us see deeper into the universe than ever before. Its enormous eye is centered around 18 octagonal mirrors which assemble to form the largest telescope mirror ever built, but someday even the James Webb Telescope (formerly the Next-Gen Space Telescope) will outlive its usefulness — and then what ... The Nightwatchman: Crime-predicting robot aims to patrol our streets and schools 2013 12 06 Get Ready. They’ll be watching. These new robots that are an unnerving mix between Star Wars’ R2-D2 and Doctor Who’s Daleks, are being touted as the new way to "monitor, map, and secure" the humans around them. The robots are purported to replace security guards and watchmen, in a bid to reduce labor costs and streamline surveillance. A company in California ... Microsoft’s Smart Bra Will Monitor Mood & Reduce Overeating 2013 12 06 Microsoft is designing a “smart bra” that will monitor women’s health by tracking their heart rate, her emotional state, whether or not she is over-eating and more. Sensors in the bra detect when the wearer is bored, stressed or discouraged and send a warning signal to the woman’s smartphone that she should caution from making bad food choices. In a paper entitled, ... “Saint” Mandela? Not So Fast! 2013 12 06 President Barack Obama has compared him to George Washington. MSNBC’s Chris Matthews heralded him as “perhaps the world’s greatest hero.” The Las Vegas Guardian Express dispensed with the “perhaps,” declaring in headline: “Nelson Mandela World’s Greatest Hero.” Others have christened him “the greatest man of the 20th century.” Many revere him as “the savior” of South Africa. School children worldwide read books, ... The Legacy of Nelson Mandela: A Dissenting Opinion 2013 12 06 Nelson Mandela, rights activist, political icon and former president of South Africa, dies age 95 There is no doubt that Nelson Mandela suffered for his cause of an end to bloody apartheid, racial segregation and government oppression in South Africa: [Mandela was a] South African anti-apartheid revolutionary as well as a politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa ... |More News » |

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Flowol™ 4 is the perfect introduction to programming in Computer Science! Students of all ages can explore automatic systems through the virtual world of Mimics (controllable on-screen pictures); models operated by connected interface hardware; and the visual programming language of flowcharts. with a flowchart allows the student to focus on the logic of their solution rather than the syntax of a written program. many programming elements: - Sequences of instructions - Branching using decisions - Loops (infinite, conditional, or count) - Variables and simple variable manipulation - Sub-procedures (parameters optional) - Multiple parallel threads Flowol 4 can be used to control mimics, real models and robots. Students can drag standard flowchart symbols onto the page and then link them together using the line tool (a). Symbols are edited using the on-screen prompt box (b). Typing or syntax cannot get in the way. They can then run the flowchart monitor the program; adjusting speed or pausing to demonstrate or correct logic (c). The status of the system (inputs and outputs) can be easily Other versions available, see below. Here to Visit the Flowol Website (Please note in order to purchase Flowol, you will need to return to this page).

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The traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping, redefined by digital technology, are revolutionizing and mainstreaming the way people consume and share knowledge (Caschera et al., 2013; Ferri et al., 2008). The evolution brought about by digital technologies has taken the sharing economy concept forward and created opportunities where people can monetize their skills and suitably use underutilised resources, making the sharing economy important in view of sustainability. Digital technologies make it possible to exploit the potential production and sharing capacity: they allow people to share what they do not use full-time, for example, homes and cars. These are practices that promote the use and exploitation of the property, favouring re-use rather than purchase and access rather than ownership. However, sharing economy is not only a question of money; it is a way to enrich social relationships and do business in a more sustainable way. The emergence of sharing platforms is changing the way industries such as food & beverages, travel and transportation, accommodation and services conduct business, and is forcing them to re-evaluate their business models. The sharing economy has far-reaching implications, which include an improvement in resource utilization, increased convenience, job creation, greater digital awareness and environmental benefits.

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Sustainable Architecture or Green Architecture? What Should We Choose Is Sustainable Architecture the same as Green Architecture? Sustainable architecture and Green architecture are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings and are not the same. While both strive to create a more sustainable environment, there are distinct differences between them. Yet, sustainable architecture is focused on creating structures that use fewer resources while also reducing their impact on the environment. Alternatively, green architecture focuses more specifically on using natural materials and energy-efficient technologies to reduce energy consumption and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. In this blog post, we will explore in more detail the major differences between the two, and why they are important for the environment. |Sustainable Energy: white wind turbines on gray sand near the water, Photo by Kervin Edward Lara| Let's first re-define those two terms in a more specific technical approach: Sustainable architecture refers to the design and construction of buildings that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout their entire life cycle, from site selection to demolition. It aims to minimize the negative impact of buildings on the environment while maximizing the positive impact on the people who live or work in them. It also takes into account the social, economic, and environmental factors of a building, and strives to create a healthy, comfortable, and efficient space for its occupants. On the other hand, green architecture refers to the design and construction of buildings that use sustainable materials and technology, and that minimize their environmental impact. It focuses on the use of renewable resources, such as solar energy and wind power, and on reducing waste and pollution. It also often involves the use of materials that are recycled or sustainably sourced, such as bamboo, straw, or clay... ... But What are the Differences and the Similarities? While sustainable architecture and green architecture share some similarities, there are some key differences between the two. Sustainable designs take a broader approach to environmental responsibility, taking into account social and economic factors as well as environmental ones. Alternatively, green designs are more focused on the use of sustainable materials and technology. One of the main goals of sustainable architecture is to create buildings that are healthy and comfortable for their occupants. This can include features such as natural ventilation, access to daylight, and the use of non-toxic materials. It also aims to reduce the use of energy and water in buildings, through the use of energy-efficient appliances, fixtures, and lighting, and through the use of rainwater harvesting systems and other water-saving technologies. Green architecture, meanwhile, focuses on the use of sustainable materials and technology to minimize the environmental impact of buildings, as was noted in the previous section. This can include the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, the use of recycled or sustainably sourced materials such as bamboo, straw, or clay, and the use of green roofs and walls to provide insulation and reduce energy use. The two methods are important for the environment, as they help to reduce the negative impact of buildings on the natural world; Sustainable architecture takes a more holistic approach to environmental responsibility, while green architecture focuses more on using sustainable materials and technology. However, both approaches are complementary and can be used together to create buildings that are environmentally responsible, comfortable, and healthy for their occupants. The Favorite of All Architects! When it comes to sustainable design, architects are always looking after efficiency by considering how much material is used in construction as well as how much energy will be consumed during its lifetime operation; this includes everything from heating/cooling systems to lighting fixtures and insulation techniques used throughout the building’s lifespan. Furthermore, they often employ passive solar strategies such as orienting windows towards south-facing walls or adding shading features like sun-shaders, overhangs, or trellises that can help reduce cooling costs during hot summer months without sacrificing daylight access indoors — all of which contribute toward overall reduction in resource usage throughout a structure’s life cycle. On top of these practices, green design takes sustainability one step further by utilizing renewable resources whenever possible (such as bamboo flooring instead of hardwood), incorporating water conservation measures (like low-flow toilets) into plumbing plans, and opting for local materials when available rather than importing them from other regions — all with an eye towards reducing environmental impacts associated with transportation emissions associated with their transport. Additionally, green buildings often utilize innovative technologies such as geothermal heat pumps or photovoltaic cells which generate electricity directly from sunlight — helping offset traditional power sources even further! Both approaches aim at promoting sustainability through thoughtful design decisions – it's important to recognize that each has different goals within this context: while sustainable architecture looks at ways to minimize resource utilization over time; green designs, on the other side, focus primarily on selecting natural products /technologies wherever possible so maximize environmental benefits immediately upon completion! Green Architects in Demand There are many architects who use sustainable and green architecture designs in their projects, so it's difficult to point to just one. However, here are some notable architects who are known for their sustainable designs include: - William McDonough - He is a globally recognized leader in sustainable architecture and has designed many green buildings, including the Ford Rouge Center in Michigan. - Renzo Piano - He is an Italian architect known for designing eco-friendly buildings, such as the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. - Bjarke Ingels - He is a Danish architect who is a strong advocate of sustainability and has designed many green buildings, including the CopenHill power plant in Copenhagen. - Norman Foster - He is a British architect who has designed many eco-friendly buildings, such as the Bloomberg European Headquarters in London. - Shigeru Ban - He is a Japanese architect who is known for his sustainable designs using recycled materials, such as the Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand. These are just a few examples, but there are many other architects who are committed to sustainable and green architecture. Examples of Constructions Built Using Sustainable and Green Architecture Sustainable and green architecture focuses as it was explained so far, on reducing the environmental impact of buildings by using eco-friendly materials, reducing energy consumption, and utilizing renewable energy sources. One example of a building combining the two approaches is the Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington. The center is a six-story office building designed to be one of the most sustainable buildings in the world. It features a range of sustainable features, including rainwater harvesting, a green roof, and the use of natural ventilation and daylight to reduce energy use. The building is also constructed using sustainable materials, such as FSC-certified wood and recycled steel, and it generates its own renewable energy using solar panels and geothermal heating. |The Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington. Photo from: bing.com| For your advanced knowledge about the topic, here are some examples of buildings using this process of construction worldwide: - The Bullitt Center, Seattle, Washington - As mentioned above, the Bullitt Center is a six-story office building that generates more energy than it uses. It uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity, collects rainwater for use, and has composting toilets. (See the relevant image) - The Edge, Amsterdam, Netherlands - The Edge is a state-of-the-art office building that combines solar panels, geothermal energy, and rainwater harvesting to achieve a high level of sustainability. It also features a smart lighting system that adjusts to the presence of people and their needs. - The Heliotrope, Freiburg, Germany - The Heliotrope is a circular house that rotates with the sun to maximize solar gain. It also has a green roof and a rainwater harvesting system, and its walls are made of sustainable materials such as wood and clay. - The CopenHill, Copenhagen, Denmark - The CopenHill is a waste-to-energy plant that doubles as a ski slope. It is covered in a green roof and has a façade made of aluminum bricks that are designed to reflect the changing light of the day. - The Bosco Verticale, Milan, Italy - The Bosco Verticale is a pair of residential towers that are covered in trees and plants. (See image below) The greenery helps to reduce the temperature inside the building and improve air quality. |Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) is a pair of residential towers in the Porta Nuova district of Milan, Italy. Photo from reddit.com| - The Green School, Bali, Indonesia - The Green School is a campus made entirely out of bamboo. It has no walls or air conditioning and relies on natural ventilation and shading to keep the temperature comfortable. It also has a composting system, solar panels, and a rainwater harvesting system. These are just a few examples of sustainable and green architecture. There are many other innovative and eco-friendly buildings around the world that are pushing the boundaries of what is possible in sustainable design. In conclusion, sustainable architecture and green architecture are both important approaches to creating buildings that are environmentally responsible and healthy for their occupants. While sustainable architecture takes a broader approach that considers social and economic factors as well as environmental ones, green architecture focuses more on the use of sustainable materials and technology. Both approaches are complementary and can be used together to create buildings that are both environmentally responsible and comfortable and healthy for their occupants.

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Did You Know? When animals taste sweet things, it gives an indication of an easy source of energy, while bitterness could be a sign of something poisonous. Nature has a unique way of distinguishing all creatures. Some animals possess a highly developed vision, while some have an amazing sense of smell, taste, or touch. To each his own, these senses are important for our existence and survival. Smell and taste work together in most animals. Smell attracts them and taste helps them inspect the element further. A sense of taste helps an animal stay away from poisonous substances and ingest only nutritive food. Different taste receptors play a role in identifying or evaluating substances that an animal can eat. This Buzzle article enlists some animals that possess gustation powers so unique, that it surpasses the tasting ability of us humans. The most amazing sense of taste is possessed by a catfish, as it has approximately 100,000 taste receptors all over its body, including the fins, back, and tail. The concentration of taste buds is more on the long whiskers or barbels that a catfish possesses. It mostly dwells in muddy and murky waters and prefers the bottom or dark areas in water. The visibility in these waters is extremely low, so the highly abundant taste buds help the catfish to detect minute quantities and locate the exact position of its food. Scientists have found that catfish with poorly functioning taste buds cannot feed normally. Hence, this great gustatory ability is vital for the existence and survival of the catfish. Cows have taste buds ranging from 25,000-35,000, which give them an excellent sense of taste―about two to three times more as compared to humans. Cows, being herbivores, it is thought that, in order to help them distinguish between poisonous and non-poisonous plants, they have so many taste receptors. These taste buds help them identify toxic and non-toxic plants, and thus, help decide what is beneficial for them. The taste buds also help discard poisonous substances. Thus, they swallow the good substances, and later, ruminate at leisure and digest the consumed food. Rabbits possess about 17,000 taste buds which are located in the mouth and pharynx. Like humans, they too are able to differentiate between sweet, bitter, sour, and salty tastes. In the wild, they are also able to distinguish between poisonous and non-poisonous plants. However, pet rabbits may lose this ability and can be picky eaters. Pigs have almost 15,000 taste receptors on their tongue. They are omnivores, and it has been found that they are programmed to eat almost anything that comes up in front of them. It has been seen that pigs like the savory taste more than the sweet one. Even their sense of taste is in combination with their sense of smell. The presence of so many taste receptors certainly gives them an advantage to help identify nutritious substances, and stay away from potential toxins or poisonous substances. An octopus has about 10,000 taste receptors on each sucker. It possesses almost 200 suckers on each of its eight arms. So, imagine the sensitivity that it gains with all the suckers and taste receptors that it flaunts. These chemoreceptors combined with their highly developed sense of touch helps an octopus detect even small differences in the concentrations and dilutions of seawater. Octopuses are able to remember the taste of the food they eat, and hence, are very selective about what they eat. Though they have a highly evolved sense of taste, touch, and vision, they are unable to hear. Squids possess taste receptors all over their body and are more sensitive to taste than humans. This makes a squid sensitive to chemical disturbances and stimulants in the water. These taste receptors are located on the suckers and area around the mouth, and help the squid identify the edible nature of food. These receptors also direct the squid to the exact position of its prey. The sense of taste works in close association with the sense of smell and touch, which gives them an extra advantage. Along with their highly sensitive skin, they are able to detect trace amounts of differences in their surroundings. Taste receptors are present on their antennae, jaws, and forelimbs in bees, which help them detect the sweetness of a flower. Honeybees are able to distinguish between sweet, sour, bitter, and salty tastes; however, research is still being done as to how this happens. We know about the olfactory sensation and developed communication systems of the bees. According to Hugh M. Robertson (an entomology professor), bees have a beneficial relationship with plants. Hence, they don't need to guard themselves from toxins. As a result, gustatory or taste receptors are lesser in them as compared to the odorant (smell) receptors. They use their sense of smell while in search of food. Butterflies possess chemoreceptors on their feet or tarsi. These taste receptors transfer the information regarding the food source to their brain to confirm whether the food is good or bad. If it is, only then the proboscis spreads out and secretes enzymes to dissolve the food. The liquidated form of nutrients is then ingested through the proboscis. Different receptors help distinguish between different types of food. These chemoreceptors also play an important role while finding a host plant to lay eggs. The female will tap the plant to release juices which she tastes with special spiny structures present on her legs. If the female finds a plant suitable for her offspring and identifies the necessary chemicals in the plant leaves, only then she will lay the eggs on that particular plant. Flies possess taste receptors on their legs. A fly, after sitting on an edible item, will judge the taste of the food with its receptor cells first. These taste receptors will determine whether the food is edible or poisonous. A sweet taste is what most flies prefer. If found edible, only then the fly will unfurl its proboscis. At the end of the proboscis are labellar plates, which again, possess taste receptors to assess the nature of food. If the fly finds the taste to be delicious, it opens up the labellar plates to suck the food through its proboscis. The ingested food is further assessed in the pharynx as well. Research has shown that flies are fond of sweet tastes, and they deter bitter tastes. The sense of smell and taste are interconnected in reptiles. Reptiles possess a chemically sensitive organ called Jacobson's organ, which is thought to have a special ability to convert taste into smell to create awareness about its environment. In a way, snakes taste the air with their forked tongues. Air particles collect on the tongue and are processed by the Jacobson's organ to locate probable mates during the mating season. This organ helps them gather information about their prey. It is also an extra precautionary measure provided to them which helps detect predators by just flicking their tongues. These were some of the animals that possess excellent gustative powers. However, when combined with the olfactory ability, the sense of taste can be amazing and more relishing.

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Post Register August 15, 2013 In about 1811, the Wilson P. Hunt Overland Party became the first white men to explore what became known as the Grays Lake area. What they found was an incredible resource; a shallow lake/marsh teeming with beaver, muskrats, ducks, geese and cranes and a host of other wildlife. Even by the late 1800s, pioneers traveling on the Lander Cutoff of the Oregon Trail noted in their diaries the abundance of wildlife in this pristine lake. It was considered to be one of the most important waterfowl habitats in the West. These early explorers and pioneers likely wouldn’t recognize Grays Lake as the same place today. It is still a peaceful quiet valley with only a handful of residents who must travel 30 miles to Soda Springs or 40 miles to Idaho Falls to find services. Agriculture is prevalent nowadays, but that really isn’t what drove the change, at least locally. The real change came in the early 1900s. Developer Barzilla Clark (who later became the 16th governor of Idaho) purchased all the water rights to the lake: a whopping 200,000 acre-feet, far more than the system produces. By 1924 he had completed a canal draining from the south end of the lake. Now, instead of flowing north through the Willow Creek drainage, Grays Lake water drained south, into the Blackfoot drainage where it ended up on farm fields at Fort Hall. This change dramatically impacted Willow Creek and the lake itself. According to USGS records, the average lake water depth in the spring is 11.5 feet, but after the May irrigation call, average water depth drops to less than a foot in six weeks. And that is why those fortunate enough to see Grays Lake before it became Grays “Marsh” would be challenged to recognize it. Since 1965 a portion of the area has been managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as the Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge. However, it appears to be a case of too little, too late. At one time, the lake supported hundreds of thousands of waterfowl. Now it annually produces 5,000 ducks. Even into the early twentieth century trappers were able to take a sustainable harvest of 40,000 muskrats a year. But without adequate water going into winter, muskrat populations dwindled. Indeed, it is challenging to manage a marsh when you don’t own or even control the water. Even in its wounded state, Grays Lake is still known for two things: First, at 22,000 acres it is the largest hardstem bulrush marsh in North America. Second, it is the home of the highest breeding density of sandhill cranes in North America. Those are two continental scale values. Hopefully, the final chapters for Grays Lake have not been written and society can find solutions to restore this place to some of its former glory. Until then, it is a reminder that with every “good” idea, the question we should ask is not: “Can we do this?” but rather, “Should we do this?” Even in its water starved state, Grays Lake provides critical habitat on a continental scale. Just imagine what it could produce if more water could be left in the system!

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World War I ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, yet an irresistible current of nihilism had been set loose. Fought in the name of democracy, that war was in fact a triumph of militarism and imperialism - on all sides. It led to the punitive imposition of artificial borders in Europe, which were the immediate cause of World War II; in the Middle East, the remote cause of today's most dangerous conflicts; and in Africa, where consequent genocide has found its niche. Perhaps most damaging was the 1914 legitimizing of mass violence, with the trenches anticipating both gas chambers and the unleashed atom. Hitler and Stalin were empowered by the so-called Great War, which is why both World War II and the Cold War should always be considered in its context. To regard all three conflicts as a single War of the 20th Century obliterates any notion that categories of "just war" apply. What are we to make of these three anniversaries? First, while honoring the memory of veterans tomorrow, we should also acknowledge that the Great War was a mistake. America should never have joined. Second, in properly recalling the demonic Hitler's antisemitism, we can also reckon with the complicity of a larger culture. What crimes make us bystanders today? And third, trumping the horrors of the 20th century, its most important event was the nonviolent resolution of the nuclear-armed Cold War. "Power to the people" proved true, and what they used their power for was peace. Three anniversaries, with emphasis given to hope.

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Bone Mineral Density Assessments Bone mineral density assessments measure the mineral content of your bones. The more dense the bone, the stronger and less likely it is to break. Most assessments rely on low-dose radiation to determine density. The two most common areas measured for bone density are the spine and hip. Sometimes screening can be done using a wrist or heel. Bone density testing is most often used to test for osteoporosis. This type of assessment is also used before spinal surgery to determine bone density before putting in metal implants such as fusion cages or artificial discs. Bone density assessment tests are not the same as bone scans. You will be asked to remove belts and all items from your pockets (you do not have to change into a gown). - You will lie on your back. There are some testing devices that require you to lie on your side. - A small machine will pass over your low back. You may be repositioned for the scan of your hips. - The test takes less than 30 minutes. - You can drive yourself back home or work after the scan. - A doctor will read the information from the scan. - You will need to have an appointment with the doctor to discuss the results of the scan and treatment options if the bone density is low.

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In England, during the first half of the 17th century, two monarches came to power that attempted to develop royal absolutism in that country. Both James I (James VI of Scotland) and Charles I tried to rule without consenting Parliament, but Parliament had so much control at the time that neither James nor Charles successfully decreased the role of Parliament in English government. The English had been under the combined rule of both the king and the assembly for so long that they weren't ready to give all the power of government to a single person. The merchants and land-owning nobles supported Parliament, where members could be elected and changed in necessary, rather than an absolute monarch with no restraints. In 1642, differences between Charles I and Parliament sparked England's civil war, which was caused partly by royal stubbornness to share control of the country, and partly by Parliament's refusal to give up their power in government. This was the major turning point for absolutism in England. Monarches, beginning with Charles II, realized how much power Parliament had and knew that they had to work with, not against, each other. It is because Parliament was so strongly ingrained into the English process of government, and was so centralized (only one parliament-type assembly in all of England) that Parliament survived while absolute government died miserably. Parliament continued to gain power over the King through the end of the 1600's, and would eventually become the leading governmental body of England. In France, around the middle of the 17th century, a revolution against the current monarch, Cardinal Mazarin, by the various and scattered parlements, who wanted the right to claim royal edicts unconstitutional, and nobility, who hoped to gain power by sanctioning the monarch or removing him from office, threw France into disarray. Nobles led bands of fighters around the country, pillaging and terrorizing the lower classes at will in an attempt to weaken the King's power. They eventually hired Spanish troops to carry on their fight, even though France and Spain were currently at war. The movement failed, but it left a lasting impression in the general public as to the value of having a powerful monarch to protect from things such as the revolt. When the Cardinal died in 1661, Louis XIV, whom Cardinal Mazarin had been governing for while he grew up (Louis was only five when he inherited the throne), took power, and became the strong, absolute ruler that France had been looking for to restore order in France. Louis XIV took hold of the country and put himself at the head of government. The Estates General was never called together, and most of the feudal lords were enticed to live in Versailles, a city Louis ordered built strictly for the consolidation of government. Louis managed to control all aspects of government, from economics to foreign policy, as is the definition of an absolute monarch. There were no large parliamentary bodies to challenge him as there had been in England, and Louis had support from the majority of the citizens of France, as opposed to English absolute monarches. In this way, Louis XIV instigated an absolutism that was popular with the citizens of France, almost the opposite of England. It is because of the differing political systems in place within France and England that led to the acceptance of absolutism in France and its corresponding failure in England. In England, Parliament had had so much power for so long that it was unwilling to give it up, while in France, nothing comparable to Parliament existed to take power away from the monarch. In France, feudal lords fought against the King, while the public supported a strong head of government to keep the peace. In England, a majority of the people supported the Parliament, which had representatives from the middle and low classes, as well as the nobles, and served as a check to the King's power. Had the political institutions of France and England been similar, either a system of parliament or absolutism would have succeeded in both nations.

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Achoo! Cold Season is Here Seventh graders research the effect that viruses have on their everyday life. They examine how scientific advertising affects their health. They compose an essay evaluating an advertisement for scientific accuracy and present to class. 3 Views 6 Downloads - Curriculum Sets - Assessment Sets - Activities & Projects - Unit Modules - Root Folders - Graphics & Images - Handouts & References - Lab Resources - Learning Games - Lesson Plans - Primary Sources - Printables & Templates - Professional Documents - PD Courses - Study Guides - Performance Tasks - Graphic Organizers - Writing Prompts - Constructed Response Items - AP Test Preps - Lesson Planet Articles - Interactive Whiteboards - Home Letters - Unknown Types - All Resource Types - Show All See similar resources: Shadows, Angles, and the SeasonsLesson Planet Shine some light on the topic of seasonal change with this collection of activities. Whether it's by measuring the change in the length of their shadows, or modeling the earth's orbit around the sun using a lamp and a globe, these simple... 3rd - 7th Science CCSS: Adaptable Monsoon Season in IndiaLesson Planet Summer monsoons have shaped much of India's landscape and culture. Here is a cause and effect graphic organizer intended to help the class read effectively. They will read the provided text, then use the organizer to note causes and... 6th - 8th English Language Arts Cold Sassy Tree: Vocabulary DevelopmentLesson Planet Change places with your pupils, and let them teach their peers! Each learner signs up to teach a word from a list provided by the teacher (included here). Then, they complete a graphic organizer to help them develop a better... 7th - 12th English Language Arts Why Can Warm Air "Hold" More Moisture than Cold Air?—Vapor Pressure ExerciseLesson Planet Does it feel a little humid in here? Learners assume the role of water vapor in the atmosphere as they explore the differences between warm and cold air. They roll dice to determine their level of energy, which determines if they stay... 6th - 12th Science New Review Viruses and the Common Cold!Lesson Planet What do you really know about the common cold? Introduce learners to viruses, their components, and how they use host cells to replicate and infect more cells. Pupils identify the type of virus that causes the common cold and get... 2 mins 7th - 11th Science CCSS: Adaptable When Is It Winter On Other Planets?Lesson Planet Bundle up for a trip through the climates of the solar system. An informative video explains the seasons of each planet. The presenter demonstrates how the location and tilt of each planet determine the climate patterns. 6 mins 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable There's No Such Thing As ColdLesson Planet Is cold real, or just a feeling? Assist your class in discovering the truth behind the body's assumption of cold as they learn the difference between heat and temperature and why wind causes a person to feel colder. They conclude with a... 5 mins 6th - 12th Science Seasonal Science: Ragweed AllergiesLesson Planet What's the difference between seasonal allergies and seasonal colds? Learn about one of the most common seasonal allergies, ragweed, through a brief yet informative video as part of the Seasonal Science series. Understand why ragweed is... 3 mins 6th - 8th Science CCSS: Adaptable

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Medically reviewed on December 27, 2022 by Morgan Spicer, Medical Communications Manager. To give you technically accurate, evidence-based information, content published on the Everlywell blog is reviewed by credentialed professionals with expertise in medical and bioscience fields. “Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health care is the most shocking and inhumane.” These were the words Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave in his speech to the Medical Committee for Human Rights in 1966. Now, even as we head into Black History Month 56 years later, those words resonate far too well in reflecting many experiences with the healthcare systems of today. Experts claim that there has never been a time in the United States without racial health disparities — and the statistics to back it up are certainly not difficult to find. Black Americans have the highest death rate and shortest survival of any racial or ethnic group for most cancers. The American Cancer Society also reports about a third of Black women have reported experiencing racial discrimination at a health provider visit. In recent years, the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had in disproportionately affecting Black communities within the United States only highlighted how broken the system is. Some findings from the Pew Research Institute further highlight the way Black Americans face health disparities within the healthcare system include the following: But these disparities don’t only affect patients. “As a public health professional and as a physician, I’ve witnessed the impacts of both structural and interpersonal racism in almost every part of my career,” said board-certified physician and entrepreneur, Dr. Charlene Brown. “It shows up in the race-based assumptions that physicians make about patients, treatment choices, and the degree to which we trust what patients tell us… It’s present every time we mistake race as a biological construct instead of a social one.” According to the World Health Organization, health inequities are systematic differences in the health status of different population groups that happen due to the differences in health status, or the distribution of health resources, between different population groups. These differences arise from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. In order to understand health equity, it’s crucial to look at the social determinants of health. According to the CDC, social determinants of health encompass economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities. And it’s not possible to fully understand those social determinants without discussing the role systemic racism plays in determining health outcomes. Racism is a system made up of structures, policies, practices, and norms that assign value and determine opportunity based on the way people look or the color of their skin, according to the CDC. These conditions unfairly advantage some and disadvantage others throughout society, making systemic racism so embedded within society that it’s assumed to reflect the natural, inevitable order of things. According to the CDC, a healthier America requires confronting the systems and policies that have resulted in the generational injustice that has given rise to racial and ethnic health inequities. To achieve health equity, the systems and policies that have resulted in generational injustices that give rise to racial and ethnic health disparities need to change. This means removing barriers to accessing health care, affordable prices for medication, and educating healthcare professionals on the role inequity plays in how they provide care for their patients. Achieving health equity means a societal shift needs to take place. Eliminating exclusionary housing practices, improving public transportation, ensuring that all houses and workplaces are safe and accessible, and making sure everyone has access to green spaces, parks, and trails are all strategies to help advance health equity. This Black History Month offers a chance to acknowledge how these barriers and systems contribute to health inequity — and only through their removal can true health equity be achieved for all. “Addressing experiences of inequity affecting the Black community improves overall healthcare systems and that can positively impact other communities seeking care. It’s important to make space for conversations that directly unpack and address racism in healthcare,” said Dr. Charlene Brown. “A win for the health of Black people is a win for everyone.” References: 1. What happens to health care quality when the patient pays? NIH. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 2. Toward a Historically Informed Analysis of Racial Health Disparities Since 1619. NIH. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 3. Cancer Facts & Figures for African American/Black People. Cancer.org. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 4. Black Americans’ views about health disparities, experiences with health care. Pew Research Center. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 5. Health inequities and their causes. WHO. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 6. Social Determinants of Health at CDC. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 7. Racism and Health. CDC. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 8. What is Health Equity? CDC. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 9. Creating the healthiest nation: Health and Housing Equity. American Public Health Association. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023. 10. A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities. NIH. URL. Accessed January 19, 2023.

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Fun fact: There is only one number that is spelled with the same number of letters as the number itself. Can you figure out which one it is? It's 4! Four has four letters in it, and it means the number 4. Answer: three hundred seventy four Spelling numbers is challenging and there aren't many good tricks to learning it other than to practice and memorize patterns and letters. We are hopeful that our online tool will help you out with any number spellings that you need. For an introduction to this topic, please check out our page: writing numbers as words. Similar Spelling ProblemsHow do you spell 694? How do you spell 2414? How do you spell 839? How do you spell 1478? How do you spell 1176? How do you spell 1449? How do you spell 59? How do you spell 1929? How do you spell 1808? How do you spell 2254? Random articlesTime Math Types of Triangle Volume of a Pyramid Range, Quartiles, Box and Whisker Plot Quadratic Equation fromCurve Multiplication by 11 Formula for Percentage

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The underlying tools and technology used in the development and operation of this site can be divided into several categories: Digitization of the collection: The database content on this site came from numerous sources and was digitized by different organizations, therefore a number of techniques and tools were used for scanning. Please see digitizing the collection. Creation of metadata (descriptions of database elements): The University of Washington Libraries using a graphic data dictionary, which they developed for this project, created metadata for the database objects. Detailed information about this process and a link to the actual data dictionary are available in this intellectual access document. Database and search technology: The American Indians of the Northwest database utilizes OCLC's CONTENTdm Software Suite, which was developed at the University of Washington by the Center for Information Systems Optimization. The CONTENTdm software program provides: - Tools to acquire, annotate, and upload multimedia data. The Server stores all database information and makes it available to CONTENTdm Clients over the network. All CONTENTdm Server administration can be performed using a Web interface. The collection librarian can define the metadata for image and document indexing and then CONTENTdm provides a flexible template for customization. - Search Client that queries the CONTENTdm Server to search and retrieve information. Queries can be done across multiple collections (as they are in this case for the separate image and document databases). The Client works via the Web using standard http protocols. CONTENTdm is currently being used by numerous organizations (libraries, museums, and companies) for a broad range of multimedia management applications.

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Have you ever experienced a lesson go terribly wrong? Picture this: You’re teaching a class of 28 third graders, and it’s raining outside. The principal is observing you, and 15 minutes in, you notice that your students are becoming restless, disengaged, and off-task! It’s now or never – you’ve got to get your students engaged again! What are you going to do? I could tell you all of the details about that fateful day because it’s a true story! The important thing to share with you is that Brain Break Active Games turned it all around. It wasn’t part of my plan, and it did take 10 minutes, but it transformed my lesson and helped me earn some great compliments on my evaluation! The Cognitive Benefits of Physical Activity in the Classroom Research shows even short bursts of movement deliver significant benefits for brain health and academic performance, relative to sitting quietly, says Dr. Laura Chaddock-Heyman, a research scientist specializing in movement and the brain. Without getting too technical, when we hear, see, touch, read, and process any new information, the brain sends signals from sensory receptors to the brain’s memory storage part. When these pathways are overloaded and stressed, this process stops happening efficiently. As a result, we become restless, fuzzy, irritable, unmotivated, and unfocused. Physical activity uses different parts of the brain, and so when we take a break and do some physical activity, we give the exhausted parts of our brain a chance to rest and recharge. Research has shown that providing regular opportunities for physical activity can ease the symptoms of ADHD, raise achievement standards, and improve cognitive development (the construction of thought processes, memory, problem-solving, and decision making). It doesn’t take research to show that active games and brain breaks increase the fun factor in the classroom! So after presenting a compelling case for adding physical activity into your lesson plans, I offer our fun, energetic, tried, and tested Brain Break Active Game Resource Pack! This resource pack includes 15 active games, each with a slightly different focus. Each game aims to make your classroom buzz and improve your students’ cognition, mood, focus, and academic achievement. If you get involved in the game, you’ll notice the benefits too! ZIP ZAP ZOOM! Zip Zap Zoom! is a whole class game that encourages concentration, listening skills, and directional language knowledge. While sitting in a circle, students change the direction of ‘energy’ by saying ‘zip’ for a clockwise direction, ‘zap’ for a counterclockwise direction, or ‘zoom’ to send the energy across the circle. Increase the pace of the game for extra excitement! Why not add a sweet (get it?) game of Fruit Salad as part of your lesson plan? The Fruit Salad Game is like musical chairs with a zesty twist. It can be played as a whole class or in large groups and is great for lower grades. The Chicken Evolution Game is a fun, active game that can be used at the beginning of any lesson or partway through a task to avoid losing your students’ attention. This whole class game is suitable for upper grades and is sure to get a few giggles as students evolve from a chicken into a supreme being! Shazzam! is a twist on the old favorite Rock, Paper, Scissors. In Shazzam!, the objects are replaced with the characters Wizard, Giant, and Knight. The game’s twist comes when teams have to agree on a single character! The first team to win ten rounds is the Shazzam! Champion! One Word Story I love One Word Story! You can use this fun and active game at the beginning of a reading lesson or at any time of the day when your class needs a brain break. Your students can let their creative imaginations go wild!! There’s a good chance that silly sentences will creep into their creative thinking, and there are sure to be classroom giggles. As a bonus, some of the creative thinking that your students use in this game might be transferable to their imaginative writing! We have created 15 Brain Break Active Games for you to try out with your students. Don’t wait for one of your lessons to flop – make a plan to incorporate some physical activity into your class and see the benefits!

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1803, "of, belonging to, or situated on the periphery," from periphery + -al (1). Earlier formations were peripherial (1670s); peripherical (1690s). Related: Peripherally. As a noun, peripherals, "peripheral devices of a computer," is by 1966. late 14c., periferie, "atmosphere around the earth," from Old French periferie (Modern French périphérie) and directly from Medieval Latin periferia, from Late Latin peripheria, from Greek peripheria "circumference, outer surface, line round a circular body," literally "a carrying around," from peripheres "rounded, moving round, revolving," peripherein "carry or move round," from peri "round about" (see peri-) + pherein "to carry," from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry." In geometry, the meaning "outside boundary of a closed figure," especially the circumference of a circle, is attested in English from 1570s; the general sense of "boundary, surface" is from 1660s.

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When it comes to international holidays and observances, many center on commemorating religious events or people. From saints to the accomplishments of religious leaders, the holidays and observances mentioned in this article are associated with Persian, English, and Mormon culture. Naw Ruz , Persian Also referred to as Now Ruz or NouRooz, the Persians celebrate Naw Ruz as a national festival that marks the Iranian New Year. What makes Naw Ruz different from a lot of other festivals in Persia is that it doesn’t belong exclusively to one religious affiliation. When determining the date of the festival, the solar calendar comes into play. The celebration starts on the first day of spring, and lasts for 13 days. During this time, celebrators rejoice and use this period as a time of renewal. No one is certain where the origins of Naw Ruz can be traced. Some believe that the festival has roots linked to King Jamshid , a legendary figure who is known for triumphing over a host of demons. Others see the celebration has being connected to a fertility cult associated with ancient Near and Middle Eastern regions. St. George’s Day , England The celebration centered on the patron saint named George takes place in many different nations, kingdoms, countries and cities. The observation of the holiday is often slated for April 23, which is the traditionally accepted date that St. George died in 303 AD. However, the Eastern Orthodox Old Calendarists use the Julian calendar as the basis of their celebration of the festival on May 6. Countries that celebrate St. George’s Day include England, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Typical ways to celebrate St. George’s Day is with fireworks, parades, as well as wearing red and white. Pioneer Day , Mormons Also known as the Day of Deliverance, Pioneer Day is an official holiday that the state of Utah celebrates on July 24. Regional celebrations may also take place in surrounding states that were originally settled by Mormon pioneers. The entry of Brigham Young and the first group of Mormon pioneers on July 24, 1847 into the Salt Lake Valley is commemorated on this day. Celebrations may include fireworks, parades, rodeos, and other events. On Pioneer Day, some offices and businesses close. It is also not uncommon to see members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) celebrating the day by walking parts of the Mormon Trial or reenact entering the Salt Lake Valley. Latter-day Saints throughout the United States will also celebrate with songs, dances, and other pioneer-related activities.

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Head of Clinical Services, Allergy UK Up to 40% of the UK population is affected by respiratory allergies, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. These allergic conditions are linked: around 80% of asthmatics also have allergic rhinitis, and those with allergic rhinitis are three times more likely to develop asthma1. Indoor allergy – the allergens in our homes Common allergens that trigger asthma and rhinitis include pollen, house dust mite, mould and pet dander. However, asthma can also be a symptom of food allergy. In modern life, people may spend up to 90% of their time indoors and exposed to their indoor allergic trigger, causing severe impacts on quality of life. Common indoor allergens House dust mites are found in every home and thrive in warm, moist environments. While they are microscopic and harmless to most people, house dust mite allergy is very common and is associated with conditions such as asthma, rhinitis and eczema. They are found in mattresses and bedding, soft furnishings and carpets. House dust mite allergy is worse at night and first thing in the morning due to their presence in beds. Mould spores are microscopic particles that can cause allergic symptoms when they become airborne and are inhaled or make contact with the skin. As they flourish in damp areas of the home, they are common in the bathroom, kitchen and utility room. Pet allergy is caused by allergy to the protein in animal dander (shed skin particles) saliva or urine. Pet hair can also carry airborne allergens such as pollen, mould and house dust mite. With pets living indoors and sleeping on furniture, people with pet allergy may experience severe and constant symptoms. Management and treatment People can take steps to reduce the amount of house dust mite, mould and pet allergen (known as the ‘allergen load’) in the home to avoid exposure to these allergens. There is also a variety of treatments and medications to help control indoor allergies. Allergy UK’s Seal of ApprovalTM is a globally recognised endorsement scheme for products scientifically tested to benefit people living with allergies, including cleaning products, air purifiers, vacuum cleaners and more. With the correct allergy management plan, allergic asthma and rhinitis can be managed effectively. It is important to seek medical advice for asthma symptoms, as these can be very dangerous and potentially life-threatening if left uncontrolled.

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How to make sure you answer the question in Writing Task 2 Not answering the question is probably the easiest way of losing points! No matter how good your language is, if you don’t answer the question fully and directly, you will only get 4 or 5 for Task Achievement, and your excellent vocabulary may be consider irrelevant to the topic, so that will also lower your score. So how can you be sure you’re answering the question? 1) Turn the statement into a question If you struggle to think of ideas when you see a Task 2, turn the statement into questions. Look at the task below: Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. 2) Now divide it into questions: Should there be fixed punishments for each type of crime? YES. Why? - This is the only way to keep punishment fair and objective. What would happen if the judge could just choose any punishment? (people could get away with crimes) - Fixed punishments act as a deterrent – if people know the punishment, they won’t commit the crime (so society will become safer) Should the individual’s circumstances and motivation be taken into account? YES. Why? - Mitigating circumstances e.g. domestic abuse cases, homeless person stealing food - Harsh punishments can force people into poverty and into committing further crimes e.g. if a delivery driver lost their licence, they wouldn’t be able to earn a living. 3) Decide which opinion you agree with. At some point you have to make your opinion clear, and this could come in the first paragraph. Why are they asking this question? Because the law is complicated and at times seems unfair. How can we make the law fairer? - By imposing fixed punishments? - Or by showing compassion towards the individual? What do you think? The Introduction has to state the context of the question – the law is complicated and often seen as unfair. This is your Opening Statement (also known as the General Statement). 4) ‘Yes but..’ – consider what the opposite argument could be. In the conclusion, your opinion will be clear to the reader by now, so summarise it and re-state it. Agree that the law is not perfect, but state what you think is the best option. Deciding on what punishment fits the crime is an incredibly complicated task. In order to simplify the legal process and to ensure fairness, fixed penalties for each crime have to be agreed on. However, there are certain circumstances when an individual’s background must be considered when deciding on the punishment. In my opinion, this is the only way that a legal system can operate fairly, and I will outline my reasons below. There is no doubt that having fixed punishments for each type of crime brings a number of benefits. Firstly, it allows criminals to be treated fairly and ensures that no one will be discriminated against. Fixed penalties are entirely objective and have been carefully regulated over many years and by a number of legal experts. Furthermore, a fixed punishment can act as a deterrent, discouraging would-be offenders from committing crimes and leading to a safer society. However reasonable this all seems, there are cases when ‘the law is an ass’ because it does not allow for human frailties. Many criminals are people who have not been given the best chances in life. There may be cases when people are forced into criminal activity because of poverty, lack of education or simply for being young and vulnerable. Punishing such people harshly will only have negative consequences, for example if a homeless person is made to pay a fine for stealing, it will push him further into poverty or even more serious crimes. In such cases, the judge has to show leniency and to consider how the punishment will affect the criminal and society in the long-term. In conclusion, although it is hard to argue against the fairness of a system which has fixed penalties for every crime, I firmly believe that considering the reasons why people commit crimes and punishing them accordingly will ultimately lead to a fairer, safer and more caring society.

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Yesterday I began this series with a post promoting the concept of using an exit slip as a means of formative assessment. Today, let’s look at another way to collect feedback from students and encourage them to reflect on thier learning. How about asking students to create a list? I live and die by my lists. I’ve mentioned that I use all sorts of tools to help me keep up with the many lists I need to keep me on track. For example, Google Keep helps me track books I want to read, my grocery list, and other reminders. I use my calendar heavily to help me know where I need to be and when I need to be there. I keep lists to remind me to complete tasks and lists to clarify my short-term and long-term goals. Why not ask students to create a list to clarify and demonstrate their learning? This could be done with the old David Letterman trick using humor and counting down. What are the ten most important take-aways from this unit or this lesson? Students might be expected to create a list of steps. This would lend itself easily to science where an experiment was completed. It would also fit well for a historical study where students listed steps that led up to an event or occurrence. Of course, the list of steps for the solving of a math problem are obvious. Students could also list the steps from exposition to resolution in a written piece. This list technique could be done by asking students to create a vocabulary list. The vocabulary might be an outlining of the most important concepts relating to the lesson, the unit, or a long-term study. Students might be required to compile a vocabulary list describing a famous historical event, person, scientist, mathemetician, musician, artist, the main character of a fiction piece, or any other number of topics. Then, a quick explanation of why the vocabulary is important or a definition of the term in relation to the topic of study would follow. I often would ask students to make a list of things that might be found in the wallet of a famous person or a character in a story and explain what the significance of that item has to the wallet owner. This clarified their thinking and made them look at the subject with a different slant. This concept wouldn’t have to only apply to a famous person, it might apply to an animal in a certain biome or a character in a piece of fiction or a Terra Cotta Soldier in a tomb or a particular type of equation in math or a drop of water in the water cycle or…well, I think you get the idea. I’ve asked them to list and explain the items in a vehicle’s glove box when the vehicle transported… Again, critical thinking is required but a simple list is pretty easy to compile. We use lists for ingredients and students could be asked to compile a list of ingredients for the topic at hand. Then, take that list one step further and ask students to write an entire recipe. Wouldn’t it be interesting to read a recipe for a Samarai or an X Chromosome or a peace treaty? Integration of technology isn’t a must for such an exercise but it is also easy to seamlessly incorporate. The list or recipe could be completed as a Google Document and submitted via Google Classroom. It could also be created using a Padlet, Socrative, or a Google Form as mentioned in the previous post. Lists can be created, illustrated, and verbally explained using Educreations, Doodle Buddy, ShowMe. Lists could be completely audio with a tool like Vocaroo or fun and humorous as well as audio with Chatterpix Kids or Sock Puppets. Just because we seem to be in the stretch doesn’t mean we shouldn’t still be stretching student thinking. Why not put your own twist on that age-old technique of making a list?

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Our past experiences influence our health and well-being As we interact with the world around us, our experiences, both in this lifetime and from our ancestors, influence our health and well-being. We carry information from our ancestors through our DNA. Some of this information benefits us, and some limit us because it reflects imprints of unresolved traumas in the lineage. The effects of unresolved adversity influence how we handle stress in this lifetime. We can clear limiting ancestral patterns. We will look into how the influence of the generations can shape us and what we can do about it. People have different reactions to the same experience Each person’s capacity to process and integrate their experiences can vary based on complex factors; the individual’s response can also vary. Two people can experience the same event yet have very different reactions. These varied reactions can be related to differences in perspectives. How we experience our environment can be influenced by the information we carry from our lineage. Limiting beliefs passed down in the family can color how we experience the world and affect our health and well-being. Family and cultural conditioning influence our beliefs and our health In addition to the ancestral component in our DNA, we receive information throughout our lives that influence our thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behaviors. Our family, friends, and culture direct us to who we should be, how we should act, what is acceptable or not, what we should think, what to believe, and what we should value. Some of these instructions can affect us and our health negatively. Here are some messages that get passed down through families to children: - “We don’t talk about that.” - “Children should be seen and not heard.” - “You can’t do anything right.” These can be so ingrained and habitual that parents, other family members, or teachers say them without regard to the impact on the children. Cultural patterns and expectations play a role in how we interpret the world. Roles, habits, and beliefs within our families, communities, and society play a significant role in how we interpret the world. We get conditioned by these behaviors and patterns, some of which are unhealthy. We learn the values and expectations of our parents, teachers, and community leaders. They define what is acceptable or not and how we should behave. When we don’t measure up to these expectations, we can experience shame or guilt. Furthermore, the degree to which we experience such negative emotions can be influenced by similar burdens we carry from our ancestors. The effects of intergenerational trauma Here are examples of trauma that can get passed down behaviorally through families - Parental conflict and other domestic violence - Losses through abandonment, divorce, or death - Substance abuse - Emotional, mental, physical, or sexual abuse - Community violence In addition to events that happen to and around us, we also feel the impact of experiences we missed. Some examples include: - Not being nurtured, loved, or supported - Not being seen, heard, or validated - Poor boundaries - Not being trusted - Being controlled - Not being able to make choices These circumstances profoundly impact our health and how we process our world throughout life. Such experiences create chronic stress if they are not addressed and healed. Clear ancestral limiting patterns Ancestral Clearing is a process developed by John Newton and pioneered by Howard Wills and is complementary to all other healing modalities. Using the five techniques of Ancestral Clearing, while we cannot claim to “heal’ anything in particular, people often report feeling lighter and less burdened by negativity. The process addresses physical, emotional, and spiritual issues related to limiting beliefs, conclusions, or judgments rooted in the past. So, with Ancestral Clearing, we can release the adverse effects of the ancestral information we carry and live a healthier and more thriving life beyond the grasp of the tethers of the past. Some of the benefits of Ancestral Clearing, as reported by clients - Heal unresolved issues in your family lineage and in your past in this lifetime - Release negative beliefs and limitations passed down through the lineage - Feel comfortable and at home in your body - Eliminate self-sabotage behaviors - Trust your inner guidance - Express your true voice - Resolve relationship issues Try Ancestral Clearing for yourself I have been an Ancestral Clearing Practitioner since May, 2014. Here are some testimonials of the work. A session of Ancestral cCearing lasts 50 minutes and requires no preparation whatsoever.

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Monarda media facts for kids Quick facts for kidsPurple bergamot Apparently Secure (NatureServe) Monarda media is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name purple bergamot. It is native to eastern North America, including the eastern United States and Ontario in Canada. This species is a rhizomatous perennial herb with square stems growing 2 to 3 feet tall. It may spread to form a colony. The oppositely arranged leaves are lance-shaped and mint-scented. The inflorescence contains tubular reddish purple flowers with purplish bracts beneath. The flowers are attractive to insects. The seed heads are attractive to birds. This plant grows in swampy habitat such as stream beds. Monarda media Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.

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Lac de Guiers is a complex ecosystem south of the vast rice paddies along the Senegal River Delta in the Louga and Saint-Louis regions of Senegal. Not only does the lake and its surrounding land comprise an important bird area, fisheries, and a biosphere reserve, but it also produces rice, sweet potatoes, and sugar. Additionally, it supplies 70 percent of the water consumed in Dakar and its suburb where nearly 4 million people live, meaning upstream management of Dakar’s critical drinking water supplies is paramount. It would be difficult to overstate the importance of managing this water ecosystem in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) and multiple interdependent SDGs in Senegal. This is why the government sought the assistance of USAID’s Water for Africa through Leadership and Institutional Support, or WALIS. WALIS is working with Senegal’s national Directorate of Water Resources Management and Planning to support the government’s management of the freshwater ecosystem and measure the change of the Lac de Guiers over time. The activity is designed to take the first substantive steps to systematically monitor the spatial extent of aquatic vegetation and its seasonal growth and to measure efforts to reduce its spread. This effort will also integrate SDG Indicator 6.6.1 monitoring methodologies into current policy, procedures, guidance, and practices. WALIS’s support to the Government of Senegal will better equip and train its water managers and technicians to improve water resources management decisions. The use of state-of-the-art methods to measure seasonal changes in the aquatic vegetation of the Lac de Guiers and adjacent wetland areas by implementing partner Centre de Suivi Ecologique is key to WALIS’s support. Under this model, different types of medium and high-resolution satellite imagery are cycled through an algorithm to determine the spatial extent of aquatic vegetation and chlorophyll concentrations in the area studies. High resolution imagery and the algorithm are then used to pinpoint aquatic vegetation, most notably cattails and reeds. The proliferation of emergent vegetation like cattails in the Lac de Guiers and surrounding wetlands has limited water access for the surrounding communities, reduced the potential for agriculture, and may, according to some research, increase occurrences of diseases like bilharzia, also known as schistosomiasis. This increase is attributed to people collecting the vegetation for building material or wading in the water to fish. Sentinel-1 (cloud-penetrating radar) and Sentinel-2 (13 spectral band optical) satellite imagery of the European Copernicus program will also be used to estimate the extent of aquatic vegetation, especially during the rainy season when cloud cover increases. This 10–20 meter resolution imagery also captures change over time. The Sentinel-1 revisits every place in the world on a 12-day cycle, while the Sentinel-2 revisits all land surfaces and coastal areas every five days. This imagery will be used even beyond the Lac de Guiers area in eight principle water-related ecosystems affected by emergent vegetation in Senegal’s planning regions. These ecosystems cover an area over 1,000 square miles. The processing and analysis of the satellite imagery in combination with the other work supported by WALIS, including ambient water quality field monitoring, will lead to the formulation of a policy and strategy to better manage surface water in the areas studied. These results will also inform a “polluters-pay principle” policy and strategy to help counteract increasing pollution from anthropogenic sources. These improvements to Senegal’s water-related ecosystem monitoring over time are a clear example of how demand-driven, country-led initiatives can lead to success. By Richard Rapier, WALIS Chief of Party, and Theophane Boutrolle, WALIS WASH Specialist

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H2O—more commonly known as water—is necessary for human existence. As good water sources dwindle in some parts of the world, the demand for clean water is escalating. Sometimes the simple act of getting water is dangerous. Crocodiles have snatched people by a river in Zimbabwe as they filled their buckets with water. But even more dangerous than lurking, wild creatures are the tiny, deadly microbes in contaminated water. ACCORDING TO UNICEF: 1 in 5 children does not have enough water to meet his/her everyday needs. 80 countries are in areas with high or extremely high water vulnerability. Supporters make it possible to provide clean water for villages where children and women spend many hours looking for or gathering water. Through wells, pumps, water filters, and other resources, lives are saved by safeguarding people from water sources that can cause harmful diseases or even death. A contact in Africa shared how vital a good water source is. “We discovered that some of these pumps were being used for up to 20 hours a day!” he said. Thank you for making pure water a reality for people in Africa, Asia, and other parts of the world. To help support the Water-for-the-World program, please click below.

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The Incredible Pi Code Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help |Ivars Peterson (MathTrek)| |Researchers have expended a great deal of effort computing as many of the digits of pi as computer technology and mathematical methods allow. Last year, Yasumasa Kanada of the University of Tokyo calculated pi to 206,158,430,000 decimal digits. A high school student has now smashed that record. Using a home-built computer crafted from scrounged parts, Franklin Oliver O'Leary of Deep Orange, N.J., has calculated 500 billion decimal digits of pi, starting at the trillionth digit. His heroic effort has opened up a vast, untrodden realm for alphanumerical investigation. O'Leary's initial forays into this digital wilderness have already produced astonishing results, especially when letters of the English alphabet are substituted for the digits of pi...| |Levels:||High School (9-12), College| © 1994- Drexel University. All rights reserved. The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.

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Many applications need to measure and/or monitor the physical quantities like temperature, pressure, light intensity etc. The sensors used to measure the physical quantities give the output in analog form, which are converted to digital through an ADC for further processing. This circuit demonstrates the principle and operation of interfacing ADC0808 with three LDR. The output of the sensor is displayed on the LCD. The external clock needed by the ADC0808 is provided by the controller using interrupt. The output is displayed on the LCD. The circuit is divided into four parts: LDR, ADC, 8051 microcontroller and LCD. Its applications could be measuring and monitoring the light intensity level.

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Bees Like It Hot: Pollinators Prefer Warm Flowers, Study Reveals for National Geographic News |August 2, 2006| Bumblebees prefer their food warm and learn to locate hotter flowers using color as a cue, scientists say. The findings may have broad implications for the evolution of flowering plants. To attract insect pollinators, flowers offer a nutritious reward of nectar and pollen. Now biologists say many flowers may encourage visits by offering a "heat reward" as well. By consuming warmer nectar, bees may save energy they would otherwise have to spend maintaining their own body temperature. "Bees can raise their body temperature to above 37 degrees Celsius [98.6 degrees Fahrenheit], even if it is just a few degrees above zero outside," said Lars Chittka of Queen Mary College, University of London. "But this is costly, so collecting warm nectar is a clever idea." Many flowering plants have features that allow them to increase the temperature of their flowers. The scientists suggest that providing hot meals might be a shrewd evolutionary adaptation for plants, whose own reproduction depends on attracting pollinators. The research will appear in tomorrow's issue of the journal Nature. (Related story: "Buzz Kill: Wild Bees and Flowers Disappearing, Study Says" [July 21, 2006].) Previous work has shown that some insects are attracted to warmer plants. In tropical rain forests, for example, scarab beetles spend much of their time deep inside flowers capable of generating heat through chemical reactions. But scientists didn't know if flower temperature is important to more active and widespread pollinators such as bees, which visit each blossom for only a short time. Chittka and colleagues designed a set of experiments to test the effects of flower temperature on the behavior of pollinating bumblebees. They laid out a range of flower-shaped feeders holding equal concentrations of sugar solution that varied in temperature. The bees gravitated toward the feeders offering the warmest nectar. The researchers then placed food solutions in pink or purple feeders. The bees quickly learned to distinguish between colors and concentrated their foraging on the warmer nectar source. The results suggest that the bees learned to use color as a signal of temperature and utilized this information in choosing which flowers to visit. University of Arizona biologist Daniel Papaj says the study is intriguing. But it remains to be seen whether bees in nature commonly use sensory cues to identify warmer flowers, he notes. If bees do this, Papaj said, "one might expect such behavior to have demographic consequences. "For instance, flowers in sunnier microhabitats would be more likely to be pollinated." Bag of Tricks The fact that pollinating insects may be choosy about temperature suggests a new explanation for a number of features that help plants keep their flowers warmer than the surrounding environment. A small number of plant species generate heat through metabolic processes, similarly to animals. Many others use more passive means to gather and retain warmth. The shape of many flowersand the ability to track the sun's movementshelps make them efficient collectors of solar energy. Some species even have cone-shaped cells in their petals that focus sunlight, increasing the temperature of the flower. "Many of these features had been previously thought to only enhance the color of the flower, or else warm the flower itself up to help its seed develop faster," said study co-author Heather Whitney of the University of Cambridge in England. "Now we know that warming structures could be part of the bag of tricks that flowers have evolved to attract pollinators." Free Email News Updates Best Online Newsletter, 2006 Codie Awards Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample). |© 1996-2008 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.|

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Choice theory operates on the assumption that youths are mature and capable of making rational decisions to reach a desired outcome another theory that. Two popular theories used in today's society are the rational choice theory and the trait theory some argue that the choice theory is a more effective way of. Rational behavior is a decision-making process which results in the optimal level of most conventional economic theories are based on the assumption that all. Presentation outlining public policy implications of rational choice theory trait theories social structure theories social conflict theories and developmental. Ical, etc in addition, some of them considered rational choice theory as a procedure to supposed masculine and feminine traits, making them contradictory, rather nal vs external”,the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (fall 2008 77. Parsons states that occupational decision making occurs when people have achieved a knowledge of jobs and the labour market rational and objective judgement the trait and factor theory operates under the premise that it is possible to. There is a common problem that rational choice theory and functionalist theory functional explanation in social science is to explain why certain social traits. In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a. However, the central assumptions of rational choice theory are very similar to those they want and can rank candidates based on desirable personality traits. Ensure that you understand trait and rational choice theories as they're defined in criminology with this helpful chapter you can work through our. Free essay: rational choice theory vs trait theory student name criminology : park university online program in this essay i will be. All criminals that use the rational choice theory before they commit their certain crimes does not always understand how to weigh the costs and theories of crime causation: trait theory and rational choice theory rational choice vs. What the differences and similarities between the rational choice theory of crime terms, the costs vs benefits of any enforcement or crime prevention strategy. Can help refine criminological theories of choice and identify innovative pos- utility principles in his rational choice model of crime, which remains theories of anomie, psychological inadequacies, or inheritance of special traits and simply extend the economist's usual analysis vs ramachandran, pp. Rational choice vs trait theory essay rational choice theory vs trait theory student name criminology : park university online program. But rather than concluding, as i have, that rational choice theory is of very limited were bred and counted, and their traits compared with those of their parents. Specifically, the traits emotionality, self‐control, and honesty‐humility were mediated by both affect and rational choice variables.

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Growing up poor can have a range of consequences for a person’s status and future opportunities – and it can also make someone more likely to catch colds later in life, a new study shows. Writing in the journal Brain, Behavior and Immunity, Carnegie Mellon University psychologist Sheldon Cohen and colleagues say they’ve found a connection between childhood poverty and a middle age with more sniffles, coughs and sneezes. "We have found initial evidence for a biological explanation of the importance of childhood experiences on adult health," Cohen said in a statement. "The association we found in young and midlife adults suggests why those raised by parents of relatively low socioeconomic status may be at increased risk for disease throughout adulthood." The main culprit seems to be telomeres, which are strings of repetitive DNA at the end of a person’s chromosomes -- kind of like the plastic caps on the end of your shoelaces, but even more important. Telomeres help protect genes from natural degradation, but they get shorter every time your cells divide. Shorter telomeres are thought to play a big role in aging and poor health. Cohen and the team recruited 152 healthy subjects for their study. To place them on the socioeconomic ladder, the researchers asked participants if they currently owned a home and whether their parents had owned a home during the subject’s childhood. The scientists also drew blood from the subjects to examine the telomeres on their white blood cells. Then, they exposed the participants to the common cold virus, then quarantined them for five days to see if they developed full-fledged symptoms. Participants who grew up in lower-income homes were both likelier to have caught the cold and to have shorter telomeres. On average, for each year a person’s parents did not own a home during the participant’s childhood, their telomere lengths decreased by 5 percent and their chances of developing a cold after virus exposure were boosted by 9 percent. "This provides valuable insight into how our childhood environments can influence our adult health," said Cohen. This latest paper builds off of one of Cohen’s previous studies, published this past February in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In that study, Cohen and colleagues found that telomere length is a good predictor of a person’s ability to fight off colds in young adulthood and middle age. The association starts to hold weight starting at around age 22, but increases throughout life. As a person ages, his or her telomeres get even shorter, thanks to more years of the person's cells dividing. "Our work suggests the possibility that telomere length is a relatively consistent marker across the life span and that it can start predicting disease susceptibility in young adulthood," Cohen said in February. SOURCE: Cohen et al. “Childhood socioeconomic status, telomere length, and susceptibility to upper respiratory infection.” Brain, Behavior and Immunity 34: 31-38, November 2013.

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Staying safe online is a lot like staying safe in the real world. By helping a Digital Citizen sign up for a new app, learners can begin to understand the kinds of information they should keep to themselves when they use the internet -- just as they would with a stranger in person. Key Vocabulary: online · private Show definitions using a computer, phone, or tablet to visit a website or app something that you should keep to yourself Key Standards Supported Sign in or join to unlock this free lesson. Learn: What is Private?10 mins. Explore: Online Forms15 mins. Reflect: Pause and Think Moment5 mins. Set up your free account with Common Sense Education to access the full lesson plan. Already a member? Sign in

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While those detained in prisons or jails do not typically have the same civil rights as free citizens, they are still protected under certain federal and states laws. Violations of prisoner rights commonly go undetected, unreported, and unpunished because those behind bars are often unaware of their legal rights. Prisoner rights are generally guaranteed by the 8th amendment of the U.S. Constitution. This amendment states that incarcerated persons are not to be subjected to “cruel and unusual punishment.” However, there are several constitutional protections that an imprisoned individual loses. One notable right that is revoked for incarcerated persons is the protection against unwarranted searches and seizures. Violation of Prisoner Rights Imprisonment is a part of the rehabilitative process and is not intended to pose any harm to a convicted criminal. Unfortunately, however, many prisoners suffer injury or death behind bars. Massacres, violent protests, prisoner on prisoner abuse, and violent guard behavior all occur frequently in prisons throughout the country despite the fact that these institutions are legally required to prevent such occurrences. Because of the lack of information about prisoner rights violations, not much has been done to rectify the problem. Prisoner rights mirror constitutional rights in that they require institutions to provide their inmates with a minimum standard level of treatment. Prisoners do not lose their constitutional rights to due process, appeals, and parole when they are incarcerated. Prisoner rights also protect individuals against discrimination, abuse, or other mistreatment on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin. Prisoner rights also include the freedom of speech and religion. Certain state inmates have limited rights. People who are classified as “detainees” are not officially prisoners. This means they may not have the same rights as federal prisoners. Prisoner rights are usually determined by the facility and particular state of incarceration. A court may decide to enforce certain constitutional guarantees, but typically, the court does not involve itself in such matters. In many cases, prisoners have rights they are unaware of and cannot exercise because of their situations. If you or a loved one is incarcerated and has suffered a violation of prisoner rights, contact an experienced prisoner rights attorney today for a complimentary consultation. Many times, only experienced lawyers can create a change or remuneration for a prisoner rights violation. Being incarcerated does not mean that your rights no longer exist, or that you are powerless to defend them.

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I’ve always wondered why a physical defect of connective tissue, as we have with EDS, is linked to anxiety (my life’s greatest plague after pain). This article shows that a lack of good insulation (myelin) around brain neurons can lead to distinct negative personality traits. Researchers are getting closer to understanding the neurological basis of personality. For a new paper in the Journal of Personality, Nicola Toschi and Luca Passamonti took advantage of a recent technological breakthrough that makes it possible to use scans to estimate levels of myelination in different brain areas (until fairly recently this could only be done at postmortem). This makes me wonder if our defective connective tissue might also lead to defective insulation around our neurons, allowing some signals to “leak” to adjacent areas. Could that explain my general “mood instability” as well? The new findings, though preliminary, suggest that people with “healthier”, more advantageous, personality traits, such as more emotional stability and greater conscientiousness, may benefit during development from more enhanced myelination in key areas of the brain where the myelination process is particularly prolonged in humans, continuing through adolescence and into the twenties. The findings are based on brain scans of over 1000 young men and women (average age 29) who also undertook a personality test tapping the “Big Five” traits. Averaged across the entire sample, the researchers found a pattern of myelination through the cortex that closely matched the pattern first discovered over a hundred years ago (from investigation of post-mortem brains) by the German neuroanatomist Paul Flechsig – see image above. the researchers found several links between personality traits and myelination. - lower emotional stability (i.e. higher neuroticism) was correlated with less myelination in the prefrontal cortex, a key brain region for emotional control; - higher agreeableness was correlated with greater myelination in orbitofrontal cortex (specifically in the anterior region, previously implicated in prosocial behaviour); and - higher conscientiousness correlated with greater myelination in part of the prefrontal cortex (the prefrontal cortex pole, which is associated with the human conscience, among other functions). The aforementioned correlations suggest a straight-forward pattern whereby what we would usually consider as more advantageous traits are associated with greater myelination in key brain areas. Broadly speaking, the findings “improve our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of variability in common behavioral dispositions” Toschi and Passamonti wrote. Summarising their results, they added that “The personality‐related variability in the intra‐cortical myelin content … represent[s] an important proxy measure of the underlying neurodevelopmental mechanisms that shape subject‐specific attitudes in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions”. Author:Christian Jarrett (@Psych_Writer) is Editor of BPS Research Digest Below is from the actual free full-text study: Differences in myelination in the cortical mantle are important neurobiological mediators of variability in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. Past studies have found that personality traits reflecting such variability are linked to neuroanatomical and functional changes in prefrontal and temporo‐parietal cortices. - Neuroticism negatively related to frontal‐pole myelin and positively to occipital cortex myelin. - Extraversion positively related to superior parietal myelin. - Openness negatively related to anterior cingulate myelin, while - Agreeableness positively related to orbitofrontal myelin. - Conscientiousness positively related to frontal‐pole myelin and negatively to myelin content in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Intra‐cortical myelin levels in brain regions with prolonged myelination are positively associated with personality traits linked to favorable outcome measures. These findings improve our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of variability in common behavioral dispositions. I learned that there are three layers of connective tissue surrounding each nerve: Endoneurium. Each nerve axon or fiber is surrounded by the endoneurium, which is also called the endoneurial tube, channel or sheath. This is a thin, delicate, protective layer of connective tissue. Perineurium. Each nerve fascicle containing one or more axons is enclosed by the perineurium, a connective tissue having a lamellar arrangement in seven or eight concentric layers. This plays a very important role in the protection and support of the nerve fibers and also serves to prevent the passage of large molecules from the epineurium into a fascicle. Epineurium. The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense connective tissue enclosing the (peripheral) nerve. It seems to me that having defective insulation around nerves could certainly lead to the kind of instability we see with EDS. However, I’m not sure how Myelin relates to these three layers. Continued from the full study: The main aim of this study is to explore the interesting but as yet unaddressed question of how inter‐individual differences in personality traits relate to the intra‐cortical myelin content, especially in those brain regions which are known to mediate individual differences in personality traits (i.e., prefrontal and temporo‐parietal cortices) For example, epidemiological and psycho‐sociological studies in large cohorts of people across the life span have found that some personality profiles relate to more “mature” behavioral patterns in terms of - emotional (low Neuroticism), - cognitive (high Conscientiousness), and - social (high Agreeableness) functioning The presence of such emotional, cognitive, and social stability has important consequences in terms of psychological and well‐being outcome measures including - life satisfaction, - academic/professional achievement or - general health, - longevity, and - risk to develop dementia Nevertheless, it remains unclear which are the neurobiological underpinnings of this behavioral stability and in particular whether they are dependent on the differences in intra‐cortical myelin and myelination. 3.3 Intra‐cortical myelin content in relation to each of the FFM personality traits [from Wikipedia] The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model (FFM) and the OCEAN model, is a taxonomy for personality traits. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Neuroticism positively related to the intra‐cortical myelin content in the occipital cortex (Brodmann’s area 18/19) At the same time, a significantly negative correlation was found between Neuroticism and the intra‐cortical myelin levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) pole (Brodmann’s area 10) Extraversion was positively associated with the intra‐cortical myelin content in the superior parietal lobule (Brodmann’s area 7) Openness was negatively associated with the intra‐cortical myelin content in the anterior cingulate cortex A positive relationship was found between Agreeableness and the intra‐cortical myelin content in the anterior orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 11) Conscientiousness positively related to the intra‐cortical myelin content in the PFC pole (Brodmann’s area 10) and negatively to the intra‐cortical myelin levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann’s area 32) …these findings show that intra‐cortical myelin, as estimated via the MRI‐based T1/T2‐weighted contrast ratio, is a sensitive measure to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of the behavioral differences described by the FFM of personality. Summary and conclusions In conclusion, our results showed that intra‐cortical myelin is significantly linked to variability in personality traits. Of note, most of the effects were localized in high‐order brain regions, a group of cortical areas with light myelin content and prolonged myelination, both at the phylogenetic and the ontogenetic levels. This may depend on the fact that many of the FFM personality traits relate to high‐level cognitive and socio‐affective skills which have significantly evolved in human beings and that are critically mediated by the cito‐architectonically complex and lightly myelinated cortices. Finally, the statistically robust relation between heterogeneity in the intra‐cortical myelin content and personality differences in healthy people suggests that the myelo‐architectural features may show even more pronounced changes in people with psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorders.

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Macbeth and Banquo Meeting the Witches on the Heath, 1855, by french painter Theodore Chasseriau the Season of the Witch Other Scottish Country Dances for this Day Today's Musings, History & Folklore "By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Open, locks, Whoever knocks." ~ Macbeth, Act IV, Scene 1 As a seasonal dance leading up to Hallowe'en, we concentrate on witches! Considered one of the greatest of English tragedies, Shakespeare's Macbeth (c. 1603-1607), has provided an indelible image of witches that persists today. The Three Witches or Weird Sisters prophesy Macbeth's ascent to kingship and his eventual downfall. The darkly contradictory witches, their "filthy" trappings and supernatural prophesies, set the ominous tone for the Scottish play. In Shakespeare's day, the word "weird" connoted is Latin origins, deriving from the Latin word for fate, and so "weird sisters" meant "fatal sisters" or "sisters of fate." Scholars note the many references, hints, and parallels in the relationship of this play to the important political events of Shakespeare's time, the Scottish succession of King James I to Queen Elizabeth, and the foiled Gunpowder Treason plot of 1605. From the Shakespeare's Globe blog: "Shakespeare’s ‘Scottish Play’ was probably written in 1606, just three years after James I was crowned as Elizabeth’s successor, and so undoubtedly seems to be paying homage to the succession of the Scottish King to the English throne. But within that time, in November 1605, the Gunpowder Plot had been discovered: the plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament, kill James and replace him with a Catholic monarch failed and the plotters were tortured and horribly executed. The impact of the event was so dramatic that we still remember it today on Bonfire Night, so we can only imagine the enormity of the event for Shakespeare and his contemporaries." For more about the play's historical links to the Gunpowder Plot, click one of the two very diverse representations of the Weird Sisters below. The first, "The Three Witches from Macbeth" by Daniel Gardner, 1775 shows the visages of leading society ladies (Elizabeth Lamb, Viscountess Melbourne; Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire; and Anne Seymour Damer). This painting is believed to be a possible representation of the ladies' shared friendship and shadowy political machinations as leading members of the Devonshire House Circle, a focal point for supporters of Whig leader, Charles James Fox.

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Water Vapor in Earth's Atmosphere Gaseous water represents a small but environmentally significant constituent of the atmosphere. The percentage water vapor in surface air varies from a trace in desert regions to about 4% over oceans. Approximately 99.13% of it is contained in the troposphere. The condensation of water vapor to the liquid or ice phase is responsible for clouds, rain, snow, and other precipitation, all of which count among the most significant elements of what we experience as weather. Less obviously, the latent heat of vaporization, which is released to the atmosphere whenever condensation occurs, is one of the most important terms in the atmospheric energy budget on both local and global scales. For example, latent heat release in atmospheric convection is directly responsible for powering destructive storms such as tropical cyclones and severe thunderstorms. Water vapor is also the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum. Because the water vapor content of the atmosphere will increase in response to warmer temperatures, there is a water vapor feedback which is expected to amplify the climate warming effect due to increased carbon dioxide alone. It is less clear how cloudiness would respond to a warming climate; depending on the nature of the response, clouds could either further amplify or partly mitigate warming from long-lived greenhouse gases. Fog and clouds form through condensation around cloud condensation nuclei. In the absence of nuclei, condensation will only occur at much lower temperatures. Under persistent condensation or deposition, cloud droplets or snowflakes form, which precipitate when they reach a critical mass. The water content of the atmosphere as a whole is constantly depleted by precipitation. At the same time it is constantly replenished by evaporation, most prominently from seas, lakes, rivers, and moist earth. Other sources of atmospheric water include combustion, respiration, volcanic eruptions, the transpiration of plants, and various other biological and geological processes. The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep. The mean annual precipitation for the planet is about 1 meter, which implies a rapid turnover of water in the air – on average, the residence time of a water molecule in the troposphere is about 9 to 10 days. Episodes of surface geothermal activity, such as volcanic eruptions and geysers, release variable amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere. Such eruptions may be large in human terms, and major explosive eruptions may inject exceptionally large masses of water exceptionally high into the atmosphere, but as a percentage of total atmospheric water, the role of such processes is minor. The relative concentrations of the various gases emitted by volcanoes varies considerably according to the site and according to the particular event at any one site. However, water vapor is consistently the commonest volcanic gas; as a rule, it comprises more than 60% of total emissions during a subaerial eruption. Atmospheric water vapor content is expressed using various measures. These include vapor pressure, specific humidity, mixing ratio, dew point temperature, and relative humidity. Read more about this topic: Water Vapor Famous quotes containing the words atmosphere, earth and/or water: “The life of our city is rich in poetic and marvelous subjects. We are enveloped and steeped as though in an atmosphere of the marvelous; but we do not notice it.” —Charles Baudelaire (18211867) “One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose.” —Bible: Hebrew Ecclesiastes, 1:4-5. Ernest Hemingway took the title The Sun Also Rises (1926) “The dominant and most deep-dyed trait of the journalist is his timorousness. Where the novelist fearlessly plunges into the water of self-exposure, the journalist stands trembling on the shore in his beach robe.... The journalist confines himself to the clean, gentlemanly work of exposing the griefs and shames of others.” —Janet Malcolm (b. 1934)

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Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS) The CSACS includes researchers from 5 Quebec universities. In addition to the Université de Montréal, McGill University, Concordia University, the Université de Sherbrooke and the Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS) are all represented. What is self-assembly? Self-assembly refers to phenomena whereby small chemical units are introduced into an environment, reach equilibrium state, and produce much larger-scale structures and patterns. Self-assembly strongly mimics natural mechanisms that form stable and complex architectures from simple building blocks. - Liquid crystals - Self-assembled monolayers - Organization of lipids into micelles and membrane vesicles - Block copolymer microphase separation - Polymers adsorbed onto surfaces in layers and multilayers Organic self-assembled monolayers are a widely used method for surface modification of metals and metal oxides in fundamental investigations of interfacial phenomena and design of molecular-scale devices. Centre members are designing new functionalized monolayers for applications in catalysis by incorporating organometallic groups, in optoelectronics by creating films with extended conjugation, and for model biological surfaces and biosensors by adding molecular recognition groups. Molecular-level characterization of these films is critical to their planned applications. Novel characterization techniques employed by the Centre members include: - Electrochemical-atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) - Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) - Microcantilever sensors - High resolution solid-state NMR In addition they use a spectroscopic method that probes the chemical and physical modifications induced in thin organic films by very low energy electron impact. Patterned self-assembled films Phase-separation in mixed monolayers of phospholipids, alkylthiols, and alkylsilanes is being exploited to create self-patterned monolayer assemblies that are chemically or physically differentiated. These thin films are used to template the selective deposition of macromolecules, nanoparticles, and the crystallization of organic molecules on the submicron scale, thereby creating new surface structures and materials. Organometallic thin films Metal ions can organize organic fragments (ligands) in a predetermined manner to dictate the form and function of the final assembled structure. The design and self-assembly of discrete multi-component structures rely on recognition between the constituent building blocks. The supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly of these molecules at surfaces are being investigated with: - Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Synthesis, characterization and self-Assembly of photon- and electron-sensitive molecules The target species being synthesized consist of hydrophilic polymer backbones supporting high-density azobenzene side-groups and termination motifs including NO2 and CN. These materials are deposited as oriented monolayers on Au/mica supports and characterized using AFM and grazing incidence infrared spectroscopy; trans/cis isomerizations are induced by optical irradiation in the UV/vis regions. Despite the wide use of graphite electrodes in electrochemistry, there have been few investigations of their surface and electrochemical properties. The factors influencing the efficiency, stability, and selectivity of graphite electrodes modified with aryl layers are analyzed in certain electrochemical processes. The formation of complex macroscopic structures from component building blocks remains one of the most compelling problems in biology. This self-ordering process lies at the heart of how a complex function, such as cell mobility, can result in the structural and energy conversion of proteins. However, there are not yet rules that predict the eventual structure or pattern formed by a self-organization process from either mechanism. Only through a detailed understanding of the kinetics and energetics of the self-assembly/self-organization sequence of model systems will it be possible to formulate such rules. The research in this area focuses on the 2-dimensional organization of lipids and proteins at surfaces. Libraries of bi-and tri-polar lipids have been created and their self-assembly are studied to construct structure-property phase diagrams. Phase transitions in lipid monolayers and bilayers The spatial organization of proteins, lipids, and guest molecules in lipid monolayers, membranes, and thin films ultimately determines their specific interactions and function. The spatial resolution of AFM and LFM (lateral-force microscopy) are used to investigate mixing in phospholipid monolayers and bilayers formed by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique or by vesicle fusion onto mica. Defects and pore formation in membranes by amphipathic peptides Organic synthesis is being used to access new materials that integrate the structural and functional characteristics of biopolymers with the stability and diversity of synthetic polymers. The result of this research collaboration is improved understanding of synthetic macrocycle and oligomer self-assembly within model membranes. In particular, the channel- or pore-forming nature of synthetic foldamers and macrocycles is being studied using AFM. Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are used to guide the 3rd-order structure of synthetic polymers into an impressive range of morphologies. Copolymers with subunits designed to drive the self-assembly via molecular recognition, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions are being designed by Centre researchers. Micelles of small molecules are incorporated into polymers, and then easily removed, to fabricate porous polymers. Functionalized polymer films are created through Langmuir-Blodgett techniques and by the layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte method. Identification of the resulting structures relies on the combined efforts of the Centre's characterization experts, allowing the exploration of possible applications as biosensors, materials for bioseparations and drug delivery agents. Self-assembly of polymers via molecular recognition A novel approach is to synthesize polymers that are able to use molecular recognition to self-assemble into higher-order morphologies, in the same manner that selective base-pairing organizes DNA into a double helical molecule. Advanced NMR and vibrational spectroscopic methods are used to characterize the hydrogen bonding interactions. The morphologies are characterized by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Self-assembly of block copolymers via hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions Considerable effort has been devoted to the study of hydrophobically-modified polymers (HM-polymers), in view of their theoretical relevance and practical applications. Such polymers consist of a water-soluble chain carrying a few hydrophobic groups, hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chains. It is well known that fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons do not mix. The question then arises: what will be the properties of HM-polymers carrying both hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains? Optically active self-assembled block copolymers The synthesis of block copolymers containing photo-switchable groups allows one to address their self-assembled structures for reversible changes in optical, geometric or mechanical properties. Azobenzene derivatized block copolymer vesicles, photoactive elastomers and optically active polymer films are produced by several groups and the Centre's researchers also have the optical expertise to examine the functionality of these photo-addressable self-assembled polymeric materials. Block copolymer Langmuir-Blodgett films The spontaneous phase separation of AB diblock copolymers can be exploited for the preparation of patterned surfaces exhibiting periodically ordered domains of molecular dimension. Such surfaces can serve as templates for directed cell growth. A significant limitation to this approach is the general lack of control over microdomain orientation. Films of asymmetric block copolymers are always polydomain with periodic ordering being maintained typically over a few microns. The alternate adsorption of cationic and anionic polymers has become an increasingly important method for producing uniform thin polymer films. Recently, simple PEMs were deposited on silica colloids and high resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy used to follow the layer-by-layer growth and polymer complexation. One of the goals of this research is to understand the effect of variation of the preparative parameters on the film properties at a molecular level. Liquid crystalline materials The liquid crystalline state is a fundamental state of matter that combines mobility with structure. Biological membranes function in this state, which is thus essential to life itself. In the laboratory this is achieved by the self-assembly of molecules, and is therefore a basic design element for obtaining materials with specific structures and properties. The CSACS research projects in this area reflect the creativity with which liquid crystallinity can be exploited to develop new and useful materials. Liquid crystal gels Liquid crystal gels are low-molar-mass liquid crystals whose long-range orientation or textures are stabilized by a polymer network. Generally, the network is covalent since it is formed by polymerization of a reactive monomer dissolved in the liquid crystal host. The use of non-covalent, self-assembled networks is being explored for making liquid crystal gels, which when functionalized with photoresponsive groups, create dynamic functional materials that have potential applications in display technologies. We are exploring the reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene to add new functionalities to these materials. In particular, we are interested in using them as optical materials to record diffraction gratings that can be controlled either by an electric field or light. Liquid crystal polymers Novel LC polymers have been synthesized by classical and supramolecular chemistry. Supramolecular chemistry combines small molecule and polymer properties, and allows tailoring of material properties. Thus, complementary polymers and mesogens are self-assembled through non-covalent interactions (ionic, hydrogen-bonding, coordination). The use of block copolymers leads to hierarchical structures, combining the (block copolymer) mesoscale and (liquid crystal) nanoscale, that begin to resemble nature's structures. Stimuli-sensitive mesogens are chosen to generate intelligent materials for specific applications (for example, optical). These materials are being investigated in bulk, and as thin and ultra-thin films. Theory and computational modeling aid in understanding the various self-assembling processes involved. Liquid Crystalline Suspensions Under suitable conditions, rod-like colloidal particles can form liquid crystalline suspensions. When nanocrystals of cellulose are dispersed in water, they self-order to form chiral nematic phases with interesting physical and optical properties. Surface orientation of the nanocrystals, film roughness and stability to solvent were compared for the 2 multilayer preparation methods. Ionically crosslinked dip-coated films are stable in water whereas physisorbed spin-coated films re-disperse in solvent. Attempts were made to induce alignment of the cellulose nanocrystals by varying the substrate, substrate pre-treatment, cellulose concentration and by applying a magnetic field. - Instron tester - Quartz microbalance - Analytical and preparative GPCs - DSC, TGA and DMTA - Raman spectrometry - Analytical ultracentrifuge - WAXS and SAXS - AFM microscopy - Optical microscopy - Static and dynamic light scattering - Conventional FTIR - Polarization modulation infrared FTIR spectrometer - Accessories for IRRAS, single and multiple reflection ATR (attenuated total reflection) - Surface force apparatus - Transient fluorescence spectroscopy - Contact angle apparatus - Particle analyzer - TEM and SEM

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. Refer to the Electricity and Circuits Class 6 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation. Electricity and Circuits Class 6 MCQs Questions with Answers. Choose the correct option. Question 1 Electric Circuit. Electricity needs a______ to pass from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of an electric cell. A bulb glows only when the and the of an electric cell are connected to the two terminals of the bulb. If the wires from the bulb are connected to the same terminal (either positive or negative), then the bulb doesn't glow Fatskills is a global online study tool with 11000+ quizzes, study guides, MCQs & practice tests for all examinations, certifications, courses & classes - K12, ACT, GED, SAT, NCERT, NTSE, IIT JEE, NEET, SSC, math tests, social studies, science, language arts, and more test prep. We help people pass any competitive exam electricity and circuits class 6 quiz with answers . MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits. August 2, 2021 by ncertcareer. Search for: Taro's Reward Class 6 MCQ Questions with Answers English Chapter 3; How the Dog Found Himself a New Master? Class 6 MCQ Questions with Answer CBSE Worksheets for Class 6 Science Electricity Assignment. C. Answer the following questions in short: 1. Explain why the bulb would not glow in the arrangement shown in Fig. 1. 2. Complete the drawing shown in Fig. 2 to indicate where the free ends of the two wires should be joined to make the bulb glow To play this quiz, please finish editing it. Delete Quiz. This quiz is incomplete! To play this quiz, please finish editing it. A science class was completing an experiment on electrical circuits. Why did the bulb go out each time the switch was opened? An electric circuit. A wire. A load. Tags: Question 34 . SURVEY . 45 seconds . Q. In. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Electricity and Circuits Class 6 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation. NCERT CAREER. Q1. Name a device which use electric cell as a source of electricity. (a) T.V Electricity and Circuits Class 6 MCQs Questions with Answers. Question 1. In a cell, chemicals are used to produce potential difference. Question 2. A bulb has a filament which glows and two terminals which are joined to two terminals of the battery. Question 3. Tungsten has high melting point and high resistance CBSE Class 6 Science Electricity And Circuit MCQs Set A with answers available in Pdf for free download. The MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science with answers have been prepared as per the latest 2021 syllabus, NCERT books and examination pattern suggested in Standard 6 by CBSE, NCERT and KVS. Multiple Choice Questions for important part of exams for Grade 6 Science and if practiced properly can. Start studying Class 6 Science - Electricity and Circuits. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools Below we have complied the Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits important questions with answers. These important questions are divided into three parts. They are - Very short questions, short questions and long important question. CBSE important Questions for Class 6 Science will help to score more marks in your CBSE Board Exams Electricity and Circuits G6. On a hot sunny day, air conditioners are our saviours. While on a cold snowy day, radiators make us feel comfortable. Both appliances run on electricity. Today we cannot imagine our lives without electricity. Right from a small electric bulb to huge equipment in industries, there are numerous devices that work on. The electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to pass between the two terminals of the electric cell. The bulb will glow only when some current flows through the circuit. In an electric circuit, the direction of current has to be taken from the positive to the negative terminal of the electric cell . The Science course is delivered in English . ( True) (b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit. ( False) (c) Electric current can pass through a sheet of thermocol. ( False) (d) When current flows through a circuit, the circuit is called open circuit. ( False) (e) An electric bulb has one terminal ( False 5. The bulb glows only when _____ flows through the circuit. 6. In electric bells electric energy transform in to _____energy. 7. A _____ is a simple device that either breaks a circuit or completes it. 8. Those materials which allow electric current to pass through them are called _____ of electricity. eg. copper, aluminium etc. 9 CBSE Class 6 Science Electricity And Circuit MCQs Set B with answers available in Pdf for free download. The MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science with answers have been prepared as per the latest 2021 syllabus, NCERT books and examination pattern suggested in Standard 6 by CBSE, NCERT and KVS. Multiple Choice Questions for important part of exams for Grade 6 Science and if practiced properly can. Students can practice the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits with Answers Pdf free download is available here. Revise all the concepts easily by taking help from the MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science with Answers are prepared based on the latest exam pattern. Students can refer to these [ MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits with Answers by Mehdi Alom Here you will find NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 6 science with Answers PDF Free Download based on the important concepts and topics given in the textbook as per CBSE new exam pattern 6 Sc Quiz. Electric Circuit. Electricity is all pervasive and we cannot imagine the comforts of modern life without electricity. All the electrical appliances get energy from electric current. Electric current flows through wires. A path through which electric current flows is called electric circuit. It is important to remember that current. Here you can get Class 6 Important Questions Science based on NCERT Text book for Class VI. Science Class 6 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Electricity and Circuits for Class 6 Science subject. Science Important Questions Class 6 are given below Aug 01,2021 - Olympiad Test: Electricity & Circuits | 20 Questions MCQ Test has questions of Class 6 preparation. This test is Rated positive by 92% students preparing for Class 6.This MCQ test is related to Class 6 syllabus, prepared by Class 6 teachers Understand the concept of Poll quiz of Electricity and Circuits with CBSE Class 6 course curated by Aanchal Sharma on Unacademy. The Science course is delivered in Hindi Class 6 Science Chapter 12 MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) of Electricity and Circuit. All the MCQs are helpful for the revision of chapter and doubt clearing. These MCQs includes all the questions from intext paragraphs and objective questions from exercises. These MCQ quiz guaranteed a good score in exams based on chapter 12 of standard 6. A circuit is a closed path around which electric current can flow. Next Question > Volt. A volt is a unit of electrical energy. Next Question > Watt. A watt is a unit of power. Next Question > Take our electricity quiz! Well done! You scored 0 out of 10. Replay the quiz. Electricity. Go to topic. Ancient Egypt. Try another quiz. DK findout. Class 6 Physics Electricity and Circuits . Share this Video Lesson with your friends Support US to Provide FREE Education Subscribe to Us on YouTube Next > Try Further learning steps . Topics in this lesson. Electricity and Circuit Part 1 (Electric Current) Class 6 VI 12. A series circuit has one path from the source and back to the source again. 13. If you unscrew one of the light bulbs in a parallel circuit, the rest will stop lighting. 14. Glass is a conductor of electricity. 15 MCQ Questions for Class 6 Physics with Answers: Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has declared a major change in the Class 6 exam pattern from 2020.Practicing & preparing each and every chapter covered in the CBSE Class 6 Science Syllabus is a necessary task to attempt the MCQs Section easily with full confidence in the board exam paper Get Electricity and Circuits, Science Chapter Notes, Questions & Answers, Video Lessons, Practice Test and more for CBSE Class 10 at TopperLearning Class 6 Electricity And Circuits CBSE Questions & Answers This is Science Class 6 Electricity and Circuits CBSE Questions & Answers. There are 15 questions in this test with each question having around four answer choices CBSE class 6 worksheets as PDF for free download Electricity and Circuits worksheets. Users can download and print the worksheets on class 6 Science Electricity and Circuits for free. Download Electricity and Circuits worksheet for class 6 Symmetry worksheet for class 6 Important Topics. ELECTRIC CELL; A BULB CONNECTED TO AN ELECTRIC CEL class 6 science worksheets Chapter 12-Electricity and Circuits. Academic team of entrancei uploaded Important questions & worksheet for class 6 science Chapter 12-Electricity and Circuits . All pdf sheet consists of different type of questions asked in school exam like one mark , two marks , five marks and each question are explained with step. Electricity and Circuits: Questions 1-3 of 3. Get to the point NSO Level 1- Science Olympiad (SOF) Class 6 questions for your exams An electric circuit provides a closed path for the current to flow. Terminals of the bulb are connected by wires to the electric cell. Sometimes the bulb does not glow as the filament gets fused (breaks) due to overheating. An Electric Circuit Electric circuit. A closed-loop path, which the current takes is known as an electric circuit CBSE Class 6 Science Electricity and Circuits Worksheets with Answers for Chapter 12 in PDF format to download prepared by expert Science teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Register online for Science tuition on Vedantu.com to score more marks in your examination CBSETuts.com provides you Free PDF download of NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits solved by expert teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. All the chapter wise questions with solutions to help you to revise the complete CBSE syllabus and score more marks in Your board examinations Get all questions and answers of Electricity And Circuits of CBSE Class 6 Science on TopperLearning. TopperLearning's Experts and Students has answered all of Electricity And Circuits of CBSE Class 6 Science questions in detail Electricity is the flow of electrical charges. An electric circuit is a combination of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected together by conductive wires through which electric current can flow. You can represent the electric circuits with diagrams, using different symbols. Get Revision Notes of Class 6th Science Chapter 12 Electricity and circuits to score good marks in your Exams. Our notes of Chapter 12 Electricity and circuits are prepared by Maths experts in an easy to remember format, covering all syllabus of CBSE, KVPY, NTSE, Olympiads, NCERT & other Competitive Exams Electric currents = water pipes• Electric circuits are similar to pipes and hoses for water. - The big difference is that when you cut a hose, the water flows out, but when you cut a wire, electricity stops flowing. 9. *Two types of Circuits• *Closed Circuits: current flows• *Open circuits: no current flows• *The most common problem. Class 6 Science explains fascinating concepts to young minds. They learn many new things and find exciting new facts about different topics. The 12 th chapter of the Class 6 NCERT Science book focuses on explaining current, electricity, and circuits. This chapter will introduce the children to the world of electricity and circuits NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits. 1. Fill in the blanks: 2. Mark 'True' or 'False' for the following statements: (a) Electric current can flow through metals. (b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit. (c) Electric current can pass through a sheet of thermocol In this NCERT Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits, you will learn about electrical devices, electric circuits as well as conductors and insulators. While this chapter may seem tough at the beginning, once you start practicing and solving the questions related to this, it will be an easy ship to sail Class 6 Science Solved Q&A Food: Where does it come from ? Components of Food Fibre to fabric Sorting Materials Into Group Separation Of Substances Changes Around Us Getting To Know Plants Body Movements The Living Organisms And their Surroundings Motion And Measurment Of Distances Light, Shadows And Reflections Electricity And Circuits Fun. Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Extra Inside Questions and Answers - Electricity and Circuits. Here in this Page Class VI Students can Learn Extra Questions & Answer 12th Chapter Science fully Inside. We Provided Here Electricity and Circuits Science Chapter 12 Long Answer Type Question, MCQ Questions & Answer, Short Answer Type Questions (2 or 3. Long Answer Type Questions (36) Ans: An electric circuit is apth along which electricity can flow. Images (a) Completed circuit or closed circuit. (b) Open circuit. (37) Ans: (a) The electric circuit in which there is no gap in the connections between the terminals of the cell wires and bulb is called a complete circuit CBSE Class 6 - Science - CH 12 - Electricity and Circuits Electricity and Circuits NCERT Chapter Solutions and Q & A Q1. Fill i.. NCERT Solution for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 - Electricity and Circuits. 1. Fill in the blanks: (a) A device that is used to break an electric circuit is called a _____ _ These solutions for Electricity And Circuits are extremely popular among Class 6 students for Science Electricity And Circuits Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the Everyday_science Book of Class 6 Science Chapter 12 are provided here for you for free Answer the following questions. What is the purpose of using an electric switch? Name some electrical gadgets that have switched built into them. Answer: An electric switch helps us in making or breaking the electric circuit as and when required. It helps in saving electricity and in prolonging the life of an electric cell Practice Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits MCQ test. This Electricity and Circuits Class 6 MCQ test check the understanding and concept of the chapter. you can test your knowledge and evaluate yourself. We also have Class 6 Science Notes, NCERT solutions, worksheets and Assignment free on our website MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits with Answers. 1. open circuit if bulb is not fused. Your comments: Question 4 of 10. 5. A battery is 6. A substance which allows electricity to pass through it is called. a conductor. an insulator. semiconductor. superconductor. Your comments: Question 6 of 10. 7. Find detailed video answer solutions to Science Exemplar Problems class 6 Electricity and Circuits Exercise questions taught by expert teachers. Access free tutor videos and make learning fun on LIDO learning Class 6 Electricity And Circuits CBSE Questions & Answers. This is Science Class 6 Electricity and Circuits CBSE Questions & Answers. There are 15 questions in this test with each question having around four answer choices. Q.1) Battery is the combination of Electrical Circuits 1. This Science quiz is called 'Electrical Circuits 1' and it has been written by teachers to help you if you are studying the subject at middle school. Playing educational quizzes is a fabulous way to learn if you are in the 6th, 7th or 8th grade - aged 11 to 14. It costs only $12.50 per month to play this quiz and over. Course Title: Physics Module 6: Current Electricity and Circuits. Course Code: PHYS_06. Suitable for: Secondary School students in Forms 4 and 5. Course overview: Current Electricity and Circuits. At the end of this course, students will be able to: Explain the charging of objects. Describe the forces that electric charges exert on each other These MCQ Questions on Fun with Magnets class 6 with answers pave for a quick revision of the Chapter thereby helping you to enhance subject knowledge. Have a glance at the MCQ of Chapter 13 Science class 6 and cross-check your answers during preparation. Question 1. The pole of the magnet that points towards the South is called pole. (a) North 5. Electricity Generation and Transmission A lesson to discuss and investigate the generation and movement of electricity. 6. Exploring Electrical Circuits A lesson to provide opportunities to simulate electrical circuits. Providing a hands-on shared investigation of the creation of electrical circuits. Students apply their understandin if ammeter a3 reads 0.4A in both circuits, ammeter a1 reads 0.4A in circuit 11 and ammeter a1 reads 0.2A in circuit 12. ? if switch s3 is opened in both circuits, all the bulbs go out in both circuits. Which statement about electricity and circuits is TRUE? [7j-50] ? electrical current is a flow of positive protons Important Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits In this page we have Important Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits . Hope you like them and do not forget to like , social share and comment at the end of the page PDF Download Free. NCERT Solutions for Class 6. Class 6 Science Chapter 1 PDF: Food Where Does It Come From. Class 6 Science Chapter 10 PDF: Motion and Measurement of Distances. Class 6 Science Chapter 11 PDF: Light Shadows and Reflections. Class 6 Science Chapter 12 PDF: Electricity and Circuits. Class 6 Science Chapter 13 PDF: Fun with Magnets CBSE Class 6 Science Chapter 12 - Electricity and Circuits Revision Notes. In the Electricity and Circuits Class 6 Notes, the student will be studying electricity and its importance in our day to day life. You may notice that we are having a variety of electrical appliances in our surroundings which require electricity to function These solutions for Electricity And Circuits are extremely popular among Class 6 students for Science Electricity And Circuits Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the Science_in_everyday_life Book of Class 6 Science Chapter 14 are provided here for you for free NCERT Solutions for Class 6 Science Electricity and Circuits Class-VI (CHAPTER-12) ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS Question 1.Fill in the blanks: (i)A device that is used to break an electric circuit is called ———-. (ii)An electric cell has ——— terminals. Answer: Fill in the blanks: (i)A device that is used to break an electric circuit. Answer: Electricity that flows through cables as a current flows through a river is called current electricity. Question: Which of the following is not an electrical conductor? Answer: If material is attached across the poles of a battery and a current flows because electrons flow, the material is said to be a conductor. Glass is not a conductor Academic Questions & Answers Forum. Dry Cell. Class-VI . Science . Electricity and Circuits . Padma K. Sep 6, 2014. Dry Cell. What is a dry cell? how_to_reg Follow . thumb_up Like (1) visibility Views (4.1K) edit Answer . question_answer Answers(1) edit Answer Typically in every Primary 5 SA2 or Primary 6 Science examination paper, your child can expect questions on the topic of Electricity to be tested either in the multiple-choice section OR the open-ended section. Many students tend to get 'Electricity' questions incorrect because: (1) They face difficulty tracing the electrical circuit Circuits, Electricity and Circuits, Class 6 - An electric circuit is a path along which electricity can flow. The electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to pass (or current to flow) between the two terminals of an electric cell CBSE Worksheets for Class 6 Science: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 6 Science Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities Unit Overview Overview of topics by lesson: 1) introduction to electricity, both static and current, as well as electrons and atoms, 2) static electricity, including inducing electrical charge, repulsion and attraction, 3) current electricity, including voltage, current and resistance, 4) electrical conductors and insulators, including material properties, 5) series circuits, including. The path along which the electric current moves is called the electric circuit. 6. What is an Electric Current??? electric cell connecting wire filament flow of electronsDefinition:An electric current is the rate of flow of electriccharges in a circuit. 7. Electric Charges• Electric charges are made up of positive charges (protons) and. In a circuit a 33 Q resistor carries a current of 2 A. The voltage across the resistor is (a) 33 V (b) 66 v (c) 80 V (d) 132 V Ans: b. 15. A light bulb draws 300 mA when the voltage across it is 240 V. The resistance of the light bulb is (a) 400 Q (b) 600 Q (c) 800 Q (d) 1000 Q Ans: c. 16. The resistance of a parallel circuit consisting of two. It is always connected in parallel across the two point between which the potential difference is to be measured. 5 3a) Electric circuit :- Electric circuit :- is a continuous and closed path of an electric current. A schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising of a cell, electric bulb, ammeter and plug key. A All quizzes are paired with a solid lesson that can show you more about the ideas from the assessment in a manner that is relatable and unforgettable. Series and Parallel Circuits Quizzes

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Second graders have been reading nonfiction topics across multiple books. Working in groups, they learned all they could about a topic, such as sharks, plants, dinosaurs, bats, or space. Groups then created posters to teach others what they learned. The groups presented their informational posters to the third graders recently. The second graders are eager to tackle this type of project again. Upon reflection of the poster and presentation, almost every student said they would practice more to be confident and comfortable with what they will say. Growth mindset at its best! Second graders are exploring three digit numbers in many ways. We created these animals using hundreds, tens, and ones. Then we determined the total number by adding the parts. Students know how to represent three digit numbers in standard form, expanded form, word form, in a drawing, and on a number line. Next, we are learning to compare three digit numbers by using the symbols: <, =, and >. Mrs. Leonard is a 2nd grade teacher at the fabulous James Morris School!

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