Datasets:

skymizer

/

fineweb-edu-dedup-45B

like 4

Follow

skymizer 11

Exactly what Wiring Diagram? A wiring diagram is an easy visual representation from the physical connections and physical layout of an electrical system or even circuit. It exhibits how the electric wires are interconnected and will also display where fixtures plus parts may end up being connected to the system. When as well as how to Employ a Wiring Plan Use wiring diagrams to assist in building or producing the circuit or even electronic device. They usually are also useful with regard to making repairs. Kib Tank Sensor Wiring Diagram DIY enthusiasts use electrical wiring diagrams however they usually are also common within home building and auto repair. For example, a home builder will want to confirm typically the physical location of electrical outlets in addition to light fixtures by using a wiring diagram in order to avoid costly errors and building computer code violations. How in order to Draw a Circuit Plan SmartDraw comes with pre-made wiring diagram templates. Modify hundreds of power symbols and quickly drop them with your wiring diagram. Special control handles close to each symbol permit you to quickly resize or perhaps rotate them as necessary. To draw a wire, simply simply click around the Draw Outlines option on the particular left hand part of the sketching area. If an individual right click on the line, you could replace the line's color or thickness and add or eliminate arrowheads as required. Move a symbol on the line and it will put in itself and snap into place. As soon as connected, it will certainly remain connected whether or not you move the particular wire. If you need additional icons, click on the arrow close to the visible catalogue to bring upwards a drop down food selection and select A lot more. You'll be in a position to search for additional symbols in addition to open any relevant libraries. Click about Set Line Hops in the SmartPanel to show or perhaps hide line hops at crossover points. You can even change typically the size and shape of your collection hops. Select Demonstrate Dimensions to demonstrate the length of your cables or size regarding your component. How is a Electrical wiring Diagram Different through a Schematic? The schematic shows the particular plan and function regarding an electrical routine, but is not concerned with the physical layout in the wires. Wiring diagrams show how the particular wires are connected and where they will should located in the specific device, and also the physical connections between all the components. How is a Wiring Picture Different from a new Pictorial Diagram? In contrast to a pictorial picture, a wiring diagram uses abstract or simplified shapes and lines to demonstrate parts. Pictorial diagrams are often pictures along with labels or highly-detailed drawings of the physical components. Common Wiring Diagram Emblems In case a line touching another line has a black us dot, it means the particular lines are linked. When unconnected lines are demonstrated traversing, you'll see the line hop.

<urn:uuid:13f054c6-8a7c-4b8b-8e39-4ba3d3dd7a49>

“What are cover crops?” The term cover crop has been used more in the last 3 years than it has in the previous 15. Cover crops are generally considered any crop planted on a field between cash grain crops or during the non-growing season to provide “cover” to the soil. In the Midwest, the non-growing season typically starts after corn or soybean harvest, sometime between September and mid-November. Most cover crops get seeded during this period. Cover crops are terminated (using chemicals or tillage) in early to mid-spring either prior to or immediately following planting the cash crop. Before the advent of commercial fertilizer, cover crops were used mainly as a “green manure” crop that was plowed under in the spring to provide nutrients for the next crop. Today, the theory behind cover crops is multifaceted, and includes but is not limited to: 1. Improving organic matter and soil structure 2. Protecting the soil from wind and water erosion 3. Suppressing weed pressure 4. Maintaining nutrients in the soil 5. Improving microbial activity 6. Reducing compaction 7. Producing nitrogen One of the main benefits of planting cover crops is to improve soil and water conservation. The soil cover provided by the cover crop, along with the roots growing under the soil surface provide a dual level of protection for the soil. The plant cover reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil and protects the surface from wind erosion. The roots open pathways for water to infiltrate the soil instead of running off. To the contrary, water running across the surface often carries soil particles and nutrients along with it, which is not desirable. In addition to protecting nutrient loss from runoff, cover crops capture excess nutrients remaining in the soil after the cash grain crop is harvested and recycle them for the next crop, as the cover crop will slowly release these excess nutrients as it deteriorates after termination in the spring. Nutrients tied up in the cover crop won’t move into streams and creeks and add to nitrate or phosphorus levels in the spring. Challenges of Cover Crops Weather conditions and pest pressure can pose challenges to adding cover crops to your management system. In some cases, cover crops may attract pests such as army worm moths to lay eggs early in the Spring, which can lead to increased pest pressure in the following cash crop. Additional management, such as applying an insecticide as part of your cover crop termination program may be required. If your farm is not well tiled or receives excess rainfall in the Spring, a layer of cover crop residue can slow soil warm up and delay planting significantly. This issue can be resolved by planting a cover crop that does not survive the winter, changing the cover crop termination date, or using tillage to terminate the cover crop. While adding tillage to the program negates some of the soil conservation benefits of cover crops, it may be necessary in some instances. Even with tillage, the additional organic matter incorporated into the soil will help water holding capacity and soil tilth, so there will still be some conservation benefits versus the same field without a cover crop. Another challenge, especially in the upper Midwest, is the timing of the seeding. If your farm is located in the Dakotas, Wisconsin, Minnesota, or the northern tier of counties in Iowa, the cover crop may need to be inter-seeded while the commodity crop is still in the field, to allow the cover crop adequate time to grow and gain the benefits prior to winter weather. This can be accomplished in a number of ways including aerial seeding of the cover crop from a plane. Cover Crop Options There are a number of effective cover crops that can be used depending on what your goals and objectives are for the cover crop seeding. Most commonly these cover crops are cereal rye, oats, turnips, and radishes. Additional options would be hairy vetch, sweet clover, rye grass, lentil peas, sugar beets, and soybeans. Certain cover crops such as sweet clover and hairy vetch will fix/add nitrogen for use by the following cash crop. Fall cover crops, such as rye, can make great forage for livestock during the fall/winter and again in the spring. Some cover crops, such as tillage radishes can help manage compaction and aerate the soil better than others. Other cover crops, like oats, die during the winter, which eliminates the need to terminate them in the spring allowing for earlier planting of the cash crop and reducing the need for tillage in the spring. Cover crops can be a great tool in the stewardship of your land, but the right type of cover crop can vary depending on your overall crop rotation, field conditions, and location of the farm. All these factors and more need to be considered when determining which cover crops may fit best for your farm. Please feel free to contact a Hertz Farmland Professional if you would like additional information on cover crops for your farm.

<urn:uuid:e310640f-1883-4d18-a9bb-1ec8c6c57de9>

Download All Country Data Developing Effective Vaccine Messages Tailor communications to specific personal identity groups rather than demographic or socioeconomic traits. Political identity, in particular, has been associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Framing vaccine messaging according to the core beliefs of these groups may increase willingness to be vaccinated.ii Establish vaccination as a social norm by enlisting people who have received the vaccine to help spread the word. For example: - Distribute “I got vaccinated” stickers to generate interest in the community. - Create social media filters, hashtags and Instagram-friendly backdrops at vaccination sites, and encourage people to take photos and share them via their social media accounts. - Curate stories of people who have been successfully vaccinated to flood both traditional and social media channels with positive stories.ii iii Reaching Communities With Your Messages In historically marginalized communities, where people may be less likely to have an existing relationship with health care providers, targeting other sources of authority, such as faith-based leaders, may be more effective.v Use telephone calls, text messages, postcards and/or letters to send frequent reminders for people to get vaccinated.vi Tailor the delivery method to the specific population you are trying to reach. For example, personalized postcards or letters may be the best way to reach people ages 65 and older while younger people may respond better to text messages or emails.vii Provide educational resources and information about the vaccine in the form of brochures, pamphlets, or posters that are written in simple, easy-to-understand language with informative graphics and pictures. These can be distributed at primary care physicians’ offices, local health clinics and health departments, places of worship, community centers, and other places people may visit, including local stores. These interventions are especially effective with parents and caregivers.viii Try disseminating this information through as many mediums as possible, including radio, podcasts, television, text messages, phone calls and email to reach a wider audience and account for populations who may have limited or no internet access.ix Misinformation often flourishes on social media platforms. Urge federal representatives to elicit government support to counter misinformation on these sites by working with social media companies or efforts, such as the United Nation’s Verified initiative to apply flags and warning labels on social media posts promoting false or misleading information.vii Making It Easier To Get Vaccinated Then develop creative solutions that remove common barriers to access. For example, extending pharmacy hours or providing financial compensation for the secondary costs of vaccination, such as transportation and childcare, can encourage vaccine uptake.ii Increase the convenience of being vaccinated by setting up vaccination clinics in unconventional venues that are familiar and accessible to the community, such as local schools, religious institutions, workplaces, community centers and even pop-ups outside of local grocery stores.x Download PDF Version - deBeaumont. (2021). Poll: The Language of Vaccine Acceptance [Data set]. Retrieved from https://www.debeaumont.org/covid-vaccine-poll/ - Motta, M., Sylvester, S., Callaghan, T., & Trujillo, K. L. (2020, September 8). Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake through Effective Health Communication. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4d25e - Wood, S., & Schulman, K. (2021). Beyond Politics — Promoting Covid-19 Vaccination in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/nejmms2033790 - Isenor, J. E., Edwards, N. T., Alia, T. A., Slayter, K. L., MacDougall, D. M., McNeil, S. A., & Bowles, S. K. (2016). Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on vaccination rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine, 34(47), 5708–5723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.085 - Wallis, C. (2021, January 7). The best evidence to overcome COVID vaccination fears. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ the-best-evidence-for-how-to-overcome-covid-vaccine-fears1/ - Jacobson Vann, J. C., Jacobson, R. M., Coyne-Beasley, T., Asafu-Adjei, J. K., & Szilagyi, P. G. (2018). Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 1(1), CD003941. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003941.pub3 - Thomas R. E., Lorenzetti D. L. (2018). Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD005188. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD005188.pub4 - Sadaf, A., Richards, J. L., Glanz, J., Salmon, D. A., Omer, S. B. (2013). A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine, 31(40), 4293-4304. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.013. - United Nations Children’s Fund. Vaccine Misinformation Management Field Guide. New York, 2020. - Schoch-Spana, M. et al. (2020). The public’s role in COVID-19 vaccination: Human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States, Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059.

<urn:uuid:45ed6af3-ddee-4bb1-9542-b5da94b9e9f6>

Camelid hair; H. 21 1/2 in. (54.6 cm) Gift of George D. Pratt, 1929 (29.146.23) Throughout Peruvian prehistory, the tunic, with or without sleeves, was the primary item of clothing for men. Tunics have a vertical slit opening at the top for the neck; they display a great deal of variety in weaving techniques and patterning and a wide range of color. In addition to being practical, they were expressions of ethnic affiliation, social status, and religious beliefs. This example, woven in the slit-tapestry weave, is strikingly bold in design and color. It is made of two identical panels joined at the center and along the sides. Its main, most unusual design consists of two reptilian or fishlike creatures with spotted zigzag bodies facing each other at the center seam of the tunic. They have large heads with bicolored eyes, bared teeth, whiskers or barbells, and ears or fins. The tunic is currently considered Nazca-Wari style. Its shape and weaving technique display Nazca characteristics, while the rendering of the eyes and teeth are typical of the Wari style.

<urn:uuid:607e2157-6327-4d35-9a42-25deab1c92b9>

What is environmental justice? Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. “A powerful movement for change is building. We see and feel it, in the Black Lives Matter protests and the Poor People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival, with hundreds of groups and thousands of people mobilizing with concrete policy demands, and police departments all over the country being re-imagined. This is a time for each or us and each of our organizations to find our role in the bigger picture of what is happening. Although these crises may seem separate - health, unemployment, police brutality, racism, climate disruption, political polarization, wealth inequality - the Pachamama vision reminds us of their interconnectedness. Our society cannot address any one of them unless we are willing to look at their root causes and work for justice in every area of our society.” –Sue Staropoli, July 2020 Pachamama Alliance Rochester Area Newsletter To learn more: Read the Environmental Justice Platform: 17 Principles of Environmental Justice - Adopted at The First People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in 1991, this has served as a defining document for the growing grassroots movement for environmental justice. Read our Guide to Environmental Justice, which includes definitions, articles, videos, and podcasts Check out this blog post from Katie Rygg of Color Penfield Green: Exploring Policies that Address Climate Change and Different Degrees of Climate Justice Contact for Environmental Justice: [email protected]

<urn:uuid:5d0542fa-fa90-4b47-8aa8-0a9a8af08762>

Are the colder months particularly difficult for you and your loved one? Well, the possibility of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affecting either of you could indeed exist. This particular form of serious depression typically strikes people in the winter. People whose ability to spend time outdoors is restricted by inclement weather, diminished mobility, or illness are more susceptible. In this article, we will explain to you the nature of seasonal affective disorder and how a retirement home in Gretna, LA can help you to prevent and to combat the condition, so that you may make the most of your senior living experience. What Is the Nature of Seasonal Affective Disorder? Simply explained, seasonal mood disorder is a period of low mood that is most common in the winter when there is the least amount of daylight. Our normal circadian cycles might be disturbed and hormones can fluctuate as a result of less sunlight exposure. The issue is made more serious by the inability to go outside during the scant amount of daylight that is present. Vitamin D is a nutrient that humans require sunlight to synthesize and that is associated to sadness. Obtaining Sufficient Vitamin D Because it boosts immune function to fight SAD, and promotes bone and cardiovascular health, vitamin D is crucial for supporting both your mental and physical well-being. This vitamin is often consumed by food or sun exposure. Although vitamin D is crucial for people of all ages, it is particularly critical for retirees who are at higher risk of osteoporosis, depression, and excessive tiredness. Seniors’ bodies are less effective in converting sunlight into vitamin D, yet many medical professionals are reluctant to advise seniors to spend more hours in the sun because doing so increases their risk of skin cancer. The simplest way to ensure that your body gets the vitamins it needs is to change your diet! Walk outside as often as you are able to, for some clean air and to take in as much sunshine as you possibly can, because all of this can improve your mood and fight depression. If you have trouble moving about, you can get similar results by just adjusting the blinds or curtains and reclining by a window. Another effective SAD therapy is light therapy, which employs exposures to natural sunlight or a light box to activate your senses and boost your body’s natural production of vitamin D. If you happen to be utilizing a light box, set it up in front of your body, off-center, and avoid looking at it directly. Use it daily for about an hour to improve your mood. Daily physical activity, including exercise, lowers general tension and anxiety, which lessens SAD symptoms. Exercise also helps to exhaust the body, which enhances the quality and length of sleep. Simple home fitness regimens that get older folks moving while simultaneously boosting their strength and lowering their risk of falling are beneficial. It might be challenging to find time to exercise when you are a caregiver, notably in the chilly winter months. Finding methods to fit in quick exercises in your residence is a terrific strategy to stay active; the benefits rapidly add up.

<urn:uuid:eca4087a-3d1d-4904-b280-ec6119925b34>

Doctors in Sweden have successfully used artificial blood in patients for the first time. The blood is made from donated supplies of real blood, which normally has a shelf-life of 42 days, and turned into a powder, which can be stored for years. The powder can then be mixed into liquid form when needed, and used immediately regardless of the patient's blood type. Dr Pierre LaFolie, chief physician at the Karolinska Hospital, said that if artificial blood were approved for use it could lead to dramatic changes in health care. He said: "If this really works all the way, then mankind will have taken a big step forward. This is like landing on the moon." Dr LaFolie said synthetic blood could save time after an accident - particularly as there is no need test a patient's blood type before administering a transfusion. The synthetic blood has also been shown to transport oxygen through the body better than real blood, which can help limit damage to the body, for example during a heart attack. The synthetic blood has been developed by researchers in the US - the exact process for developing it has been kept secret - and it has been tested for the first time on eight patients at Karolinska Hospital. Lead researcher Professor Bengt Fagrell said: "There has been no sign that the blood would be rejected. "This is a molecule that the body's immune system gladly welcomes." Professor Fagrell said the patients had been administered artificial blood made out of human red blood cells. However, he said red blood cells from any mammal could be used. "We have chosen to use human blood for ethical reasons. But we could use blood within the entire mammal chain, such as cow blood." Interesting? I think this is a major innovation in medical science and is a breakthrough, comparable to landing on the moon. However, I guess we have to wait and see what happens on the ethical side of it, I'm not sure I'd like to know I've got a goat's blood running through my viens.......... Read about this here and here.

<urn:uuid:5ee59eed-f6f8-4873-b2df-9a028cbbf1be>

The Scope of Health Behavior and Health Education - Where professionals once might have seen their roles as working at a particular level of intervention (such as changing organizational or individual health behaviors) or employing a specific type of behavior change strategy (such as group interventions or individual counseling), we now realize that multiple interventions at multiple levels are often needed to initiate and sustain behavior change effectively. - And where health education and behavior change professionals once might have relied on intuition, experience, and their knowledge of the literature, increasingly we expect professionals to act on the basis of evidence. - A premise of Health Behavior and Health Education is that a dynamic exchange among theory, research, and practice is most likely to produce effective health education. - The editors believe fundamentally that theory and practice should coexist in a healthy dialectic, not as dichotomies. The best theory is likely to be grounded in lessons from practice. The best practice should be grounded in theory. Includes instructional activities and other strategies to change individual health behavior, as well as organizational efforts, policy directives, economic supports, environmental activities, mass media, and community-level programs. In the broadest sense, health behavior refers to the actions of individuals, groups, and organizations, as well as their determinants, correlates, and consequences, including social change, policy development and implementation, improved coping skills, and enhanced quality of life (Parkerson and others, 1993). Settings & Audiences for Health Education Seven major settings are particularly relevant to contemporary health education: - Health care settings - The consumer marketplace - The communications environment - For health education to be effective, it should be designed with an understanding of recipients, target audiences, health and social characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, skills, and past behaviors. - These audiences consist of people who may be reached as individuals, in groups, through organizations, as communities or sociopolitical entities, or through some combination of these. - They may be health professionals, clients, people at risk for disease, or patients. - There are four dimensions along which the potential audiences can be characterized: - sociodemographic characteristics - ethnic or racial background - life cycle stage - disease or at-risk status

<urn:uuid:ee753919-b7b0-499d-b43f-39a92e2da4f2>

To “generate” — as described by the Merriam-Webster dictionary — is to define or originate (something, such as a mathematical or linguistic set or structure) by the application of one or more rules or operations. For generations, artists and scientists have helped reshaping this term into an abstraction: Generative art takes place in a structured system – such as a set of natural language rules, a computer program, a machine, or other procedural inventions¹ – created by the artist and aimed at producing multiple, and potentially endless, results from the manipulation of an initial form. [When we talk about generative art], the term (generative) is simply a reference to how the art is made, and it makes no claims as to why the art is made this way or what its content is.¹ Despite its modern approach, generative art is “as old as art itself”¹. Since Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and throughout history, artists have designed complex and simple systems — as in the works of Elsworth Kelly or John Cage — for the creation of new generative artworks. Set aside Computer Science and AI, several art practices have contributed to the development of generative art. These include Electronic Music, Computer Graphics, Animation, VJ Culture, Industrial Design, and Architecture. The youth culture and audiovisual artists, in particular, are bringing generative art to the eye of the media as no one has ever done before. To bring generative art to a club night is to expose and showcase the potential of such practice to a massive crowd. Max Cooper, Alva Noto, Ryoichi Sakamoto, Squarepusher, and many other A/V artists are currently basing most of their work and live shows on machine generated art. Complexity science is a relatively young discipline aimed at understanding how the systems that rule the generative world work. Complex systems are called so because they (typically) have a large number of small components that interact with similar nearby parts.² Local components will interact in “nonlinear” ways, meaning that the interactions act in a non-sequential or straightforward manner. These local interactions are dynamic and in constant change, leading to the system organising itself. Scientists define these self-organising systems as complex systems. Examples of complex systems are the human brain, Earth’s climate, living cells, the stock market, etc. It is important to remember that complex systems may act in a chaotic manner, but never do so randomly. There is a somewhat clear distinction between chaos and randomness, especially within the field of generative art. Philip Galanter provides us with a great example of the difference between chaos and randomness: “…even though it is difficult to predict the specific weather 6 months from now, we can be relatively sure it won’t be 200 degrees outside, nor will we be getting 30 feet of rain on a single day, and so on. The weather exists within some minimum and maximum limits, and those expectations are a sort of container for all possible weather states.” There is an aspect to code which goes beyond its pure written form. Its execution constitutes what we experience. [However], to appreciate generative code fully we need to ‘sense’ the code to build an understanding of the code’s actions. To separate the code and the resultant actions would simply limit our experience, as well as the ultimate study of these forms.² - Galanter, P. What is Generative Art? — Complexity Theory as a Context for Art Theory, Philipgalanter.com. Available at: http://www.philipgalanter.com/downloads/ga2003_paper.pdf. - Cox, G., McLean, A. and Ward, A. The Aesthetics of Generative Code, Generative.net. Available at: http://generative.net/papers/aesthetics/. Francesco Imola is a London-based musician, weekend photographer, and current Sound Design student at the University of Greenwich.

<urn:uuid:f9efab15-a1a5-4338-a1fd-1053eebfb97e>

Evolution is the scientific theory that explains the diversity of life on earth. It states that all living organisms are related to each other through a common ancestor and have changed over time through natural selection. However, despite being widely accepted, some scientists argue that there are missing pieces in the theory of evolution. Let’s take a closer look at what is missing. The Role of Epigenetics One of the main criticisms of the theory of evolution is that it does not fully account for epigenetics. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that occur without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins. While epigenetic changes can be passed down from one generation to another, they are not necessarily permanent. This means that they can potentially be reversed or altered over time, leading to new adaptations and traits. However, the current theory of evolution does not fully explain how epigenetic changes contribute to evolutionary processes. Some scientists argue that incorporating epigenetics into evolutionary theory could provide a more complete understanding of how organisms adapt and evolve. The Origin of Life Another area where the theory of evolution falls short is in explaining the origin of life itself. While evolution explains how life has changed over time, it does not explain how life originated in the first place. There are several theories about how life may have originated on earth, such as the idea that it arose spontaneously from non-living matter or was brought here by meteorites from other planets. However, none of these theories have been conclusively proven, leaving a gap in our understanding of how life began. The Limits of Natural Selection Natural selection is often cited as the driving force behind evolutionary change. It operates on the principle that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without them, leading to the spread of these traits in a population over time. However, natural selection has its limitations. For example, it cannot account for traits that do not confer an immediate survival advantage but may be beneficial in the long run. It also cannot explain the existence of complex structures that require multiple mutations to arise. Some scientists argue that other mechanisms, such as genetic drift and horizontal gene transfer, may play a larger role in evolutionary change than previously thought. Incorporating these mechanisms into evolutionary theory could provide a more accurate picture of how organisms evolve. While the theory of evolution has been incredibly successful in explaining the diversity of life on earth, there are still gaps in our understanding. Incorporating new ideas and theories such as epigenetics, the origin of life, and alternative mechanisms for evolutionary change could help fill these gaps and provide a more complete picture of how life evolves over time.

<urn:uuid:1bbee7dc-e9f5-40b8-9ac9-6b2c9055e04e>

ICRC (2008). South Sudan Humanitarian Assistance to Returnees and Affected Communities Download this report Millions of internally displaced people (IDP) and refugees were expected to return home after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005 between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM). The agreement formally ended Africa's longest civil war, which left about two million people dead, four million displaced and more than 600,000 living as refugees outside the country. The return of those displaced, however, presented a formidable challenge to the authorities and the resident communities, much as they welcomed their people home where infrastructure and basic services were either completely non-existent or extremely limited. Most structures had either been damaged or destroyed during the conflict – or simply never existed in the first place. There are limited data for the south but the estimated social indicators are deeply disturbing. Poverty rates are estimated at 90%. Large areas are food insecure, acute malnutrition among children aged under five years is high (48%). Child mortality rate of children aged under five years is 250 per 1,000 while maternal mortality is 1,700 per 100,000. It is estimated that there is only one doctor per 100,000. Southern Sudan is host to rare tropical diseases, while malaria is endemic and measles, yellow fever, meningitis and cholera continue to take lives. While blanket HIV/AIDS prevalence is estimated at 2.6 per cent, rates of over 20 per cent have been recorded. Only 40 per cent of the people have access to safe drinking water while most do not have access to sanitary means of excreta disposal. The prevalence of diarrhoea is 43 per cent in children aged 6-59 months and guinea worm is endemic in some 3,400 villages (source: United Nations Children’s Fund- UNICEF). Despite efforts that have increased the number of children receiving basic education, hundreds of thousands remain out of school. The exact number of children associated with armed groups is unknown, but it may be around 16,000, according to the UN. Large areas are known to be contaminated by landmines and unexploded ordnance. It is against this background that communities, strained already to the limit, started receiving returnees. The Federation’s emergency appeal was a part of a coordinated response of the international community to contribute to the peace building in Sudan. Assisting returnees to reintegrate was identified an important element of the process. Given the size and complexity of the challenge, the Federation designed a multi-faceted approach, combining emergency response with plans for a more sustainable capacity building of the National Society, aiming at an extended and enhanced quality impact in programme areas. The approach was developed through extensive consultations with all key stakeholders. The core of the programme was to provide services and assist returnees and their host communities build a sustainable future. It targeted groups of people considered particularly vulnerable – elderly, disabled, single parent households – who required additional protection. Four areas were

<urn:uuid:864d8292-e20c-44da-8a5a-b6fa1ca12894>

Personification of the Ganges River Goddess of Forgiveness and Purification |Mantra||Om Sri Gangaya Namaha| |Parents||Himavan (father) and Maināvati (mother)| Ganga (Sanskrit: गङ्गा, romanized: Gaṅgā) is the personification of the river Ganges, who is worshipped by Hindus as the goddess of purification and forgiveness. Known by many names, Ganga is often depicted as a fair, beautiful woman, riding a divine crocodile-like creature called the makara. Some of the earliest mentions of Ganga are found in the Rigveda, where she is mentioned as the holiest of the rivers. Her stories mainly appear in post-Vedic texts such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the Puranas. The Ramayana describes her to be the firstborn of Himavat, the personification of the Himalayas, and the sister of the mother goddess Parvati. However, other texts mention her origin from the preserver deity, Vishnu. Legends focus on her descent to earth, which occurred because of a royal-sage Bhagiratha, aided by the god Shiva. In the epic Mahabharata, Ganga is the mother of the warrior Bhishma in a union with the Kuru king Shantanu. In Hinduism, Ganga is seen as a mother to humanity. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the souls (purified spirits) closer to moksha, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. Festivals like Ganga Dussehra and Ganga Jayanti are celebrated in her honour at several sacred places, which lie along the banks of the Ganges, including Gangotri, Haridwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi and Kali Ghat in Kolkata. Alongside Gautama Buddha, Ganga is worshipped during the Loy Krathong festival in Thailand. Ganga is mentioned in the Rigveda, the earliest and theoretically the holiest of the Hindu scriptures. Ganga is mentioned in the Nadistuti (Rigveda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word Ganga is also mentioned, but it is not clear if the reference is to the river. RVRV 3.58.6 says that "your ancient home, your auspicious friendship, O Heroes, your wealth is on the banks of the Jahanvi". This verse could refer to the Ganga. In RV 1.116.18–19, the Jahanvi and the Ganga River Dolphin occur in two adjacent verses. Ganga is described as the melodious, the fortunate, the cow that gives much milk, the eternally pure, the delightful, the body that is full of fish, affords delight to the eye and leaps over mountains in sport, the bedding that bestows water and happiness, and the friend or benefactor of all that lives. Since the Vedic period, the Ganga River has been considered the holiest of all rivers by Hindus. Ganga is also personified as a goddess and worshipped as Goddess Ganga. She holds an important place in the Hindu pantheon. Ganga is represented as a fair-complexioned woman, wearing a white crown and sitting on a crocodile. She holds a water lily in her right hand and a flute in her left. When shown with four hands she carries a water-pot, a lily, a rosary, and has one hand in a protective mode. The Rigveda mentions Ganga but more of her is said in the Puranas. Ganga is depicted four-armed and mounted on a crocodile or enthroned surrounded by crocodiles. In one of the iconography in Maha Virat-rupa, she holds a jar of amrita, rosary, lotus and varada mudra. She may be depicted in other ways holding only a kalasha (or 2 replacing lotus) and lotus, while other 2 hands in varada and abhaya mudra. Another depiction popular especially in Bengal shows her holding shankha, chakra (discus), lotus and abhaya mudra, with the kalasha releasing her holy water. In Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Ganga is often depicted with her divine mount, the makara– an animal with the head of a crocodile and tail of a dolphin. The Ramayana and several other texts narrate that Brahma created Himavat. He later became the king of the Himalayas, and married Menavati, the daughter of Meru. After several years, a daughter was born, and they named her Ganga. After some years, another daughter named Parvati was born, who was an incarnation of Sati. When Ganga grew up, the devas took her to Svarga, and she took a form of a river and flowed there. The Bhagavata Purana depicts another origin of Ganga. According to the text, Vishnu, in his incarnation as Vamana, extended his left foot to the end of the universe, and pierced a hole in its covering with the nail of his big toe. Through the hole, the pure water of the causal ocean entered this universe as the Ganges river. Having washed the lotus feet of the lord, which are covered with reddish saffron, the water of the Ganga acquired a very beautiful pink colour. Because the Ganges directly touches the lotus feet of Vishnu (Narayana) before descending within this universe, it is known as Bhagavat-Padi or Vishnupadi, which means emanating from the feet of Bhagavan (God). It finally settles in Brahmaloka or Brahmapura, the abode of the Brahma, before descending to the planet earth at the request of Bhagiratha, and held safely by Shiva on his head, to prevent the destruction of Bhumi Devi (the earth goddess). Then, Ganga was released from Shiva's hair to meet the needs of the country. A legend in the Bhagavata Purana and Devi Bhagavata Purana describes Ganga as originally being one of the three wives of Vishnu, along with Lakshmi and Saraswati. In the midst of a conversation, Saraswati observed that Ganga playfully kept glancing at Vishnu. Frustrated, Saraswati launched a furious tirade against Ganga, accusing her of stealing Vishnu's love away from her. When Ganga appealed to her husband to help her, he opted to remain neutral, not wishing to participate in a quarrel between his three wives, whom he loved equally. When Lakshmi attempted to soothe Saraswati's anger by reasoning with her, the jealous goddess grew angry with her as well, accusing her of disloyalty towards her. She cursed Lakshmi to be born as the Tulasi plant upon the earth. Ganga, now enraged that Lakshmi had been cursed because she had defended her, cursed Saraswati that she would be incarnated as a river on earth. Saraswati issued the same curse against Ganga, informing her that sinful men would cleanse themselves of their sins with her water. To prevent further conflict among the goddesses, Vishnu declares Lakshmi as his only wife and sends Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to Shiva. The Mahabharata narrates that there was once a war between the devas and the asuras. The leader of the asuras, Vritra, was killed by Indra, and so his followers hid in the sea, causing the devas to be unable to find them. The devas requested Sage Agastya to help. He used his divine powers and swallowed the ocean to reveal where the asuras were hiding. The devas defeated the remaining asuras, and asked Sage Agastya to restore the water. However, the sage was unable to release the water, despite trying several times. This caused drought conditions upon the earth, but Vishnu assured that the ocean would be filled by the flow of Ganga on the planet. The story about Ganga's descent on earth through the efforts of Bhagiratha, a descendant of King Sagara, is narrated in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and various Puranas. Wanting to show his sovereignty, King Sagara performed a ritual known as ashvamedha, where a horse was left to wander for one year. However, Indra stole the horse to prevent the ritual from being successful. Learning that the horse had disappeared, King Sagara sent his sixty thousand sons to look for it. They eventually found the horse at the ashrama of Sage Kapila, in the netherworld. Thinking that Sage Kapila had stolen the horse, the sons interrupted him while he was in a deep meditation. This infuriated Kapila, and with his ascetic's gaze, he burned all the sixty thousand sons to ashes. King Sagara sent his grandson, Anshuman, to ask the sage Kapila what could be done to bring deliverance to their souls. Sage Kapila advised that only the water of the Ganges, which flowed from Svarga, could liberate them. Bhagiratha, Anshuman's grandson, undertook severe ascetic practices, and won the favour of Brahma and Shiva. Brahma allowed Ganga to descend on earth, while Shiva broke Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, so that her force would not shatter the earth. When Ganga descended, Bhagiratha led her to the sea. From there, the river reached the netherworld, and liberated the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara. Because of Bhagiratha's efforts, the river is also known as Bhagirathi. She is also known as Tripathaga because she flows in the three worlds, heaven, earth, and the netherworld. Another epithet that Ganga is known by is Jahanvi, because she flooded the ashram of Sage Jahnu while being led by Bhagiratha. Her waters extinguished the ritual fire there, which angered the sage Jahnu, so he drank up all of Ganga's waters. Sage Jahnu later released the water out of his left ear after Bhagiratha explained his mission for Ganga's descent. Due to this incident, Ganga is known as Jahanvi, which means daughter of Sage Jahnu. In the Mahabharata, Ganga is the wife of Shantanu as well as the mother of the eight Vasus, including Bhishma. Ganga and Shantanu were cursed by Brahma to be born on earth. Shantanu met Ganga on the banks of the Ganges and asked her to marry him. She accepted the proposal on the condition that Shantanu would not question any of her actions. Shantanu agreed and they married. They lived together peacefully and had eight sons who were the incarnation of the eight Vasus. They too had been cursed and had asked Ganga to end their life when they were born to her on earth. Due to their request, Ganga began drowning each son upon birth while Shantanu watched without questioning. However, when she was about to drown their eighth son, Bhishma, Shantanu stopped her. Ganga later leaves with Bhishma but gives him back to Shantanu when he is ten years old. The Ganga is also called the Ganga Mata (Mother), and is revered in Hindu worship and culture, venerated for her forgiveness of sins and capacity to cleanse mankind. Unlike various other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature. She is also a mother to other gods. On this day, Ganga is regarded to have been reborn. According to legend, the goddess is regarded to have accidentally destroyed the hut of Sage Jahnu during her descent upon the earth. In retort, the sage drank the entirety of the river's water. At the request of Bhagiratha and Ganga herself, he released the river from his ear, and she earned the epithet Jahanvi. Ganga Jayanti falls on the seventh day of the month of Vaishakha's first fortnight. Ganga is worshipped during Navaratri as all the forms of Adishakti during the duration of the festivities. Thais use the Krathong to thank the Goddess of Water, the Hindu goddess Ganga, Phra Mae Khongkha (Thai: พระแม่คงคา). Ganga is respected in Nepal as a guardian water goddess, worshipped together with another river goddess Yamuna. Her sculptures are found in Patan Durbar Square and Gokarneshwar Mahadev temple is a municipality in Kathmandu District in the Bagmati Province. In Sri Lanka, Ganga with other Hindu deities assumes a Buddhist persona. Her sculpture is seen in Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara. In Balinese Hinduism, she is worshipped together with the goddess Danu. Her waters are considered holy in Bali. Her maternal association with Bhishma is known in Bali. Religious sites associated with her in Bali are Tirta Gangga, Pura Taman Mumbul Sangeh, and Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari. Ganga Talao in Mauritius is considered by the Mauritian Hindus equivalent to Ganga. In 1972, the then Prime Minister of Mauritius, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam brought Holy water from the Ganga's source - Gomukh in India and mixed it with the water of the Grand Bassin and renamed it as Ganga Talao. Ganga is invoked with Hindu deities Shiva, Bhumi, Surya and Chandra in Thailand's royal Triyampawai ceremony. She is worshipped together with goddess Phra Mae Thorani within Thai Bushhism and goddess Phosop in Tai folk religion. The four sacred pools of Suphan Buri Province have waters from the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers and are used for rituals. Ganga has been revered in Cambodia since the Khmer empire. In Shiva's iconographical form Uma-Gangapatisvarar (Khmer: ព្រះឧមាគង្គាបតិស្វរ), Shiva is depicted with Ganga and his wife Uma (Parvati). Ganga's images are located in Bakong, Lintel in Thommanon and exhibit in International Council of Museums.

<urn:uuid:68cbd4ca-919e-49e0-b0d2-642febfa0f79>

Salt Occurrence Along the Northern Gulf of Mexico Published:January 01, 1994 Upper middle Jurassic (Callovian?) Louann salt is presently found overlying continental, transitional, and ocean crust. Overlying continental crust, extensive salt deposits are found in central and northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas. The basins containing them include the Mississippi Interior, East Texas and North Louisiana basins, the Tampa Embayment, and the more regional Gulf Coast Geosyncline. Along the latter, salt is found west of the Santa Rosa Arch, 86°W, and generally east of the San Marcos Arch, 97°W, and locally within the Rio Grande Embayment. These salts appear to be autocraneous. Overlying transitional crust are the extensive salt deposits generally in the Louisiana offshore, with some salt in the eastern Texas offshore to approximately 96°W, and in the Alabama offshore to approximately 87°W. This salt may be autocraneous, or it was laterally extruded southward from the north (Humphris, 1978; Jackson and Cramez, 1989)”. Overlying oceanic crust, salt extends from approximately 87°W to 96°W. The southern boundary is the bathymetrically significant Sigsbee Escarpment. The northern boundary is transitional, with salt overlying transitional crust. This salt is generally held to have been extruded from the north. (See Humphris, 1978; Jackson, et al., 1988, among others). Mention is made by Lopez (1989) of a stock-like feature underlying this salt extruded wedge near 27°N, 90°20'W. This feature, confirmed by seismic data, may be an isolated salt dome rising to the extruded salt wedge. Also, this dome may have been derived from normal seafloor spreading processes. Here we will Figures & Tables Seismic Stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon Traps: Louisiana Onshore and Offshore “Synergisms among tectonics, sedimentation, and climate/sealevel oscillations provide hydrocarbon source, reservoirs, and traps. This book from the SEG Course Notes series examines these traits, as they exist in the on- and offshore region of Louisiana.”

<urn:uuid:65ce5c0c-18d9-4a69-8f62-88912b1c1b26>

Highlighting Ideas from Rough Draft Math: Revising To Learn by Amanda Jansen When we think about revising in math class, many of us might think about correcting mistakes. But as Amanda Jansen writes in her book, Rough Draft Math, this goal for revising is just one of many powerful possibilities. In today’s Math Monday blog, we dig into this idea with an excerpt from the book: Goals for Revising When we ask students to revise their thinking, how do we want them to improve it? Setting a goal for revision can help students orient themselves amid the many ways students can refine their draft ideas. Becoming more accurate is often how we think about revising our work in math class. However, students’ definitions, proofs, justifications, or explanations could also be improved by becoming more concise, more elegant, more convincing, or even more illuminating. Let’s check out some of the goals for revision from a chart from Rough Draft Math. You can download a copy of this chart here as well. Until next time, may your Monday be mathematically marvelous!

<urn:uuid:709c0546-d42f-40bb-8ba0-d432c14ed571>

Lewis and Clark: Maps of Exploration 1507-1814 This 1995 exhibition presents approximately 70 maps designed to help "understand [Thomas] Jefferson's views of the West and the nature of the quest to the Pacific," and to "show the evolution of cartographic knowledge of North America up to the time that [Meriwether] Lewis and [William] Clark set out." Arranged into five sections, it treats the period from the arrival of Columbus in North America to Lewis and Clark's 1803 voyage. Well-written background essays describe relevant monographs and journals, explain the role of technology in mapmaking, and elucidate the social and intellectual contexts of Western exploration. The site, which offers both European and American perspectives, also furnishes eight related links and a 31-title bibliography. Particularly useful for understanding the evolution of geographic knowledge about North America and for tracing the history of cartography during this period.

<urn:uuid:c6885958-3038-48a5-bc5c-70eb8fa2ebad>

Basic Sentence Patterns With Examples – ? I am thinking of the builders and architects who design the sections. of the building and discover how all the elements fit together in the final product. You and I can’t build buildings. But we make sentences. We can think of ourselves as architects of words. And lexical architects need to study sentence structure to know how likely a sentence is. Basic Sentence Patterns With Examples In this way we can learn to change our sentences. Which makes our writing more attractive. And we can check that our sentences are grammatically correct. Sentence Structure Worksheets Now let’s study the structure of the sentence. But have you ever thought about what a sentence is? A sentence is a group of words with a subject and a verb that expresses a complete idea. Sentences make it easier to understand ideas and learn information. We can categorize sentences based on a variety of criteria. And one way to categorize sentences is based on their structure. When I say we’re looking at sentence structure, we’re really looking. So it’s important that you understand a little bit about clauses before you start. Crosslinguistic Word Order Variation Reflects Evolutionary Pressures Of Dependency And Information Locality A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. There are two main types of clauses. If we categorize sentences by structure (a combination of independent and dependent sentences), we find four syntactic structures. Let’s learn! Remember that an independent sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete idea. I’m going to use a sentence diagram to show you how different sentence structures work. How are these? Because the diagrams really show you different structures! This is a syntax diagram of a simple sentence. Note that there is only one horizontal line. Writing Basics: What Makes A Good Sentence? These clauses are joined by a coordination or semicolon. (Joining two independent clauses with a comma is an error called comma articulation.) This is a syntactic diagram of compound sentences. Notice that there are now two horizontal lines. One line is below the other. To make a complete sentence A sentence must have a subject and a verb. and show complete ideas If the sentence does not contain this information it indicates that it may be a fragmented sentence and if you have a sentence with two or more independent clauses that are spaced incorrectly That sentence could be a following sentence. Basic Spanish Sentence Patterns You Can Use Right Away A subordinate clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. but it doesn’t express the whole idea This is a syntax diagram of a complex sentence. Notice that there are still two horizontal lines. But one line is below the other and is shifted to the right. Sometimes it can be difficult for the average person to differentiate between a compound sentence and a complex sentence. And the structure of sentences can be changed simply by changing a word! You will find more information here. Compound sentences are exactly what they sound like 🙂 It is a combination of compound sentences and complex sentences. You know what it means, right? This means that these types consist of at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Sentence Structure: Definition And Examples This is a diagram of a complex compound sentence. Please note that this is a mixture of compound sentences and complex sentences! Two horizontal lines are directly above and below each other. and the third line hanging in the middle You now have a good understanding of sentence structure! If you want to answer your own questions about this material, see this helpful PDF: http://www.lamission.edu. Don’t forget to sign up for our free biweekly newsletter to keep in touch! If you don’t want to teach or learn grammar on your own Click here to see how I can help. If you want me to help you teach or learn grammar in a simple and accessible way. Check out the Get Smart Grammar program, it shows everything clearly and lets you go at your own pace. Just watch the video and complete your task. When you finish you will have an excellent understanding of grammar and sentence diagrams. and you will feel safer How To Teach Sentence Structure To Esl Students His classes are guaranteed to make you feel more confident in your communication skills and make you smile 🙂 Phrases with at least one simple subject and one simple predicate Two types of main clauses: ◦ independent ◦ dependent. Phrases and Sentences Review Sentences must have a subject and a predicate (subject of action) Modifiers modify nouns and verbs Modify adjectives. Learn To Use Sentence Patterns As A Way Of Categorizing Sentences SET: Basic sentence A must: is a sentence in itself. (It is a complete idea that does not begin with a conjunction.) It consists of a subject. Hello! Write today’s words and the definition of your new words. Then take out the documents Go out to take grammar notes. (You do not want. From soup to beans!!!! New words Simple sentences I love pizza Simple sentences have a subject (I) and a predicate (love). Improve Research Grammar Consolidate Sentences :: Consolidate Topics: Bethany enjoys writing persuasive essays. Linda likes to write persuasively. Korean Sentence Structures: A Complete Overview Appositive grammar practice appositive: gives more information or details about a noun or topic Example: John the elevator operator is working. A group of words without a subject and without a predicate They function in a sentence as part of speech (preposition, adjective, or adverb). Prepositions and prepositional phrases. What is a preposition? Conjunctions such as in, of, near, between or outside are always followed by a noun. What is a sentence? A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea, for example, this gift is for you. Each sentence consists of two parts: the subject of the predicate. Basic Sentence Patterns: Kristoffer De Guzman Worksheet 3: Present simple and present continuous Worksheet 1: Subject and verb pronouns “to be” Worksheet 2 Basic sentence 6 forms 1.Subject + Verb I swim. Joe nothing. They swim. 2. Subject + Verb + Object. I drive a car. Joe plays the guitar. They have dinner. 3. Subject + Verb + Section. Subjunctive (noun/adjective) I’m busy. Joe became a doctor. You look sick. 4. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object I gave you a gift. She taught us English 5. Subject + Verb + Object + Object I left the door open. We elected him as president. They call her Jane Subject 6 + V. be + Complement/ Prep / Adverbs I am a nurse. The snake charmer is my cell phone in my pocket. my cat is outside Can, possibly 2. Verbs followed by V.1 have had had had had had ‘modal verb, you could have had had had had had had had. must have must have must have must have could have been better *required first **active voice passive voice (ser + v.3) He can drive, he can drive a car. he he he can’t drive The car can’t be driven. You can’t eat apples. apples should not be eaten should be at this time This watch is worth buying. must pass the exam the exam must pass *Used to have is a translation that says wont, wont, wont, wont, wont, wont, wont, will come back and, and here is something to be avoided, must have, like, like, like, and noun noun is translated into thai thai thai thai thai thai thai thai) * I am being used. About living in Bangkok (adj.) * I’m used to eating breakfast quite late (………) ** I don’t think I’m asking. **What I need to do? Shopping on the way home from work** Wants to wash her hair** This room needs cleaning. Analyzing Sentence Structure Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to 2.2 The verbs “make”, “make”, “see”, “hear”, “feel”, “see” and “notice” are followed by “object” + verb without “a”. “You make me wait (not you make me wait). I saw him hit the kid. (I didn’t hit the ball at all) Don’t let the kid stay up late. Did you hear him say he was leaving? Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to She help me download the car. O you help me download my things from the car. In the passive form with hacer, ver, escuchar, ayudar y saber we use infinitives with to, I have to wait (not wait), you are helped to unpack. Preposition + Noun Phrase/Gerund = Prepositional Phrase 3. Prepositional Preposition + Noun Phrase/Gerund = Prepositional Phrase is in a sentence that has no meaning Find and let (……..) separate other parts of speech about up on board, jump, continue, carry on, under, everywhere, as between, after, under, before, in relation to, while under, while refraining from, within, from, near, from, opposite 7 basic sentence patterns examples, 6 basic sentence patterns examples, basic sentence patterns, sentence patterns and examples, 5 basic sentence patterns examples, 20 basic sentence patterns, examples of sentence patterns, basic sentence patterns english, 6 basic sentence patterns, basic sentence structure examples, basic sentence examples, basic sentence patterns in english with examples

<urn:uuid:53fe0cd9-c578-45e7-ab2c-d4ee04a1d446>

While discussing the role of the Indian bar and the judiciary in solving the problems which face India today, it will be unsafe and misleading to rely on the example of the American, or even the British bar in all matters, though in some matters a reference to Soviet, American, and British examples may be very useful. We must go the original texts to get a true and correct picture of the legal system of ancient India. The reader will discover from them that Indian jurisprudence was found on the rule of law; that the King himself was subject to the law; that arbitrary power was unknown to Indian political theory and jurisprudence and the kind’s right to govern was subject to the fulfillment of duties the breach of which resulted in forfeiture of kingship; that the judges were independent and subject only to the law; that ancient India had the highest standard of any nation of antiquity as regards the ability, learning, integrity, impartiality, and independence of the judiciary, and these standards have not been surpassed till today ; that the Indian judiciary consisted of a hierarchy of judges with the Court of the Chief Justice (Praadvivaka) at the top Benares will for ever be linked with the memory of Daniel Corrie, first Bishop of Madras. During his Chaplaincy in Benares, which began in November 1817, he did all in his power to spread the knowledge of our Lord in that great heathen city. Under his influence Maharajah Jay Narayan Ghosal, a wealthy man, opened a High School for Indian children. It is the oldest High School in the United Provinces. The school was established, in the words of the Maharajah Narayan, “for the Name of Jesus Christ for education in English, Bengalese, Persian, and Hindi.” And it is hereby enacted, that it shall be competent for the Government of any Presidency to issue a commission for the trial of any offences of treason, rebellion or crime against the state by one or more Judges, together with such Law Officers as shall be required or without any such Officer, according as it may be deemed expedient. It is hereby enacted, that it shall be competent to either of the Courts of Sudder Dewanny and Nizamut Adawlut, within the Territories subject to the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal, by an Order, under the signature of the Register of such Court, to transfer to such Register the duty of preparing appealed causes for trial, and of executing the decrees and orders of the said Courts, and to authorize him to issue the necessary process, and to proceed thereupon agreeably to the Rules prescribed by the general Regulations of Government. The Company, however, gradually established factories and acquired territories in India and for the protection of its territories and for further acquisition, it was empowered to raise an army, make war and peace and exercise governmental functions. It subsequently obtained the grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Emperor Shah Alam in 1765.

<urn:uuid:0865f9b8-a72a-4c42-9634-9f6f1b1a00dc>

What parents need to know Parents Need to Know Parents need to know that Kerbal Space Program is a space-themed engineering simulation that focuses on creativity and trial and error. It allows kids to build and test rocket ships using a highly visual creation tool similar to Spore's creature creator. The ships are crewed by little green astronauts, who do not feature prominently in the game. Many launches end in catastrophe and explosions. Most often the astronauts survive, but sometimes they disappear. Death is not directly depicted. What kids can learn Thinking & Reasoning - problem solving - applying information - making new creations - developing novel solutions - work to achieve goals - digital creation Engagement, Approach, Support Engagement will vary depending on temperament. Kids who love solving problems and who enjoy trial-and-error learning will easily spend hours on the game. Kids acquire and creatively apply math, physics, and engineering knowledge by designing, constructing, and launching rockets. In-game tutorials provide basic instruction. Online videos and forums are easily accessible and have been created by a rich and active player community. What's it about? KERBAL SPACE PROGRAM is like a NASA simulator except it takes place in a fictional star system on the planet Kerbin. Players purchase various rocket parts such as engines and fuel canisters, put them together, and then see if they can get their ships into orbit, to one of Kerbin’s two moons, or even to another planet. The star system closely resembles our solar system, but the planet is populated with cute little green men reminiscent of the minions in Despicable Me. Is it any good? Kerbal Space Program will be fun for determined, science-loving kids who can take the time to observe flight read-outs and use the provided controls to tinker with trajectory. They will learn the fundamentals of rocket science and realistic, modern-day space flight. Though the amount of feedback can be overwhelming, the player community on the game's forums and on YouTube is robust and helpful and provides a rich resource for self-directed learning. The game is still in alpha, so not all the features are in place yet. Players can and do provide feedback and feature suggestions. When the final game is ready, it will sport a career mode with a series of missions, a limited parts-buying budget, and a personnel manager. Right now, the game is a sandbox, meaning that players set their own challenges. What emerge are unique, self-designed experiences that nicely highlight the trials and tribulations of space flight. Families can talk about... Families can talk about how this game is designed to encourage trial-and-error problem solving. Are simulations that are focused on building and creating more or less fun than violent games? How can you protect your identity and privacy when/if you participate in Kerbal Space Program's online community?

<urn:uuid:573b6957-258f-4bd6-9422-9f5317eff890>

Math Pre K Worksheets. Big bigger biggest prek kindergarten. Pre k math worksheets printable pdf activities for math practice. These preschool math worksheets pdf are being designed to improve the lateral thinking and cognitive skills of children.prekinders math printables give the opportunity to exercise on every single topic in a very simple manner which is also easy for children to understand. Pre k math worksheets printable pdf activities for math practice. Pre k math worksheets printable pdf activities for math practice. Table of Contents Each Worksheet Is Carefully Crafted With The Best Graphics And Colors Which Appeal To Young Learners. Pre k math worksheets provide a great way to improve your child’s handwriting. Recognize, write, count and compare numbers. This numbers and counting set includes 33 numbers 1 to 10 worksheets and activities suitable for pre k level. Math, Language Arts And Other Activities, Including Letters And The Alphabet, Handwriting, Numbers, Counting, Shapes. 15 kindergarten math worksheets pdf files to download for free kindergarten addition worksheets kindergarten math worksheets kindergarten math worksheets free. In this coloring math worksheet, your child will color the big triangles red and the small circles blue, then count how many there are. These math sheets can be printed as extra teaching material for teachers, extra math practice for kids or as homework material parents can use. The Best Way To Help Children Begin To Learn These Math Skills Is To Incorporate Them Into. Tracing and learning the names of seven shapes. Letter tracing worksheets alphabet chart. Recognize write count and compare numbers. Your Son Will Be Ready To Trace The First Few Letters Of Each Line And Then Practice Their Handwriting On The Following Line. The activities in this pack include: Math worksheets printable pre school free k addition twisty noodle grade prek tk archives and no preschool counting to 3 number activity shelter cut paste kindergarten numbers pdf active 10 best packets monster pack for 1st easter day teaching materials esl penguin 2 about worksheet frog abcteach kids can t. Add the gingerbread men math worksheet. Big Triangles Small Circles In This Coloring Math Worksheet Your Child Will Color The Big Triangles Red And The Small Circles Blue Then Count How Many There Are. Each worksheet consists of two rows of writing activities. Your child's fine motor skills can improve as she carefully traces the circles, squares, triangles and rectangles in this worksheet. More advanced worksheets are provided in our grades 1 6 free math worksheet section.

<urn:uuid:d33a29fa-c495-4f3e-8d11-cd953ddcbc9d>

Last Updated on February 19, 2022 by Allison Price VISION in the HORSE: WHAT DOES A HORSE “SEE?” Horses have a 360 degree total visual field. This means that horses can see their tail with their heads pointed forward. Post-natally, a 65 degree frontal binocular view develops. Horses have a retina that is capable of detecting movement. The horse uses both eyes until the object is within 3-4 feet. If it cannot see with one eye, it will turn its head or lower itself to continue watching with the other eye. Horses have cones in their retina which indicate that they can see color in the form blues and reds. OCULAR PROBLEMS IN FOAL A newborn foal might have droopy eyes, low tear secretion and a round pupil. There may also be a reduced menace reflex, prominent lens sutures, and decreased corneal sensitivity. Entropion refers to an inward roll of the eyelid margin. The eyelid hairs rub against the cornea. This can occur in foals as a primary problem or secondary to dehydration and emaciation in “downer foals”. To prevent corneal ulceration in neonates, it can be fixed by placing sutures along the lid margin. Common congenital eye defects are congenital cataracts in foals. Surgery is highly recommended. A common congenital defect is microphthalmos, or a small-sized eye. There may be a variety of lesions. Microphthalmic eye can be either visual or may be associated with other eye conditions that lead to blindness. Uveitis and iridocyclitis in foals are usually secondary to severe illness. They may occur in one or both of the eyes. There may also be red cells, white cells, and proteins. In the southern United States, yearlings and foals of Thoroughbreds have been diagnosed with severe unilateral blinding fibrinous vision impairments secondary to plant toxins. EYE DIAGNOSES AND THERAPY Traumatic eyelid lesions To prevent corneal dehydration and further injury, a rapid and accurate treatment of limb trauma is essential. The eyelids are very vascularized and have an incredible ability to heal and resist infection. They can also swell very rapidly. Due to their large blood supply, minimal debridement should be done. An eyelid “tag”, or pedicle flap, should not ever be removed as it can lead to corneal ulceration and exposure keratitis. Horses are more likely to sustain upper eyelid damage than those with lower ones. This is because the horse’s upper lid moves more than the lower one. To preserve eyelid function, it is important to preserve the margin of the eyelid. Protect the repaired lesion from “self trauma” by using masks or hard cups. Neoplasia in the lids Eyelid melanomas can be found in grey horses. Percherons and Arabians are also at higher risk. Melanomas can be single or multi-faceted. Cimetidine, surgical excision, and/or cryotherapy are the options for treatment. Sarcoids can be single or multiple tumors in the eyelids and periocular area of horses. The etiology of sarcoids could be due to retroviruses or papilloma virus. Flies could be capable of transferring sarcoid cells between horses to cause traumatic skin lesions in others. Horses can be aggressive in their sarcoid behavior depending on where they live. Mules seem to be affected by an aggressive form of the sarcoids. The immunotherapy for sarcoids can be done using reduced Mycobacterium bovis cell walls extracts, such as the immunostimulant Bacillus Calmette-Gaerin. Before using BCG, it is worth applying antipsoriasis creams and/or topical 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for two weeks. Sarcoids can also be treated with intralesional radiotherapy, cryotherapy, hyperthermia and carbon dioxide laser excision. There have been varying success rates when intralesional chemotherapeutics, such as 5-FU or Cisplatin, were used. Some sarcoids can be treated with homeopathic remedies and caustic chemical creams. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common eye and lid tumor in horses. This could be due to increased carcinogenesis, periocular pigmentation, and the ultraviolet (UV), component of solar radiation. SCC is most likely to be caused by the UV component. Horses are more likely to develop SCC if they are older than the mean age of diagnosis (11.1 +/- ). One report shows a 0.4-year increase in prevalence. Clydesdales, Belgians and other draft horses are most likely to have ocular SCC. Next, Appaloosas or Paints are more common than Appaloosas or Paints. Quarter Horses, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Quarter Horses have the lowest prevalence. Ocular SCC is more common in palomino, white, and grey-white hair colors than in brown, black, and bay hair coats. After surgical excision of the equine eye ocular SCC, you should consider immunotherapy, cryotherapy, cryotherapy, radiofrequency hyperthermia and CO2 laser ablation, or intralesional chemotherapy. DISEASES IN THE CORNEA Equine corneal ulceration Equine corneal uti is common in horses. It is a serious eye disease that requires prompt diagnosis, laboratory confirmation, and the appropriate medical and surgical treatment. There are many types of corneal ulcers. They can be simple, superficial, or deep-seated abrasions to the corneal epithelium. Horses with prominent eyes may be more susceptible to trauma corneal injuries. Horses may experience mild to moderate bacterial or fungal keratitis. However, serious complications should be treated promptly. No matter how minor or severe, corneal ulcers in horses must be treated immediately. Uveitis and corneal infection are serious concerns in any case of slight corneal ulceration. Uveitis and iridocyclitis can occur in any type of corneal ulcer. They must be treated to prevent vision loss. Proteinases found in the tear film Tear film proteinases are normally used to monitor and repair damaged cells and collagen due to regular wear and tear on the cornea. To prevent tissue from being too damaged, these enzymes are balanced with inhibitory substances. Excessive levels of these proteinsases may lead to rapid degeneration and destruction of collagen and other components in the stroma. This can cause keratomalacia (or corneal “melting”), which can be fatal. Corneal sensitivity of foals and adult horses The corneal sensation is essential for corneal healing. The cornea of an adult horse is more sensitive than other animals. Corneal touch threshold analysis showed that the corneas of hospitalized foals and adult horses were less sensitive than normal foals or adults. Sick neonates are more likely to develop corneal disease than healthy foals. This may partly explain why sick neonates with corneal disease are often without clinical signs. Corneal healing for horses The thickness of an equine cornea ranges from 1.0 to 1.5mm in the middle to 0.8mm at its periphery. The healing of large-diameter, noninfected corneal injuries is usually rapid and linear for five to 7 days. After that, it slows down. The increased activity of tear proteinase may cause slower healing in the second eye. Horses heal a corneal wound of 7 mm diameter that is not infected within 12 days (0.6 mm/day). The horse corneal microenvironment Horses live in a hostile environment. The cornea and conjunctiva are exposed to bacteria and fungal infections. The horse’s corneal epithelium is a strong barrier against the invasion and colonization of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi that are normally found on the cornea and conjunctiva. Defective corneal epithelium can allow bacteria and fungi to attach to the cornea, causing infection. Every corneal ulcer on a horse should be treated for infection. If a history of corneal injuries with vegetative material or prolonged corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy has not resulted in a significant improvement, it is important to suspect fungal involvement. Melting is a condition where excessive proteinase activity results in a liquefied, grayish -gelatinous appearance of the stroma at the margin of the ulcer. Horse corneas show a strong fibrovascular healing response. Horses have a unique corneal healing ability that is specific to their species. Horses suffering from painful eyes should have their corneas stained both with fluorescein dye or rose bengal dye. Fungal ulcers at the early stages of development will be negative for the fluorescein, but positive for rose bengal. First, corneal cultures should be taken. Then, corneal scrapings should be done for cytology. It is possible to have mixed bacterial and fungal infections. To ensure complete treatment, it is important to carefully consider the therapy options once a corneal injury has been diagnosed. The first major thrust in controlling a corneal ulcer is medical therapy. However, it should be tempered with the careful use of additional surgical procedures. Modifying this intensive pharmacological treatment should be based on its effectiveness. Topically applied antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol, bacitracin-neomycin-polymyxin B, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin or tobramycin ophthalmic solutions may be utilized to treat bacterial ulcers. The frequency of medication can vary from q2h up to q8h. Cefazolin (55mg/ml), bacitracin, chloramphenicol and bacitracin are all effective against beta hemolytic Streptococcus. Topically, gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas can be treated with ciprofloxacin (10 mg/ml), amikacin (10mg/ml), and polymyxin (0.25% IV solution). Extreme corneal inflammation due to bacterial infection (particularly, Pseudomonas, beta hemolytic Streptococcus), or fungal infection can cause rapid corneal liquefaction, and even perforation. Stromal collagenolysis and melting are caused by activation and/or production proteolytic enzymes. Serum is non-toxic, and it contains an alpha-2 macroglobulin that has antiproteinase activity. Topically administered serum can reduce the amount of tear film and corneal protease activity in horses with corneal ulcers. You can apply the serum topically as many times as you like, but it should be replaced every eight days. Atropine sulfate can be used to treat equine eye issues. Topically applied atropine (1%) can be used to stabilize the blood-aqueous membrane, reduce vascular protein leakage, minimize pain from ciliary muscles spasms, and reduce the likelihood of synechia formation through pupillary dilatation. Topically, Atropine can be used q4h to Q6h. The frequency of administration will decrease as soon as the pupil dilates. Topical atropine has been shown in horses to increase intestinal transit time, decrease and abolish intestinal sounds, as well as diminish normal myoelectric patterns within the small intestine. Some horses are more sensitive to atropine than others, and they may respond by showing signs of colic or prolonged intestinal transit time. Flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg IV, IM, or PO) are systemically administered NSAIDs. They can be taken orally or parenterally and have been shown to reduce uveal exudation in horses suffering from ulcers. Uveitis can also be reduced by topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs), such as profenol and flurbiprofen (BID to TID). Stall-return horses with corneal ulcers or secondary uveitis must be kept in a stable until they heal. Overexertion can lead to intraocular hemorhage or severe uveitis. In equine ophthalmology, conjunctival flaps (or grafts) are often used to treat deep, melting, large, and perforated corneal injuries. Unappropriate Therapy and Ulcers Topical corticosteroids can encourage the growth of fungal and bacterial opportunists. They interfere with non-specific inflammation reactions and cell immunity. All forms of corticosteroid therapy are contraindicated for the treatment of corneal infection. If organisms are not removed from the corneal stroma, even topical corticosteroid injections can be fatal. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING** Corneal ulcers can be difficult to see even under proper lighting. All red eyes or those with severe pain must be stained using fluorescein or rose bengal dyes. * Slowly progressive and indolent courses often deceive the seriousness of an ulcer. Corneal ulcers may quickly progress in horses to an eye tear. Topical corticosteroids can cause corneal fluorescein staining. * It is possible to have uveitis due to a corneal or stromal ulcer. FUNGAL ULTRAVISORS IN HORSES Fungi are common inhabitants of the horse environment and conjunctival microflora, but can be pathogenic after corneal injury. Fusarium and Aspergillus are all known causes of fungal keratomycosis in horses. Standardbreds seem to be more resistant to severe keratomycosis than Saddlebreds. The treatment can be quite long and may cause corneal scarring. These fungi are more susceptible to antifungal drugs than others in the following order: natamycin = miconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and fluconazole. CORNEAL STROMAL ABSCESSES Small epithelial ulcerative micropunctures can be used to inject microbes or debris into the corneal lumen. An epithelial cell adjacent to the micropuncture may divide and migrate to the small traumatic wound to encapsulate foreign bodies or infectious agents. This can lead to a corneal abscess. A fungal infection is more common than a bacterial one. The medical treatment consists of the aggressive use of systemic and topical antibiotics, topical atropine, and topical and systemsic NSAIDs. In abscesses close to Descemet’s membrane, deep lamellar or penetrating Keratoplasties are used. PK removes the sequestered microbial antibiotics, cyotokines, and toxins from the abscess. CATARACTS IN HORSE Cataracts, which are opacities in the lens, are the most common congenital ocular defect among foals. As horses age, they develop different degrees of blindness. Blindness is not usually associated with very small incipient lenses opacities. Blindness will increase as cataracts mature and become opaque. Equine Cataract surgery If the foal is in good health, there are no other ocular conditions and the foal can tolerate aggressive medical treatment. The most effective technique for horses is phacoemulsification cataract surgery. After removing the anterior capsule, this extracapsular procedure uses a piezoelectric handpiece and an ultrasonic titanium needle. After the lens has emulsified, it is removed from the eye. Intraocular pressure is not affected. The posterior capsule, which is thin and fragile, is kept intact. Most horses recover quickly from phacoemulsification surgery. There is also less inflammation after the procedure. While the results of cataract surgery on foals by skilled veterinary ophthalmologists can be very good, they are not as good for adult horses suffering from cataracts due to ERU. Problem is that ERU can cause new blood vessels to form on the iris and anterior lenses capsule, which can lead to complications. Sometimes, severe hyphema and hemorhage cannot be stopped by the surgeon. DISEASES OF UVEAL TRACT Equine persistent uveitis (Periodic eye, moon blindness and iridocyclitis). Equivine recurrent uveitis is a common cause for blindness in horses. It’s a group immune-mediated diseases with multiple causes. ERU is known for the recurrence and occurrence of anterior uveitis. In approximately 20% of cases, the disease is bilateral. Although the cause of ERU is clear to be immune-mediated, it remains unknown what the exact causes are. Hypersensitivity to infectious agents like Leptospirainterrogans is often suspected as a cause. In the U.S., you can request Leptospiral Titers for L. pomona and L. bratislava. It is important to have positive titers of serovars that are greater than 1:400. The prognostic value of blindness in one or both eyes can be assessed using serology for Leptospira Pomona. Blindness in one or both eyes within 11 years after the first attack is common in seropositive Appaloosas (100%), seronegative Appaloosas (72%), seropositive Appaloosas (51%), and seropositive Non-Appaloosas (34%). To determine if the uveitis may be caused by a corneal injury, a complete ophthalmic exam should be done. A corneal ulcer can prevent the use of topical corticosteroids. However, it is not recommended to use any nonsteroidal topical drugs. ERU can cause brain inflammation. ERU can lead to irreversible blindness. This is caused by retinal detachment or cataract formation. ERU treatment aims to prevent or minimize recurrences of uveitis attacks, preserve vision and decrease pain. It is difficult to determine the exact cause of each case and provide treatment. To maintain transparency of the ocular structures, treatment should be prompt and aggressive. Once clinical signs have subsided, medications should be gradually reduced in frequency. The treatment can last several weeks to months. Do not stop abruptly, as recurrences may occur. Horses may need lifelong therapy. ERU can be treated, although the outlook is not good. The Appaloosa dog seems to be most affected by the most severe cases. To control intense intraocular inflammation, corticosteroids as well as nonsteroidal drugs are used. You can administer medication topically, either subconjunctivally or intramuscularly, and/or intravenously. Initial use should be made of dexamethasone or prednisolone. Subconjunctival corticosteroids can be used when frequent topical steroids are not feasible. Although systemic corticosteroids can be helpful in the treatment of severe cases of ERU that are refractory, they may cause laminitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) may have additive anti-inflammatory effects. They are effective in reducing intraocular inflammation if a corneal injury is present. ERU can be treated topically with Cyclosporine A. To control intraocular inflammation, flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone are often used systemically. Some horses may not respond to these medications and need to be switched to another NSAID. Topical atropine reduces the risk of synechiae by inducing mydriasis. It also relieves some of ERU’s pain by relieving spasms of the ciliary muscles. Surgical considerations in ERU Vitrectomy is more effective in European warmbloods with ERU, than in Appaloosas in the U.S. It is not clear why. In both areas, cataracts are common. Postoperatively, retinal detachment may also be possible. Treatment of ERU may be possible with the use of intravitreal sustained release cyclosporine A implant. Congenital stationary-night blindness Congenital Stationary Nightblindness (CSNB), which is primarily found in the Appaloosa is inherited as a sex linked recessive trait. These cases are also reported in Standardbreds, Paso Finos, and Thoroughbreds. The clinical signs are visual impairment in dim lighting with normal vision in daylight, and behavioral uneasiness or unpredictability at night. CSNB is not a progressive condition, so its name. However, some cases of vision problems in the daytime can be noted. Normal ophthalmoscopic examinations are performed. Diagnosis can be made by clinical signs, breed, and electroretinogram (ERG). There is a decreased scotopic frequency and an increased scotopic b wave amplitude. Functional abnormalities in neurotransmission in the middle retina are believed to cause CSNB. This condition is not treatable, but animals with it should be avoided. Acute blindness can be caused by head or ocular trauma, ERU or glaucoma. Horses who are acutely blind can be extremely anxious, agitated and dangerous. Horses can adjust well to being blind, unilaterally or bilaterally, if they are allowed to. Many Internet sites offer information on caring for blind horses and other animals. EYE DISEASES ASSOCIATED TO SPECIFIC HORSE BREEDS 1. Congenital stationary and night blindness (CSNB). 2. Congenital cataracts 5. Optic disc colobomas 1. Congenital cataracts BELGIAN DRAFT HERRES 1. Secondary cataracts and aniridia 1. Cataracts: Nuclear, bilateral, symmetrical and non-progressive 1. Congenital cataracts ROCKY MOUNTAIN HOUSE (chocolate coat most commonly affected). Anterior segment dysgenesis is collectively known as the cornea, iris, and ciliary body lesion. 1. Congenital miosis and corpora-nigra and Irhyplasia 3. Ciliary cysts 4. Cataract, Lens Luxation 5. Retinal Detachment, Retinal Dysplasia 1. Congenital cataracts 2. Multiple ocular defects can lead to microphthalmia. 3. In some cases, retinal detachments can cause retinal dysplasia. 5. Progressive retinal atrophy COLOR DILUTED BREEDS 1. Photophobia – Iridal hypoplasia 1. Retinal detachments 2. Congenital Stationary Nightblindness (CSNB). 2. Keratomycosis aggressive 1. Sarcoids who are aggressive

<urn:uuid:58a022f6-e7e6-451f-ba33-b94ba35d2d31>

A meandering vine often frames medallion quilts’ centers. The grass-like border suggests the enclosure of the tree and flowering vines within a textile garden. This border exists on only one other known quilt, believed to be Virginian. Do you see the spider dangling from the branch above the bird on the right of the tree trunk? His body is mostly lost, but look for his legs. The quilt originates in this region, but its maker is unknown. Block-printed linen; block-printed, indigo resist printed, and plain cottons; cotton filling and backing; modern machine-sewn cotton binding The blue border is probably an example of the “lapis blue” printing method, the latest dyeing technology invented in 1808. Flowering Tree Prints These flowering tree prints along with the print in the Tree of Life and Grapevine Quilt are nearly, but not quite, identical. Textile printers copied each other ruthlessly. Bolster Cover, gift of Mrs. Watson A. Bowron (9.2)

<urn:uuid:0be0d266-43ec-4251-8ddc-fda4a876a888>

Definition: This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population. Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of January 1, 2014See also: Death rate map India leads world in deaths of under-5 kids Times of India - 6/28/2016 6:55:05 AM In 24 low and lower-middle income countries, the child mortality rate has plummeted by two-thirds or more. India has witnessed around 62% decline in under-five deaths between 1990 and 2015. According to the report, unless the world accelerates progress and ... Federal election 2016: Death rates by electorate townandcountrymagazine.com.au - 6/29/2016 1:49:04 PM Liberal Paul Fletcher's seat of Bradfield - one of the country's most affluent electorates ... "We know inequality across the world is growing," Professor Glover said. The gap in premature death rates between the top and bottom 20 per cent when ranked ... India among 5 countries that will see high under-5 deaths: UN Economic Times - 6/28/2016 7:55:20 PM The State of the World's Children', UNICEF's annual ... The global maternal mortality rate will be around 161 deaths per 100,000 live births -- still five times the level for high-income countries in 1990. It said pneumonia will remain the second biggest ... India, Pakistan among countries that will see most under-5 deaths Firstpost - 6/28/2016 3:30:28 PM The State of the World's Children', UNICEF's annual ... The global maternal mortality rate will be around 161 deaths per 100,000 live births—still five times the level for high-income countries in 1990. It said pneumonia will remain the second biggest ... Poverty, illiteracy and early deaths await world’s most disadvantaged children: UNICEF global report UNICEF - 6/28/2016 10:22:40 AM The State of the World’s Children 2016, UNICEF’s annual flagship report indicates that to fully realize the target in Uganda, the reduction rate for under five mortality in poorer ... of UNICEF’s 2016-2020 Country Programme of Cooperation with ... Preventable Child Deaths Not Always Linked to Poorest Countries: UNICEF Inter Press Service - 6/29/2016 2:21:53 AM Millions of children still die before reaching their fifth birthday every year, according to the 2016 State of The World ... in child mortality. Many poorer countries are outpacing their richer neighbours in reducing their mortality rates, and some ... UNICEF finds dramatic inequality among world's poorest, richest children FOX News - 6/28/2016 11:34:15 AM Noting some progress in halving global mortality rates for children under 5 since 1990 and boys and girls attending primary school in equal numbers in 129 countries ... for stronger efforts to educate the world's children, noting that on average each ... Poverty and early deaths await millions of world's most disadvantaged children - UNICEF New Kerala - 6/28/2016 6:36:35 PM We have a choice: Invest in these children now or allow our world to become ... Global under-five mortality rates have been more than halved since 1990, boys and girls attend primary school in equal numbers in 129 countries, and the number of people ... Poverty, illiteracy and early deaths await world's most disadvantaged children: UNICEF's State of the World's Children flagship report The Business Journal - 6/28/2016 11:41:24 AM The State of the World's Children ... Global under-five mortality rates have been more than halved since 1990, boys and girls attend primary school in equal numbers in 129 countries, and the number of people living in extreme poverty worldwide is almost ... US Infant Mortality Rate Higher Than Other Wealthy Countries The Huffington Post - 6/25/2012 12:06:49 PM ... and compare only the infant mortality rate of Caucasian Americans, our ranking versus the competitor countries is unaffected. Infant mortality is just one of many metrics where the US used to be a world leader and has slipped in the last few decades. Effort aims to decrease death rate of infants Toledo Blade - 6/29/2016 4:23:34 AM Its infant mortality rate exceeds 16 deaths per 1,000, surpassing the infant-mortality rates in third-world countries such as Syria, Jordan, Albania, and Mexico. “In these four ZIP Codes you will find every single factor, in triplicate, that results in ... Compare These Gun Death Rates: The U.S. Is in a Different World New York Times - 6/13/2016 8:34:36 PM Around the world, those countries have substantially lower rates of deaths from gun homicide. In Germany, being murdered with a gun is as uncommon as being killed by a falling object in the United States. About two people out of every million are killed in ... UNICEF: Early deaths await 69 million children by 2030 Updated News - 6/28/2016 8:56:46 AM “We have a choice: Invest in these children now, or allow our world to become still more unequal and divided.” Investment on education Since the 1990s, under-five mortality rates ... completed, that country’s poverty rate falls by 9 percent on ... India far away from curbing neonatal deaths Deccan Herald - 6/28/2016 8:31:07 PM The State of World’s Children, UNICEF’s flagship annual ... India with its 48 deaths per thousand live births ranks 48 in the list of countries with highest number of Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR). The Infant Mortality (death under one year) Rate ... Unicef: 69m kids could die from preventable causes by 2030 Ekantipur - 6/29/2016 3:26:18 AM The report entitled “The State of the World’s Children ... Global under-five mortality rates have been more than halved since 1990, boys and girls attend primary school in equal numbers in 129 countries, and the number of people living in extreme ...

<urn:uuid:20c1de50-4947-440e-b86a-82651263863a>

Updated: Oct 7 Animals Have Evolved Unique Ways to Cope with Ecological Drought In arid and semiarid lands (ASALs), where water is a limited resource, animals have evolved unique ways of coping with ecological drought. The strategies these animals use vary depending on the species but generally include conserving water, accessing alternate water sources, and changing their behaviour. Despite the challenges posed by drought, ASAL animals are survivors, and their adaptations allow them to thrive in some of the most difficult environments on Earth. One of the most obvious effects of ecological drought is a lack of water, which can be deadly for animals. In arid and semi-arid areas, this means that animals have to be very good at conserving water. One way they do this is by staying in the shade as much as possible during the day. This includes avoiding the sun’s heat, which can sap their energy and make them more susceptible to predators. Another way animals conserve water is by reducing their activity level. For example, they might spend less time foraging for food or travelling long distances. Some animals will even go into a state of torpor or hibernation to reduce their need for water. Limited Freedom from hunger and Thirst for these Animals In arid and semiarid areas, scarcity of water and feed is the limiting factor for most animals. Limited Freedom from hunger and Thirst for Animals in dry areas is a result of this scarcity. Herbivores have adapted to extract every drop of moisture from their food, while carnivores often get the majority of their water needs from the blood of their prey. Omnivores, like humans, are able to rely on both sources to some degree, but ultimately they also suffer in these regions. One indicator of how serious the lack of water can be is that many desert animals go through long periods without drinking at all. Water scarcity can have a number of effects on animals living in dry areas. One of the most obvious is that it can lead to a lack of drinking water, which can be fatal for some animals. In addition, water scarcity can lead to a decrease in the quality of the water that is available, making it difficult or impossible for animals to find enough food and drink. Finally, water scarcity can also increase the risk of wildfires in dry areas, which can kill many animals. Today rearing livestock in the rangelands faces challenges from a high population growth rate and increased human settlements. Livestock ownership at the household level is declining and may result in food insecurity. Land-use systems have changed, resulting in land subdivision and increasing farming in wetter areas that traditionally used to be reserved for dry season grazing. This has therefore reduced areas normally used for communal grazing, restricting livestock to drier, less productive areas. The restriction of livestock movement to dry season grazing areas has exerted pressure on available forage, particularly on more preferred species, essentially resulting in overgrazing. The situation is made worse where forage suitable for grazers has already been reduced by unpalatable invasive plant species like Ipomea in Kajiado and neighbouring counties. When droughts occur (as they frequently do) there are severe feed shortages that lead to conflicts and losses in livestock and livestock production. The quantity and quality of available pastures/forage have been adversely affected by prolonged and frequent dry seasons, making feed for livestock insufficient, resulting in live weight loss or slowed gain in livestock weight, especially in young stock and lactating dams (particularly cattle). These weight losses result to slow growth, and a prolonged length of time needed to fatten. This makes animals more vulnerable to diseases and may lower the conception rates of breeding herds. Severe feed shortage may result in starvation and emaciation unless livestock keepers can access alternative pastures and feed supplements. What makes some animals more resistant to drought? Drought is an increasingly prevalent natural disaster that can cause great harm to both humans and animals. While all animals are susceptible to the effects of drought, some are more resistant than others. The ability of an animal to resist the negative effects of drought is determined by a variety of factors, including its habitat, physiology, and behaviour. Habitat is one of the most important factors in determining how well an animal will cope with drought. There are many other factors that contribute to an animal's resistance to drought. One of the most important is the animal's ability to conserve water. By reducing their water intake and eliminating waste products through urination and defecation, animals can reduce their need for water. Some animals also have a higher tolerance to dehydration, which allows them to survive in dry environments. Additionally, some animals have a thicker coat of fur or feathers that help keep them warm and retain body moisture. In order to survive in areas with little water, animals must have adaptations that allow them to conserve water. Many animals living in dry environments have thick skin that helps keep moisture in their bodies. Others may have long necks or legs that allow them to reach high-up water sources. For example, camels can store large amounts of water in their bodies to use later, allowing them to go for weeks without drinking water. Kangaroos on the other hand can get all the water they need from their food. Some animals, such as desert tortoises, have a thick coat of skin that helps keep them cool and prevents them from losing too much water through evaporation. Rattlesnakes can sense prey's body heat from a distance and ambush them at night when it is cooler and they are less likely to need to drink. Animals that live in hot, arid environments have evolved a number of mechanisms to reduce water loss. These include behavioural adaptations, such as resting during the hottest part of the day, and physiological adaptations, such as reducing the amount of water lost through respiration and excretion. Another important factor is an animal's body size. Larger animals tend to be more resistant to drought than smaller ones because they have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio. This means that they lose less water per unit of mass than smaller animals do. Some animals are more resistant to drought than others because they can tolerate lower levels of hydration. How Do animals cope with drought in ASAL regions? Drought is a natural disaster that plagues many areas of the world, including Africa's ASAL regions. These arid and semi-arid lands are particularly susceptible to drought because of their low rainfall and erratic weather patterns. Despite these challenges, animals in ASAL regions have developed various strategies to cope with drought. One way they do this is by increasing their water intake during wet periods so they have enough reserves to last through dry spells. Drought is a critical problem in many African countries, including those in the ASAL (arid and semi-arid land) region. A lack of water can lead to a number of health and environmental problems, including the death of livestock. Some animals cope by migrating to other areas where there is more water. In arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), where droughts are recurrent, the ability of animals to cope with drought is crucial for their survival. One way that animals adapt to drought is through behavioural changes, such as altering their activity patterns or increasing water consumption. Another way that animals cope with drought is through physiological changes, such as adjusting their body temperature or slowing down their metabolic rate. In addition to behavioural and physiological adaptations, animals can also adjust their reproductive strategies in response to drought. By understanding how different species of animals cope with drought in ASAL regions, we can help to ensure their survival in these challenging environments. In pastoralist communities, the pastoral farmers in dry lands have used migration in search of water and feed as a coping strategy when faced with droughts. In addition to providing meat and milk for the smallholder farming families, livestock farming has also been a traditional means of earning income. However, livestock production in this region is constrained by poor feed resources resulting from the low productivity of pastures due to drought. Animals depend on natural pastures, primarily grasses and tree shrubs. During the dry season, there is normally a feed deficit forcing farmers to move animals to other areas to avoid the loss of their animals due to recurrent droughts. The problem is exacerbated by climate change. Faced with the threat of drought, some communities have applied practices informed by indigenous traditional knowledge combined with scientific research, planting spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as an alternative drought-resilient feed resource for the animals. Using spineless cactus, these communities have been able to sustain cattle production throughout recurrent droughts, which could have forced them out of conditions of chronic poverty. For some farmers in the ASAL areas with erratic and unreliable rainfall, venturing into grass production for the production of hay has been beneficial in sustaining the animals in times of drought. In conclusion, it is evident that animals have evolved unique ways to cope with drought. It is important to remember that these methods are not always successful, and in some cases, animals may die as a result of drought. We must do our best to protect these creatures and their habitats, so they can continue to thrive even in difficult conditions.

<urn:uuid:34f0a485-a015-4803-b230-dd42270d543b>

[Causes of Wind] [Types of Winds] [Hail Storm] [Hurricane] [Tornado] [Typhoon] [Wind Erosion]Tornado In any seasons of this world, be it summer, fall, winter, and spring, tornadoes can occur. But they occur most in the spring because the temperature contrast is greatest during that time of year. Also, the warm surface air is more prevalent during the spring and summer months while absent during the winter months. The most powerful tornadoes occur during the month of April when horizontal and vertical temperature and moisture contrasts are the greatest. What is a Tornado? A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. It is spawned by a thunderstorm (or sometimes as a result of a hurricane) and produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage from a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris. Tornado season is generally March through August, although tornadoes can occur at any time of year. They tend to occur in the afternoons and evenings: over 80 percent of all tornadoes strike between noon and midnight. Did you know? Tornadoes can be nearly invisible, marked only by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. Some are composed almost entirely of windblown dust and still others are composed of several mini-funnels. On average, the United States experiences 100,000 thunderstorms each year. Approximately 1,000 tornadoes develop from these storms. Although tornadoes do occur throughout the world, the United States experiences the most intense and Tornadoes produce the most violent winds on earth. Tornado winds can approach speeds as high as 300 miles per hour, travel distances over 100 miles and reach heights over 60,000 feet above ground. In November 1988, 121 tornadoes struck 15 south central states, resulting in 14 lives lost and damages reaching $108 million. According to the National Weather Service, about 42 people are killed because of tornadoes each Fujita - Pearson Tornado Scale 40-72 mph, chimney damage, tree branches broken 73-112 mph, mobile homes pushed off foundation or overturned 113-157 mph, considerable damage, mobile homes demolished, trees 158-205 mph, roofs and walls torn down, trains overturned, cars thrown. 207-260 mph, well-constructed walls leveled. 261-318 mph, homes lifted off foundation and carried considerable distances, autos thrown as far as 100 meters. Tornado Danger Signs An approaching cloud of debris can mark the location of a tornado even if a funnel is not Before a tornado hits, the wind may die down and the air may become very still. Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm. It is not uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado.

<urn:uuid:b34e7d70-fee1-447d-a3eb-c35250cc5c05>

What It Measures The z-score is a measure of the financial health of a company. Devised in the 1960s by Edward Altman, the score uses statistical techniques to predict the likelihood that a company will fail because of bankruptcy within two years. The z-score was originally created based on Altman’s analysis of 33 bankrupt manufacturing companies with assets averaging $6.4 million and a further 33 nonbankrupt companies with assets between $1 million and $25 million. Altman’s analysis showed that 95% of the bankrupt companies had a z-score that suggested financial problems. Why It Is Important Since the 1980s, auditors have used the z-score to help identify companies with serious cash problems. The measure is also used to help score applicants for loans. Stockbrokers commonly use the z-score to determine if a company is a good investment. How It Works in Practice The z-score combines five common business ratios and uses a weighting system devised by Altman to produce a score somewhere between −4 and +8. Each of the components that make up the final z-score are rated independently, and each component has a different weight in the calculation of the overall z-score. The exact emphasis on each factor can vary slightly from one industry to another, using more specific z-score calculators. All the information needed to calculate a z-score is available in company financial reports. The original formula to calculate a z-score is as follows: z = 1.2T1 + 1.4T2 + 3.3T3 + 0.6T4 + 0.999T5 T2 = retained earnings ÷ total assets T3 = earnings before interest and tax ÷ total assets T5 = sales ÷ total assets A score can be analyzed as follows: > 2.99: the company is considered “safe” 1.8–2.99: there is some risk of financial distress < 1.8: there is serious risk of financial distress Tricks of the Trade Although the numbers that go into the z-score can be influenced by external events, it is a useful tool to provide a quick analysis of where a company stands compared to competitors, and for tracking the risk of insolvency over time. Studies have shown the z-score is an accurate prediction of company failure rates in between seven and eight out of 10 cases. The formula was originally devised to be used for public companies, but amendments have since been made to allow z-scores to be calculated for privately held companies. In this case, the calculation that should be used is as follows: 0.717T1 + 0.87T2 + 0.420T4 + 0.998T5

<urn:uuid:d8e9b6dc-dcb3-490e-8cf7-b4d1f8a3f6a3>

Onodera Shigemichi[lower-alpha 2] (小野寺茂道, died in or after 1601) was a samurai commander, keeper of Nishimonai Castle and half-brother of the regional lord (daimyō) Onodera Yoshimichi. Famous for his last stand against the Mogami clan, Shigemichi is still honored in Nishimonai as part of an annual bon dance. Shigemichi was born sometime before 1566[lower-alpha 1] as the illegitimate son of Onodera Terumichi, the head of the Onodera clan and daimyō of a relatively small domain in Dewa Province, specifically the part that later became southern Akita Prefecture. Though the Onodera clan was deeply entrenched in its territory and had an experienced and loyal army, it was constantly beset by more powerful rival families, most importantly the Mogami clan that wanted to take control of the Onodera lands. Thus growing up in a time of constant warfare, Shigemichi went on to serve as samurai for his family and fought in many battles, earning a martial reputation. After his father’s death, Shigemichi did not succeed him as daimyō due to his illegitimacy. Instead, his younger brother Onodera Yoshimichi became the next family head, and Shigemichi loyally served him. He was appointed the keeper of Nishimonai Castle, which was a strategically significant and highly contested stronghold that controlled the Onodera clan’s southern holdings. Even though the Onodera had managed to defeat or at least stall numerous invasions by outsiders over time, their position finally became untenable in 1600. In the war for the control over Japan between the forces loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu and Toyotomi Hideyori, Onodera Yoshimichi had chosen to side with the latter. The other lords in the Akita region instead pledged allegiance to the Tokugawa cause. Toyotomi Hideyori’s followers were decisively defeated at Sekigahara, but Yoshimichi refused to give up. This provided the Mogami, who had sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu, with the chance to subjugate the now isolated Onodera. They invaded with a large army in late 1600 and quickly overran the Onodera, forcing Yoshimichi to surrender, whereupon he was exiled.

<urn:uuid:e549346d-3aec-4416-92cb-75dbbe967cdc>

Manufactured homes have come a long way since their humble beginnings, which date back to the early 1900s. Back then, people were looking for an affordable and quick way to build homes, and the answer came in the form of prefabricated homes. Manufacturing houses in factories and then transporting them to a site for assembly made building homes a much faster and cheaper process, giving people access to affordable homes that they could call their own. But that’s not the end of the story. Over the years, manufactured homes have evolved to become much more than just cheaply-built homes. In fact, today’s manufactured homes combine affordability, quality, and customization, making them a great option for anyone looking for an affordable and stylish home. From elaborate modular homes that rival traditional site-built homes to simple single-wide homes, there’s a wide range of available options when it comes to manufactured homes. However, despite their popularity, many people still wonder when did manufactured homes start? What was the driving force behind the development of this now-booming industry? Understanding the history of manufactured homes can help you appreciate the value that they bring, and shed light on just how far they have come. Join me as we take a trip down memory lane and explore the beginnings of this amazing industry. History of manufactured homes The concept of manufactured homes can be traced back to the early 20th century, when various companies started offering prefabricated homes that could be assembled on-site. However, it wasn’t until the aftermath of World War II that the modern manufactured home industry really took off. As millions of soldiers returned home from the war, there was a severe shortage of available housing. To address this need, the federal government created the Veterans Administration (VA) loan program, which offered low-cost mortgages to veterans. This, in turn, led to a boom in the construction of manufactured homes, as many companies saw an opportunity to provide affordable housing to a growing market. - In 1954, the National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Act was passed, which established safety standards for manufactured homes. - In 1976, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) established the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, commonly known as the “HUD Code.” - In 1980, the Manufactured Housing Institute was created to represent the interests of the manufactured housing industry. |1954||The National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Act was passed, which established safety standards for manufactured homes.| |1976||The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) established the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, commonly known as the “HUD Code.”| |1980||The Manufactured Housing Institute was created to represent the interests of the manufactured housing industry.| Today, manufactured homes are a popular housing option for millions of Americans. They offer affordable and often customizable living spaces that can be designed to meet the specific needs of individual homeowners. The industry has continued to evolve and innovate, with advances in technology and energy-efficient building materials making modern manufactured homes more comfortable, durable, and environmentally friendly than ever before. Definition of Manufactured Homes Manufactured homes refer to houses that are constructed in a factory and then moved to a specific location for installation. These houses come in a variety of sizes and styles, and they’re also known as mobile homes or modular homes. History of Manufactured Homes - Manufactured homes date back to the early 20th century, when trailer homes and travel trailers were popular. - The post-World War II era saw a rise in demand for affordable housing, which sparked the development of manufactured homes as a more cost-effective option. - In the 1970s, the U.S. government established safety standards for manufactured homes, which helped to improve the quality of these homes and make them more appealing to buyers. Manufactured Homes Today Today, manufactured homes are a popular choice for people looking for affordable housing and those who want to downsize. These homes are typically less expensive than traditional homes, and they often come with a range of amenities, including energy-efficient features, high-quality building materials, and custom designs. Additionally, manufactured homes offer a level of flexibility that traditional homes don’t, as they can be relocated if necessary. Manufactured Home Specifications Manufactured homes are built to a set of strict specifications to ensure that they’re safe and efficient. These specifications cover everything from the construction process to the final installation, and they’re overseen by specialized agencies like the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Many manufactured homes feature modern amenities like granite countertops, hardwood floors, and energy-efficient appliances, making them an attractive option for buyers looking for a well-built, affordable home. |Construction||Manufactured homes are built in a controlled factory environment using high-quality materials and the latest technology.| |Installation||Manufactured homes are installed on a permanent foundation, meeting strict guidelines to ensure structural integrity and safety.| |Building codes and safety standards||Manufactured homes must meet federal safety requirements, energy standards, and building codes, overseen by specialized agencies like HUD.| Overall, manufactured homes provide a unique and affordable housing option for millions of people across the U.S. As a result, they’re likely to continue growing in popularity in the years to come. Differences between manufactured and modular homes Although both types of homes are factory-built, they have some notable differences: - Building codes: Manufactured homes are built to the HUD code and modular homes are built to the IRC code, which is the same building code that applies to site-built homes. - Transportation: Manufactured homes are designed to be transported on a trailer, while modular homes are generally transported in sections on a flatbed truck. - Foundation: Manufactured homes are typically placed on a steel chassis with wheels and axles, while modular homes are placed on a permanent foundation, similar to site-built homes. Manufactured and modular homes also differ in terms of their customization options and the materials used in their construction. Manufactured homes are often limited in terms of customization, as they are built to a set floor plan and design. Modular homes, on the other hand, can be highly customizable, with a variety of floor plans and finishes available. Additionally, modular homes are often built with higher-quality materials, making them more durable and better suited for long-term living. Overall, the primary difference between the two types of homes lies in their intended use. Manufactured homes are designed to be mobile and are often used as temporary or vacation homes, while modular homes are designed for permanent residential use. |Manufactured Homes||Modular Homes| |Built to the HUD code||Built to the IRC code| |Transported on a trailer||Transported in sections on a flatbed truck| |Placed on a steel chassis with wheels and axles||Placed on a permanent foundation| In conclusion, while manufactured and modular homes share some similarities, such as being factory-built, they have distinct differences in their building codes, transportation, foundation, customization options, and materials used in construction. Evolution of manufacturing techniques for homes The history of manufactured homes dates back to the early 20th century, when the first homes were constructed using minimal building codes. These homes were mostly built using wood and other natural materials, however, during World War II, steel became a valuable resource and it became necessary to find cheaper and faster ways to build homes. Thus, the evolution of manufacturing techniques for homes began. Following are the major milestones of this evolution: - Pre-fabrication: In the 1940s, the pre-fabrication technique of home construction became popular. Pre-fabricated buildings involved the mass production of walls, floors, and roofs in a factory, which were then transported to the construction site and assembled. These homes provided an affordable and quick solution to the housing shortage during the war. - Mobile homes: In the 1960s, the mobile home industry took off, and homes built on wheels became popular. These homes were designed to be moved, which made them attractive to people who were looking for temporary living arrangements. The manufacturing process involved building the homes on a frame with wheels, which allowed them to be transported to almost any location. - Modular homes: Modular homes were introduced in the 1970s, they had a unique design similar to mobile homes, but they weren’t manufactured to be moved as often. The manufacturing process for modular homes involved building the house in sections, which were then transported to the site and assembled. These homes provided a more durable, permanent solution to the housing shortage. The recent evolution in the manufactured home industry has been a move towards more sustainable materials and innovations. The industry is now using more eco-friendly materials, including recycled steel, bamboo, and other sustainable resources. This not only helps to reduce the carbon footprint but also provides a cheaper alternative to traditional building materials. Advantages and disadvantages of manufactured homes Manufactured homes come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages, some of which are discussed below. |– Cost-effective||– Perceived negative stigma| |– Quick assembly time||– Limited customization options| |– Energy efficient||– Shorter lifespan compared to traditional homes| |– Lower environmental impact||– Difficult to sell| Despite the perceived negative stigma associated with manufactured homes, they have come a long way from their humble origins. With recent advances in technology and sustainable resources, they can provide a quality, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible option for those in need of housing. The Role of Manufactured Homes in Affordable Housing Manufactured homes, also known as mobile homes, have been around for more than a century. The first manufactured homes were built in the early 1900s as trailers, with wheels attached, intended to be moved around frequently. In the 1920s, the trailers became larger and more comfortable, with features such as electricity and indoor plumbing. However, it wasn’t until after World War II that manufactured homes became a popular and affordable housing option for low-income families. - In the 1950s, with the baby boomer generation and a housing shortage, manufactured homes provided a fast and affordable housing solution. They were marketed as affordable, modern, and easy to maintain options for families. - In the early 1970s, with the introduction of building codes and regulations, manufactured homes became a safer and more reliable option for affordable housing. The codes ensured that the homes were built to withstand certain weather conditions and meet safety standards. - Today, manufactured homes are still a popular housing option, especially in rural and suburban areas. They are often less expensive than traditional site-built homes and offer comparable quality and comfort. Manufactured homes can be customized to fit the needs and style of the homeowner. Manufactured homes have played a crucial role in providing affordable housing for millions of families. They have been an alternative to renting, allowing individuals to build equity and own their own homes. Additionally, manufactured homes have often been useful in emergency housing situations, such as natural disasters. According to the Manufactured Housing Institute, over 22 million Americans live in manufactured homes, with the average cost of a new home being around $70,600, compared to the average cost of $287,000 for a traditional site-built home. The affordability of manufactured homes has allowed families to save money, invest in their futures, and live comfortably. |Less expensive than traditional homes||May not appreciate in value like traditional homes| |Customizable and can fit a variety of needs||May require more maintenance than traditional homes| |Fast to build and can be moved if necessary||May have financing limitations compared to traditional homes| In summary, manufactured homes have been an important and affordable housing option for over a century, providing millions of families with a place to call home. They offer many advantages, including affordability, customization, and speed of construction, but also come with their own set of limitations to consider. Popularity of Manufactured Homes in Rural Areas The popularity of manufactured homes has been steadily increasing, especially in rural areas. In fact, according to the Manufactured Housing Institute, about 22 million Americans currently live in manufactured homes. But why are these homes so popular in rural areas? Here are six reasons: - Affordability: Manufactured homes are often more affordable than traditional stick-built homes, making them a more realistic option for those living in rural areas with limited budgets. - Customization: Unlike traditional housing, manufactured homes can offer a high level of customization, allowing homeowners to design a home that meets their unique needs and preferences. - Availability: In many rural areas, there may be limited options for housing. Manufactured homes can provide an alternative to traditional homes that may not be readily available. - Efficiency: Many manufactured homes are built with energy-efficient features and materials, allowing homeowners to save money on their utility bills in the long run. - Quick construction: Manufactured homes are often built and assembled on-site, potentially shortening the construction time and allowing homeowners to move into their homes sooner. - Flexibility: Because manufactured homes are often built in sections and assembled on-site, they can be more easily relocated. This can be a significant benefit for those who need to move around for work or other reasons. Additionally, many manufactured homes come with modern amenities and features, making them a comfortable and convenient living option for those living in rural areas. Below is a table that compares the average cost of a manufactured home versus a traditional stick-built home in the United States: |Category||Manufactured Home||Stick-Built Home| |Size||1,500 sq. ft.||2,400 sq. ft.| |Price per Sq. Ft.||$47.06||$116.67| Overall, the popularity of manufactured homes in rural areas is due to their affordability, customization options, availability, efficiency, quick construction, flexibility, and modern amenities. As more people continue to move to rural areas, manufactured homes will likely continue to be a popular housing choice. Types of Manufactured Homes (Single-Wide, Double-Wide, Triple-Wide) Manufactured homes have come a long way since their inception in the early 20th century. These dwellings are built to the same code and standards as traditionally constructed homes, but they are constructed in a factory and transported to their final location. Manufactured homes are popular for their affordability and flexibility, as they can be placed in a variety of locations, so it’s important to know the different types available. - Single-Wide: Single-wide manufactured homes are the most compact option, typically measuring 14-18 feet in width and up to 80 feet in length. Although small in size, single-wide homes can still provide ample living space and are popular with individuals and small families. - Double-Wide: Double-wide manufactured homes are double the width of a single-wide home and can range from 20 to 32 feet in width and up to 80 feet in length. These homes are often more spacious and provide a range of floor plans that can accommodate larger families or those who simply want more space. - Triple-Wide: Triple-wide manufactured homes are the largest option available and can provide up to 3,000 square feet of living space. These homes are perfect for large families or those who need space for a home office or recreational room. These homes are typically 45 feet in width and up to 90 feet in length. When choosing the right manufactured home, it’s important to consider the space you need and your budget. Single-wide homes are the most affordable option, while triple-wide homes are the most expensive. However, all three options provide homeowners with an affordable and customizable home that can meet their unique needs and lifestyle. Furthermore, it’s worth noting that manufactured homes can depreciate just as any other home can. The age, condition, and location of the home can all factor into whether or not it appreciates over time. However, with proper maintenance and upkeep, a manufactured home can retain its value and provide homeowners with a solid investment in their future. |Manufactured Home Type||Average Width||Maximum Length||Average Cost| |Single-Wide||14-18 feet||80 feet||$45,000 – $80,000| |Double-Wide||20-32 feet||80 feet||$80,000 – $120,000| |Triple-Wide||45 feet||90 feet||$120,000 – $180,000| Overall, manufactured homes have become an affordable and popular option for many homeowners. Whether you choose a single-wide, double-wide, or triple-wide home, you can enjoy the benefits of homeownership at an affordable price. Challenges faced by the manufactured housing industry The manufactured housing industry has faced numerous challenges throughout its history. Here are some of the most significant: - Misconceptions about quality: One of the biggest challenges that the manufactured housing industry has faced is the widespread misconception that these homes are not built to the same standard of quality as traditional stick-built homes. While this may have been true in the past, modern manufactured homes are built to the same codes and standards as traditional homes, and in some cases, they may even be built to higher standards. - Lack of financing options: Another major challenge facing the manufactured housing industry is the limited availability of financing options. Because many lenders are hesitant to invest in manufactured homes, it can be difficult for buyers to secure financing. This has made it more challenging for the industry to grow and attract new customers. - Poor zoning and land use regulations: Zoning and land use regulations have been a challenge for the manufactured housing industry since its inception. In many cases, local governments have restricted the placement of manufactured homes in certain areas or have required homes to meet stricter building codes than traditional homes. This can make it more difficult and expensive for manufacturers to produce homes that meet these standards. Despite these challenges, the manufactured housing industry has continued to grow and evolve. Today, more and more people are turning to manufactured homes as a viable and affordable housing option. Here is a table that shows the growth in the manufactured housing industry over the past few decades: |Year||Number of Manufactured Homes Sold| As you can see, the industry has experienced some ups and downs over the years, but it has remained a vital part of the American housing market. Manufactured home regulations and codes If you’re building or buying a manufactured home, it’s essential to understand the regulations and codes that govern this type of housing. These requirements ensure that your home is safe, secure, and built to last. Here are some key things to know: - Manufactured homes must meet the standards set by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and comply with state and local building codes. - Homes are required to be constructed on a permanent chassis and transported on wheels to the site where they will be set up. - The HUD code sets guidelines for the home’s construction, including requirements for electrical, heating, and plumbing systems, as well as safety features such as smoke detectors. If you’re buying a used manufactured home, it’s important to make sure it complies with current codes and regulations. An inspection by a certified professional can help identify any issues that need to be addressed. You may also need to obtain permits and approvals from your local government in order to place the home on a lot or make any alterations. By understanding the regulations and codes that apply to manufactured homes, you can ensure that your home is safe, well-built, and up-to-date with the latest requirements. Investing in a quality manufactured home can provide a comfortable and affordable housing option for years to come. Manufactured home installation and site preparation Installing a manufactured home requires careful planning and preparation to ensure that it is set up safely and securely. Here are some important considerations: - The site should be well-drained and level, with adequate soil strength and stability to support the home’s weight. - Utilities such as water, sewer, and electricity should be properly connected and meet local codes. - The home should be anchored securely to a foundation or pier system to prevent shifting or movement in high winds or seismic activity. It’s important to work with a qualified contractor who has experience with manufactured home installation and understands the necessary procedures and regulations. By taking the time to prepare the site properly and ensure that the home is securely anchored, you can enjoy a safe and comfortable living environment. Manufactured home financing and insurance Financing and insuring a manufactured home can have some unique considerations compared to traditional site-built homes. Here are some key things to keep in mind: - Many lenders offer financing for manufactured homes, but interest rates and terms may differ from those for traditional mortgages. - Manufactured homes may be more susceptible to damage from natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, or earthquakes, so it’s important to have adequate insurance coverage. - Homeowner’s insurance policies for manufactured homes may have different requirements and exclusions compared to traditional homes, so it’s important to read the policy carefully and understand what is and isn’t covered. Working with a lender and insurance provider who has experience with manufactured homes can help ensure that you get the best rates and coverage to meet your needs. By planning ahead and making informed decisions, you can enjoy the benefits of owning a manufactured home with confidence. Manufactured home cost and value Manufactured homes can provide an affordable housing option compared to traditional site-built homes, but it’s important to understand the costs and value associated with this type of housing. Here are some things to consider: |Cost considerations||Value considerations| |Lower purchase price compared to traditional homes||Appreciation in value over time| |Lower property taxes and insurance premiums||Opportunity for customization and upgrades| |Higher maintenance costs over time||Ability to own a home without a large down payment| While manufactured homes can offer a cost-effective housing option, it’s important to take into account all of the factors that can impact the overall value over time. By understanding the costs and benefits associated with this type of housing, you can make an informed decision that best meets your needs and budget. Financing options for manufactured homes Buying a manufactured home has become an affordable and popular housing option for many Americans. Many people choose manufactured homes because they offer a more affordable and customizable alternative to traditional homes. One of the biggest advantages of buying a manufactured home is the financial flexibility it offers. Financing options for manufactured homes are varied, with the most common being chattel loans, FHA loans, and VA loans. - Chattel loans: These loans are also known as personal property loans and are easy to obtain because they are not secured by any real estate. Chattel loans have a higher interest rate as compared to traditional home loans, and the repayment term is shorter. - FHA loans: The Federal Housing Administration backs these loans, and they come with lower down payment requirements and credit score standards than traditional mortgages. FHA loans also allow the borrower to include land and home in the same loan. - VA loans: Veterans Affairs backs these loans, and they are available only to eligible military veterans. VA loans can be used to purchase a manufactured home, and they come with a low-interest rate and no down payment requirements. It is essential to compare the loan options and interest rates to determine the best financing option for your manufactured home. Another financial consideration is the resale value of manufactured homes. Manufactured homes’ resale value tends to depreciate faster than traditional homes due to their lack of land ownership and changing technology. However, regular maintenance, property upgrades, and a good location can help increase the resale value of your manufactured home. |Financing option||Interest rates||Down payment requirements| |Chattel loans||8%-12%||Up to 20%| |VA loans||2.5%-4%||No down payment required| Overall, the financing options for manufactured homes allow more Americans to own a home of their own, despite financial limitations. By comparing different financing options, researching maintenance requirements, and consulting with experts, you can make an informed decision on financing and enjoy the freedom of owning your own manufactured home. Frequently Asked Questions About When Did Manufactured Homes Start 1. When were the first manufactured homes built? Manufactured homes were first built in the United States in the early 1900s, but they were not widely produced until the 1950s. 2. Were manufactured homes always called “manufactured homes”? No, they were originally called “mobile homes” because they were built on wheels and could be easily moved. 3. When did the term “manufactured home” come into use? The term “manufactured home” became popular in the 1970s when the industry began to standardize the construction and design of these homes. 4. Are manufactured homes the same as modular homes? No, modular homes are built in sections in a factory and then transported to their location for assembly. Manufactured homes are built on a permanent chassis. 5. Were manufactured homes popular from the beginning? No, in the early days of mobile homes they were mainly used as temporary housing. It wasn’t until the 1950s that they started to become more popular as permanent homes. 6. How have manufactured homes changed over the years? Manufactured homes have evolved considerably since their early days, with improved construction techniques and more modern designs. They are now available with many desirable features, such as energy-efficient appliances and durable building materials. 7. Are manufactured homes still popular today? Yes, manufactured homes remain popular as affordable housing options for many people today. Closing Title: Thanks for Reading About When Manufactured Homes Started! Thanks for taking the time to learn about the history of manufactured homes. We hope this article has been informative and helped answer any questions you may have had. Please feel free to browse our website for more useful information, and don’t forget to come back again soon!

<urn:uuid:ea4b9f69-6498-4deb-9e1f-b73c38b34cc1>

As the major international survey known as the Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, recently made clear, American teens have a lot to learn about basic personal finance principles. The survey of over 29,000 15-year-olds in 18 countries, conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, found that about 18 percent of American students failed to demonstrate even a basic grasp of financial capability. The results suggest they would likely struggle with relatively simple tasks such as understanding an invoice or making spending decisions. The findings have flamed an ongoing debate in the financial education community: What is the best way to teach students about money? Should schools be required to incorporate money classes into their curriculum? Should parents step up the money talk at home? A 2012 paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research, "Financial Literacy, Financial Education and Economic Outcomes," wades through multiple studies on the impact of financial literacy and concludes that there might be more efficient ways to help people make smarter money decisions. While research has repeatedly confirmed that many Americans, and not just teens, are unable to answer basic financial questions about compound interest, real rates of return and risk diversification, the findings on how best to fix this dearth of knowledge have been mixed. Showing that financial education actually causes better financial choices is difficult to do. "The evidence is more limited and not as encouraging as one might expect," the paper's authors, Justine Hastings, Brigitte Madrian and William Skimmyhorn, point out. Indeed, some studies have found no relationship between high school financial education courses and students' financial literacy. Those inconclusive findings led the authors to suggest that the government might want to focus on methods other than financial education as a means of helping consumers make better financial choices. "While the logical public policy response to many observers is to increase public support for financial education, this option may not be an efficient use of public resources even if it will likely do no harm," the authors conclude. [Read: How to Teach Teens More About Money.] Other, potentially more efficient options include public policies that "nudge" people to make smarter choices. In their classic 2008 book "Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness," economics professor Richard Thaler and law professor Cass Sunstein argue for this approach, pointing out that automatic enrollment in retirement savings plans drastically increases participation rates. Helpful public policies also include easier-to-understand disclosures on financial services products, simplified fee structures, incentives like savings matches or automatic enrollment that inspire consumer action and stricter regulation of the financial services industry. Still, interest in financial literacy education remains high, especially in the wake of a recession that was caused at least in part by the subprime mortgage crisis. Thousands of consumers signed up for mortgages they could not afford and did not fully understand. Americans also continue to be plagued by low retirement savings rates, poor investment choices and high levels of debt. Leaders in the financial literacy space like Annamaria Lusardi, professor of economics and accountancy at the George Washington University School of Business and academic director at the Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center, insist that financial education for students is imperative, regardless of whether studies show classes to be effective. "I don't know that teaching literature and math is effective, but nobody seems to worry about that," she says. In the meantime, with low financial literacy scores and no clear solution in sight, Americans continue to make poor decisions about their money. The authors of the NBER paper point out that only a small portion of employees who are eligible for employer matches on retirement savings take advantage of them, and consumers often select high-fee funds, even when given the option to select lower-cost ones. People also fail to balance their portfolios in a way that makes sense for their age, buy pricey whole life insurance (instead of term life insurance) and rely on high-interest rate loans, even when they have other options. Interestingly, research has found that financial mistakes happen most among young people and older people, and consumers make their best financial decisions during middle age, when they've collected sufficient life experience but haven't yet suffered from age-related mental impairments. Part of the problem seems to be that our financial world has gotten so complicated: Consumers must sort through dozens of savings options, retirement investment choices and mortgage varieties. While people do learn from their financial mistakes, some choices happen so infrequently, such as retirement planning or student loan borrowing, that there's no room for trial and error. The paper's authors urge better evaluation of financial education courses, since certain methods, such as focusing on "rules of thumb" rather than more abstract financial principles, seem to make more of an impact on participants. The goal, after all, isn't to create a population of personal finance experts, but to help people make better decisions with their money. More From US News & World Report

<urn:uuid:01c76a18-5552-42a5-bc9b-864408fdadbb>

This quote is proving how Eliezer goes through dehumanizing actions while he was in Auschwitz. Eliezer does not have the choice whether he wants to remove his clothes or not. The Germans make a decision and that is what is expected to be done. If these tasks are not completed, the innocent Jewish people receive a punishment. These punishments dehumanize the Jewish people even more than what has already happened to them. One...Two…, he counted.” (Weisel 65), which shows us how the Nazi’s would beat the Jewish people within the concentration camps. During the time that Elie was in Buna, Idek made Elie lie stomach down on a box and he whipped Elie and gave him 25 lashes. This was very cruel in that Idek punished Elie for knowing something that he knew about, but should not have The sensation and pain of being called a number is far more demeaning. The fact that S.S. officers could discount the essential human quality that we all possess -names- and replace it with something so cold and impersonal such as an identification number made the dehumanization process simple. What were people without names? In the Nazis minds they were superficial beings, without names in a camp, therefore they deserved any barbaric treatment thrown their way. To Hitler, the fact that Jews could potentially be broken this promptly proved he was in a step into the right direction at dehumanizing and eliminating the Jewish Elie Wiesel said "combat indifference, intolerance and injustice¨(Biography 2). When Cesar Chavez stood up for what is right just because the Hispanics had different skin color or came from a different place doesn 't mean they should get treated unfairly and the holocaust did bad things to innocent people because they had different faiths. Chavez is standing up for what is right and making a strike how people were put in the camps in the Holocaust what the similarities are between them what the differences are between them conclusively about the holocaust and Chavez. Chavez said "Without a union, the people are always cheated, and they are so innocent,"(found from nrp 1) Cesar liked helping people a lot he thought it was A lot of their human rights were violated. Article 4 talks about how no one should be held in slavery, but that 's was violated when all the Jews were forced to go into concentration camps and work and couldn 't The torturing and suffering caused is what widdles down the belief, and this present throughout the novel. Only the strong and the ones who have most faith would survive, yet at the same time, if they didn’t originally have faith, they could’ve avoided the concentration camps Wiesel pinpoints the indifference of humans as the real enemy, causing further suffering and lost to those already in peril. Wiesel commenced the speech with an interesting attention getter: a story about a young Jewish from a small town that was at the end of war liberated from Nazi rule by American soldiers. This young boy was in fact himself. The first-hand experience of cruelty gave him credibility in discussing the dangers of indifference; he was a victim himself. Shakespeare wrote, “Caesar, now be still. I killed thee not with half so good a will (Shakespeare V.v.50-51). Brutus has finally began to notice that the decisions he made created bad outcomes. Brutus accepts his own death because he made this his punishment for the bad destruction that he caused to occur in Rome. Brutus said, “I know my hour hath come” (Shakespeare V.v.20). In the book The Sunflower the young S.S Karl asked Simon for forgiveness for his inhumanity to other people. Simon Wiesenthal could not forgive him for something he had done to someone else. (The Sunflower) How could I forgive someone or a whole country for doing something to someone else when it was not done to me? With the cruelty of this world and the impeccable pressure of life, I will not be surprised if we all just kill ourselves, but we should not, because killing ourselves does not solve anything, in fact it can make things worse. We were all brought up with the notion that the act of suicide is wrong, yet there are still thousands who kill themselves every year, ending their lives forever. I am here to tell you that this has to stop and here are the reasons why. First, suicide defeats the purpose of life. I don’t think there is another quote out there that can better summarize life under Nazi rule. I think that this quote really gets the point across that if you see something terrible happening, and don’t try to stop it you’re just as bad as the person doing it. This really tells me that you can’t be afraid to speak up for something that is wrong, even if it means death. The quote mentions that if you stand by and lets all these bad things happen, that you are as guilty as the people doing them. I think that is very true, the counties who sat by and watched the holocaust happen are just as bad as the Nazis. After Germany’s loss in World War I, Adolf Hitler was appointed the chancellor of Germany. He blamed all the world’s problems on the Jews, and explained how they needed to be exterminated in his speech about International Jewry. During his speech, the crowd loved what he had to say, and they too believed that Jews were a menace to society. Hitler was able to persuade them that killing them would do the world a favor, which established an ethnic tension (Doc I). This shows how genocide is also a result from rivalries between different groups of people. In Night one may be able to receive the sense of how the Jews were put into shower rooms by the dozen, and gassed like rats. Not to mention how they lived in barracks with no heat and the majority of the Jews were covered in lice. When Elie goes to the dentist, he notices that the dentist had grotesque teeth stating, "When he opened his mouth, one had ghastly vision of yellow, rotten teeth," (Wiesel 55) this shows how the Jews had almost no ways to clean themselves or keep any sort of hygiene. There were multiple accounts of the Nazis verbally abusing the Jews in the camps, and talking down to them driven racially. Also, many of the Jewish prisoners were literally starving to death in Auschwitz, just because the Nazis did not care. The world silence was due to the consequences that were written down for them , the risks were very harmful and all countries knew that they have a high chance of losing. This all goes back to WWI Damage that was caused, The second main point was that you don 't have to risk your country for another group of people which are considered as out cast . Lastly the world was very hateful toward the jewish people and many europeans enjoyed what they were going This is yet another similarity that Himmler has with Griffin as she had bullied another girl, however disowned her acts afterwards as if she had not done anything. Griffin accordingly proceeds to write about a Holocaust survivor who had watched and even joined in a circle of kids who beat her friend because he was Jewish. Griffin, Himmler, and the Holocaust survivor are part of a “web of connections”, connected to every other person in the world that have also tried to disown their actions. This confirms Griffin’s idea that people do indeed share a “common past”; in Griffin, Himmler, and survivor’s case, this would be bullying other

<urn:uuid:40603c34-1352-4e77-a402-64eb45dca5d8>

The rare-earth elements (rare-earth metals), or the lanthanides are 17 soft, heavy metals. These metals tarnish slowly in air and react slowly with water to form hydroxides. They can form oxides and ignite spontaneously above 400 °C. They have diverse applications in electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials and industrial processes. The history of rare earth elements? The first rare-earth element was ytterbite, discovered by Arrhenius in 1787, in Ytterby, Sweden. Arrhenius’s ytterbite reached Gadolin, a professor at the Royal Academy of Turku. He yielded an oxide that he called yttria. Ekeberg, proceeded to isolate beryllium from the gadolinite. After this discovery in 1794, a mineral from Bastnäs, Sweden, was re-examined by Berzelius and Hisinger and they observed a white oxide, naming it ceria. The new elements, yttrium and cerium were the only discoveries of rare earth elements for the next 30 years. In 1839 Mosander heated the nitrate and dissolved it in nitric acid, leading to an oxide he later named lanthana. 3 years later he separated the lanthana into didymia and pure lanthana. In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia and erbia. The earth giving pink salts he called terbium and the yellow ones, erbium. The six verified elements by 1842 were; yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium and terbium. Discovery and characterisation of the last rare earth elements In 1879 Delafontaine benefitted from a newly discovered process, flame spectroscopy, leading to several new optical lines within didymia. In the same year, samarium was also isolated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Further research of samaria, yttria, and samarskite, showed the existence of an unknown element, later revealing europium. In 1839 a mineral from Miass in the Ural Mountains was documented by Rose and later Blomstrand, Galissard de Marignac. Rose found tantalum and niobium. The use of X-ray spectra, through X-ray crystallography made it possible to assign atomic numbers. Hafnium sits in the periodic table below zirconium and they are very similar in their chemical and physical properties. Spedding and others in the United States, as part of the Manhattan Project in the 1940’s, developed chemical ion-exchange procedures for separating the rare-earth elements. This was used for separating plutonium-239 and neptunium from uranium, thorium, actinium. Rare-earth elements are derived from bastnäsite, monazite, and loparite. Rare-earth minerals are difficult to extract and mine, relative to the transition metals, this makes industrial extraction very expensive. Ion exchange, fractional crystallisation and liquid–liquid extraction has optimised the extraction process and made their use more readily available. Rare earth metals – Lithium in Cornwall Cornish Lithium, pioneering the UK industry for battery rare earth metals, continue ongoing drilling work in Cornwall, UK. The company is aiming to pursue lithium from hot water brines, which sit within the historic tin and copper mines. Additionally, the company is chasing lithium extraction from hard rock, believing that it was mined on the surface during World War II. Cornish Lithium will also explore lithium and other rare minerals. This valuable data being recorded via contemporary imaging 3D techniques, highlights a fresh understanding of the geological potential of the region’s deposits. List and applications of rare earth metals Rare earth elements are widely used in low carbon technologies. China produces >95% of the World’s supply but has been steadily reducing supply. The restrictions to the UK economy is currently limited but as the UK drives new green initiatives and technology becomes ever more prominent a future strategy and its economic importance to the UK has to be focused upon. The US and Australia are ramping up supply to offset the slowing Chinese market. Below are applications in today’s global marketplace for each of the rare earth metals: Scandium alloys for the aerospace industry Yttrium phosphors, ceramics, metal alloys Lanthanum batteries, catalysts for refining Cerium catalysts, polishing Praseodymium magnet corrosion resistance Neodymium powerful magnets for laptops, lasers Promethium beta radiation source Samarium high temperature magnets, reactor control rods Europium liquid crystal displays Gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Terbium phosphors for lighting Dysprosium high power magnets, lasers Holmium the most powerful magnets Thulium ceramic magnetic materials Ytterbium fibre optic technology, solar panels Lutetium X-ray phosphors Rare earth elements used in magnets Neodymium and samarium cobalt magnets are the main types. These are split into a variation of grades which exhibit different properties. Samarium cobalt magnets are made from an alloy of samarium, cobalt, iron, copper, hafnium, zirconium and praseodymium. They have very high maximum operating temperatures and are extremely resistant to corrosion. Neodymium magnets, discovered in 1982 by GM and Sumitomo Special Metals became the strongest permanent magnets. They are constructed from an alloy containing neodymium, iron and boron. Middle range neodymium magnets exhibit less tolerance to corrosion. Rare earth metals China China announced regulations on exports and a crackdown on smuggling. In 2010, China Daily, citing an unnamed Ministry of Commerce official, reported that China will “further reduce quotas for rare earth exports by 30 percent to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation.” At the end of 2010, China announced that the first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths would be a 35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas. In September 2011, China announced the halt in production of three of its eight major rare-earth mines. In March 2012, the US, EU, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions. In August 2012, China announced a further 20% reduction in production. The United States, Japan, and the European Union filed a joint lawsuit with the World Trade Organisation, arguing that China should not be able to deny such important exports. In response to the opening of new mines in other countries (Australia and the United States), prices of rare earths dropped. On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that “the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese manufacturers.” Rare earth metals in your mobile phone batteries… Rare earth elements make-up your glass backlit display, magnets in speakers, to the motors, making it vibrate. Beyond mobile devices, they are found in electric cars, solar cells, and batteries. The irony is that the components they create are part of the new, renewable energy drive. A hybrid Toyota Prius, for example, uses >10kg of rare earths in its main floor battery. This is just one of many hybrid and electric vehicles. Rare earth elements and the environment They are found in very minute concentrations in the Earth’s crust. Rare earth elements can be absorbed into plants and consumed by humans and animals. Mining sites see the concentrations rise above the normal background expectations. Once in the environment they can leach into the soil where they travel by numerous means like ground erosion, pH, precipitation and ground water. Extraction rely’s on the production of phosphorus fertilisers which contribute to contamination. Strong acids are also used during this process, which can then leach out in to the environment. Additionally, cerium oxide which is produced during the combustion of diesel as an exhaust particulate, contributes to soil contamination. Refining, and recycling have serious environmental consequences. Radioactive tailings resulting from the occurrence of thorium and uranium in rare-earth element ores present a potential hazard leading to extensive environmental damage. An example is the large-scale operation in Baotou, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world’s supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. Recent category posts In ionic bonding atoms are bound by attraction of oppositely charged ions In covalent bonding, shared electrons achieve stable electron configurations. Green chemistry principles are linked to chemical engineering, focused on the design of products and processes aimed at reducing the generation of hazardous substances. The rare-earth elements (rare-earth metals), or the lanthanides are a set of 17 silvery-white soft heavy metals. These metals tend to tarnish slowly in... - N. G. Connelly and T. Damhus, ed. (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005(PDF). With R. M. Hartshorn and A. T. Hutton. Cambridge: RSC Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85404-438-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2012. - Professor of Chemistry at University College London, Andrea Sella, on YouTube, Interview on TRT World / Oct 2016, minutes 4:40 – ff. - T Gray (2007). “Lanthanum and Cerium”. The Elements. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 118–122. - Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. (2002). “Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology” (PDF). Edited by Peter H. Stauffer and James W. Hendley II; Graphic design by Gordon B. Haxel, Sara Boore, and Susan Mayfield. United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087‐02. Retrieved March 13, 2012. However, in contrast to ordinary base and precious metals, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world’s supply of REE comes from only a handful of sources. - Keith R. Long; Bradley S. Van Gosen; Nora K. Foley; Daniel Cordier. “The Geology of Rare Earth Elements”. Geology.com. Retrieved June 19, 2018. - Lide (1997). - C. R. Hammond. “Section 4; The Elements”. In David R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. (Internet Version 2009) (89th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis. - “Rare-earth metals”. Think GlobalGreen. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved February 10,2017. - Fritz Ullmann, ed. (2003). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4. - Gschneidner K. A., Cappellen, ed. (1987). “1787–1987 Two hundred Years of Rare Earths”. Rare Earth Information Center, IPRT, North-Holland. IS-RIC 10. - History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers - Stephen David Barrett; Sarnjeet S. Dhesi (2001). The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces. World Scientific. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-86094-165-8. - On Rare And Scattered Metals: Tales About Metals, Sergei Venetsky - Spedding F., Daane A. H.: “The Rare Earths”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961. - Qi, Dezhi (2018). Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earths. Elsevier. pp. 162–165. ISBN 9780128139202. - B. Smith Hopkins: “Chemistry of the rarer elements”, D. C. Heath & Company, 1923. - McGill, Ian. “Rare Earth Elements”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 184. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607. - Zepf, Volker (2013). Rare earth elements: a new approach to the nexus of supply, demand and use : exemplified along the use of neodymium in permanent magnets. Berlin; London: Springer. ISBN 9783642354588. - Rollinson, Hugh R. (1993). Using geochemical data : evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 9780582067011. OCLC 27937350. - Brownlow, Arthur H (1996). Geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0133982725. OCLC 33044175. - Working Group (December 2011). “Rare Earth Elements” (PDF). Geological Society of London. Retrieved May 18, 2018. - P. Belli; R. Bernabei; F. Cappella; R. Cerulli; C. J. Dai; F. A. Danevich; A. d’Angelo; A. Incicchitti; V. V. Kobychev; S. S. Nagorny; S. Nisi; F. Nozzoli; D. Prosperi; V. I. Tretyak; S. S. Yurchenko (2007). “Search for α decay of natural Europium”. Nuclear Physics A. 789 (1–4): 15–29. Bibcode:2007NuPhA.789…15B. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001. - Winter, John D. (2010). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780321592576. OCLC 262694332. - Jébrak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014). Geology of mineral resources (2nd ed.). St. John’s, NL: Geological Association of Canada. ISBN 9781897095737. OCLC 933724718. - Powell, Devin, “Rare earth elements plentiful in ocean sediments”, ScienceNews, 3 July 2011. Via Kurt Brouwer’s Fundmastery Blog, MarketWatch, 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2011-07-05. - Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960). “Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec” (PDF)(Paper 59–10). Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. Retrieved May 18, 2018. - China’s Rare Earth Dominance, Wikinvest. Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010. - Gambogi, Joseph (January 2018). “Rare Earths” (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 132–133. Retrieved February 14, 2018. - Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M. “Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin”. 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143. - “Overview”. Northern Minerals Limited. Retrieved April 21,2018. - “Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;”. Retrieved April 19, 2008. - “As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms”. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009. - Massari, Stefania; Ruberti, Marcello (March 1, 2013). “Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies”. Resources Policy. 38 (1): 36–43. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001. ISSN 0301-4207. - “The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles” (PDF). United Stated Geological Survey. November 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2018. - Ma, Damien (April 25, 2012). “China Digs It”. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - Livergood, R. (October 5, 2010). “Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain” (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved March 13, 2012. - “China To Limit Rare Earths Exports”. Manufacturing.net, 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2010. - Ben Geman (October 19, 2009). “China to cut exports of ‘rare earth’ minerals vital to energy tech”. The Hill’s E2 Wire. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010. - Tony Jin (January 18, 2011). “China’s Rare Earth Exports Surge in Value”. The China Perspective. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011. - Zhang Qi; Ding Qingfen; Fu Jing (July 15, 2011). “Rare earths export quota unchanged”. China Daily. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. - “China halts rare earth production at three mines”. Reuters. September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011. - “WRAPUP 4-US, EU, Japan take on China at WTO over rare earths”. Reuters. March 13, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - “Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic”, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242″. Science History Institute. June 25, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019. - Kevin Voigt (August 8, 2012). “China cuts mines vital to tech industry”. CNN. - Tim Worstall (December 23, 2012). “El Reg man: Too bad, China – I was RIGHT about hoarding rare earths”. The Register. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - “China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint”. The Guardian. January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015. - “DS431: China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum”. World Trade Organization. Retrieved May 1, 2014. - “EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with China rise”. Financial Post. Reuters. September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011. - “Canadian Firms Step Up Search for Rare-Earth Metals”. NYTimes.com. Reuters. September 9, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009. - Leifert, H. (June 2010). “Restarting US rare earth production?”. Earth. pp. 20–21. - Editor. “About The Mine”. Steenkampskraal Rare Earths Mine. Retrieved July 19, 2019. - Lunn, J. (2006). “Great western minerals” (PDF). London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2008. - Gorman, Steve (August 30, 2009). “California mine digs in for ‘green’ gold rush”. Reuters. Retrieved March 22, 2010. - “Hoidas Lake, Saskatchewan”. Great Western Mineral Group Ltd. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2008. - “Rare earths supply deal between Japan and Vietnam”. BBC News. October 31, 2010. - “Vietnam signs major nuclear pacts”. AlJazeera. October 31, 2010. Retrieved October 31, 2010. - “Mining Venture Draws $200 Million in Tax Incentives and Red Flags (1)”. news.bloombergtax.com. Retrieved December 1, 2020. - “Long-discussed niobium mine in southeast Nebraska is ready to move forward, if it gathers $1 billion in financing “. Retrieved May 18, 2019. - “NioCorp Superalloy Materials The Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project” (PDF). Retrieved May 18, 2019. - “Federal minister approves N.W.T. rare earth mine”. CBC News. November 4, 2013. It follows the recommendation from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Review Board in July, and marks a major milestone in the company’s effort to turn the project into an operating mine. Avalon claims Nechalacho is “the most advanced large heavy rare earth development project in the world”. - “Rare Earth Elements at Kvanefjeld”. Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2010. - “New Multi-Element Targets and Overall Resource Potential”. Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2010. - Carol Matlack (February 10, 2013). “Chinese Workers—in Greenland?”. Business Week. - Bomsdorf, Clemens (March 13, 2013). “Greenland Votes to Get Tough on Investors”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - “Hay tierras raras aquí y están… en un lugar de La Mancha”. ELMUNDO (in Spanish). May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019. - “Maiden Resource, Ngualla Rare Earth Project” (PDF). ASX Release. Peak Resources. February 29, 2012. - Petrov, Leonid (August 8, 2012). “Rare earths bankroll North Korea’s future”. Asia Times. Retrieved October 22, 2018. - “북한, 올 5~6월 희토류 중국 수출 크게 늘어” [North Korea Rare Earth exports to China increased significantly from May to June]. voakorea.com (in Korean). July 28, 2014. - Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011). “Taking a Risk for Rare Earths”. The New York Times. (March 9, 2011 p. B1 NY ed.). Retrieved March 9, 2011. - “Kronologi Peristiwa di Kilang Nadir Bumi, Bukit Merah”[Chronology of Events at the Rare Earth Factory, Red Hill] (in Malay). Penang Consumer Association. Retrieved August 26,2019. - Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011). “Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery”. The New York Times. (March 9, 2011 p. B4 NY ed.). Retrieved March 9, 2011. - Coleman, Murray (June 30, 2011). “Rare Earth ETF Jumps As Plans To Break China’s Hold Suffer Setback”. Barron’s. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2011. - Report of the International Review Mission on the Radiation Safety Aspects of a Proposed Rare Earths Processing Facility (Lynas Project) (PDF). (29 May – 3 June 2011). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2018. - Ng, Eileen (September 2, 2014). “Lynas gets full operating licence before TOL expiry date”. The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014. - Rofer, Cheryl K.; Tõnis Kaasik (2000). Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamäe Site, Estonia. Volume 28 of NATO science series: Disarmament technologies. Springer. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7923-6187-9. - Anneli Reigas (November 30, 2010). “Estonia’s rare earth break China’s market grip”. AFP. Retrieved December 1,2010. - Cone, Tracie (July 21, 2013). “Gold Rush Trash is Information Age Treasure”. USA Today. Retrieved July 21,2013. - “Japan Discovers Domestic Rare Earths Reserve”. BrightWire. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. - “Brightwire”. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - “Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt”. Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei Inc. November 25, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2016. - “Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima”. UTokyo Research. University of Tokyo. May 2, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2016. - Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (September 4, 2014). China’s rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques (PDF). 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the ‘Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe’s Rare Earth ore deposits’. Retrieved December 11, 2016. - Um, Namil (July 2017). Hydrometallurgical recovery process of rare earth elements from waste: main application of acid leaching with devised diagram. INTECH. pp. 41–60. ISBN 978-953-51-3401-5. - “New liquid extraction frontier for rare earths?”. Recycling International. March 26, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - Tabuchi, Hiroko (October 5, 2010). “Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics”. New York Times. - “Rhodia to recycle rare earths from magnets”. Solvay — Rhodia. October 3, 2011. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. - “Rhodia expands rare earth recycling reach”. Recycling International. October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2017. - Wencai Zhang; Mohammad Rezaee; Abhijit Bhagavatula; Yonggai Li; John Groppo; Rick Honaker (2015). “A Review of the Occurrence and Promising Recovery Methods of Rare Earth Elements from Coal and Coal By-Products”. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization. 35(6): 295–330. doi:10.1080/19392699.2015.1033097. S2CID 128509001. - Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Chen, Congcong (October 25, 2017). “Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies”. Minerals. 7(11): 203. doi:10.3390/min7110203. See production in Figure 1 on page 2 - “Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019”. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2019. p. 132. doi:10.3133/70202434. - F. J. Duarte (Ed.), Tunable Lasers Handbook (Academic, New York, 1995). - Pang, Xin; Li, Decheng; Peng, An (March 1, 2002). “Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 9 (2): 143–8. doi:10.1007/BF02987462. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 12008295. S2CID 11359274. - Rim, Kyung-Taek (September 1, 2016). “Effects of rare earth elements on the environment and human health: A literature review”. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 8 (3): 189–200. doi:10.1007/s13530-016-0276-y. ISSN 2005-9752. S2CID 17407586. - Ali, Saleem H. (February 13, 2014). “Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries”. Resources. 3 (1): 123–134. doi:10.3390/resources3010123. - “The myth of the green cloud”. European Investment Bank. Retrieved September 17, 2020. - Volokh, A. A.; Gorbunov, A. V.; Gundorina, S. F.; Revich, B. A.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Chen Sen Pal (June 1, 1990). “Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of rare-earth elements pollution of the environment”. Science of the Total Environment. 95: 141–148. Bibcode:1990ScTEn..95..141V. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90059-4. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 2169646. - Bourzac, Katherine. “Can the US Rare-Earth Industry Rebound?” Technology Review. October 29, 2010. - “Govt cracks whip on rare earth mining”. China Mining Association. May 21, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2010. - Lee Yong-tim (February 22, 2008). “South China Villagers Slam Pollution From Rare Earth Mine”. Radio Free Asia. Retrieved March 16, 2008. - Bradsher, Keith (October 29, 2010). “After China’s Rare Earth Embargo, a New Calculus”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2010. - Lee, Yoolim, “Malaysia Rare Earths in Largest Would-Be Refinery Incite Protest”, Bloomberg Markets Magazine, May 31, 2011 5:00 PM ET. - “UN investigation into Malaysia rare-earth plant safety”, BBC, 30 May 2011 05:52 ET. - IAEA Submits Lynas Report to Malaysian Government. Iaea.org (2011-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-27. - Tim Heffernan (June 16, 2015). “Why rare-earth mining in the West is a bust”. High Country News. - Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (August 30, 2014). “Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries”. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 279: 384–388. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.027. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 25089667. - Martinez, Raul E.; Pourret, Olivier; Faucon, Michel-Pierre; Dian, Charlotte (June 20, 2018). “Effect of rare earth elements on rice plant growth” (PDF). Chemical Geology. 489: 28–37. Bibcode:2018ChGeo.489…28M. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.012. ISSN 0009-2541. - Chua, H (June 18, 1998). “Bio-accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in aquatic flora Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in Guangdong Province of China”. Science of the Total Environment. 214 (1–3): 79–85. Bibcode:1998ScTEn.214…79C. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00055-2. ISSN 0048-9697. - Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (2013). “Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review”. Safety and Health at Work. 4 (1): 12–26. doi:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12. PMC 3601293. PMID 23516020. - Sun, Guangyi; Li, Zhonggen; Liu, Ting; Chen, Ji; Wu, Tingting; Feng, Xinbin (December 1, 2017). “Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 39 (6): 1469–1486. doi:10.1007/s10653-017-9982-x. ISSN 0269-4042. PMID 28550599. S2CID 31655372. - Ramos, Silvio J.; Dinali, Guilherme S.; Oliveira, Cynthia; Martins, Gabriel C.; Moreira, Cristiano G.; Siqueira, José O.; Guilherme, Luiz R. G. (March 1, 2016). “Rare Earth Elements in the Soil Environment”. Current Pollution Reports. 2 (1): 28–50. doi:10.1007/s40726-016-0026-4. ISSN 2198-6592. - Li, Xiaofei; Chen, Zhibiao; Chen, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yonghe (October 1, 2013). “A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements in soil and vegetables from a mining area in Fujian Province, Southeast China”. Chemosphere. 93 (6): 1240–1246. Bibcode:2013Chmsp..93.1240L. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.085. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 23891580. - Zhuang, Maoqiang; Wang, Liansen; Wu, Guangjian; Wang, Kebo; Jiang, Xiaofeng; Liu, Taibin; Xiao, Peirui; Yu, Lianlong; Jiang, Ying (August 29, 2017). “Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China”. Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 9772. Bibcode:2017NatSR…7.9772Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10256-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5575011. PMID 28852170. - Zhong, Buqing; Wang, Lingqing; Liang, Tao; Xing, Baoshan (October 2017). “Pollution level and inhalation exposure of ambient aerosol fluoride as affected by polymetallic rare earth mining and smelting in Baotou, north China”. Atmospheric Environment. 167: 40–48. Bibcode:2017AtmEn.167…40Z. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.014. - “Malaysia court rejects pollution suit against ARE”. World Information Service on Energy. February 11, 1994. - Pagano, Giovanni; Aliberti, Francesco; Guida, Marco; Oral, Rahime; Siciliano, Antonietta; Trifuoggi, Marco; Tommasi, Franca (2015). “Rare earth elements in human and animal health: State of art and research priorities”. Environmental Research. 142: 215–220. Bibcode:2015ER….142..215P. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.039. PMID 26164116. - Redling, Kerstin (2006). “Rare Earth Elements in Agriculture with Emphasis on Animal Husbandry” (Dissertation). LMU München: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved April 5,2018. - “The Difference Engine: More precious than gold”. The Economist September 17, 2010. - Barakos, G; Gutzmer, J; Mischo, H (2016). “Strategic evaluations and mining process optimization towards a strong global REE supply chain”. Journal of Sustainable Mining. 15(1): 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.jsm.2016.05.002. - “Value Chain”. Investopedia. - Dian L. Chu (November 11, 2010). “Seventeen Metals: ‘The Middle East has oil, China has rare earth‘“. Business Insider. - Cox, C. (November 16, 2006). “Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to China”. The Anchor House, Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved February 29, 2008. - Bradsher, Keith (September 22, 2010). “Amid Tension, China Blocks Vital Exports to Japan”. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 22, 2010. - James T. Areddy, David Fickling And Norihiko Shirouzu (September 23, 2010). “China Denies Halting Rare-Earth Exports to Japan”. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 22, 2010. - Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports, Daily Telegraph, London, 29 Aug 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30. - “Rare earths: Digging in” The Economist September 2, 2010. - Mills, Mark P. “Tech’s Mineral Infrastructure – Time to Emulate China’s Rare Earth Policies.” Forbes, 1 January 2010. - “US Geological Survey: China’s Rare-Earth Industry”. Journalist’s Resource.org. July 18, 2011. - Simpson, S. (October 2011). “Afghanistan’s Buried Riches”. Scientific American. - Overland, Indra (March 1, 2019). “The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths”. Energy Research & Social Science. 49: 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018. ISSN 2214-6296. - lanthanide Sparkle Model, used in the computational chemistry of lanthanide complexes - USGS Rare Earths Statistics and Information - Ana de Bettencourt-Dias: Chemistry of the lanthanides and lanthanide-containing materials - Eric Scerri, 2007, The periodic table: Its story and its significance, Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 9780195305739

<urn:uuid:8c7d6e8c-c94c-4f44-82fa-ab68494067e5>

To Study the Variation in Volume with Pressure for a Sample of air at Constant Temperature by Plotting Graphs Between P and V, and Between P and 1/V To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V. Boyle’s law apparatus, plumb line, a pair of set-squares, a thermometer and Fortin’s barometer. Boyle’s Law. It states that the pressure (P) of an enclosed gas (i.e., for a given mass of the gas) is inversely proportional to its volume (V) provided that the temperature of the gas remains constant. - The apparatus is set with wooden board vertical with the help of leveling screws in the heavy metallic base. It is tested by a plumb line. - See the air enclosed in the graduated tube A closed at the upper end. - Adjust the height of other tube B, such that mercury level in it is in horizontal line with the level in A. Air pressure in A is equal to the atmospheric pressure on mercury in tube B. - Note the atmospheric pressure from Fortin’s barometer hanging in laboratory. - Also note the temperature from the thermometer attached to the barometer. - Note the reading of mercury levels in tube A and B against scale S. It will be same. - Note volume of enclosed gas in graduated tube A. - Move the tube B upwards by about 2 cm. Mercury level in tube A will also rise up a little reducing volume of enclosed air. The reduced volume is noted. - Pressure of air in tube A increases and mercury level in A remains lower than that in B. - Position of mercury level in tube B is noted against the vertical scale using set squares as before. - Repeat steps 8, 9, 10 two more times raising the tube B by 2 cm each time. - Lower the tube B and bring the mercury level with same horizontal line as in A. Check reading of step 6. - Move the tube B downwards by about 2 cm. Mercury level in A will also come down a little increasing volume of enclosed air. The increased volume is noted. - Pressure of air in tube A decreases and mercury level in A remains higher than that in B. Step 10 is repeated. - Repeat steps 13 and 14 two more times lowering the tube B by 2 cm each time. - Repeat steps 4 and 5. - Record observations in tabular form as given ahead. (a) Through Table 1. Find difference of Hg levels in tube A and tube B to find pressure difference (p). 2. Add atmospheric pressure P0(75.0 cm of Hg) to pressure difference p to find total pressure P(= P0 + p) of air in the tube A. 3. Write volume V of air enclosed in tube A. 4. Write value of 1/V and PV in respective columns. (b) Through Graph 1. Draw a graph between P and V, taking P, along X-axis and V along Y-axis. The graph is a hyperbola. 2. Draw another graph between P and 1/V , taking P along X-axis and y along Y-axis. The graph is a straight line with positive slope. 1. PV is constant. It is according to Boyle’s Law. 2. P-V graph is a hyperbola. It satisfies the relation PV = constant. - Air in tube A must be pure and dry. - The wooden board must be set vertical. - Position of mercury levels must be noted using set squares. - Atmospheric pressure must be taken in the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Its mean must be used in calculation. - Graph must be plotted carefully. Sources of error - The air in tube A may not be pure and dry. - Base may not be broad and heavy to keep the, apparatus stable. Question. 1. State Boyle’s Law. Answer. Read theory of Experiment 3. Question. 2. Why do we use the mercury in Boyle’s law apparatus ? Answer. Pressure difference (P) is in terms of difference of mercury levels in tube A and B. This difference added algebraically to atmospheric pressure gives the pressure of air in tube A in cm of Hg. Question. 3. Does Boyle’s law hold good under all conditions ? Answer. No. Boyle’s law is only hold good when temperature is high and pressure is low. Question. 4. Why is it necessary to make the Boyle’s law apparatus vertical ? Answer. If it is not vertical, the reading of mercury column will not be accurate. Question. 5. For which gas have you verified Boyle’s law ? Answer. For air. Question. 6. What is atmospheric pressure ? Answer. It is the pressure on earth surface due to air column Pa = 1.013 x 10-5 Nm-2. Question. 7. What is nature of graph between pressure and volume for a gas at constant temperature. Question. 8. What is nature of graph for P vs. 1/V for a gas at constant temperature ? Answer. Straight line. Question. 9. How the pressure depend upon radius of tube A and B? Answer. Pressure does not depend upon the radius (Area) of tube. Question. 10. What is ideal gas equation ? Answer. PV = nRT.

<urn:uuid:a837df10-cb43-4a7c-b772-42ea69ef97c0>

The Greater Nordic Regional Y-DNA Project (formerly the Scandinavian Y-DNA Project) is a geographic project. It welcomes members who have Y-DNA tested from both immediate and greater Scandinavia including all locations that are part of the modern Nordic Council. Project members and the project administration team work together under the project Code of Conduct. The Greater Nordic Regional Y-DNA Project Geography This project is open to those with Y-DNA results from all Nordic Council countries, those with known ancestry from any of these countries, and those only suspected of having origin in the region. We are an inclusive project. Scandinavia = Denmark, Norway, Sweden Nordic countries = Scandinavia, Finland, and Iceland Nordic Council = Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Aland, Faroe Islands, and Greenland The Greater Nordic Regional Y-DNA Project Surnames Genealogy in the Nordic countries relies on knowledge of patronymic names. A patronymic name (Latin: pater=father) is a name constructed from the father’s given name. In Norse custom patronyms and matronyms were formed by using the ending -son to indicate “son of”, and -dotter for “daughter of”. This name was used as a descriptive name for most Scandinavians. The -sen versions are mainly Danish or Norwegian, the -son versions are Swedish or Norwegian. The patronymic system gradually disappeared and was replaced with a family last name system in all three Scandinavian countries: - Denmark during 1828-1904 - Sweden around 1900 - Norway in 1923 Families would then choose a name, either a patronymic in recent use, a farm name (Norway) or place name from the family history, a soldier name (Sweden) or other to be their hereditary last name. Iceland still uses a patronymic naming system. In Finland there were both old surnames (Savo, Savolax), and a patronymic system combined with farm names and place names. More on Wikipedia.

<urn:uuid:497b8386-e451-4616-9742-582cab29653d>

Harm Reduction Teaching activities and resources This section supports educators with knowledge and skills to integrate harm reduction philosophy in mental health and addiction curricula. At the end of this section, the educator will: - Define and understand the philosophy and key principles of harm reduction. - Identify key areas of harm reduction in policies and practice. - Identify harm reduction approaches in other areas of health and safety. Harm reduction is a pragmatic public health approach to practices, programs, and policies that aim to reduce the adverse health, social, and economic consequences of substance use without requiring individuals to abstain from substance use (CNA, 2011; Rassool, 2010). The aim of a harm reduction approach is to reduce the negative consequences of risky behaviours, including the harmful effects of substance use (CNA, 2011; Rassool, 2010). As such, a harm reduction response recognizes that substance use is a complex phenomenon that encompasses a continuum of behaviours, ensures a non-judgmental provision of care, and advocates for equal access to resources and services for care, regardless of drug use or engagement in other at-risk practices (CNA, 2011). It also focuses on promoting harm reduction within the communities that clients live in and in the areas and conditions where substances are used, rather than in contexts that are removed from these settings (Rassool, 2010). The dangers associated with substance use are not minimized in a harm reduction approach, which also recognizes the realities of poverty, racism, social isolation, past trauma, and other social inequalities that affect a person’s vulnerability and capacity to deal effectively with substance-related harm (Rassool, 2010). According to RNAO’s (2015) Engaging Clients Who Use Substances, harm reduction: - Is an alternative to the disease causation model of substance use. - Accepts that at any given time some people are not ready to choose abstinence. - Accepts that substance use occurs in society and works to minimize its harmful effects - Accepts that people who are substance-dependent should have a voice in the creation of programs and policies designed to serve them - Values patient autonomy. - Does not exclude abstinence as an option (Beirness, Jesseman, Notarandrea, & Perron, 2008; CNA, 2011). Nurses should integrate principles of harm reduction when working with clients who use substances and when treating those at risk for or experiencing a substance use disorder, according to RNAO’s Engaging Clients Who Use Substances (2015). Harm reduction principles and approaches can also be used to support individuals physical and mental health (e.g., from engaging in unprotected sex to refraining from driving after drinking). Applying a harm reduction framework allows nurses to tailor their approach in order to meet clients “where they are,” establish goals collaboratively with the client, and develop a client-centred plan of care, while building trust and autonomy in the nurse–client relationship (RNAO, 2009). However, before integrating the principles of harm reduction, nurses must be aware of and address their own attitudes and biases (RNAO, 2015d). For more information, see Resources. Teaching and Learning Activities The following are teaching and learning activities that can be employed in the classroom to further support nurses in the integration of theory, principles and best practices related to harm reduction principles and approaches. - Design a learning activity that includes a variety of program/policy options. Have students in small groups determine which option has a harm reduction approach and present to a group how and why they have come to that conclusion. Debrief using examples. - Bring together a panel of people who can speak to harm reduction approaches from a personal/community/professional perspective (e.g., AIDS coalitions, condoms programs, methadone maintenance programs, needle exchanges, peer administered Naloxone, Housing First, etc.) - Group Activity that asks students to identify different types of harm reduction practices. - Case studies across lifespan, life transitions, and with different populations/contexts—or use the template in Section 9.3 - Videos—see Resources - Lived client experiences/family experience—Appendix H - Arts-based approaches Learner Engagement Questions The following are thought-provoking and engaging learner questions that can be used to further discussions with nursing students regarding harm reduction theory and approaches. These questions can be used either to stimulate discussion, engage students in critical thinking or be tied to class assignments and/or reflection exercises. - What are the benefits and barriers of a harm reduction approach? - What are the ethical implications for nursing practice of not providing care to those in need? - Supervised injection site in my backyard – thoughts? - What is the difference, similarity, and relationship between harm reduction and abstinence? - What is the relationship between housing first strategies and harm reduction strategies? - What is an example of harm reduction safe sexual practices? - Does handing out condoms promote sexual activity? - Do needle exchange programs promote drug use? Evaluation and Self-reflection The following tool can be used to evaluate students in their understanding and application of harm reduction theory and approaches: - Assignment on policy review Reflection questions: Do you choose your illness? What are your values and beliefs regarding harm reduction approaches? Does harm reduction save lives? RNAO E-LEARNING MODULES - Engaging Clients with Substance Use Disorders E-learning module - Engaging Youth Who Use Substances E-learning module - Addictions E-Learning Series - RNAO’s Screening & Brief Intervention - RNAO’s Using Motivational Interviewing Approaches - Opioids: Best Advice For People On, Or About To Start Taking Opioid Medications, Related To Chronic Non-Cancer Pain is an educational video by Dr. Mike Evans. - University of Utah’s Mouse Party: Take a look inside the brains of mice on drugs - Bevel up - Drugs, Users and Outreach Nursing - Nettie Wild (2007) RNAO BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES - RNAO 2015, Engaging Clients Who Use Substances . Toronto, ON. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. - RNAO 2009, Supporting Clients on Methadone Maintenance Treatment . Toronto, ON. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. - O’Grady, C. P., & Skinner, W. J. W. (2007). A family guide to concurrent disorders. Toronto, ON: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

<urn:uuid:fe51d83e-75ba-4dc8-8692-f062d98ad556>

In a world saturated with sophisticated financial analysis, it is hard to imagine a time when the essential task of determining a project or company’s monetary value faced what must have seemed insurmountable hurdles. While knowledge of compound interest can be traced back to at least as far as the Old Babylonian period (c. 1800 - 1600 BCE), its use was generally limited to financial instruments (e.g., loans and insurance) until the nineteenth century when engineers began to use compound interest to estimate project profitability when selecting among mutually exclusive capital investments [See H.D. Hoskold's Engineer's Valuing Assistant (London: Longmans, Green, 1877)]. The path from its humble Mesopotamian roots to the relatively unified school of thought that is valuation today involved many steps and contributions from a host of engineers, mathematicians, economists, and capital theorists. Despite a wealth of writing on the subject of capital expenditure and net present value analysis years earlier, a review of excerpts from Volume 6 of the Journal of Accounting Research suggests that Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis was not widely applied to nonfinancial assets until it was popularized in the 1950s and 60s. Why was there such a long delay between the introduction of the basic pillars of DCF analysis and its eventual ubiquity? While one could argue that the limited adoption in the early nineteenth century was a result of the inherent difficulty in accurately forecasting cash flows and the typically small size of individual capital investments, this does not account for the delay between the time that railroad production (an endeavor that requires a significant amount of upfront investment) had taken off in the mid nineteenth century to widespread adoption of DCF in the 1960s. Furthermore, despite a lack of robust disclosure practices and accounting standards that marked the landscape before adoption of the Securities Act of 1933, there is little to suggest that DCF analysis would have been developed sooner if such standards had already been established. The explicit duties of accountants in the nineteenth century primarily concerned maintaining records, rather than participating in capital investment decision making, despite the material amounts of writing on compound interest and actuary science in place by the end of the eighteenth century. Yet those evaluating potential capital investments would typically consult with accountants, a practice that encouraged accountants to serve as de facto financial advisors. Accountants, often untrained in economics, largely employed more basic (and conservative) capital expenditure decision frameworks that did not involve anything resembling a DCF model. In other words, there was a disconnect between those pioneering new economic theories and those actually practicing in the space. Jumping forward one hundred years, this disconnect appears analogous to cryptofinance’s current state of affairs. Albeit a few financial analysts have attempted to tailor traditional financial models to the emerging asset class. In all likelihood, creating entirely new models based on a deep understanding of cryptoeconomics is off the radar screen altogether. Digging deeply into the implications of token design decisions and successfully spawning a new class of valuation models would no doubt move the industry forward as investors grapple with how best to value an ever-expanding array of crypto structures. Understanding the impetus and best practices informing current valuation approaches will be instrumental to developing such new models, whose emergence will, of course, take time. What’s more, a deep understanding of the various levers, techniques, and caveats that will drive cryptoeconomic valuations in both an immature and mature market requires at least a basic understanding of the most common tools currently supporting equity valuations. In that spirit, the following short descriptions are offered. Each characterizes a major approach used in traditional finance and indicates the technique’s applicability to cryptofinancial valuation. Common Tools and Methods for Equity Valuations Discounted Cash Flow analysis represents the heart and soul of traditional equity valuation. The methodology is now considered the gold standard valuation technique given its theoretical soundness and orientation to detail. The approach involves estimating future cash flows with as much accuracy as possible and discounting them back to the present. Analysts project topline revenues, expenses and capital outlays to arrive at an estimate of free cash flow that is available to pay shareholder dividends or reinvest in the company. It is unsurprising that tracing value through cryptosystems is often much less straightforward than in the case of traditional corporate structures. The vast majority of cryptoassets do not involve cash flows at all, and systems of which the cryptoassets are a part vary greatly. Yet, despite the number of theoretical and practical differences, the desire to fit a cryptoeconomy into the mold of a traditional DCF model—in that present value should be some function of discounted future value—is not entirely unwarranted. Chris Burniske has likely come the closest to popularizing a DCF-inspired cryptofinancial valuation model for payment tokens. While certain aspects of his approach appear sound, for example, the use of an explicit forecast period to project future utility value that is then discounted to the present, the underlying utility value calculations are based on an implementation of the Equation of Exchange (i.e., MV=PQ) that is not consistent with its historical use; we will consider these inconsistencies in more detail in our next publication. Fortunately for the pragmatic analyst, some networks can be modelled using a typical DCF model and a few simple adjustments. Proof of Stake (PoS) protocols in which a token gives the holder a right to perform services and earn a mix of transaction fees (also known as a contribution token in Smith + Crown’s token taxonomy) and newly minted tokens (i.e., seigniorage) are one good example. The application is not perfect, because PoS participants perform work rather than passively receive income, making the asset look more like a tradable license, but it is the closest widespread cryptoeconomic token function to which DCF might apply. Readers can also expect a closer look at this approach in future publications. Trading comparables analysis is an excellent way of valuing a company when the data necessary to perform a complete DCF is not available or if a rough valuation range is sufficient. The approach involves identifying similar companies and calculating the average value of relevant valuation ratios across the peer group. The valuation ratios selected are a function of company maturity and sector; the most commonly used ratios are Enterprise Value/EBITDA, Price/Earnings, and Price/Sales, although many more exist [Note that while these ratios can be calculated on a retrospective basis (e.g., for the trailing twelve month period), when used in the context of valuation, forward looking projections are utilized for values in the denominator]. While this process can be done relatively quickly, the diligent analyst will spend additional effort combing through each comparable company’s financial statements to identify and adjust for any non-recurring item, such as one time legal fees, restructuring charges, etc., as these items may materially distort results. Although trading comparables analysis may seem rough and dirty since a fairly limited portion of the analysis is specific to the subject company, the results from a thoughtful attempt are often quite powerful. Fortunately, trading comparables analysis is very relevant in the land of crypto. Analysts have access to mountains of data ripe for comparison, including transaction count and volume, unique wallet addresses, github commit history, blockchain speed and capacity, and various other measures of adoption, quality and capabilities. That said, there are a number of issues that are likely to arise during any thoughtful crypto trading comps analysis. Comparables analysis implicitly assumes that the market is already pricing the assets in a rational manner with respect to relevant valuation ratios, or, at a minimum, in a manner that is stable and consistently applied. While this is generally a fair assumption in traditional markets, such may not be the case in crypto markets today. The prevailing pricing of cryptoassets may reflect a limited reliance on a consistent set of valuation ratios, differing calculation methodologies, generally less robust analysis, and more hype. Additionally, there is little agreement on how best to value non-standard and easily gameable metrics, such as github commits and social metrics. Moreover, it is often challenging to compare the value of certain metrics such as transaction count and volume across networks as each may have a different meaning within the context of its own blockchain. Despite these issues, some of the more fundamental crypto valuation ratios, such as NVT (i.e., the Network Value to Transactions ratio), are beginning to emerge as standard, thus are more easily applied. Additionally, there is little agreement on how best to value non-standard and easily gameable metrics, such as Github commits and social metrics. Precedent Transaction Comparables Transaction comparables analysis is not unlike trading comps analysis, in that the value of the subject company is imputed from that of its peers. The primary difference is that, instead of utilizing a list of active comparable companies, the analyst identifies precedent M&A transactions, typically transactions in which a peer company was purchased for a disclosed amount of stock and/or cash. Since the fruitfulness of this approach is contingent upon an adequate list of relevant precedent transactions, it may be more appropriate for some sectors over others—a long list of recent M&A transactions in the same sector is ideal. A similar approach can be used to determine a rough estimate of the value of a cryptoeconomy. The analysis involves examining a list of comparable crypto project capital raise (or acquisition) events and making the adjustments necessary to control for major market movements, raise structure (i.e., percent float), future dilution, and anything else that appears relevant and quantifiable. While significant market movements and changes in fundraising environments will often make such analysis challenging, the approach should not be overlooked, given that it may be relatively simple to execute when an emblematic set of comparable transactions exists. Of course, this makes the same assumption a trading comparables valuation approach does—previous buyers priced the asset in a way the market will today or in the future. Dividend Discount Model (DDM) Also known as the Gordon Growth Model when specified with a constant dividend growth rate, the DDM is closely related to the basic net present value formula that underpins DCF analysis. Whereas a DCF model attempts to capture all relevant financial statement details, such as cost of goods sold, SG&A (selling, general and administrative expenses), and capital investment to arrive at a complete financial picture, the DDM assumes that the value of a company’s stock is simply linked to the perpetual value of its dividend. In contrast to a DCF model that can incorporate such details as product line-specific margins and multistage growth rates, the formulation of the DDM is quite straightforward: While, given its simplistic nature, applying the DDM to the valuation of most companies is not appropriate, it can be useful when evaluating mature, business cycle insensitive, dividend-paying companies with stable capital structures and consistent growth rates. In practice, however, the model is typically used for back-of-the-envelope valuations of specific perpetual cash flows as opposed to full-blown company valuations. In terms of crypto applications, the DDM could be an effective way to model a dividend paying security token. The DDM could potentially model a utility token that grants its holder a discount on project services, though there are some critical nuances that must be addressed in this latter approach. This topic will be covered in more detail in subsequent installments of this series. Sum-of-the-parts (SOTP) Valuation Sum-of-the-parts valuation is less frequently used than the aforementioned methods, although it represents an important approach when evaluating conglomerate companies or multi-divisional companies that span multiple sectors. As the name suggests, the analysis involves breaking up a company into distinct segments, ascribing a value to each, and then adding them together to arrive at firm value. Analysts are free to select which of the above methodologies is best when evaluating each segment. SOTP valuation is particularly relevant when considering a company breaking up by spinning off one or more of its divisions. Although the concept could certainly apply to a crypto project with several different irons in the fire, use of this approach is rare in practice. Wouldn’t it be nice if there was a similarly concrete set of cryptofinancial valuation methodologies? One could easily argue this position, although where’s the fun in that? Much like in our earlier analogy to the emergence of DCF analysis in traditional finance, the industry is currently at a place where those who are tasked with performing cryptofinancial valuations have very limited experience analyzing cryptoassets in practice. This is no fault of their own given the nascent nature of the industry, but nonetheless represents a significant hurdle that must be overcome before analysts begin to reach consensus on how best to value a cryptoeconomy. While there is clearly room for improvement in terms of developing cryptofinancial valuation methodologies based upon techniques emanating from the sphere of traditional equities, there have been some admirable attempts to create cryptofinancial valuation frameworks from the crypto community itself. Most techniques have roots in traditional financial analysis, but given the inherent differences between valuing entities with discrete cash flows and those without, creativity is an important prerequisite.

<urn:uuid:9b2f0225-fc4a-4e27-9a77-8fc641f07f48>

Over the weekend, create your own alphabet by using random objects around your house. You can use an object. You must take individual photos for each letter. In total, you should have 26 photos, one for each letter. Today, you are going to use the pictures that you took over the weekend. Step 1: Upload photos to you computer Step 2: Import them to PIXLR.com Step 3: Using Magic Wand and masking Tool cut out the letter Step 4: Paste the letter on a new workspace and repeat until all letters are finished. Objective: Today, you will use pixlr. to spell your name using a decorative font. You'll need to understand the following, Marquee (selection) tools, cutting, pasting, and move tool. Step 1: download the link above. Step 2: open the coffebean.jpeg and open a white canvas on pixlr.com Step 3 select the Marquee tool and clip letters that are in your name, copy, and past on you blank canvas. Step 4: Repeat step 3 until first and last name are complete. Step 5: Submit assignment under you class tab Project: Major Grade You will create a project on the history of graphic design. You must create a computer generated Infographic or hand-drawn visual history of Graphic Design and its historical periods. You must include dates, visual of the art style or important inventions that initiated the era, and a one or tow sentence description. Extra point will be given based on creativity. Periods you must include. Branding: Pick five companies and create either a infographic or a PowerPoint that describe how a company use the color of psychology into their branding. l Suggested companies. Pick companies that relate to nature, clothing, wealth, children, adults, video gamer productss just to name a few.

<urn:uuid:691b36aa-8c76-44c2-a03e-0f3262c4cfd5>

Is also known as ankyloglossia, is a condition in which the thin membrane under the tongue (the lingual frenulum) is too short or tight, restricting the movement of the tongue. This can interfere with breastfeeding, speaking, and eating. It is a congenital condition, meaning that it is present at birth. Symptoms may include: Difficulty breastfeeding, including poor latch and low milk intake Difficulty sticking out the tongue past the lower front teeth Difficulty making certain speech sounds, such as “l,” “r,” and “t” Difficulty moving the tongue from side to side or up and down If left untreated, tongue tie can cause problems with oral hygiene, as well as difficulty with eating and speaking. It can also lead to problems with tooth alignment and jaw development. Treatment usually involves a simple procedure called a frenotomy, in which the lingual frenulum is snipped with scissors or a laser to release the tongue. Most babies and children recover quickly from the procedure, and there is usually little to no discomfort. Early treatment can help prevent future problems and improve quality of life.

<urn:uuid:7ca067cd-6af9-4d7a-aea2-6895e2598241>

View entire discussion [<< prev] [ next >>] From: Lucinda To: Teacher2Teacher Public Discussion Date: 2000032800:12:53 Subject: Teaching geometry to elementary school students In elementary school the study of geometry should be informal but not unstructured. The use of informal terms and expressions should be accepted. For example, both teachers and students can use terms such as "corners", "square corners", "flips", and "slides". These terms eventually will be replaced, respectively, with the formal terms "vertices", "right angles", "reflections", and "translations". By frequently talking about what they are doing, children's descriptions will become more precise and correct. In order to make good decisions about the type of activities suitable for students, you must try to discern their geometric thinking level. Engaging the students in "open-ended" geometry explorations is one way to accomplish this. The following are examples of open-ended tasks: 1.Draw as many different four-sided figures as you can. Write about how they are different and how they are the same. 2.Choose a block. Use sticks and marshmallows to make a skeleton model of the shape. Sharing in these tasks enable students to see relationships that they might not have seen if left to themselves. Geometry is an opportunity to connect mathematics to the child's world. Choose activities that involve the recognition and classification of shapes and figures, and operations on objects that are familiar to the child. A collection of boxes and other containers that the children bring to school can be the focus of discussions about different shapes and figures. A "geometry walk" on a city street or on a nature trail can serve to connect geometry work to the environment. Math Forum Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Math Forum Search

<urn:uuid:6b6af858-b6eb-4a48-b2c9-ae4de9700cb1>

auld alliance, paris - france scotland - flower of scotland auld alliance, paris - france scotland - doe a deer The Auld Alliance was an alliance made in 1295 between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. The alliance was formed for the purpose of controlling England's numerous invasions. The Scots word auld, meaning old, has become a partly affectionate term for the long-lasting alliance between the two countries. It remained until the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1560.

<urn:uuid:4f90a344-0e95-4d31-a33d-f2d9daebab53>

As a passionate naturalist, wildlife tracker and ecologist, one of the many foundational an abilities I ever learned was exactly how to observe the difference between coniferous and also deciduous forests. You are watching: Compared with deciduous forests coniferous forests Most people currently know exactly how to determine coniferous and also deciduous tree by comparing the significant differences in sheet structures. Coniferous trees prefer fir, spruce and pine trees have needle-like leaves that remain on the tree all year long. This has obvious benefits because that survival and also wildcrafting, contributing to lot sharper instincts about exactly when and also where to go if you want to harvest details plants or tree from the land. Animals In Coniferous and Deciduous Forests Another significant difference between coniferous and also deciduous forests are the varieties of animals present and also the population density the wild animals. A good example that how different forests influence animals comes from studying the forest conditions associated with American Marten Habitat. Martens space a an extremely sensitive forest animal with details habitat requirements that can totally eliminate their populations if castle aren’t met. This method if you want to find Martens, you require to know what kind of forests they use in your bio-region, consisting of whether to look for coniferous woodlands or deciduous. This link in between forest habitat and animal populaces has evident implications for wildlife tracking and our capability to locate, hunting & regulate healthy pet populations. Sometimes the ideal trackers space not those who just know just how to identify tracks and also follow sign. Even much more important is learning the woodland ecology connected with different types of animals in every season. The more time you invest quietly observing & tracking nature, the an ext of these associations you develop up till you start to construct an internal guide to finding pets by their ecology. There are thousands of these associations in every bio-region, and they sometimes adjust depending ~ above the season. A few examples of how animals relate to coniferous and deciduous forests:Cedar waxwings relocate to deciduous maple woodlands with ripe seed in late spring.Deer conference in deciduous nut forests during fall.Look because that deer in the coniferous hemlock forests during deep winter snows.Red 설 설 are extremely abundant in coniferous forests since they eat the seeds of cones.Gray squirrels have actually a comparable abundance in deciduous nut woodlands of the northeastern unified states.Martens live in old-growth coniferous forests This is what’s dubbed ecological tracking, and people who space really experienced at this can use this understanding to situate wild animals without ever before needing to watch a solitary track. When you incorporate knowledge of woodland ecology through the capacity to review tracks & sign, you have much stronger foundations for intuitive tracking that starts every time girlfriend look at the forested landscape. Go watch The woodlands In Your local Area! As with every little thing I talk about on moment-g.com, the score is to assist you observe with your very own eyes and ears come evolve and sharpen your own herbal instincts.Looking for the deer in early on fall? go to the deciduous nut forests!What about during the deep January snow? check out the coniferous hemlock forest!Got a craving for part delicious wintergreen tea? nothing waste your time randomly scouring the land… simply go to the young mixed woodland with lot of of sunlight and also you’ll find plenty!Need huckleberries for a pie? better check up on those piney absent barrens! Your very own local woodlands will have their own associations and also communities, so gain out there and start taking notes!Go discover a deciduous forest, and write down what friend find. See more: How Many Ounces In A Pint Of Tomatoes, Grape Volume To Weight Conversion Then repeat the procedure in a coniferous forest. Then compare your notes! It’s really that simple and this procedure of compare coniferous and also deciduous woodlands can be integrated into every wander or sit clues you take it outside.

<urn:uuid:b6213e2f-d7b8-4de1-b01a-ca7ba1809ddd>

Learn something new every day More Info... by email Disorderly conduct is a charge which is used as a form of catch-all for generally disruptive behaviors which may not necessarily be specifically illegal under other areas of the penal code. People charged with this offense can choose not to contest it and pay a fine, or they can attend court and fight the charge. In court, a jury will decide if the person committed the action in question and the judge will decide whether or not it constitutes disorderly behavior. The punishment is usually a fine, although people may also be imprisoned. Actions which disturb public peace, threaten public health or safety, or result in moral upset may be considered disorderly conduct. Law enforcement officers can stop and ticket people who are behaving disruptively, and they may also opt to detain them if they become a threat to the public or themselves. For example, someone may be publicly drunk, which is a nuisance, and also at risk of injury as a result of public drunkenness. Some examples of disorderly conduct include making loud noises, fighting in the streets, using obscene language in a public space, loitering, and vagrancy. Preventing people from passing among a sidewalk and approaching people on public transit or in public spaces and refusing to leave them alone, may also fall under this offense. These activities may not be specifically illegal, but they can be disruptive, and thus the police may opt to charge the offender with disorderly conduct. It is also possible to plea down to this charge from another charge. Many regions of the world have a law which penalizes disorderly conduct. People are usually subject to fines, and jail time if they cannot or will not pay the fine. Judges may also opt to sentence people to community service, especially if they are young offenders. Repeated charges of this nature on someone's criminal record may be considered during sentencing if that person is brought up on more serious charges and convicted. There are some distinctions between disorderly conduct and other types of activities. For example, a permitted political protest is not disorderly conduct even though it may involve loud noises and blocked streets. If marchers break off from the protest and follow a different route, however, they can be charged with being disorderly because they are longer acting within the bounds of their permit. Likewise, a spontaneous demonstration can result in charges related to disturbing the peace because the demonstrators have not received permission. @geekish - Actually by definition disorderly conduct is a minor offense; however, I think good penalties are usually in place so that the person who is receiving the penalty does not feel like it is a light penalty. The penalty is determined by state statute but usually consists of both a fine and prison sentence, just a fine, or just a prison sentence. But since it is a minor offense then I would imagine that it would not be a long prison sentence. I have actually heard of disorderly conduct charges stemming from an altercation that occurred at an elementary school between a parent and a student! Luckily it was during and after school meeting so all the students had gone home. I don't remember why it happened but I was trying to figure out what type of disorderly conduct penalties the parent might have incurred for trying to strangle the teacher. Can you receive just a warning for first offense or are these offenses taken strongly in the sense of penalties? One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

<urn:uuid:ef27e2bf-9294-413d-afa6-51ae6daea25d>

Preschool games on TurtleDiary are online games that feature learning about many concepts and children can play on their own or in a group. Preschool teachers incorporate many different social activities into their classrooms; some of these activities are games and these learning methods are a perfect way to develop the children’s social skills when played in a group setting. They also play a great role in the children’s emotional, physical, and even intellectual development. Playing the online games with an academic purpose assists in the learning process of the students. There are many educational games for the teachers to choose from that can be played with the children, and they all serve a purpose in preschool students’ academic day. The students have fun when playing these games, and they learn from them, as well! Preschool Learning Games There are many online learning games that the teachers do with the children. The games can consist of matching, counting, alphabet, songs, shapes, puzzles, and more, and are quite fun to play. Fine motor and gross motor skills are highlighted in preschool learning games so the students can work on these areas of development in conjunction with helping their academic development. These games can be played in a whole-group setting, a small-group setting, or on an individual basis, and can be adapted for all of the students according to their developmental abilities. There are so many preschool games available either online, such as on Turtle Diary, or offline in the classroom or at home. Online preschool learning have a lot to offer in terms of online activities in many subject areas, and give the preschool students the exposure they need to technology. Preschool Online GamesPreschool games on TurtleDiary are played on the computer in school or at home. Teachers use the online games during different aspects of the day to give the preschool students exposure to technology. There a many beneficial computer activities that can be enjoyed by the students. Turtle Diary offers many of these games in the areas of mathematics (abacus, shapes, numbers, matching, patterns, and more) and in reading (alphabet, phonics, phonemic awareness, word families, sequencing, and others). Turtle Diary also offers a variety of technological play in science, health, and more! They are a fabulous way to get the little ones excited about learning, and to get them off to a great start in school!

<urn:uuid:f4137ae3-4ec6-406a-9867-bd002b3aa5b0>

Raising awareness and prioritising family planning in the Covid era The Government of Uttar Pradesh, through the National Health Mission, has adopted a three-pronged strategy to address population growth in the state on World Population Day. - Total Shares World Population Day is an annual event observed on July 11 across the world to raise awareness and focus on the importance and urgency of family planning, poverty, maternal health, sexual and reproductive health, gender-based inequities and human rights. On this day in 1987, in acknowledgement of the world’s population reaching 5 billion, it was decided by the Governing Council of the United National Development Programme to designate the day as World Population Day for creating awareness about population-related issues. This is a day for celebrating human capital and creating awareness about key issues like family planning. The theme for this year very appropriately is to ‘raise awareness on women's and girls' needs for sexual and reproductive health and vulnerabilities during the pandemic’. This is very relevant, as efforts are undertaken to build back better, leveraging the progress made in this direction while also continuing our commitment towards better reproductive health and rights of girls and women during the Covid-19 catastrophe. India, with an estimated population size of 1.37 billion, has the second largest population in the world. (Photo: Reuters) India, with an estimated population size of 1.37 billion, has the second largest population in the world, and with the current population growth rate, it will overtake China as the most populous country before 2027, according to World Bank. This, more than ever, is the time to invest in our human capital and reaffirm our commitment to strengthening improved health facilities with a focus on respectful care. Covid-19 has further reminded us of the need for a strong primary healthcare system as the basic building block for working towards our commitments to the SDGs. One-sixth of India’s population, estimated to be 241 million, lives in Uttar Pradesh and almost half of them are girls and women. The impact of Covid-19 has exacerbated and deepened already existing gender inequalities. While we have tried to ensure equity in services and care for girls and women, we all need to work collectively on all aspects including financial independence, mobility and health. This is an opportunity for collective engagement for responding to the unmet need for family planning especially for younger and lower parity couples while we also work relentlessly on ensuring Covid vaccines across the state. Data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 2015-16 indicates that the family planning program coverage, in general, is very low in northern and eastern parts of the state. They have a low modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (mCPR), low Family Planning (FP) use for spacing, and high unmet need for family planning. Also, the districts in the south-western part of the state have higher mCPR, higher FP-use for spacing but also showed a higher unmet need for spacing, which indicates the need for strengthening supply-side for FP services whereas the districts in the eastern and south-eastern parts of the state with low mCPR, high unmet need for spacing, and low demand satisfaction by modern methods, highlighting the need for planning and implementation of both demand and supply-side interventions. One-sixth of India’s population, estimated to be 241 million, lives in Uttar Pradesh and almost half of them are girls and women. (Representative photo: Reuters) Despite these challenges and the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) played a critical role in not only identifying families with returning migrants and supporting them, but also spreading and reinforcing preventive measures, the importance of wearing masks and maintaining social distancing. ASHAs led the example in the villages by being the first ones to get vaccinated. They are at the forefront as Corona Warriors. They raised awareness, dispelled myths around Covid-19 and bridged the gap between information and access to treatment. They have been instrumental in ensuring successful Antraal Diwas (Interval Day) focusing on young and low-parity couples by providing counselling on spacing, availability of various family planning services and commodities and assisting them in making informed choices. These constant efforts have ensured that such couples when they resume their economic activities, they are able to plan their families accordingly. The NFHS data (2015-16) for Uttar Pradesh reflects the need and importance to focus our interventions and innovations on the younger population. It is critical to also work on improved nutrition and better education opportunities so that they become positive contributors to their family income and take informed decisions about planning their families with meaningful involvement of other family members. The Government of Uttar Pradesh, through the National Health Mission, has adopted a three-pronged strategy to address population growth, ethically and empowering: 1. Prioritising Young & Low-Parity Couples during the monthly celebration of Khushhal Parivar Diwas and weekly Antraal Diwas 2. Distribution of Shagun Kits to newly married couples in the state 3. Observing Surakshit Matritva Diwas every month to ensure safe deliveries, nutrition and family planning services. We have ensured that all the health-related services are resumed with Covid-19 protocols in place — social distancing, wearing masks, provision of hand sanitisers and soaps for washing hands, and free vaccinations for all. The state has focused on vaccination and innovations in ensuring the Covid-19 vaccine reaches the last mile. Redistribution of supplies, FP kits, PPE kits for community health workers is put back in place to mitigate the impact of the pandemic. As Mahatma Gandhi had once said and what has been echoed by our Hon’ble Prime Minister, “One must care about the world one will not see.” The Government of Uttar Pradesh is leaving no stone unturned in implementing empowering family planning services, boosting gender equality for sustainable population growth and development, and thereby playing an imperative role towards building ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’.

<urn:uuid:73189af1-32a8-4d26-b56d-c6ac7fea7ed9>

Essential oils with fresh flavor relieve heat stress in boars, sows and gilts Pigs are more sensitive to high temperatures than other species: they do not sweat, their lungs are small and they are covered by a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. Heat stress affects not only pigs in grower-finisher stage, but also the breeding herd. Indeed, during the hottest period of the year, many pig farms experience a variety of reproductive problems in boars, gilts and sows. Such problems can be attributed mainly to two factors: 1) Natural breeding cycle is seasonal Wild pigs do not mate during the hot season, in order to avoid giving birth in winter, when the low temperatures impair the survival of the new born piglets. Although selection through many generations of domesticated pigs has almost eliminated the seasonal breeding feature, some traces still remain, because physiologically the mating instinct is controlled by the photoperiod. This problem can be reduced by adjusting the lighting hours during Summer and early Fall. 2) High temperatures inside the house Environmental temperatures above 26ºC, especially together with high relative humidity, put the breeding herd at risk of heat stress. Temperatures above 30ºC are considered severe emergency levels. There are three main obvious signs of heat stress in pigs: - Increased respiration rate: when the pig is resting, the normal respiration rate is 15 to 25 breaths per minute. During early stages of heat stress, the rate increases to 40 breaths/minute, and in more severe cases, it raises to 60 breaths/minute or more. - Lack of appetite: a lower feed intake allows the pig to cool down its internal temperature. - Excessive water consumption: during heat stress, the pig may drink up to 6 folds the normal amount of water, which leads to an increased production of urine and a loss of electrolytes. This loss of electrolytes may result in diarrhea and, in severe cases, death. In addition, it has been proven that continue exposure to high temperatures disrupts the defense function of the digestive system, so digestive problems and infections are often associated to heat stress. In the breeding herd, heat stress causes a variety of problems: - Boars show reduced libido. - Reduced fertility, due to poorer semen quality and female infertility - Reduced appetite in lactating sows, which will affect milk production, the growth and health of the suckling piglets, the time lapsus to the following oestrus and the fertility of the following cycle. - In extreme cases the pregnant sow may die, especially in the last weeks of pregnancy. What can we do to reduce the heat stress in breeding pigs? - Adopt the necessary ventilation and cooling systems to maintain the temperature inside the house below 25ºC. - Use water to cool down the environment, through a sprinkling or a fogging system. PlusBreathe© can be added to water to boost the cooling down effect. - Schedule animal activities in the early morning or evening, when temperatures are cooler. - Reduce the movements of sows and boars as much as possible. - Let the boars be more in contact with the gilts and sows during oestrus. - Give cool drinking water to the animals. - PlusBreathe© can also be added to drinking water, to reinforce the refreshing effect. - Add a source of eletrolytes such as SupraPlus© to drinking water, to compensate the loss of electrolytes. - Increase the feeding frequency (4-5 times a day) and give fresh feed, to stimulate feed intake. - Increase the amount of fat in feed to make it more energetic and compensate the low feed intake. - Wean as early as possible to reduce the metabolic stress of the lactating sows. Products of choice PlusBreathe© is a liquid cocktail of refreshing essential oils to be given by drinking water and intended for all species and ages. It can also be sprayed in the air of the farm. Our experience in pigs show that spraying the product in the air of the farm or giving it by drinking water helps the animals to feel fresher and to overcome the problems associated with heat stress. Contact with us for more information on the use of the product. SupraPlus© is a liquid mix that contains essential oils, electrolytes, rapidly absorbed sugars and vitamin E, and will be helpful to restore digestive balance during heat stress. Copyright © 2017 PlusVet Animal Health Heat Background found in Freevectors.com. Splash found in Freepik.com Certain health statements may not be applicable in your geographical region. Product claims may differ based upon the requirements of your government.

<urn:uuid:6b76c8ff-305b-4d2f-9ca5-dbfb672656d9>

Swipe to navigate through the chapters of this book Signal processing is one of the subfields of electrical engineering that analyzes, modifies, and operates information from all sources of data in the universe. A signal in signal processing is an electrical or electromagnetic current that relocates data from one device to another. Everything in the cosmos, such as sounds, images, and videos, can be described as a signal in the form of a wave. Signals can be represented as functions of one or more independent variables mathematically. Please log in to get access to this content - Signal Processing - Sequence number - Chapter number - Chapter 9

<urn:uuid:627af2da-b728-4364-b0a5-e6bab4546444>

The Bengal Famine of 1943 is one of the most tragic famines in history. An estimated 2.0-3.5 million people died due to widespread starvation and disease, and millions more were severely affected. The famine was caused by a combination of factors including increased population accompanied by a decrease in agricultural productivity, war-related inflation, poor weather conditions, and disruptions in food supply. These factors led to widespread crop failures and severe shortages of food. The government was slow to respond with aid, exacerbating the effects of the famine. It is estimated that the province’s GDP declined by 10% during the famine years. Increased population accompanied by a decrease in agricultural productivity Beginning at the turn of the century the population of Bengal had been growing at an exponential rate, from a population of about 42 million in 1901 to over 60 million by 1941. Due, in part to land shortages, the increase in population was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural productivity. The result was the inability of the province to produce enough food to meet the needs of its growing population. Bengal is an agricultural province and most of its inhabitants were dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Sign up for Prepper Daves Free Newsletter HERE The majority of the land was owned by a small number of zamindars, or landlords, who often did not invest in improving the productivity of their land. In addition, the British colonial government had enacted a series of policies that favored large landowners and made it difficult for small farmers to compete. As a result, the agricultural sector was in decline even before the famine hit. The jotedars, or wealthy peasants, were better able to weather the effects of the famine than the poorer peasants. The jotedars had more land and resources, and they also had the means to buy food from the black market. The poorer peasants, on the other hand, were forced to sell their land and belongings in order to buy food. As the famine progressed, many of them were reduced to begging or scavenging for food. The ryot, bargadars, or agricultural laborers, were the worst affected by the famine. They did not own land and were completely dependent on the landlords for their livelihood. When the crops failed, they had no source of income and were forced to starve. War-related inflation also contributed to the Bengal Famine. Prices of food and other essential commodities rose sharply due to the increase in demand from the war effort, making it difficult for people to afford basic necessities. There is still much debate about whether the British government had the resources to provide relief but were slow to respond or they didn’t have the resources to provide relief to India because they were already struggling to cope with the high cost of WWII. Others maintain that even if the British government was stretched thin, they could have done more to provide relief sooner and that their delay in doing so led to needless deaths. Either way, the death toll was catastrophic. Poor weather conditions. In addition to the other factors that contributed to the Bengal Famine, poor weather conditions exacerbated the effects of the famine. The summer of 1943 was unusually hot and dry, leading to a poor monsoon season. This resulted in widespread crop failures, further reducing the food supply and exacerbating the effects of the famine. Disruptions in food supply. The Bengal Famine was also caused by disruptions in the food supply. The province was reliant on imported rice from Burma, and when Burma was occupied by the Japanese in 1942, the flow of rice into Bengal stopped. This, combined with the poor weather conditions and the already stretched food supply, led to widespread starvation. What can we learn from the Bengal Famine of 1943? The Bengal Famine was one of the worst humanitarian disasters of the 20th century. It is estimated that between two and three and a half million people died from starvation and disease, making it one of the deadliest famines in history. The Bengal Famine is also a tragic story of widespread mismanagement and neglect. In addition, the Bengal Famine is a reminder of the importance of agricultural productivity and food security. It is estimated that if the agricultural sector had been in better shape, the Bengal Famine could have been prevented. Frequently Asked Questions: What caused the Bengal Famine of 1943? There are a number of factors that contributed to the Bengal Famine. These include the decline of the agricultural sector, war-related inflation, poor weather conditions, and disruptions in the food supply. How many people died in the Bengal Famine? It is estimated that between two and three million people died from starvation and disease. Who was responsible for the Bengal Famine? There is much debate about who was responsible for the Bengal Famine. The British government has been criticized for its slow response to the famine, and for its failure to provide adequate relief. However, local officials and landlords have also been blamed for their role in the famine. What can we learn from the Bengal Famine? The Bengal Famine is a reminder of the importance of agricultural productivity and food security. It is also a reminder of the need for effective government action in times of crisis. What were the “scorched-earth policies”? The British military launched a “scorched-earth policy” in eastern and coastal Bengal in anticipation of a Japanese invasion. The goal was to deny the expected invaders access to food, transport and other resources. What were Provincial trade barriers? Inter-provincial trade barriers were common in many Indian provinces and princely states from mid-1942. Provincial governments (under the Defense of India Act, 1939) began erecting trade barriers that prevented the flow of foodgrains and other goods between provinces. These barriers caused anxiety and soaring rice prices. What was The Famine Inquiry Commission of 1945? The Famine Inquiry Commission of 1945 was created to investigate the root causes of the Bengal famine. The commission found that a key policy failure was the lack of coordination between provinces in the east of India. This led to market failures and food shortages, which ultimately resulted in the death of millions of people. The commission’s report was critical of the British government’s response to the famine, and it recommended a number of changes to policy. What was Prioritized distribution? To ensure that limited resources were allocated efficiently, the Indian government during World War II established a system of prioritize distribution based on socioeconomic groups. The “priority” classes, which included the bhadraloks (upper-class or bourgeois middle-class), received preferential treatment in terms of access to essential goods and services. This was due to the belief that these groups were more likely to be supportive of the war effort and sympathetic to Western values. Meanwhile, the “non-priority” classes – made up of the rural poor, tribals, and urban slum-dwellers – were given less priority in terms of resource allocation. This system caused significant hardship for many people, particularly those who were already vulnerable before the war. What were the Indian Famine Codes? The Indian Famine Codes were a set of three famine scales developed by the British colonial government in the 1880s. The first level, near-scarcity, was defined as two successive years of crop failure. The second level, scarcity, was defined as three successive years of crop failure, crop yields of one-third or one-half normal, and large populations in distress. The third and final level, famine, included a rise in food prices to above 140% of “normal”, the movement of people in search of food, and widespread mortality. Were the Famine Codes useful? The Indian Famine Codes were an important tool for the British government in understanding and responding to famines in India. The Codes helped to standardize the definition of a famine and to provide a consistent basis for relief efforts. Despite their importance, the Codes were not without criticism. Some argue that the Codes were developed with a bias against Indians, and that they did not adequately take into account the cultural and economic context of famines in India. Nevertheless, the Indian Famine Codes remain an important part of the history of famine response and prevention. Did the provincial government declare a state of famine? The provincial authority felt that it had a duty to protect its citizens’ morale and confidence, especially in light of the fact that there were no shortages of food. In order to do this, the government made the decision not to distribute any food, even though this went against the Famine Code. The hope was that shipments from India would arrive soon and provide enough food for the population to grow over time. However, when these shipments failed to materialize, the situation quickly deteriorated, leading to widespread famine and death. Share your thoughts and ideas in the contact us section. Thank you for reading.

<urn:uuid:5994a586-5dde-4590-ac1e-52aa96eaf58d>

Sorry, but that is not a very good explanation of how trumpets work. A ~~short~~ general explanation of the physics of brass instruments: Most wind instruments are essentially a tube filled with air. (The shape of the tube mostly does not matter, only its length). Due to some interesting physics, the air inside a tube acts kind of like the string on a guitar. That is to say, it can vibrate. The shorter the tube is, the higher the note. Exactly as with guitar strings (the shorter the string, the higher the note). You can see this very clearly with certain instruments like boomwhackers. There are many different ways to make the air inside vibrate. With a boomwhacker, you "whack" the tube. With a flute you blow on a little notch. And with brass instruments you blow a raspberry into one end of the tube. So you have a tube, and you blow a raspberry into one end. Then length of the tube determines what pitch you play (the vibrational frequency of the air inside the tube, which is the same as the frequency of your raspberry. As an aside: yes this means you don't get to choose the pitch of your raspberry. If you try to play a trumpet, you'll quickly find that it "wants" your raspberry to be certain pitch). Then how do you play more than one note? The trombone might be the simplest solution: Just make a sliding tube so that the length of your tube is adjustable. Then you can make the note higher by shortening the tube. Here's the exact same principle at play with something like a boomwhacker setup. The trumpet does the same thing in a slightly different way. Basically, it is a tube with three valves. Each valve is connected to a bit of extra tubing. When you press down on a valve, you connect its bit of tubing to the main tube, effectively making your tube longer, and thus your note lower. With three valves, your tube can then have eight different lengths (math…), so that's eight different notes you can play on the trumpet. But obviously you can play more than eight notes on a trumpet! What gives? This, I suppose, is the crucial bit. Above, I said that the length of the tube determines the note it plays. That's a slight simplification. The length actually determines the fundamental note of the tube, but there is more than one note available for a given length of tube. Consider a guitar string again: The string makes sound by vibrating, and the length of the string determines the frequency of the vibration. But for a given length of string, there are several different vibrations which can fit on that string. This set of vibrations is called the harmonic series. On a string instrument, you can play these "natural harmonics" by gently touching the string at a node of one of the vibrations. See for instance this example on the bass. As I said above, the air inside a tube is more or less like a guitar string. It can vibrate, and the length of the tube determines the pitch of the fundamental note, but in addition to the fundamental note we also have access to this harmonic series. You change which harmonic you're playing, by changing the pitch of the raspberry you're blowing. Here's an example of a man playing on a tube with no valves or slides. That song is played entirely on the harmonic series. To be clear, you can't blow just any pitch with your raspberry. You'll find when you're blowing that for a given length of tube, you can blow your raspberry at about five different pitches, and if you try to blow a different pitch, the tube will fight you and push you towards one of these five. So it is actually quite easy to play the different notes of the harmonic series on a brass instrument. Just start by blowing the lowest raspberry you can, then gradually tighten your lips and let the tube push you into the next harmonic. That means, since a trumpet has access to eight different lengths of tubing, you have eight fundamental notes. Then, for each of these fundamentals, you can pick about five different notes from its harmonic series. So that's 5*8 = 40 different notes you can play on the trumpet. (Well, there is some overlap, so not exactly forty. Also, you can technically play more than five harmonics) Of course, there is more to trumpet technique than just the pitch of your raspberry. But the fundamental physics of how sound is produced in a brass instrument really is all about the length of the tube, and the pitch of your raspberry. In case anyone is interested in the physics of it, here are some more resources:

<urn:uuid:22b0eb49-4e3e-4487-a990-465166b8353b>

In many machine vision and image processing systems, it may be necessary to capture images at different focal lengths. In machine vision systems, images of parts with varying heights may need to be captured as they move along a conveyor. Similarly, many microscopy applications attempt to create complete 3D images of parts by reconstructing multiple 2D image slices - an arduous and time-consuming process. A number of different approaches can be used to address such applications including the use of fixed focal length lenses configured with motorized z-stages. Since such stages add to the cost of a vision system, many manufacturers are looking to cameras equipped with variable focus lenses. To date, both Cognex (Natick, MA, USA; www.cognex.com) and Microscan (Renton, WA, USA; www.microscan.com) have incorporated variable-focus lenses based on liquid lens technology into their barcode readers. While these lenses are based on the electrowetting principle, an alternative method that uses standing sound waves has recently been developed by TAG Optics (Princeton, NJ, USA; www.tagoptics.com). Their new TAG Lens is a type of gradient index of refraction (GRIN) lens that uses standing sound waves to produce a constantly changing gradient index of refraction within a liquid contained in the lens. Since such GRIN lenses have flat outer surfaces and generate parabolic wavefronts, they do not exhibit the aberrations commonly found in traditional spherical lenses. As the molecules of the liquid oscillate, the index of refraction changes from a positive curvature to a negative curvature, the period of which is directly related to the frequency of the sound waves. When the lens is operated under continuous illumination it will sample all the focal lengths between the minimum and maximum focus in a very short time. When using synchronized pulsed light, the TAG lens will behave as a standard fixed-focus lens that depends on the pulse timing. Thus, it is possible to select a focal length by controlling the pulsed light that is applied to the object being imaged. If this light source is not synchronized, each light pulse will result in a different focal length that depends on the relative phase difference between the light source and lens. "Since the frequency of sound waves can vary from 100kHz to over 1 MHz," says Christian Theriault, Co-Founder and CEO of TAG Optics, "this makes the TAG lens the world's fastest variable focusing optical lens." Because variable focusing is based on standing waves within the lens, different frequencies will exhibit different apertures. At low frequencies (such as 70kHz), the effective aperture will be approximately 11mm while at 500kHz and above, the effective aperture will be approximately 1.5mm or even smaller. "Each of the resonant frequencies will also exhibit a different optical power and thus focal length," says Theriault. "At 550kHz, for example, this is close to 40 diopters while at 140kHz, it will be approximately 1-2 diopters." Recently, TAG Optics demonstrated the capability of the lens when installed in the infinity corrected space of a BX 60 microscope from Olympus (Center Valley, PA, USA; www.olympusamerica.com). In the demonstration Theriault showed how by using the company's DrvKit2.1 USB-controller to control both the TAG Lens and the light source in-focus information from several focal planes can be viewed simultaneously. A video of a similar demonstration where the technology is simultaneously imaging the two focal planes of a specimen made of fiber-optic wells can be found at http://bit.ly/1vEMEs2.

<urn:uuid:2c9a1806-56cc-4343-90b9-726c2dc51798>

Pakistan’s agricultural industry has suffered significant difficulties recently. The country’s steady agricultural growth rates, which are necessary for maintaining the economy, are in danger due to drought, rising soil salinity, plant stress, and other effects of climate change, which has further put Pakistan’s food security in the spotlight. China & Pak cooperation in space bred varities According to a Pakistani minister, the new phase of seed cooperation between Pakistan and China is crucial for Pakistan to tackle the challenge of food security in the future. China with the assistance of Pakistan have send seeds to the Chinese space station for breeding in space. The seeds were subjected to cosmic radiation and microgravity to change their genes. China is the first nation in the world to consistently adopt space mutagenesis, which it has been experimenting with since 1987. Chinese researchers have created space-bred versions of wheat, rice, corn, soybeans, alfalfa, sesame, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, sweet peppers, and other plants. Impact of Genetically modified organisms Genetic diversity is directly related to biodiversity. The variability in the traits/DNA of an organisms that make up an ecosystem, will inform the characteristics of the organisms that make up a population. Hence, preserving and monitoring genetic diversity is crucial for agriculture as well as the environment since more variation in DNA will provide organisms a better chance to adapt to a changing environment but should not be at the cost of harming our ecosystem.1. What adverse impact could GMOs have on genetic diversity? The possibility of GMOs breeding with wild plants or animals is one. Another factor is that GMOs can overtake a population due to advantageous features. The Irish Potato Famine, also known as the Great Hunger which began in 1845 in Ireland is one incident when a lack of genetic diversity contributed to a significant agricultural disaster. Ireland during this time relied significantly on potatoes for nutrition, and the varieties they grew were not started from seeds. Instead, portions of a parent potato were planted. In this way, all potatoes were genetic clones of their parents and shared the same genes. These potato crops lacked genetic diversity, which was disastrous when an invasive pathogen called P. infestans killed out the whole population.2 Because there was low genetic diversity in Irish potatoes at the time, a vast majority of potato crops were wiped out by the pathogen. The enormous variety of wild plant kinds we observe today is due to their ability to mate, naturally commonly known as hybridization. GMOs can also affect genetic diversity through uncontrolled growth of a genetically engineered population. If beneficial genes are inserted into GMOs, they may be able to develop greater fitness than their wild relative but this could be harmful because the GMOs would multiply more frequently and grow more quickly, giving them the opportunity to scavenge resources from their non-GMO cousins if they live in the same habitat. China scavenging on other countries lands China has carried crop seeds into orbit on dozens of flights. Yujiao 1, a variety of sweet pepper developed by Chinese scientists, became the first crop to be grown in space in 1990. According to Liu, Yujiao 1 yields substantially bigger fruit and is more disease resistant than typical sweet pepper cultivars grown in China3. According to Liu, it is just one of more than 200 space-mutated crop varieties developed in China during the previous 30 years. On the contrary China does not allow foreign countries to sell GMO seeds in China. It is also interesting to note that they buy foreign land for providing food security to themselves and putting other countries environment and soil at stake. For Example, according to U.S. department of agriculture (USDA) and Agriculture foreign investment disclosure reports, Chinese investor’s holdings of U.S. agricultural land surged from 13,20 acres in 2010 to 352,140 acres in 2020. Chinese companies particularly Smithfield have expanded their hog farms instead of just processing the meat. The livestock is either exported to China for breeding or the company seeks out hog farms for purchase in the United States. Additionally, raising hogs is an environmentally impactful practice as hog waste fills acres of open air lagoons or pits that have been found to emit toxic chemicals. Agriculture genetic technologies present unique dual-use potential that ay attract further economic espionage. While China’s main interest is obtaining Genetically modified seeds from United States is in improving its crop yields, the potential weaponization of agriculture IP is possible. Using the genetic code date it has been obtained on U.S. crops China can also strengthen its agricultural output by replicating years of U.S. research on its own farms, or it can take a more nefarious route. China has explored genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for food crops for decades, but has never allowed their planting due to objections to the technology. China on the other hand is finding ways to explore GMO planting in other countries to study their long term effects of GMO’s in their country. Scientists and ecologists are keenly conscious of the possible impact that GMOs could have on biodiversity, despite the fact that there is little evidence that GMOs have had an impact on genetic diversity in the current environment. Therefore, similar to the physical and biological containment strategies, researchers are looking into ways to better prevent the crossbreeding and spreading of GMOs. Evolution has taught us that organisms can acquire a wide range of useful properties through random genetic mutations and hybridizations. Scientists are continually learning how genetically modified alterations affect the environment by tinkering with this system. The challenges with genetic variety in agriculture are not just limited to GMOs but they also affect conventional crop development. Therefore, it is crucial that scientists keep researching how agricultural practises and GMOs affect genetic diversity in order to find new ways to reduce this impact.

<urn:uuid:498b0e19-6394-4a0d-bcf2-ec563b5388ea>

- A megapixel is one million pixels. A pixel is a single site or spot on a digital image sensor that gathers photons of light, and converts these photons into electronic information. A single pixel is a single point of light, the smallest unit of measurement in a digital image. The pixels (and megapixels) cumulatively receive, "count" photons of light on a whole digital sensor, and convert the light into the electronic information that makes up a digital image. Technical explanation of pixels and megapixels Megapixels are an integral part of what makes up each image sensor in a digital camera. The more megapixels that a sensor has, the more that sensor is considered "high-resolution", and is potentially able to create a more detailed final image. Many factors weigh into how detailed an image will look, of course, and other factors can work against a system overall, despite a high-megapixel sensor. For example, using a lens that is not sharp enough to fully resolve each megapixel on the sensor will result in a less detailed image. Also, using a higher ISO, or improper shooting technique in general, can result in loss of image sharpness, literally "wasting" megapixels. Similarly, the size of the pixel itself will influence its quality, and therefore the overall quality of the final image that is recorded on the whole digital sensor. Basically, the width of a single pixel is measured in microns, (known as pixel pitch) and a smaller pixel will generally collect fewer photons than a larger one. (Say, 3.9 microns from a 24 megapixel APS-C sensor, instead of 8.4 microns from a full-frame 12 megapixel camera) Given the exact same sensor technology, the fewer photons that a sensor can gather, the less image quality it can potentially deliver. It is difficult to quantitatively measure this difference, however, because there are many other factors that go into the collecting, counting, and converting of photons on a pixel level. All of the physical electronics involved, as well as the software or firmware that is handling the conversion process, can be different from sensor to sensor. For this reason, many different size sensors with different megapixel counts can be capable of either extremely good or extremely poor image quality. Thankfully, generally speaking most modern digital sensors are all very good at counting and converting photons into the pixels of an image, from the tiny sensors found in cellular phones to the large sensors found in high-end professional digital cameras. Physics itself will always dictate that a larger pixel size will always give one sensor a potential advantage over another with smaller pixels, on a per-pixel level, however for most digital consumption needs, such as social media platforms, all modern digital cameras will produce stunning high-resolution images containing many megapixels of image data. ABOVE: A full image from a 24 megapixel, full-frame camera. RIGHT: A crop showing the actual pixel level, or 100% view. Workshops Related to Megapixel Definition Lightroom 201: Advanced Lightroom CC Processing (for Lightroom Classic): Pushing High Resolution RAW Files to the Extreme Sometimes you can’t always get into a perfect position to get the shot you want, and in those cases, it’s… Paper Texture Pack Video Tutorials Only: Introduction to the Texture Pack We have created a collection of 230 handmade textures designed to take your photography to the next level. We started… Lightroom Organization & Workflow: The Basics of Exporting INTRODUCTION Before we can start enjoying the fruits of our Lightroom labors, need to export the images. This is the… Related Articles to Megapixel Definition What Are Megapixels and Do They Matter? | Minute Photography Welcome to our Minute Photography series, where we explain photography and lighting tips & tricks, myths, and techniques. For more… What Camera Should I get? | How Many Megapixels Do I Need? What camera should I get is one of those fundamental questions that, at some point, we all ask. In this article, we cover one of the key measurements we all use when deciding which camera to purchase. Megapixels Hasselblad Takes Megapixels To A Whole New Level With New 200MP H5D-200c MS It seems not all that long ago that Sony’s 50MP CMOS sensor took the medium format market by storm, and Hasselblad’s 50MP H5D-50c MS was just the tip of the iceberg.

<urn:uuid:c0643520-3441-436e-a74d-b7db76320d3c>

The United States has forty state lotteries. Each state funds and operates its own lottery. In August 2004, the U.S. lottery was operating in forty states, with more than 90% of the U.S. population living in a state with an operating lottery. Anyone physically present in the state can purchase a lottery ticket. But who wins? And who doesn’t want to win a little something? Learn more about the lottery. In the United States, lottery profits support state and local government programs. Lottery is a gambling game or method of raising money The lottery is an ancient practice. In the Middle Ages, people drew lots to determine who owned what. Drawing lots became more common in Europe during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. In the United States, the lottery was first tied to a particular town, Jamestown, when King James I (1566-1625) created it for the city. Lotteries were used for public works projects in colonial America, including the construction of churches and wharves. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts also held a lottery in 1758 to build a road across the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is operated by state governments The Lottery is a game of chance that is sponsored by state governments, and it provides a chance to win something of lesser value in exchange. Usually, the prize money is quite large. One dollar gets a player a chance to win a large cash prize. The number of people who play the lottery often outnumber the dollars paid out, ensuring a profit for the state that sponsors it. It is funded by state governments The lottery is a common source of revenue for state governments, but not all jurisdictions dedicate proceeds to education. In fact, less than half do. The money that the lottery generates is used for other state purposes. Meanwhile, state spending on education has grown at a much faster rate than lottery revenues, and education accounts for a small portion of the overall state budget. Some argue that lottery revenue is an unnecessary luxury when other ways to raise money are available. It is popular with low-income people The lottery is a highly popular form of entertainment for low-income people. People make voluntary contributions to enter the draw and proceeds are randomly distributed. Some people see this as cheap entertainment, others see it as a way to get out of poverty. Whatever the reason, the lottery is a popular form of entertainment for low-income people, and it should be. Here’s why. In Haiti, 78% of the population lives on less than $2 a day. This lack of basic infrastructure and resources leaves people feeling hopeless about their situation. It is a major source of revenue for state governments Most states receive over a quarter of their income from federal grants, which are typically designated for welfare, health care, and building projects. While many states use lottery proceeds for those purposes, more have turned to lotteries to supplement their budgets. While lottery revenue is a major source of revenue for many state governments, some critics say the practice actually harms lower-income residents. This is a contested issue, and debate continues to rage on whether lottery revenues are good for state governments. It is popular with African-Americans Although the lottery is increasingly popular among African-Americans, research has not revealed why. Previously, black neighborhoods were the only places to gamble, but state lotteries have spread their reach to African-American communities, making them a haven for lottery players. According to the lottery’s statistics, lottery players in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, spent an average of $1,274 per person. While the impact on African-Americans is unclear, lottery advertising is an important source of income for middle class communities in general. It is popular with Latinos The Lottery is a hugely popular pastime for Latinos. They are passionate about sports, soccer teams, and games of chance. They are incredibly interested in the Lottery and search for it on search engines. This is especially true of South American lotteries, which have been around for longer than those in North America. For more information, check out the following resources:

<urn:uuid:66e42f7a-a05e-4078-b88b-d8ebf69db812>

VIEWS: 28 PAGES: 4 POSTED ON: 2/10/2012 Vectors and Projectile Motion – Ch 3 Evens p. 1 Properties of Vectors 2. (a) What is the resultant displacement of a walk of 80m followed by a walk of 125m when both displacements are in the eastward direction? (b) What is the resultant displacement in a situation in which the 125m walk is to the west and the 80m walk is to the east? 4. Each of the displacement vectors, A and B (shown below) has a magnitude of 3m. Find graphically (a) A + B , (b) A B , (c) B A , (d) A 2 B . Problem 4 Problem 12 6. A dog searching for a bone walks 3.5m south, then 8.2m at an angle of 30 north of east, and finally 15m west. Find the dog’s resultant displacement vector using graphic methods. 8*. A man lost in a maze makes three consecutive displacements such that at the end of the walks he is right back where he started. The first displacement is 8m westward, and the second is 13m northward. Find the magnitude and direction of the third displacement using the graphing method. Components of a Vector 10. A submarine dives at an angle of 30 with the horizontal and follows a straight-line path for a total distance of 50m. How far below the surface of the water is the submarine? 12*. A person going for a walk follows the path shown above. The total trip consists of four straight-line paths. At the end of the walk, what is the person’s resultant displacement measured from the starting point? 14*. An airplane flies from city A to city B in a direction due east for 800mi. In the next part of the trip the airplane flies from city B to city C in a direction 40 north of east for 600mi. What is the resultant displacement of city C with respect to city A? 16*. A man pushing a mop across a floor causes it to undergo two displacements. The first has a magnitude of 150cm and makes a120 angle with the positive x-axis. The resultant displacement has a magnitude of 140cm and has a direction angle of 53 . Find the magnitude and direction of the second displacement. Vectors and Projectile Motion – Ch 3 Evens p. 2 Projectile Motion 18*. Tom the cat is chasing Jerry the mouse across a table 1.5m high. Jerry steps out of the way at the last second, and Tom slides off the edge of the table at a speed of 5m/s. Where will Tom strike the floor and what velocity components will he have just before landing? 20*. A brick is thrown outward from the top of a building at 25 above the horizontal and with an initial speed of 15m/s. If the brick is in flight for 3s, how tall is the building? 22. Two objects are initially the same height above the ground. Simultaneously, one is released from rest and the other is shot off horizontally with an initial speed of 2.5m/s. The two objects collide after falling 20m. How far apart were the objects initially? 24. A car is parked on a cliff overlooking the ocean on an incline that makes an angle of 37 below the horizontal. The negligent driver leaves the car in neutral, and the emergency brakes are defective. The car rolls from rest down the incline with a constant acceleration of 4m/s2 and travels 50m to the edge of the cliff. The cliff is 30m above the ocean. Find (a) the position of the car relative to the base of the cliff when it lands in the ocean, and (b) the time the car is in the air. Relative Velocity 26. A motorist traveling west on Interstate Route 80 at 80km/h is being chased by a police car traveling at 95km/h. (a) What is the velocity of the motorist relative to the velocity of the police car? (b) What is the velocity of the police car relative to the motorist? 28. A boat moves at 10m/s relative to the water regardless of which direction it travels through the water (still-water speed). If the water in a river is flowing at 1.5m/s, how long does it take the boat to make a round trip consisting of a 300m displacement downstream followed by a 300m displacement upstream? 30*. Two canoeists in identical canoes exert the same effort paddling and hence maintain the same speed relative to the water. One paddles directly upstream (and moves upstream), whereas the other paddles directly downstream. If the downstream direction is the positive direction, an observer on shore determines the velocities of the two canoes to be -1.2m/s and 2.9m/s respectively. (a) What is the speed of the water relative to the shore? (b) What is the velocity of each canoeist relative to the water? 32*. A rowboat crosses a river with a velocity of 3.3mi/h at an angle of 62.5 north of west relative to the water. The river is .505mi wide and carries an eastward current of 1.25mi/h. How far downstream is the boat when it reaches the opposite shore? 34*. A car travels due east with a speed of 50km/h. Rain is falling vertically with respect to the Earth. The traces of the rain on the side windows of the car make an angle of 60 with the vertical. Find the velocity of the rain with respect to (a) the car and (b) the Earth. Vectors and Projectile Motion – Ch 3 Evens p. 3 Additional Problems 36. A baseball is thrown by an outfielder at a speed of 20m/s at an angle of 35 above the horizontal. Find (a) the component of velocity along the ground at the instant the ball is released and (b) the upward component of velocity at this instant. 38*. A shopper in a department store can walk up a stationary (stalled) escalator in 30s. If the normally functioning escalator can carry the standing shopper to the next floor in 20s, how long would it take the shopper to walk up the moving escalator. 40. A multiflash photograph (see below) shows two golf balls released simultaneously. The time interval between flashes is 1/30 sec, and the white parallel lines were placed 15cm apart. (a) Find the speed at which the right ball was projected and (b) show that both balls should be expected to reach the floor simultaneously. Problem 40 Problem 48 42*. A baseball is hit in such a way that the ball just clears a wall 3m tall, 130m from home plate (horizontal distance). The ball leaves the bat with a 35 angle of inclination and is initially 1m above the ground. Find the ball’s initial velocity. 44*. A daredevil is shot out of a cannon at 45 to the horizontal with an initial speed of 25m/s. A net is located at a horizontal distance of 50m from the cannon. At what height above the cannon should the net be placed in order to catch the daredevil? 46**. A rocket is launched at an angle of 53 above the horizontal with an initial speed of 100m/s. It moves along its initial line of motion with an acceleration of 30m/s2 for 3s. At this time its engines fail and the rocket proceeds to move as a free body. Find (a) the maximum altitude reached by the rocket, (b) its total time of flight, and (c) its horizontal range. 48**. The determined coyote is once again out hunting for roadrunner soup. (See figure above.) The coyote wears a new pair of Acme power roller skates which provide a horizontal acceleration of 15m/s2 as shown below. The coyote starts up from from rest 70m from the edge of the cliff just as the roadrunner zips by toward the cliff edge. (a) If the roadrunner moves with constant speed, determine the minimum speed necessary to just reach the cliff edge before the coyote does. (b) If the cliff is 100m above the base of the canyon, determine how far from the base of the cliff the coyote lands. (Assume that his Acme roller skates continue to ‘jet’ the coyote in the horizontal direction with the same acceleration magnitude as before.) Vectors and Projectile Motion – Ch 3 Evens p. 4 50** In a popular lecture demonstration, a projectile is fired at a falling target. (See below.) The projectile leaves the gun at the same instant that the target is dropped from rest. Assuming the gun is initially aimed at the target, show that the projectile will always hit the target an any sufficient speed. Use v0 for initial speed and for the angle of elevation. 52. A vector R has a magnitude of 100 units. Find its components (ordered-pair form) when it makes the following angles with the x-axis. (a) 60 , (b)130 , (c) 200 , (d) 290 . 54**. The figure below illustrates the difference in proportions of the male and female anatomy. The displacements d1m and d1 f from the ground up to the navel have magnitudes of 104cm and 84cm, respectively. The displacements d2m and d2 f to the finger tips have magnitudes 50cm and 43cm respectively. (a) Find the vector sum of the two displacements for the male and then for the female. Problem 54 Problem 56 56*. Find the height h, the length of the side, L, and the angle of the triangle shown above. Pages to are hidden for "If the normally functioning escalator can carry the standing shopper to the next floor in 20s"Please download to view full document

<urn:uuid:56ce05ae-33da-436c-86e6-24e584050f2e>

While the basic unit of the family has proved remarkably resilient, there have been considerable changes in typical family structure across the last few decades, at least in the developed Western world. For one thing the percentage of single households has increased dramatically. As people are marrying later and divorcing more frequently, people are living alone for longer periods of their life. Nonetheless, married couples with or without children still comprise the most common family structure. According to the 2000 census, married couples account for more than half of U.S. households, while single people accounted for more than one quarter. Unmarried partners of both the same and opposite sex, three generational families, and single parents with children also make up a large segment of American households. Furthermore, blended families—such as combinations of previously divorced families—are also very common.

<urn:uuid:e5e54c68-eab3-4ecc-af21-58bb46b2e967>

The Ordeal of Reconstruction - 2232 Words I. The Problems of Peace I.After the war, there were many questions over what to do with the free Blacks, such as how to reintegrate the Southern states into the Union, what to do with Jefferson Davis, and who would be in charge of Reconstruction? II.The Southern way of life had been ruined, as crops and farms were destroyed, the slaves had been freed, the cities were burnt down, but still, and many Southerners remained defiant. II. Freedmen Define Freedom I.At first, the freed Blacks... 2,232 Words | 6 Pages

<urn:uuid:f76fba77-0fe5-4ba7-96df-3fd02ac0e2fb>

Absolute Poverty Critical Analysis. Absolute poverty is a level of poverty defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter. For the measure to be absolute, the line must be the same in different countries, cultures, and technological levels. Such an absolute measure should look only at the individual’s power to consume and it should be independent of any changes in income distribution. The intuition behind an absolute measure is that mere survival takes essentially the same amount of resources across the world and that everybody should be subject to the same standards if meaningful comparisons of policies and progress are to be made. Notice that if everyone’s real income in an economy increases, and the income distribution does not change, absolute poverty will decline. Measuring poverty by an absolute threshold has the advantage of applying the same standard across different locations and time periods, it makes comparisons easier. On the other hand, it suffers from the disadvantage that any absolute poverty threshold is to some extent arbitrary; the amount of wealth required for survival is not the same in all places and time periods. For example, a person living in far northern Scandinavia requires a source of heat during colder months, while a person living on a tropical island does not. This type of measure is often contrasted with measures of relative poverty, which classify individuals or families as “poor” not by comparing them to a fixed cutoff point, but by comparing them to others in the population under study. The term absolute poverty is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. The poverty threshold is the minimum level of income considered satisfactory in a given country. The common perceptive of the poverty line is considerably higher in developed countries than in developing countries. In the past, the common international poverty line has been roughly $1 a day. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a revised figure of $1. 25 at 2005 purchasing-power parity. Determining the poverty line is typically done by finding the total cost of all essential resources that an average human adult consumes in one year. Apartment rent is the largest expense that is required to live, so economists have paid particular attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line factor. Whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. are used to account for different circumstances. The poverty threshold may be adjusted each year. National estimates are based on population weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line may vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. In 2010, in the United States, the poverty threshold for one person under 65 was $11,344 the threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was $22,133. According to the U. S. Census Bureau data released on September 13, 2011, the nation’s poverty rate rose to 15. 1 percent in 2010. In the UK, “more than five million people – over a fifth of all employees – were paid less than ? . 67 an hour in April 2006. This is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over ? 12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone ? 9,191 a year – before tax or National Insurance”. India’s official poverty level, on the other hand, is split according to rural vs. urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538. 60 rupees per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356. 5 rupees per month. Using a poverty threshold is difficult because having an income marginally above it is not very different from having an income marginally below it. The negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete, and the same low income affects different people in different ways. To overcome this problem, poverty indices are sometimes used instead. A poverty threshold relies on a quantitative, or numbers based, measure of income. If other human development indicators like health and education are used, they must be quantified. In-kind gifts, whether from public or private sources, are not counted when calculating a poverty threshold. For example, if a parent pays the rent on an apartment for an adult child directly to the apartment owner, instead of giving the money to the child to pay the rent, then that money does not count as income to the child. If a church or non-profit organization gives food to an elderly person, the value of the food is not counted as income to the elderly person. The official poverty measure counts only monetary income. It considers antipoverty programs such as food stamps, housing assistance, the Earned Income Tax Credit, Medicaid and school lunches, among others, not income. So, despite everything these programs do to relieve poverty, they aren’t counted as income when the poverty rate is measured. Studies measuring the difference between income before and after taxes and government transfers have found that without these programs poverty would be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates, despite many of their benefits not being counted as income. Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore. That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.Read more By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more

<urn:uuid:390750ee-7dec-4ea0-9231-80570a26049c>

Transboundary Climate Risks and the National Adaptation Planning Process As the impacts of climate change are felt by more and more communities around the world, governments are increasingly using their national adaptation plan (NAP) processes to identify and address their medium- to long-term priorities for adaptation to climate change and integrate them into development planning and budgeting processes. Although adaptation is place-based, climate change is not contained within political borders. The impacts of climate change can generate both risks and opportunities at the transboundary level, irrespective of the sovereign boundaries that appear on the map. Similarly, adaptation responses can also have transboundary effects, both positive and negative, and, as such, transboundary coordination and collaboration on adaptation planning should be encouraged to help address and manage these risks. This brief aims to offer adaptation practitioners, policy-makers, and negotiators—especially those involved in their countries' NAP processes—new perspectives on how the NAP process can play a role in addressing transboundary climate risks. You might also be interested in How Can We Transform Food Systems to Meet Food, Nutrition, and Climate Needs? This article outlines three key policy measures that can help governments meet the food and nutritional needs of their people in the context of a changing climate. Four Key Elements to Ensure a Successful Global Goal on Adaptation As the final rounds of negotiations on the GGA kick off at COP 28, a looming question remains: Will it be comprehensive enough for countries to implement in the years ahead? The Global Stocktake Needs to Send a Strong Message on Adaptation Concluding at COP 28, the inaugural global stocktake sheds light on our collective progress toward reaching the Paris Agreement’s goals. What signals should it send to countries to strengthen adaptation and resilience in the next 5 years? More investment in natural infrastructure could lead to 25% more jobs and 16% growth in GDP for Prairies: New report Natural infrastructure contributes over CAD 4 billion annually to the economy of Canada's Prairies, as well as tens of thousands of jobs. There's still room for growth: more investment can build greater resilience to droughts, floods, fires, and other severe weather impacts—many of which afflicted the region this summer—as well as increase jobs and GDP.

<urn:uuid:a1864b47-5002-4ec9-b7b6-0a3f5f07712c>

The philosophy of perception is mainly dependent on the world’s internal and external mental processes which are directed towards the perceiver. Empirical concepts are the concepts related to the external perception which are actually more inclined towards senses probably representing the whole world around us, instantly with in the mental framework overshadowing the preexisting thoughts over new concepts. A person’s view of the world, reality, self and communication is the basic study of understanding which leads to the person’s perception. Hence, perception is a thought which is not self-centered but its more related to the illusion of the ego. Moreover, external perception is also known as sensory perception or exteroception which mainly tells what’s happening outside our bodies, for instance using out senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. We can also have the sense of discovering the colors, sounds, and textures of the world at large. Cognitive psychology develops the root base for sensory processes since it does lead to the development of knowledge base for these processes. Accordingly the internal perception also known as proprioception tells us what’s actually going on inside our own bodies meaning we know what’s happening within our bodies where are limbs are, where our hands are, whether we are sitting or standing, what are we doing, whether we need to sleep or go for work and so forth. These are just random excerpts of essays, for a more detailed version of essays, term papers, research paper, thesis, dissertation, case study and book reviews you need to place custom order by clicking on ORDER NOW.

<urn:uuid:4c9f53bd-918d-48de-81d9-475ffb0d6d5f>

- Introduction: Exploring the Evolution of Pop Culture Over the Decades - The Beginnings of Pop Culture: How It All Started - Pop Culture in the 1950s and 1960s - Pop Culture in the 1970s and 1980s - Pop Culture in the 1990s and 2000s - The Evolution of Pop Culture: Examining Its Impact - Pop Culture FAQs - Conclusion: Understanding the Evolution of Pop Culture Over the Decades Introduction: Exploring the Evolution of Pop Culture Over the Decades pop culture is a fascinating topic that has evolved over the decades. From the 1950s to the present day, has been an important and influential part of popular culture. This blog post will explore how has changed from the 1950s to the present and how it has impacted popular culture. The 1950s was a time of great change in the world, and was at the forefront of this change. During this era, began to emerge as a popular form of entertainment and as a source of information. This was due to the proliferation of television and radio, which allowed people to access in their homes. was seen as a way to escape the daily grind and provide people with a new form of entertainment. In the 1960s, the popularity of increased significantly. This was due to the emergence of the Beatles and other British bands, which helped to increase the popularity of . This was also due to the increasing accessibility of music, as it became available in record stores and on the radio. Additionally, the emergence of Motown Records helped to bring music to the mainstream. The 1970s saw continue to rise in popularity. This was due to the emergence of disco and funk music, which had a strong influence on . Additionally, the emergence of punk rock and new wave music also helped to fuel the popularity of . During this decade, began to be more widely accepted as a legitimate form of popular music. The 1980s saw become even more popular, as it was now accepted as a mainstream form of popular music. New wave music continued to be popular, and hip hop and rap music began to emerge. Additionally, the emergence of MTV helped to further popularize . During this decade, was a popular form of entertainment for people of all ages and backgrounds. The 1990s saw continue to be a major force in popular culture. Hip hop and rap music continued to be popular, and the emergence of grunge and alternative rock helped to further popularize . Additionally, the emergence of the internet helped to increase the accessibility of . During this decade, was seen as a legitimate form of music and was accepted by a wide range of audiences. Today, is still an important part of popular culture. With the proliferation of streaming services and the internet, is now more accessible than ever before. Additionally, is still seen as a legitimate form of music and is accepted by a wide range of audiences. There is no doubt that will continue to evolve and remain an important part of popular culture for years to come. The Beginnings of Pop Culture: How It All Started The phenomenon of pop culture is something that has grown exponentially over the years, becoming an integral part of the world’s cultural landscape. But how did it all start? The origins of pop culture can be traced back to the early 2000s, when the internet began to revolutionize the way people consumed and interacted with media. This new digital medium opened the door for new forms of entertainment, allowing people to access content from anywhere around the world. As a result, began to emerge as a popular topic of conversation and debate, with passionate fans often taking to online forums to discuss the latest news and developments. Online platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, and Tumblr soon followed, allowing fans to connect with each other and share their passion. The increased availability of content and platforms allowed to evolve quickly, with new fan-created content such as art, videos, and fan fiction becoming increasingly popular. -focused conventions soon followed, giving fans the opportunity to meet and interact with each other in person. This gave birth to a vibrant and passionate community of fans, and the rest, as they say, is history. Today, pop culture is strong and vibrant, with fans around the world engaging with the topic in a variety of ways. From fan-made music videos to cosplay competitions and fan-run websites, has become a cultural phenomenon that is only continuing to grow in popularity. Pop Culture in the 1950s and 1960s The 1950s and 1960s were a period of great change in popular culture. With the advent of television and the beginning of the baby boom, the United States experienced an explosion of interest in popular culture. This period saw the rise of many of the icons of popular culture that we know today, such as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, and James Bond. The 1950s were a time of post-war optimism, with a booming economy and a new sense of freedom and exploration. This was reflected in the music of the time, which featured a mix of rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music. Elvis Presley was the most popular artist of the era, and his influence is still felt today. Other prominent artists included Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, and Little Richard. Television also began to gain in popularity during this period, with shows such as I Love Lucy, The Honeymooners, and The Ed Sullivan Show. The 1960s saw the emergence of a new generation of youth, with a new set of values and interests. The music of the time reflected this, with the rise of the British Invasion and the popularity of the Motown sound. The Beatles were the most popular band of the decade, and their influence is still felt today. Other prominent bands included the Rolling Stones, The Beach Boys, and The Doors. During this period, television was also becoming more influential, with shows like The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, and The Monkees. Pop culture during the 1950s and 1960s had a lasting influence on our culture today. The music of the time laid the foundation for many of the genres we hear today, while television shows like I Love Lucy and The Dick Van Dyke Show served as a template for the sitcoms of today. This period was a time of great change and experimentation, and it laid the groundwork for the modern pop culture landscape we know today. Pop Culture in the 1970s and 1980s The 1970s and 1980s were decades defined by pop culture. From the emergence of punk rock to the rise of the action movie, the two decades saw the emergence of a number of cultural movements that shaped the world we live in today. In the 1970s, punk rock emerged as a reaction to the mainstream music of the time. Punk was characterized by its fast-paced, aggressive sound and its uncompromising lyrics. Punk bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash brought the genre to the mainstream, inspiring a generation to challenge the status quo. Music wasn’t the only cultural movement in the 70s, however. The decade saw the emergence of the disco movement, with bands like the Bee Gees and Donna Summer introducing the world to a new genre of dance music. In the 1980s, the action movie genre exploded in popularity. Films such as Rambo, Die Hard, and Terminator defined the decade, introducing a new genre of action-packed movie-making that continues to influence filmmakers today. The 1980s also saw the rise of blockbuster franchises such as Star Wars, Star Trek, and Indiana Jones. These franchises helped shape the way people viewed science fiction and adventure. In addition to music and film, the two decades also saw a rise in the popularity of video games. Companies such as Nintendo and Sega released classic titles such as Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog, and Street Fighter II, introducing players to an entirely new way to interact with entertainment. Pop culture in the 1970s and 1980s was a time of tremendous growth and innovation. It was during this time that many of the trends that we take for granted today were born. From punk rock to the action movie, the two decades saw the emergence of a number of cultural movements that have had a lasting impact on the world we live in today. Pop Culture in the 1990s and 2000s The 1990s and 2000s saw a surge in popular culture that has had lasting effects on the way we interact with media today. From the rise of the internet and the emergence of digital media to the explosion of reality television and the dawn of the superhero movie, the last two decades have been a time of immense change and innovation in the world of entertainment. The 1990s saw the birth of the internet, and with it came a new way to share and consume media. Websites like Yahoo and AOL began to offer users access to the web, while sites like Napster revolutionized the way people shared music. The internet also allowed for the emergence of digital media, which allowed people to access information in new and exciting ways. As the World Wide Web grew, so too did the variety of content, giving rise to streaming media platforms like YouTube and Netflix, which allowed users to watch whatever they wanted, whenever they wanted. The 2000s saw the emergence of reality television, which allowed audiences to connect with people from all walks of life in a way that had never been seen before. Shows like Survivor and The Bachelor brought drama and emotion into people’s living rooms, and sparked conversations about the human condition. The 2000s also saw the rise of the superhero movie. Films like The Dark Knight and Iron Man, which featured larger-than-life characters and thrilling stories, captivated audiences around the world and ushered in a new era of blockbuster entertainment. The 1990s and 2000s were a time of great change and growth in the world of popular culture. From the emergence of the internet to the rise of reality television and the dawn of the superhero movie, these two decades saw the emergence of a new era of entertainment that continues to shape the way we interact with media today. The Evolution of Pop Culture: Examining Its Impact The evolution of pop culture has been an interesting journey. Over the years, has become a phenomenon that has permeated all aspects of society. It has become a source of entertainment, inspiration, and even a vehicle to express one’s identity. The impact of pop culture has been profound, and its influence is seen in everything from fashion to art to music. pop culture first started to gain traction in the late 1950s and early 1960s. At this time, -influenced music, fashion, and art were becoming increasingly popular. Music artists like Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Chubby Checker were helping to define the genre and to bring -influenced music to the mainstream. Similarly, fashion designers were incorporating -inspired designs into their collections. The impact of pop culture continued to grow throughout the 1970s and 1980s. During this time, was becoming an integral part of the mainstream music and fashion scene. Popular music artists like Michael Jackson, Prince, and Whitney Houston were incorporating -influenced elements into their songs and performances. Similarly, fashion designers like Jean Paul Gaultier and Vivienne Westwood were incorporating -inspired designs into their collections. The evolution of pop culture has continued into the present day. -influenced music, fashion, and art are now a part of the mainstream. Music artists like Lady Gaga, Beyonce, and Rihanna are using -influenced elements in their music, performances, and videos. Similarly, fashion designers like Alexander McQueen, Jeremy Scott, and Marc Jacobs are incorporating -inspired designs into their collections. The impact of pop culture on society has been significant. It has provided a source of entertainment, inspiration, and an outlet for self-expression. It has also encouraged people to think outside the box and to take risks. The evolution of pop culture has been nothing short of remarkable, and its influence on society is undeniable. Pop Culture FAQs Pop culture is a term used to describe popular trends, music, movies, television shows, and other forms of entertainment. It is often used to refer to the ever-changing landscape of popular culture, which can be difficult to keep up with. Here are a few FAQs that can help you stay in the know! Q: What is the definition of pop culture? A: Pop culture is a term used to describe popular trends, music, movies, television shows, and other forms of entertainment. It is often used to refer to the ever-changing landscape of popular culture, which can be difficult to keep up with. Q: How does pop culture shape society? A: Pop culture can have a significant impact on society, from influencing fashion trends to setting moral standards. It can also help to shape attitudes and behaviors, as well as reflect societal values and beliefs. For example, popular television shows may reflect the values of a particular time or place, or can be used to create awareness about certain topics. Q: What are some examples of pop culture? A: Examples of pop culture include music, movies, television shows, books, magazines, games, fashion, and social media. It can also include trends, such as technology, sports, and food. Q: How does pop culture influence people? A: Pop culture can influence people in a variety of ways. It can shape attitudes and beliefs, provide a source of entertainment and escapism, and even influence behavior. It can also be used to create awareness about certain topics, or to reflect the values of a particular time or place. Conclusion: Understanding the Evolution of Pop Culture Over the Decades The pop culture phenomenon has gone through many changes and evolutions over the last several decades. It has gone from being a niche hobby to a mainstream form of entertainment, with its influence being felt in everything from music to movies. From the rise of -themed TV shows and movies, to the explosion of conventions and events, has become a major part of popular culture. The craze began in the 1980s, when comic books started to become popular. Comic books were often used to tell stories about characters, and fans of these characters began to gather together to discuss their favorite stories and characters. This led to the formation of fan clubs, which allowed members to share their enthusiasm for with others. The 1990s saw a massive surge in popularity, as the industry exploded. video games, movies and television shows were released, and conventions began to become more popular and widespread. Fans of began to find their way into mainstream culture, becoming celebrities in their own right. The 2000s saw a new era of fandom, as the internet allowed fans to connect with each other and share their love of . Online communities sprung up, devoted to , and the industry began to embrace the internet as a means of marketing and promoting products. Today, is more popular than ever. conventions are held all over the world, and there are more video games, movies and television shows than ever before. The internet has allowed fans to connect with each other and share their love of in ways never before possible. As the industry continues to evolve, it’s clear that the phenomenon is here to stay.

<urn:uuid:ebc789dc-cebd-4138-b237-c960c9649475>

Close to 100 species of coccoids, grouped as insects, produce an oleoresin, better known as the shellac. Being sap-suckers, these insects inflict damage to some plants as well. Between 1930 and the World War II years, shellac was the main component in the 78 rpm phonograph discs. The ability of lac to form films on various surfaces encouraged its use as an insulating material at electrical junctions and in the manufacture of moulding, adhesive and binding materials. In recent years, lac is used in coating pharmaceutical products for absorption in the hind gut and not in the stomach of humans. Lacquer, a product derived from lac, is useful in realizing an elegant sheen to painted wooden products. |Number of pages||5| |Publication status||Published - Mar 2014|

<urn:uuid:99aee41b-d9b6-4975-8376-d0c8cfc58ede>

This volume presents the first book-length study in English of the concept of Buddha nature as discussed in the Buddha Nature Treatise (Fo Xing Lun), attributed to Vasubandhu and translated into Chinese by Paramartha in the sixth century. The author provides a detailed discussion of one of the most important concepts in East Asian Buddhism, a topic little addressed in Western studies of Buddhism until now, and places the Buddha nature concept in the context of Buddhist intellectual history. King then carefully explains the traditional Buddhist language in the text, and embeds Buddha nature in a family of concepts and values which as a group are foundational to the development of the major indigenous schools of Chinese Buddhism. In addition, she refutes the accusations that the idea of Buddha nature introduces a crypto-Atman into Buddhist thought, and that it represents a form of monism akin to the Brahmanism of the Upanisads. In doing this, King defends Buddha nature in terms of purely Buddhist philosophical principles. Finally, the author engages the Buddha nature concept in dialogue with Western philosophy by asking what it teaches us about what a human being, or person, is. (Source: back cover) King, Sallie B. Buddha Nature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991. King, Sallie B. Buddha Nature. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991.;Buddha Nature (Sallie King);History of buddha-nature in China;tathāgatagarbha;trisvabhāva;dharmakāya;śūnyatā;Fo xing lun;Sallie King; Buddha Nature (Sallie King);Vasubandhu

<urn:uuid:056eda72-f403-47cf-86be-bbbd7563dbbc>

Also found in: Wikipedia. A wild grape about the size of a pea that is mostly skin and seeds. Possum grape is a colloquial name applied to at least two different varieties of grapes, Vitus virginiana and Vitus vulpina. The latter was also called winter grape, sour winter grape, frost grape, and fox grape. 1001 Words and Phrases You Never Knew You Didn’t Know by W.R. Runyan Copyright © 2011 by W.R. Runyan

<urn:uuid:7895844e-147a-4f81-b789-c9f0c02446cd>

Proportion – How the size of different parts relate to each other To remember what proportion means, recall the following mnemonic: If you provide different portions (proportion) of a body, you can make different relatives (relate). In art, and especially drawing, proportion comes in to play in a number of different ways. One of these is the proportion of people or objects, or any other elements in your drawings, in relation to each other. For example, as you can see below, if the proportions of a group of people are incorrect, it makes them appear the wrong size. All of the characters in the line up need to be proportionate to one another. The proportions of individual objects or people will also change the overall image. When looking at people, the proportions of features on a face, and the proportions of the torso and limbs on a body all affect how stylised a drawing is, and changes the character completely. In the images below, all the features on the faces are the same, but the proportions of the features in relation to each other are different. As you can see, this affects the overall appearance of the character.

<urn:uuid:89ecede0-4046-497c-9f03-235d3299d3f1>

Why Exercise is Essential for Good Health Maintaining good health is a priority for most people, and exercise plays a crucial role in achieving this goal. Regular physical activity has numerous benefits for the body and mind. From improving cardiovascular health to increasing strength and flexibility, exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle. In this article, we will explore 7 exercises that you can do every day to improve your overall health and well-being. These exercises are easy to incorporate into your daily routine and can be done with little or no equipment. So, let’s dive in and learn more about these 7 exercises to do every day for good health! The Importance of Regular Exercise Exercise is not just about losing weight or building muscles; it is about overall well-being. Regular physical activity has a wide range of benefits that can positively impact your health in various ways. Here are some reasons why exercise is essential for good health: - Cardiovascular Health: Regular cardiovascular exercise, such as walking, jogging, or cycling, can improve your heart health by increasing your heart rate and strengthening your heart muscles. It also helps in reducing the risk of heart diseases like heart attack and stroke. - Bone Health: Weight-bearing exercises like walking, running, or weight lifting can help in improving bone density, which is crucial in preventing osteoporosis and maintaining strong bones as you age. - Mental Health: Exercise has been proven to be beneficial for mental health, as it helps in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. It also boosts mood by releasing endorphins, the feel-good hormones, which can help in improving overall well-being. - Weight Management: Regular exercise helps in burning calories and maintaining a healthy weight, which is crucial in preventing obesity and related health issues like diabetes, high blood pressure, and joint problems. - Muscle Strength and Flexibility: Strength training exercises, such as lifting weights or doing bodyweight exercises, can help in building muscle strength and improving flexibility, which is essential for maintaining mobility and preventing injuries. - Improved Sleep: Regular exercise has been linked to better sleep quality, which is vital for overall health and well-being. It can help in improving the duration and quality of your sleep, leading to better cognitive function and mood during the day. - Longevity: Studies have shown that regular exercise can increase life expectancy by reducing the risk of chronic diseases and promoting overall health and well-being. With these numerous benefits, it’s clear that exercise is essential for maintaining good health. Let’s now explore the 7 exercises that you can do every day to improve your fitness level and overall well-being. 7 Exercises to Do Everyday for Good Health Incorporating exercise into your daily routine doesn’t have to be complicated or time-consuming. These 7 exercises can be easily done every day to help you maintain good health without requiring a lot of equipment or special skills. Let’s dive into the details of each exercise: Walking is one of the simplest and most effective exercises for improving cardiovascular health and maintaining overall well-being. It is a low-impact exercise that can be done by people of all ages and fitness levels. You can easily incorporate walking into your daily routine by taking brisk walks during your lunch break, walking to nearby places instead of driving, or simply going for a stroll in your neighborhood. Here are some tips for effective walking: - Start with a warm-up: Before you begin your walk, spend a few minutes warming up your muscles with some light stretching or a gentle warm-up walk. This can help prevent injuries and prepare your body for exercise. - Choose the right footwear: Invest in a good pair of walking shoes that provide proper support and cushioning for your feet. Wearing comfortable shoes can help prevent discomfort and pain during your walks. - Maintain proper posture: Stand tall, keep your shoulders relaxed, and swing your arms naturally as you walk. Avoid slouching or looking down at your phone, as this can strain your neck and back. - Increase intensity gradually: As you get more comfortable with walking, you can gradually increase your pace or distance to challenge your cardiovascular system and improve your fitness level. Remember to listen to your body and avoid overexertion. - Make it enjoyable: Walking can be a great opportunity to enjoy nature, listen to music or podcasts, or socialize with a walking buddy. Find ways to make your walks enjoyable and something you look forward to every day. Bodyweight exercises are exercises that use your own body weight as resistance, making them convenient and accessible for anyone, anywhere. These exercises can help improve your strength, flexibility, and endurance. Here are some popular bodyweight exercises that you can do every day: - Push-ups: Targeting your chest, shoulders, triceps, and core, push-ups are a great upper body exercise. Start with modified push-ups (on your knees) if you’re a beginner and gradually progress to full push-ups. - Squats: Squats are a compound exercise that targets multiple muscle groups, including your quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, and core. Keep your feet shoulder-width apart, lower your body by bending your knees, and then return to a standing position. - Plank: Plank is a core-strengthening exercise that also engages your arms, shoulders, and back. Start in a push-up position and lower down onto your forearms. Keep your body in a straight line from head to toe, engaging your core muscles. - Lunges: Lunges are great for strengthening your lower body, including your quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes. Take a step forward with one leg, lower your body by bending your knees, and then return to the starting position. Alternate between legs. - Glute Bridge: Glute bridge is a great exercise for targeting your glutes, hamstrings, and lower back. Lie on your back with your feet flat on the ground, hip-width apart. Lift your hips up towards the ceiling while squeezing your glutes, and then lower back down. Cardiovascular exercise, also known as aerobic exercise, is important for improving heart health, burning calories, and increasing endurance. There are many options for cardiovascular exercise, and you can choose the ones that you enjoy the most. Here are some examples: - Running: Running is a high-impact cardiovascular exercise that can help improve your cardiovascular fitness and burn calories. You can run outdoors or on a treadmill, depending on your preference and availability. - Cycling: Cycling is a low-impact exercise that is easy on the joints and can be done indoors on a stationary bike or outdoors on a bicycle. It is a great way to improve your cardiovascular fitness, leg strength, and endurance. - Jumping Rope: Jumping rope is a fun and effective cardiovascular exercise that can be done anywhere with just a simple rope. It helps improve your coordination, agility, and cardiovascular fitness. - Dancing: Dancing is not only a fun and enjoyable way to exercise, but it is also a great cardiovascular workout. You can take dance classes or simply dance around in your living room to your favorite music. - Swimming: Swimming is a low-impact exercise that is gentle on the joints and provides a full-body workout. It is a great option for those who may have joint pain or injuries, and it helps improve cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, and flexibility. Yoga and Stretching Yoga and stretching exercises are important for maintaining flexibility, improving posture, and reducing the risk of injuries. They also help in relaxation and stress reduction. Here are some yoga and stretching exercises you can incorporate into your daily routine: - Cat-Cow Stretch: Begin on your hands and knees, and alternate between rounding your back like a cat and arching it like a cow. This helps to stretch and strengthen the spine. - Forward Fold: Stand with your feet hip-width apart, and fold forward from the hips, reaching towards the ground. This helps to stretch the hamstrings, calves, and lower back. - Downward Dog: Start in a plank position, then lift your hips up towards the ceiling, creating an inverted V shape with your body. This helps to stretch the hamstrings, calves, shoulders, and back. - Child’s Pose: Sit back on your heels with your arms extended in front of you, and rest your forehead on the ground. This is a relaxing pose that helps to stretch the lower back, hips, and shoulders. - Tree Pose: Stand with your feet together, and place one foot on the inner thigh of the opposite leg. Balance and extend your arms overhead. This helps to improve balance, posture, and concentration. Resistance training, also known as strength training or weight lifting, is crucial for building muscle mass, increasing bone density, and boosting metabolism. It is important to include resistance training in your everyday exercise routine. Here are some tips for effective resistance training: - Start with lighter weights: If you’re a beginner, start with lighter weights and focus on proper form and technique. Gradually increase the weight as you get stronger and more comfortable with the exercises. - Use compound exercises: Compound exercises involve multiple muscle groups, making them more efficient and effective. Examples of compound exercises include squats, deadlifts, and bench presses. - Include all major muscle groups: Make sure to include exercises that target all major muscle groups, including the chest, back, legs, arms, and core. This ensures balanced muscle development and prevents muscle imbalances. - Rest and recover: Allow your muscles to rest and recover between resistance training sessions to avoid overtraining and injury. Aim for at least 48 hours of rest between sessions for the same muscle group. - Proper form is key: Focus on maintaining proper form throughout your resistance training exercises to prevent injuries and maximize the effectiveness of your workouts. Consider working with a personal trainer or fitness professional to ensure you are using proper form. Flexibility exercises are important for maintaining joint mobility, preventing injuries, and improving overall functional fitness. Here are some examples of flexibility exercises that you can do daily: - Static stretching: Static stretching involves holding a stretch in a stationary position for 15-30 seconds. You can stretch various muscle groups, such as your hamstrings, quadriceps, calves, and shoulders. - Dynamic stretching: Dynamic stretching involves moving your muscles and joints through their full range of motion. Examples of dynamic stretching include arm circles, leg swings, and torso twists. - Yoga: As mentioned earlier, yoga is not only beneficial for cardiovascular health, but it also includes various stretching exercises that help improve flexibility, balance, and relaxation. - Pilates: Pilates is another form of exercise that focuses on strengthening and stretching the muscles, particularly the core muscles. It helps improve flexibility, posture, and body awareness. Taking care of your mental health is just as important as taking care of your physical health. Mind-body exercises can help reduce stress, improve mood, and increase overall well-being. Here are some mind-body exercises to consider incorporating into your daily routine: - Meditation: Meditation involves focusing your attention and eliminating the stream of thoughts that may be crowding your mind. It can help reduce stress, improve concentration, and promote relaxation. - Deep breathing: Deep breathing involves taking slow, deep breaths and focusing on your breath as you inhale and exhale. It can help calm the mind, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. - Tai Chi: Tai Chi is a gentle form of martial art that involves slow, flowing movements and deep breathing. It helps improve balance, flexibility, and relaxation. - Mindful walking: Mindful walking involves paying attention to your surroundings, your body, and your breath as you walk. It can help improve mindfulness, reduce stress, and promote relaxation. Can I do these exercises every day? Yes, all of the exercises mentioned in this article can be done every day for good health. However, it is always best to consult with your healthcare provider before starting a new exercise routine, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or concerns. How long should I do each exercise? The duration of each exercise may vary depending on your fitness level and goals. It is recommended to follow the guidelines provided by a certified fitness professional or your healthcare provider. Generally, aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, on most days of the week, and incorporate resistance training, flexibility exercises, and mind-body exercises as part of your routine. Can I modify the exercises if I have physical limitations? Yes, it is important to listen to your body and modify the exercises if you have physical limitations. You can work with a fitness professional or healthcare provider to adapt the exercises to your needs, such as using lighter weights, doing modified versions of certain exercises, or using props for support. It’s important to prioritize safety and avoid pushing yourself beyond your limits. Are these exercises suitable for all age groups? Yes, these exercises can be adapted for different age groups and fitness levels. However, it’s important to consider any specific health concerns or limitations that may affect certain age groups, such as osteoporosis in older adults or growth plate injuries in children. Consult with your healthcare provider or a fitness professional for appropriate exercises for your age group. Incorporating regular exercise into your daily routine is essential for maintaining good health. The “7 exercises to do everyday for good health” that we have discussed in this article include cardiovascular exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, and mind-body exercises. These exercises provide a well-rounded fitness routine that can help improve cardiovascular fitness, increase muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and promote mental well-being. Remember to always consult with your healthcare provider or a certified fitness professional before starting a new exercise routine, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or concerns. So, lace up your shoes, grab your dumbbells, and get moving towards a healthier, happier you! Learn more fitness related articles at keeswan.com.

<urn:uuid:96d82ff1-9fd3-4d20-afe8-fa32ed027fc2>

Despite the advent of technology and recommendations made by educationists-cum-researchers who have carried out empirical studies on the importance of applying new techniques in educating the millennial generation of students, some teachers still believe in traditional teaching methods. From my observation, students love to talk, play and move around; this keeps them happy and energetic. While some teachers perceive students as lazy, rambunctious, useless and undisciplined, I realise that students need fun to keep them “alive”. This explains why teacher-centred lessons make students bored. I believe it is time for teachers to ditch old-fashioned ways of teaching and try implementing new methods, as we support the idea of 21st century learning. The fact that some teachers compare between advanced, intermediate and weak learners, and worse, develop a negative perception towards slow learners, is frustrating, unprofessional and irrelevant. Many teachers agree that it is easier to teach and carry out activities with good students than those in weak classes, considering the uncontrollable behaviours of hyperactive students and those not interested in their studies but, from my experience, this is usually because teachers plan the wrong activities or lose their passion when teaching students with low proficiency. Teachers should stop doubting the ability of learners. Take group presentations, for example. Although many believe this student-centred teaching method is only for good students, it is actually applicable to weak learners, too. They may mumble, lack confidence and be playful during their presentation, but with time, they will improve and find the activity intriguing as they are given the opportunity to share and shine. All they need is continued encouragement and motivation. Practice makes perfect. Teachers need to realise that by applying a student-centred approach, it will encourage independent learning, which gives learners room and freedom to understand topics, interpret issues, solve problems and suggest solutions, as they develop creative and higher-order thinking skills. In fact, when students actively participate in classroom activities, it benefits not only their intellectual wellness, but also their physical, emotional and mental wellbeing, as teachers get out of the box and carry out activities that activate students’ kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal and verbal intelligence. As long as students are given clear instructions about the task, teachers can take a role as helpful and friendly facilitators, while learners dominate the learning session. A student-centred approach should be the preference of teachers who wish to stop making students sleep with their eyes open, as they need to be awake to make them think and learn. Muhamad Solahudin Ramli, Marang, Terengganu. NST Letters to the Editor 9 Jun 2015

<urn:uuid:77e23322-a193-49e7-b8df-a98a486c9c25>

Three Branches of Government Poster Create a poster depicting the three branches of government. Help students recognize the three branches of government and their individual roles in the balance of political power and administration. Curriculum: Social Studies Social Studies: Power, Authority and Governance Pre-K-12: Standard 6 - Social studies programs should include experiences that provide for the study of how people create and change structures of power, authority, and governance. Understanding the historical development of structures of power, authority, and governance and their evolving functions in contemporary U.S. society, as well as in other parts of the world, is essential for developing civic competence. National Council for the Social Studies, Expectations of Excellence: Curriculum Standards for Social Studies (Washington, D.C.: NCSS, 1994). This book may be purchased by calling 800-683-0812. Electronic copies of it are not available. Design a creative poster to symbolically represent the branches of government. Portray any concept creatively with die-cuts to meet curriculum needs. Note: This project can also be created with the Bald Eagle, Flag #1 and Liberty Bell (see Image 2). Supplies Used: Animal Print Fur, Black Marking Pen, Black Poster Board, Cardstock, Colored Pens, Craft Knife, Double-Sided Tape, Glue, Paper Cutter, Scissors, Silver Paper, Tape The teacher will die-cut the materials for student use prior to the lesson. Tree - Three Branches of Government - Using brown cardstock or construction paper, die-cut XL 3-Part Bare Tree. Center and adhere the Tree trunk to a piece of black poster board at least 19" wide and 20" tall using glue, double-sided tape or other adhesive (Figure A). Lay two Tree branches where they will go, but do not glue down at this time. - Die-cut 7 XL Clouds from two shades of green cardstock or construction paper. Arrange these around the Tree branches as foliage, but do not glue down at this time (Figure B). - Die-cut 2 each of the LG White House, the LG U. S. Capitol Dome and the LG Greek Ruins from beige and cream colored paper. Adhere a light silver gray piece of paper behind each of the building to fill the openings (Figure C). White House - Executive Branch - Leave the beige White House whole. Use a black marking pen to color the beige flagpole black. - Cut the cream colored White House along the perforated lines leaving only the roof and the front portico. Set the flag aside to use later. Adhere the roof and portico onto the cream White House (Figure D). - Using the cream colored flag, cut the flagpole off, leaving the flag only. Use marking pens to color the flag red, white and blue. Adhere the completed flag to the black flagpole. U. S. Capitol Dome - Legislative Branch - Leave the beige Capitol Dome whole. - Cut the cream colored Dome along the perforated lines creating three highlighted areas. Adhere these pieces to the beige Capitol Dome. Greek Ruins - Judicial Branch - Leave the beige Greek Ruins whole. - Cut the cream colored Ruins along the perforated line to create a roof. Attach the roof to the beige Ruins. - Using a craft knife or a paper cutter, cut the remaining piece of the cream colored Greek Ruins diagonally from the bottom of the pillars to the top (Figure E). Attach the lower piece over the beige Greek Ruins. Assembly of Poster - Computer print "The Three Branches of Government" on a piece of red paper so the words will fit within the XL Banner. Align the words on the die and cut. - A second XL Banner may be cut from a darker red, if desired. Leave the darker Banner whole and cut the printed Banner along the four perforated lines (Figure F). Cut the bottom furls away also. Adhere the lighter red pieces on the darker Banner. - Computer print the words "Executive", "Legislative" and "Judicial" on red paper. Use a paper cutter or scissors to cut strips approximately 1/2" high and just longer than the printed words. - Adhere the green Clouds (foliage) that are behind the Branches first. - Tuck the three buildings where they should go and adhere the Branches in place, securing buildings behind the limbs as desired. Attach the clouds in front of the Branches. - Adhere the red Banner and the titles of government in place (see Main Photo).

<urn:uuid:aa0ce661-a1e4-4ab4-955c-a95be1fee56a>

“Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” by Lester R. Brown Article Summary “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” is a somewhat absurd but well written article. Lester R. Brown, the author, does a prodigious public favor in trying to wake the human race up to three facts: we must stop using hydrocarbons for transportation, burning coal for electricity, and stabilize the population which is predicted to rise quickly. It is a clear and dramatic statement on the human predicament and what needs to be done. He discusses how food shortages could be the weak link that will bring down civilization. He proclaims that the threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in developing countries to cause government collapse. The effects that environmental degradation and population growth are having on the worlds food supply are discussed. Demand for food is growing at a faster rate than supplies can grow; therefore increasing the price of food. In developing countries, governments lose power when food supplies are too low to feed their population. Food scarcity and the higher food prices are pushing poor countries into chaos. Brown says that such "failed states" can export disease, terrorism, illicit drugs, weapons and refugees thus threatening global stability. The problem on the supply side of things is the immediate concern of falling water tables and fresh water shortages. He claims that 70% of the worlds freshwater is used by irrigation. Brown reveals that "millions of irrigation wells in many countries are now pumping water out of underground sources faster than rainfall can recharge them" (Brown, 53). If water tables continue to shrink, humanity will be led to social conflict and immense food shortages. The second problem he reveals is the soil erosion. Top soil is eroding faster than new soil can form. Top soil is usually 6 inches deep and is a necessity to build up. The third issue that he discusses is the rising surface temperature. He notifies that an increase of one degree Celsius above normal temperature could lead to a decrease in rice, corn, wheat production by at least 10 percent; breath taking fact. In conclusion, he states that humanity must confront all these issues which cannot be overlooked any longer because the effects are being spread worldwide. Over population, water shortages, soil losses and rising temperatures are putting severe limits on food production. Without massive and fast intervention to confront the four environmental factors, the author argues, government collapses could threaten the world order. Lester R. Brown comes up with many valid solutions but questionable statements arise from the article when he discusses food scarcity. "Recent merging of the food and energy economies implies that if the food value of grain is less than its fuel value, the market will move the grain into the energy economy That double demand is leading to an epic competition between cars and people for the grain supply and to a political and moral issue of unprecedented dimensions. The U.S., in a misguided effort to reduce its dependence on foreign oil by substituting grain-based fuels, is generating global food insecurity on a scale not seen before." (Brown, 53). This is a rather alarmist viewpoint on problems. It is short on solutions. Food shortages would most likely never bring down civilization. Massive food shortages would not be experienced equally throughout the world, some countries would suffer more than other, thus some governments may collapse or result in war, not good, but it is also not an apocalypse. Also, food in most of the world is still relatively inexpensive for the majority of population, but as it rises it brings up alternatives of technological advances within the sphere of economic opportunity, vertical farming, and advanced greenhouse operations using hydro or aeroponics would become more appealing to farmers. They are not as prone to climate change. Brown may have underestimated the power of human ingenuity and technology. Some issues that he discusses are illogical. His solutions will cost an unimaginable fees. Talking about the rebirth of Earth and renewal would be more productive. "There is no box. That is the mind-set we need if civilization is to survive." This quote is essential to understanding the whole article due to the fact that Brown presents some illogical solutions to some issues such as the loss of top soil. A reverse of modern trends will be necessary, maybe not in the present, but definitely in the near future. Throughout reading this article, I began to perceive it as a bit absurd due to the fact that the author was listing out of the ordinary facts about developing countries but as I gave the article another read, I realized how thoughtful and correct Brown is. Some theories might be illogical but maybe that is what the world needs. Maybe a completely preposterous change in our trends of living will correct the countless flaws we have made in the technological era. Humans seem to be the creatures of chaos. Rather than accepting the possibility that problems which are serious are on the horizon, we look for any positive source of information to lessen our fear. It is only when a disaster is unavoidable that we act to migrate the worst of the impact. I personally believe that the obvious source of these problems is overpopulation. The topic has been discussed and warned about for years. Countless examples of civilizations reaching their capacity of their environment and technology to sustain them. It is crystal clear that as a species, we need to discover a solution that will slow down our reproduction that do not intrude human rights; which seems impossible to do. It is also unlikely that governments of the world can do anything to solve these issue without risking uprisings and rebellion in their own populations which results in increasing problems such as food scarcity. The issues that Brown addresses build a couple of solutions in my thoughts. Unfortunately, nuclear weapons may be the saviour of humanity. Random population thinning in urban areas will produce the horror that will hopefully motivate large population segments to take care of their reproduction rates. Dramatic decreases in population will eliminate shortages therefore leading to stability. Humanity has finished filling the Earth and it is now time to get into a sustaining mode.

<urn:uuid:f1a31f04-f07a-4490-81b0-3441f3c3664e>

Wwi trench warfare essays World war i was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918 it was a modern war with airplanes, machine guns, and tanks however, the commanders often. Over two hundred thousand men died in the trenches during world war i trench warfare was first started during the development of rapid firing small. Wwi trench warfare trench warfare was a common form of battle on the western front during world war 1 trench warfare is a military operation in which the. Trenches were never built to be straight for a reason, in case an enemy ever jumped into the trench they could have point blank shot of everyone hiding inside it. Comcom quality that exceeds your expectations account options different ads for different audiences for essays suggested essay topics sign in search settings web. Quando o americano g r carey construiu, em 1875, o primeiro aparelho para transmissão de imagens por ondas eletromagnéticas, não imaginou que seu invento fosse. Access to over 100,000 complete essays and term was trench warfare there were several weapons used during trench warfare life in the trenches was. Wwi trench warfare 4 pages 1105 words trench warfare was a common form of battle on the western front during world war 1 trench warfare is a military operation in. This free history essay on essay: trenches in world war i is trench warfare was a common http://wwwessayukcom/essays/history/essay-trenches-in-world-war. Wwi trench warfare essays World war i was a stalemate right from the outbreak of the war as a result of trench warfare with the introduction of this system, a piece of land stretching from. Check out our top free essays on world war one trench warfare to help you write your own essay. Read trench warfare free essay and over 87,000 other research documents trench warfare landscape of ypres approximately fifteen miles north of ypres lies flat land. - Disease-infested, plagued with rats, and a haven for bombs, trenches proved impractical in world war i thousands of soldiers lost their lives to disease. - Essay: trench warfare - online essaysessay: trench warfare a tactic known as trench warfare was implemented hire an essay writer when the allies reached the. - Melissa leavitteffective innovations and deafening silence in wwi hg wells called it “the war to end war,” (class lecture on wwi. The main diseases caught while in trenches were trench foot, shell shock, blindness from mustard gas, snakes, infected rats, grenades, bombs, colds from low. From notes to essay writing a film analysis guide theme analysis essay on the sniper bradley diabolique wedding the grotesque essay essay bibliography law videos. Trenches, essay 1 essay the main changes were the ones connected to trench warfare trench warfare in wwi. Dissertation guidelines university of westminster ogden ut ib extended essay guide english worksheets jayden: november 12, 2017 resume writing tips for aussies.

<urn:uuid:cd0f82fe-198a-4b6c-831e-693d3c971e04>

One of the biggest research goals of scientists studying animal communication is to one day be fully capable of communicating with other creatures, as fluently as we can communicate with other humans. While we’ve attempted to teach human language to other animals, like apes who have been taught sign language, it’s not quite the same thing as making a decipherable translation of another animal’s language. But now, a breakthrough. A team of researchers at Virginia Tech have managed to decode the language of honey bees in such a way that will allow other scientists across the globe to interpret the insects’ highly sophisticated and complex communications, reports Phys.org. It’s a veritable Rosetta Stone for honey bee linguistics, and it’s a universal translator, applicable across honey bee subspecies the world over. Read More at Earth Matters Read the rest at Earth Matters

<urn:uuid:e2add4ad-4e6d-4481-b0f5-5eaf91bd3044>

- What killed the Megalodon? - What is the biggest shark ever to exist? - Can a Megalodon kill a blue whale? - Can a orca kill a Megalodon? - What’s bigger blue whale or Megalodon? - Can a mosasaurus kill a Megalodon? - Did they find a Megalodon in the Mariana Trench? - Did the Megalodon shark exist? - What is bigger than a Megalodon? - What animal can kill a Megalodon? What killed the Megalodon? Did a supernova kill off the megalodon. A new study suggests that a tsunami of cosmic energy from a supernova killed off large ocean animals – including the huge megalodon shark – 2.6 million years ago. A shower of particles may have spelled curtains for the megalodon, a school-bus-sized shark, 2.6 million years ago.. What is the biggest shark ever to exist? O. megalodon was not only the biggest shark in the world, but one of the largest fish ever to exist. Estimates suggest it grew to between 15 and 18 meters in length, three times longer than the largest recorded great white shark. Can a Megalodon kill a blue whale? Yes, but a shark does not have to be as large as a Megalodon to take on a Blue Whale. Existing and much smaller sharks have been known to pray on Blue Whales from time to time. … The shark itself probably attacked the whale only because it came within close proximity to its flukes which are easy to byte. Can a orca kill a Megalodon? Individually a single orca probably has no chance against a megalodon. However, orcas rarely travel alone. The typical body weight for a Megalodon (Megalodon – Wikipedia ) was 48 metric tons (106,000 lb) versus an Orca (Killer whale – Wikipedia ) with a typical body weight of 6 metric tons (13,200 lb). What’s bigger blue whale or Megalodon? The Blue whales, however, hold a unique reputation of being among the largest creatures on the surface of the earth measuring about a hundred feet. It, therefore, suffices to say that a blue whale is bigger than a Megalodon. Can a mosasaurus kill a Megalodon? The Mosasaurus had a long, thin body with jaws designed more for feeding on smaller prey such as ammonites and fish. … A Mosasaurus would not have been able to get its jaws around the much thicker body of the Megalodon. It would just take one catastrophic bite for the Megalodon to end the battle. Did they find a Megalodon in the Mariana Trench? According to website Exemplore: “While it may be true that Megalodon lives in the upper part of the water column over the Mariana Trench, it probably has no reason to hide in its depths. “There’s no food for it down there, and no other shark species are known to thrive that deep. Did the Megalodon shark exist? Megalodon: Facts about the long-gone, giant shark. Earth’s largest known shark, Carcharocles megalodon, ruled the seas for more than 20 million years. The megalodon, which went extinct millions of years ago, was the largest shark ever to prowl the oceans and one of the largest fish on record. What is bigger than a Megalodon? The Blue Whale: Bigger Than Megalodon. … And on the aquatic front, there’s no bigger mammal than the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), which is the largest known animal to ever grace the planet. What animal can kill a Megalodon? A pod of carnivorous whales, orca size (20–30 feet) or larger, could kill a megalodon.

<urn:uuid:119eb8cd-e387-482d-b291-726d9fbc79d0>

HISTORICAL EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACE ON THIS DAY IN CANADA Canadian volunteer bivouac, 1870 Fenians Plan Attack We are a Fenian brotherhood, skilled in the arts of war. And we are going to fight in Ireland, the land we adore; Many battles have we won, along with the boys in blue, And we'll go to capture Canada, for we've nothing else to do! -Fenian Battle Song, 1866 Canada had an invasion scare on March 17, 1866, that helped to speed up Confederation. The enemy was the Fenian Brotherhood, an organization of Irish revolutionaries dedicated to damaging Britain in any part of the world. One of their objectives was to capture Canada. In 1863 they held a convention in Chicago, at which they drew up a new constitution for Canada as a republic and appointed a cabinet to govern it. Their scheme called for a fund of $15 million and battle forces of 30,000 men. The money was available. Appeals to "help the dear auld sod" drew generous support from many Americans. The troops were also available, battle-hardened Irishmen who had fought in the American Civil War. Many of them assembled at Portland, Maine, early in March and rumors circulated that an attack would be made on New Brunswick on St. Patrick's Day. New Brunswick had been "on again, off again" about Confederation, but the invasion rumor became so alarming that sentiment swung sharply in favor of joining Canada. In Canada itself, Sir John A. Macdonald called out 10,000 militia.. There was no attack on New Brunswick but the Fenians began their raids in June on Fort Erie, Niagara Peninsula. They were waving green flags, emblazoned with a harp and crown of gold. The raids were not successful, partly because they were badly led. There were too many "generals" and "colonels" and it seemed that few of the Fenians were willing to be ordinary foot-slogging soldiers. An interesting point about the Fenian plan to capture Canada was that Canada's name would be changed to "New Ireland." New Brunswick was actually called "New Ireland" for a short time when it was made a separate province from Nova Scotia in 1784. OTHER NOTABLE EVENTS ON THIS DAY IN CANADIAN HISTORY -1765 St. Patrick's Day was celebrated for the first time in Canada at Quebec City. -1776 British forces left Boston for Halifax after General Washington seized Dorchester Heights in a night attack. -1800 Philemon Wright arrived at the site of Hull, Quebec, across the river from Ottawa (see February 2) . -1810 The first issue of the Kingston, Ontario, News was published. -1866 The United States terminated a reciprocal trade agreement with Canada. This had a bearing on swinging opinion in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in favor of Confederation. -1885 The Métis formed a provisional government with Riel as President, as they had done at Red River in 1870. -1907 A Royal Commission was appointed to investigate the Civil Service. -1955 The suspension of Maurice Richard from hockey caused a riot in Montreal. 1959 The death of Dr. Sidney Smith, Minister of External Affairs, was announced.

<urn:uuid:4ff26a14-494d-4529-9a32-4405d08c3783>

After a century of almost static development, recently the combat shotgun has evolved quickly, responding to the soldier's need for new capabilities that meet the challenges of 21st century warfare. The first English colonists brought an armory of weapons, including the matchlock-ignited rifle and the blunderbuss. The rifle was used for long-range targets, the blunderbuss for short-range targets. The blunderbuss was the weapon of choice for close-range Indian attacks and shipboarding. This had the added advantage of using for ammunition whatever small, sharp objects could be crammed into the barrel on top of the black powder. Over time, the blunderbuss was replaced with single- and double-barreled English fowling pieces. During the Revolution, in the South, colonists faced with a shortage of muskets used the fowling piece as a close-quarters combat weapon. Within a century, the fowling piece was replaced by the shotgun. As settlers moved west, the musket was loaded with shot to hunt birds and small game and single balls to hunt large game. The Civil War was fought with every conceivable firearm available. Muskets, carbines, numerous repeating rifle systems, and shotguns were all employed. The double-barreled shotgun had been developed by midcentury and, in an era of single shots and slow loading, was a major contributor in the conflict. The shotgun was used extensively in all theaters of the Civil War, but most prominently by the Confederate cavalry. They used it to skirmish with the Union cavalry at close range. The writings of Union cavalrymen contain indignant passages about horses and riders being shot with rocks, nails, and screws that were fired from the barrels of Confederate sawed-off shotguns. By 1865, the Army had replaced percussion system weapons with centerfire cartridges similar to those in use today. The newly developed "trapdoor" Springfield rifle was also built in a shotgun configuration using its same Allin system (named for the armorer who developed it). Through the end of the 19th century, this shotgun was used by soldiers in the West to fight Indians, guard prisoners, and hunt game. By the the 1880s, the demand for a shotgun with more firepower (needed for market hunting) produced the first true combat shotgun--the Winchester[R] Model 1897 (known as the Model 97). The rifle and machine-gun fire of the Allied and Central Powers forced men to seek the safety of trenches. Taking to these trenches also underscored the weaknesses of the long Springfield and Enfield rifles in trench fighting. The conventional bolt-action infantry rifle was too long and lacked the firepower needed to overcome the interlocking trenches and determined German defenders carrying machine guns. The Winchester Model 97 -- firing a modern 12-gauge shell -- with pump action; six-round magazine capacity; and short, 18-inch barrel was brought over by American military police and infantrymen and soon became known as the "trench sweeper." An infantryman breaking into a trench could sweep both sides of it (to the depth of a passageway) with multiple buckshot rounds. Once leaders understood the 50-meter range of this weapon, it was employed with skill. A soldier with a shotgun, fast to pump and fire, could quickly suppress German trench assaults and clear dugouts with devastating effectiveness. Out of the trenches, the Model 97 cleared Germans out of farmhouses and buildings in French villages with equal effectiveness. On 27 September 1918, Sergeant Fred Lloyd, using a Model 97, advanced alone into a German-held village and began methodically clearing it, pumping and firing the shotgun as he moved. He finally collapsed with exhaustion after routing thirty German soldiers. The combat shotgun had earned its place as an Army secondary weapon. By the end of World War I, the Army had 19,600 Model 97s on hand. These were used by Military Police to guard prisoners and mail in the 1920s and 1930s. In this era civilian law enforcement agencies added birdshot to crowd-control ammunition inventory. Birdshot was seen as a less lethal alternative when fired over the heads of rioters, but often had tragic results. Civilian law enforcement agencies soon embraced the pump shotgun, and it can now be seen in almost every police cruiser. At the outbreak of World War II, the Army was woefully short of the number of shotguns needed for jungle and house-to-house fighting. Shotguns were procured in great numbers and from multiple firearms manufacturers. As a result, there was no standard shotgun during the War [a situation that was not rectified for many decades thereafter]. The shotgun was the secondary weapon of choice in the jungles of New Guinea. In the European theater, it was widely used in the house-to-house fighting across France. The shotgun had one major deficiency: it forced the soldier to carry two weapons -- the rifle (for long-range shots) and the shotgun. This was roughly 18 pounds of weapons. The result was that usually one man in the squad was assigned to carry the shotgun, sacrificing the longer-range fire of the M-1 rifle. With the formation of the Military Police Corps in 1943, the shotgun was used to guard prisoners and supply lines in the extended rear areas and lines of communication back to the continental United States. Its capabilities were ideal for the professional law enforcement missions taken on during the war. During the post-World War II era, numerous attempts (over a fifty-year period) were made to develop a semiautomatic combat shotgun that was reliable under combat conditions and firing all varieties of ammunition. None proved to be entirely satisfactory, and the American infantryman and military policeman fought in Korea and Vietnam with pump-action shotguns that re-validated their effectiveness. In Vietnam, the pump-action combat shotgun was the weapon of choice for point men and dog handlers on combat patrols. Specially modified shotguns were developed to engage and neutralize the North Vietnamese guard force during the unsuccessful 1970 Son Tay raid that attempted to free American prisoners of war located deep inside North Vietnam. The recent involvement of the Army in small-scale contingencies and stability and support operations brought the requirement for an effective combat shotgun into the forefront of small-arms development. Operations in Somalia demonstrated the need to address the dilemma of a soldier carrying a rifle and a shotgun, multiple types of ammunition, and the added burden of additional ballistic armor that is essential to survival in house-to-house fighting. The soldier also had to have a response to noncombatant crowds that might threaten lines of communication. To effectively fight in cities, the soldier was becoming overloaded with weapons. By 1993, the combat shotgun had undergone little evolution since World War I and, in size and weight (8.5 pounds), still resembled the venerable Model 97. Additionally, technology had caught up to the requirements of civilian law enforcement with the development of effective, less lethal shotgun ammunition. The Army soon adopted a family of commercial off-the-shelf nonlethal (NL) munitions for the shotgun; it used rubber buckshot pellets (the M-1012) and fin-stabilized rubber bullets (the M-1013). These munitions were paired with the Mossberg[R] 500 (M-500) series shotgun associated with the Nonlethal Capability Set (NLCS) that was fielded in 1999. Both munitions and the M-500 proved to be highly effective in the hands of the military police who were encountering hostile crowds in Kosovo in February 2001. The blunt trauma produced by these munitions was sufficient to produce the pain necessary to make the most ardent rioter leave the most organized mob. The high volume of fire produced by the shotgun also enabled the military police to effectively gain the initiative and rout the rioters who were threatening their freedom of movement. However, the age-old problem remained: lethal weapons were still required to overwatch the soldiers who were armed with the less lethal loaded shotguns. The best solution would be to combine lethal and NL capabilities into one highly effective weapon with exceptional target acquisition capability. |Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|

<urn:uuid:a48be18a-06e0-4e0c-8df6-b2c596178e5d>

Negentropy is the abbreviation for negative entropy and is a special case of synentropy . In general, negentropy is defined as entropy with a negative sign . It can be interpreted as a measure of the deviation of a random variable from the uniform distribution . Since the entropy (disorder or randomness ) of a uniformly distributed random sequence is maximal, it follows that the negentropy of this sequence is minimal. In the information-theoretical interpretation of entropy , negentropy is high when there is a lot of information in a character string , and small in a random character string. Negentropy is defined differently. The simplest definition (see above) is: negentropy is negative entropy . - the entropy ; it is crucial that, in accordance with the above Definition with a negative sign - a normalization of a uniformly distributed variable (with the same correlation and covariance matrix as ). By means of suitable normalization one can achieve that the negentropy of the uniformly distributed variable is equal to zero: Interpretation and miscellaneous The term negative entropy was coined by Erwin Schrödinger in his book Was ist Leben or adopted by Boltzmann . He defines life as something that absorbs and stores negative entropy. This means that life is something that exports entropy and keeps its own entropy low: negentropy import is entropy export. Even if Schrödinger meant free energy by negative entropy , as he wrote in a footnote, this does not contradict the second law of thermodynamics , contrary to the opinion that is often put forward , since this process takes place with the supply of energy (in plants, for example, by sunlight). Léon Brillouin later shortened the term to negentropy in order to express the facts in a more “positive” way: a living system absorbs negentropy and stores it. Organisms change negentropically through energy use. Because of their energy requirements, organisms are open systems . As for its use in other areas, the term negentropy does not seem to be clearly defined. In the lexicon of biology, negentropy is defined as the average information content of the individual character within a given character string , with which a reference to information theory is established. This also corresponds to the above example for the equal distribution, since with an "equally distributed" variable there is no additional information compared to a "uniform distribution". The term is defined somewhat differently by sociological systems theorists , namely as “negation of entropy” or as “increase in complexity ”. Thus, negentropy is synonymous with order or information and thus a characteristic of the emergence or delimitation of systems . Another (free) translation would be: "Absence of (relatively complete) entropy" or correspondingly: "Absence of chaos ". Negentropy and order The term order , which is usually equated with negentropy, is used in a similarly inconsistent manner as the term negentropy . - Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine , Massachusetts, MIT Press 1948 - Heinz Herwig, Tammo Wenterodt: Entropy for engineers . 1st edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8348-1714-3 , 2.10.1 Negentropy. - ISO / IEC DIS 2382-16 - Quote: By the way, “negative entropy” is not my invention at all. Indeed, it is the term around which Boltzmann's independent discussion revolved. Source: Erwin Schrödinger What is life? - Looking at the living cell through the eyes of the physicist. Piper Paperback 1989, ISBN 978-3492211345 , p. 130 - Brillouin, Leon: (1953) "Negentropy Principle of Information", J. of Applied Physics , v. 24 (9) , pp. 1152-1163 - Léon Brillouin, La science et la théorie de l'information , Masson, 1959 - Lexicon of Biology, Herder Verlag 1988

<urn:uuid:65d97420-5f3b-4cc1-af9d-e5a92855d0fc>

Meteorological fall has begun. Meteorological summer consists of the three hottest months of the year-June, July and August. This past meteorological summer was the 3rd warmest in 142 years of record keeping. It appears fall will continue the above normal streak that extends back even beyond summer. August was the 11th consecutive month that finished above average. The Climate Prediction Center’s outlook for meteorological fall (September, October and November) has the vast majority of the country, including the midwest, with a 33% or more probability of experience above average temperatures for the period. The precipitation outlook isn’t as clear. Most of the country, including the midwest, has equal chances of above or below normal precipitation. Hard to believe but we are only about six weeks or so from peak fall colors in northern Illinois. Average high temperatures begin to drop by a little more than 3° per week now. The average high at the start of September was 80°, by the start of October that average high drops to 68°. November is the fastest cooling month of the year. The average high on November 1st is 56° but by the end of the month the average high drops to 40°. Some news and notes about fall colors: - the arrival of fall colors in the northeast has been delayed by about 3 days compared to 20 years ago - a moderate drought is best for fall colors but anything worse can lead to leaves wilting, curling up and falling off too soon - fall colors are already changing in the Northwoods where Eau Claire has already reached 50% of its peak colors - trees in Oklahoma and Arkansas are losing leaves now, about two months ahead of schedule - Check out the University of Illinois Extension’s “Miracle of Fall” site to get updates and more on Illinois fall colors.

<urn:uuid:9ce8f768-4964-4445-8502-e703e4179ed9>

Girl who died of Cholera This is a page from a book containing a colored lithograph (reproduced here in black and white) depicting a girl who died from cholera. The lithograph's caption, “Blue Stage of the Spasmodic Cholera. Sketch of a Girl who died of Cholera, in Sunderland, November, 1831,” coupled with the image itself provides a glimpse into both the scale and horror of the cholera pandemic that gripped the world in the 1820s and 30s. Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease causes excessive water and electrolyte secretion, dehydration, and death in humans. Although originally endemic to the Ganges Delta in India, increased globalization in the nineteenth century facilitated the global spread of cholera. The interconnected world of the nineteenth century allowed cholera to spread around the world from India to places like Sunderland, a port city on the northeast coast of England, where hundreds died from the disease, including the girl depicted in this image.

<urn:uuid:d9e0357a-7856-4de5-8f21-f3fa275edea8>

AI-based Voice Tool to Detect Covid-19 - 17 Apr 2020 - 3 min read Why in News A University in Rome (Italy) is conducting a pilot run for a patented Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tool developed by students and a professor from Mumbai, which they claim can test Covid-19 through voice-based diagnosis using a smartphone. - The tool has already been tested on 300 individuals and has detected Covid-19 patients with 98% accuracy. - The tool is based on a voice-based diagnosis through an app. It can find coronavirus from the tone of the voice. - As someone speaks to the microphone on the app, the tool breaks down the voice in multiple parameters such as frequency and noise distortion. - These values are then compared to a normal person’s values and the patented technique then determines if the patient is positive or not. - Each human voice has 6,300 parameters, and only a few units, less than a dozen, specifically characterise individuals. The human ear, apart from colds, is not able to distinguish them, but artificial intelligence does. - Each one of an individual's internal organs is sort of a resonator, so if anyone has a problem with lungs or heart, this will be reflected in his/her voice. - The current novel coronavirus cases could be detected this way. Benefits of the voice-based diagnosis tool - This tool can be of great impact in doing the first level of screening to identify positives and only those who tested positive can go for the lab tests. - This can reduce the current bottleneck on the medical infrastructure, and help the government to identify hotspot regions in advance. - It is possibly the best way to reach out to the remotest part of India by testing through a smartphone, without the risk of exposure, both to the patient and the lab personnel. - This voice-based diagnosis will fetch zero cost testing to the patient and no wait time. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - It describes the action of machines accomplishing tasks that have historically required human intelligence. - It includes technologies like machine learning, pattern recognition, big data, neural networks, self algorithms etc. - AI involves complex things such as feeding a particular data into the machine and making it react as per the different situations. It is basically about creating self-learning patterns where the machine can give answers to the never answered questions like a human would ever do. - AI technology helps in analyzing data and thus can improve the efficiency of the systems like power management in cars, mobile devices, weather predictions, video and image analysis. - Example (Use): Self driving cars.

<urn:uuid:36e3611a-eed2-4317-bdec-76fa80f14882>

Putin and Russia’s Identity Historically, both Russia and Turkey were seen as Europe’s ‘Other’. For Russia this was most evident during - although not limited to - the years of the USSR (Kundera 1986, p. 33), while Turkey’s ‘otherness’ dates back to the Ottoman Empire’s move onto the European continent. As the two countries’ relationship with the West changed, so did their perception of identities, values, and norms vis-a-vis those espoused by the West. Scholars have argued that, in Russia’s case, changes in the internal and external environments have led to re-definitions of ‘self’ and reordering of priorities, which in turn, has led to changes in foreign policy (Prizel 2004). Historically, the debates surrounding Russia’s identity have evolved between Romantic nationalist and European-oriented liberal views (Neumann 1996). Vladimir Putin has played an important role in this process of re-interpretation, declaring Russia to be its own, separate civilisation. In speeches, articles, and documents, Putin has continuously emphasised the distinctiveness of Russian identity. He has frequently pointed out the uniqueness of Russia as a ‘state-civilisation’ while contrasting it with the ‘Western’ one. The difference is established not only in terms of values and the Russian way of life but also by contrasting Russian understanding of democracy with views on sovereignty, rules, morals, and practices managing international relations with Western ones. The emphasis on distinct civilisational values has affected Russia’s foreign policy, expressed as opposition to Western global hegemony, special relations with Asian and Middle Eastern countries, and founding of the Eurasian Union (Tsygankov and Tsygankov 2010, p. 237) For instance, in his 2012 article published originally in Izvestia, Putin listed a number of elements of Russian culture: respect for government, prioritisation of the common good and public interests; he also defined the country’s unity as ‘the sovereignty of the Russian people, rather than the supremacy of individuals and groups, across its entire territory’ - features that align with the statist view of foreign policy. Putin further argued that the unipolar world was over and the global economic and political problems call for cooperation among countries, especially the permanent members of the UN Security Council. In these conditions, Russia can and must play a deserving role, dictated by its civilizational model, great history, geography, and its cultural genome, which seamlessly combines the fundamentals of European civilization and the centuries-old experience of cooperation with the East, where new centers of economic power and political influence are currently rapidly developing. (Russia Today, February 2016a) The ideas of a strong state and great power status have been important elements of Russia’s identity. A closer look at several speeches given by Putin as well as his article from 2012, show several other common themes: sovereignty, Russia’s uniqueness and contrast with the West, and patriotism. Other themes include territorial integrity, the rejection of a unipolar world, and emphasis on international law and cooperation among states to solve global problems. This idea of Russia’s standing in the world as a great power serves as an ideational basis for Russia’s pursuit of economic and military power; it aligns with its rhetoric and behaviour on the international scene. It also helps to explain its involvement in the Syrian conflict and relationship with Turkey.

<urn:uuid:94a27591-d5b7-42c2-a119-232c81430fca>

Monitoring air contaminant exposure is vital in ongoing efforts to detect the presence of dangerous chemicals and understand how urban pollution affects human health. And a team of researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Cornell University is developing liquid crystal-based sensors that can quickly and accurately detect trace amounts of air contaminants—everything from carbon monoxide to chemical weapons such as sarin. A $1.9 million grant from the National Science Foundation is funding their efforts. Liquid crystals, like those used in electronics displays, are states of matter where the molecules can either move and flow like a liquid or adopt an organized arrangement. That switch from the free-flowing to organized phase often alters how liquid crystals interact with light. It’s what produces the vibrant images on LCD screens, which use electricity to switch liquid crystals between phases pixel-by-pixel. “The versatility of liquid crystal sensors is quite remarkable,” says Victor Zavala, the Baldovin-DaPra Associate Professor in chemical and biological engineering at UW-Madison. “We want people to have more information about what they’re exposed to in their daily lives, especially within cities. Right now, we measure few contaminants and at a few locations, but that doesn’t tell the whole story.” Liquid crystal technology is already under exploration for low cost, portable, personal sensors. However, such existing liquid-crystal-based chemical sensors are limited in response times; detectable changes become visible to human eyes only after several minutes. That’s too long, given that most of our exposures to airborne contaminants occur briefly—for example, if we walk through a poorly ventilated tunnel or catch a blast of exhaust from a construction site. The researchers already have developed a sensor that can detect specific sarin concentrations within a few seconds. And to speed up their sensors, the scientists turned to artificial intelligence: Deep neural networks are computer programs that learn to recognize patterns without input from humans. When Zavala and colleagues allowed deep neural networks to take a look at snapshots of the new sensors, those algorithms spotted changes in patterns inside the liquid crystals after only three seconds—correctly identifying exposure to the sarin-like chemical with 99-percent accuracy. And though the deep neural networks excelled at identification, the researchers weren’t satisfied to blindly trust the machines. So drawing on the expertise of colleagues Reid Van Lehn and Manos Mavrikakis, the team is starting to run molecular simulations and computationally modeled interactions between contaminants and the liquid crystal—linking the abstract “thoughts” of deep neural networks to actual physical mechanisms occurring within the liquid crystal sensors. “We’re scientists; we want to know what is actually happening,” says Zavala. “Deep neural networks tell us that there is something hiding in there, and our job is to try to find it and understand it.” The UW-Madison team will collaborate with Nicholas Abbott of Cornell University. He will run extensive experiments to explore the sensitivity of different sensor designs under diverse chemical environments and to collect data to train artificial intelligence algorithms. Armed with data, physical models, and artificial intelligence techniques, the team plans to develop new and powerful liquid-crystal-based sensors for several additional chemicals, which they’ll select with input from leading air quality expert James Schauer, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at UW-Madison. In the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at UW-Madison, Reid Van Lehn is an assistant professor and the Jay and Cynthia Ihlenfeld Faculty Scholar and Manos Mavrikakis is the Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor and Paul A. Elfers Professor. James Schauer also directs the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene. The research is supported by the National Science Foundation Big Data Science & Engineering Initiative, award number 1837812. Author: Sam Million-Weaver

<urn:uuid:2daa1e5c-eb9a-43f2-89c0-8502c55a67ff>

Sharing Books with Your Grandchildren Here are some ways to share books and words with your grandchildren: - When you visit, bring a new book as a gift for each grandchild. Read the books together and ask your grandchildren what they are currently reading at home. - If you live close to your grandchildren, plan a regular night of the week for reading aloud to them. Parents can go out or stay home and listen in! As your grandchildren get older, you can enjoy longer books by reading chapters in installments. - Find a book from your grown-up son’s or daughter’s childhood and give it as a very special gift to your grandchildren. Read it together and talk about which parts were favorites of their parent. - Help your grandchildren make a card for a relative or friend, decorating the outside. What message does your grandchild want you to put in the card? Help him or her write it. - Send a letter or postcard to your grandchildren when you travel or just send a card from your home saying hello. If you are comfortable with the Internet, send an email. Your grandchild probably has his or her own email address. - Give a note to your grandchild with a joke, riddle or poem written on it. Practice telling it together and ask your grandchild to memorize it for the next time you visit. - Clip out articles from the newspaper about things that interest your grandchild and send them in the mail for him or her to read. Read to your grandchildren over the internet! Skype is a video phone call made through computers. This is a great way to read to grandchildren while actually seeing each other. (See www.skype.com for more information.) You’ll find that they will be ready to enjoy that at a surprisingly young age, and their parents will enjoy the chance to get a break from child-care. Share this Page

<urn:uuid:5e16a0be-ab87-46ce-8e6c-5800abd02e66>

A NASA Mars orbiter, launched in 2001 April. It went into polar orbit around Mars in 2001 October, using aerobraking to circularize the orbit. The craft carried three main instruments: a Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) to map the surface mineralogy; a Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) to analyse the surface chemistry; and the Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE) to assess the radiation risk to future human explorers. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/ Official mission website. Subjects: Astronomy and Astrophysics.

<urn:uuid:21ad4cab-2afe-4b29-baaf-1f1638457e8f>

COMMON CORE STANDARDS CCSS1.OA.2 Solve word problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20, e.g., by using objects, drawings, and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem. CCSS1.OA.5 Relate counting to addition and subtraction (e.g., by counting on 2 to add 2). CCSS1.NBT.2 Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones. STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE MP.1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. MP.3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. MP.4 Model with mathematics. MP.7 Look for and make use of structure. DESCRIPTION OF LESSON This Grade 1 lesson titled, “The Very Hungry Caterpillar” by Illustrative Mathematics integrates ELA/Literacy with Mathematics through a Read Aloud of a literary text. Throughout lesson activities, students have the opportunity to: develop an understanding of the relationship between counting on and addition; build toward understanding of the place value system; engage with several Standards for Mathematical Practice. The focus of instruction is to have students learn to make sense of what is being asked and to persevere through multiple steps in order to solve a problem. Through repeated teacher Read-Alouds of the same text, students individually or in pairs are asked to take something concrete (the story), represent it physically (with the counters or unifix cubes), and then represent it symbolically as an equation. Connecticut educators should be cautioned that this task supports developing conceptions of counting on and base-ten structure, and is thus appropriate early in the school year. Prior to teaching the lesson, teachers will need to thoroughly review the materials and make modifications or adjustments to meet the needs of their learners and to determine proper pacing. In order to carry out the lesson as planned, each student/pair needs: three ten-frames (see PDF for black line master), 30 counters or unifix cubes per pair of students, one small dry-erase board and dry-erase maker per pair of students. While formative assessment is ongoing, some type of assessment rubric should be created to provide sufficient guidance for interpreting individual student performance on the targeted standards. RATIONALE FOR SELECTION This lesson is a good example of a task that is open ended with several possible correct answers and application in an engaging setting. The task encourages students to talk about each other’s thinking in order to improve their mathematical understanding. It targets the major work of the grade, providing an in-depth treatment of targeted content standards. The lesson develops students’ conceptual understanding through a real world task, brief exercises, questions, multiple representations and opportunities for students to represent their understanding. The task stimulates students’ interest and elicits discourse and mathematical thinking. Formative assessment is ongoing as teacher observes students’ models and listens to them share their thinking and strategies. A solution is provided to help and guide teachers to interpret student understanding and thinking. Focus: Belongs to the major work of first grade. Coherence: Builds on kindergarten work with addition. Rigor: Conceptual Understanding: secondary in this task, Procedural Skill and Fluency: secondary in this task, Application: primary in this task

<urn:uuid:60330411-d307-41c7-acee-1f7c1d83f4c3>

Flavors of Brazil about the plant that was the staple food of Brazil's Indians prior to the arrival of Europeans, and which today is still a daily source of nutrition for millions of Brazilians, and billions more residing in tropical areas of the planet. The botanical name for the genus is Manihot, a name derived from the name of the plant in the Tupi language, a native American language spoken in many areas of South America. In Tupi, the plant is called mandioca. This plant goes by an incredible number of names throughout the world, and much of the taxonomy is confusing, with one name referring to possibly two or more varieties in differing locations, and with countless regional or linguistic variations for the name of one single botanical species. In order to begin to discuss mandioca on this blog, some sense will have to be made out of this linguistic and botanical bowl of spaghetti - some untangling of the plant's many names. Besides this overabundance of names denominating the plant itself, there are many more for each of the constituent edible parts of the plant - leaves, roots, etc. - and for the products derived from the plant, such as starches, flours, gums, saps. These will all have to be dealt with in due course, but will be left for later postings.

<urn:uuid:5be0e055-8cd7-4737-9957-f05c59b5b535>

Flashcards in Module 3: Physical Evidence Deck (15) Any type of written or recorded evidence -Recording of Crime by video Evidence that is used to help recreate or illustrate a crime -Model of crime scene for court trials Evidence given by a witness during a trial. The process of determining the chemical or physical characteristics of a piece of evidence. (With as much certainty as possible. The process of testing a suspect sample with a known sample to prove if they have a common origin. The frequency of an event Evidence with characteristics that can be traced back to an individual item or person. -Shoe Patterns/Treads and Wear -Markings on a Fired Cartridge Ridge Characteristics/ Minutiae Ridge endings, enclosures, and other details that make up a fingerprint Characteristics that can only be associated with a group and not a single source Describes a substance or object without referring to another substance Describes what happens when a substance reacts with another substance Fractures that extend outward from the point of impact -Spokes on a wheel Fractures that form a circle around the point of impact -Occurs after a Radial Fracture

<urn:uuid:3f488515-b409-4157-a76a-c3ed2764983c>

Health and wellness is a state of total physical, psychological, and also social wellness. The Globe Health Company defines wellness as the lack of disease as well as infirmity. Nevertheless, there are several meanings of wellness Right here are some. Keep reading to learn even more regarding the social components of health and wellness and also the impact of digital innovation on wellness Social factors of wellness Social factors of health are aspects that belong to the health of a person. These factors are based upon social as well as economic conditions. Altering these problems can impact a person’s health For example, a person’s earnings and also educational attainment might influence his or her wellness. As a result, it is essential to deal with these problems. Public health and wellness plans can deal with social factors of health by addressing them on a community degree. These adjustments can resolve the aspects that cause inconsonant health and wellness outcomes, preventing health disparities as well as advertising wellness for everyone. Nonetheless, they will certainly need collaboration between the public as well as economic sectors. Old Greek concepts of health and wellness. Ancient Greek concepts of health had crucial origins in viewpoint and social problems. They promoted the appropriate diet plan and also physical task as essential parts of good health. Their concepts and methods have influenced modern health and wellness promo as well as area advancement. While they have actually not affected wellness care as long as contemporary techniques, these Greek health ideas are necessary for understanding the growth of human idea and how to enhance health. The Greeks was among the earliest people to examine human anatomy and also physiology. Their medical technique likewise concentrated on the therapy of condition. They additionally emphasized the value of the client’s understanding, independence of the mind, and harmony between the private and also the environment. Many of the very same concepts are still used in modern-day health and wellness care. Modern understanding of health and wellness. The Modern understanding of health and wellness locations wellness in a more comprehensive context than disease prevention and also therapy. It acknowledges the value of a person’s social, psychological, and spiritual well-being. Moreover, it stresses that optimal health and wellness is appropriate to an individual just to the degree that it allows him to live his life fully. It additionally identifies the broad series of ecological and also individual qualities that add to health and wellness as well as condition. It also emphasizes that health and wellness is unbiased as well as quantifiable throughout societies. While cultures have actually commonly defined health as the lack of disease, the MHI specifies health as a state of health. This interpretation is extra according to people’ goals and the most recent clinical research. It was initial proposed by the Globe Wellness Organization (THAT) in 1948. Influences of electronic modern technology on health and wellness. The growth of electronic health technologies has triggered an extensive change in just how we understand healthcare. Today’s innovations rely upon electronic tools such as fabricated intelligence (AI), device discovering, and huge information. These modern technologies are much more turbulent than previous health and wellness modern technologies. They have actually developed new actors that can influence healthcare as well as health systems, producing new possibilities and obstacles. These brand-new stars are also creating brand-new kinds of wellness data assets. The fostering of electronic health innovations can improve access to quality healthcare. Health and wellness systems have lengthy had a hard time to provide top quality treatment to remote and also backwoods. Digital wellness can help bridge this space as well as ensure high-quality care for the most remote clients. For instance, in country areas, area health and wellness workers use tablet computers to tape data regarding their individuals. They can likewise use these gadgets to share videos about maternal as well as kid health and wellness, making healthcare more obtainable to the population.

<urn:uuid:2419d287-83c9-4e0b-b9ba-e5f117e3b1f9>

Manners, starting a conversation, opening your milk and even carrying your own tray are some of the skills we teach during lunch. How can I track these skills? What skills should I teach? What strategies do I use? Continue reading below to find my answers to each of these questions, and if you do the same or something different, don’t forget to comment! What skills should I teach? In early childhood, I have a booklet of developmental milestones by age. This is something that can be easily found online. I also have a program called AEPS that provides me with an assessment and curriculum to address these milestones. I can use that to guide me on where to start with a student, but usually all of these skills are skills that everyone needs. Additionally, I observe students when they first start in my classroom. I watch to see if they ask for help opening the juice or if they ask for a missing item like a spoon or ketchup. I look to see if they start conversations, eat food, or if they are able to clean their space. I observe and take notes so I can track areas of need and monitor them to make sure they are growing. I always recommend starting with the basics: asking, self-help and social skills. What strategies should I use? The main strategies I use are: Modeling, visuals, repetition, social stories and role playing. I model how to start a conversation, I model what to do when they drop something, and how to ask for help. Visuals are very important when the student needs to see what you are talking about and help break down the steps. I have visuals that I have in my breakfast/lunch basket to help with the request. One example of using repetition is when I have students practice opening milk or carrying their own tray. I also use visual sentence strips to help with the request. In addition, social stories are used before breakfast or lunch to teach the skills we are working on that week. Finally, role playing is very important as it allows students to practice the skill in a safe environment. Again, these are the ones that immediately come to mind. Comment below with any other strategy you can think of! IDEA – Check out this blog here on how to start a social skills lunch group for older students. How can I track progress in these skills? Many of my kids mostly have social skills goals that I track. Pre-made charts can be found online or I will create charts specific to a given skill. I usually track progress through observation. Using anecdotal notes and pictures to keep records is really important to me. Worksheets are not used in Pre-K, so I take many pictures throughout the week to share with parents, which also count as evidence of any goals they may be working on. Ultimately, tracking these areas shouldn’t be stressful. My recommendations would be the beginning of the year, the middle of the year, and the end of the year. Here are some simple data sheets that I recommend for almost any goal. I feel that simple is best. I love checklists and anecdotal notes! Finally, there are a few skills that need to be learned. Please note that there are MANY more! - Request for missing items - asking for help - opening the milk - use dishes in an appropriate way - walking through the lunch line - transport tray - ID scanning during registration - sit securely in the seat - talk to friends at your table - keep your hands to yourself - zip their lunch box - and much more!

<urn:uuid:24503554-0147-4861-b446-a20311b3b865>

Beowulf is one of the most famous epic poems in the world of literature. It has been analyzed and critiqued by scholars for decades, with each interpretation offering a fresh perspective on the story’s significance. In this article, we’ll explore the various interpretations and critiques of Beowulf, and examine the themes and motifs that make it such a timeless and influential work. - Beowulf is an epic poem that has been analyzed and critiqued by scholars for decades. - There are numerous interpretations of the poem, each offering a fresh perspective on its themes and motifs. - Some scholars see Beowulf as a Christian allegory, while others view it as a celebration of Anglo-Saxon culture and values. - The poem explores themes like the nature of heroism, the cycle of life and death, and the importance of community and loyalty. - Critics have also examined the language and structure of Beowulf, and debated its historical accuracy. Christian Allegory or Pagan Myth? One of the most debated aspects of Beowulf is its religious significance. Some scholars argue that the poem is a Christian allegory, in which the hero Beowulf represents Christ and the monsters he battles symbolize sin and evil. This interpretation focuses on the poem’s use of Christian imagery and themes, such as references to the Old Testament and the importance of faith and divine intervention. Others, however, argue that the poem is rooted in pagan mythology, and that the Christian elements were added later by scribes or translators. This interpretation emphasizes the importance of ancestral traditions and heroic values, and sees Beowulf as a celebration of the pagan culture that dominated England before the arrival of Christianity. The Nature of Heroism Regardless of its religious symbolism, most scholars agree that Beowulf is a story about heroes and heroism. The poem explores the characteristics of the ideal hero, such as bravery, strength, and loyalty. Beowulf himself is a prime example of this, as he battles monsters and protects his people without regard for his own safety or glory. However, the poem also raises questions about the nature of heroism and the motivations behind it. Some critics argue that Beowulf’s actions are driven by a desire for fame and glory, rather than altruism or duty. Others see him as a tragic hero, whose courage and strength are ultimately unable to prevent his own downfall. Life, Death, and the Importance of Community Another major theme of Beowulf is the cycle of life and death, and the importance of community and familial relationships in the face of mortality. The poem emphasizes the fragility of existence and the inevitability of aging and death, highlighting the need for individuals to come together and support one another in times of crisis. This theme is embodied in Beowulf’s final battle with the dragon, which he knows he cannot win alone. He rallies his people to fight alongside him, recognizing that their combined efforts are needed to protect their home and way of life. This message of communal support and cooperation is a key aspect of the poem’s enduring popularity. The Language and Structure of Beowulf In addition to its themes and motifs, Beowulf has also been analyzed in terms of its language and structure. The poem is written in Old English, a language that is very different from modern English and presents challenges for modern readers and translators. Critics have examined the structure of the poem, including its use of alliteration and caesura, and debated whether it was originally meant to be performed orally or read silently. They have also explored the historical accuracy of the characters and events depicted in the poem, and the evidence it provides of early Anglo-Saxon culture and society. Overall, Beowulf is a complex and multi-layered work that has inspired countless interpretations and critiques over the years. Its themes of heroism, community, and mortality continue to resonate with readers today, making it a timeless classic of English literature. What is Beowulf? Beowulf is an Old English epic poem that tells the story of a hero named Beowulf, who battles monsters and protects his people. What are the major themes of Beowulf? The major themes of Beowulf include heroism, the cycle of life and death, the importance of community, and the nature of human motivation. What is the religious significance of Beowulf? Some scholars see Beowulf as a Christian allegory, in which the hero represents Christ and the monsters symbolize sin and evil. Others argue that the poem is rooted in pagan mythology, and that the Christian elements were added later. What is the language of Beowulf? Beowulf is written in Old English, a language that is very different from modern English and presents challenges for modern readers and translators.

<urn:uuid:c2809bfc-f210-4ba4-a08b-ba334e1f027b>

In fact, the basic principle of new process fermentation is basically the same as that of traditional fermentation, which is the process of transforming starch in grain into wine. Starch (+ amylase) → glucose (+ Saccharomyces cerevisiae) → wine → (trace elements acid, aldehyde, lipid, alcohol, etc.) (saccharification process) → (pottery) → (esterification process) 1、 Basic principles of traditional fermentation Starch, raw materials such as sorghum, rice, corn, potato and wild plants are usually steamed in high temperature (Baijiu), which makes the plant cells and cells completely broken. Starch granules from raw materials are expanded by water and gelatinized, so that they are affected by the enzymes of amylase and the bacteria in the process of starch hydrolysis. There are differences in the way of producing starch materials in the process of cooking due to the different Baijiu products. Among them, Daqu Qingxiang Fen Liquor is cooked separately with grain; Mixed steaming of grains and fermented grains is adopted for Wuliangye and Quanxing Daqu liquor with strong flavor of Daqu; Sichuan Xiaoqu liquor with the fragrance of Xiaoqu uses grain to soak and steam grain separately. 2、 Basic principle of new craft brewing Understanding the traditional clinker solid-state fermentation process is of great help to master raw meal fermentation, because the basic principles of both traditional clinker solid-state fermentation and modern raw meal liquid fermentation are completely consistent. The difference is that the saccharification ability of traditional koji is not strong, so the raw materials must be cooked first to gelatinize, so as to facilitate the action of enzymes. Raw koji is suitable for enzymes with relatively strong saccharification ability and their decomposition enzymes, which directly act on the outer membrane of starch particles to decompose starch, generate dextrin, and then convert it into maltose to obtain fermentable glucose. Starch is not only transformed into wine, but also into other substances. The composition and characteristics of decomposition products during saccharification are as follows Starch: it is connected by many glucose as the basic unit. It can be divided into amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is composed of a large number of glucose molecules α 1. 4. It is dehydrated and condensed to form a chain structure without branching points, while amylopectin is a branched chain structure, which is in the two glucose residues of the branch α 1,6 combination. Where waxy sorghum, rice, corn and other starch is almost amylopectin; About 80% of grain is amylopectin and 20% amylose. Amylose: with a relative molecular weight of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands, it is easy to dissolve in warm water, the solution viscosity is small, it is easy to age, the enzymatic hydrolysis is complete, and it is blue in case of iodine solution. Oligosaccharide: there are 3 ~ 10 glucose residue units. When amylose decomposes at least 6 less glucose residues, it does not react with iodine, because the chain of 6 glucose residues forms a circle of helix, which can bind 1 iodine molecule. The color reaction of iodine solution with starch and non decomposition products is blue, purple, red, brown and yellow (iodine solution color) Disaccharide: for example, maltose formed by removing one water molecule from two glucose molecules and sucrose formed by removing one water molecule from one trehalose molecule and one fructose molecule Fermentable sugar: monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose and the above disaccharides can be used by general yeast. Is a basic fermentable sugar.

<urn:uuid:5d119bef-a480-4c0f-a613-e06762dec5d8>

Illinois is one of the best places to go to observe owls in the United States, especially in the winter, when a wide variety of birds head there to breed and look for food. Some of them are classically nocturnal, like the eastern screech-owl and the barn owl, while others only love to get out during the day, like the burrowing owl. Given these preferences, you’re certain to spot at least one or two of the 11 species of owls found in Illinois, and we’re going to give you some information about each of these birds to increase your chances of success in your birdwatching endeavors. Let’s dive in; you just may meet your new favorite bird species! - Scientific Name: Megascops asio - Length: 7-9.8 inches - Weight: 4.3-8.6 ounces - Wingspan: 19-24 inches The eastern screech-owl’s name doesn’t exactly do its call justice. The sound is more like a muffled cry than an annoying screech…but it’s still loud, though. Eastern screech-owls have a distinct appearance, thanks to their short Batman-lie tufts of feathers on their heads and their nearly non-existent necks. They occur in two colors, red and grey. The red birds are rather orangey with dark-streaked feathers, and the grey birds’ plumage sports the same dark vertical streaks, allowing them to blend seamlessly with tree bark for the perfect camouflage. Screech-owls love to nest in hollow trees, so in Illinois, you’ll find this species of owls wherever trees can be found, even in residential areas! Great Horned Owl - Scientific Name: Bubo virginianus - Length: 17-25 inches - Weight: 32-88.2 ounces - Wingspan: 39.8-57 inches The great horned owl looks like a grumpy old man. It’s one of the easiest owls to recognize, too, as it resembles the stereotypical evil owl of books and movies. Each of the stereotypical scary owl traits — scary looks, pointy earlike tufts of feathers, and intimidating yellow eyes — it’s got them all. Not only is their appearance intimidating, but great horned owls’ behavior is, as well. In fact, they can eat animals larger than themselves! But they also enjoy small rodents, bats, squirrels, and even ducks. Camouflage is essential for predators. That’s why you won’t easily spot a great horned owl on a tree — because its black and white striped plumage is indistinguishable when it’s on a tree. - Scientific Name: Strix varia - Length: 17-19.7 inches - Weight: 16.6-37 ounces - Wingspan: 39-43.4 inches Do you know how owls are emblematic of wisdom and wit? The barred owl is probably the perfect visual representation of that, as it’s a big bird with soulful eyes, elegant plumage, and significantly loud hooting. You can identify barred owls by their calls, classic sounds that seem to be asking, “Who cooks for you?” For owls, hooting is a way to mark their territory, and given that they don’t travel much, it’s only natural for barred owls to hoot a lot. They inhabit forested habitats and wooded areas with a preference for shallow waters where they can prey on crayfish. This bird’s head is circular with no ear tufts, its eyes are dark brown or black, and its bill is yellow. It also sports beautiful barred brown and greyish-brown plumage. Northern Saw-Whet Owl - Scientific Name: Aegolius acadicus - Length: 7-8.3 inches - Weight: 2.3-5.3 ounces - Wingspan: 16.6-19 inches The northern saw-whet owl is an Illinois resident, especially abundant in the southern two-thirds of the state during the wintertime. The bird is nearly the size of a woodpecker, but stockier and heavier, and it’s considered one of the smallest owl species on the planet. Northern saw-whet owls have round heads that are large compared to their tiny bodies. They have no tufts of feathers on their heads, and they’re known for their big eyes comprised of black and yellow concentric circles. These birds’ plumage is rusty brown with white spots to help them blend into their surroundings. However, they’re strictly nocturnal, so you won’t come across them during the day anyway. They primarily feed on small mammals, like rats and shrews. - Scientific Name: Tyto alba - Length: 12.6-15.8 inches - Weight: 14-24.7 ounces - Wingspan: 39.4-49.2 inches Unfortunately, barn owls are endangered in the state of Illinois, but because they’re so common that they’re present in pretty much all 50 states, there’s still a chance you’ll spot one. Staying true to their names, barn owls’ preferred habitat is abandoned barns. That’s why farmers love having the bird around: it keeps their properties free from rodents! But their continuous exposure to pesticides in a farm environment probably plays a role in their endangerment. Barn owls are known for their heart-shaped faces with buffy rims. This heart shape helps steer sound to the owl’s ear, which drastically improves its prey-locating skills. Barn owls are strictly nocturnal, and this species of birds are known for its exceptional ability to locate prey in total darkness. They have tawny backs with subtle black and white spots. Usually, females are larger and darker than males, but both sexes have annoying screechy hoots. - Scientific Name: Bubo scandiaca - Length: 20.5-28 inches - Weight: 56.4-104 ounces - Wingspan: 49.6-57 inches Breathtakingly beautiful is the only way to accurately describe the next species on our list of Illinois owls. As the species’ name suggests, snowy owls are covered in soft plumage that echoes their arctic origins. It has a circular head with a flat face, and its plumage features some dark marks on its backs. Interestingly enough, as they age, these white owls get even whiter. You can find snowy owls along the shorelines of lakes and on agricultural fields. They usually prefer wide landscapes with minimal trees. When it comes to prey, snowy owls can catch flying birds in the air, and they generally feed on the birds they catch and small mammals. Though not easily found all year long, you can spot one or two snowy owls during the winter in northern Illinois. They’re mostly idle birds, and you can find them sitting, blinking their yellow eyes at something for a while. - Scientific Name: Asio otus - Length: 13.8-15.8 inches - Weight: 7.8-15.3 ounces - Wingspan: 35.4-39.4 inches The arrival of long-eared owls in Illinois marks the start of winter. They usually arrive in December and stay until February. While they’re spread across a bunch of states, you’ll certainly find them in the state between November and March. They’re among the most social owl species, as they live in clusters, yet they’re among the hardest owls to spot as they hide in dense foliage and remain silent for long periods. Long-eared owls are medium-sized, nearly the size of a crow. They’re smaller than the great horned owl but bigger than the screech-owl. They have catlike features, especially their facial disk structure and pointy ear tufts. - Scientific Name: Asio flammeus - Length: 13.3-17 inches - Weight: 7.3-16.9 ounces - Wingspan: 33.5-43 inches Short-eared owls are so well acquainted with humans, you might even find them at airports. Native to Illinois, short-eared owls are endangered because of the destruction of their natural habitats. They’re threatened in New York state as well, and there are efforts to preserve some of them in areas with a good supply of rodents they can feed on. Short-eared owls live in grassy fields and pines, as they prefer short vegetations and coastal grasslands. They’re among the few owl species that prefer hunting during the day, and they rely on small mammals, especially voles, for food. They’re medium-sized birds with tiny tufts of feathers that look a bit like short ears, hence their name, and their plumage has heavy dark bearings. When it comes to hooting, it resembles a cat’s mating call. - Scientific Name: Athene cunicularia - Length: 7.5-9.8 inches - Weight: 5.3 ounces - Wingspan: 21.6 inches Burrowing owls are also fans of grass and agricultural lands with low vegetation. They love to nest and roost in burrows (caves), which is where their names came from. They have small bodies with long legs and mottled brown feathers with sand-colored spots. The birds’ most distinctive feature is probably their yellow eyes and bills. Similar to the short-eared species, burrowing owls are more active during the day. They spend most of their day on the ground, and they hunt small animals, especially invertebrates while staying close to the ground. Insects constitute most of their diet. Northern Hawk Owl - Scientific Name: Surnia olula - Length: 14.2-17.7 inches - Weight: 8.5-16 ounces - Wingspan: 28 inches The northern hawk owl is known for its long and pointy tail. The name comes from its resemblance to the hawk, both in appearance and behavior. This owl hunts like a hawk, monitoring prey from one perch to another, then it determines the right moment to attack it in one lightning-fast move. They’re medium-sized birds with white faces surrounded by dark rims. Their backs are dark brown with beige spots, and their bellies are buffy white with horizontal brown stripes. - Scientific Name: Aegolius funereus - Length: 14.2-17.7 inches - Weight: 8.5-16 ounces - Wingspan: 28 inches Boreal owls are skillful predators that move from one perch to another until they spot the perfect prey and glide rapidly to grab it. Its asymmetrical skull structure aids in directing the sound of its potential meal to its ears to help it spot it more accurately. The primary habitat of the boreal owl is the boreal forest, so look for its brown and white spotted plumage that contrasts its white and brown barred underparts among the trees. While most owls are strictly nocturnal, some of them go hunting during the day. Both types of these predatory birds exist in Illinois, and this kind of variety makes the state appealing for bird enthusiasts. If you decide to visit Illinois for some good old birdwatching, consider looking for woodpeckers there, too; you won’t be disappointed!

<urn:uuid:5f9c6566-954c-4747-b221-e2aa60ba4845>

Part of reading workshop is helping the students evaluate themselves as readers, finding their strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals to address their weaknesses. This student goal setting sheet allows the student to describe their goal in detail, create a plan to meet that goal and reflect on achieving (or abandoning) their goal. I have used this goal sheet with my fourth graders on a monthly basis. At the beginning of the month they set a realistic goal and share it with their reading partner. Their reading partner supports them as they work to achieve their monthly goal. This goal is kept in a place to remind the student of what they are working on. It can be used in individual reading conferences as well as guided reading groups. It also provides the teacher with evidence of progress made. This goal setting allows the student to become more responsible with their own learning. Reaching goals increases their enthusiasm for reading and builds confidence. Do your students have trouble coming up with reasonable and meaningful goals? Mine often do. My fourth graders frequently choose vague goals such as "I want to be a better reader" or "I want to move up to the next level". Check out my guided reading band bookmarks. Each band of books has specific characteristics. These bookmarks indicate what your students need to be able to do in each band so that they can "become better readers" and "move to the next level". Use these bookmarks to help your students find more specific and attainable goals.

<urn:uuid:76e79a74-3ac7-490d-824c-a82a1d58b79a>

For the past five months, in interviews and press releases about his upcoming documentary, filmmaker Ken Burns has been claiming that the Roosevelt administration accepted more refugees than any other sovereign nation during the Nazi era. The phrase “sovereign nation” struck us as odd. Ordinarily, one would say, “than any other country.” Why emphasize the word “sovereign?” Now Burns has let the cat out of the bag. Apparently responding to criticism of his handling of the immigration statistics, Burns admitted to an interviewer from The Daily Beast on September 4 that he has been using the term sovereign nation to distinguish from the fact that people escaped to other places, like Palestine. Why is Burns trying to disqualify Palestine from the conversation? Why resort to a technicality about sovereignty in order to try to push Palestine out of the discussion? A sovereign Palestine? Even though Palestine was not sovereign, the ruling authorities there – the British – certainly were a sovereign power and they had to make a decision about how many Jews to admit either to the United Kingdom or to the territories under its control. Likewise, president Franklin D. Roosevelt had to make a decision about how many Jews he would admit either to the mainland United States or to the non-sovereign territories it controlled, such as the US Virgin Islands. Sadly, Roosevelt chose to keep Jews out of the Virgin Islands, despite the offer by the governor and legislative assembly of that territory to open their doors to Jews fleeing Hitler. Treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. specifically raised the possibility of admitting the 930 refugees aboard the infamous ship, the St. Louis, to the Virgin Islands, in June 1939. But Roosevelt said No and the refugees were forced to return to Europe; many of them were murdered in the Holocaust. Jewish refugees in the US post-Holocaust If Roosevelt had allowed the St. Louis passengers or other Jewish refugees to stay in the Virgin Islands, surely today we would be crediting him for doing so. We wouldn’t say that rescuing them doesn’t count because the Virgin Islands are not sovereign. The same goes for Palestine. When we compare the number of Jewish refugees admitted by Roosevelt to the US during the Nazi era and the number admitted by the British to Palestine, we begin to understand the rhetorical game Ken Burns has been playing. From the rise of Hitler to power in early 1933 to the defeat of the Nazis in May 1945, the US admitted between 200,000 and 210,000 Jewish refugees. The British authorities ruling Palestine admitted over 250,000 Jews to Palestine during that same period. (We are using the numbers cited by Dalia Ofer and other widely-accepted historians.) REMARKABLY, EVEN if Palestine is arbitrarily removed from the calculation, the Roosevelt administration still doesn’t qualify as having accepted more Jewish refugees than any other sovereign nation. That distinction actually belongs to the Soviet Union. According to the website of the US Holocaust Museum, which Burns says persuaded him to make the film in the first place, between 1939 and 1941 nearly 300,000 Polish Jews, almost 10% of the Polish Jewish population fled German-occupied areas of Poland and crossed into the Soviet zone. We have no illusions about what life was like for Jewish refugees in the Soviet Union, but those Jews fled there for a simple reason: they chose life under the Soviets, instead of likely death under the Germans. Likewise, in noting how many Jews the British authorities admitted to Palestine, we are not gainsaying the tragic fact that the cruel British White Paper of May 1939 reduced Jewish immigration to a trickle, precisely when it was the most urgent. And even the White Paper’s paltry pledge of 75,000 over the next five years was not fulfilled. Fearing Arab anger over a flood of Jews, the British doled out those immigration certificates ever so slowly, not reaching the promised figure until late 1945. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the Roosevelt administration’s track record on admitting Jewish refugees was worse than that of either the Soviets or the British. Even more important than who took in the most is who could have taken in many more. The British could and should have let more Jews into Palestine. Their fear that Jewish immigration would make the Arabs pro-Nazi was obviated by the fact that many Arab leaders and a large segment of the Arab masses were pro-Nazi anyway. As for the US, the Roosevelt administration deliberately suppressed immigration below what the existing laws allowed. That left more than 190,000 quota places from Germany and German-occupied territories unused during the Holocaust years. But reminding viewers of all those unused US quota places would mean admitting that it was president Roosevelt’s deliberate policy, not the general atmosphere of nativism and isolationism, that prevented the rescue of those 190,000 Jews. And that, apparently, would not have been consistent with Burns’s chosen narrative. Professor Medoff is the founding director of The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies and the author of more than 20 books about Jewish history and the Holocaust. Professor Penkower is a professor emeritus of modern Jewish history at the Machon Lander Graduate School of Jewish Studies and the author of a five-volume study about the rise of Israel between 1933-1948.

<urn:uuid:a876052b-8989-454a-a1fc-fb0682a62b89>

Although it may sometimes seem that insects are of little importance as they are very small animals, some of them fulfill fundamental functions in the balance of ecosystems. In fact, some of the most important are those called pollinating insects, of which bees are undoubtedly the best known of all, although they are not the only ones. These insects stand out from the rest for their importance when it comes to getting pollen to reach other flowers, which allows fertilization in the reproductive systems of plants and, in this way, the fruit is finally produced. If you want to know what pollinating insects are and their importance for the environment , keep reading AgroCorrn and we will explain it to you. How do plants reproduce Plants can reproduce in various ways. However, the most common and the most common, at least in many of the plant species, is sexual reproduction. This is carried out with the union of male and female gametes, that is, in a similar way to the reproduction carried out by other living beings on the planet. In the case of plants, this sexual reproduction takes place in flowers , which are the sexual organs of plants. We recommend that you also read this other article on Why are flowers important in nature . For plant reproduction to be achieved, it is necessary for the pollen (male gamete) of the plants, present in the stamens, to reach the pistil of the flower , where the female gametes are found. In this place, fertilization will take place and the process by which the flower will become fruit will begin. The fruits of plants are characterized by having seeds , which will already be the main elements for a new plant to develop. How is the pollination process It should be borne in mind that, depending on the type of plant, you can find plants with male or female flowers, as well as flowering plants that have both gametes. However, for the pollen to reach the pistil , there are two main ways in which it is achieved. On the one hand, we can find that the pollen, carried by the wind , comes to rest on the head of the pistil and, finally, enters its interior and fertilization can be carried out. However, the most common way it is achieved is through pollinating insects, such as bees . These insects come to the flowers to feed on nectar, a substance secreted by the flowers in order to attract these insects to feed on it. Learn about the Plants and flowers that attract bees here . This nectar is not secreted by chance, but, when pollinating insects arrive at the flower to feed, they also come into contact with the pollen present in the stamens. In fact, a very important part ends up resting on the body of these insects. In this way, when the pollinating insects change flowers, they carry the pollen with them, which allows it to reach the pistil of other flowers without too many complications, favoring the pollination process of the plants , which is why these insects receive this Name. What are pollinating insects Without a doubt, the pollinating insect par excellence is the bee. This is a herbivorous insect, since it feeds on the nectar secreted by the flowers of the plants. In addition, they have a hairy body, which helps pollen settle on them and can be transported from one flower to another more easily. Here we tell you more about Why bees are so important for ecological balance . However, although bees are the most important pollinating insects, they are not the only ones who carry out this important task. Another of the insects that sometimes carry out pollination tasks are wasps . Despite the fact that this bee-like insect is a carnivorous insect, it sometimes goes to the flowers to take their nectar, since it is a very energetic substance. When this happens, it sometimes ends up pollinating the flowers in the same way that the bee does. Likewise, other insects that also act as pollinators in a similar way to how the wasp does are ants , which can transport pollen from one flower to another in search of their own food. However, both in the case of wasps and ants, their pollination is very occasional. However, in addition to bees , there are other insects that can be fully considered pollinating insects by feeding on the nectar of flowers and moving constantly from one flower to another. A good example is found in flower flies , very similar to the common fly but which lay their eggs on flowers instead of dead meat. Another example is butterflies, like the famous hummingbird butterfly. These insects, like the bees and the flower fly, feed on the nectar of the flowers, so they are continuously traveling from one flower to another carrying the pollen of these flowers with themselves. Finally, another of the insects that acts as a pollinator are some types of beetles , especially in hot or tropical regions. In these cases, it is a pollination that is carried out in a similar way to that carried out by wasps and ants, since they are insects that are not prepared to feed exclusively on nectar. However, when they go to the flowers, they can also carry out pollination of some specimens. Thus, by way of summary, the most important pollinating insects, either because they transport pollen when eating nectar or when passing through the flower, are: - Flower flies Hello, I am a blogger specialized in environmental, health and scientific dissemination issues in general. The best way to define myself as a blogger is by reading my texts, so I encourage you to do so. Above all, if you are interested in staying up to date and reflecting on these issues, both on a practical and informative level.

<urn:uuid:9d9581b8-d532-44e1-bb85-aada3a2629c7>

One of the two units used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, known as the "absorbed dose," which reflects the amount of energy that radioactive sources (with any type of ionizing radiation) deposit in materials (e.g., water, tissue, air) through which they pass. One gray (Gy) is the international system of units (SI) equivalent of 100 rads, which is equal to an absorbed dose of 1 Joule/kilogram. An absorbed dose of 0.01 Gy means that 1 gram of material absorbed 100 ergs of energy (a small but measurable amount) as a result of exposure to radiation. For additional information, see Doses in Our Daily Lives and Measuring Radiation. Page Last Reviewed/Updated Tuesday, March 09, 2021

<urn:uuid:58b37af9-bdd8-41d3-aed2-16c145119624>

In the previous post I showed how to calculate the distance between a point and a line in taxicab geometry. That's important for being able to draw a couple other shapes, in particular parabolas. We're probably most familiar with parabolas as the shape made by a quadratic function, but as the Wikipedia article on parabolas notes, there are several different definitions of parabola that can all be shown to generate the same shape. The first definition in the article does rely on distance to define a parabola: it's the set of points equidistant from a point (the focus) and a line (the directrix). Here's an example of a parabola in taxicab geometry: It has a U shape, similar to the parabolas we're used to. We can check that points on it are equal distances from the focus and directrix by drawing circles: I only drew a circle at each vertex, but you can imagine what happens as you move the circle at the upper-left up its leg of the parabola: the distance to the directrix will grow vertically by the same amount as the distance to the focus, due to the definition of the Manhattan distance. The same goes for the other circle moving right on its leg of the parabola. For the segment between the two vertices, you can see what happens as a circle slides along it: one side touches the focus, the while the opposite side touches the directrix. The example above is a special case of a parabola in taxicab geometry, one created when the directrix is 45° to the axes. When the directrix isn't at 45°, the ends of the parabola extend off in the same direction: It still has a U shape but has gained a vertex. As the directrix angles from 45°, an added vertex slides in from infinity. We can again use circles to check the vertices' distances to the focus and directrix: To construct a parabola under taxicab geometry, the easiest way I know is to find two specific points on the directrix, one that extends from the focus along a 45° angle upward, and one from the focus on a 45° downward. You can see those points at the bottom corners of two of the outermost circles above, but here they are more clearly, labeled A and B: The outer vertices of the parabola are aligned in one direction with A or B, and in the other direction with the focus: The center vertex of the parabola is halfway between the focus and the closest point of the directrix: In the case of a directrix at 45°, the two vertices are halfway between the focus and directrix in both the horizontal and vertical directions: This post has mostly been about the construction of parabolas under taxicab geometry, since I'm not aware of interesting properties of such parabolas. If you know of any, please email me.

<urn:uuid:e21292f8-21e7-4c74-8672-b2ccd6f611c8>

London is one of the world’s major cities, and one of the most influential. Its history reflects the UK’s history. As home to Royalty and the site of Government, it saw the beginning of the UK and was the centre of one of the world’s greatest empires. We’ll be looking at the classic, tourist London, as well as more deeply into its history and culture to explore its connections with Britain, Europe and the world. London has had a long and varied history, and its buildings show some of this. We’ll be looking at some of the history of London and exploring what makes London not just a city but a global city. A classic “London story” – the story of Jack the Ripper, the world’s first recognised serial killer. We’ll see what Jack the Ripper, the time and the place say about London more generally. London in the imagination: art, writing and music. We’ll look at poets like Wordsworth and novelists like Dickens and singers like Adele, as well as comparing London in the original Sherlock Holmes stories. We'll discuss an article that students will have picked related to London (culture, politics, art, society, etc) – and ask what it says about London specifically. Material will provided before each class for discussion.

<urn:uuid:158cbaff-c60f-45a1-92c2-98aa39b53adb>

There are a lot of student opportunities at this time of year which could be engaging for students in a Facing History classroom. Here are a few that have come our way. Have you heard of others? Post them below to share with other teachers! As part of Facing History and Ourselves’ second annual Facing History Together Student Essay Contest, “Student Voices: To Kill a Mockingbird in Today’s World,” middle and high school students across the U.S. have the opportunity to win individual and classroom prizes up to $2,500. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch, a young white girl growing up in Alabama in the 1930s, is forced to question her community's spoken and unspoken rules when her father agrees to defend a black man falsely accused of a crime. She and her brother, Jem, struggle to define their identities in relationship to the values of their small, segregated Southern town. How has the community you've grown up in influenced the person you are today? Has there been a moment when your sense of self has come into conflict with the norms in your community?" Click here for more information about the contest. The Autry Museum of the American West is holding its inaugural student visual arts exhibition, a program of Autry Classroom Curators. This event helps celebrate student-driven research and creativity while simultaneously providing insight from and access to educators and professionals in the visual arts. This year’s theme, Visions of California, encourages students to learn and think about the different ways that people have envisioned California across its lengthy history, while also offering their own visions of this place that we all call home. Submissions due April 1st, and the exhibition will be April 24th. For more information, click here. The New York Times Learning Network is holding its third annual student editorial contest, featuring short, evidence-based persuasive essays where teenagers take a stand on an issue and attempt to convince readers of their point of view. Deadline: March 29, 2016. Click here to learn more and submit. As teachers know, the persuasive essay has long been a staple of high school education, but the Common Core standards seem to have put evidence-based argumentative writing on everybody’s agenda. You couldn’t ask for a more real-world example of the genre than the classic newspaper editorial.” Since 2013, the Ronald Reagan Student Leadership Program has been turning high school students into actively engaged citizens in their communities. After participating in the summer program, former students have gone on to receive such accomplishments as scholarship awards, grant funding for their projects, recognition in school and local newspapers, and leadership roles in various clubs and organizations. This five day program will develop leadership skills with a goal of accomplishing the following task: identify a problem in the community and create an extensive Leadership Action Plan which details a pathway for addressing that problem. To help them create their Leadership Action Plan, students will explore concepts of effective communication (The Great Communicator), optimism (it CAN be done!), and informed decision making (Governor and President). Click here for more information and to apply. YALLWest is bringing over 100 authors to Santa Monica for the largest young adult book festival on the west coast on April 30 - May 1, 2016. The festival aims to bring young people from across Los Angeles together for: 2 days of panels, book signings, food trucks, bad jokes, rock 'n' roll, killer photo ops & general geeky debauchery." Educators wishing to bring a group of students can generally qualify for free tickets and even bus transportation to the festival! Click here to find out more.

<urn:uuid:9bdd02f7-1628-43d3-84f6-871596a0c6df>

The success and development of educators are significantly influenced by professional development. It includes a wide range of initiatives, courses, and chances to improve teachers’ abilities, expertise, and efficiency in the classroom. Professional development substantially impacts teacher retention and job satisfaction within the educational system. Therefore, its effects go beyond just the individual teachers participating in it. This article explores the profound impact that professional development can have on teacher retention and job satisfaction. Professional Development’s Importance The growth and development of teachers are sped up by professional development. It allows instructors to improve their instructional methods, change with the times, and find meaning in their work. The following point provides further details on the unique positive effects of professional development on teachers Developing Teaching Techniques Through professional development, teachers can acquire innovative teaching techniques, instructional tactics, and evidence-based practices. Teachers can exchange best practices with colleagues and gain knowledge from subject-matter experts at workshops, seminars, and conferences. Continuous learning encourages the development of new abilities, eventually resulting in more effective teaching strategies. How Does Teacher Retention Affect Professional Development? The rates of teacher retention are significantly impacted by professional development. Teachers are more likely to feel appreciated and involved in their careers when given significant and pertinent opportunities to advance their knowledge and abilities. This lessens the possibility of teacher burnout and attrition by increasing job satisfaction and a sense of professional fulfillment. Educational institutions show their dedication to fostering teachers’ professional development by funding professional development. Teachers are more likely to stay in their roles and contribute to the long-term stability of the school or district when they get praise and support for their professional development efforts. How Does Job Satisfaction Relate to Professional Development? Teachers’ work happiness is substantially impacted by professional development. Teachers feel better capable of meeting the requirements of their pupils when they are given the freedom to advance their knowledge and abilities. Teachers may experiment with cutting-edge teaching techniques thanks to acquiring new ideas and approaches, which boosts their job satisfaction and sense of effectiveness. Additionally, professional development frequently offers networking and cooperation possibilities for educators. Collaborative learning activities provide a feeling of connection to the profession and community. Teachers are more likely to enjoy job satisfaction and excellent retention rates when they feel supported and linked to a network of peers. How Should Professional Development Be Implemented? Several essential components are needed for professional development to be implemented effectively. It should, first and foremost, be customized and catered to instructors’ unique requirements and preferences. Offering a range of professional development alternatives means that teachers may select opportunities that match their aspirations, considering that educators have a broad range of educational experiences and objectives. Second, professional growth needs to be sustained and continuing. A single workshop or training session could have short-term advantages, but ongoing assistance and monitoring are essential for long-term development and progress. Regular coaching, mentorship programs, or online communities where instructors may have continuing professional conversations can help achieve this. Finally, educational institutions should foster a culture of cooperation and sharing. A collaborative and dynamic professional learning environment is promoted by encouraging instructors to exchange best practices, cooperate, and learn from one another. It is impossible to overestimate the effect of professional development on teacher retention and job satisfaction. Schools and districts may foster an atmosphere that supports teachers’ development, improves classroom performance, and promotes overall work satisfaction by investing in continual learning opportunities. Prioritizing professional development benefits teachers as a whole and the educational system’s stability and long-term performance. 1. Why is professional development crucial for teachers’ job satisfaction and retention? Teachers are empowered by professional development, improving their teaching strategies and boosting their sense of fulfillment at work. When educators have access to worthwhile chances for professional development, they feel encouraged, competent, and respected in their jobs, increasing work satisfaction and the probability that they’ll stick in the field. 2. How can professional development help students perform better? Teachers receive the information, abilities, and methods they need via professional development to cater to the various requirements of their pupils. Student engagement and academic performance are positively impacted when teachers continuously enhance their teaching strategies. This commitment to improvement leads to improved student outcomes and achievements.

<urn:uuid:9ef20099-8c6e-40f2-b99c-f3cc5cd09cc7>

The book has been appreciated for its use of foreshadowing and recurrent images by both old and young alike. Steinbeck uses Crooks to show his readers what it was like to be lonely. Crooks is the loneliest in the novel because he has no one to talk and he is black. Crooks was introduced to the novel as just a black stable buck. Before his character appeared, the men talked about him as if he were a horse, and they made fun of him because he walked with a limp. He had a limp because he was kicked in the spine by a horse once. He had no one to talk to, no one to keep him company and no one to treat him like he was important. This shows you how lonely Crooks gets all by himself with nothing to do but read. Even though it seems like he is talking about any guy that is lonely, he is expressing what he feels inside. That is one of the many examples that shows how Crooks feels. In the nineteen thirties, the Great Depression occurred. It was a time when money was scarce, lots of people lost their jobs and became poor, and sometimes homeless. Crooks did hard labor and obeyed every command given by the boss. If he lost his job, he would have no where to go. No one would hire anybody because of the money problem in that time, and….Loneliness in “Of Mice and Men” Friends are needed in a person’s life for emotional stability whom without would lead to a life of loneliness and solitude. In the novel, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the characters Crooks, Candy and Curly’s wife exhibit a form of loneliness. Loneliness is sadness because one has no friends or company. In Of Mice and Men there are tons of lonely characters but, the top three loneliest characters are Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife. The uttermost companionless character is Crooks because he is black and all the ranch workers stay away from. Of Mice and Men: Crooks Crooks is mentioned prior to chapter four, but his first real appearance is in this chapter. He is portrayed by Steinbeck as not very important, which fits in with when the novel is set, and he is also rather proud. The novel "of the Mice and Men" is a story full of dreams, ambitions and visions. The two main characters play an important role in bringing out these themes along with others like friendship and loneliness. How does Steinbeck present solitariness in ‘of mice and men’? During the Great Depression in the s in the USA many migratory workers went to California in hunt of work. Perhaps what Crooks wants more than anything else is a sense of belonging—to enjoy simple pleasures such as the right to enter the bunkhouse or to play cards with the other men. This desire would explain why, even though he has reason to doubt George and Lennie’s talk about the farm that they want to own, Crooks cannot help but ask if there might be room for him to come along and hoe in the garden.

<urn:uuid:4385dcb2-ca62-452c-a5ae-1f5322ed9028>

This can be a common question that pops up around this time of year when more people are getting outside and enjoying the Nebraska sun. There are two types of skin cancer melanoma and non-melanoma. Skin cancer is most often caused by repeated sun exposure and sunburn. Therefore, the more you are out in the sun the greater your chance of developing a form of skin cancer. Skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body but most commonly on the head, face, neck, arms and legs. These areas on your body are most prone to sun exposure. The two main types of non-melanoma skin cancer are called basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. These can be red and swollen, pink, peeling, bleeding, scaly, or thick and crusty. Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer. A good pneumonic to remember when looking for abnormal features of moles is A, B, C, D, E. Asymmetry- one half does not look like the other half Border- uneven edges Color- different colors Diameter- larger than the end of an eraser on a pencil Evolution- size, color, and shape can change over time There is a test for skin cancer called a biopsy. This means your provider will either remove or take a piece of the area of skin in question. It will then be sent off to a laboratory and another doctor will look at the cells from the skin sample under a microscope to look for cancer cells. The treatment for any skin cancer depends on the type, size, and location. Possible treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, creams, or it could be as simple as watching the area if the lesion was removed in its entirety and it is not invasive. After treatment, follow up will be important. Your healthcare provider will need to continue to check for any reoccurrence on a regular basis. The timing of follow up again depends of the type and size of the skin cancer as well your comfort level. It is also a good idea for you to continue to check for any changes as well. Skin cancer can be prevented by following some simple guidelines. Wear sunscreen and reapply it regularly. Stay out of the sun in the heat of the day when UV rays are more potent (10am-4pm). Cover up your skin with light, reflective clothing when possible. Do not use tanning beds. These simple rules will reduce your risk of all types of skin cancer. Many moles and birthmarks are normal or a regular process of aging. If you have something that you think is abnormal or is just constantly on your mind do not hesitate to ask your healthcare provider.

<urn:uuid:3ac0190f-d149-4dc5-b524-a229c3506f66>

Conforming to the math section of the GED High School Equivalency Test as it is currently given, this guide includes chapters covering arithmetic skills, measurement, geometry, algebra, number relations, and data analysis. This book features one diagnostic test and one full-length test similar to the actual GED math section in question types and degree of difficulty. Both tests come with answer keys and explanations. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title. Table of Contents: 1 Introduction to the GED 2 Diagnostic Test 3 Skill Building, Number Operations, and Number Sense 4 Algebra, Functions, and Patterns 7 Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability 8 Practice Tests "About this title" may belong to another edition of this title. Book Description Barron's Educational Series, 1997. Paperback. Book Condition: New. book. Bookseller Inventory # M0812097076 Book Description Barron's Educational Series, 1997. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0812097076

<urn:uuid:a65ed586-b427-49c7-80de-b4f1fcc8251f>

Published: | By: Kim Gulbrandson Topics: Curriculum, Social-Emotional Learning No Name-Calling Week Today's blog was written by Dr. Kim Gulbrandson of Milwaukee Public Schools. Every year since 2004, during the fourth week of January, schools across the country have participated in No Name-Calling Week with educational activities aimed at ending name-calling and verbal bullying. This year, No Name-Calling Week is January 23 through 27. The No Name-Calling Week Web site features lots tools for engaging students (grades K-12) in conversations about name-calling and bullying. It includes free, downloadable teacher resources such as lesson plans, literature recommendations, promotional items (such as stickers and posters), and daily activities for celebrating No Name-Calling Week. It also provides information for parents, such as how to talk with educators about bullying. It even offers student activities such as art projects and creative expression contests. If you teach the Second Step or Steps to Respect program, you are already teaching many of the prosocial skills that can help reduce name-calling and bullying: The Second Step elementary curriculum includes lessons on handling name calling, being respectful, showing compassion, taking responsibility when feelings are hurt, handling put downs, understanding perspectives, and accepting differences. Second Step middle school curriculum incorporates lessons on recognizing bullying; considering perspectives; disagreeing respectfully; giving and getting support; and preventing labels, stereotypes, and prejudice. The Steps to Respect bullying prevention curriculum has lessons on respect, making friends, and refusing and reporting bullying. Here are some additional ideas for promoting No-Name Calling Week: Read and discuss the book Words are Not for Hurting by Elizabeth Verdick (ages 3-7). Establish the no put-downs rule by requiring students to give someone two put-ups for every put-down Have a positive comments box in which students can put compliments to others. Find a daily time for this, such as at the end of the day or after recess. Share the comments with individuals or the whole class. Involve students in generating solutions for reducing name-calling through a class problem-solving activity. Have the students work in small groups to answer these questions: What is bad about name-calling? What can we do to stop name calling? Discuss in the large group and create a strategies poster from the ideas generated. The more we provide children with opportunities and strategies to express themselves in positive, respectful ways, the better the chances they will use them in their daily interactions. No Name-Calling Week is a great start toward reducing bullying! Get more tips on how to celebrate No Name-Calling Week in your school.

<urn:uuid:774382fa-daab-42a0-b60e-4786f186e232>

The Curse of the Crowns The Royal Family This is a traditional kingdom in the sense that the firstborn heir inherits the throne on the monarch’s death. It is not so traditional in that the heir can be male or female and they are free to marry whomever they wish regardless of class, tribe, etc. While homosexuality is not seen as wrong within the kingdom, homosexual members of the Royal Family are usually passed over for the throne, as they will not have a blood heir. (It should be noted that in a few instances, the monarch was homosexual and when they passed on, the throne was given to their sibling.) The monarch has absolute power, but keeps a council of ambassadors to keep informed of the kingdom’s status. These ambassadors are elected to represent each of the Tribes. The mayor of each settlement (or chieftains from the nomadic groups of the Children of the Wild or the Children of the Sands) report to the ambassador, who in turn report to the king. The ambassador is usually selected from among the current town leaders, but is not required to be. Return to Government

<urn:uuid:e9b85dd1-7d10-4e6b-bdda-6600221cded9>

Pink Floyd’s Dark Side of the Moon cover, voted the greatest classical rock album of all time, intended to portray the prism and dispersion of light into a rainbow as a certain metaphorical symbolism and a light show that was never celebrated. However, they really were not aware of the fact that this image would be used by many to help illustrate the concept of refractive index and how light changes speed and direction when it encounters a different medium. Although conceptually the drawing was not accurate, it conveyed the message that light changes its speed when it moves into another medium, and that the different speeds of different colors causes white light to disperse into its different components. This change in speed is related to the refractive index, a unitless number that represents the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in a medium. In general, all materials with positive refractive indices have values close to 1 for visible light. Whether this is just a coincidence or reflects some deeper physics has never been explained. Now, in a recent study published in Physical Review X and highlighted by the editors, ICFO researchers Francesco Andreoli and ICREA Prof. at ICFO Darrick Chang, in collaboration with researchers from Princeton University, University of Chicago and Institut d’Optique, have investigated and explained why the refractive index of a dilute atomic gas can only reach a maximum value of 1.7, regardless of how high the density of atoms becomes. This result is in contrast with conventional textbook theories, which predict that the more material there is, the larger the optical response and refractive index can be. The challenge in properly understanding the problem has to deal with the multiple scattering of light – all the complex paths that light can traverse inside a medium – and the resulting interference. This can cause each individual atom to see a local intensity of light that is very different than the intensity sent in, and which varies depending on the geometry of the atoms surrounding it. Instead of dealing with the complex microscopic details of this granularity, textbooks often assume in some way that this granularity and its effects on light can be smoothed out. In contrast, the teams makes use of a theory, called strong-disorder renormalization group (RG), which enables them to capture granularity and multiple scattering effects in a simple way. This theory shows that the optical response of any given atom is disproportionately affected by its single nearest neighbor because of near-field interactions, which is why typical smoothing theories fail. The physical effect of the near-field interactions is to produce an inhomogeneous broadening of atomic resonance frequencies, where the amount of broadening grows with density. Thus, no matter how high the physical density of atoms is, incoming light of any frequency will only see about 1 near-resonant atom per cubic wavelength to efficiently scatter off, which limits the refractive index to its maximum value of 1.7. More broadly, this study suggests that the RG theory could constitute a new versatile tool for understanding the challenging problem of multiple scattering of light in near-resonant disordered media, including in the nonlinear and quantum regimes. It also shows the promise of trying to understand the limits of refractive index of real materials, starting bottom-up from the individual atoms of which they are composed. Related Journal Article

<urn:uuid:873ac130-2955-4a07-853e-99508cfdbf9c>