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Posted By Claire on June 26, 2015On this day in history, 26th June 1535, a new commision of oyer and terminer was appointed for the county of Middlesex. The commission ordered the Sheriff of Middlesex to gather the Grand Jury on the 28th June at Westminster Hall.
“Oyer and terminer” comes from the French “to hear and to determine” and denotes a legal commission formed to investigate and prosecute serious criminal offences, such as treason, committed in a particular county. A grand jury in the county would first investigate the alleged offence and then approve a bill of indictment, if there was sufficient evidence. The case would then go on to the commission of oyer and terminer, the court with jurisdiction to try the offence(s). In this case, the alleged offences had been committed by Sir Thomas More, Henry VIII’s former Lord Chancellor, who, according to the indictment, had been “traitorously attempting to deprive the King of his title of Supreme Head of the Church”. The indictment went on to give details of how, when More was examined by the King’s councillors, on 7th May, regarding whether he would accept Henry VIII as supreme head, he “refused to give a direct answer […]” saying “I will not meddle with any such matters, for I am fully determined to serve God, and to think upon His Passion and my passage out of this world.”1
When he was examined again on 3rd June, he “maliciously persevered in refusing to give a direct answer, and, imagining to move sedition and hatred against the King, said to the King’s councillors, ‘The law and statute whereby the King is made Supreme Head as is aforesaid be like a sword with two edges; for if a man say that the same laws be good then it is dangerous to the soul, and if he say contrary to the said statute then it is death to the body. Wherefore I will make thereunto none other answer, because I will not be occasion of the shorting of my life.'”2
On 12th June, Richard Rich visited More “and charitably moved him to comply with the Acts”, but More allegedly told him that subjects could not be forced by an act of Parliament to recognise the King as Supreme Head:
“…a King can be made by Parliament, and deprived by Parliament; to which Act every subject being at the Parliament may give his assent; but as to the primacy, a subject cannot be bound, because he cannot give his consent to that in Parliament; and although the King is so accepted in England, yet many foreign countries do not affirm the same.”3
The trial was set for 1st July 1535 with “Sir Thos. Audeley, chancellor; Thos. duke of Norfolk; Charles duke of Suffolk; Hen. earl of Cumberland; Thos. earl of Wiltshire; Geo. earl of Huntingdon; Hen. lord Montague; Geo. lord Rocheford; Andrew lord Windsor; Thos. Crumwell, secretary; Sir Will. Fitzwilliam; Sir Will. Paulet; Sir John Fitzjames; Sir John Baldewyn; Sir Ric. Lister; Sir John Porte; Sir John Spelman; Sir Walter Luke; and Sir Ant. Fitzherbert” all chosen to sit on the special commission of oyer and terminer.4
(Based on an extract from On This Day in Tudor History by Claire Ridgway)
Notes and Sources
- Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume VIII: 974 vi.
- Ibid., 974 i.
Picture: Painting by Rowland Lockey after Hans Holbein the Younger, The Family of Sir Thomas More, c. 1594.
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| 0.965659 | 814 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Giant Puffball Mushroom
|Calvatia gigantea - Giant Puffball Mushroom, sliced in a kitchen|
|Varieties in this species|
|Add a variety||
|Please enter the plant name in this format: 'Latin name - Common Name'|
6 - 11
- Cultivation: Naturalizing
- Light: Shade
- Soil: Mid-Fertility
- pH: 1, 4
- Moisture: Medium
- Uses: Edible, Medicinal
Calvatia gigantea, commonly known as the Giant puffball, is a Puffball Mushroom commonly found in meadows, fields, and deciduous forests worldwide usually in late summer and autumn. It is common throughout Europe and North America.
Most giant puffballs grow to be in diameter, although occasionally some can reach diameters up to and weights of . The inside of the mature Giant puffballs is greenish brown, whereas the interior of immature puffballs is white. The large white mushrooms are edible when young. To distinguish giant puffballs from other species, they must be cut open; edible puffballs will have a solid white interior. Some similar mushrooms have the white interior (or yellowish) but also have the silhouette of a cap-type mushroom on the interior when cut open. These are young cap-type mushrooms and may be poisonous.
The fruiting body of a puffball mushroom will develop within the period of a few weeks and soon begin to decompose and rot, at which point it is dangerous to eat. Unlike most mushrooms, all the Spores of the giant puffball are created inside the fruiting body; large specimens can easily contain several trillion spores. Spores are yellowish, smooth, and in size. The dry spores can be used as a coagulant to help stop bleeding.
The classification of this species has been revised in recent years, as the formerly recognized class Gasteromycetes, which included all puffballs, has been found to be Polyphyletic. Some authors place the giant puffball and other members of genus Calvatia in order Agaricales. Also, the species has in the past been placed in two other genera, Lycoperdon and Langermannia. Recently, some members of the genus Calvatia have been re-located into the genus Handkea.
All members of the true puffball family are considered edible when immature, but can cause digestive upset if the spores have matured. Immature gilled species still contained within their universal veil can be look alikes for puffballs.
The meat of giant puffballs tastes very similar to Tofu or melted cheese when cooked. To prepare, remove any brown portions and tough skin, which sometimes peels off easily. Do not soak in anything. Puffballs may be sauteed, broiled, or breaded and fried; they do not dehydrate well, but may be cooked and then frozen.
- Puffball Mushrooms On Sale.jpg
Puffball mushrooms on sale at a market in England. (Note the slices are uniform and white all the way through.)
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http://www.theplantencyclopedia.org/wiki/Calvatia_gigantea
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| 0.909727 | 653 | 3.375 | 3 |
061119 Childhood obesity-is physical activity an answer to the problem?
A grandparent’s guide to helping their grandchild overcome obesity. Adding muscle
Include some resistance training in the mix as muscle burns calories faster than fat tissue.
These must be fun or you will lose their interest and then it’s back to the couch. Not only will it make their muscles stronger it will build their confidence up and give them a sense of accomplishing something they’ve never done consistently in the past.
Build the program on their strong points-don’t just hammer away on the negatives, they’ve been hearing that a long time now and don’t need it from you on what should be a fun day. Try a game of touch football, or softball even Frisbee. Give them a chance to throw a heavy ball back and forth or balance on a large stability ball. Find something they are good at and help make them better at it.
Go to the local water park and let them swim or paddle around, show them how to jump in the air or run in place in the water. Get them to move their hands through the water using is as the resistance see how many times they can make a complete circle with their arms through the water and back again.
Set down and plan out a fun day with your grandchild, get some ideas from them as to what they would like to do-just make sure it’s not a setting activity.
Use or lose it holds true in childhood just as it does later on in life and we can’t afford to continue to lose it at these early ages.
Get your grandchild moving.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://activelyfitseniors.blog/2019/11/06/220120-childhood-obesity-is-physical-activity-an-answer-to-the-problem/
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| 0.956582 | 350 | 3.234375 | 3 |
whole-rootes-thesis.pdf (17.54 MB)
A chaotic state of affairs? : The permissive system of local government in rural Tasmania 1840-1907
thesisposted on 2023-05-27, 14:58 authored by Rootes, GL
This thesis examines local government in Tasmania between 1840 and 1907. It is primarily concerned with the establishment of the so-called 'permissive' system of local government, its evolution during the colonial period, and why it was eventually replaced by a system of comprehensive municipal government in 1907. The thesis pays particular attention to the relationship between the central government and local bodies, and argues that there was a significant shift in this relationship during the history of the permissive system. When Tasmania was granted responsible self-government in the 1850s, public opinion was decidedly in favour of promoting decentralization, and a flourishing system of local government was considered vital to ensure its success. Bills were soon passed allowing settlers to establish rural municipalities and road trusts to handle local affairs, and generous financial aid was supplied to help fledging local bodies onto their feet. During the 1860s and 1870s, with continuing financial constraints limiting its activity, the central government was content to encourage the spread of local institutions into regions of the colony that were steadily increasing in population and wealth. The 1870s, however, saw the first murmurs of discontent appear about the local bodies' poor handling of road maintenance, management of police, and lack of public works. Pressure was put on the central government to improve their performance. Subsequently, three reforms were enacted to improve the effectiveness of local bodies - franchise liberalization, local financial responsibility, and greater scrutiny of the actions of local bodies by government departments. There was a shift in emphasis, therefore, in the 1880s away from just encouraging the spread of local institutions to a focus on outcomes. This shift in emphasis would have a significant consequence for local government in the colony. The recession of the early 1890s, coupled with the reductions in government aid at the same time, revealed the weaknesses and flaws of the existing system. By Federation the permissive system of local government was under severe strain. The central government, unwilling and financially unable to take over the responsibilities of the existing local bodies, instead sought to rectify a major problem of the permissive system - the existence of a large number of small bodies with limited finances. The solution arrived at was to vest all local duties in the largest local body of the island- the municipal council. As there were only nineteen municipalities in rural Tasmania, existing in the corridor of flat plains between Hobart and Launceston, extra responsibilities for municipal councils meant that they had to be established throughout the island. The permissive system, in other words, had to give way to comprehensive municipal government. To present this argument, the thesis has been broken into three sections, with each section dealing with one broad question concerning the evolution of local government in the colonial period. The first section, consisting of two chapters, examines why the permissive system of local government was introduced into Tasmania and what was expected of it. The second section of the thesis will then deal with how the permissive system actually worked and evolved during its long history. This section is divided into four chapters, each dealing with the most important local bodies of the permissive system, such as rural municipalities, road trusts, fruit boards, rabbit boards and town boards. The third section containing the final two chapters deals with the issue of whythe permissive system was abolished and replaced by comprehensive municipal government.
Rights statementCopyright 2008 the author - The University is continuing to endeavour to trace the copyright owner(s) and in the meantime this item has been reproduced here in good faith. We would be pleased to hear from the copyright owner(s).
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/thesis/A_chaotic_state_of_affairs_The_permissive_system_of_local_government_in_rural_Tasmania_1840-1907/23242628
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Ultrasound screening for hip abnormalities: preliminary findings in 1001 neonates.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 293 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6549.719 (Published 20 September 1986) Cite this as: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:719
- L Berman,
- L Klenerman
Several studies have documented the failure of neonatal clinical screening to reduce the incidence of hip dislocation later in infancy. In addition, the practice of splinting unstable hips is said to result in the treatment of many infants who would have developed normally if left unsplinted. Ultrasound provides a detailed image of the bony and cartilaginous neonatal hip. The results of conventional testing for hip instability were compared with ultrasound screening in 1001 neonates. As a result of the ultrasonic image 14 of 17 infants with hip instability were not splinted and developed normally. Two babies without detectable clinical signs were shown to have severe hip abnormalities. It is suggested that clinically normal but dysplastic hips do exist and that ultrasound will detect them. In addition, the overtreatment that is current practice might be avoided.
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https://www.bmj.com/content/293/6549/719
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| 0.935988 | 257 | 2.59375 | 3 |
So if you know anything about me, it’s likely that you know I don’t get along with “the Maths”. They’re obstinate. They chafe my type B personality. They “do not spark joy”.
But as you might also know, I homeschool three boys… who ALL have to learn Math. Somehow.
I’m telling you, cold sweats over here.
Maybe you can relate to my struggle. Not only do I want my kids to be proficient when it comes to Mathematics, but like in all their subjects, I’d like for them to love learning about it. So how can I, Math-deviant that I am, help to make learning Math enjoyable and engaging for my kids?
Thank you Everyday Educate for sponsoring this post!
Let me tell you how excited I am about the fun elementary Math activities I was able to put together with some awesome products from Everyday Educate! They are hands-on, they’re engaging and hold my kid’s attention, they are simple and memorable, and best of all, I can incorporate a number of sensory elements, so my kids are getting built-in, at-home, sensory therapy as well! I’d also like to say a big thanks to Everyday Educate for sponsoring this post!
So, the activities all have the same goal. All three center around identifying basic mathematical functions (i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.) using these Math Sign Posters. However you can mix up the methods of arriving at the goal using different tools. In this post I’ll explain three different variations you can do at your house.
The Math Sign Posters themselves are in the shape of their respective function and also have words and phrases written on them to help your child determine what each function does. The idea is to pose a word problem, then your child must figure out which function they would need to use to solve the problem.
So let’s walk through the first activity.
One of my go-to tools at home to get my kids the sensory input they need during the day are River Stones. You’ve probably seen me using them in other posts or in the Sensory Activity Video Library. They are a great way to help your child get Vestibular input.
In this first variation, put out four River Stones in front of the four Math Sign Posters, one for each poster. Then have your child choose a River Stone to stand on while you give them a word problem. It could be something like this:
You and your friend Johnny love Strawberries. One afternoon, you and Johnny decide to go to Farmer Ben’s strawberry farm to pick some strawberries in the field. You both have a great time and in-between snacking on plump, red strawberries, you are able to pick 21 strawberries and Johnny picks 17. How many strawberries do you and Johnny have in all?
While you are giving the word problem, have your child listen to key words that let them know which mathematical function they will need to use to solve the problem. To help, the Math Sign Posters have a number of key words and phrases printed on them to help your child decide. Once they think they know the answer, they can jump to the River Stone in front of the corresponding poster.
It’s great practice in understanding word problems and balancing on the River Stones helps their bodies to register and adjust to where they are in space.
This first variation is helpful for slightly younger kids who especially need to be moving around a lot throughout the day. It’s also great for Vestibular seekers who will benefit from the inner ear stimulation.
Sensory Body Sock:
Don’t put the River Stones away yet. For this second variation, use the same set up just add a Body Sock. Body Socks are another great tool I use regularly in our sensory activities at home.
My oldest especially loves jumping into one. He uses them for school or just for play-time around the house.
Doing this activity with a Body Sock gives your child wonderful Proprioceptive input as they are using all four limbs to push on the inside of the sock. This, combined with the motion of jumping to the different positions, will spread that Proprioceptive input along a large number of joints, making this a great option for both proprioceptive and Vestibular seekers.
The last variation is a little different. This time, instead of pointing to or standing in a position, the way to choose the correct function is by using a Sensory Chewie Bracelet (You can get 15% off with the code JULIE15).
As the name implies these bracelets are normally used to chew on and are fantastic for proprioceptive seekers who have an oral sensory issues or prefer getting sensory input from their mouth.
We are going to use them differently however while still getting some proprioceptive input. So instead of putting the bracelets in their mouths I asked my boys to used them more like rubber bands and launch them across the room.
Since they feel about projectiles the same way I feel about chocolate, they couldn’t get enough. And, because to launch the chewies across the room they have to stretch them out, the resistance of the material puts pressure on their joints to give them the proprioceptive input.
Can’t decide which one to choose? Try a combination.
My older boys were able to work up to doing all three at once. Combining the variations kept it fresh and provided a goal for them to work up to. True, you may have to duck a few flying chewies, but the laughs will be worth it. I’m just glad I found a way to keep my boys looking forward to our school times.
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| 0.952444 | 1,219 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Why the Catalytic Converter Is Vital to Auto Repair
When it comes to auto repair, a mechanic has to know more than which way to twist a wrench. They also must know the parts of the car that few of us ever think about—starting with one of the most important elements, the catalytic converter.
A car’s engine is a dirty place, and it produces even dirtier exhaust. But in the last few decades, cars have gotten cleaner thanks in large part to the catalytic converter. Put simply, exhaust follows a simple path through the car:
- Vapors exit the combustion chamber carrying a nasty trio of smog promoters: nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
- These pollutants barrel through the exhaust manifold—the set of tubes that feeds exhaust from each cylinder into the exhaust pipe.
- Just before they reach the muffler, the pollutants often meet their end at their largest obstacle: the three-way catalytic converter.
How the Catalytic Converter Makes Cleaner Air
At its heart, a catalytic converter is a set of honeycombed ceramic cores coated with some combination of platinum, rhodium, and palladium—three rare metals that interact with the main components of the pollutants. When exhaust enters, the metals trigger chemical reactions that heat the gases and rearrange their molecules: nitrogen oxides splinter into pure oxygen and nitrogen, while hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are oxidized into less harmful carbon dioxide and simple water.
Since their introduction during the 1975 model year, catalytic converters have made air more breathable and much tastier. The EPA estimates that cars built today are 98% cleaner than their counterparts from the 1960s.
The Guide: we cover the coolest food, beauty, and entertainment trends happening nationwide.
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| 0.931431 | 373 | 3.3125 | 3 |
On this date in 1683 a vast Ottoman army of 250,000 troops was defeated in its attempt to take Vienna, Austria. The Austrian army was assisted by Polish forces, led by King John Sobieski, who came at the request of Pope Alexander VIII. After a battle that lasted fifteen hours, the Turks retreated, leaving behind weapons, stores of food, and thousands of their dead. After his victory, the Polish King sent a dispatch to the Pope that read, “I came, I saw, God conquered.”
To celebrate the victory, Vienna’s bakers cooked up a new culinary creation, a crescent shaped roll that mimicked the crescent moon on the Turkish flag. Later, in 1770, the new roll was introduced to France when Marie Antoinette, originally of Austria, married the future Louis XVI. Only then did the roll become the croissant, French for crescent.
A second culinary creation resulted from the large quantities of coffee left behind by the Turkish army as they fled. Finding the coffee bitter, the Christian soldiers added milk and honey to make it more palatable. For the name of this new concoction, they turned to a Capuchin monk named Marco d’Aviano, who had been sent by the Pope as emissary to assist the commanders of the Christian army. The tasty drink was named Cappuccino in honor of friar Marco d’Aviano’s order, Capuchin (1).
Today’s Challenge: Classic Culinary Combos
What food combination would you argue is most worth celebrating? Make your case for what makes your menu items so great and so complementary, and include some details from research on the history of the menu item. Go beyond the obvious to give your reader some details about the food that goes beyond common knowledge. Instead of baloney, serve up the best caviar to your audience. (Common Core Writing 2 – Expository)
Quotation of the Day: Someone who drank too much coffee decided on the spelling of the word Coffee. -Jim Gaffigan
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| 0.957464 | 428 | 3.140625 | 3 |
— also known as rip rap
, rubble, shot rock or rock armour — is rock or other material used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour, water or ice erosion.
It is made from a variety of rock types, commonly granite, limestone or occasionally concrete rubble from building and paving demolition. It is used to protect coastlines and structures from erosion by the sea, rivers, or streams. It is used on any waterways or water containment where there is potential for water erosion.
works by absorbing and deflecting the impact of a wave before the wave reaches the defended structure. The size and mass of the riprap
material absorbs the impact energy of waves, while the gaps between the riprap
traps and slows the flow of water, lessening its ability to erode soil or structures. The mass of riprap also provides protection against impact damage by ice or debris, which is particularly desirable for bridge supports and pilings.
It is frequently used to protect the base of old Edwardian/Victorian sea walls, which due to the vertical wall, are often undermined. The riprap
absorbs the impact of the waves as they shoot up the wall, and then fall back down.
In the Western United States, riprap
can also refer to a cross between cobblestones and stairs.
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.erosioncontrolnetwork.com/rip-rap/rip-rap.aspx
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| 0.946643 | 283 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The golf-ball sized chunk of rock contains more than 30,000 diamonds, each less than a millimeter in size (rendering them worthless), along with speckles of red and green garnet and other minerals.
The rock was found in Russia's Udachnaya diamond mine in northern Siberia. The diamond company of Russia, ALROSA, loaned it to Earth and Planetary Sciences Professor Larry Taylor and a team of researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences so they could study the rock to uncover the diamonds' genesis.
Scientists believe that diamonds form at some 100 miles deep in Earth's mantle and are carried to the surface by special volcanic eruptions. However, most mantle rocks crumble during this journey. This rock is one of only a few hundred recovered in which the diamonds are still in their original setting from within the Earth.
"It is a wonder why this rock has more than 30,000 perfect teeny tiny octahedral diamonds -- all 10 to 700 micron in size and none larger," said Taylor. "Diamonds never nucleate so homogeneously as this. Normally, they do so in only a few selective places and grow larger. It's like they didn't have time to coalesce into larger crystals."
Taylor and his colleagues examined the sparkly chunk using a giant X-ray machine to study the diamonds and their relationships with associated materials. They also beamed electrons at the materials inside the diamonds -- called inclusions -- to study the chemicals trapped inside.
This created two- and three-dimensional images which revealed a relationship between minerals. Analyses of nitrogen indicated the diamonds were formed at higher-than-normal temperatures over longer-than-normal times. The images also showed abnormal carbon isotopes for this type of rock, indicating it was originally formed as part of the crust of Earth, withdrawn by tectonic shifts and transformed into the shimmery rock we see today.
"These are all new and exciting results, demonstrating evidences for the birth mechanism of diamonds in this rock and diamonds in general," said Taylor. The findings were presented at the American Geophysical Union's annual conference in San Francisco in December and will be published in a special issue of Russian Geology and Geophysics this month.
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| 0.969492 | 456 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Sunday November 11, 2012 | By:Dr. Robert L. Heichberger |
Dr. Robert Heichberger
SPRINGVILLE — “As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them.” As we remember John F. Kennedy’s words, we pay special tribute to America’s veterans and to our current armed service personnel. We are indebted to them and we salute them for their extraordinary bravery and noble sacrifices. We also express our heartfelt tribute to their loved ones, as well.
Much of America’s story has been written by the selfless deeds of hardworking and dedicated men and women who are committed to liberty and justice in a free society.
America’s veterans and service personnel are truly endemic of that ranking. Our nation celebrates Veterans Day to honor the men and women who have served in our Armed Forces and thank them for defending our homeland and liberty. General Norman Schwarzkopf said, “It doesn’t take a hero to order people into battle. It takes a hero to be one of those individuals who go into battle.”
Our military helps preserve the dignity of a free society. Their displayed dedication to duty is the springboard that supports freedom.
We, as a society, can govern ourselves and our wrongs may be controlled by balances of power.
Our veterans represent freedom at its best and liberty at its finest. They are our national heroes and warriors. The cost of freedom is not purchased in a lump sum; it is paid in installments, by veterans and members of the armed services. What Winston Churchill said of the royal Air Force is also true of our veterans and our heritage. “Never before have so few done so much for so many.”
On Nov. 11, 1918, at 11 a.m., the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, the Armistice was signed, ending the first World War.
Nov. 11 was consequently celebrated as Armistice Day. After World War II, that date became known as Veterans Day.
Approximately 42 million Americans have served – and more than 1 million have given the supreme sacrifice – so we and future generations can live in freedom. We are benefitting from their noble courage, sacrifice and dedication, and so are countless of people, around the world.
Kennedy said, “Democracy is never a final achievement. It is a call to untiring effort, to continual sacrifice and to the willingness, if necessary, to die in its defense.”
Thank you, veterans and our armed forces. Whether serving on bases and in ports at home or deployed across the globe, you have endured hardships and dangers to protect our nation and defend people around the world.
Their commitment and valor bind us in our past, inspire us in the present and strengthen us to meet the challenges of the future.
From this former U.S. Marine: “Semper Fidelis. Always be faithful!”
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Chinese scientists have discovered a black hole 12 billion times bigger than our sun. The supermassive black hole is also around 900 million years old. This particular supermassive black hole is the largest black hole ever observed by man. The results of this discovery were published in the journal Nature.
A black hole forms when a star collapses onto itself and creates a very dense spot, which nothing can escape it, not even light.
The team of scientists that made the discovery was led by researchers from the Peking University in China and joining them were researchers from the University of Arizona. Together, they named the supermassive black hole SDSS J010013.02 after one of the scientists’ grandmother and it is six times larger than the biggest known black hole.
The researchers stated that the existence of these supermassive black holes when the Universe was quite young, less than one billion years old, presents challenges to theories of the growth and formation of black holes and the evolution of galaxies and black holes, together.
Xue-Bing Wu, lead researcher from the Peking University, spotted the black hole using a telescope in Yunnan and managed to study it with various other telescopes from around the world.
The University of Arizona released a statement in which they said that the black hole that was discovered powered the brightest quasar of the early universe. A quasar is, as NASA defines it:
The brilliant beacons of light that are powered by black holes feasting on captured material, and in the process, heating some of the matter to millions of degrees.
One of the team members from the Australian National University, Fuyun Bian, stated that the light coming from a quasar was thought to push back material behind it and thus limit the growth of black holes, but the discovery of this supermassive black hole 12 billion times bigger than our sun and the quasar at its center has gained lots of mass in a very short period of time.
Chris Willott, another researcher who took part in the discovery of the supermassive black hole said that a possible explanation for the formation of this black hole would be that a very large gas cloud collapsed onto itself, instead of a single star.
Lead researcher Wu said that this quasar is very unique and that its still glowing light will help people learn more about the early Universe.
Image Source: Space-Sky
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A mysterious flutter of wings in the twilight, a silhouette darting in the gloaming, and then, as if by magic, it vanishes into the velvety embrace of the night. This elusive creature of dusk and dawn, of secrets whispered in the hush of the dark, is none other than the bat. Among the many myths and legends that encircle these nocturnal beings, one stands out in particular: that bats are blind. This tale has survived through centuries, passed down through generations, and become so deeply entrenched in our collective consciousness that it is often accepted without question.
The story unfolds in a world quite unlike ours, a realm shrouded in darkness where the bright light of day seldom penetrates. Here, in the cool, shadowy corners of caves and crevices, beneath the leafy canopies of ancient forests, and amidst the silent, deserted ruins of old buildings, the bat finds its sanctuary.
Guided by senses fine-tuned to the whispers of the night, bats expertly navigate their nocturnal landscape. But how do they do it? Herein lies the kernel of our misconception, an oversight bred by a lack of understanding of the bat’s world. It was the bat’s incredible skill at navigating in complete darkness that first led to the belief in their blindness.
The notion of ‘blind as a bat’ came about as humans observed these creatures in their twilight playgrounds, witnessing them perform spectacular aerial acrobatics, darting and weaving with a precision that seemed impossible in the obscurity of the night. Surely, we thought, bats must be blind, using some other extraordinary sense to compensate for the lack of sight. Thus, the myth was born, and so it propagated, feeding on our awe of the bat’s incredible navigation skills.
The reality, however, is quite different. Bats are far from blind. Their eyes, like those of many nocturnal creatures, are highly adapted to low light conditions, enabling them to see even when to human eyes, the world would seem shrouded in impenetrable darkness. Their vision is so effective that some species of bats can even see ultraviolet light, a part of the spectrum that is invisible to humans.
But vision is just one piece of the puzzle. Bats have evolved a sophisticated form of biological sonar known as echolocation, which allows them to navigate and find food in the dark. Emitting high-pitched sounds, they listen for the echoes of these calls bouncing off objects in their surroundings. The speed, direction, and nature of the returned echoes provide bats with a detailed auditory image of their environment. It’s this very ability that gave rise to the misconception of their blindness.
This does not mean that bats rely solely on echolocation. Far from it. Echolocation complements their vision, enhancing their ability to navigate, especially when they are hunting small insects or avoiding obstacles in the dark. Depending on the species and their specific ecological niche, some bats might rely more on vision, while others lean more on their echolocation abilities.
The notion of the ‘blind bat’ is a myth that can be traced back to our limited understanding of these nocturnal creatures. When we peer into their world, we do so through the lens of our experiences, our senses, and often forget that other creatures may experience the world differently.
Understanding the truth about bats not only dispels a centuries-old misconception but also offers a deeper appreciation of these fascinating creatures and the adaptations they’ve developed to survive in their unique environmental niches. It allows us to marvel at the diversity of life and the extraordinary ways in which different species have evolved to interact with their world.
In the face of the truth, the myth of the blind bat crumbles. Yet, it leaves in its wake a creature even more remarkable, a master of both light and shadow, sight, and sound. Bats, with their sophisticated navigation systems and adapted vision, stand as a testament to the wondrous adaptability of life.
There is much we can learn from the bat and its twilight world. These creatures challenge our understanding of what it means to see, pushing the boundaries of our definitions. Their story, filled with the echoes of ancient forests and the whispers of the night, reminds us that sometimes, truth can be stranger, more beautiful, and indeed, more incredible than any myth.
So, the next time you see a bat flitting through the twilight, remember the truth behind the tale. Far from being blind, these remarkable creatures are masters of their environment, soaring on the wings of both sight and sound. They are not prisoners of the night but rather, its guardians, guiding us towards a deeper understanding of our fascinating world. For in their flight, in their song, lies not just a myth debunked, but a world of wonder revealed.
In debunking the ‘blind as a bat’ myth, we’ve not only unveiled an enduring falsehood but also discovered an animal kingdom marvel. We’ve learned that, far from being hindered by their environment, bats have evolved to master it in ways that boggle the human mind. So, let’s replace the worn-out saying with a new, more accurate one: ‘Sharp as a bat.’ Because, after all, these creatures, with their combination of sight and echolocation, truly exemplify the essence of perception.
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Two young sisters are taken from their home and family. Powerless to change their fortunes, they are separated, and each put into different foster homes. Yet over the years, the bond between them grows. As they each make their way in a society that is, at times, indifferent, hostile, and violent, one embraces her Métis identity, while the other tries to leave it behind. In the end, out of tragedy, comes an unexpected legacy of triumph and reclamation.
Great ideas for using this book in your classroom can be found in the Teacher’s Guide for In Search of April Raintree and April Raintree. A FREE copy of the guide is available for downloading.
Listed as one of 100 young adult books to read by CBC Books
In 2008, In Search of April Raintree was unanimously chosen as the first book for On The Same Page. On The Same Page is a mass reading project that invites readers of all ages to read a Manitoba authored book. The project is about encouraging a life long love of reading; honouring books by Manitoba authors and encouraging all to participate in fun and interactive ways to celebrate the same book at the same time.
In Search of April Raintree (25th Anniversary Edition) is available as an eBook in ePUB and PDF formats. Select a format using the drop-down menu to the left and checkout as usual. You will be sent an email with instructions to download the file.
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Coronary Heart Disease-Disease Overview
Coronary Heart Disease-Disease overview
At Future Genetics we want to engage with people and patients so that they can better understand diseases and illnesses that are relevant to them. The information provided here is for educational purposes only. Please always see your doctor for any concerns you may have.
My name is Alice and I am a research scientist. Today I am going to summarise Coronary Heart Disease. I’ll begin by giving you an overview of the disease and then move on to talk about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, recovery, and prevention.
So, lets begin. Coronary heart disease or CHD is a significant cause of death not only in the UK but also worldwide. Sometimes CHD is referred to as ischaemic heart disease.
Symptoms associated with CHD
The three main symptoms associated with CHD are:
- Feeling pain in the chest which may be caused by angina.
- A heart attack.
- Heart failure.
CHD can be difficult to detect because different people may not necessarily have the same symptoms. There is also a group of people that do not show any symptoms prior to their diagnosis of CHD. This last point is of particular concern because of the serious consequences accolated with CHD. At future genetics we are carrying out innovative research to develop reliable ways of firstly identifying people who may have a higher risk of developing CHD in the future and secondly to detect those patients that have the disease but not show symptoms. Our hope is that this research will lead to improved health and survival outcomes.
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PETG Filament: Properties, How to Use, and Best Brands
Although PLA and ABS remain the most widely-used filaments in 3D printing today, alternative materials have been starting to gain some popularity. One of these alternative options, PETG, has become popular due to its exceptional durability, good adhesion, and resistance to breakdown due to water and other chemicals. If you’re wondering what exactly PETG is and how to work with it, then you have come to the right place.
What is PETG?
PETG is a variation of the highly popular Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). PET is one of the most common plastics in the world today, and is being used for food containers, water bottles, and even clothing fibers. Its high mechanical strength, resistance to extreme temperatures, and ability to restrict moisture, has made it and its several variations useful for the food industry, as thermal insulation material, or as precursors for engineering resins.
Adding glycol during the polymerization process results in the formation of a “glycol-modified” PET, or PETG. The addition of glycol results in plastic that is more durable, less brittle, clearer, and easier to use. PETG has been widely used for outdoor signs due to its excellent printability and laminating characteristics. Other applications for PETG include medical and food containers, electronic devices, credit or gift cards, store fixtures, and prosthetic devices.
Why use PETG?
As already mentioned, PETG provides durability and impact-resistance that is even superior to PET. Working with PETG is also easier than with PET, as PET tends to become hazy and brittle when overheated. The added glycol in PETG removes this limitation by preventing the material from crystallizing and therefore becoming easily breakable. Its temperature resistant characteristics also make PETG an excellent material for containers used in medical applications, as PETG can be sterilized or autoclaved without breaking down.
PETG has shown good chemical resistance, whether from acidic or alkali substances. It also retains the excellent moisture blocking characteristic of PET, making it a good choice for containers for water or other drinks. It also makes for containers that are easier to grip due its softer and more pliable nature.
In terms of the ease of working with in when 3D printing, the temperature resistance of PETG and its excellent layer adhesion has made it less prone to warping and shrinking. PETG filaments have been described as having a combination of the best properties of PLA and ABS: they are stronger and more temperature resistant, while still being easy to work with.
Being a thermoplastic, one of the more interesting characteristics of PETG is that it is 100% recyclable. It can be shaped and reshaped over and over again by heating without causing any degradation to the material. This means that scrap material (such as supports) and misprints can be reprocessed into new prints, and this process can be repeated indefinitely.
With its properties, we recommend using PETG filaments for printing products that may experience sudden or sustained stress, such as protective components and mechanical parts. PETG filament is also a good material when printing parts that are intended to come in contact with food material, such as cups and food containers.
How do you work with PETG filaments?
The first thing to consider when working with a PETG filament is to ensure that the printer model you are using is capable of extruder temperatures of 220 to 245 °C. The bed temperature must also be kept at 70 to 75 °C, or perhaps a little higher for the first few layers.
For adhesion to the printing bed, we have obtained the best results from using blue painter’s tape. With or without heating, this method of adhesion results in a bottom finish that is fairly smooth. If you want a glossy, glass-like finish, then you will have to use heated borosilicate glass printing bed. For a heated glass bed, we recommend a temperature of 50 to 60 °C. A thin layer of unscented hairspray will also improve adhesion. BuildTak printing surfaces also work very well in providing adhesion for PETG prints.
If you want your print to be exceptionally durable, we recommend printing with no cooling fan. Having the molten PETG come into contact with the previous layer at a high temperature results in very strong layer adhesion. The downside of this strategy is that it may be prone to stringing, resulting in a print that is less detailed or may need to undergo further finishing. To remedy this, we recommend printing without a fan for the first two layers, and printing with a cooling fan (at 100%) for all succeeding layers.
The high printing temperature of PETG makes working with it prone to stringing, especially when the extruder nozzle is placed too close to the bed. We recommend leaving a gap of about 0.2 mm between the nozzle and the printing bed to allow more room the molten plastic to lay down. If this setting doesn’t work for you, we suggest moving the nozzle away from the bed in small increments until there is no visible stringing.
If you are still experiencing stringing, then you may need to slow down the printing speed. We recommend a setting of around 55mm/s, or even as low as 15 mm/s.
Another thing to take note is that PETG filaments are hygroscopic, meaning they will actively absorb moisture from their surroundings. PETG plastic needs to be stored in an air-tight container, such as a vacuum-sealed bag, with a couple of dessicant packs. Printing with wet PETG filament will lead to a product that is significantly weaker than expected.
What are the limitations of PETG?
The drawbacks in using PETG mostly has to do with finding the “sweet spot” for your printer’s settings to produce a print that is both durable and detailed. It requires very particular settings to get the best results with PETG printing. PETG is not as easy to work with as PLA, which means you will likely have to experiment for a while before you get good results. Once you get the settings that work, printing with PETG should be a breeze.
PETG is a very bad choice of material for support structures, exactly because of its excellent adhesion. Removing support structures made with PETG can be very difficult, but not impossible.
The resulting PETG print, although durable, can be weakened by UV light. If you are printing a product that is meant for constant outdoor exposure, you can expect its strength to decrease after some time. PETG products are also more easily scratched than those made from PET.
What are the best brands of PETG filaments?
PETG is an easily manufactured material, and has developed a large market in 3D printing. Manufacturers have responded with a variety of PETG filament products, the best of which we are featuring here.
The PETG filament product line by MatterHackers is one of the most popular today. It comes in an array of colors, such as white, green, and blue. Their PETG filaments are sold in 3.00mm size and 1kg spools. The MatterHackers PETG filament has performed exceptionally well both in terms of strength and appearance, making their product one of the top choices if you are in the market for a good PETG product.
HATCHBOX is another well-known produced of 3D printing filaments, and their PETG product certainly does not disappoint. Their PETG filaments are also available in a variety of colors. They currently offer 1.75mm filaments in 1 kg spools.
The XT series from ColorFabb is their line of PETG filament products. They boast highly durable products that exhibit temperature resistance and low odor emissions during printing. The prints made from the XT filaments deliver an adequate balance of mechanical strength and visual appeal. They are available in a variety of colors (including transparent), and are sold in both 1.75mm and 3.00mm sizes. ColorFabb offers 0.75kg spools for their PETG filaments.
Taulman 3D also has their own line of PETG filaments, marketed under their N-Vent line as Eastman Amphora 3D Polymer AM1800. Their N-Vent products are available in both 1.75mm and 3mm sizes, and in 1lb spools. There is also a great variety of colors available for the N-Vent line of PETG filaments.
The PETG filaments sold by PRILINE are probably one of the cheapest in the market, making them good budget options. They are sold in 1kg spools of 1.75mm size, and are available in a wide array of colors. Although less expensive, the products by PRILINE still deliver on the standard strengths of the PETG material.
|Material||Glycol-modified Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETG)|
|Applications||– Suitable for high strength, impact-resistant applications|
– May be sterilized, making it appropriate for food and drink containers
|Recommended printing temperature||220 to 245 °C|
|Recommended bed temperature||70 to 75 °C; 50 to 60 °C for glass printing bed|
|Bed adhesion||– Blue painter’s tape (recommended) for heated and unheated bed|
– Glass heated bed with a touch of hairspray
– BuildTak printing surface
|Speed||Slow printing speed of at most 55 mm/s; may be as low as 15mm/s|
|Cooling||No cooling fan for the first two layers, then cooling fan at 100% setting for all succeeding layers|
More and more 3D printing users have started to realize the advantages of working with PETG filaments. Although they may be tricky to work with at the start as they are less forgiving than PLA in terms of printer settings, the effort it takes to hit that “sweet spot” is well worth it for prints that look great and have excellent mechanical strength.
Prints made using PETG are sturdy but just have the right amount of give, making them extremely durable. The strength of PETG don’t end there: it has excellent layer adhesion, has less chances of warping or shrinking, and is 100% recyclable. If you are looking to go beyond PLA and ABS, we suggest taking PETG for a spin.
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|Demerara rebellion of 1823|
|Date||18–20 August 1823|
|Caused by||Poor treatment, (mistaken) belief that Parliament had emancipated the slaves|
|Casualties and losses|
|History of Guyana|
The Demerara rebellion of 1823 was an uprising involving more than 10,000 enslaved people that took place in the colony of Demerara-Essequibo (Guyana). The rebellion, which began on 18 August 1823, and lasted for two days, was led by slaves with the highest status. In part they were reacting to poor treatment and a desire for freedom; in addition, there was a widespread, mistaken belief that Parliament had passed a law for emancipation, but it was being withheld by the colonial rulers. Instigated chiefly by Jack Gladstone, a slave at "Success" plantation, the rebellion also involved his father, Quamina, and other senior members of their church group. Its English pastor, John Smith, was implicated.
The largely non-violent rebellion was brutally crushed by the colonists under governor John Murray. They killed many slaves: estimates of the toll from fighting range from 100 to 250. After the insurrection was put down, the government sentenced another 45 men to death, and 27 were executed. The executed slaves' bodies were displayed in public for months afterwards as a deterrent to others. Jack was deported to the island of Saint Lucia after the rebellion following a clemency plea by Sir John Gladstone, the owner of "Success" plantation. John Smith, who had been court-martialed and was awaiting news of his appeal against a death sentence, died a martyr for the abolitionist cause.
News of Smith's death strengthened the abolitionist movement in Britain. Quamina, who is thought to have been the actual leader of the rebellion, was declared a national hero after Guyana's independence. Streets and monuments have been dedicated to him in the capital of Georgetown, Guyana.
Demerara was first colonised by the Dutch in the 17th century under the auspices of the Dutch West India Company (DWIC). The economy, initially based on trade, began to be superseded in the 18th century by sugar cane cultivation on large plantations. The Demerara region was opened to settlement in 1746, and new opportunities attracted British settlers from nearby Barbados. By 1760, they had become the largest contingent in Demerara; the 1762 business registers showed that 34 of 93 plantations were owned by Englishmen. The British were a major external threat to Dutch control over the colonies from 1781 until 1796, when Britain obtained de facto control. Following a raid by privateers in February 1781, British occupation lasted until January 1782, when the island was recaptured by the French, then allied with the Dutch.
The British transferred rule of Demerara to the Dutch in 1802 under the terms of the Peace of Amiens, but took back control of it a year later. In 1812, the British merged Demerara and Essequibo into the colony of Demerara-Essequibo. The colonies were ceded to Britain by treaty between the Netherlands and Britain on 13 August 1814. Stabroek, as the colony's capital was known under the Dutch, was renamed as Georgetown in 1812. The colonial powers appointed a governor to rule in their stead, and the local legislation was decided on by a Court of Policy.
The mainstay of its economy was sugar, grown on cane plantations worked by slaves. The sale of the crop in Britain enjoyed preferential terms. There were 2,571 declared slaves working on 68 plantations in Essequibo, and 1,648 slaves in Demerara in 1762. These numbers were known to be much understated, as the slave headcount was the basis of taxation. By 1769, there were 3,986 declared slaves for Essequibo's 92 plantations and 5,967 for Demerara's 206 plantations. The slave labour was in short supply and expensive due to the trading monopoly of the DWIC, and smuggling from Barbados was rife. Dutch colonists ensured white dominance over their growing slave population through the collaboration of indigenous natives, who strongly resisted white domination but could also be relied upon to take up arms against any Spanish incursions. When slaves rose up in Berbice in 1763, natives blocked the border to prevent the disruption from spreading into Demerara.
Rapid expansion of plantations in the 19th century increased demand for African slaves at a time when supplies were reduced. The supply shortage of labour for production was exacerbated by the British abolition of trade in slaves in the Slave Trade Act 1807. The population consisted of 2,500 whites, 2,500 freed blacks, and 77,000 slaves. Ethnically, there were 34,462 African-born as against 39,956 "creole Negroes" by 1823 in Demerara and Essequibo. Treatment of slaves were markedly different from owner to owner, and from plantation to plantation. Plantations managed by agents and attorneys for absentee owners were common. Caucasian owners and managers were prevalent, and there were very few mixed-race "mulattoes" who advanced to become managers and owners. Lower-class whites and coloureds were considered "superior", giving them access to skilled work. Blacks who performed skilled work, or worked within households and enjoyed greater autonomy, were regarded as having higher-status than other slaves. Slaves who toiled in the fields would work under drivers also slaves, but who had delegated authority of plantation overseers.
Although some plantation owners were noted for paternalistic tendencies, by the standards of the time, the colony's slave population was on the whole very poorly treated. Churches for whites existed from the inauguration of the colonies, but slaves were barred from worshipping before 1807 as colonists feared education and Christianisation would lead slaves to question their status and lead to dissatisfaction. Indeed, a Wesleyan missionary who arrived in 1805 wanting to set up a church for slaves was immediately repatriated by order of the governor. The London Missionary Society (LMS) entered Guyana shortly after the end of the slave trade at the behest of a plantation owner who believed that slaves ought to have access to religious teachings. Hermanus Post, a naturalised Englishman of Dutch descent, advocated teaching of religion and literacy. The idea, considered radical at the time, was supported by some who may have thought religion was to be offered as a consolation in place of emancipation. The colonial administration was hostile to the idea. It was written in the official journal, Royal Gazette, in 1808: "It is dangerous to make slaves Christians, without giving them their liberty." Others strongly opposed. Other plantation owners, who felt that teaching slaves anything other than their duties to their masters would lead to "anarchy, chaos and discontent" and precipitate the destruction of the colony. Post ignored these protestations and made facilities available for worship. The facilities were easily outgrown by popularity of worship within just eight months. The LMS contributed £100; Post gave the land and paid the balance, and a chapel with 600-person capacity was inaugurated on 11 September 1808. He also had a house constructed for the minister at a cost of £1200, of which £200 was subscribed by other "respectable inhabitants of the colony". The first pastor, Reverend John Wray, arrived in February 1808 and spent five years there; his wife operated a girls' school for white children. After the chapel's construction, the owner wrote of improvements:
They were formerly a nuisance to the neighbourhood, on account of their drumming and dancing two or three nights in the week, and were looked on with a jealous eye on account of their dangerous communications; but they have now become the most zealous attendants on public worship, catechising, and private instructions. No drums are heard in this neighbourhood, except where the owners have prohibited the attendance of their slaves [at the church]. Drunkards and fighters have changed into sober and peaceable people, and endeavour to please those who are set over them.
Post sought to have more missionaries appointed to other places in the colony. However, Post died in 1809, and was lamented by his slaves. Conditions of his slaves markedly deteriorated under new management – they were once again subject to whipping and forced to work on Saturdays and Sundays. Soon after Wray arrived in 1808, he fought for the rights of slaves in the colony to attend church services which would take place nightly. When Governor Henri Guillaume Bentinck declared all meetings after dark illegal, Wray obtained the support of some plantation owners and managers. Armed with their testimonials, he sought to confront Bentinck but was refused audience. Wray went to London to appeal directly to the government.
When Wray was transferred to nearby Berbice at the end of his term, the mission was without a pastor for three years. John Smith, his replacement sent to the colony by the LMS, was equally welcomed by the slaves. Writing to the LMS, Smith said that the clergy was explicitly ordered to say nothing that would cause slaves' disenchantment with their masters or dissatisfaction with their status. Many in the colony resented the presence of the preachers, who they believed were spies to the abolitionist movement in London. They feared that the religious teachings and the liberal attitudes promoted would eventually cause slaves to rebel. Colonists interrupted services, threw stones at the churches, barred ministers' access to certain plantations, refusing permission to build chapels on plantation land; slaves were stopped from attending services at every turn. Smith received a hostile reception from the Governor John Murray and from most colonists. They saw his chapel services as a threat to plantation output, and feared greater unrest. Smith reported to the LMS the Governor had told him that "planters will not allow their negroes to be taught to read, on pain of banishment from the colony."
Furthermore, religious instruction for slaves was endorsed by British Parliament, thus the plantation owners were obliged to permit slaves to attend despite their opposition. Colonists who attended were perceived by Smith to be disruptive or a distraction. Some overseers attended only to prevent their own slaves from attending. One of owners' complaints was that slaves had too far to walk to attend services. When Smith had requested land to erect a chapel from John Reed, owner of "Dochfour", the idea was vetoed by Governor Murray, allegedly because of complaints he had received about Smith. Colonists even perverted the intention of a circular from Britain which mandated giving slaves passes to attend services – on 16 August 1823, the Governor issued a circular which required slaves to obtain owners' special dispensation to attend church meetings or services, causing a sharp decline in attendance at services.
At about the same time, Smith wrote a letter back to George Burder, the Secretary of the LMS, lamenting the conditions of the slaves:
Ever since I have been in the colony, the slaves have been most grievously oppressed. A most immoderate quantity of work has, very generally, been exacted of them, not excepting women far advanced in pregnancy. When sick, they have been commonly neglected, ill treated, or half starved. Their punishments have been frequent and severe. Redress they have so seldom been able to obtain, that many of them have long discontinued to seek it, even when they have been notoriously wronged.— Rev. John Smith, letter dated 21 August 1823, quoted in Jakobsson (1972:323)
Da Costa noted that the slaves who rebelled all had motives which were underpinned by their status as chattels: the families of many were caught in the turbulent changes in ownership of plantations and feared being sold and/or split up (as in the case of the slave Telemachus); Christians frequently complained of being harassed and chastised for their belief or their worshipping (Telemachus, Jacky Reed, Immanuel, Prince, Sandy); female slaves reported being abused or raped by owners or managers (Betsy, Susanna). Slaves were also often punished for frivolous reasons. Many managers/owners (McTurk, Spencer) would insist that slaves work on Sundays, and deny passes to attend church; Pollard, manager of "Non Pareil" and "Bachelor's Adventure", was notoriously violent. Quamina complained of frequently being deprived of his legal day off and missing church; unable to take care of his sickly wife, he found her dead one night after coming home. Jack Gladstone, a slave on "Success", who did not work under a driver and enjoyed considerable freedom, learned of the debate about slavery in Britain, and had heard rumours of emancipation papers arriving from London.
Among the plantation owners, Sir John Gladstone, father of British Prime Minister William, who had built his fortune as a trader, had acquired plantations in Demerara in 1812 through mortgage defaults. This included half share in "Success", one of the largest and most productive plantations there; he acquired the remaining half four years later. Gladstone switched the crop from coffee to sugar, and expanded his workforce of slaves from 160 to more than 330. Sir John would continue to acquire Demeraran plantations, often at fire sale prices after the rebellion and well into the decade, and his agents would be able to optimise his assets across the different properties. By the time emancipation was enacted in Britain in 1834, he owned four plantations – "Vreedenhoop", "Success", "Wales" and "Vreedestein".
John Smith, writing in his journal on 30 August 1817, said that the slaves of "Success" complained about the work load and very severe treatment. Sir John Gladstone, believing that the slaves on his estates were properly treated, wrote a letter to the Missionary Society on 24 December 1824 to clear his name. He wrote that his intentions have "ever been to treat my people with kindness in the attention to their wants of every description, and to grant them every reasonable and practicable indulgence." He stated that the work gangs were doubled from 160 after production shifted to sugar from coffee. Gladstone later maintained that
Even on Sugar Estates, the grinding [of the canes] ceases at sunset; and the boilers, the only parties that remain longer, finish cleaning up before nine o'clock ... Their general food, in addition to salt fish and occasionally salted provisions, consisted of plantains which they preferred to other food. Plantains were cultivated in the ordinary daily work of each estate, or purchased when deficient, and they were supplied with more than they could consume. The slaves were provided with clothing that was suitable for the climate and their situation ... They have the Sabbath and their other holydays to dispose of, for the purpose of religion, if so inclined.
Gladstone, who had never set foot on his plantation, had been deluded by his attorney in Demerara, Frederick Cort, into believing that it was seldom necessary to punish the slaves. He asserted they were generally happy and contented, and were able to make considerable money by selling the surplus produce of their provision grounds. Subsequent to the revolt, the secretary of the London Missionary Society warned Gladstone that Cort had been lying, but Gladstone continued to identify himself with Cort and his other agents. Robertson, his second son, inspected the estates from 22 November 1828 to 3 March 1829, during which he observed that Cort was "an idler and a deceiver" who had mismanaged one estate after another. Only then was Cort dismissed. In Britain, Lord Howick and others criticised the concept of absentee landlords. Sir Benjamin d'Urban, who took up his office of Lieutenant Governor of Essequibo and Demerara in 1824, wrote to Earl Bathurst, Secretary of State for the Colonies, on 30 September 1824, criticising "..the injudicious managers under whom too many of the slaves are placed; half educated men of little discretion, or command over their own caprices; good planters perhaps – but quite unfit to have the charge of bodies of men, although they might take very proper care of cattle".
Slaves with the highest status such as coopers, and some other who were members of Smith's congregation, were implicated in leading the rebellion against the harsh conditions and maltreatment, demanding what they believed to be their right. Quamina and his son Jack Gladstone, both slaves on "Success" plantation, led their peers to revolt. Quamina, a member of Smith's church, had been one of five chosen to become deacons by the congregation soon after Smith's arrival. In the British House of Commons in May 1823, Thomas Fowell Buxton introduced a resolution condemning the state of slavery as "repugnant to the principles of the British constitution and of the Christian religion", and called for its gradual abolition "throughout the British colonies". In fact, the subject of these rumours were Orders in Council (to colonial administrations) drawn up by George Canning under pressure from abolitionists to ameliorate the conditions of slaves following a Commons debate. Its principal provisions were to restrict slaves' daily working hours to nine and to prohibit flogging for female slaves.
Whilst the Governor or Berbice immediately made a proclamation upon receiving his orders from London, and instructed local parson John Wray to explain the provisions to his congregation, John Murray, his counterpart in Demerara, had received the Order from London on 7 July 1823, and these measures proved controversial as they were discussed in the Court of Policy on 21 July and again on 6 August. They were passed as being inevitable, but the administration made no formal declaration as to its passing. The lack of formal declaration led to rumours that masters had received instructions to set the slaves free but were refusing to do so. In the weeks prior to the revolt, Quamina sought confirmation of the veracity of the rumours from other slaves, particularly those who worked for those in a position to know: he thus obtained information from Susanna, housekeeper/mistress of John Hamilton of "Le Resouvenir"; from Daniel, the Governor's servant; Joe Simpson from "Le Reduit" and others. Specifically, Simpson had written a letter which said that their freedom was imminent but which warned them to be patient. Jack wrote a letter (signing his father's name) to the members of the chapel informing them of the "new law".
Those on "Le Resouvenir", where Smith's chapel was situated, also rebelled. Quamina, who was well respected by slaves and freedmen alike, initially tried to stop the slave revolt, and urged instead for peaceful strike; he made the fellow slaves promise not to use violence. As an artisan cooper who did not work under a driver, Jack enjoyed considerable freedom to roam about. He was able to organise the rebellion through his formal and informal networks. Close conspirators who were church 'teachers' included Seaton (at "Success"), William (at "Chateau Margo"), David (at "Bonne Intention"), Jack (at "Dochfour"), Luke (at "Friendship"), Joseph (at "Bachelor's Adventure"), Sandy (at "Non Pareil"). Together, they finalised planning in the afternoon of Sunday 17 August for thousands of slaves to raise up against their masters the next morning.
Joe of "Le Reduit" had informed his master at approximately 6 am that morning of a coordinated uprising planned the night before at Bethel chapel which would take place that same day. Captain Simpson, the owner, immediately rode to see the Governor, but stopped to alert several estates on the way into town. The governor assembled the cavalry, which Simpson was a part of. Although the rebellion leaders had hoped for mass action by all slaves, the actual unrest involved about 13,000 slaves over some 37 estates located on the east coast, between Georgetown and Mahaica. Slaves entered estates, ransacked the houses for weapons and ammunition, tied up the whites, or put some into stocks. The very low number of white deaths is cited as proof that the uprising was largely free from violence from the slaves. Accounts from witnesses indicate that the rebels exercised restraint, with only a very small number of white men were killed. Some slaves took revenge on their masters or overseers by putting them in stocks, like they themselves had been before. Slaves went in large groups, from plantation to plantation, seizing weapons and ammunition and locking up the whites, promising to release them in three days. However, according to Bryant, not all slaves were compliant with the rebels; some were loyal to their masters and held off against the rebels.
The Governor immediately declared martial law. The 21st Fusiliers and the 1st West India Regiment, aided by a volunteer battalion, were dispatched to combat the rebels, who were armed mainly with cutlasses and bayonets on poles, and a small number of stands of rifles captured from plantations. By the late afternoon on 20 August, the situation had been brought under control. Most of the slaves had been rounded up, although some of the rebels were shot whilst attempting to flee. On 22 August 1823, Lieutenant Governor Murray issued an account of the battles. He reported major confrontations on Tuesday morning at the Reed estate, "Dochfour", where ten to fifteen of the 800 rebels were killed; a skirmish at "Good Hope" felled "five or six" rebels. On Wednesday morning, six were killed at 'Beehive' plantation, forty rebels died at Elizabeth Hall. At a battle which took place at "Bachelor's Adventure", "a number considerably above 1500" were involved.
The Lieutenant-Colonel having in vain attempted to convince these deluded people of their error, and every attempt to induce them to lay down their arms having failed, he made his dispositions, charged the two bodies simultaneously, and dispersed them with the loss of 100 to 150. On our side, we only had one rifleman slightly wounded.— Extract of communiqué from His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, 22 August 1823
After the slaves' defeat at "Bachelor's Adventure", Jack fled into the woods. A "handsome reward" of one thousand guilder was offered for his capture. The Governor also proclaimed a "FULL and FREE PARDON to all slaves who surrendered within 48 hours, provided that they shall not have been ringleaders (or guilty of Aggravated Excesses)". Jack remained at large until he and his wife were captured by Capt. McTurk at "Chateau Margo", after a three-hour standoff on 6 September.
On 25 August, the Governor Murray constituted a general court-martial, presided over by Lt.-Col. Stephen Arthur Goodman. Despite the initial revolt passing largely peacefully with slave masters locked in their homes, those who were considered ringleaders were tried at set up at different estates along the coast and executed by shooting; their heads were cut off and nailed to posts. A variety of sentences were handed out, including solitary confinement, lashing, and death. Bryant (1824) records 72 slaves having been sentenced by court-martial at the time of publication. He noted that 19 of the 45 death sentences had been carried out; a further 18 slaves had been reprieved. The bodies of those executed were hung up in chains by the side of a public road in front of their respective plantations and left to rot for months afterwards. After a trial which featured many witnesses testifying to his lack of violent conduct, Jack Gladstone was sold and deported to St Lucia; Da Costa suggests that a letter Sir John had sent on his behalf resulted in clemency.
John Smith was arraigned in court-martial before Lt. Col. Goodman on 13 October, charged with four offences: "promoting discontent and dissatisfaction in the minds of the Negro Slaves towards their Lawful Masters, Overseers and Managers, inciting rebellion; advising, consulting and corresponding with Quamina, and further aiding and abetting Quamina in the revolt; failure to make known the planned rebellion to the proper authorities; did not use his best endeavours to suppress, detain and restrain Quamina once the rebellion was under way." The officers on the court martial judging Smith included a young Captain Colin Campbell, later to become Field Marshal Lord Clyde.
Smith's trial concluded one month later, on 24 November. Smith was found guilty of the principal charges, and was given the death sentence. Pending an appeal, Smith was transferred from Colony House to prison, where he died of "consumption" in the early hours of 6 February 1824; To minimise the risk of stirring up slave sentiment, the colonists interred him at 4 am. The grave went without markings to avoid it becoming a rallying point for slaves. The Royal reprieve arrived on 30 March. Smith's death was a major step forward in the campaign to abolish slavery. News of his death was published in British newspapers, provoked enormous outrage and garnered 200 petitions to Parliament.
The rebellion took place a few months after the founding of the Anti-Slavery Society, and had a strong impact on Britain. Although public sentiment initially favoured the colonists, it changed with revelations. The abolitionist debate which had flagged, was galvanised by the deaths of Smith and the 250 slaves. The Martial law in Demerara was lifted on 19 January 1824. In Demerara and Berbice, there was considerable anger towards the missionaries that resulted in their oppression. Demerara's Court of Policy passed an ordinance giving financial assistance to a church that was selected by plantation owners in each district. The Le Resouvenir chapel was seized and taken over by the Anglican Church.
Under pressure from London, the Demerara Court of Policy eventually passed an 'Ordinance for the religious instruction of slaves and for meliorating their condition' in 1825 which institutionalised working hours and some civil rights for slaves. The weekend was to be from sunset on Saturday to sunrise on Monday; field work was also defined to be from 6 am to 6 pm, with a mandatory two-hour break. A Protector of Slaves was appointed; whipping was abolished for women as was its use in the field. The rights to marriage and own property was legalised, as was the right to acquire manumission. Amendments and new ordinances continued to flow from London, each progressively establishing more civil rights for the slaves, but they were strongly resisted by the colonial legislature.
Many planters refused to comply with their provisions. The confrontation continued as the planters challenged on several occasions the right of British government to pass laws binding on the colony, arguing that the Court of Policy has exclusive legislative power within the colony. Plantation owners who controlled the voting of the taxes disrupted administration by refusing to vote the civil list.
In August 1833, the British parliament passed the 'Act for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Colonies, for promoting the industry of manumitted slaves, and for compensating the persons hitherto entitled to the services of such slaves', with effect from 1 August 1834. Plantation owners of British Guiana received £4,297,117 10s. 6½d. in compensation for the loss of 84,915 slaves.
unmarked grave by lantern light.
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After returning from holiday, it's likely you felt that the journey home by plane, car or train went much quicker than the outward journey, even though in fact both distances and journey are usually the same. So why the difference? According to a new study by Niels van de Ven and his colleagues, it seems that many people find that, when taking a trip, the way back seems shorter.
Their findings, published online in Springer's Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, suggest that this effect is caused by the different expectations we have, rather than being more familiar with the route on a return journey.
"People often underestimate how long the outward journey takes and this is therefore experienced as long," says Niels van de Ven from Tilburg University in the Netherlands. "Based on that feeling, the traveller expects the return journey to be long as well, and this then turns out to be shorter than expected." An overoptimistic prior estimation of the journey time thus leads to the illusion of the return journey being shorter.
This conclusion was based on three short studies where 350 people either took a trip by bus, by bicycle or watched a video of a person taking a bicycle ride. When the duration estimates were compared, respondents thought that the return journey on average went by 22 percent faster than the outward journey. The return trip effect was largest for participants who reported that the initial trip felt disappointingly long. Further, when one group of participants was told that the upcoming trip would seem long, the return trip effect disappeared. Ironically, telling participants that the upcoming trip was going to be very long led them to experience the trip as taking less time.
Up until now, a popular explanation for the return journey feeling shorter was that it was better known and so more predictable than the outward journey. However in their study, the researchers demonstrated that this explanation is unlikely. According to co-author Michael Roy from Elizabethtown College in Pennsylvania, USA: "The 'return trip effect' also existed when respondents took a different, but equidistant, return route. You do not need to recognize a route to experience the effect."
Ultimately, the researchers hope to be able to explain more than just this return trip effect. The authors conclude: "These findings on the 'return trip effect' can help us make new predictions on how people experience the duration of tasks, even those unrelated to travelling."
- Niels Ven, Leon Rijswijk, Michael M. Roy. The return trip effect: Why the return trip often seems to take less time. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2011; DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0150-5
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Fireworks could be replaced by drone displays in the future, suggests innovation foundation Nesta.
The charity, which has successfully predicted phenomena like veganism, says that China has already shown that choreographed drones can perform such displays.
Illuminated drones numbering into the thousands fly in formation against the backdrop of a night sky – not unlike a firework display.
Nesta, or the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, was established in 1998 with a UK National Lottery endowment. It became an independent charity in 2012 and offers problem-solving solutions to partners.
The prediction that this technology could become more widespread comes from Nesta’s list ‘Ten predictions for 2020’.
Other predictions include a new voting system, and “an outbreak of Monty Python-style silly walks”. This latter prediction refers to CCTV surveillance technology that recognises walkers’ gaits, and the potentially humorous ways people might walk to trick the software.
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PILICHOWSKI, LEOPOLD (1869–1933), Polish painter. Pilichowski left his native village of Zadzin for nearby Lodz, where he was helped by David *Frischmann, the Hebrew writer, who made it possible for Pilichowski to study in Munich. Later, he lived in Paris for a number of years, and in 1914 he moved to London. Pilichowski became a successful portraitist. He was filled with socialist and Zionist sentiments, and struggled to give pictorial expression to both. He painted the exploited wool dyers of Lodz, and the weary shopkeepers and artisans he met in London's Whitechapel. Many of his large pictures were crowded with pious Jews in a variety of moods and postures. His huge painting of The Opening of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1925 has been frequently reproduced. Among the Jewish personalities he portrayed were *Bialik, *Einstein, Aḥad *Ha-Am, *Nordau, and *Weizmann.
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The Revolution Will Be Visualized: Emory Douglas in the Black Panther
Issue #65, January 2004
Beret-wearing, gun-toting, angry young black men in black are the most persistent icons representing the Black Panthers from the 1960s and 70s. According to mainstream media accounts, their mission was essentially to scare white people about armed revolution in retaliation for discrimination. Mission accomplished — people were scared. J. Edgar Hoover, then head of the FBI, declared the Panthers the greatest threat to American national security. The armed revolutionary icon was a carefully cultivated part of the Party's public image, but only part of their story. There was another part of the Black Panthers' visual campaign aimed at poor black people living in US ghettos and oppressed people around the world. According to Emory Douglas, the Panthers' Minister of Culture, who created the vast majority of those images, the messages to "the people" were the critical ones.
About thirty years after The Black Panther newspaper ceased publication, the work of Emory Douglas as a protest artist is not widely known. In contrast to the current climate of forced consensus in media messages and images, protest graphics of a generation ago are shocking in their directness. In revisiting them it is important to remember the conditions that made protest necessary. Even though institutionalized injustice, poverty, and official policies of government deceit still exist, today's political complacency is only possible because the protests of a generation ago succeeded in raising consciousness and improving conditions to some extent.
The beginning of 2004, a presidential election year, is a good time to take another look at Emory Douglas's work as a graphic designer, illustrator, poster artist, political cartoonist, and master craftsman of the Black Panther Party's visual message. In addition to designing and laying out the weekly Black Panther newspaper, he was its main artist. Douglas used a distinctive illustration style, cartooning skills, and resourceful collage and image recycling to make the paper as explosive visually as it was verbally. He was a one-man band, showing the same versatility with different visual styles and methods as a musician who can play several instruments as well as write the music.
On the back of each Black Panther weekly tabloid paper was a poster, usually created by Douglas. Like rap lyrics that layer "rhymes" to create images, Douglas's densely packed layered images told detailed stories.
In this back page poster, Douglas spanned a range of issues and condensed the anguish in American black communities into one mixed media collage.
When The Black Panther newspaper was first published, African Americans were virtually absent from the mainstream (white) American media landscape. Public images of black people were almost exclusively limited to roles of servants or cultural stereotypes. The black press, influential in African American communities because of segregation, followed the pattern of mainstream media in concentrating on the middle class. Black Panther Party leaders profoundly understood that an essential key to black liberation was creating and controlling images used to represent black people.
In The Black Panther newspaper, images of poor and working class black people proliferated. Although the Panthers are perceived as a male-dominated organization, Douglas often featured women in his illustrations.
Wearing a Panther button that says, "Serve the people, body and soul," this woman sits contentedly with a full bag of groceries (provided by the Panthers' Free Food Program). The title reads, "This year, I think I WILL vote." The message is that people can become politicized only after their basic needs are met.
"Hallelujah! The might and the power of the people is beginning to show." Wearing an apron indicating the type of work she does, this triumphant woman sports a button with the faces of political prisoners Bobby Seale and Angela Davis. Douglas often used "signs within signs" in his drawings — people holding signposts or wearing buttons, tags, labels, and other integrated messages.
The woman in this poster carries a generic "Vote for Survival" sign. The text at the top advertises "Chairman Bobby Seale for Mayor, Minister of Information Elaine Brown for Councilwoman, Ron Dellums for Congressman, Shirley Chisholm for President." Bearing a tag reading, "David Hilliard, People's Free Shoe Program," the shoes in her handbag were more evidence of the Panthers' community programs. Again, a poor woman became politicized after the Black Panther Party raised her consciousness and met her needs.
All Black Panther Party activities were based on their 10-point program for self-determination. The Ministers of Information, Eldridge Cleaver, and Culture, Emory Douglas, made sure all their messages referred directly to the ten points.
- We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our black and oppressed communities.
- We want full employment for our people.
- We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our black and oppressed communities.
- We want decent housing, fit for the shelter of human beings.
- We want decent education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present-day society.
- We want completely free health care for all black and oppressed people.
- We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people, other people of color, all oppressed people inside the United States.
- We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression.
- We want freedom for all black and oppressed people now held in US federal, state, county, city and military prisons and jails. We want trials by a jury of peers for all persons charged with so-called crimes under the laws of this country.
- We want land, bread, housing, education, and people's community control of modern technology.
Douglas reused images and turned them into icons. One favored visual theme, borrowed from religious iconography, Russian constructivism, and other hero-worshipping genres, is "beatification." Using a visual device often used to portray saints, holy people and powerful leaders, Douglas turned ordinary people into heroes. The radiating lines were a recurring graphic image and almost a signature on his posters. Previously ignored by almost everyone, in The Black Panther paper, poor people were prominent as icons of the newly politically conscious. Douglas showed respect and affection for the people he portrayed. His drawings maintained poor black people's dignity while focusing on their plight. There was no patronizing. He drew dark-skinned African-featured everyday people beaming with pride.
This more somber application of "beatification" collages poor people's struggles and again incorporates direct messages on signs within the image.
The main hero and most powerful icon of the Party was its leader, Minister of Defense, Huey P. Newton. Attractive and photogenic, he was the natural choice to visually represent the party and its programs. In this image, the radiant lines communicated Newton's reverence and power within the party.
A murdered party member was posthumously "beatified," becoming a martyr.
Jail bars metaphorically and consistently reinforced the message that poor and oppressed people were imprisoned by their plight. The imagery also literally referred to the disproportionate and often illegal incarceration of black men. Douglas often used prison bars as design elements, even in editorial layouts.
This image responded to the Fred Hampton murders in Chicago, when police raided the Panther leader's apartment in the middle of the night. "Every door that the fascists attempt to kick down will put them deeper into the pit of death. Shoot to kill." This poster was clearly a directive for self-defense in the face of police brutality. Always empathetic with poor people, Douglas's drawing included missing plaster to indicate substandard living conditions.
"Misery Misery? Ain't we got a right to the tree of life?" Although the posters often portrayed harsh conditions, there was no self-pity. The woman in this drawing, hand on her hip in defiance, shared her home with an oversized rat.
Another packed image tells the story of a young child trapped in poverty, but she holds a picture of a boy in the Panther free breakfast program and stands in front of 1968 presidential candidate Shirley Chisholm. "A vote for Chisholm is a vote for survival."
Paradoxically, even though they graphically portrayed injustices and indignities, Douglas's messages were essentially hopeful. These posters were not meant for the mainstream public, or those inflicting the misery, but gave people suffering in ghettos assurance that the Panthers were working to help them improve their lives permanently. J. Edgar Hoover was correct in a sense. The Panthers' message was a direct and serious threat to the capitalist status quo. The danger was not that the group would manage an armed coup and take over the government. Empowering people to stop facilitating their own oppression was far more frightening.
For over ten years, Emory Douglas worked to make the Panthers' ten-point program a reality in the pages of The Black Panther. His prolific and aesthetically powerful work was meant to be a catalyst for change where it would have the most lasting effect — within the people themselves.
Colette Gaiter is professor of interactive media at Columbia College in Chicago, and a previous contributor to Bad Subjects.
All images Copyright ©2004 Emory Douglas.
Images used with permission from Emory Douglas and the San Francisco African American Historical and Cultural Society Library and Archives.
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Conservation efforts on moorland in the Peak District and South Pennines is helping slow stormwater run-off, raise the water table and increase plant species, according to new research.
Research carried out by the Moors for the Future Partnership and the University of Manchester surveyed 12 years’ worth of data on work to improve the health of the moorlands through the reintroduction of native plants.
The research looked at the number of different plant species in the area, the depth of the water table and how much and how often water flows off the moors.
The study confirmed the work has increased the number of different plant species living there, raised the water table and kept stormwater on the hills for longer.
Dr Mike Pilkington, senior research and monitoring officer at the Moors for the Future Partnership said: "This research, resulting from more than a decade of monitoring, shows the conservation work we do has a substantial and statistically significant effect on returning blanket bog habitat to a healthy state.
"Healthy peatlands provide a wide range of benefits including providing a supply of good quality raw water for the water companies to process for millions of customers; a habitat for rare and beautiful plants and wildlife; a means of absorbing and slowing the flow of stormwater, and a store of carbon."
Martin Evans, professor of geomorphology at the University of Manchester, added: "The trajectories for plant species, water table and slowing of storm flow were all positive and showed that restoration works are helping to return the moors to a healthier condition."
Evans and his colleagues will continue to with the Moors for the Future Partnership as part of the MoorLIFE 2020 project to examine whether the reintroduction of Sphagnum mosses on the uplands has a positive effect on improving water quality while reducing flood risk.
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EXERCISE'S LASTING EFFECTS: Although many metabolites have been profiled in muscles, the impact of exercise on the levels of these compounds in blood plasma has remained less clear. A new large-scale study begins to describe some of the correlations they seem to have with physical fitness level. Image: ISTOCKPHOTO/SOUPSTOCK
The virtues of exercise are myriad: better cardiovascular health, decreased risk for diabetes, boosted mood, and even perhaps a leaner physique. But aside from such macro links and knowledge about the heart rates, blood–oxygen levels and hormonal responses related to exercise, scientists have a relatively cursory understanding of the chemical mechanisms at work in the body during and after physical activity.
A new study, published online May 26 in Science Translational Medicine, presents a thorough profile of exercise's impact on the human body's metabolites in plasma—and reveals vast biological differences among more- and less-fit individuals. The findings also reinforce links between exercise and insulin sensitivity as well as point to new ways to enhance exercise for both healthy individuals and those suffering from cardiovascular or metabolic diseases.
"We've known for a long time that exercise protects against metabolic and cardiovascular disease," says Robert Gerszten, director of Translational Research in the Cardiology Division at Massachusetts General Hospital, and co-author of the new study. "But how these effects occur is not entirely clear. Exercise physiology is surprisingly very poorly understood."
Gerszten and his colleagues measured more than 200 metabolites, small chemicals involved in the body's metabolism, using mass spectrometry in individuals before and after exercise. The team found that people who were more and less fit had vastly different metabolite profiles across a wide range of exercise durations—from 10 minutes of treadmill running to completion of the Boston Marathon.
And even in those who exercised for just 10 minutes, their metabolite profile was still being affected an hour later, which suggests that exercise sparks "long-term signals [and] that we're just beginning to scratch the tip of the iceberg," Gerszten says.
Across all groups, after exercise the researchers saw an increase in certain metabolites, such as glycerol, that are involved in the breakdown of fatty tissue as well as a decrease in allantoin, which is linked to oxidative stress. But not all changes were equal. Glycerol levels increased much more in fitter people (as assessed by peak oxygen uptake). In leaner subjects (with body mass indexes, or BMIs, less than 28), levels of niacinamide, a metabolite that increases sensitivity to insulin, increased more than twice as much as it did in larger individuals.
Not all of these changes were a surprise, however. "Many of [them] were not a surprise and have been shown before" in muscle, says Robert Hickner, director of the PhD Program in Bioenergetics and Exercise Science at East Carolina University in Greenville, who was not involved in the study. "It's not that surprising that you see the higher glycerol response" in fit people, he notes, because they have been shown to have higher rates of fat breakdown.
Gerszten and his team also found that some of the metabolites that were changed with exercise also could be applied to a broader population correlated with cardiovascular health. "Some of those metabolic changes in acute exercise also turn out to be predictive of fitness in a large epidemiological cohort," he says. Of the dozen of these metabolites that were measured in cohorts from the longitudinal Framingham Heart Study (the long-term 1948 study to identify the common contributive factors of cardiovascular disease by following its development in a large subject group) levels of glycerol turned out to be "significantly correlated" with resting heart rate, another indicator of fitness, as measured in the study.
The next question to answer will be whether these biomarkers also predict long-term disease and mortality risk, Gerszten says. And if they do, he notes, they could help doctors do a better job at finding at-risk populations and make suggestions for preventive health interventions.
"There's certainly room for a good test to predict disease," Hickner says. And the quest for new biomarkers continues: "The question is can we find better ones," he says. "I don't think they've come upon any in this study."
Beyond the fluctuation in metabolite levels, the new study also found that they can work together to influence gene expression. By exposing muscle in vitro to a combination of metabolites, the researchers found that transcription factor nur77, which has recently been linked to lipid metabolism and glucose use, was upregulated (but had remained unchanged when exposed to only singular metabolites). "This shows you that metabolites are going to act in very unanticipated ways," Gerszten says.
He cautions, however, that, "this is an early study, but it does give us a lot of insight into what some of the functional players might be." Gerszten and his colleagues are now looking into the role of genetics in determining an individual's plasma metabolite profile.
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The oldest technique used in regeneration surgery calls for placing various materials in the bone defect, to stimulate the patient’s bone to re-grow. Bone grafting has been used for over 75 years, but today’s materials are much superior in stimulating new bone to form. The implanted material is resorbed by the body, and after 6-12 months has completely disappeared, replaced by new bone.
You may need a bone graft for one of several reasons such as: 1) Vertical bone defects around teeth as a result of periodontitis or 3rd molar extractions, 2) To help prevent bone loss and preserve the existing ridge of bone when a tooth is extracted and a future dental implant is desired and, 3) To augment the area where a tooth previously existed or where trauma has occurred resulting in poor esthetics or insufficient bone for a dental implant to be placed
- Vertical bone loss around teeth as a result of periodontitis (Gum disease) or 3rd molar extractions many times can be treated by a bone grafting procedure known as “Guided Tissue Regeneration” or GTR for short. In this procedure the objective is to try and help the body regenerate that tissue around the tooth which has been destroyed. During surgery the gums are folded back and the disease-causing bacteria in the area eliminated. Purified human and/or bovine bone from a certified tissue bank is placed into the defect and covered by a membrane (filter) that the body absorbs over time. These bone grafts act as a scaffold on which the body’s natural bone forming processes work. Many times grafts also release tissue stimulating proteins that encourage your body to regenerate not only the destroyed bone but other tissues necessary for healthy teeth and gums.
- “Ridge Preservation” is the name of the procedure utilized when a tooth needs to be extracted due to disease or trauma and the bone in the area preserved to make a dental implant, good esthetics, or other restorative procedures viable options in the future. When a tooth is lost for whatever reason, the body’s natural response is to begin resorbing or getting rid of the bone in the area because it is no longer needed to hold the tooth in place. This process proceeds quickly at first and slowly continues over time. In order to slow the process down a bone graft is packed into the empty socket and covered by a membrane. Sutures are placed to initially secure the membrane and keep the gums in place and then removed 10-14 days after surgery. This is a very beneficial procedure especially if a dental implant is the treatment of choice. The socket is usually healed and ready for an implant in 2-4 months if that is what you and your treatment team have chosen to do
- When a tooth has been missing for many years or where disease or trauma has significantly reduced the width of the ridge it may create an unsightly appearance or pose a problem for restorative and tooth replacement procedures such as implants and bridges. For implants, there needs to be sufficient bone in order to place a stable, well integrated implant that can support an implant crown that will last for years to come. When insufficient bone exists a procedure called guided bone regeneration or GBR is performed. This procedure is similar to GTR with the exception that it is done where teeth are missing and the bone has already resorbed away, instead of next to a tooth. The purpose of this procedure is to augment the bony area where a tooth is missing in order to create a wide enough foundation of bone to place a dental implant or make the area appear more esthetic. GBR many times can be done at the same time as implant placement. When the ridge or foundation is really narrow, GBR and implant placement are done in two different surgical procedures several months apart in order to increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
WHERE DO THE BONE GRAFTS COME FROM?
We get it from a number of sources, but the primary source is from certified donor banks. Just as you can get a kidney transplant, or liver transplant, so too can you get a bone transplant. We call this purified human bone that comes in a sterile bottle an allograft, meaning from the same species. We can also get bone from animal sources such asbovine (cow) or porcein (pig). These types of grafts are known as xenografts. The reason that xenografts work is because the molecular structure of bone is the same across species. Using our knowledge of bone physiology, we know that your body will use the bone as a scaffold and eventually tear down the bone graft and replace it with your own natural bone.
When there are large ridge defects and a lot of augmentation is needed, it may be necessary to use your own bone, called an autograft in order to obtain a sufficient amount to fill the large defect. In these situations we obtain or harvest bone from one part of your mouth to use in the deficient area. The most common areas to obtain bone are either from the back of your lower jaw behind the last tooth on what is called the ramus, or from your chin. These types of grafts, as opposed to the small purified bone particles from a bottle, are normally blocks of bone that need to be fixated (screwed) to the defect area and allowed to integrate over 3-5 months. We use a Piezosurgery machine (a surgical instrument) to harvest these block grafts which greatly reduces the post-operative discomfort and speeds the healing in both the donor and recipient sites. The donor site heals very nicely with the body filling in these enclosed areas with new bone without you even knowing bone has been cut away.
Another alternative to the autograft blocks are the very large blocks of bone that can be obtained from donor banks. This is called the Puros® block graft (an allograft). The biggest advantage of the Puros® block graft is that there is no donor site! This saves you significant post-operative pain and swelling as well as giving a predictable block of bone every time. The only disadvantage is the additional cost of obtaining the block from the donor banks. Many patients however, find the additional costs are well worth it in terms of accelerated post-operative healing.
HOW SAFE ARE BONE GRAFTS?
To date, out of the millions of bone grafts that have been done, there has never been a single case of disease transmission. Studies have even been done where the bone grafts were “spiked” with a virus’ and then put through the purification process to see if they can survive and they don’t. You can rest assured that we get our bone from the most reputable sources such as LifeNet
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Aptly, LineFORM starts with a line; a linear series of actuators that can move independently or together to arrange itself in new shapes. In one demo, it's wrapped around a wrist like a high-tech Slap Wrap. In this configuration, it's able to convey a notification through haptic feedback, uncoiling its end and gently tapping a user's wrist. Its creators ask us to imagine this forming the core structure of a mobile device, presumably replete with a display, microphone and speaker. On receiving the notification, the user then unfurls it, and it contracts into a rectangular prism. After he taps away on an imaginary display, it shape-shifts into an old-timey telephone.
There's also the potential for LineFORM to act as an intelligent cable. Such a cable would be capable of recognizing a number of modules, transforming where necessary. On recognizing an attached light bulb, the robot jolts into action, almost-instantaneously becoming a posable lamp, complete with three-dimensional dimmer switch. As a cable, LineFORM works an "expressive" cord, creating waveforms to represent the "invisible flow" of data between devices. There's also a section where the robot embodies a "dynamic ruler."
Another, particularly interesting use-case is as a dynamic body constraint. When wrapped around a user's arm, it can limit the range of body movements, or "replay" a movement set. The usefulness of this is more abstract than the other examples, but it could be useful for training. An expert in a field could record themselves performing a physical task, and then LineFORM could allow an amateur to perform the same action while making sure they didn't deviate from the recorded path.
With all of the demonstrations, you have to use a healthy dose of imagination. This is an advanced proof-of-concept that could one day develop into something useful. "We envisage LineFORM-style devices coupled with flexible displays as next-generation mobile devices," say Ken Nakagaki, Sean Follmer, and Tangible Media Group head Professor Hiroshi Ishii, the three authors of the LineFORM research paper. "We have shown that a relatively small number of actuators can be used to achieve an expressive display ... our hope is that this work will motivate others to further explore the space."
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A Juneteenth salute to African-American troops' fight for emancipation: Letter
This Juneteenth, let us celebrate the end of slavery and remember the enormous contribution of black Americans in the struggle to achieve emancipation and to restore the Union.
This June 19, known as Juneteenth, is the 152nd anniversary of the event generally recognized as marking the end of slavery in America, the arrival of Union troops in Galveston, Texas to proclaim and enforce emancipation.
This is one of the most important events in our history, always worthy of the greatest celebration and almost always unacknowledged in the history taught us in school. Equally worthy of great celebration and equally unacknowledged has been the role of the African-American troops in ending slavery, turning the tide of the Civil War and preserving the Union. In early 1863, President Lincoln wrote, “The colored population is the great available yet unavailed of force for restoring the Union.”
Two months later, the War Department created the United States Colored Troops (USCT), which, by the end of the war, accounted for 10 percent of the Union Army and Navy, 200,000 men. Many former slaves volunteered, a staggering 85 percent of the eligible population. They served bravely and heroically. They had the highest casualty rate of any group in the Union Army; some 36,000 gave their lives. Frederick Douglass, the great abolitionist and writer, himself an escaped slave, said, "He who would be free must himself strike the blow." The USCT was truly the embodiment of that philosophy.
Omission of the great contribution of the USCT from the dominant historical narrative has only helped to perpetuate the historical misconception of blacks passively accepting emancipation bestowed upon them, a misconception that feeds into the country's resurgent plague of white supremacy.
All honor, praise and gratitude to the heroic USCT. Remember their legacy this Juneteenth.
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Inside An MS Exacerbation
Last updated: September 2023
Exacerbation, relapse, flare-up, attack: these are all names for the same thing with regard to Multiple Sclerosis. The general definition of this event is the occurrence of new or worsening of old symptoms lasting for more than 24 hours and taking place at least 30 days after a similar event. While this can be a standard occurrence for those with Multiple Sclerosis, not everyone actually understands what’s going during this period. Understanding what is happening during an exacerbation is critical for those with MS. With that in mind, I’ll do my best to help break it down as simply as I can.
What’s happening to the body during an MS exacerbation?
During one of these moments, the disease has caused your own immune system to attack your body. Specifically, your immune system begins to assault your central nervous system. Its weapon of choice? Inflammation (caused by various immune cells). This inflammation damages myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds and helps insulate our nerves. This insulative layer makes sure our nerves properly conduct the electrical signals that our brain sends to the other parts of our body (think of it as the plastic covering on an electrical wire). When this layer is damaged, those signals don’t move fast enough or at all, which is where we start to see our symptoms. Can’t lift your leg fast enough or at all? The myelin around a nerve between your brain and leg may have been compromised and the signal isn’t traveling as efficiently as it should be. Not only does our immune system damage the myelin, but it also damages the cells needed to regrow it.1
When the immune system attacks
These moments that we call exacerbations (or whichever term you like) are when the immune system is making its attack. It’s when the immune system has created a lot of inflammation in your central nervous system, and it’s damaging that myelin layer. Not only does this inflammation damage that protective coating, but it also has an effect on those signals that are traveling through that part of the central nervous system. We use steroids to fight exacerbations as they help to reduce this inflammation.1
When a relapse is over: the aftermath
When an exacerbation is over, these damaged areas of myelin develop some scar tissue (that’s where we get the term sclerosis in multiple sclerosis, we are left with multiple scars; these scars are also referred to as plaques or lesions). Once all that inflammation is gone or significantly reduced, some of that myelin can regrow, but it never grows back completely or strong enough due to the scarring and because the cells needed to facilitate regrowth have been damaged. This regrowth, coupled with the reduction in inflammation, is why people can seem to bounce back after an exacerbation. They may even seem like they are completely well again. That’s why people often use the term “relapse,” because they seem to improve or go back to the way they were. This is a pattern that is extremely common in people diagnosed with the Relapsing-Remitting form of the disease. However, the more exacerbations you have, the more your ability to bounce back becomes hindered.2,3
Accumulating damage over time
The more scars you have and the more cells that help regrow myelin are damaged, the less you are able to recover. In the past, maybe a damaged nerve could still get the brain’s signal where it needed to go, even if not the most efficiently (unless an outside influence temporarily triggered an issue). As more damage occurs over time though, the ability of that nerve to do its job, no matter the situation, becomes compromised. Basically, that’s how people with MS can worsen over time. That’s why doctors try to not only shorten the length of exacerbations through steroids but to minimize the overall number of them with disease-modifying drugs.2
What does advocacy mean to you as someone living with multiple sclerosis? Please select all that apply:
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Best Games for Teaching Children Right and Wrong
One of the best ways to help children learn fundamental principles such as patience, understanding, honesty and good behavior is without a doubt through games. By creating a fun and entertaining experience children will be able to grasp the differences between behavior that is encouraged and praised while slowly discouraging behaviors that don’t meet acceptable societal norms. It is important to introduce these principles at an early age since a child’s brain is starting to shape and absorb new observations from the environment.
In this OneHowTo article we dig into the best games for teaching children right and wrong.
Games that encourage children to help one another will teach them that offering help alongside communicating in a team is a preferred way to tackle problems. For instance, games that have children playing in teams such as the hot or cold game for younger children or scavenger hunt for older children are excellent choices to introduce cooperation to children. The focus on these games is encouraging children to work with each other to find the missing object.
One of the fundamental principles that we want to teach to children is that it is wrong to lie and that sharing the truth will only open them doors in the future. Honesty can be promoted through games such as the button game. In this game the players are competing to try and find out which of the players is hiding a button. The children are encouraged to uncover the liar. Similar games for older children are based on finding out the liar within the group or the person that might not be sharing the truth.
More cognitive demanding games such as chess and Sudoku can teach children consistency, perseverance and patience. These games require children a higher level of concentration and the merits from the effort are only acquired after a longer period of time. It can teach them that the right behavior is to be persistent and to wait for the reward as opposed to looking for the easy solution or the best way out. Since these are highly individualistic games it can also open them to new methods of learning right and wrong from a different perspective.
Sometimes for a child to learn what is right they need to learn first what is wrong. The popular matching game where children have to match two identical cards that are placed upside down is an excellent example of learning what is right after trial and error. Equally, classroom activities that ask children to guess the right answer from a serious of options allows them to judge from the options and slowly bet for the right answer. Teachers can use guessing games that promote self-discovery instead of instructing the correct answer form the start.
Teaching children the difference between right and wrong starts from introducing them to universal principles such as honesty, cooperation, patience and perseverance. Creating games that are based on these principles will precipitate quality educational experiences.
If you want to read similar articles to Best Games for Teaching Children Right and Wrong, we recommend you visit our Being a Mom & Dad category.
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A geographical model of high species diversity
Several cases of high species diversity, for example in tropical rain forests, imply that speciation has been frequent or rapid. However, how speciation could proceed so frequently as to generate extraordinary diversity still remains unsolved, despite recent advancements of diverse theories of allopatric and sympatric speciation. This paper presents a theoretical model that demonstrates the process of frequent speciation by means of geographical fragmentation. We focus on allopatric speciation and explore the evolutionary effect of fragmentation and extinction of demes (subpopulations) in a widespread species or species group. After a large contagious population of a single species is fragmented into demes, extinction of some demes could result in isolation of multiple demes. Thus, several demes could become good species simultaneously through the process of allopatric speciation. We apply the random extinction method to this fragmentation process where demes become randomly extinct. The present model illustrates that frequent speciation could occur in communities where large environmental changes frequently take place.
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Few people think of eating disorders when they think of addictions, but these conditions can be just as devastating and deadly as any alcohol or drug abuse. The reason that eating disorders occur is not fully known. Some specialists speculate that the individual controls their eating patterns and food intake because they feel that other areas are beyond their control. An eating disorder can include binge eating, and the food consumed takes the place of the substance. Individuals may eat too much or starve themselves, and either end of the spectrum is disastrous for their health. Overweight individuals may be addicted to the emotional comfort that the food provides, while those who starve may feel empowered by the decision to eat little or nothing each day.
If you have an eating disorder then you have an unhealthy view of food. Proper nutrition is vital to health and well being, and this requires food on a regular basis. Eating disorder treatment should include counseling and therapy to identify the root cause of the problem, as well as other methods that are also very beneficial. Treatment programs for eating disorders range from complex and highly effective to simple programs that provide little long term results. If you or someone you care about seems to have an eating disorder then help is needed. Valiant Recovery offers one of the best eating disorder treatment programs found anywhere, with a high success rate and proven results. An eating disorder can be treated and eliminated with the right program choice and therapy types.
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Farmers invest their time, money, and everlasting efforts in their farmlands to grow healthy high-yielding crops and they eagerly look forward to the harvesting season. Obviously, they regard every harvest as a sign of prosperity as they reap the benefits only at the time of harvesting. So farmers here celebrate the harvest festival, Pongal, for 4 days with fun & fervour. They thank the Mother Nature (pancha boothangal/ five elements) that helped them blessed with abundance by preparing Pongal in an open space outside their house and offer it to Sun God. Also they bathe their cows, bulls & other domestic animals including elephants and treat them with sugarcane, banana, sweet pongal, etc.
Pongal is the harvest festival celebrated in Tamilnadu by worshiping Sun & earth to express our gratitude for the entire year’s harvests. On this day we still follow the traditional method of cooking rice in brass, stainless steel or earthen pots. We decorate the Pongal Paanai (pot) with kolam drawn using rice flour & turmeric powder and tie the ginger or turmeric sprouts around its neck. Pongal means boiling over, it signifies prosperity & abundance, and hence it is considered auspicious to have boiled over while cooking pongal. We use Pongal paanai rather than electric cooker or pressure cooker as spilling over happens only when cooking pongal in pot.
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Artist's concept of dwarf planet Ceres
For nineteen years, NASA/ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope has made some of the most dramatic discoveries in the history of astronomy but it has also helped scientists learn more about our own Solar System. From its vantage point 600 km above the Earth, Hubble has studied every planet in our Solar System except Mercury where light from the Sun would damage its instruments. Part of Hubblecast 27, this clip is an artist’s concept of dwarf planet Ceres
ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen).
About the Video
|Release date:||16 January 2012, 11:22|
About the Object
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• X - HD Videos
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Some really great and short examples of illusions. If you want an explanation of them, I have added a link to the corresponding Wikipedia article.
Checker shadow illusion
Checker shadow illusion: The pieces A and B are of the same color.
Ebbinghaus illusion: the first central circle seems to be smaller than the second central circle although they are of identical size.
The Müller-Lyer illusion is simmilar.
Fraser spiral illusion
Although you think you see a spiral, there are only concentric circles. This illusion is known as Fraser spiral illusion.
Dark dots seem to appear and disappear in the Grid illusion.
In Jastow illusion, the two figures are identical, although the lower one appears to be larger.
In the figure of Zöllner illusion the black lines seem to be unparallel, but in reality they are parallel.
Hering illusion: Two straight and parallel lines look as if they were bowed outwards.
This image is the only animated one in this post. Spinning Dancer: If the foot touching the ground is perceived to be the left foot, the dancer appears to be spinning clockwise (if seen from above); if it is taken to be the right foot, then she appears to be spinning counterclockwise.
Illusory motion: This image is not animated!
Café wall illusion
Café wall illusion: the parallel straight dividing lines between staggered rows with alternating black and white "bricks" appear to be sloped
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Mungo Park (September 11, 1771 – 1806) was a Scottish explorer of the African continent.
Park was born in Selkirkshire at Foulshiels on the Yarrow, near Selkirk on a tenant farm which his father rented from the Duke of Buccleuch. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Although tenant farmers, the Parks were relatively well-off - they were able to pay for Park to have a good education, and Park's father died leaving property valued at £3,000. The Parks were Dissenters, and Park was brought up in the Calvinist tradition.
Park was educated at home before attending Selkirk grammar school, then, at the age of fourteen, taking up an apprenticeship with a surgeon named Thomas Anderson in Selkirk. During his apprenticeship he made friends with Anderson's son Alexander, and became acquainted with his daughter Allison, who would later become his wife. In October 1788, Park started at the University of Edinburgh, attending for four sessions studying medicine and botany. Notably, during his time at university, he spent a year in the natural history course of Prof John Walker. After completing his studies, he spent a summer in the Scottish highlands engaged in botanical fieldwork with his brother-in-law, James Dickson. Dickson was a botanist who had begun his career as a gardener and seed merchant in Covent Garden. In 1788 he and Sir Joseph Banks had founded the London Linnean Society. In January 1793, Park completed his medical education by passing an oral examination at the College of Surgeons in London. Through a recommendation by Banks, he then obtained the post of assistant surgeon on board the East Indiaman Worcester ship. The Worcester sailed to Benkulen in Sumatra in February 1793. Before departing, he wrote to his friend Alexander Anderson in terms that reflect his Calvinist upbringing:
My hope is now approaching to a certainty. If I be deceived, may God alone put me right, for I would rather die in the delusion than wake to all the joys of earth. may the Holy Spirit dwell in your heart, my dear friend, and if I ever see my native land again, my I rather see the green sod on your grave than see you anything but a Christian.
On his return in 1793, Park gave a lecture describing eight new Sumatran fishes to the Linnaean Society. He also presented various rare Sumatran plants to Banks.
The African Association
In 1794 Park offered his services to the African Association, then looking out for a successor to Major Daniel Houghton, who had been sent out in 1790 to discover the course of the Niger and had died in the Sahara. Supported by Sir Joseph Banks, Park was selected. On June 21, 1795 he reached the Gambia River and ascended the river 200 miles to a British trading station named Pisania. On December 2, accompanied by two local guides, he started for the unknown interior. He chose the route crossing the upper Senegal basin and through the semi-desert region of Kaarta. The journey was full of difficulties, and at Ludamar he was imprisoned by a Moorish chief for four months. He escaped, alone and with nothing save his horse and a pocket compass, on July 1 1796, and on the 21st of the same month reached the long-sought Niger at Segu, being the first European to do so. He followed the river downstream 80 miles to Silla, where he was obliged to turn back, lacking the resources to go further. On his return journey, begun on July 30, he took a route more to the south than that originally followed, keeping close to the Niger as far as Bamako, thus tracing its course for some 300 miles. At Kamalia he fell ill, and owed his life to the kindness of a man in whose house he lived for seven months. Eventually he reached Pisania again on June 10, 1797, returning to Scotland by way of America on December 22. He had been thought dead, and his return home with the news of the discovery of the Niger evoked great public enthusiasm. An account of his journey was drawn up for the African Association by Bryan Edwards, and his own detailed narrative appeared in 1799 (Travels in the Interior of Africa). It was extremely popular, has remained in print ever since and is also available in Project Gutenberg.
Between the journeys
Settling at Foulshiels, in August 1799 Park married Allison, daughter of his old master, Thomas Anderson. Two offers made to him to go to New South Wales in some official capacity came to nothing, and in October 1801 Park moved to Peebles, where he practised as a doctor.
In the autumn of 1803 he was invited by the government to lead another expedition to the Niger. Park, who chafed at the hardness and monotony of life at Peebles, accepted the offer, but the expedition was delayed. Part of the waiting time was occupied perfecting his Arabic - his teacher being Sidi Ambak Bubi, a native of Mogador, whose behaviour both amused and alarmed the people of Peebles. In May 1804 Park went back to Foulshiels, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Walter Scott, then living near by at Ashesteil, with whom he soon became friendly. In September he was summoned to London to leave on the new expedition; he left Scott with the hopeful proverb on his lips, "Freits (omens) follow those that look to them." Park had at that time adopted the theory that the Niger and the Congo were one, and in a memorandum drawn up before he left Britain he wrote: "My hopes of returning by the Congo are not altogether fanciful."
He sailed from Portsmouth for The Gambia on January 31, 1805, having been given a captain's commission as head of the government expedition. Alexander Anderson, his brother-in-law, was second in command, and on him was bestowed a lieutenancy. George Scott, a fellow Borderer, was draughtsman, and the party included four or five artificers. At Goree (then in British occupation) Park was joined by Lieutenant Martyn, R.A., thirty-five privates and two seamen. The expedition did not reach the Niger until the middle of August, when only eleven Europeans were left alive; the rest had succumbed to fever or dysentery. From Bamako the journey to Segu was made by canoe. Having received permission from the local ruler to proceed, at Sansandig, a little below Segu, Park made ready for his journey down the still unknown part of the river. Park, helped by one soldier, the only one left capable of work, converted two canoes into one tolerably good boat, 40 ft. long and 6 ft. broad. This he christened H.M. schooner "Joliba" (the native name for the Niger), and in it, with the surviving members of his party, he set sail down stream on November 19. At Sansandigr on October 28, Anderson died, and in him Park lost the only member of the party - except Scott, already dead - "who had been of real use". Those who embarked in the "Joliba" were Park, Martyn, three European soldiers (one mad), a guide and three slaves. Before his departure Park gave to Isaaco, a Mandingo guide who had been with him thus far, letters to take back to The Gambia for transmission to Britain. The spirit with which Park began the final stage of his enterprise is well illustrated by his letter to the head of the Colonial Office: "I shall," he wrote, "set sail for the east with the fixed resolution to discover the termination of the Niger or perish in the attempt though all the Europeans who are with me should die, and though I were myself half dead, I would still persevere, and if I could not succeed in the object of my journey, I would at least die on the Niger."
To his wife he wrote stating his intention not to stop nor land anywhere till he reached the coast, where he expected to arrive about the end of January 1806. These were the last communications received from Park, and nothing more was heard of the party until reports of disaster reached the settlements on The Gambia. At length the British government engaged Isaaco to go to the Niger to ascertain the fate of the explorer. At Sansandig Isaaco found the guide who had gone down stream with Park, and the substantial accuracy of the story he told was later confirmed by the investigations of Hugh Clapperton and Richard Lander. This guide (Amadi) stated that Park's canoe descended the river to Yauri, where he (the guide) landed. In this long journey of about 1,000 miles Park, who had plenty of provisions, stuck to his resolution of keeping aloof from the natives. Below Jenné, came Timbuktu, and at various other places the natives came out in canoes and attacked his boat. These attacks were all repulsed, Park and his party having plenty of firearms and ammunition and the natives having none. The boat also escaped the many perils attendant on the navigation of an unknown stream strewn with many rapids - Park had built the "Joliba" so that it drew only a foot of water. But at the Bussa rapids, not far below Yauri, the boat struck on a rock and remained fast. On the bank were gathered hostile natives, who attacked the party with bow and arrow and throwing spears. Their position being untenable, Park, Martyn, and the two soldiers who still survived, sprang into the river and were drowned. The sole survivor was one of the slaves, from whom was obtained the story of the final scene. Isaaco, and later Lander, obtained some of Park's effects, but his journal was never recovered. In 1827 his second son, Thomas, landed on the Guinea coast, intending to make his way to Bussa, where he thought his father might be detained a prisoner, but after penetrating some little distance inland he died of fever. Park's widow Allison died in 1840.
J Thomson's Mungo Park and the Niger (London, 1890) contains the best critical estimate of the explorer and his work. See also the Life (by Wishaw) prefixed to Journal of a Mission into the Interior of Africa in 1805 (London, 1815); H. B., Life of Mungo Park (Edinburgh, 1835); and an interesting passage in Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott, vol. ii.
One of Park's direct descendants is the Canadian author (of Scottish lineage), Professor Andrew Price-Smith, who has published extensively on health and development issues in Southern Africa.
- Park, Mungo (1816). Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797. London: John Murray.
Mungo Park Medal
The Royal Scottish Geographical Society award the Mungo Park Medal annually in Park's honour.
This article might use material from a Wikipedia article, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.
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Take Our 10-Question Quiz
Lookups spiked on March 23, 2012.
When the much anticipated film "The Hunger Games" opened, many reviews used dystopia to describe its frightening futuristic setting.
Dystopia means "an imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives."
The word itself is based on utopia, a word that in Greek literally translates as "no place" since its perfection is unattainable. Dystopia translates literally as "bad place."
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When you look into it, the hole that has been causing nightmare delays and closures on the M2 might have a history dating back nearly 200 years.
The 15ft chasm that has closed the motorway and caused traffic chaos across the county was first thought to be a sinkhole.
But it has now been revealed to be an historic denehole - a man-made structure often used to mine for chalk.
The hole created a chasm in the motorway. Exclusive picture: Simon Burchett
And it could well be the scene of a dramatic rescue dating back to 1820 - in which a woman fell down a large hole in the area now covered by the M2 denehole.
According to a story published in the Kentish Gazette on December 7 that year, a 20-year-old woman fell down the hole near Doddington.
The article read: "The well in which she was found, was about 30 feet deep and had been made for the purpose of obtaining chalk, and being carelessly left open, was the cause of the accident which had so nearly proved fatal to her.
Work is ongoing on the M2 to repair the hole. Picture: Simon Burchett
"The poor girl says that she has nothing to subsist upon during her 15 days and nights in this dreadful situation, but a little water, which she collected in a hole she made at the bottom of the well.
"After she was taken from the well, she was conveyed to the Workhouse at Doddington, when being treated in the manner that her situation, and great caution being observed in the kind and quantity of food given her, she is likely to recover.”
Other theories surrounding the area refer to it being dug sometime between 1904 and 1908.
According to the Kent Underground Rescue Group (KURG), the giant chasm near Doddington was the last of its kind to be dug in Kent.
Highways Agency workers at the site. Picture: Simon Burchett
The M2 wasn’t built until 1963 so the hole would have been filled before the road was built.
In an interview with KURG in 1976, excavator ‘Tokey’ Higgins spoke about the Doddington hole, labelling deneholes as "dangerous places to explore since many are now in an unstable condition."
He said: "I had a small quarry and lime kell (kiln) just above the "Chequers" on Chequers Hill and, after an argument with the owner of the land, had to leave them.
"To stay in business, I moved up the hill on the same side and, on a small bit of ground, I built a brick kell and sank a draw well.
The hole as seen from above. Picture: Simon Burchett
"This was in 1904 and at first I pulled up the chalk in baskets by hand with an old well-top windlass but later used an old horse that walked downhill and brought it up by block and tackle.
"I worked as a casual day labourer on the farms and lime burning was a "fall back" job.
"When the well was 20ft deep, I began to widen it as the old timers did until 1908 when I gave it up."
Can you shed any light on the denehole's history? Contact [email protected] with details.
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Quantum key travels record distance
Oct 3, 2002
A team of researchers from Germany and the UK has transmitted a key for quantum cryptography 23.4 km through the atmosphere, more than twice as far as the previous best distance. The experiment, performed by researchers from the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich and QinetiQ in the UK, took place at night between two mountains in the South German Alps. The result suggests that quantum-encoded transmissions could soon be established to and from low-orbiting satellites, enabling completely secure communications between any two points on Earth.
Quantum encryption keys are based on the laws of quantum mechanics and unlike other encryption codes based on mathematical number theory, they are impossible to intercept or break. As a result, two parties can use a successfully transmitted key to encode and decode secure messages with complete confidence.
Earlier this year a team of scientists from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the US reported that they had transmitted a quantum key over 10 km in the mountains of New Mexico. In the latest trial, single infrared photons at a wavelength of 850 nm were sent between a group of lasers located on the summit of Zugspitze (at an altitude of 2950 m) and a telescope on the summit of Karwendespitze (at an altitude of 2244 m). The experiment was carried out at high altitude to avoid problems with air turbulence and took place at night in order to minimise the effects of background light.
“Using slightly bigger telescopes, optimized filters and anti-reflection coatings we expect to be able to build a system which is stable up to 34 dB of loss and capable of maximum ranges exceeding 1600 km, suitable for satellite key upload,” says John Rarity of QinetiQ. “The main problem now is not loss but pointing and tracking from the ground and from the satellite with sufficient accuracy.”
About the author
Oliver Graydon is editor of Optics.org and Opto & Laser Europe magazine
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“Racism is both overt and covert. It takes two, closely related forms: individual whites acting against individual blacks, and acts by the total white community against the black community. We call these individual racism and institutional racism. The first consists of overt acts by individuals, which cause death, injury or the violent destruction of property. This type can be recorded by television cameras; it can frequently be observed in the process of commission. The second type is less overt, far more subtle, less identifiable in terms of specific individuals committing the acts. But it is no less destructive of human life. The second type originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than the first type.
When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children, that is an act of individual racism, widely deplored by most segments of the society. But when in that same city—Birmingham, Alabama—five hundred black babies die each year because of the lack of proper food, shelter and medical facilities, and thousands more are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community, that is a function of institutional racism. When a black family moves into a home or a white neighborhood and is stoned, burned or routed out, they are victims of an overt act of individual racism which many people will condemn—at least in words. But it is institutional racism that keeps black people locked in dilapidated slum tenements, subject to the daily prey of exploitative slumlords, merchants, loan sharks and discriminatory real estate agents. The society either pretends it does not know of this latter situation, or is in fact incapable of doing anything meaningful about it. We shall examine the reasons for this in a moment.
Institutional racism relies on the active and pervasive operation of anti-black attitudes and practices. A sense of superior group position prevails: whites are “better” than blacks; therefore blacks should be subordinated to whites. This is a racist attitude and it permeates the society, on both the individual and institutional level, covertly and overtly.
“Respectable” individuals can absolve themselves from individual blame: they would never plant a bomb in a church; they would never stone a black family. But they continue to support political officials and institutions that would and do perpetuate institutionally racist policies. Thus acts of overt, individual racism may not typify the society, but institutional racism does—with the support of covert, individual attitudes of racism. As Charles Silberman wrote, in Crisis in Black and White,
What we are discovering, in short, is that the United States—all of it, North as well as South, West as well as East—is a racist society in a sense and to a degree that we have refused so far to admit, much less face. . . . The tragedy of race relations in the United States is that there is no American Dilemma. White Americans are not torn and tortured by the conflict between their devotion to the American creed and their actual behavior. They are upset by the current state of race relations, to be sure. But what troubles them is not that justice is being denied but that their peace is being shattered and their business interrupted [pp. 9–10].
To put it another way, there is no “American dilemma” because black people in this country form a colony, and it is not in the interest of the colonial power to liberate them. Black people are legal citizens of the United States with, for the most part, the same legal rights as other citizens. Yet they stand as colonial subjects in relation to the white society. Thus institutional racism has another name: colonialism.”
Pp. 4-5 in Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton‘s Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (1967; NY: Vintage) [Emphasis added, italics Carmichael and Hamilton’s; online version here].
However, about one thousand years later, the
historic Greeks grew to become interested in Geometry as a
discipline that follows sample and relationships based mostly on logic https://math-problem-solver.com/ .
In this sport, you will have to attain the maximum by giving maximum
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Voice over IP: Understanding how it works
In a VoIP call, the method of transmission used between two IP phones is UNICAST transmission. Contrary to multicast transmission, whereas making use of unicast transmission, a single node issues a stream of data to one other node.
Voice over IP (VoIP) utilizes the Internet Protocol (IP) to transfer voice as packets over an IP network. So VoIP can be attained on any data network that utilizes IP, such as the Internet, intranets, and Local Area Networks (LAN). Here the voice signal is compressed, digitized, and changed to IP packets and then transmitted over the IP network. Signaling protocols are used to configure up and tear down calls, carry data needed to locate subscribers, and negotiate capabilities. One of the main advantages of internet telephony is the less cost involved.
How does VoIP call work?
This depends on if the called party is on an analog phone or another IP device. Many different VoIP providers facilitate VoIP calls. In case you are calling another IP device, the call does not need to connect to the PSTN.
A caller rings the number, and the call is passed from the appliance to a router. The router progresses the call to the internet, where it reaches one of the Voice over IP provider’s servers. The call then gets passed along local internet lines on the other end to the recipient’s router and then top their IP device.
The procedure for calling a traditional analog phone is exactly the same apart from one altered step. After the call withdraws from the provider’s servers, it goes via a media gateway that translates everything from digital to traditional and passes the call to the local PSTN. The call is then transmitted along the local PSTN as an analog signal to the right subscriber line.
VoIP has important applications for everyone, from individual subscribers to big enterprises. VoIP applications and technological capabilities keep on increasing. Session Initiation (SIP) has emerged as a technology that compliments VoIP.
What is VoIP?
VoIP phone explained
VoIP telephone service uses an internet connection to deliver voice calls using packet-switching technology. VoIP phone service is cost-effective, and the telephone number that you buy can be used from any compatible device, like your desktop computer, mobile devices, and laptop. The number stays with you anywhere you are located provided you have internet access, you can place VoIP call.
The system structure of VoIP
The VoIP network is actually built on the PSTN network. However, several different pieces of hardware and software exist to make the packet-switching possible.
These comprise of the actual handsets, or similar implemented to place a phone call. Legacy phones can connect to a Voice over IP network with an adapter. Other calling options include an IP phone look like regular phones: however, they connect to the network using an Ethernet jack instead of a telephone jack. PCs that have the right applications and hardware accessories (headset, soundcard, and speakers) can also be used to place VoIP phone calls.
Gateways offer seamless interoperability between circuit-switching and packet switching network domains. Otherwise stated, the media gateway connects the IP network to the PSTN and enables those two networks to talk to each other. Gateways also control IP signaling and power local exchange and toll switches on the PSTN. On top of all that, gateways can manage a wide variety of traffic kinds: voice, fax, multimedia, and data.
The function of the soft switch is to control the voice or data traffic path by signaling between the media gateways that transport the traffic. Softswitches utilize established protocols and specifications to make sure that a call or connection’s underlying signaling information is communicated between gateways. This data includes things such as caller ID, billing info, and other call triggers. While a media gateway is a real piece of hardware, a Softswitch is an application, and can be integrated into a media gateway.
(Internet Protocol private branch exchange) IP PBX
IP PBXs can do everything that traditional PBXs can do, and more. An IP PBX allows organizations to leverage their controlled intranet for voice and data solutions. These can run the gamut from unified messaging, conferencing, multimedia, collaborative solutions, and more. IP PBXs can be physical software and hardware, and, as a result, businesses can leverage hosted IP PBXs for their needs.
So, how does VoIP work?
In simple terms, VoIP based on the same idea as a voice recording on a computer. Nonetheless, VoIP is more complex and needs much more for it to work. When voice recording takes place on a computer, it records only a limited frequency range and uses simple CODECs to change analog signals to digital audio. The computer may also compress the voices so that they can occupy less space.
Things are contrasting when it comes to VoIP. For Voice over IP, the CODECS are more complex and are optimized to compress the sound, which assists reduce the bandwidth used in the uncompressed sound stream. The CODECs implemented in this technology are adopted to improve spoken words with the loss of sounds outside the frequency of human sound. Music or other sounds passed via VoIP CODECs do not sound okay. Nonetheless, there are advanced CODECs out there that work well when used for speech or music.
After the audio is recorded by the PC, which is normally in another location, and compressed into small samples, the audio samples are gathered in large groups and placed into data packets for transmission over the communication network (IP network). This procedure is known as packetization. Following VoIP experts, a single data packet has ten or more milliseconds of audio, with twenty and thirty milliseconds being the most common.
Packetization is sophisticated, and some IP data packets may get lost in the process. To compensate for the lost packets, the CODECs fill the gaps with audios that make sense to the human ear. This is known as packet-loss concealment (PLC). Moder4n advancements in VoIP systems enable packets to be sent multiple times to decrease packet loss. The method of sending packets multiple times is known as redundancy.
Experts also use a forward error correction (FEC) to prevent packet loss. Forward error correction includes some information from previously transmitted IP packets in the subsequent IP packets. The method uses mathematical operations to reconstruct lost packets using information bits from other neighboring packets.
However, sometimes, packets can be delayed. This can cause problems for VoIP since VoIP systems are built to play voice packets after they get into the system. Delays indicate the information will be too old for the VoIP system to play, and the old voice packets are discarded. Discarding old packets is acceptable even though this can lead to a choppy voice. Luckily, this does not interfere much with a phone call since PLC and REC algorithms help offer good audio quality.
Even though delays can amplify or decrease during the course of a phone call, VoIP systems are built to expect delays. Delay, in this situation, which means it takes longer for a recorded voice spoken by the first user to reach the second user on the other end. VoIP systems keep on evolving, and better versions are being established. Nonetheless, variation in delay is still a common issue and should be addressed. Typically, the right network should have an end-to-end delay below 100ms. In case one is using satellite systems to place a phone call, a delay of up to 400ms is acceptable. As discussed before, jitter leads to temporary glitches, so future VoIP devices must solve this issue.
When it comes to video calls, they work the same as voice calls. During a video call, information transmitted via the camera is broken into small pieces, compressed with special communication network compressor and decompressor algorithms, and placed into small data packets.
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Russia Claims North Pole in Global Race for Oi
Two Russian vessels have reached the North Pole and will attempt to plant a Russian flag on the Arctic seafloor as part of a scientific expedition, according to the government-owned ITAR-TASS news agency.
The stunt is part of an ambitious Russian plan to claim a large swath of the Arctic believed to contain vast reserves of untapped oil and gas deposits at a time when global oil use is rising swiftly and scientists predict oil production could peak as early as next year.
According to ITAR-TASS, the icebreaker Rossiya and the scientific vessel Akademik Fyodorov reached the North Pole on Wednesday, Aug. 1, after a week-long voyage.
An ambitious claim
Polar explorer and Russian parliament member Artur Chilingarov heads a team of about 100 scientists on the expedition designed to find evidence that the Lomonosov Ridge—a 1,200-mile underwater mountain range that crosses the polar region—is a geologic extension of Russia.
Just prior to reaching their polar destination, Russian researchers used two mini-submarines to dive to a depth of 4,300 feet (1,300 meters). The dives "were only a dress rehearsal before diving at the North Pole, where depths are over four kilometers (2.5 miles)," Chilingarov told ITAR-TASS.
Chilingarov and fellow parliament member Vladimir Grudez will later attempt to dive in one of the mini-subs to more than 13,200 feet (4,023 meters), where they will drop a titanium tube containing the Russian flag on the sea floor.
The gesture will symbolize Russia's claim to a large chunk of the Arctic shelf twice the area of Britain and estimated to contain up to 10 billion tons of oil and gas deposits, as well as vast reserves of diamonds and valuable metals such as gold, tin and platinum.
Under current international law, Russia, Canada, the United States, Norway and Denmark—the countries with territories ringing the Arctic—are limited to a 200-mile economic zone around their coastlines.
In May, Russian leader Vladimir Putin claimed that the Lomonosov Ridge is a geologic extension of Siberia and can therefore be claimed by Russia under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Ironically, the North Pole is already drifting towards Siberia, albeit in a very slow, geologic way.
A similar bid by Russia for land beyond its 200-mile zone was rejected five years ago. But Russian scientists now say they have photographic evidence to back up Putin's claim.
Other countries are protesting Russia's claim. Denmark, for example, claims the Lomonosov Ridge is an extension of its territories via Greenland.
Lots of potential
If any country can claim the Arctic, it would also own what could prove to be a very valuable shipping lane in the near future. The North Pole has changed during the last century due to global warming, and scientists predict the region could be ice-free during summer by as soon as 2040.
An ice-free Arctic would mean access to new commercial fishing spots and a much more navigable Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific for ships that could potentially shorten sea voyages between Europe and Asia by up to 2,000 nautical miles, compared to current trade routes through the Panama Canal.
In addition to the flag-dropping stunt, the Akademik Fyodorov scientists will also attempt to collect samples of marine creatures living in the Arctic depths. If successful, the Russian submarine dive will be the first ever manned descent to the North Pole's ocean bottom.
History of exploration
American Navy engineer Robert Edwin Peary claimed to be the first to reach the geographic North Pole in 1909, but his achievement is disputed because no one in his party was trained in navigation to independently confirm Peary's calculations.
The first landing at the North Pole was a Soviet party that landed a plane nearby and walked to the pole in 1948, according to the Scott Polar Research Institute.
Two U.S. Navy submarines reached the North Pole in 1958 and 1959, respectively. The first passed under the pole, and the second became the first vessel to surface there.
Norwegian Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the geographic South Pole on Dec. 14, 1911. Amundsen is also credited with the first undisputed sighting of the North Pole from an airship, in 1926.
LiveScience's Andrea Thompson and the Associated Press contributed to this report.
- Black Gold: Where the Oil Is
- Image Gallery: Extreme Living: Scientists at the End of the Earth
- Timeline: The Frightening Future of Earth
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The Inka empire was the largest pre-Columbian polity in the New World. Its vast expanse, its ethnic diversity, and the fact that the empire may have been consolidated in less than a century have prompted much scholarly interest in its creation. In this study, Besom explores the ritual practices of human sacrifice and the worship of mountains, attested in both archaeological investigations and ethnohistorical sources, as tools in the establishment and preservation of political power.
Besom examines the relationship between symbols, ideology, ritual, and power to demonstrate how the Cuzquenos could have used rituals to manipulate common Andean symbols to uphold their authority over subjugated peoples. He considers ethnohistoric accounts of the categories of human sacrifice to gain insights into related rituals and motives, and reviews the ethnohistoric evidence of mountain worship to predict locations as well as motives.
He also analyzes specific archaeological sites and assemblages, theorizing that they were the locations of sacrifices designed to assimilate subject peoples, bind conquered lands to the state, and/or justify the extraction of local resources.
The book is published by University of New Mexico Press.
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To access this title, visit your library in the app or on the desktop website.
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A genetic mutation in mammals 10 million years ago greatly enhanced their ability to break down alcohol in the food they ate. That’s the finding of researcher Matthew Carrigan at Santa Fe College in Gainesville, Florida. That would have helped our ancestors make good use of the rotting, fermented fruit that fell onto forest floors.
The researchers studied the alcohol dehydrogenase or ADH4 family of enzymes in 28 mammals, including 17 primates, spanning nearly 70 million years of primate evolution. By inserting their genes for ADH4 into bacteria which then produced the enzymes, Carrigan and his colleagues could test how well the different enzymes broke down alcohol. The 10 million-year-old mutation made the enzyme 40 times more powerful.
“Just because they were adapted to be able to ingest it doesn’t mean ethanol was their first choice, nor that they were perfectly adapted to metabolize it,” Carrigan told Scientific American. But the mutation meant they could take advantage of another source of food without getting sick.
See: “Origins of Human Alcohol Consumption Revealed” by Charles Q. Choi on the Scientific American website (2014).
Also: “Drunk monkeys shed light on the evolution of boozing” by Faye Flam on the Stat website (2016)
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Diabetes is more prevalent than ever and 95% of cases diagnosed are type 2 diabetes.
Although for some the development of diabetes is inevitable, perhaps due to heriditery and other factors, for the vast majority it can be prevented by taking these 7 simple steps…
Before diabetes type 2 becomes fully developed you go through a stage known as pre-diabetes. This is where you start to show some of the symptoms, which if ignored, can lead to full blown diabetes.
Make these 7 action points part of your daily routine and you could stop this disease happening to you:
1) If you are overweight you risk developing diabetes. Reduce the amount of food on your plate so you gradually eat less and start to lose weight. Drink a glass of plain water or a sugar-free drink before your meal to take the edge of any hunger pains.
2) Reduce the amount of fat you are eating; grill or bake foods instead of frying; use low-fat spreads and reduced fat meals.
3) Check the Glycemic Index of the food you are eating – knowing what each food contains helps maintain your blood-sugars, which in turn can prevent the full onset of diabetes.
4) Drink at least 8 glasses of water every day. If you keep a bottle of water with you and sip frequently you’ll be surprised how much you do drink throughout the day.
5) If you are feeling peckish choose a healthy snack rather than a chocolate bar.
6) Use skimmed rather than full-fat milk in hot drinks.
7) Exercise is good for health. But if you are not use to exercise then start in moderation. 15 minutes gentle walking each day will ease you into a regular exercising pattern.
All of these action points are also the ones that diabetics are advised to take – if you take them now you might possibly prevent irreparable damage to your health.
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Key to Hepatitis C May Be Two Cellular Proteins
FRIDAY Jan. 8, 2010 -- Researchers have identified two cellular proteins that play an important role in hepatitis C infection, and they say the finding may point to new and less toxic treatments for the disease, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The conventional treatments for hepatitis C are interferon and ribavirin, which can cause major side effects and aren't effective in all patients. A new drug that targets cellular proteins rather than viral proteins would be an important advance in treatment, according to the team from the University of California at Los Angeles.
The researchers found that heat shock proteins 40 and 70 are major cellular factors in hepatitis C infection. They also discovered that a natural compound called Quercetin blocks the synthesis of these proteins and significantly inhibited viral infection in tissue culture.
Quercetin -- a plant-based bioflavonoid sometimes used as a nutritional supplement -- may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
"This is an important finding because we can block these proteins with the idea of reducing the level of the virus in people and, ideally, completely eliminate it," study senior author Samuel French, an assistant professor of pathology, said in a UCLA news release.
The study was published in the December issue of the journal Hepatology.
A phase 1 clinical trial will be conducted at UCLA to determine if Quercetin is safe and effective in patients with type 1 hepatitis C. Only about 50 percent of patients with type 1 hepatitis C respond to treatment.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about hepatitis C.
Posted: January 2010
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Anesthesia for Hand Surgery
The goal of anesthesia for procedures involving the upper extremity is to provide the most comfortable and safe experience for the patient during surgery. Various options are available, each of which have particular benefits and risks. The decision regarding which anesthetic technique is chosen is dependent upon various factors, including the extent, site, and expected duration of surgery; need for sedation; general medical health of the patient, and personal preference, among others. The following is a brief discussion of various anesthetic techniques commonly utilized when performing surgery on the hand and wrist.
- Local anesthesia. The simplest anesthetic technique is to inject medications (local anesthetics) directly into the site where a procedure will be performed. This is commonly used for simple, small operations, which can be performed quickly. Advantages of local anesthesia include quick onset, minimal expense, and simplicity. In addition, a local anesthetic is most commonly administered by the surgeon, and there is no need for the services of an anesthesiologist. Disadvantages of local anesthesia include inability to anesthetize a large area, distortion of tissues from the local anesthetic substance, and discomfort and pain associated with use of a tourniquet. For select patients, local anesthesia can be administered along with intravenous sedatives provided by an anesthesiologist. This technique is beneficial for those patients who require sedation due to anxiety or a potential need for more prolonged surgical time.
- Hematoma block. A useful technique in providing anesthesia for the manipulation of certain fractures is called a “hematoma block.” This technique involves injecting anesthesia directly into the fracture site, where blood and fluid has accumulated. The local anesthetic mixes with the fluid (fracture hematoma) and numbs the ends of the bone. This technique allows for fracture manipulation and reduction to take place with minimal discomfort. Similar to local anesthesia, this procedure can be performed without sedation in an office, clinic, or outpatient surgical setting. Hematoma blocks are most commonly utilized for distal radius fractures.
- Regional anesthesia (nerve) blocks. Regional anesthesia utilizes medications to selectively block the sensory function of specific nerves in the extremities. There are a variety of regional anesthetic techniques, including digital blocks, wrist blocks, intravenous regional anesthetic blocks, and Axillary blocks.
- Digital blocks are a simple and quick method to anesthetize individual fingers and the thumb for many small procedures. With this technique, a local anesthetic is injected at the site where the two digital nerves enter the digits. Digital blocks can provide rapid anesthesia to select digits, which is useful for many simple office and outpatient surgical procedures.
- Wrist blocks are based upon the anatomy of the three nerves at the wrist level. The palmar surface of the thumb, index, middle, and radial-half of the ring finger are supplied by the median nerve, which enters the wrist through the carpal tunnel. The Ulnar nerve passes through Guyon’s tunnel, which boundaries are formed by the Hook of Hamate and Pisiform, two carpal bones on the medial or ulnar side of the wrist. The ulnar nerve supplies the medial side of the ring finger, and the little finger. Lastly, the radial nerve passes through the wrist in the subcutaneous tissue over the radial styloid. The radial nerve supplies sensation to the dorsal (or top) of the thumb, index, and (occasionally) middle finger. Local blocks can be given at the site where these three nerves enter the wrist to provide anesthesia for specific procedures in the hand and digits.
- Intravenous (IV) regional anesthesia is a technique whereby local anesthesia medication is injected into a vein, and then infiltrates out into the soft tissue to provide anesthesia to the whole arm. First, a needle is placed into a vein, and then the blood is removed from the extremity by use of a rubber bandage wrapped from the fingers to the upper arm. A tourniquet on the upper arm is then inflated, which prevents blood from refilling the venous system. Local anesthetic medication is then injected through the previously positioned needle into the empty vein, and the tourniquet then prevents it from getting into the rest of the body. The venous system of the arm becomes filled with the local anesthetic, which then slowly leaks out and numbs the extremity. This is a commonly used technique which provides anesthesia to the entire upper extremity for one to two hours. Intravenous regional anesthesia is commonly preferred for routine hand and wrist surgeries because it is well tolerated, safe, reliable, and has a rapid onset.
- Axillary block anesthesia is a technique which can also provide anesthesia to the whole arm. After the nerves exit the spinal cord, they connect from the Axillary (armpit) and upper arm to the forearm and hand. In the axillary area, local anesthetic medication is injected adjacent to the nerves, which blocks nerve function to the lower arm. This technique may provide adequate anesthesia for the entire upper extremity for several hours – allowing many complex surgical procedures to be performed. Axillary blocks are commonly used in providing lasting pain relief for many hours following extensive surgical procedures.
- General anesthesia is also utilized for many hand surgical procedures. Contemporary techniques are used to safely put the patient “to sleep,” often on an outpatient basis. General anesthesia requires an anesthesiologist and monitoring, and must be performed in a surgery center or hospital setting. Certain medical conditions may preclude the use of general anesthesia. For many patients, a preoperative evaluation by an internist or family doctor is beneficial in determining whether there are any medical factors which may place the patient at increased risk for general anesthesia.
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Summary. This page has been established to warn the public about the potential dangers of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG). The World Health Center report on MSG and the Mayo Clinic Report on MSG support the information presented on this page. For more information, there are many books written about the dangers of MSG.
Hazards Overview. Many people have experienced negative side effects from ingesting Monosodium Glutamate (MSG). Side effects may include paralysis, inability to breathe, tingling, and swelling. Negative reactions can be so severe that MSG consumption could be deadly for some people. For this reason, socially responsible restaurants and food manufacturers no longer use MSG as a flavor enhancer, and have switched to natural seasonings instead. Unfortunately, some restaurants and food manufacturers still use MSG.
MSG Naturally Occurring in Food is Misleading. Some misinformation that’s become increasingly promoted is that MSG is naturally found in food and therefore it is safe. While it is true that there are minute levels of unprocessed glutamate found in some foods, this is irrelevant when considering the safety of MSG. Just because Cocaine is naturally occurring in the Coca leaf, doesn’t mean processed raw cocaine is safe. The beautiful poppy flower is relatively harmless, yet it’s the source of opium, heroin, and many harmful and addictive opiates such as morphine and codeine. Tobacco is a harmless plant that grows in nature, yet when smoked or chewed it can cause cancer. Just because glutamates are found to be naturally occurring in small quantities doesn’t make them safe.
Brain Damage. According to a recent report by the UHR, excitotoxins like MSG can result in brain damage even as they are found in small amounts in natural foods.
For this reason, MSG is listed by Underground Health Reporter in the #1 position among the top-10 list of most harmful ingredients in foods.
Mayo Clinic Health Advisory. The MayoClinic warning on MSG states, “some people report more severe reactions [than those mentioned in the FDA study]. The only way to prevent a reaction is to avoid foods containing MSG. When MSG is added to food, the FDA requires that ‘monosodium glutamate’ be listed on the label — or on the menu, in restaurants.” The Mayo Clinic warning cites the following list of possible reactions to MSG:
- Headache, sometimes called MSG headache
- Sense of facial pressure or tightness
- Numbness, tingling or burning in or around the mouth
- Rapid, fluttering heartbeats (heart palpitations)
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
U.S. Government Food Safety Warning. The transport of MSG is controlled by the Bioterrorism Act of 2002. [PDF source] Because there is so much concern about MSG, the FDA commissioned a study be conducted by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). The study resulted in a 350 page report completed on 31 July 1995 [this report mysteriously deleted from public archives]. The research determined that MSG consumption can result in the following side-effects:
- burning sensation in the back of the neck, forearms and chest
- numbness in the back of the neck, radiating to the arms and back
- tingling, warmth and weakness in the face, temples, upper back, neck and arms
- facial pressure or tightness
- chest pain
- rapid heartbeat
- bronchospasm (difficulty breathing) in MSG-intolerant people with asthma
Lack of Government Regulation. Despite numerous findings by government agencies and health institutions, the FDA refuses to take any action that would prohibit the use of MSG. As with many uncontrolled substances, it all comes down to money. The sale of Monosodium Glutamate is big business. Despite the health hazards, annual worldwide demand is about 1.1 million tons. So, it’s unlikely that any government agency will limit the use of MSG. In such circumstances, it is up to consumers to become informed to protect themselves.
Excitotoxins. Monosodium Glutamate is categorized as an Excitotoxin. In 1996, Dr. Russell L. Blaylock M.D. published the book Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills. In his book, Dr. Blaylock cites studies in which MSG was found to produce brain lesions, obesity, and brain damage. Citing a 1968 study conducted by Dr. John W. Olney, Dr. Blaylock writes, “… not only did MSG cause severe damage to the neurons in the retina of the eye, but … it also caused widespread destruction of neurons in the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain adjacent to the ventricular system, called the cirumventricular organs.” (p. 35) Dr. Blaylock continues, “… at the time of Dr. Olney’s report, even baby foods contained relatively large doses of MSG. … The discovery of Dr. Olney was particularly important because the hypothalamus plays such an important role in controlling so many areas of the body. This little piece of brain, no larger than the fingernail of your little finger, controls a multitude of systems: regulating growth, the onset of puberty, most of the endocrine glands, appetite, sleep cycles and waking patterns, the biological clock and even consciousness itself. Dr. Olney’s studies on various species of test animals disclosed that MSG, when fed in doses similar to those found in human diets, destroys hypothalamic neurons. This type of hypothalamic damage produces a particular syndrome in animals which caused them to be short in stature, obese, and to have reproductive problems. … Recognizing the immediate danger to the public, especially to the unborn child, Dr. Olney and others testified before Congress concerning these dangers. As a result of their vigilance, MSG was voluntarily removed from baby foods in 1969. But no one had warned pregnant women of the danger to their developing babies caused by the MSG found within their own food. This danger would exist if the glutamate from the mother’s blood entered the blood of their unborn baby. In 1974, Dr. Olney demonstrated that MSG, when fed to pregnant Rhesus monkeys, could cause brain damage to their offspring. Other researchers found similar results when pregnant rats were fed MSG.” (pp. 36-37)
Strong Political Lobby. In the early days of tobacco product promotion, all those involved in the tobacco industry assured the public that tobacco consumption would not have an adverse impact on health. The manufacturers, advertisers, and the tobacco lobby had much at stake. Today’s equivalent to tobacco is MSG. So, it’s not surprising that there is an MSG alliance of organizations attempting to ensure the ongoing sale and profitability of MSG distribution. Simply known as, The Glutamate Association, the front organization for promoting and defending MSG sales is shrouded behind a cloak of secrecy. The official Glutamate Association website doesn’t reveal their physical location or the identity of any members. With millions of dollars at stake, you can believe this organization is doing everything it can to hold on to their market share.
The Glutamate Association, established in 1977, is an association of manufacturers, national marketers, and processed food users of glutamic acid and its salts, principally the flavor enhancer, monosodium glutamate (MSG). Among the Association’s international members are many of the world’s largest food companies involved in such diverse areas as the manufacturing and marketing of food ingredients, spice and flavor blends, and canned, frozen and other packaged prepared foods.
Some Snack Foods Do Not Contain Monosodium Glutamate. Despite its dangers, monosodium glutamate is still found in many snack foods as well as Top Ramen instant noodles. For this reason, one would think it’s impossible to make a spicy snack food without using MSG. However, it is clearly possible to manufacture very tasty and flavorful snack foods without the use of MSG as demonstrated by the following manufacturers’ products that do not contain MSG:
- Blue Diamond Almonds spicy flavors such as Jalapeño Smokehouse and Wasabi flavor
- Cheez-It snack crackers (original flavor) by Kellog’s/Sunshine. Warning: Some new variations of Cheez-It crackers contain MSG.
- Wal-Mart Great Value BBQ flavored Potato Chips
Further Reading. Below are links to articles with additional information about MSG.
- Monosodium glutamate (MSG): Is it harmful? (Mayo Clinic)
- The Dangers of Monosodium Glutamate (HowStuffWorks)
Videos. Below is a video series from CBN featuring Dr. Russell L. Blaylock M.D., author of the the book Excitotoxins: The Taste that Kills.
Document History. This document was first published on 20080903at1001. It was revised on 20120226su1926 to correct two typos.
Page Visitors. Below is a map showing recent page visitors as of 22 November 2013. Click a map for a larger view.
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Susanna Centlivre 1669-1723
(Born Susanna Freeman) English playwright and poet.
Centlivre was one of the most popular female playwrights of the eighteenth century, with her plays receiving over 1200 performances between 1700 and 1800. The Busie Body (1709), The Wonder: A Woman Keeps a Secret (1714), A Bold Stroke for a Wife (1718), and other works entertained London audiences throughout the century and formed part of the stage repertoire of the preeminent actors of the period, David Garrick and John Philip Kemble, who found them eminently actable as well as reliable crowd-pleasers. Her most successful works were her comedies, which reflect a transition in theatrical conventions and styles, blending the sharp satire typical of Restoration plays with a more amiable and moral type of comedy, which suited the changing tastes of her audience.
Details concerning Centlivre's early life are scanty, and those that exist—mainly derived from several eighteenth-century biographical sketches—are often contradictory. A 1719 account of her life, which may contain information provided by Centlivre herself, states that her father was a Mr. Freeman of Holbeach in Lincolnshire, and her mother was the daughter of a Mr. Marham of Lynn Regis, Norfolk. Records of a parish church in Whaplode, Lincolnshire—which is near Holbeach—indicate that a Susanna, daughter of William and Anne Freeman, was baptized on November 20, 1669. Her parents both died before she was twelve years old, and within a few years Centlivre married “a Nephew of Sir Stephen Fox.” The marriage lasted only a year. The early biographies of Centlivre are ambiguous: her husband may have died, or the couple may have separated. Afterwards, Centlivre married her second husband, the army officer Mr. Carrol, who apparently died within a year and a half of their wedding. On April 23, 1707, she married Joseph Centlivre, who was Yeoman of the Mouth—one of the royal cooks.
The early biographies generally agree that Centlivre had little formal education, and that she left home to escape ill treatment by a stepmother. One source reports that a neighbor taught her French, which gave rise to her interest in the plays of Molière. Several accounts allude to certain “gay adventures” Centlivre had as a young woman, but they offer different stories. One has it that she joined an itinerant troupe of actors, while another offers a remarkable tale of Centlivre attending Cambridge University for some months disguised as a man. Only with the start of her literary career in London does Centlivre's biography acquire any certainty. Her first play, The Perjur'd Husband, was staged in 1700, and until her third marriage in 1707 she wrote to support herself, producing eight plays in that time. Probably out of financial necessity she joined a company of traveling players in 1706; it was during a performance at court that she met Joseph Centlivre. After her wedding her output slowed, possibly because marriage improved her financial situation, allowing her to spend more time crafting her works. The first play Centlivre produced after her marriage was The Busie Body, written in 1709. It proved one of her most artistically successful and popular works, inspiring a sequel the next year in Mar-plot: or, The Second Part of The Busie Body.
While Centlivre did not move in the highest literary circles, she counted among her friends a number of prominent writers of the period, including George Farquhar, Nicholas Rowe, and Richard Steele. Most of these writers were, like Centlivre, sympathetic to the Whig political party. Although her plays are generally not overtly political, there is evidence throughout Centlivre's works of her political loyalties. In 1714, as heated debates raged over the question of whether a protestant or a Catholic claimant should succeed the grievously ill Queen Anne to the throne, Centlivre took a political position by dedicating The Wonder to the Duke of Cambridge, a member of the protestant House of Hanover who would later become George II. When a Hanover did accede to the throne, Centlivre's loyalty was rewarded with gifts and command performances of The Wonder and other plays. Centlivre celebrated the succession with A Poem. Humbly Presented to His most Sacred Majesty, George, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. Upon His Accession to the Throne (1714).
Centlivre's Whig sympathies won her an enemy, however. Alexander Pope, one of the eighteenth century's greatest men of letters, as well as a Tory and a Catholic, objected to Centlivre's politics, her anti-Catholic views, and the mere fact that she wrote for a living, which he regarded as pandering to popular taste. In several pamphlets Pope characterized Centlivre as a hack, and in 1717 he and his friends John Arbuthnot and John Gay lampooned Centlivre in the farce Three Hours after Marriage. The play includes Phoebe Clinket, a female dramatist who, like Centlivre, has difficulties getting her plays produced. Centlivre responded by mocking Pope in A Bold Stroke for a Wife, with its veiled allusions to an ape (i.e., A. P.——e). Pope ultimately got the last word in their quarrel, depicting Centlivre as a soporific lady scribbler in his scathing satire The Dunciad (1728). After a serious illness in 1719 Centlivre wrote only one more play, The Artifice, which was staged in 1722. She died a year later, and was buried at St. Paul's church in Covent Garden.
Centlivre had seventeen plays produced in her lifetime, including farces, comedies, tragedies, and plays of mixed type. She was most successful, both artistically and commercially, with her comedies. Her first works in this genre, The Beau's Duel (1702) and Love's Contrivance; or, Le Médecin malgré lui (1703), take cues from earlier models—especially, in the case of Love's Contrivance, from Molière—but bear a strong mark of both Centlivre's own invention and the tastes and concerns of her own era. Taking part in the movement toward “moral” comedy, spearheaded by Richard Steele, Centlivre turned out two plays decrying the vices of the time: The Gamester and The Basset-Table (both 1705). She achieved her greatest success, however, with her comedies of romantic intrigue, including the highly popular Busie Body, which won the praise of Steele in his widely read periodical, The Tatler, and was performed hundreds of times throughout the eighteenth century. The Busie Body introduced the character of Marplot, a signal figure in the transition between Restoration satiric comedy of wit and the more sympathetic comedies of the later eighteenth century. The character was featured in the 1710 sequel Mar-plot: or, The Second Part of the Busie Body, but although this play had a successful run at its first appearance, it was not, unlike the original comedy, revived thereafter.
While not openly political, Centlivre's next notable success, The Wonder, is seen as a reflection of her increasingly Whiggish political views. Centlivre uses the setting in Lisbon to highlight the twin themes of liberty and duty, both to family and to country. She also introduces the character of Frederick, a virtuous merchant penalized by a class-conscious society, whose denunciation of tyranny and praise of English liberty obviously mirror Centlivre's own sentiments. The Wonder later entered the repertory of David Garrick, who played the role of Don Felix over fifty times. The Cruel Gift (1716), a political tragedy, stands as Centlivre's only successful serious play. Modeled after the works of her friend Nicholas Rowe, this work touches again on the themes of personal and political liberty addressed in The Wonder. Centlivre treats these themes in her last major comedy as well. A Bold Stroke for a Wife is, by her own claim, Centlivre's most original play—a comedy of disguise and deception that, as in earlier works, espouses the causes of tolerance and liberty, and offers positive images of the merchant class. Like The Wonder, A Bold Stroke for a Wife was a staple of eighteenth-century theater repertory, a favorite of actors and audiences alike.
Centlivre faced significant obstacles to success in her career as a playwright. Her contemporaries commonly regarded women writers as being of questionable virtue; and, because Centlivre also wrote for money, she also came under fire as a hack, as evidenced by the attacks by Pope and his cohorts. Even the comments of Richard Steele, whose support was crucial to the development of her career, were highly qualified by considerations of gender, praising her works for their “natural” art, based on feminine “instinct” rather than acquired or cultivated skill. As early as the eighteenth century, critics tended to group Centlivre with the Restoration dramatists who came before her, especially the successful female author Aphra Behn. Centlivre's plays generally suffered by the comparison, and were often seen as unsuccessful attempts to imitate the style of Restoration comedy. More recently, however, critics have examined Centlivre's works as part of the transition from the sharp satire of the Restoration to the gentler moral comedy of the later eighteenth century; in that context, assessments of her comedies have been much more positive. Thalia Stathas and F. P. Lock, for example, have discerned a distinct moral tone in her comedies of intrigue, and a diminished emphasis on witty, stylized banter in the dialogue. Centlivre's depiction of virtuous merchants has also drawn the attention of scholars. Douglas R. Butler has found in Centlivre a middle-class sensibility, while LuAnn Venden Herrell has argued that her comedy reflects a social concern about a shifting class structure. Scholars have often focused on Centlivre's portrayal of gender relations and marriage, with many finding in Centlivre a proto-feminist whose political interest in individual liberty extended to claims for greater freedoms for women. Suz-anne Kinney and Richard C. Frushell have observed that, although Centlivre's plays follow the conventional formula in which comedy always ends in marriage, the routes her female characters take to matrimony provide a critique of the social conventions regarding the treatment of women. Centlivre's career—particularly with the powerful, outspoken enemies she attracted—has also provided a useful case study of the struggle of early women writers and the status of women's writing. As Laura J. Rosenthal has suggested, the marginal place of women in eighteenth-century society severely limited their ability to claim even their own writings as their own personal property. As a result of such studies Centlivre's reputation as an early woman of letters and outspoken advocate of personal freedom steadily rose throughout the twentieth century.
The Perjur'd Husband: or, The Adventures of Venice (play) 1700
The Beau's Duel: or, A Soldier for the Ladies (play) 1702
The Stolen Heiress: or, The Salamanca Doctor Outplotted (play) 1702
Love's Contrivance: or, Le Médecin malgré Lui (play) 1703
The Basset-Table (play) 1705
The Gamester (play) 1705
Love at a Venture (play) 1706
The Platonick Lady (play) 1706
The Busie Body (play) 1709
The Man's bewitch'd: or, the Devil to do about Her (play) 1709
(The entire section is 296 words.)
SOURCE: “The Wonder: A Woman Keeps a Secret,” in The Celebrated Mrs. Centlivre, Duke University Press, 1952, pp. 171-90.
[In the following excerpt, Wilson surveys the possible sources of one of Centlivre's most artistically successful plays, The Wonder: A Woman Keeps a Secret, and outlines the performance history of the comedy, which highlights the development of her reputation as a legitimate author.]
The Wonder is an excellent light comedy. After [actor David] Garrick had contributed his interpretation of the character of Don Felix, it was often regarded as Mrs. Centlivre's masterpiece. The action is laid in Lisbon. Don Felix, in hiding after...
(The entire section is 6562 words.)
SOURCE: Introduction to A Bold Stroke for a Wife, by Susanna Centlivre, edited by Thalia Stathas, University of Nebraska Press, 1968, pp. xi-xxvi.
[In the essay below, Stathas gives full publication and production histories for A Bold Stroke for a Wifeand discusses Centlivre's development and modification of eighteenth-century comic conventions.]
First performed in February, 1718, A Bold Stroke for a Wife, “By the Author of the Busie-Body and the Gamester,” was published that year, probably in the same month, by “W. Mears, J. Browne, and F. Clay.”1 William Mears was the principal partner in most early...
(The entire section is 6358 words.)
SOURCE: “Writing to Please the Town,” in Susanna Centlivre, Twayne Publishers, 1979, pp. 31-45.
[In this excerpt, Lock examines Centlivre's first four plays, The Perjured Husband, The Beau's Duel, The Stolen Heiress, and Love's Contrivance.The critic judges these works “experiments” which show “an inexperienced dramatist gradually working toward the kind of play that would satisfy both her artistic conscience and her desire for popular success.”]
Centlivre was a pragmatic dramatist: not for her Ben Jonson's defiant “By—'tis good, and if you lik't, you may.”1 Instead, she would have agreed with Samuel Johnson that “The...
(The entire section is 6840 words.)
SOURCE: “Marriage and Marrying in Susanna Centlivre's Plays,” in Papers in Language and Literature, Vol. 22, Winter 1986, pp. 16-38.
[In this essay, Frushell surveys the theme of marriage throughout Centlivre's corpus, arguing that her plays reflect major shifts in theatrical style and audience composition from the late Restoration through the early eighteenth century.]
Susanna Freeman Carroll Centlivre was the premiere woman dramatist of the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Her reputation and influence in comedy reached through her own century and the next. If her more famous contemporary dramatists, including Aphra Behn of the previous generation, had...
(The entire section is 10341 words.)
SOURCE: “Confinement Sharpens the Invention: Aphra Behn's The Rover and Susanna Centlivre's The Busie Body,” in Look Who's Laughing: Gender and Comedy, edited by Gail Finney, Gordon and Breach, 1994, pp. 81-98.
[In this essay, Kinney outlines similarities between Behn's and Centlivre's careers and examines a play by each writer in which “female experience, including the experience of female authorship, is dramatized.”]
Aphra Behn's contribution to the history of literature is, by now, well known. In 1929, in her study of women and literature A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf marks Aphra Behn's career as a “very important corner on the...
(The entire section is 8235 words.)
SOURCE: “Centlivre v. Hardwicke: Susannah Centlivre's Plays and the Marriage Act of 1753,” in Comparative Drama, Vol. 33, No. 2, Summer 1999, pp. 179-98.
[In this essay, Collins accounts for the exceptional popularity of The Busie Body and A Bold Stroke for a Wife in the eighteenth century by arguing that they touched upon public anxieties regarding the legal forms of marriage, which had been increased by the passage of the 1753 Marriage Act.]
The years between 1700 and 1800 saw Susannah Centlivre's plays performed 1,227 times in London theaters. Two plays, The Busie Body and A Bold Stroke for a Wife, accounted for 822 of these...
(The entire section is 8343 words.)
SOURCE: “‘Luck be a Lady Tonight,’ or At Least Make Me a Gentleman: Economic Anxiety in Centlivre's The Gamester,” in Studies in the Literary Imagination, Vol. 32, No. 2, Fall 1999, pp. 45-61.
[In this essay, Herrell contends that Centlivre's early comedy The Gamester “explores a fundamental economic anxiety brought on by the shift from a system based on land to one based on ready money.”]
John Dennis, in a 1704 response to yet another of Jeremy Collier's attacks on the immorality of the stage, criticizes Collier for neglecting to discuss what he sees as a more tangible and therefore more serious vice:
(The entire section is 7933 words.)
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Explore Columbia, Tennessee’s African American history sites in-person to get a grasp on how the city’s African Americans have experienced life and contributed to Tennessee.
The Middle Tennessee State University Center for Historic Preservation and the African American Heritage Society of Maury County partnered to create Communities and Legacies: Maury County’s African American History: A Driving Tour. In the pamphlet, you’ll be guided to the churches, businesses and other significant African American landmarks throughout the City of Columbia and Maury County and learn the stories of the people behind the places.
Here are a few highlights on the driving tour. To access a digital copy of the tour, click here.
Mt. Lebanon Missionary Baptist Church (218 E. 8th St., Columbia) and First Missionary Baptist Church (117 E. 8th St., Columbia)
Noted for being the oldest African American Baptist congregation in Tennessee, Mt. Lebanon Missionary Baptist opened its doors prior to the Civil War and Emancipation. Although the present building at 218 E. 8th Street was built in 1885, the congregation has been meeting and worshiping in Columbia for over one hundred and seventy five years. The original building was located several blocks from its current home, and served as a school during the tumultuous Reconstruction Era.
Following a difference of opinion with the leadership at Mt. Lebanon Missionary Baptist, the First Missionary Baptist Church was organized and later constructed on its present site one block down and across 8th Street from Mt. Lebanon. Although technically newer than Mt. Lebanon, First Missionary Baptist Church has been meeting and worshiping in Columbia for over one hundred years. The two churches are within sight of each other, and despite the difference in appearance, share a rich cultural and spiritual history.
Maury County Colored Hospital Marker (506 E. 7th St., Columbia)
Now a hilltop in the residential area of East 7th Street, the Maury County Colored Hospital was established in 1923 and remained in operation until Maury Regional Hospital first opened in 1954. Today, only a Tennessee Historical Commission marker marks the former hospital’s location.
Rosemount Cemetery (at the intersection of Graham Street and Hardwick Avenue, directly adjacent to Rose Hill Cemetery)
In the decades before the Civil Rights Movement, even Tennessee’s cemeteries were segregated. Established in 1873, before the end of Reconstruction, generations of Maury County’s African Americans have been laid to rest on these grounds. There are a number of military headstones here, with African American veterans representing every American war since the Civil War.
St. Paul A. M. E. Church (405 Church St., Columbia)
This landmark church has maintained a congregation since before the Civil War. Like Mt. Lebanon and First Missionary, the magnificent building standing today is not the original building or even site. Located on a prominent hill overlooking downtown Columbia, the congregation built the first building here in 1870 and has been meeting and worshiping on the site ever since.
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A storm last week brought the largest wave ever recorded off the California coast
The bomb cyclone that pounded the West Coast last week brought with it some of the tallest waves ever recorded off the California coast.
A monstrous 75-foot wave was recorded about 20 miles off the coast of Cape Mendocino in northern California, according to the University of California, San Diego’s Coastal Data Information Program.
In the 15 years the program has operated a station in that location, the significant wave height — or the average height of the tallest third of waves that occur over 30 minutes — typically doesn’t exceed 10 feet tall during the winter.
The 75-footer was the tallest of the waves recorded in that period, which averaged around 43 feet tall. Still, that’s “definitely unusual” for this time of year, program manager James Behrens told CNN.
“These kinds of really large waves are usually only detected way out in the middle of the ocean, when winds are being generated,” he said.
The program’s buoys had only measured taller waves at one other station, located in the remote North Pacific Ocean where extreme waves are expected to form on occasion, he said.
The Thanksgiving bomb cyclone caused hurricane-strength winds nearby
Bomb cyclones are storms that strengthen rapidly, causing pressure to drop quickly. Lower pressure yields stronger winds, though it’s unusual for waves this tall to be tracked so close to the coast, Behrens said.
The bomb cyclone that dumped rain and snow on the West set low-pressure records in northern California and parts of Oregon, the National Weather Service said.
Hurricane-strength winds were recorded in Cape Blanco, Oregon, on November 26, the same day the 75-foot wave was recorded.
Gusts there topped out at 106 mph.
The program studies how waves impact the coast
The program’s buoys are only three feet in circumference, but they’re designed to “measure waves to the highest precision.” Behrens said the oceanographers share the data with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to improve their measurements.
The buoys are outfitted with acceleration sensors that help oceanographers recreate the motion of the wave, its height and direction. They can sense how long a wave takes to move and locate the direction of wind chops and sea swells, he said.
“Our mandate is to understand how the coast is being impacted by waves, and so we’re really there to make sure we’re catching these extreme events.”
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The history of the Japanese American community during World War II is often retold against the backdrop of the battlefields of Europe and Asia, where young soldiers fought fiercely to prove their loyalty as Americans, or from within the confines of the incarceration centers, where families struggled to lead a life of normalcy after being forcibly removed from their West Coast homes. Yet not only are the Japanese American wartime experiences as varied as the thousands of people who endured them, but they also involved many other individuals who were not of Japanese descent, people who with courage stood up for Japanese Americans when others would not. They fought for the rights of their Japanese American neighbors when others refused.
While many Americans gave into fear and wartime hysteria, there were countless individuals who refused to stay silent while Japanese Americans were being mistreated. They were everyday people–from ministers to teachers to farmers to teenagers–who often endured condemnation from others who viewed those of Japanese descent through eyes clouded by hatred, fear, and suspicion. They were ordinary people who took extraordinary measures for people they viewed as their equals and, more significantly, as their friends.
Dr. Lynn Chun Ink has compiled this brave history in a brand new eBook. Here are the stories of just some of the everyday heroes who acted with such courage to defend Japanese Americans when few others would. It is our hope that their experiences will demonstrate the immense power behind individual acts of courage.
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On the second day of Rosh Hashanah we read from Genesis, chapter 22. This is the story known as the Akeidah, or the binding of Isaac. Our modern day attempts to understand and decipher this Parsha make it no less comprehensible. Even the commentaries provided by our Sages frequently contradict each other and rarely help us make sense of a situation that is so far beyond our mind’s grasp.
It is exactly that – our inability to comprehend - that is the first point to remember when pondering the binding of Isaac. Contemporary thought does not permit us the ability to understand and draw lessons from the Akeidah without shuddering at the thought of what took place.
I turned to my eleven-year old son to try to make sense of the Rosh Hashanah Torah reading. I asked him – “What is it you know about the binding of Isaac?” Here is my son’s recount (not word for word):
G-d told Abraham to take his son Isaac to the top of the mountain and offer him as a sacrifice.
Abraham did as G-d said. He laid Isaac on the table.
Just as he was about to sacrifice him, an Angel came and told him to stop.
They used a ram instead and that is why the shofar is made from a ram’s horn.
“What was Abraham thinking?” I asked.
“He was sad”, was the reply.
“He wasn’t angry?”
“No”, my son answered, “he was sad about what he had to do to Isaac. But, G-d told him to do it and he did not question G-d’s commands”.
This – Abraham’s solid faith and even my son’s nonchalant acceptance of Abraham’s faith despite the scary stuff that is attached to that - is the epitome of faith. To know it is the right thing to do simply because G-d asked you to do it is something that many of us cannot relate to. While we have the Torah and G-d’s commandments within the texts of Judaism, many people struggle with man’s interpretation that comes along with those edicts. The G-d who spoke to Abraham no longer speaks directly to us, so – perhaps – we are unable to truly comprehend what it was like to be in Abraham’s shoes. Could our horror be overrated?
“What about Isaac?” I wanted to know. He continued to walk with his father even after he had noticed that they did not bring an animal sacrifice.
My overly sensitive and slightly phobic son would freak out if I gave him an inappropriate ‘let’s go’. I can hear the panicked “no mommy’s” ringing in my ear just thinking about it.
But, that’s the point. It wouldn’t – and shouldn’t – happen today. My son believes that Isaac had faith in – both – his father and in G-d. He did not know what was going on, but he believed that everything would be all right.
“Why, then,” my final question, “did G-d have to do this? G-d knew already that Abraham was faithful. He also knew what Abraham was going to do, didn’t He?”
My son did not skip a beat with his answer. “He did it for us.”
The story of the binding of Isaac is beyond present-day interpretation. Though we do our best, sometimes it is best to stay in the mind of an eleven-year old in order to try and gleam the wisdom from this Parsha.
Throughout history, we have stories of individuals and groups who are willing to give up everything for the sake of Jewish living. Is the Akeidah a reminder to, not only examine our faith, but to contemplate our relationship with G-d?
When Abraham and Isaac came down from the mountain, Isaac was not mentioned. There are many thoughts as to why – including that he was actually killed on the mountaintop. Perhaps it is because we are not to focus on Isaac but, rather, we are to focus on Abraham and the strength of his faith, his ability to do anything for G-d, and how his whole life was lived based upon that faith.
Rosh Hashanah is the birthday of creation. It is the beginning of life. It is also known as Yom Teru’ah, the Day of Sounding the Shofar. It is time for us to wake up. Finally, Rosh Hashanah is known as Yom HaDin, the Day of Judgment. Our year is up for review, and the agenda for the upcoming year is in the process of being written. The recounting of the binding of Isaac calls upon us to honor our Jewish lives, to reconnect with the important parts of that life, and to remember that our lives are in the hands of G-d.
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口径：5.2cm 底径：6cm 高11.6cm
Sauce glaze is a kind of high temperature glaze with iron as colorant. It is named for its glaze color, such as persimmon yellow or sesame sauce.
Mention sauce glaze, often give a person with vague feeling, some people call it “Purple set”. But we can be sure that the ancients were able to distinguish these colors from the intuitive vision. Some people call the sauce glaze “red glaze”, “he glaze”, “ochre glaze” and “brown glaze”. These colors are also clearly recorded in ancient literature. As for the use of “soy color” to describe porcelain glaze color, the concept itself is very broad, it is difficult to define the exact color position. It seems that the use of the substitute of sauce as a color noun appears later. After the Qing Dynasty, the color of soy sauce has become a proper noun in parallel with purple, red, green, green and black.
Because the sauce itself will present a series of color transformations such as milky yellow, yellow, yellow red, red yellow, brown red and brown black at the beginning, middle and end of fermentation, experts pointed out that as long as the high temperature glaze with iron as the colorant is brown yellow, even if some of them are ochre, purple, red or brown, they can be called sauce glaze. As for some pure purple or red glazes, it is better to call them “purple” or “red” according to the literature.
Sauce glaze porcelain is one of the ancient high temperature color glaze varieties in China. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, sauce glaze porcelain appeared in the southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, and developed in the Jin Dynasty. In the northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern kilns represented by the northern Jiabi kiln began to make sauce glazed porcelain, which developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, the production of sauce glaze porcelain spread all over the country, but the northern kilns were still the main kilns. Ding kiln, Yaozhou Kiln and Dangyangyu kiln were the models. During the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the formation of the national porcelain industry center, Jiangxi Jingdezhen kiln produced a unique branch of sauce glaze porcelain. Song Dynasty is the golden period of the development of sauce glaze porcelain. The kilns in the north and South are generally fired. Yaozhou Kiln, Dingyao kiln and Dangyangyu kiln in the north are the outstanding representatives. The paste glaze porcelain of Dangyangyu kiln can be regarded as an outstanding representative, “the opening time color is amazing, and the copper color is like Zhu Bai and jade. “Although the brilliance of tangyangyu kiln’s sauce glaze porcelain has been fading away in the golden age and the long smoke, this splendid but not warm, quiet but not gorgeous, mysterious and not heavy excellent porcelain with special beauty has not disappeared in the long river of historical memory, but has written its brilliant course again with the brilliant official kiln atmosphere, which is exactly the sauce glaze porcelain. The charm of utensils is memorable.
The Tang Dynasty sauce glaze pot, 11.6cm high, 5.2cm caliber, 6cm bottom diameter. The paste glaze is pure, the glaze layer is thin and the glaze is evenly applied, the tire glaze is closely combined, the body drawing trace is clear and visible, there is no split, the bottom is unglazed, the big flat bottom, and the tire quality is blue grey. Although it has gone through thousands of years, the glaze surface is still bright and bright, the shape is ancient, the paste glaze is dark brown, the tire quality of the bottom is blue grey, and the part is calcified and peeled off. Compared with the ceramics of the same period, the repair of the bottom foot is particularly regular and rare.
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While genetics and the state of the immune system help explain the underlying physiologic cause of psoriasis, there are certain triggers that can tip the scales and precipitate the appearance of red, scaly, itchy patches and plaques on the skin. Smoking, infections, alcohol, certain medications, weather, injuries, and stress can trigger a psoriasis flare.
The body’s response to an internal stress involves multiple systems and pathways. A normal stress response activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) axis and results in the elevation of stress hormones like cortisol (Skin Therapy Lett. 2011 May;16(5):1-4). Research has suggested that the stress response in psoriasis patient is altered, which results in lower cortisol levels (Arnetz BB, Fjellner B, Eneroth P, et al. Stress and psoriasis: psychoendocrine and metabolic reactions in psoriatic patients during standardized stressor exposure. Psychosom Med 47(6):528-41.) An altered stress response may cause the accumulation of cells involved in inflammation and stimulate the release of cytokines, which are substances that act as signals between cells.
It is well established that certain cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Many of the currently available biologic medications available for psoriasis patients target molecules such as TNF-alpha, IL-17, and IL-23. The increased levels of these cellular signals are directly responsible for the development of the clinical features of psoriasis. For example, the normal process by which skin cells are produced and then shed takes about 4 weeks. In psoriasis, this process only takes a few days, which leads to the accumulation of silver-colored scales on the skin. These cytokines are also responsible for the development of other symptoms of psoriasis, such as red, cracked areas of skin that bleed easily (Bolognia, Dermatology, 4th edition).
The nervous system is also likely involved in psoriasis. Nerves can communicate with skin cells (keratinocytes) to cause them to multiply. Additionally, the interaction of the nervous and immune systems may contribute to itch, which is a common concern among psoriasis patients. (Exp Dermatol. 2020 Jan 18. doi: 10.1111/exd.14071.)
There are lifestyle changes that can help address stress and potentially limit the frequency or severity of psoriasis flares.
Some of these are changes that every person can benefit from, such as exercising, not smoking, avoiding excess alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting enough sleep. Research suggests that these lifestyle modifications can help the efficacy of psoriasis medications, reduce psoriasis flares, and reduce the risk of developing other diseases that can be associated with psoriasis, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes (https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/insider/diet) (Al-Mutairi N, Manchanda Y. “The effect of weight reduction on treatment outcomes in obese patients of psoriasis on biologic therapy.” J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(5)) (Wu, S, Cho E, et. al. “Alcohol intake and risk of incident psoriatic arthritis in women.” J Rheumatol. 2015;42(5):835-40.)
Psoriasis is a chronic, life-long disease. Patient are encouraged to see a board-certified dermatologist to help them learn more about the disease and how best to manage it.
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Definitions for scrumpy
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word scrumpy
strong cider (as made in western England)
A rough cider, normally more alcoholic than usual, and typically produced through natural fermentation.
Scrumpy is a term often used for ciders made in West Country of England, particularly a band through Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire, though it may also be found in Kent, Sussex and East Anglia. The term is especially used to distinguish those made locally in smaller quantities and using traditional methods from mass-produced branded ciders. The name is believed to derive from the obsolete dialect term "scrimp", meaning a small or withered apple, which also gave rise to the verb "scrump", meaning to steal fruit. It can be applied to basic home made ciders as well as to commercially produced and marketed varieties. Scrumpy can be dry or sweet. However, it tends to be stronger in alcohol and more tannic than most commercial ciders. It is often cloudy in appearance, and is usually still rather than carbonated. Scrumpy is usually very pulpy.
Find a translation for the scrumpy definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Metal drums are constructed from sheet metal and were originally designed as oil drums; some used for grain storage may be thoroughly cleaned, second-hand oil drums. The drums are gas-tight (hermetic) so that some weeks after being filled with grain and tightly closed, a modified atmosphere is created that will kill insect pests. They range in capacity from 90kg to 180kg and are typically kept inside house on pallets to avoid moisture from the floor corroding the metal.
When store filled with grain and closed, a modified atmosphere is created that will kill insect pests.
Capacity: 90kg - 180kg
Lifespan: 15 year - 20 year
Initial cost: US$ 292 - 333
Cost per tonne per year: US$ 17 - 19
Mostly maize but are suitable for any dried cereal grains or pulses
Usually purchased from a developing country source, typically China or Vietnam. However, local manufacture is not difficult as the technology is 19th century and simple. Importation of sheet metal is much more efficient than the import of drums which occupy a large volume in stowage. Local manufacture would be the way to go for large drum distribution programmes.
Can certainly last for 20 years, their durability is one of the attractions. Durability is improved by placing drums on a stand of wood or brick so that the base is not in contact with moist ground. Not likely to be much variation in lifespan as they are very robust.
Marketing and promotions:
Metal drums have been promoted in East Timor since 2010 by ‘Drums on Farms’ and CARE, plus other NGOs such as: Mercy Corps, CRS, World Vision, Hivos, Trocare, Oxfam. Concern and Child Fund switched from supplying metal silos to metal drums.
Success and nature of marketing:
Campaigns in East Timor were successful but couldn’t provide enough drums. Drums on Farms used direct extension advice to poor highland farmers growing new higher yielding maize varieties.
Training as part of the campaign:
Metal drums for storage use was demonstrated in villages, building on the successful introduction by the Indonesians some years before. No instruction leaflet or stickers on the drum summarising how to use it were supplied, but the drums were numbered.
Degree of adoption:
There has also been adoption of metal drums in Senegal for cowpeas (CRSP project, Purdue), and they are used for maize storage around Arusha area of Tanzania. In East Timor, 379 (1 drum/HH) were purchased by farmers during the 'Drums on Farms' project; and 3,000 (2 drums/ HH) during the CARE project. More were distributed by other NGOs but no numbers available.
Reason for adoption:
- Robustness and resistance to fire (common problem in East Timor)
- Excellent hermetic qualities,
- Relatively cheap,
- Relatively difficult to remove grain from store so much easier to control food consumption and ‘unwanted removals’.
Gender study found no complaints from women about the use of drums, just real enthusiasm that they work so well. This mirrors the very positive experiences with drum storage for cowpea in Senegal under the CRSP project (Purdue University).
Weaknesses of this store:
As with all hermetic stores:
- they must be closed for a period before grain can be removed, so grain that is to be stored for less than 6 weeks it must be left out,
- the store must be more or less full so that the volume of oxygen is low at the start (consequently farmers should receive a drum size appropriate to their needs), and
- the grain should be below 14% mc (but that applies to most (all) store types).
Drums have to be well cleaned out if has been used previously for oil or other chemicals (usually done with a sand detergent mix). In some situations it may be better to use new drums and have these prepared as custom grain stores. With ‘Drums on Farms’ aviation fuel drums were cleaned out with six cycles of water and detergent, under project supervision, and checked to be odour-free before distribution. In the case of CARE, drums from the Pertamina oil company were cleaned as part of a contract with the supplier and also checked to be odour-free before distribution. Farmers interviewed about drums were well aware of the need for them to be clean and one farmer who had adopted drum storage on her own behalf had cleaned them herself using water, detergent and sand. In view of the fact that people are in any case exposed to high levels of fuel residues by inhalation of road transport fumes, it was concluded that the use of well cleaned drums previously used for petrol or diesel presented little or no risk of contamination, this is backed up by long experience of the use of such drums (25+ years), where no concerns appear to have been voiced and apparently no problems reported.
Barriers to adoption:
Largely the perceptions of development agencies. They don’t like the idea of old oil drums, they don’t like the relative difficulty of grain removal (despite this being expressed as a plus point by users). Going well in East Timor but needs champions elsewhere.
Good promotional material that includes the evidence of satisfied users
Use by institutions:
Their capacity and relative difficulty of unloading make them less suitable for larger scale operation.
What to like:
Low cost, hermetic, robust, and very popular with its users.
What to dislike:
Nothing to dislike. However, it may not suit all circumstances.
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Xarelto (rivaroxaban) is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) manufactured by Bayer and marketed in the United States by Janssen (part of Johnson & Johnson).
The blood thinner is prescribed more than 6.7 million times each year and has earned Bayer more than $1 billion, but it’s also linked to side effects that have prompted thousands of personal injury lawsuits.
Xarelto is marketed as a superior alternative to warfarin. Unlike warfarin, however, Xarelto does not have an antidote to reverse uncontrollable bleeding.
Newer anticoagulants like Xarelto are marketed as a superior alternative to the older blood thinner warfarin, which has been on the market for decades and is proven to be reasonably safe and effective.
The clinical data used to approve Xarelto has been called into question, as has Bayer’s transparency about drug side effects.
These and other criticisms are raised in Xarelto lawsuits that seek compensation for patients allegedly injured or killed by the blood-thinning medication.
About Xarelto and Blood Clots
Anticoagulants are designed to prevent blood clots, which can block blood flow to vital organs and cause death.
Blood clotting is a normal bodily process that aids in healing, but blood clots can also form abnormally within blood vessels, break away, travel through the bloodstream, become lodged in a blood vessel and block the flow of blood to the lung and heart, or brain—an event known as a thromboembolism.
Some patients, including those recovering from certain injuries and those with certain health conditions, are at increased risk of blood clot formation and may be prescribed a medication such as Xarelto to reduce the risk of thromboembolism.
Blood-thinning medications don’t actually thin the blood, nor do they dissolve existing clots. Rather, they prevent clots from forming in the first place. They can also keep clots from getting larger.
Blood thinners affect specific chemical reactions in the body that lead to blood clotting. Rivaroxaban, the active ingredient in Xarelto, prevents clots from forming by blocking one type of clotting factor called factor Xa.
Approved Uses for Xarelto
Xarelto is FDA-approved for the following uses:
- Prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgeries (July 2011)
- Reduction of the risk of stroke in patients with a type of abnormal heart rhythm called non-valvular atrial fibrillation (November 2011)
- Treatment of DVT/PE and reduction of recurrent DVT/PE (November 2012)
Xarelto vs. Warfarin
For decades, warfarin was the industry-standard blood thinner. First approved in 1954, warfarin is widely available as a generic drug, and it’s cheap: an annual supply of the drug costs about $200.
Compare this with an estimated annual cost of $3,000 for Xarelto, and you begin to see why manufacturers wanted to make warfarin alternatives that are still under patent protection and can be sold for much higher prices.
The problem is that, in order to be approved by the FDA, new blood thinners have to offer benefits beyond warfarin. While not without bleeding risks of its own, warfarin is proven to prevent serious blood-clot-related events.
All blood thinners are risky because too much anticoagulation can lead to hemorrhage, while too little can fail to prevent clot-related disorders like heart attacks, stroke, and pulmonary embolism.
Manufacturers seeking entry into the blood thinner market focused on making a drug that was not necessarily superior to warfarin, but was at least as effective as warfarin, while also offering other advantages.
The main advantages touted for Xarelto are that it requires no regular blood monitoring, no dietary restrictions, and no frequent dose adjustment—all things that warfarin does require.
But unlike warfarin, which has a simple antidote (Vitamin K) to reverse serious bleeding, Xarelto has no antidote to stop uncontrolled bleeding.
This is something that Bayer fails to emphasize in direct-to-consumer advertising that says Xarelto is as effective as warfarin. Bayer also failed to warn about the lack of a Xarelto bleeding antidote in product labeling when the drug was first marketed in the U.S.
The FDA warned Janssen about the company’s improper marketing of Xarelto in June 2013, saying that an advertisement for the drug “is false or misleading because it minimizes the risks associated with Xarelto and makes a misleading claim.” The advertisement in question presented the benefits of Xarelto in bold, colorful text and graphics, but presented risk information without similar emphasis. The ad also said that “there are no dosage adjustments” needed, even though Xarelto’s prescribing information recommends lowering the dosage for certain patients.
Controversy Surrounding Xarelto Approval
The clinical evidence used to support FDA approval of Xarelto has questionable aspects.
The approval of Xarelto for prevention of DVT and PE in patients undergoing hip replacement or knee replacement surgeries was based on clinical trials known as the Regulation of Coagulation in Orthopedic Surgery to Prevent Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism studies (“RECORD” studies). RECORD showed that Xarelto was superior to the comparison drug (enoxaparin) for preventing blood clots after knee and hip surgery, but it also showed a greater incidence of Xarelto triggering bleeding that leads to decreased hemoglobin levels and requires transfusions.
Moreover, the approval of Xarelto for reducing the risk of stroke and embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation was based on a clinical trial known as the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation study (“ROCKET AF”). ROCKET AF showed that Xarelto was not inferior to warfarin for the prevention of stroke or embolism, with a similar risk of major bleeding. But in the Xarelto group, gastrointestinal bleeding occurred more frequently, as did bleeding that led to a drop in the hemoglobin level, or bleeding that required transfusion.
During the FDA’s review of the ROCKET AF study, some reviewers did not want Xarelto approved for the new use because:
- In the 30 days after the study ended, Xarelto users had 22 strokes, compared to six strokes for warfarin users.
- Xarelto was administered once daily during the trial, even though there is evidence that the drug should be given twice per day.
- Warfarin administration in the study was poorly managed, putting patients in the control group at increased risk and making Xarelto look disproportionately safe.
- The trial did not make clear that Xarelto is as safe and effective as warfarin when warfarin therapy is well-controlled.
- Pradaxa (another popular anticoagulant) was found to be superior to warfarin in a similar analysis, while Xarelto was not found in ROCKET AF to be superior to warfarin.
Scientists opposed to Xarelto’s approval in 2011 questioned the design of the ROCKET trial and argued that patients could be “at greater risk of harm from stroke and/or bleeding” if they took Xarelto than if they were skillfully treated with warfarin.
Xarelto prescribing information admits that, “There is insufficient experience to determine how XARELTO and warfarin compare when warfarin therapy is well-controlled.”
More recently, it was revealed that faulty equipment was used in the warfarin arm of ROCKET AF, further calling into question the study’s results.
The scandal deepened when the Duke researchers hired by Janssen/Bayer published an analysis in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) saying that the faulty device had no bearing on study results, but concealed data from ROCKET AF would have made this clear. Janssen/Bayer are accused of being complicit in the omission because they knew about the missing data but remained silent.
Xarelto Adverse Event Reports
The FDA maintains a database to track patient reports about problems with drugs and medical devices. Xarelto has been the subject of numerous adverse event reports in recent years.
- During its first full year on the market (2012), 2,081 severe adverse events involving Xarelto were reported to the FDA, including 151 deaths.
- In the first quarter of 2013, the number of serious adverse events associated with Xarelto surpassed those of Pradaxa (another new anticoagulant), which ranked as the number one reported drug in terms of adverse events in 2012.
- During 2014, the FDA received 3,331 serious adverse event reports for Xarelto, including 379 deaths, 1,129 embolic-thrombotic events (treatment failure), and 1,657 hemorrhage events.
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), a nonprofit organization that tracks FDA adverse event reporting, said that Xarelto data sends a “strong signal” regarding its safety and that there is “evidence of sufficient weight to justify an alert to the public and the scientific community, and to warrant further investigation.”
Thousands of lawsuits have been filed against Bayer/Janssen over Xarelto’s side effects. The lawsuits allege that Xarelto caused users to experience irreversible bleeding that in some cases proved fatal. They accuse the manufacturers of misrepresenting the safety and effectiveness of Xarelto and not providing adequate warnings about its risks.
More than 14,000 cases have been consolidated in Louisiana federal court.
Nearly 1,000 Xarelto lawsuits are also consolidated in Philadelphia state courts.
Did you or a loved one suffer bleeding complications while taking Xarelto? Learn how a lawsuit can help. It’s not too late to file a Xarelto lawsuit, but it’s important to act quickly and preserve your rights.
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Botanical Name :Rhododendron groenlandicum
Species: R. groenlandicum
Synonyms :St. James’s Tea. Ledum Groenlandicum.
Common Names : Labrador tea, Ledum latifolium
Habitat: Rhododendron groenlandicum is native to Greenland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Hudson’s Bay. It is found growing in northern latitudes around the world. In Europe, it occurs south to the Alps. It is reported from Greenland, as well as from every province and territory in Canada and in the northeastern and northwestern United States (New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Alaska). It grows in bogs and on wet shores, and sometimes on rocky alpine slopes.
Rhododendron groenlandicum is an evergreen flowering plant grows to a height of 4 to 5 feet, with irregular, woolly branches . The leaves are alternate, entire, elliptical or oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, the upper side smooth and woolly underneath, with the edges rolled back.The leaves are wrinkled on top, densely hairy white to red-brown underneath, and have a leathery texture, curling at the edges. The tiny white flowers grow in hemispherical clusters and are very fragrant and sticky. The large, white, five-petalled flowers grow in flattened terminal clusters, opening in June and July. The plant grows in cold bogs and mountain woods. It is taller, more regularly formed, and has larger leaves than L. palustre. During the American War of Independence the leaves were much used instead of tea-leaves.They should be collected before flowering time, and the tops when the flowers begin to open.
CLICK & SEE
Parts Used: Leaves and tops.
Constituents: There has been found in the leaves tannin, gallic acid, a bitter substance, wax, resin, and salts.
The leaves are tonic, diaphoretic, and pectoral, having a pleasant odour and rather spicy taste. They yield their virtues to hot water or to alcohol. It is useful in coughs, dyspepsia, and irritation of the membranes of the chest. An infusion has been used to soothe irritation in infectious, feverish eruptions, in dysentery, leprosy, itch, etc. The strong decoction, as a wash, will kill lice. The leaves are also used in malignant and inflamed sore throat.
Pacific Northwest natives use a strong leaf tonic as a blood purifier and treatment for rheumatism. Tribes farther north use the same infusion to combat cold symptoms. They also marinate strong meats in it. In Alaska, Labrador tea has been used to treat stomach ailments, hangovers, and dizziness, as well as pulmonary disorders including tuberculosis. Infusions have also been used as a wash to soothe itching rashes including poison ivy, sores, burns, lice, and leprosy. In modern herbalism it is occasionally used externally to treat a range of skin problems. A tea is taken internally in the treatment of headaches, asthma, colds, stomach aches, kidney ailments etc. Externally, it is used as a wash for burns, ulcers, itches, chapped skin, stings, dandruff etc. An ointment made from the powdered leaves or roots has been used to treat ulcers, cracked nipples, burns and scalds. The plant is apparently a mild narcotic, it was taken by Indian women three times daily shortly before giving birth .
Bees are much attracted by the flowers, but animals do not browse on the plants,
Strewed among clothes, the leaves will keep away moths, and in Lapland the branches are placed among grain to keep away mice.
In Russia the leaves are used for tanning leather.
The Athabaskans brew the leaves as a beverage and some people chew the raw leaves because they enjoy the flavor. Others use Labrador tea to spice meat by boiling the leaves and branches in water and then soaking the meat in the decoction.
The Pomo, Kashaya, Tolowa and Yurok of Northern California boiled the leaves of Western Labrador Tea similarly, to make a medicinal herbal tea. In Greenland, this is still the case. Here it is also used in facial steam bath.
In medieval Northern Europe, R. groenlandicum and R. tomentosum were often brewed in “gruit” ales, prior to the adoption of hops.
Known Hazards: Labrador tea has narcotic properties. Evidence suggests that excessive consumption of the plant may cause delirium or poisoning. Toxic terpenes of the essential oils cause symptoms of intoxication, such as slow pulse, lowering of blood pressure, lack of coordination, convulsions, paralysis, and death. It is apparently safe as a weak herbal tea, but should not be made too strong.
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.
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We talk to people every day – on the street, in the store, at home – and rarely think about how amazing it is that we can actually communicate with them. We constantly take for granted our ability to converse with those around us.
Now, 58.9 million of our neighbors here in the States are Spanish-speakers. Imagine that for a moment. There is an impressive language barrier between us and almost 20% of the population. How can we bridge that gap and begin to communicate more fully with our neighbors? Well, we can start by perfecting our Spanish-learning process.
Why the Traditional Methods of Learning Spanish are Flawed
Let’s think about how most of us have tried to learn Spanish…
- Workbooks with reading and writing exercises
- Large classroom settings
- Non-native Spanish speaking instructors
- Software (free or paid) with audio recordings
- Classes only 1 or 2 times per week
Did one of these methods work for you? More than likely, they did not because these techniques utilize the wrong parts of the brain.
Flaws in the Traditional Methods
Remember the list we made of the different ways we normally try to learn Spanish? Those are what we are going to call ‘traditional learning methods.’ Let’s explore further to see where exactly they went wrong.
If you’re like me and went to public school, the norm was that you took about a year of foreign language in middle school before it became a requirement in high school. Since I studied in Texas, Spanish was the most logical choice of a second language. However, it wasn’t like I had much of a choice since German and French were my only other options. So, I began to study Spanish only because of its practicality. Now, on a personal level, Spanish was my least favorite class. I was a pretty good student overall, but matter how hard I tried, I couldn’t do better than a B- (yes, I know – I was an overachiever).
At some point, I owned the fact that I wasn’t good at learning languages and just gave up. I stopped trying, which was quite contrary to my personality.
Looking back, I can point to several things that probably held me back.
Common Learning Errors
- Large Classes: I was in a 5A district, studying at a high school of 5000+ students. My graduating class was about 1000 students. In other words, the classrooms were consistently filled to capacity.
- Limited Attention: Due to the high student count, how much attention could one teacher realistically give to any one student? How does anyone stay focused when they’re just another face in the crowd?
- Limited Practice: Our classes, if I remember correctly, were approximately 50 minutes. They later shifted to an hour and twenty minutes in high school. Within those 80 minutes, I experienced about 10 minutes of actual application time. However, we weren’t speaking with actual native speakers. Instead, we stammered broken phrases to other non-Spanish speakers for a couple of minutes until we got distracted by a more interesting topic.
- Workbooks: Given the limited class practice time, most of the actual Spanish work was assigned as homework. This meant that we mainly learned about the reading and writing rules of the Spanish language in class, and perfected them (or at least attempted to) outside of class. I would actually argue that my reading and writing got pretty decent, but I couldn’t speak the language if my life depended on it.
In hindsight, it’s clear that my Spanish journey was flawed since day one. I was learning how to read and write in Spanish, but I barely flexed my auditory & speaking muscles. The lessons, activities, and practice works were constantly reinforcing reading and writing in Spanish, nothing else.
Now let me be clear. I’m definitely not saying that software and textbooks that focus on those learning areas are insignificant. I truly believe they can be helpful. However, I’m simply saying that they are only one part of a much bigger picture. We need various tools to activate the key areas of the brain that will help us effectively learn Spanish fast.
Before we can begin to learn Spanish fast, we must have a better understanding of how the brain functions when learning a language.
How the Brain Works
The brain is a very complex organ in the human body. It controls everything we do. Whether that’s reading, writing, or speaking, the brain has to be trained, over time, to know how to complete those tasks.
Although the brain is much more complex than what we can delve into here today, it is clear from looking at this diagram that different language functions are primarily controlled by distinct areas of the brain.
What this shows us is that when we try to learn a language with just reading or writing exercises, it isn’t very effective because we aren’t exercising the part of the brain that controls speech. We are learning only half of what we need to become fluent in Spanish.
In other words, as a learning audience, we have been studying and learning Spanish incorrectly.
In a nutshell, our brain accomplishes any task by firing or sending electrical signals to different regions of the brain. These signals then travel through the body to the muscles that you want to use. Let’s say, for example, you want to say something. Your brain would first send out signals to different parts of the brain to recall the words and sentence structure you need. Then, it would signal your muscles to move correctly and get your vocal cords to produce the correct sound. All at the same time. Whoa! That’s a lot of tasks! No wonder it’s a hard thing to learn, huh?
Becoming More Efficient
These electrical signals we just talked about travel along something called ‘axons.’ However, the further the signals have to travel, the more energy they lose. Luckily, our axons are wrapped in a fatty substance called myelin, which helps maintain energy. You can think of axons like the coaxial cables of the brain.
When we’re younger, this myelin fatty substance is quite thin. The more we ‘practice’ specific tasks, though, the more resources your body dedicates to that axon and thickening the myelin. This, in turn, produces a very well insulated pathway for that particular electrical signal. In this TED video that explores the idea further, they refer to it as something “similar to an information superhighway.”
Logically speaking, as a signal becomes fast and more efficient, the result should appear quicker and better, right?
Targeting the Correct Objective
The answer is yes. But to make that signal faster, we need to practice the right tasks. If we want to create efficient pathways in our brain for speaking Spanish but never say a word, those pathways will never develop. We must target the correct objective when we learn Spanish.
At this point, I can probably conclude that I did not excel in high school Spanish because the curriculum and activities were creating and reinforcing axon pathways in my brain specifically for reading and writing. Had I been able to converse and develop pathways for speaking, I would have been more proficient in communicating in Spanish. There’s a common saying, “practice how you’ll execute,” and it rings true for language learning.
More Than Practice: Quality and Effectiveness
The video I previously mentioned goes on to point out that although practice is necessary to build up the myelin along your axons, it’s not the only thing needed to develop mastery over any skill, including speaking Spanish.
This explains why repeating a bunch of words randomly or without context, often does NOT lead to Spanish fluency. So, we have talked about how traditional learning methods are ineffective. What’s the correct way to learn Spanish quickly, then?
How We Do It:
At Spanish Academy, we’ve developed a unique method of teaching Spanish that centers around five key concepts represented by the acronym RAMMA. These letters stand for:
Our classes are either 1-on-1 or 2-on-1, giving you the ability to talk about things that are relevant to your life. This does a couple of things. First, it gives your brain a point of reference and allows you to contextualize and process what’s going on. It also aids in pushing the information into your long term memory.
Because the information is relevant to your experience, you’re naturally more engaged in the class. Studies show time and time again*** that when you are attentive, your brain is more likely to retain the information.
Now that your classes are relevant to your experiences, you can learn Spanish through a lens you are familiar with. This gives meaning and perspective to your Spanish learning journey. Instead of just learning a bunch of generic words and phrases that you might never use, you will actually learn useful and meaningful vocabulary, grammar, and conversation skills.
Just like being attentive allows you to store information in your long-term memory, giving meaning to the context allows you to do the same. All that context, perspective, and meaning lets you process and store this information a lot faster than if you were to just try and memorize things a list of words.
Of course, repetition plays an important part in language learning. That’s where the last letter comes in: A for accountability. To continue with something that’s difficult, you need guidance and direction – or accountability. This is one of the most important things that people forget about or don’t include in their learning regiment because they don’t think it’s important. However, it can actually shorten your learning curve by avoiding mistakes that you would otherwise make. Think of your Spanish teacher (or some accountability partner) like Google Maps. You’re still able to get to where you need to go without Google Maps, but it’s a lot faster if you have it guiding you along the way.
Learn Spanish Fast
In my travels, there’s a joke that I’ve encountered many times over – as I’m sure many of you probably have. It goes something like this…
“What do you call someone that knows three languages?”
“What do you call someone who knows two languages?”
“What do you call someone who knows one language?”
Crazy right? But, there’s some truth to the joke. In many parts of America, there are people who feel that other languages should not be spoken or used in public.
Without getting political, I think one of the reasons for this, is that people find it really hard to learn Spanish or any other language. And it is challenging, don’t get me wrong. But it can be easier than people make it out to be if they practice and learn Spanish correctly.
So, it’s time to throw out those traditional methods and start learning Spanish effectively today. Click here to learn even more about how our program can help you learn Spanish fast, or go ahead and sign up for a free class. We can’t wait to see you in class!
About the author
Ron went from zero to Spanish fluency in 3 months after he left his high-paying consultant gig to become a director of a school for impoverished kids in Guatemala in 2009 – dove into the deep end. In 2010, he saw an opportunity for a real business and began his company in his tiny apartment. As the CEO/Founder of Homeschool Spanish Academy & Spanish Academy TV, he loves making an impact in students’ lives and also really loves chocolate.
If you’d like to learn more about how the brain works, check out this TED video. Or watch this one to discover how to learn Spanish in only 6 months! These videos go more in-depth with the ideas discussed in this blog.
Image creditRead More
As you plan your mission trip, you likely already have high expectations for what your time abroad will look like – fellowship, meals at big communal tables, a brand new church or home completed and filled. To make all of your lovely visions a reality, you need to master Spanish so you can so you can effectively communicate with the locals in the community you are serving.
No matter where you are in your language learning, there are some key things you need to know to be ready for your mission trip. Here is a breakdown of nouns and verbs to help you spread the good news.
Introduce Yourself and Your Faith
A great way to introduce your work abroad is to start with your organization. All churches have a name in Spanish:
- Mormon – Mormón
- Catholic – Católico
- Protestant – Protestante
- Christian – Cristiano
- Jehovah’s Witness – Testigos de Jehová
As you meet the new congregation or group of volunteers, be sure to include the purpose of your mission trip as you say hello.
- My name is ______ and I am missionary – Me llamo _______ y soy un misionero (de) __________.
(name of your institution)
Say What You Believe
More complex yet equally important, you need to state your beliefs so there is no confusion about your goals or beliefs. Here are some key phrases.
- I believe the bible is the word of God – Yo creo que la Biblia es la palabra de Dios.
- Do you know the story of ______? – ¿Conoces la historia de _____?
- I follow the bible and the Book of Mormon – Sigo la Biblia y el Libro de Mormón.
- We pray everyday – Rezamos todos los días.
- I go to church on Saturday – Asisto a la iglesia el sábado.
- God loves you- Dios te ama.
Learn Verbs to Explain Your Activities
- Pray – Orar or rezar
- Attend – Asistir
- Minister – Ministro
- Build – Construir
- Join – Unir
Furthermore, use those verbs to invite people in, explain an activity and make everyone feel welcome.
- Will you join us in prayer? – ¿Te unirás a nosotros en oración?
- Are you available to attend a service? – ¿Estás disponible para asistir a un servicio?
- We are here to minister to the children. – Estamos aquí para ministrar a los niños.
- We want to build a new church. – Queremos construir una iglesia nueva.
- You are invited to join us for lunch. – Estás invitado a unirte a nosotros para el almuerzo.
Names and Texts
Reading in Spanish, particularly the bible, will take practice. Don’t wait to start your studies in your new language. Practice with important names and simple excerpts from the scripture to start, then work with people on your mission trip or ministry group before you leave.
- Jesus – Jesús
- The Virgin Mary – La Virgen Maria
- Joseph – San José
- The apostles – Los apóstoles
- Angel – Ángel
- God – Señor or El Padre, (the father)
- The Son – El hijo
- The Holy Spirit – El espíritu santo
After a few lessons, try a few easy bible verses in your new language.
- Psalm 118:6 The Lord is with me; I will not be afraid – Salmos 118:6 Dios está conmigo: no tendré miedo.
- Acts 16:31 They replied, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved—you and your household.” Actos 16:31 Ellos respondieron: “Cree en el Señor Jesús, y serás salvo, tú y tu casa”.
- Luke 6:31 Do to others as you would have them do to you. Lucas 6:31 Haz a los demás lo que quieras que te hagan a ti.
Practice, practice, practice for your new adventure and get your Spanish as fluid as you can. You will see the difference great communication can make between a visitor and the host country. Likewise, your new parishioners will love that you made the effort.
Time to start getting your Spanish ready for your next mission trip? Sign up for a free class with HSA today to get started!Read More
Do you love setting goals, taking ownership of your language learning, and building a following? If so, you will benefit from keeping a language journal. A basic record of your progress in Spanish class can be the difference between simply attending class to blowing it out of the water.
Even if the thought of a daily journal doesn’t appeal to you, there is a way to make this practice work for you. HSA wants to see you succeed, so here is a quick guide to help you set up and use your new language journal.
Designate, Decorate and Design your Journal
Your journal practice should be easy and fun, so keep your habits in mind. Think of how you record items for yourself or your work and let that inform your journal. Don’t force yourself into something new; keep what you like at the forefront to help you stay active in your practice.
Here are three fun choices to think about:
Invest in a notebook with a beautiful cover and nice heavy paper that has bonus features like pre-written dates, space for images, and/or a calendar at the top. Get yourself a nice pen you love to write with and some good pencils for extra notes. If you live for office supplies, go for highlighters, organizational tabs or stickers to use as you like.
If you love to draw or paint, go for an unlined book or choose a large pad that can handle heavy ink, charcoal or paint. Turn your entries into comics, illustrated images or fun doodles to help you record what you want to save.
A Journal App
Note-taking apps have become more popular because they help people do more than write; they can add photos, audio, and video to what they want to remember. If you love music, you can record live performances in Spanish and notes about where you heard it, your favorite lyrics or what the song reminded you of as you listened. If you live on Instagram, you can recreate your posts in your journal and caption them in Spanish.
For phone journals, you can try several apps. Google Keep is good for lists and adding images. Penzu is an online, private diary you can access from your phone and can share with a teacher. Microsoft OneNote is a nice choice for longer entries with additional media attached.
Find one you like and keep it on your home screen to remind you to update it often.
A Published Blog
Set up a blog by writing articles in first-person about your real progress as a Spanish learner. It’s an interesting twist on a journal because with this option you can gain followers and get comments on your writing.
Not for the faint of heart, a blog can be a great tool, but only if you’re prepared for it. It requires maintenance, special tools to block spammers, and regular updates. Good bloggers post at least once a week and only fully-developed, polished pieces.
The benefit of publishing your journey is that you can interact with readers. You can ask for comments on a theme (in Spanish, even!), share it with a classmate, and use it to share other parts of your life. Be ready for the critics and enjoy the fans. If it’s your goal to improve as a writer, a blog is a great place to start.
What to Write and Why
You have your journal of choice. Now, you need to write something.
The more organized learner will want to create sections within their journal. Consider adding multiple items like
- reflections on your class experience
- your learning patterns and habits
- lists of new vocabulary
- personal progress and goals
If you aren’t much for organizing or subsections, use these ideas to get you started:
The reflections section is to help you cement in what you learned at your last lesson. The idea is to find a place to journal right after class and then note down things you remember. Get out your workbook or class notes to help you along. What joke did the teacher make about a certain phrase? If in a classroom setting, which classmate had the best pronunciation that day? Did you speak up in class or hide in the back?
Don’t judge yourself here. Record what happens so you can look for patterns in your learning habits. Maybe you’re more open to language lessons on Tuesdays rather than Fridays or you perform well in class if you switch out your morning coffee for water. It’s easier to notice these things if you keep a record of your own experience.
Vocabulary is where you can take note of words to ask your teacher about, words you’ve heard but don’t understand or confuse with similar words. This is also a great place to practice verb conjugations and tenses. Building words is a valid practice that many language experts recommend, so add it to your regular entries.
Track Your Progress
Personal progress is an important section. This is where you can set goals for yourself like
- Order an entire meal in Spanish
- Tell a joke to a Spanish-speaking friend
- Set an appointment in Spanish
- Speak Spanish for 10 minutes straight
If you write your goals down, you are much more likely to strive for them. When you achieve one, write about it. Show yourself that you can speak Spanish. Remember, confidence is half the battle—build it with your journal.
The beyond section is where you can go further than the learning in class. Translate a song to or from Spanish and record yourself singing it. Illustrate vocabulary words into a beautiful story. Do anything you like that helps you stay excited about Spanish.
The Benefits of a Language Journal
Journalling alone is great—it helps you keep a clear head, organize your thoughts, and develop ideas. Most importantly, a language journal has a laser focus that empowers you in your language acquisition. How does a language journal benefit you?
- It helps you remember new words to ask your teacher about or to look up later. This builds your vocabulary faster and easier.
- It gives you a record of your learning style. Notes on your favorite exercises, songs, and readings can be collected in the same place. When you analyze these reflections, you will know how to practice on your own and optimize your homework time.
- Your journal is a physical reminder of everything you learned in class. When you have off-days and feel frustrated, you can look back at all of your accomplishments. That’s enough to motivate you on any day.
- It provides a safe space to record your mistakes. An effective way to avoid repeating the same mistake over and over is to pay attention to it, make a note of it, and reflect on it in future use. If you throw an s into deporte or switch the number tres with trece, write it down. Once you record that mistake and see it on paper, you’re less likely to make that flub again.
No matter how you keep a language journal, the key is to use it in a way that feels natural and helpful. Make it fun, keep it personal, and let it grow into a true expression of your linguistic journey.
Do you have a great language journal? Please comment below and tell us how it’s helped you in your quest to learn a foreign language!Read More
Did you know that people in Spain think it’s fun to get chased by a group of giant bulls running down the street? It’s true! Every July in the city of Pamplona, Spain there is an eight-day festival commonly referred to as the Running of the Bulls.
The Origins of the Festival
This festival began as a religious gathering in honor of a saint. Saint Fermin was a man who died in battle against the French army back in the year 303. Someone built a cathedral in Pamplona in the place he died and people honored him for the first time in July of 1196.
Local butchers in Pamplona also moved their animals through the city in July. They wore long, white aprons while moving their bulls from one end of town to the big corral about a half mile away. They needed the bulls to run fast to get to the corral, so they would shout and run next to them. The bulls pounded the cobblestones with their hooves, eager to get into the big, guarded enclosure. They ran in groups of six to ten bulls at a time and people came out to see the powerful animals take over the streets.
Soon, people joined the butchers in guiding and running with the bulls. More runners came along to keep the animals moving and soon it was a big event. The people of Pamplona blessed each run by singing a religious song to Saint Fermin three times before the bulls came out.
To run with the bulls, festival-goers wear all-white outfits and a red scarf. The white color shows respect to the original butchers who moved the bulls long before there was a fun festival. It’s also important to wear a red scarf – that’s to help everyone remember Saint Fermin.
It’s traditional to wear a red, cloth belt known as a sash. Though the sash may not honor anyone, it is a custom staple that keeps participants looking stylish in the streets.
How to Run with the Bulls
Pamplona’s running of the bulls takes place each year from July 6-14. Starting on the 7th, a bull running takes place each day at 8 a.m. The runners gather in the streets to get themselves pumped up for the big, fast animals. They sing, dance and climb up onto each other’s shoulders. Some even dive into the crowd and let the people catch them.
A rocket that explodes over the city signaling that it’s time to start running – here come the bulls! The crowd takes off for the corral with twelve giant bulls behind them sprinting at full speed.
The goal is to join the bulls in the street, not to torture or tease them. A lot of runners hold out a rolled-up newspaper to help keep a respectful space between themselves and the nearest bull. No one touches the bulls as they go down the street – as that tends to make the bulls angry.
If people need to stop, they typically jump up onto a barricade on the edge of the street or jump into a doorway.
Kids under 18 can watch, but only adults may actually run with the animals. However, there are lots of fun things for younger visitors to do in Pamplona.
The Festival for Kids
Pamplona’s big party is for everyone. Giant stilt characters walk down the street and give children a friendly bop on the head. Shops sell ice cream and treats all over the city and there are free concerts of every style of music.
In the evenings, the kids get to run with a special fake bull that shoots off fireworks. Are you brave enough to run with a bull full of sparklers?
Why People do This
Pamplona’s big festival is a reminder to live life to the fullest. As we don’t live forever, we need to enjoy ourselves! During these special days, people in Pamplona generally don’t work so they can focus on celebrating every moment; they eat delicious food, dance with their friends and spend memorable time with their loved ones. There’s no question that the event can be dangerous and that some believe the event to be unfair to the bulls, but in Spanish culture, it’s truly a tradition that has a great deal of history behind it.
Even if you don’t want to run in front of a bull, just being within the city alongside locals is an experience in itself. If you ever get a chance to go to Spain and this sounds like something up your alley, consider stopping in Pamplona during the first two weeks of July and check Running of the Bulls off your bucket list
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Travelling takes on a whole new meaning when you can walk out of the airport confident in your Spanish. You connect with the people and places around you, actions and experiences take on a deeper meaning and the world becomes more accessible. Kids and adults alike travel with an enhanced level of confidence when they can say so much more than “Hola.” Simply put, becoming fluent in Spanish can increase your access to the world.
We’ve put together a list of fabulous destinations to inspire your studies and keep your eyes to the horizon. Grab your passport and coordinate with your loved ones for a new getaway that lets you put your Spanish to use.
Buenos Aires, Argentina: A city that brings together the cultures of the world with food to eat and places to visit. Start with the government Pink House, the Latin answer to the White House. Then, hunt down local, delectable, chocolate dipped cookies called alfajores in the Palermo district full of delicious coffee houses.
La Paz, Sucre, Bolivia: Both La Paz and Sucre share the title of capital in Bolivia, a country at the heart of South America. Bolivia is a great place for budget travelers. Museums, markets, and even Spanish immersion programs are available at the right budget in these capital cities.
Santiago, Chile: A gorgeous city you can stare at all day, Santiago is also home to tons of great attractions. Start with a thrill at the scary stories in the General Cemetery. Then visit hidden gorge Cajon del Maipo or sip a Chilean grappa as you luxuriate in this stunning city.
Bogotá, Colombia: This city is delicious at every turn. Start your day with a Bandeja Paisa, a plate of meats, beans, and eggs that are delicious in the capital city. Satiated, check out the art scene all over the streets and in Bogotá’s museum.
San José, Costa Rica: Fly out to the islands and spend time in San José, the city between the volcanoes. Wander the central market and taste a rambutan or get great selfies in the Spirogyra Butterfly Garden. Taste some local coffee at the Historic National Theater then use that caffeinated energy to hike the Central Valley. Oh, and eventually go to the beach.
Havana, Cuba: A country now open to more travellers, this is also a trip back in time. Take a break from your phone and computer, (internet is only in the most expensive hotels), ride in a classic car and pick up a book at La Plaza de Armas. Havana is a great place to slow down and remember what’s important in this life while still increasing your access to the world using your new Spanish.
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: A coastal city that offers tons of flavor and color, Santo Domingo is a great place to explore. Eat the flag or, a bandera, made from white rice, red beans and stewed meat. Finish it with a cup of extra strong, sweet Café Santo Domingo, the national coffee. Learn about the Traino, a tribe wiped out by Spanish colonial forces and see La Zona Colonial, the city’s oldest and most preserved section. Rich in history and great stories, Santo Domingo is a great destination for your next trip.
Quito, Ecuador: If you love great architecture, soft, fresh bread, and beautiful mountains, you will love Quito, Ecuador. Right on the equator, the country is a gorgeous, Latin destination and the city is replete with surprises. Make sure your Spanish is outstanding so you can get the most out of this small city.
San Salvador, El Salvador: Bordered by Guatemala and Honduras, this small country is easy to miss on the map, but unforgettable in person. San Salvador’s coast is an explosion of greens and blues. In the city, they celebrate the art of Él Salvador in public spaces and museums. Grab a pupusa and some fresh fruit as you stroll around this stunning city.
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea: Another coastal getaway, Malabo has scenery for days. Rent a bike and pedal around to see for yourself why this is a great destination. After your trip, grab a coffee at the Café Malabo. Be sure to use your Spanish to order a round of delicious tapas to round out your day of exploration.
Guatemala City, Guatemala: A stunning, modern city surrounded by soft, rolling mountains, Guatemala City will take your breath away. This metropolitan city is like nothing else in the country, which hosts the largest preserved rainforest in the Amazon. Go climb the trees, but soothe your sore muscles in a fancy hotel room bath when you make it back to the city.
Mexico City, Mexico: A huge, diverse place, Mexico City is home to a mix of cultures and friendly people who will be happy to sit with you as try the local tacos and practice your Spanish verbs. Buy great tops at the boutiques, visit Frida Kahlo’s house and take the city in. It will make a great impression on you.
Panama City, Panama: Take in the natural beauty of the ocean and the man-made grandeur of the Panama canal in one visit to Panama City. This capital is beautiful and full of history and a tradition of international relations. Book a table at Schooner’s so you can stare at the beach as you munch on seafood.
Asunción, Paraguay: The lack of direct flights from the US or Europe to this small country means it’s not a massive tourist draw. Asunción is a great place to explore, to experience the nightlife and visit the Lopez Palace and House of Independence. Above all, be sure to taste the delicious food like roasted pork with local cornbread.
Lima, Peru: A beautiful city perched right on the sea, Lima is the gateway to the wonders of Peru. Seated below the Andes, the city has European style architecture and restaurants full of international influence. Be sure to eat lots of fresh seafood and drink your share of Piscos, the national cocktail.
San Juan, Puerto Rico: San Juan is a colorful, tasty city with easy access to beaches in every direction. Check out the central market where you can pick up tropical fruit or chat with herbal healers about natural cures. Or go to Old San Juan for great coffee and to take some beautiful photos of the colorful buildings. This is a great spot for beach enthusiasts and adventurers, but culture junkies will love it, too.
Madrid, Spain: A city full of fierce pride and non-stop energy, Madrid is famous for a reason. Home to historic art galleries, the city has experienced a renaissance in the wake of economic troubles. Now a modern home to tons of music, beautiful works and of course, great tapas, Madrid is sure to enchant you when you visit.
Montevideo, Uruguay: Take a deep breath, and relax in the city of Montevideo. Check out the restored mansions that serve as theaters and hotels or enjoy the new, modern structures that go right up to the edge of the coast. Montevideo has a beautiful climate and tons of boulevards to stroll down. Uruguayans love their meat, so be sure to partake in the local parilla or bbq.
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We all dream of speaking Spanish at full-speed and hope that all of the studying will result in new friends, exciting travels, and maybe even job opportunities. Many students spend the bulk of their time learning a new language just reading and writing it in hopes of fluency. Unfortunately, this is not the most effective way to learn Spanish or any language. We all have to gulp down our fears, open our mouths and speak.
Passive Versus Active Learning
Speaking Spanish fluently involves four areas of learning: listening, speaking, reading and writing. The first two, when you pay attention and respond, are the active parts of the language. The other two sections are important but fall under the passive subheading.
Passive study techniques have their place and they are absolutely necessary to master a new language. As we learn new vocabulary, the list of new words can overwhelm us. As we read, we can take our time, look up and double-check meanings, take notes, etc. It’s a comfortable, slow-paced way to absorb new vocabulary.
The same goes for writing. We can relax a little more, help ourselves out with a dictionary or a tutor if desired. This is also a good chance to practice accents, spelling and sentence structure.
What happens when we’re in conversation? First, we have to navigate around words we don’t know, which is frustrating. That ignorant feeling can raise a student’s stress level and keep him or her from speaking at all. When we do know a word, it doesn’t always make it out in time. A new Spanish speaker may experience that tip-of-my-tongue sensation. The “I know the word, but I can’t put my finger on it…” feeling.
These are all stages of language learning known as Going Public. Students fear speaking out loud because they might accidentally say the wrong word, offending someone or embarrassing themselves. However, making mistakes in Spanish is just part of the learning process and essential for mastering the language.
Say it Wrong, then Say it Right
Teachers know the best learning opportunities exist within student mistakes. A falter in a sentence, a missed part of speech or an incorrect conjugation are all good opportunities for students to reflect and learn from these mistakes.
Staring at a dictionary or writing a sentence one hundred times to memorize it can appeal to a language learner who will give anything to avoid speaking. However, working through that fear is what will seal the correct phrase in their mind. This emotional journey, while scary and intimidating, is what students need behind the language. Good teachers know pushing past a mistake and through the embarrassment means something as simple as the Spanish word for bread can internalize the lesson and make it part of a student’s permanent bank of knowledge.
What to Look for in a Class
A good Spanish class will have a balance of active and passive learning activities. The teacher needs to encourage individual students to speak to him or her and to classmates. One-on-one lessons should also be a lot of speaking and listening, but texts should be a part of the lesson.
If you feel your child is spending too much time in a textbook or watching movies in Spanish and not enough in conversation, consider looking for a program that offers a more immersive, conversational curriculum where actually speaking Spanish is at the core.
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How does America compare to other countries when it comes to language acquisition? The answer is complicated; it changes based on age, available programs and the lifestyle of each learner. Here’s an overview of how bilingualism in the US compares to other countries.
The Age of the Student
There are several factors that ultimately determine how many bilingual individuals there are within a given country’s population. One of the main factors is how young a student starts learning a second language.
Between the ages of two and eight, the brain is primed for language acquisition. A young child is able to separate two languages, learn without stress over pronunciation and retain hundreds of words. For example, a child born into a family with bilingual parents and grandparents will be exposed to two or more languages early on in life and as a result, will have an easier time learning both.
Some schools and language programs take advantage of this early ability by offering bilingual preschools and kindergartens. In Shanghai, international schools teach children as young as two. Classrooms often feature a foreign and local teacher so that the students can hear both languages from a native speaker.
Other parts of the world introduce new languages later on, treating a second language as an elective, rather than a core subject. In Japan, students don’t start English classes until they are in Jr. High and then only spend a few hours a week on the language. The focus in these groups generally involves reading, writing, and perfecting grammar.
Changes in American Schools
Bilingualism in the US is different as there are various school systems with different structures and objectives. Many US school systems have seen a drop in foreign language instruction since 2008. One estimate states that only one in five American students is enrolled in a foreign language program even though the demand for bilingual workers within the US is on the rise. It’s an unfortunate trend, but many incredible individuals are working to get American kids on track.
Certain schools are going against the this downward trend. Instead, they are working to help get young students excited about foreign language and emphasize communication as a basis for learning. Students write emails, have debates and make presentations using their second language. Though this approach is not a standard for many schools, it has shown to be successful among those participating.
Beyond the Classroom
When taking on a new language, it is only natural to be interested in traveling to regions where the new language is spoken. If the opportunity presents itself, it can be very advantageous to do so. In Scandinavian countries, there is a big focus on crossing borders. Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes love to visit Spain, Portugal, Italy and England often. Children from these countries grow up with a lot of encouragement from parents and friends to speak Spanish and English. As a result, they often master other languages, all while retaining their native tongues.
More programs outside of school are also available to students of all ages. HSA is one of several online Spanish programs that learners of any age can use to learn or improve their Spanish. HSA strives to promote bilingualism in the US and around the world.
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A tasty homemade snack, dessert or even a full meal can make a great addition to any Spanish lesson and a wonderful way to look at culture. Here are some Spanish foods to learn about and taste the next time you want to do some extended learning.
Spanish Deviled Eggs
Eggs are a huge part of Spanish cuisine as well as an important element in the Latin diet. The Spanish have several egg dishes that they enjoy throughout the day and chilled, spiced Deviled Eggs are a good option for a hot afternoon.
This Andalusian version of eggs is full of chorizo, pimento and olives, all of which are known Spanish foods used in a variety of dishes. If you have picky eaters in your home, you can adjust the recipe to leave out some of the extra ingredients. Encourage everyone to try a bite of the original as these are a true taste of Spain.
Ham and Cheese Empanadas
Ham and cheese empanadas are great because it’s essentially a warm, crunchy sandwich that helps introduce your family to empanadas. Empanadas are little half-moon shaped pastries filled with anything from seasoned ground beef to sweet summer strawberries.
Empanadas are more than tasty, they’re also a piece of history. Recipes of these delicious pastries can be found in cookbooks as far back as the 1500s. Today, many people still love them and your family will adore this version.
This recipe is sure to be a new favorite. Cream cheese is seasoned and paired with slices of ham to make a warm, salty snack perfect for any lunch or party. Have them as a post-Spanish class snack or to munch on while you plan your trip to Catalan, Spain.
Kids Watermelon Sangria
A cool, tall glass of sweet, pink sangria is hard to top on a hot summer day. Grab some watermelons, mint, and blackberries.
Traditional sangria mixes sugar and fruit and dates back to ancient Rome. When the Spanish wine industry took off, Sangria was created and is still popular all over the country. Luckily, many non-alcoholic versions have gained the same standing as the original and now everyone can have a glass.
Make this version with the kids when the weather starts to warm up. Be sure to name the ingredients in Spanish when you make it – there’s nothing like a lesson you can taste!
Pink Banana Agua Fresca
More popular in Mexico than Spain, agua frescas are definitely worth a try because they’re so refreshing and delicious. The drink is somewhere between a pressed juice and a smoothie. They’re lightly sweetened and served ice cold to take the edge off of a hot day.
This one uses a bit of milk to smooth out the taste of banana and then calls for dashes of grenadine to give it a pink color. Don’t be afraid to water this drink down a little to keep the texture light – agua frescas should never be too intense.
The recipe is quick and easy. Younger chefs can be in charge of the grenadine while older helpers can chop up the bananas and measure out the milk. Make plenty – this one is likely to be a favorite.
Authentic Spanish Flan
No Spanish dinner is complete without a few wiggly bites of flan. This gelatinous dessert is golden yellow with caramelized sugar on top and all around on your dessert plate.
Made of only five ingredients, flan comes together fast and tastes delicious. It’s creamy, sweet and easy on the pallet so even your most picky eater will want to try it.
Remember to incorporate a bit of the Spanish foods history behind whichever dish you choose and be sure to use as much Spanish vocabulary as possible to get the full effect of the lesson.
If you tried one of these Spanish foods or any other fun, authentic dishes, please share in the comments for others’ to enjoy!
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Scientists who set out to map the bilingual brain find themselves on a strange and wonderful journey; a new language shapes the brain in a way unparalleled in any other field. The brain appears to grow in certain regions when we communicate in a new way, while it maintains its shape in mathematical or scientific ventures. What’s happening here?
Here is what specialists around the world have observed in our brain mass as we learn new sounds, words, and expressions.
A Big Hippocampus and Cerebral Cortex
Swedish scientists used MRI technology to scan the brains of military recruits in intensive language studies. Their scans showed that the hippocampus, the part of the brain that learns new words, grew bigger. Areas of the cerebral cortex associated with speaking and listening also increased in size.
The same study scanned the brains of recruits enrolled in other subjects such as science and math and did not see this same brain growth. From this, they were able to prove that the anatomy of a language learner’s bilingual brain is different in shape than that of a scientist or weapons specialist.
Compete and Converge
As a student takes on Spanish, they feel a shift in their minds as they go from hanging out with friends in English to conversing with a teacher in their new language. That’s because of the two different ways of talking that exist in the brain and compete with one another.
As students get immersed in their lessons, they may go to say something in English and accidentally use a Spanish word. This is a natural part of the process of becoming bilingual. Psychologist Judith Kroll assured her audience this momentary memory lapse was no reason to panic.
During a presentation at the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Washington, DC in 2016, Kroll said, “A bilingual’s two languages sometimes converge, but often they compete…these changes to the mind and the brain are not simple.”
Kroll explained that the brain has to learn how to switch back and forth, but it will stumble along the way. Years of active use of a new language solves the problem and helps speakers go from English to Spanish and back again in an easy, fluent manner.
What this Means for Learners
That ability to switch from language to language can change how the brain focuses and how it ages.
A bilingual brain knows how to sweep aside the clutter and find the right word in the right language. So, when a learner needs to focus in a different scenario such as a noisy lecture class, they can block out the unnecessary noise and hone in on what’s important. They also get less distracted and feel able to control where their attention falls, rather than get pulled in five different directions.
As the brain ages, it’s often less susceptible to develop brain problems when it has spent years practicing a second or third language. A study conducted on multilingual students in India showed their learning delayed alzheimer’s disease and dementia up to four years later. This happened because their brains could already accomplish what preventative medications are designed to do – help switch from one point of attention to another.
Are Language Learners Smarter?
The short answer is not necessarily, but the longer answer is yes, in a manner of speaking. A bigger, more developed bilingual brain is always an advantage, no matter what your field of work or study.
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Using the 5 human senses can be extremely advantageous when learning something new, like Spanish or another foreign language. Teachers can use experiences, meals, and experiments to get students excited to use their new language. Want to try some sense exploration at home? Here are some fun activities you can do with things you already have at home.
Sight or Vista
There’s no question that some learners are more visual than others. For those that are, there are plenty of ways to explore the sense of sight to aid in learning Spanish.
You can start by playing a sight-word game with your child. Sight words encourage students to memorize and recognize the way words look and how they are spelled. Jump for the Words is a fun sight word game that also spends some energy. First, write 5-10 Spanish words on paper and attach each word to a piece of yarn hanging from a doorway (or entry way). Make sure the words are just out of reach for you child and start calling out the Spanish words. Your child will have to listen to what word you’re calling out, recognize that word on paper, and jump to grab it. You can take this game to the next level by adding a friend or sibling for some friendly competition.
If your learners are younger, try using a prism for some fun visual effects. Hold it in the sunlight to make a rainbow on the floor. Use them to warp your view of patterned paper or to inspire a work of art. Have your little learners point to and call out the colors they see in Spanish.
Smell or Olfato
The human nose is amazing. There are so many ways to explore our sense of smell can be that it’s hard to choose just one. Here are three to get you started.
Try painting with spice paints. Before you start, let your child decide which colors should go with each spice. This is a great chance to smell everything in the spice cabinet and learn the names of the different spices in Spanish. Then stir one spice into each color, take the easels outside and paint in the sun. The air will bring out the scents in the paintings and make your little artist want to create all day.
You can also grab a blindfold and then collect different foods from the kitchen with distinct smells. Try onions, lemons, cilantro, cinnamon sticks and vinegar. The kids put the blindfold over their eyes, then try to identify each food through smell only. For each food identified, be sure to identify in one language, then the other. Switch up the order of identifying in English and Spanish to truly master each word.
Finally, you can add on to the smelling game by adding a matching challenge. Double up on your food samples and then see if your learners can find each cup’s exact match using only their sense of smell.
Hear or Oido
Listening activities are a chance to listen to new kinds of music, audio books and play games like “Marco, Polo” in the pool. These are all solid activities, but you can also play some fun games that explore the sense of hearing in a new way.
A fun way to practice a new language is playing a game of old fashioned tin can telephone. Use any clean, empty cans and carefully punch holes in the bottom. Connect them with a long string. Each person should stand just far enough apart for the string to be tight. Then tell a secret, riddle or joke (in Spanish!) into the can. Your kids will love listening with this low-tech phone. Have the listener repeat what they heard out loud in Spanish and then try to translate into English. Then, switch turns.
Feel or Tacto
Use this sense as a chance to run barefoot in the grass, splash in the pool or compare the feel of different fabrics. Exploring your neighborhood can be a good way to use the sense of touch (or feel) for learning. Design a Scavenger Walk using a list of Spanish words that describe how things feel. Then, go word by word and see who can find the most examples for each word. You can give points or make this more of a discussion.
Need to stay indoors? Try some homemade finger paints. Based on your student’s level of Spanish, make a list (in Spanish) of things to paint. Using Spanish, have them call out each color they use and write the word in a sentence below each picture before moving on to the next.
Taste or Gusto
There’s a big opportunity in using the sense of taste to promote learning. Whether it’s trying new flavors or enjoying a bite of our favorite foods, there are many memorable ways to practice Spanish while doing so.
Set up a taste test using 5+ foods with various flavors and textures that can be classified as any of the following. Sweet – sour -bitter – salty -spicy (stick to mild level) – dry – crunchy – moist – chewy. Have your student identify the food in Spanish, then try the food and identify the flavor and/or texture. You can use a blindfold and make this a blind taste test if your little learner is feeling extra adventurous.
You can also try baking one of your child’s favorite sweet treats or get together and cook a favorite family meal at home. Have your student translate the recipe from English to Spanish, then talk through each step in Spanish. For example, when it’s time to set the oven, your student should tell say, Poner el horno a 400 grados. If you’re not too familiar with Spanish yourself, be sure to check the translation before starting so everything turns out just the way you like it.
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the same difficulty if the mind itself is intelligible; for it will be present in other things, unless it is itself, intelligible in some other way than they are, and unless the subject of thought is some one specific subject; or else the mind will be some kind of combination, and this reduces thought to the nature of other things. But to suffer impression according to some common relation implies, as has been just explained, that the mind, in potentiality, is as the subjects thought upon, and yet that, in reality, it is no one of them before thinking upon it; and thus the mind is to be regarded as a tablet on which nothing may have been actually inscribed. The mind is a subject of thought to itself as is any other topic, since that which thinks and the subject of thought are among immaterialities; for speculative knowledge is the same as the subject which is so known. But we have to consider why the mind is not always thinking, as each subject of thought, in potentiality, is among materialities; so that the mind will not be present in any one of them (for the mind is the immaterial faculty which judges of them), although each of them will be subject to the mind.
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154 ARISTOTLE ON THE VITAL PRINCIPLE. [BK. III.
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Autumn is my favorite season — but as the summer sunshine fades away into a cool breeze; the pink roses wilting and giving way to fall leaves, I nonetheless find myself dreading the change every year.
Why, you ask? Because the weather negatively impacts how I experience symptoms of depression. And the change in seasons could be impacting you, too!
Between one and ten percent of the world population suffers from a type of depression known as Seasonal Affective Disorder. This subtype of depression indicates depressive episodes that wax and wane with the seasons.
For the majority of patients, SAD means they get depressed during the winter, and don’t start to feel better until the weather warms up. However, SAD can occur at anytime — particularly if a certain season triggers memories of a traumatic event, like a death in the family or an accident experienced by a loved one.
Yet many of us experience a shift in our moods when the seasons change, even if it doesn’t signify a full-blown psychiatric disorder. For example, we all know what it feels like to experience the “winter blues” — that horrible feeling of being cooped up inside in the cold, when all you want to do is sunbathe on the beach in your bikini. And if, like me, you suffer from major depression, you can still experience a change in symptoms with the change in the seasons.
As autumn creeps closer, Bustle writes that many of us will experience symptoms of SAD, such as low mood, irritability and, yes, cravings for comfort food. (Could this explain the pumpkin spice obsession once and for all?! I still don’t get it.)
Here are some of the other ways the weather can affect your mood — and what you can do about it when the fall in temperature starts to get to you.
How the Weather Affects Your Mood
Ever noticed how we associate certain colors, weather and feelings? For example, we think of sunshine as yellow, and yellow as a happy color. Alternatively, many of us think of rain as blue, and blue as a sad color.
Knowing this, it should come as little surprise that the weather can affect our mood in more ways than one. Here are just a few of the ways the weather can impact how you’re feeling.
Lack of Sunlight
As one of my favorite Instagram posts goes, “Don’t forget to get water and sunshine, because you’re basically a houseplant with more complicated emotions.” And it’s true! We need sunshine, just as all living creatures do, to function optimally. Sunlight encourages vitamin D production, which we need for strong bones among other things.
One of the reasons why SAD typically affects people during the winter months is due to deprivation from sunlight. From October to April, Bustle writes, daylight becomes scarce, causing our bodies to produce more melatonin. Melatonin can make you sleepy, triggering your brain to slow its serotonin production…. and therefore contributing to feelings of depression.
Yup, there’s a scientific reason why you don’t feel like getting out of bed in the morning! (Still, that’s no excuse to stay in bed watching puppy videos until 11am…. Mostly talking to myself here, but I know you feel me.)
Cold temperatures require subtle adjustments from your body. To compensate for the cold, your body decreases its energy expenditure, explaining why you may feel lethargic and move more slowly during the winter months. Your heart also works harder to pump blood in cold weather, potentially contributing to feelings of fatigue.
Heat and Rain
Most of us don’t love to sweat (with the exception of exercise for some), nor do we love to be soaking wet. But how much do humans hate the heat and rain, really? According to researchers, the answer may be extreme! Some studies have found as much as a 14 percent increase in human aggression during extreme heat and rain.
However, it’s important to note that these studies measure correlation, not causation. So, while we can’t really prove that heat or rain causes aggression, we can at least draw the conclusion that bad weather could make you cranky.
Likewise, the weather won’t ‘make’ you suicidal — but researchers have noted seasonal trends in the national suicide rate. Following the high profile suicides of Anthony Bourdain and Kate Spade, Forbes reported that the warm weather of late spring and early summer is associated with more suicides.
While the weather can’t predict suicide risk (more important risk factors include genetics, previous suicide attempts, mental illness and substance abuse), this correlation could be a sign to check in with your feelings and focus on self-care during the spring and summer months.
How to Fight Seasonal Depression
We’ve established that the weather can impact the way you experience symptoms of depression, or simply give you the “winter blues.” But when cold weather gets you down, what exactly can you do about it?
Soak In the Sunshine
Lack of light during the winter months frequently triggers SAD — which is why some therapists prescribe therapy lamps to their patients during the winter months. These lights, such as the Verilux Happy Light (my personal brand of therapy lamp!), use bright, full-spectrum light that mimics sunshine. Just 30-60 minutes a day can make a huge difference in how you feel during the colder months.
Grow a Plant
That succulent addiction could actually help you beat the winter blues! Plants have therapeutic benefits: indoor plants can boost your mood, reduce stress levels and even boost productivity by up to 15 percent. Of course, if you’re anything like me (and my mother before me), you probably kill everything you touch — in which case, I recommend starting off your home garden with a hearty cactus, which can survive long stretches without water.
Practice Daily Gratitude
I can’t stress enough the importance of practicing gratitude — and keeping a gratitude journal — for anyone who experiences any type of depression. Writing down what you’re grateful for just three times per week can make you feel happier…. happier, even, than keeping a journal every day. So, go ahead. Become one of those cheesy “gratitude girls.” After all, it’s good for you!
Try Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Sometimes, no amount of cozy candles or warm, fuzzy blankets can cheer us up in the wintertime — and that’s okay. Time to turn to a professional for help! Seek out a therapist who specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy, which has been found to be just as effective as light therapy in treating SAD. And always remember: there’s no shame in seeking help!
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Published on March 9, 2014
Corporate Culture and its development
Corporate culture is the shared values or beliefs of the people within an organisation. It is the unwritten rules. The official culture is stated in the company motto or mission statement, while the real culture reflects how things actually operate
Elements of a corporate culture Values Symbols Rituals, rites and celebrations Heroes
Indicators of corporate culture Communication channels: Are they formal or informal? Dress code: What are the dress requirements? Formal, casual or a uniform? Are their ‘casual fridays’ when staff are allowed to relax the dress code for the day. Their willingness to achieve: Some workplaces have a culture of trying as hard as possible to be the best in their field Socialisation: Do the staff mingle? Do they get along with each other? Do they Celebrate birthdays or Christmas parties
Causes of change of culture New manager: A new manager with a different approach may cause great changes (either positive or negative) New employees: Employees can affect the culture of an organisation in different ways. Mergers: with other businesses could severely impact on corporate culture. Macro factors: Laws, economics conditions and so on may also change the culture of LSO
Importance of corporate culture Better staff retention Attractive to new employees, allowing the firm to select from the best in the field Greater productivity and more success for the LSO
... What is Organizational Culture? - Definition & Characteristics. ... Organizational Culture Next Lesson . ... an organization is referred to as its culture.
1.4 Report structure 3 Chapter 2: Organisational culture: lessons from ... corporate culture and the issue of ... economic development as its main priority ...
I propose that the most important lesson is that corporate culture matters ... A healthy corporate culture of caring for the workers, ... (3) Laissez faire ...
In business, terms such as corporate culture and company ... Culture as root metaphor sees the organization as its culture, ... Culture; Design; Development;
What is Corporate Culture? ... An organization espouses that “people are our most important asset” as part of its ... Training and development ...
How Do You Change An Organizational Culture? ... case of organizational culture change. Its formal goal—development—is ... Lessons for the ...
... globalization is expanding its scope such ... cause harm on local cultures. So, globalization, ... rapid development, globalization is a very ...
... Organization Development, Culture ... Find more information about organizational culture and its key ... Does Your Corporate Culture Support the ...
Examples Of Strong Corporate Cultures. ... charts the concept of corporate culture and its positive and ... HR Development Senior Consultant to a ...
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Q: I've heard if a child runs a fever when he or she is sick, it means they're fighting off the infection and that it's good. Last week, my 2-year-old got a low-grade fever while my mother-in-law was baby-sitting. She started giving two fever medications and put him in a cold bath "to prevent brain damage." Who's right here?
A: The presence of fever (a rectal or temporal artery temper-ature of greater than 100.4 For armpit or oral temp of greater than 99.5) usually means your child has an infection, often caused by a virus. Most fevers are good and help the body fight infection. The goal of fever medication is to bring the temperature down to a comfortable level. If your child is older than 3 months and the temperature is 102 F or less, no medication is usually needed, unless you have been instructed differently by your child's doctor. Offer cold fluids by mouth, dress your child in a light layer of clothing with a light blanket for bedtime. If your child is having other symptoms or is less than 3 months old, consult your pediatrician.
-- Dr. Tonia Cox, Pediatric Diagnostic Associates; member, Chattanooga-Hamilton County Medical Society
Readers: To submit a question for a medical doctor, e-mail it to Clint Cooper at [email protected].
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1The fine down of a swan, used for trimmings and powder puffs.
- ‘Everything about her shimmers and shines, all softened by beautiful white swansdown and feathers.’
- ‘It was a fancy version of the scarf and could be made of swansdown or fur.’
- ‘On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors.’
- ‘A very light rouleau of swansdown bordered the corsage and the fronts of the dress.’
2A thick cotton fabric with a soft nap on one side.
- ‘The weavers emigrated to the Austrian Low Countries, especially to Mouscron, where production of swansdown was allowed since 1758.’
- 2.1 A soft, thick fabric made from wool mixed with a little silk or cotton.
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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5 Second Rule Junior is aimed at children aged 6 and up and is a junior version of the already popular 5 Second Rule game. You do need a minimum of 3 players for this game so its worth remembering that if you’re going to be buying it as a gift.
5 Second Rule Junior has a simple concept to play but is harder than you first think. 5 seconds really isn’t that much time when you’re against a clock!
How to play 5 Second Rule Junior
The winner is the first player to get to the finish line of the relatively small game board. Which on first glance seems easy. But it’s not all that easy to think quickly and stay focussed in 5 seconds!
To advance forward on the game board you have to answer the question on the card and name 3 examples of the question asked. Younger players are allowed to just give 2 answers. An example fo this would be “Name 3 things you take on a car journey”.
If the player answering the question names the 3 things within the 5 seconds then play passes to the next player to answer the same question. You can’t name the same things though. As you can imagine this gets harder and harder as the question goes round. Someone at some point will lose! For those players that have successfully managed to name 3 things (or 2 if they are younger) then they all move forward a space on the board. Or two spaces if the question has gone round that many times!
In addition to the plain spaces on the board there’s some helping hand spaces too which allow you 10 seconds for your question if you land on them.
What did we think?
We really enjoyed playing 5 Second Rule Junior. So much so we’ve had it out each time we’ve had visitors over half term. It’s a fun way to keep the children entertained. The concept is easy to understand and game play has lasted just long enough to keep everyone’s attention. As most of the players get to have a go at each question you really do have to concentrate on game play. This avoids duplicating someone elses answers.
My 6-year-old was quick to get in a sulk if he couldn’t get his 2 answers. However he was easily pleased with being allowed to use the timer. The timer makes a silly sort of mooing noise each time it’s turned over! Be sure to use the timer though on a flat surface. If you don’t all the tiny ball bearings won’t move down and time 5 seconds properly…and nobody likes a cheat!
We were not paid to review this item, as always all opinions are our own.
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April is National Autism Awareness Month, with World Autism Awareness Day occurring on April 2nd.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability that affects an individual’s behavior and communication. Since autism is a developmental disorder, symptoms typically surface within the first few years of life. However, autism is a “spectrum disorder” because symptoms vary widely.
Wherever an individual falls on the spectrum, autism awareness is needed to increase understanding of the disorder and acceptance – which is what National Autism Awareness month is all about.
So, what can you do to raise awareness this year for National Autism Awareness Month? Keep reading to find out.
Educate Yourself on Autism
The first step is to learn about autism spectrum disorder. This includes things like the signs and symptoms, causes and risks, as well as treatment options. Learn more about autism on our specialty area page.
If someone close to you has autism, provide support where you can. It does wonders for not only their mental health but yours as well.
In addition, support can include therapy. Therapy allows individuals to learn and apply skills that will help improve their relationships and well-being. Miranda Berry touches on her experience working with those on the autism spectrum:
As a clinician working with patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder; I have recognized the importance of increased support for individuals and their loved ones. These supports include but are not limited to; Individual and Family Therapy, Play Therapy, as well as Occupational Therapy which allows patients and families to gain skills to recognize and understand social cues and communicate needs appropriately.
Not only is it important to provide support for those with autism, but it is also critical to check in on the family members of an autistic individual. They deserve love and support, too, and not just during Autism Awareness Month.
Lastly, learn to embrace differences amongst others and reduce the stigma surrounding autism. Everyone is different, which is what makes them unique and special.
Embracing differences is something that continues to grow, as explained by Miranda Berry.
According to The Autism Research Institute, In March 2020, the US Federal Centers for Disease Control announced that 1 in every 54 children in the United States is affected by ASD. Recently in mainstream media, the term, “Neurodivergent,” has been used to recognize that brain differences are quite normal and shouldn’t be stigmatized as a deficit. We as a society are learning to embrace that those diagnosed with ASD – interact with, experience, and interpret the world in unique ways.
To be a more inclusive world, we need to spread kindness. That can start with you! What’s one act of kindness you can perform today?
A Word From Nystrom & Associates
In conclusion, there are many ways to raise awareness about autism, not just what we’ve covered in this article. Another way to raise awareness is to help spread the word about autism. Feel free to share this article and help with our mission.
Source: Nystrom & Associates
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The giant sucking sound: did NAFTA devour the Mexican peso?
AbstractFive years of economic reforms had made Mexico a model for other developing nations by the end of 1993, when Mexico was preparing to enter into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and the United States. But less than a year later, in December 1994, Mexico experienced a severe financial crisis, forcing it to borrow from the IMF and the United States. Some commentators blamed the enactment of NAFTA for the devaluation of the peso and the ensuing economic turmoil in Mexico, with some calling for renegotiation or even repeal of the agreement. Author Christopher J. Neely examines the relationship between NAFTA and the 1994 peso crisis and raises some provocative questions: did NAFTA cause or exacerbate the devaluation of the peso? or did NAFTA help alleviate some of the consequences of the crisis?
Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in its journal Review.
Volume (Year): (1996)
Issue (Month): Jul ()
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Calvo, Guillermo A, 1996.
"Capital Flows and Macroeconomic Management: Tequila Lessons,"
International Journal of Finance & Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 1(3), pages 207-23, July.
- Guillermo A. Calvo, 1996. "Capital flows and macroeconomic management: tequila lessons," Working Papers in Applied Economic Theory 96-02, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Linda M. Aguilar, 1993. "NAFTA: a review of the issues," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, issue Jan, pages 12-20.
- Drusilla K. Brown & Alan V. Deardorff & Robert M. Stern, 1992.
"A North American Free Trade Agreement: Analytical Issues and a Computational Assessment,"
The World Economy,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(1), pages 11-30, 01.
- Brown, D.K. & Deardorff, A.V. & Stern, R.M., 1991. "A North American Free Trade Agreement: Analytical Issues and A Computational Assessment," Working Papers 289, Research Seminar in International Economics, University of Michigan.
- Corbo, Vittorio & de Melo, Jaime, 1987. "Lessons from the Southern Cone Policy Reforms," World Bank Research Observer, World Bank Group, vol. 2(2), pages 111-42, July.
- Rudiger Dornbusch & Alejandro Werner, 1994. "Mexico: Stabilization, Reform, and No Growth," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 25(1), pages 253-316.
- David M. Gould, 1998. "Has NAFTA changed North American trade?," Economic and Financial Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, issue Q 1, pages 12-23.
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Types of Sinus
There exists a range of sinus diseases and they depend on the allergens that trigger them and area of the body they usually attack. Different types of sinus diseases have different symptoms and treatment methods.
The maxillary sinus is found in the region beneath the cheeks, above the teeth and either sides of the nose. Maxillary sinus disease is triggered by various factors, of which a few of the causes are allergens that thicken the mucous in the lungs and digestive tracts, nasal polyps that causes tissues lining up the nose to be inflamed, tumors which are a common physical disorder of the nose and traumas that are caused by an injury on the face or upper jaw.
Symptoms and Treatment of Maxillary Sinus
The presence of maxillary sinus is confirmed by observing symptoms such as fever, facial pain, nasal congestion, runny nose, toothache and swelling of the cheekbone.
The treatment suggested for curing maxillary sinus is a surgery that is done to rectify anatomical nasal defects.
Paranasal sinus disease
The human face contains a set of cells lined up behind the nose and cheek walls. These cells are the main reason behind the distinct voice tones of different people, production of mucous and also act as a protection against climate changes and minor injuries to the face. The paranasal sinus disease is said to occur when these cells become inflamed due to certain allergens or viral infections that leads to fever, headache, facial pain and toothache.
Anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-allergic medications, as advised by a doctor, usually help in preventing paranasal sinus disease. During extreme conditions of this disease, a surgery may also be suggested by a doctor.
Mastoid sinus disease
The mastoid sinus disease or commonly known as Mastoiditis is a type of inflammation caused in the middle ear of a person. The infected ear cells contain particular fluids that support the growth of bacteria in those areas.
A person affected with this infection suffers from ear pains, discharges from the ear, swelling of the area behind the ear, fever and other common symptoms like headache and irritations in the ear. Mastoiditis is usually found among children and can damage the eardrums that may eventually affect the hearing ability of a person.
Treatment for Mastoiditis
The most common treatment employed against mastoiditis is using antibiotics. This approach usually requires a long-term medication course but has proved to be effective against even the chronic conditions of mastoiditis. In cases where antibiotics fail to perform, a surgery known as mastoidectomy is done where the infected area is removed and cleaned. Fluid draining during surgery also relieves pressure on the infected areas of the ear.
Sinusitis in other parts of the body
Pilonidal sinus disease is the term given to an infection that occurs under the skin between the buttocks especially among the males. The pilonidal sinus is caused due to various reasons and they could be hereditary. The main cause of pilonidal sinus is because the hair on the cleft grows into the skin rather than growing outwards. This causes the hair to stick into the skin causing inflammations around the area.
At first a painless lump forms in the area which then eventually leads to acute or chronic conditions of this infection. There are two basic conditions of Pilonidal Sinus and they are:
- The acute condition that causes increasing pain and swelling on the affected part for several days
- The chronic condition which less painful compared to the acute condition as the lump releases pus from the affected area which causes it to reduce the pain.
The best way to prevent the infection from occurring is to keep the area clear of hair by shaving etc. and by maintaining hygiene. Also:
- For acute conditions, painkillers might be helpful and there might be need to puncture the lump which is usually done at a hospital.
- Chronic conditions may require an operation depending on the symptoms and the condition of the lump formed.
Sinus node disease
A sinus node is that part of the heart that generates electrical impulses to propagate a rhythmic heartbeat. Sinus node disease causes disorder in the heart beat rhythm such as a missed heartbeat, nonrhythmic beating, paused heartbeat etc. The reasons leading to this condition could be due to parasitic infections, an improper functioning of the heart muscle or an artery related disease.
Symptoms and Treatment of Sinus node disease
Symptoms like dizziness, increased or a throbbing heartbeat, anxiety and fainting show up in the event of a sinus node disease.
Artificial pacemakers, that mimic the electrical impulses, is one among the best solutions that can be used on a person to generate regulated and rhythmic heartbeats.
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Technology Review – With the launch of the Warrior, a large wheeled robot with a hefty mechanical arm, military robots just got significantly larger and more adaptable. The robot rides on caterpillar tracks like a tank. It can climb stairs and cover rough terrain, and perform tasks ranging from the delicate (opening car doors) to the destructive (smashing car windows) with its two-meter-long mechanical arm.
Warrior is the latest invention from iRobot, the Bedford, Massachusetts, company best known for the Roomba robotic vacuum, and its line of remote-control PackBots, used by U.S. combat forces to disable improvised explosive devices and perform other dangerous tasks. The robot could be weaponized—in one test it launched a rocket that trailed explosives behind it to clear mines or other obstacles. Warrior, at just over 450 pounds, including its arm, is more than five times as heavy and much larger and stronger than a PackBot.
With the launch of the Warrior, a large wheeled robot with a hefty mechanical arm, military robots just got significantly larger and more adaptable. The robot rides on caterpillar tracks like a tank. It can climb stairs and cover rough terrain, and perform tasks ranging from the delicate (opening car doors) to the destructive (smashing car windows) with its two-meter-long mechanical arm.
Packbot is designed to be carried like a backpack. Warrior is far too big, being just under a meter long, and standing a little over half a meter tall with its arm folded down. The robot’s electric motor gives it a top speed of eight miles per hour (five kilometers per hour) and enough power to pull a large car. The robot’s tracks and “flippers” allow it to climb over obstacles half a meter in height, and to rear up and reach its arm up to 3.5 meters from the ground. The arm can lift more than 150 pounds (68 kilograms).
Two prototypes of the robots, without fully polished hardware and software, were sent to explore damaged buildings at the site of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant after the nuclear accident last year. Various Warrior prototypes have been seen at trade shows over the last few years, but only now, after extensive testing, has the design been finalized. Warriors are now ready to enter manufacturing and can be ordered, iRobot says, although it doesn’t yet have any orders to announce.
Warrior is controlled using iRobot’s Aware 2 software and—like the company’s other ground robots—operated remotely using an Xbox controller. The driver sees the view from up to six cameras on the robot’s chassis, arm, and gripper.
Trainer says that a Warrior could be used for everything from search and rescue—for example, lifting aside rubble—to more delicate maneuvers, such as opening a car door to investigate a suspect package. Other attachments, such as x-ray equipment or firefighting gear, will also be made available.
Workers at Fukushima Daiichi didn’t have the benefit of any special equipment, but still managed to use the robot to clean up radiation-contaminated rooms to make it safe for humans to enter, says Trainer. “They duct-taped a vacuum cleaner onto the arm to suck up the radioactive dust.”
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Brian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.
Known for identifying cutting edge technologies, he is currently a Co-Founder of a startup and fundraiser for high potential early-stage companies. He is the Head of Research for Allocations for deep technology investments and an Angel Investor at Space Angels.
A frequent speaker at corporations, he has been a TEDx speaker, a Singularity University speaker and guest at numerous interviews for radio and podcasts. He is open to public speaking and advising engagements.
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- Treat with alkali: some food or beverage applications use a ‘natural’ cocoa powder, which has not been alkalizedMore example sentences
- Malate alkalizes xylem sap to a greater extent than nitrate.
- Alkalaemia suppresses renal ammoniagenesis, but the hydrolysis of urea by bacteria liberates ammonia that alkalises urine.
- The decrease is minimal with lightly alkalized cocoa powder, but with strongly alkalized powder, the gel strength is significantly reduced.
- More example sentences
- The odor results from the liberation of amines and organic acids produced from the alkalization of anaerobic bacteria.
- Alkalization brings out a stronger taste and a brighter color, but there is a point at which you want to stop on the degree of alkalization.
- It is important to choose a cocoa powder with an alkalization that will help keep the product's pH close to that of milk, around 7.0.
More definitions of alkalizeDefinition of alkalize in:
- The US English dictionary
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The Liberian government recommended on Saturday that survivors of Ebola practice safe sex indefinitely, until more information can be collected on the length of time the virus might remain present in body fluids including semen. Previously, male survivors were advised to abstain from sexual intercourse or to use condoms for three months, reflecting that the active virus had been detected for up to 82 days in semen.Acting on new developments, all countries affected by the Ebola outbreak need to consider applying similar recommendations, said Dr. David Nabarro, the United Nations secretary general’s special envoy for Ebola.
Agencies involved in the response were urgently reviewing the issue. “Yet again the Ebola-affected communities are asked to deal carefully with an unknown,” Dr. Nabarro wrote in an email, adding that survivors “should not be stigmatized as they take actions for the public good. They are the heroes.”
The new guidelines came one day after the death of Liberia’s single confirmed patient with Ebola, Ruth Tugbah. Before her illness, the country had gone three weeks without a new Ebola diagnosis, and hopes had risen that Liberia was nearing the end of a yearlong epidemic that killed more than 4,000 people there. Ms. Tugbah’s only known risk factor was having a boyfriend who was an Ebola survivor.
Scientists detected the genetic material of Ebola from a semen sample the boyfriend provided to infectious disease investigators, officials from two Ebola response agencies said, speaking on background because they were not authorized to speak publicly.
In a potentially worrying development, officials learned that the man, whose name is not being released, was treated for Ebola last September.
A blood sample from his girlfriend, who tested positive for Ebola, was collected on March 19. Given a maximum incubation period of 21 days, the earliest she could have been infected was Feb. 26, well over three months after the man was cured of Ebola.
Even though traces of the virus were detected in the man’s semen, that does not prove that the fluid contained active virus particles, or that Ms. Tugbah was infected from it, the officials said.
To help determine that, the sample will be sent to scientists outside Liberia who have the facilities to try to grow the virus in a culture.
Scientists in Monrovia, Liberia’s capital, were working to determine whether the virus carried by Ms. Tugbah matched the sequence of that from her boyfriend. The national laboratory gained the capacity to sequence the Ebola virus just last month with support from the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases.
Officials from Liberia, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization scrambled on Friday to come up with the new recommendations given the developments and their sensitivity.
“For now we are encouraging survivors to have safe sex,” said Tolbert Nyenswah, Liberia’s top Ebola official. He said the country planned to enroll survivors in a study to determine the maximum length of time the virus remains detectable. Condoms have not been tested with Ebola, but are thought to be effective because they block transmission of much smaller viruses, bacteriophages, which are 27 nanomillimeters compared with Ebola’s 80 nanomillimeters, said Nathalie Jeanne Nicole Broutet, a medical officer with the World Health Organization’s Department of Reproductive Health and Research in Geneva. “In theory the Ebola virus wouldn’t pass the condom,” she said, while noting that condoms “are not perfect for sexually transmitted illnesses. They have a 95 percent efficacy if you use them constantly and correctly.”
Dr. Broutet said that research protocols had been developed to test a range of body fluids for the virus — such as tears, sweat, semen, vaginal secretions and even breast milk — but that the studies had not yet started and were still awaiting ethical approvals. Certain parts of the body, including the testes, may harbor the virus longer than the blood because those areas are not well accessed by immune cells.
The research was sensitive, Dr. Broutet said. Some survivors accused of infecting their sexual partners have been incarcerated in Sierra Leone.
Dr. Broutet said research had been delayed because of competing priorities during the height of the epidemic. “Now that it’s quieter, it’s the right time,” she said. “The question is urgent.”
Dr. Philderald E. Pratt, assistant representative in Liberia of the United Nations Population Fund, known as UNFPA, a reproductive health agency, said there needed to be a campaign to inform the public about the uncertainties, while at the same time avoiding further stigmatizing survivors.
“We’ve thought about it, we’re planning it, but we hadn’t kick-started it,” he said.
Published: March 28, 2015. By SHERI FINK
Copyright © 2015 The New York Times Company
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No studies have proved how to prevent cataracts or slow the progression of cataracts. However, doctors think several strategies may be helpful, including:
- Have regular eye examinations. Eye examinations can help detect cataracts and other eye problems at their earliest stages. Ask your doctor how often you should have an eye examination.
- Quit smoking. Ask your doctor for suggestions about how to stop smoking. Medications, counseling and other strategies are available to help you.
- Reduce alcohol use. Excessive alcohol use can increase the risk of cataracts.
- Wear sunglasses. Ultraviolet light from the sun may contribute to the development of cataracts. Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet B (UVB) rays when you're outdoors.
- Manage other health problems. Follow your treatment plan if you have diabetes or other medical conditions that can increase your risk of cataracts.
- Maintain a healthy weight. If you currently have a healthy weight, work to maintain it by exercising most days of the week. If you're overweight or obese, work to lose weight slowly by reducing your calorie intake and increasing the amount of exercise you get each day.
Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. Adding a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables to your diet ensures that you're getting many vitamins and nutrients. Fruits and vegetables have many antioxidants, which help maintain the health of your eyes.
Studies haven't proved that antioxidants in pill form can prevent cataracts. However, a large population study recently showed that a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals was associated with a reduced risk of developing cataracts. Fruits and vegetables have many proven health benefits and are a safe way to increase the amount of minerals and vitamins in your diet.
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Information Technology Security
Information technologies are ubiquitous in the 21st century. Smart phones, tablets, and various other connected devices have, in only a few years, become fully integrated in our daily lives. The pace of technological innovation is steadily accelerating, with futuristic-sounding ideas, like self-driving cars, being set to soon become a reality.
While all these new technologies have brought citizens of all nations important benefits and opportunities, they have also introduced new risks that need to be carefully managed. Computer viruses, ransomware, phishing, hacking, and identity theft are all examples of information technologies being used for wrongful purposes, often with disastrous and costly results. Rarely a month goes by without the news media reporting yet another large corporation being hacked and the private information of thousands, sometimes millions, of individuals being stolen by cyber pirates (be they thrill-seeking teenagers, “hacktivists,” perpetrators of organized crime, terrorists, or hostile state actors).
The wrongful use of information technologies can have consequences far beyond the theft of private information. Public sector organizations are also at risk. In recent times, for example, cyber pirates have successfully stolen more than 20 million personnel records at the United States Office of Personnel Management and deleted all the data in Saudi Arabia’s national oil company’s IT systems. In the United Kingdom, they also took many hospital IT systems hostage through the use of ransomware, forcing some hospitals to cancel non-urgent appointments.
Furthermore, because public industrial and transport infrastructure are now increasingly connected to corporate networks and the Internet, they have become susceptible to cyber attacks that can cause physical damage and disrupt important services. For example, in recent years, hackers have managed to temporarily shut down electricity generation in Ukraine and also damaged a steel mill in Germany and nuclear program equipment in Iran.
All connected assets, from smart phones to self-driving cars to industrial control systems, are, to some extent, at risk of being hacked. And, as time passes, the number and types of connected devices increase rapidly, as does the number of hackers and their skills at finding weaknesses in IT systems.
In this environment, public sector organizations must remain hyper-vigilant. They must implement the latest good practices in IT risk management to protect their IT assets from unauthorized access and to prevent the use, disclosure, disruption, modification, review, and destruction of the information they contain.
Only by effectively managing their IT security risks will public sector organizations be able to:
- protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information they possess;
- protect key public infrastructure, such as electricity production installations and public transit systems, from cyber attacks; and
- ensure business continuity and the availability of services to citizens.
Internal and legislative auditors can support public sector organizations to achieve these goals by providing independent assurance about whether IT security risks are well managed and by making recommendations for improvements where needed.
This Focus On issue includes:
- PreviousComments & Questions
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Post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) occurs as a result of experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event. It is estimated that about eight million people experience post-traumatic stress syndrome. There is increasing evidence of the connection between PTSD and heart disease. While most commonly associated with those who have served in combat, anyone who has been involved in a car accident, a natural disaster, sexual assault or other major dramatic event may be a PTSD candidate. This includes those who have experienced health issues, including stroke, heart attack or other cardiovascular conditions.
Everyone reacts to traumatic incidents differently but there are symptoms which lead to a PTSD diagnosis if they continue for longer than one month. These symptoms include reliving the event through nightmares or flashbacks. Other signs include reacting to something that triggers vivid memories such as a smell, sound or image. Avoiding certain situations, negative changes in personal beliefs and a continual feeling of anger, being jittery or “on edge” may also signal PTSD. Additionally, the development of difficulty in sleeping or concentration could be symptomatic.
Specific Cardiovascular Risks
There are several notable risk areas for the appearance of PTSD among those who have experienced cardiovascular events. Fifteen- to twenty-five percent of those who have heart attacks and strokes are susceptible to a later diagnosis of PTSD. Having PTSD doubles a heart patient’s chances of suffering another heart attack.
PTSD can also increase blood pressure and heart rate. According to the National Stroke Association, about 300,000 survivors of stroke develop PTSD every year. Symptoms can appear within the first year of the stroke or after the first year mark.
The American Heart Association (AHA) reports that survivors of aortic dissection, a life-threatening condition brought upon by a tear in the aortic wall, often develop PTSD. In an aortic dissection, blood rushes between the aorta walls causing a sharp pain that often extends from the chest to the back. This is usually treated with surgery and medication and leaves a lasting emotional response. The PTSD associated with aortic dissection can appear years after the incident.
The development of PTSD can also increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common type of irregular heartbeat. With AFib, the heartbeat does not move blood properly from the heart’s upper chamber, the atria, to the lower chambers, called ventricles. Untreated, AFib can lead to stroke.
Managing PTSD and Heart Disease
The reasons that PTSD can be so dangerous to those with cardiovascular issues go beyond the obvious physical implications. If the PTSD brings stressful situations to mind, the body reacts. Mere thoughts of the past trauma can cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and anxiety, already a danger for those who have dealt with heart attack or stroke. In addition, the person experiencing the anxiety may avoid taking medication because of the memory it brings to the life-threatening cardiovascular event. Avoiding medication could lead to another heart attack or stroke.
Treatment of PTSD itself may involve psychotherapy or counseling. Techniques such as trauma-focused psychotherapy explore the meaning of the traumatic event. Another method known as EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) utilizes sound and hand motions to help process the moment of anxiety. Medications are also available that have been effective. Among them are certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), also used in combating depression.
It is important for those who have had heart attacks and strokes to alert their cardiologist if any symptoms of PTSD occur. The cardiologist can more accurately develop a treatment plan with the patient that will coordinate the management of the PTSD and the cardiovascular issue.
To learn more about managing PTSD and cardiovascular disease, log on to vascularhealthclinics.org.
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Due to the fact that the majority of interest seems to have been in Eleanor of Aquitaine from part one of this series I am going to begin my investigation of individual women with her. There has been so much written about Eleanor of Aquitaine and I am the first to admit that there isn’t that much new to say, but she is one of my favourites from this time period so I’m always happy to write about her.
Eleanor of Aquitaine’s effigy at Fontevraud Abbey.
Royal marriages changed the political face of the country and ensured the transmission of states between families. They also formed alliances that helped to stop wars, start wars and disseminate culture between different countries. The royal bride who had the most profound effect on England during this time period was Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor of Aquitaine was married to Henry II from 1152-1189. Her marriage was made for political reasons, on her side as well as Henry’s, but it did later come to involve affection and it appears there was some form of initial attraction on both sides. Her marriage to Henry II also changed English politics. She brought the Duchy of Aquitaine to the English Crown and thus was instrumental in the creation of the Plantagenet Empire on the continent. The Plantagenets ruled substantially more of what we would now consider France than did the French. Eleanor was also the mother of the three kings: Henry the Young King ,who was crowned during his father’s lifetime but died in 1183, Richard I and John I. Richard and John were both kings who made strong marks, good and bad, on the political landscape. Medieval English queens did have authority, but it was largely ceremonial and dependant on their husbands. They had their own unique status, as they were the only ones beside the king who were officially anointed and appointed by God as part of the royal authority. Medieval queens also had their own land in the shape of their dower lands, which were given to them by the king on their marriage. However, how much say the queen had in the running of these lands was dependant on the queen herself and the amount of authority the king allowed her. The queen was also often at the cultural centre of the court. Even contemporaries who were not otherwise remarkably complimentary of Eleanor of Aquitaine acknowledged the immense cultural downturn the court took in her absence. Patronage was another area in which queens could have great influence. An example of such patronage is Eleanor of Aquitaine’s 1185 charter to the abbey of Fontevraud. In this charter she gives the abbey and the “nuns serving God there” the “rent of one hundred pounds, in perpetual alms, from the provosture of Poitiers and the vineyard of Benon, particularly what is received from Marcilly.”
It was primarily because of her background that Eleanor of Aquitaine was able to wield a little more real authority than some other queens of England, though she was still subject to the power of her husband. She was born in c 1124 and was a great heiress in her own right. Her father was Duke William X of Aquitaine and when he died on pilgrimage in c 1137 he left Eleanor as the ruler of one of the biggest and most powerful duchies in Christendom. Contemporary writer William of Newburgh described the duchy as “very extensive” and stretching “from the borders of Anjou and Brittany to the Pyrenees.” In dying William X left Eleanor very vulnerable, because she became a desirable marriage prize. A little over a month after her father’s death, probably to ensure her own protection, she married Prince Louis the heir to the French throne and the future Louis VII. However for the next fifteen years of her marriage, despite her title as Queen of France, she would have little control over Aquitaine, as Louis took it for himself and installed French administrators. Her marriage was annulled in 1152 and she found herself once again a vulnerable heiress. She married Henry the young Duke of Normandy and the future Henry II of England only eight weeks after the annulment of her previous marriage. This marriage would eventually begin her time as Queen of England, and help to establish her as a woman of authority and power as well as a duchess in her own right.
St Denis Cathedral where Louis VII is buried with the majority of the Kings of France. Eleanor would have been very familiar with it.
In the first twenty or so years of her reign as Queen of England Eleanor did have power and involvement, but it was not that dissimilar to the traditional power of a queen. She did originally have some say in the running of Aquitaine, but it was more a position of advising Henry II rather than having a free reign to run the Duchy she had inherited. She also acted as a regent both in England and in various parts of the continental domains. Additionally Eleanor and Henry II seem to have acted in some sort of partnership for the first decade or so of their marriage. This is illustrated with Henry II’s campaign to try to enforce Eleanor’s rights in Toulouse in 1170. This was not a campaign that was particularly advantageous to Henry and it was one that Eleanor had also persuaded her previous husband to undertake. Eleanor also had eight children, including five sons, with Henry II and this helped to increase her standing because she was fulfilling the main role of a queen. Eleanor was not a queen who was just left at home to bear children while the king was out fighting wars. She was present with Henry and without Henry all over their disparate empire and seems to have been very involved in the culture as well as the political side.
Effigy of Henry II at Fontevruad Abbey.
However it is also important to note that Eleanor was not necessarily well liked in her new kingdom. Gerald of Wales, a contemporary writer, describes her as having a reputation of “sufficient notoriety,” citing her apparent “carnal knowledge” of Henry’s father Geoffrey of Anjou as evidence. While it is unlikely this particular accusation was true it does show that Eleanor was very much at the mercy of a masculine world where she was subject to ridicule by male chroniclers. This was a world in which independent authority by a woman, however powerful, was very difficult.
Also her role during the reign of Henry II was curtailed by her fifteen years of imprisonment for her part in her sons’ rebellion. Henry forgave his sons due to their relative youth and the fact that he needed them, but he never forgave Eleanor. The imprisonment was relatively comfortable and it began in the 1174. She was not released until Henry II’s death and Richard I’s ascension to the throne in 1189. In this period she had little influence. She lost her dower lands and most of her revenues, losing even the traditional trappings of power for a queen. What she did receive she could not dispose of as she wished. Despite the appearance of some autonomy, any power Eleanor did have during the reign of Henry II, like other queens, came courtesy of her husband. She was able to work in partnership as long he allowed her to. So most of her authority came from any influence she might have had over Henry II and his actions. Her acting as regent, while it was a position of significant power, was not independent power. This changed abruptly when Henry II died in 1189. Eleanor’s certainly shaped the political situation in England with her involvement in the reigns of her sons. It can be seen specifically in her actions in the governance of the kingdom while Richard was on crusade. It was her backing that gave legitimacy to Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, when he was appointed as the joint authority with Chancellor Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, who had been left nominally in charge. de Coutances was primarily appointed to check Longchamp’s excesses. Eleanor also mediated in any arguments between the justiciars who were sharing authority in Richard’s absence. Eleanor was also one of the few people who had some influence on Prince John who, as Richard’s most likely heir, caused significant trouble when Richard was out of the country. Eleanor was also not in England all the time that Richard was absent because she traveled across the Plantagenet Empire, helping to hold it together and to bring Richard his new wife Berengaria of Navarre. In 1191, despite the fact that she was in her late 60’s, she traveled to Navarre, in the modern day Spanish and French borderlands, to bring Berengaria back to marry Richard in Limassol in Cyprus.
Richard’s effigy in Fontevraud Abbey. The effigy beside him is that of Isabel of Angouleme. She was the wife of his brother John and another heiress who will be discussed in a later post.
Eleanor’s influence was most apparent when Richard was captured and held for ransom in 1193 on the way back from crusade. Richard had been taken by Duke Leopold of Austria and the ransom set was the exorbitant 100, 000 silver marks, plus 200 hostages from his vassals’ families. Richard’s lands had already been heavily taxed to help pay for his crusade and now they were squeezed even harder to raise a ransom that was twice England’s annual revenue. One of the ways Eleanor raised the ransom was to approve, with Walter of Coutances, a levy of one quarter of all moveable goods, a percentage of all knights’ fees and significant contributions of gold and silver from the churches. The only churches that were exempt were the Cistercians and Gilbertines, who were too austere to have gold and silver. From these she demanded a percentage of their wool clip. Her integral involvement in these levies is illustrated by the fact that the treasure was stored with her seal on it as well as Walter of Coutances’.
Cistercian abbeys like Riveaux were exempt from providing gold for the ransom.
Richard I also placed great importance on his mother’s role in keeping his kingdom together. This is very well illustrated in the letter that he wrote to her in 1193, requesting her assistance in ensuring that Hubert Bishop of Salisbury would be made Archbishop of Canterbury. Firstly in this letter he describes Eleanor as by the grace of God “Queen of England.” Which clearly shows that he considers her authority paramount. Additionally he thanks her for the “faithful care and diligence [she gave] to [his] lands for peace and defense so devotedly and effectively.” He goes on to say that her “prudence and discretion” is the “greatest cause of [his] land remaining in a peaceful state until [his] arrival.” This independence of action is further illustrated in another letter of Richard’s, regarding the appointment of Hubert. He appeals to “his dearest mother Eleanor, by that same grace Queen of England, greetings and the inviolable sincerity of filial love”. He appeals to her to ensure that the justiciars the bishops of Canterbury Church, and anyone else she believes needs to be involved, instate Hubert of Salisbury as Archbishop of Canterbury. The fact that Richard I assumes that Eleanor will have the influence and power to achieve his request, indicates the power and independent authority that she wielded during his reign. Henry II married Eleanor as a royal bride mainly for political reasons, they barely knew each other when they were married, but she made an indelible mark on England primarily in holding the country together. The next post in this series will be about Joanna Princess of Wales. She was the wife of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, know as Llywelyn the Great, and the illegitimate daughter of King John.
Marie Hivergneaux, “Queen Eleanor and Aquitaine 1137-1189”, in Bonnie Wheeler & John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Aquitaine Lord and Lady, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p 55.
Lisa Hamilton, Queens Consort, London, 2008, pp. 1-3.
Anne Crawford, The Letters of the Queens of England, Stroud, 1997, pp. 8-9.
Lisa Hamilton, Queens Consort, London, 2008, pp. 8-9.
Eleanor of Aquitaine Charter to Fontevrault, 1185 at http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/letter/885.html.
Desmond Seward, Eleanor of Aquitaine, London, 1978, pp. 13-14.
William of Newburgh, The History of English Affairs, trans. PG, Walsh and M.J Kennedy, (eds), William of Newburgh History of English Affairs, Warminster, 1988 pp.129-131.
Melrich V Rosenberg, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Massachusetts, 1937, pp. 4-5.
Desmond Seward, Eleanor of Aquitaine, London, 1978, pp. 21-23.
Ibid., pp. 63-69.
Ralph V Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Padstow, 2009, p. XVIII.
Ibid., pp. 123-125.
Ibid., pp. 139-141.
Gerald of Wales, The Death of Henry II and Comments on the Angevin Family, at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/geraldwales-dip1.html.
Ralph V Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Padstow, 2009, pp. 233-237.
Richard Barber, Henry Plantagenet, Ipswich, 1964, pp.182-183.
Ralph V Turner, “The Role of Eleanor in the Government of Her Sons,” in Wheeler and Carmi Parsons, (eds) Eleanor of Aquitaine, pp. 79-83.
Crawford, Queens of England, pp. 32-34.
. Anne Crawford, “Berengaria of Navarre,” in Anne Crawford, The Letters of the Queens of England, Stroud, 1997, pp. 43-45.
Ibid., pp. 299-301.
Andrea Hopkins, “Eleanor of Aquitaine,” in Andrea Hopkins, Six Medieval Women, London, 1997, pp. 56-57.
Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine By the Wrath of God, Queen of England, London, 1999, pp. 229-230.
Ralph V Turner, “The Role of Eleanor in the Government of Her Sons,” in Bonnie Wheeler and John Carmi Parsons (eds) Eleanor of Aquitaine, Lord and Lady, New York, 2003, pp. 83-85.
Richard I Letter to Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1193, at http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/letter/148.html.
Richard I Letter to Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1193, at http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/letter/149.html.
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In positive psychology, happiness is a four-letter word. This relatively new movement within psychology seeks to shift the focus of research and interventions from psychological maladies to human flourishing. When I teach positive psychology, I ask my students what concepts they would like to see included under its umbrella. A few topics—happiness, optimism, resilience—are clear winners time and again. One notable absence: Intelligence. It's something most of us would want for our children, and we often admire it in others, and yet it still seems overlooked.
Why would students overlook the idea that intelligence might be related to high functioning or success? They're not alone; positive psychologists seem to be neatly side-stepping this topic even though it is one of the oldest and best researched in psychology. A search of the leading professional database shows that only two articles have ever been published in the flagship Journal of Positive Psychology with “intelligence” in the title, and both of those were about emotional intelligence.
I think some of the standoffishness is the result of our common attitudes about intelligence, which, like extroversion or left-handedness, is seen as a trait. There is a trend, among experts and lay people, to preference topics in psychology that are malleable. In short: We want to learn about things that we can change and improve.
With all this in mind, I was surprised to see one recent publication on intelligence—a piece of research that wasn’t just focused on how people are smart or how they get that way but, instead, took aim at a positive psychology pillar: happiness. The author of the study sought to discover whether intelligence is associated with happiness—not just overall levels of happiness but overall stability of happiness.
Here’s how the researcher conducted his study and here’s what he found:
First, he used a sample of almost 10,000 British people for whom he had childhood IQ scores—and happiness assessments for from ages 33, 42, 47, and 51. He also had data on their personality, income, job satisfaction, and marital status, so he could control for all of these factors and just examine at the pure relationship between intelligence and happiness stability.
It turns out that IQ—even assessed in childhood—does predict the emotional ups and downs a person will have over the course of her life. People who were below average in intelligence experienced significantly more variability in their life satisfaction than did those who were above average. Importantly, this was not due to differences in education, income, or job, although it was, in part, due to differences in health.
Here’s where I think this research gets interesting: When this basic research result interacts with you, the person reading this.
There may be a tendency to say “So what?” or perhaps something about the finding just rubs you the wrong way, regardless of the relative merits of the methodology. If you find that you have an aversive reaction to this, I would encourage you to reflect on your own basic attitudes about intelligence.
Perhaps intelligence, to the extent that it is a stable trait, feels somehow undemocratic or unfair. Even so, the way that people learn, process, remember, recall, and solve problems is a worthy topic of study. And if we view it as a skill, then it might not be so surprising that it has some association with happiness.
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Cannabis and COVID-19
Is it a treatment or a risk?
The COVID-19 pandemic has been frightening for many, and it’s forced a lot of changes to everyday life. As people have shifted to wearing masks, distancing six feet apart and avoiding large gatherings, one big question has been on the minds of cannabis consumers everywhere: What about cannabis? Will it hurt or help my chances of surviving COVID-19?
The short answer is that researchers still can’t say what impact cannabis use will have on patients with COVID-19, but that hasn’t stopped them from exploring the question. Some studies conducted in 2020 have indicated that the active ingredients in cannabis may help with certain COVID-19 symptoms, while others suggest it could be a risk factor that makes you more likely to contract the disease.
More research is needed to clarify the answers to these questions—but the current research points the way toward areas that could be explored further.
Smoking anything increases risk.
Where There’s Smoke…
The concern over cannabis and COVID-19 started early. As the pandemic was just getting started, experts voiced caution that cannabis use might actually increase risk for COVID-19. Specifically, they were worried that smoking cannabis might make consumers’ lungs more susceptible to infection.
Dr. Donald Tashkin, for example, spoke out early in a piece for the LA Times, saying that “smoking anything increases risk.” Tashkin, a professor of medicine at UCLA who has spent years researching cannabis’s effects on the lungs, found that it can cause symptoms of bronchitis. Since other research has linked bronchitis to a more severe progression of COVID-19, this presents a worry for cannabis smokers.
Still, in a later interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Tashkin explained that he doesn’t “believe that we have the data to answer this question as yet.”
He advised that “in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it would be safest to avoid smoking any product during the COVID-19 pandemic.”
An early study from researchers at the University of Western Australia also found evidence that cannabis use was tied to an increased risk of being infected with COVID-19. While this study was never peer-reviewed, it raised more worries that using cannabis could be a risk factor.
CBD: A Calm in the Storm?
But as the pandemic wore on, another line of research began to pop up, studies suggesting that cannabis or one of its active ingredients, CBD, might actually help those suffering from COVID-19. These studies pointed to CBD’s strong anti-inflammatory properties and suggested that it might help with a symptom of severe COVID-19 cases: the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by cytokine storms.
Cytokines are proteins that help regulate our immune response. When an infection happens, cytokines trigger an inflammatory response, which usually helps to fight off the infection. But sometimes the body overreacts and releases way too many cytokines at once. This is called a cytokine storm, and the resulting inflammation can do serious damage. It can lead to ARDS, where breathing becomes difficult or impossible—and in severe cases, it can cause death.
The theory that CBD might be able to fight off these cytokine storms and the resulting ARDS was first posited by researchers from the University of Nebraska and the Texas Biomedical Research Institute. In their peer-reviewed article, they noted that CBD has already been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory that can reduce the specific cytokines involved in cytokine storms. They suggested that this could make CBD helpful for treating severe cases of COVID-19.
Since then, other researchers have begun to investigate the theory experimentally. While human studies have yet to be conducted, promising results have come from preclinical studies. In a peer-reviewed study from Augusta University in Georgia, researchers tested the theory on mice. These researchers artificially induced a cytokine storm and ARDS, and once the mice began experiencing respiratory distress and damage to their lungs, they were treated with CBD.
The results were powerful. Not only did the CBD seem to suppress the cytokine storms, but the authors also reported that “these symptoms were totally or partially reversed” by CBD, including damage to the lungs from the intense inflammation.
Other studies have reported similar results. One study by Israeli cannabis R&D companies Eybna and CannaSoul Analytics looked at the impact of both CBD and specific cannabis terpenes on cytokine activity. Using a well-established cell assay to model the impacts of cytokine storms, these researchers tested CBD; a proprietary terpene blend; a combination of the terpene blend with CBD; and, singly, dexamethasone, a drug that is currently used to reduce cytokine storms in COVID-19 patients.
They found that the combination of CBD and terpenes was most effective at reducing cytokine activity and that both CBD and terpenes could outperform dexamethasone at the task.
Timing Might Be Everything
But other researchers have warned that cannabis’s anti-inflammatory properties might not always be of benefit in treating COVID-19. Some studies warn that cytokines and inflammation play an important role in fighting off early phases of infection—and while this immune suppression might help with severe cases of ARDS, it could also make people more susceptible to infection early on.
Still another study on mice added some complication to this theory. This research, from the University of South Carolina, looked at whether THC might also be able to help with ARDS in COVID-19 cases. Similar to the study using CBD, researchers experimentally induced ARDS. But unlike the previous study, these researchers gave mice THC right after infecting them. Surprisingly, 100% of those mice who were infected without a THC treatment died from the ARDS. But all those who were treated with THC survived and had less severe inflammation.
The results suggest that cannabis could not only help in severe cases of ARDS but might also help to prevent these cases from getting severe in the first place. Of course, it’s important to note that none of the mice in either study actually had COVID-19, just ARDS. Researchers may find different results with ARDS that arises from COVID-19 or in human populations.
There is a fair bit of promising preclinical evidence that cannabis could be a helpful treatment for COVID-19—and some suggesting it could be a risk factor. But we can’t know for sure what role cannabis might play in the disease’s progression without clinical trials on humans with COVID-19. While it’s unlikely we will see these studies anytime soon given restrictions on human research with cannabis, they could answer these important questions for the cannabis community.
By Emily Earlenbaugh
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Cursive_Step_1 (Building License)
Cursive Step One provides 81 pages including teacher information. PRACTICE pages provide models and practice space. LEARN pages provide huge color/rhytm models for finger-tracing as the technique for teaching the movement sequence. The pages in each section are presented alphabetically to make it easy for you to correlate the physical patterning for letter production into the sequence of your reading readiness program.
The Color/Rhythm movement models exaggerate the production process making it easier to establish correct start point, direction and sequence. PLEASE DO NOT HAVE CHILDREN TRACE MODELS WITH A PENCIL OR CRAYON. Pay close attention to the PROCESS (start point, direction of movement and stroke sequence). Initially, correct process is more important than accuracy of the product.
Teach the student to hold the page in writing position and use the pointer finger to trace the movement model. Action words allow you to include rhythmic movement as a goal in each exercise session. Chant the Action Words, Count or Colors aloud and move with the voice. The challenge to move smoothly with the vocal when finger-tracing, air-writing and with the pencil on the practice page, greatly enhances the internalization process.
Chant and write huge letters in the air with various muscle groups for initial gross patterning and to get the students moving with the voices. Finger-trace the movement model again. Then pick up the pencil to Write And Say on the practice page. The goal is to move the pencil with the voice. The voices indicate that the child is practicing the right kind of movement.
When the child is unable to chant as strokes are produced, it indicates the child is looking at the pencil as it creates the trace. To move smoothly, the child must learn to look ahead to goals within the sequence. The color separations in the movement models enhance that learning. Control of fluent movement improves with rhythmic practice resulting in more accurate product. Independent practice rarely includes smooth movement as a goal. Until the patterns are well established, practice must be “directed” to include the fluency challenge. It is that challenge that enhances internalization.
- Item #: EWBcursive1
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This expression alludes to a former brutal punishment in which a person was smeared with tar and covered with feathers, which then stuck. It was first used as a punishment for theft in the English navy, recorded in the Ordinance of Richard I in 1189, and by the mid-1700s had become mob practice. The figurative usage dates from the mid-1800s.
The practice of smearing a body with tar and then sprinkling the tar with feathers was not original to America. As long ago as 1189, during the reign of Richard the Lionhearted, it was prescribed in the British navy as punishment for theft. But English colonials brought it ashore in North America and made such use of it that it now is thought of as American. It was described as the "present popular punishment for modern delinquents" in 1769.
Richard Thornton's 1912 American Glossary has more than a dozen examples of tar and feather for the years 1769 through 1775, starting with a newspaper account from October 30, 1769. "A person," reported the Boston Chronicle, "was stripped naked, put into a cart, where he was first tarred, then feathered." The Newport Mercury for December 20, 1773, carries a "Notice to the Committee on Tarring and Feathering": "What think you, Captain, of a halter round your neck--ten gallons of liquid tar decanted on your pate--with the feathers of a dozen wild geese laid over that to enliven your appearance?"
During the American Revolution, rebels made examples of British loyalists by tarring and feathering. A memoir of 1774 refers to "the Liberty Boys, the tarring-and-feathering gentlemen." That year a notable victim was "Mr. John Malcomb, an officer of the customs at Boston, who was tarred and feathered, and led to the gallows with a rope about his neck."
The practice was occasionally very violent and resulted in death, but most of the time the purpose was humiliation. John Robert Shaw, in his autobiography from this period, tells a story of a light feathering from New Bedford, Massachusetts:
In this excursion, among other plunder, we took a store of molasses, the hogshead being rolled out and their heads knocked in, a soldier’s wife was stooping to fill her kettle, a soldier slipped behind her and threw her into the hogshead ; when she was hauled out, a bystander then threw a parcel of feathers on her, which adhering to the molasses made her appear frightful enough;–This little circumstance afforded us a good deal of amusement.
The prohibition in the 1791 Bill of Rights against "cruel and unusual punishments" may have helped discourage the practice of tarring and feathering, which seems to have vanished by the end of the nineteenth century. Tar and feather remains in our language today, but only as a figure of speech for public humiliation.
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What grading system do you use for your family? All subjects? At what ages? I need to show records of my children’s schooling and am not sure how to do it. We read off the computer for history and Torah, so I don’t have much written except for Scripture in his journal. Also, how do I come up with a report card? I am not sure how to compile all the spelling and math grades into one. Thank you so much for your help!
First of all, be sure you are meeting any state legal requirements. You don’t need to do more than the state requires, but you should be sure you are at least obeying the laws of your country.
If you are NOT required to submit report cards to an evaluator in your state, I don’t recommend that you go over and above what the state requires, because they might start requiring it of others.
So then you have to ask what the purpose of grades is. Is it to calm down the questions of extended family? I could totally understand that one. But otherwise, grades help a classroom teacher know if all her students are understanding the material. You can see that *very* easily as a homeschool mom, because you are with your children each day, but it’s nice to have the reassurance, too.
In our home, we have two kinds of grades. First, there are ”objective” subjects, where it’s easy to tell if your students got all the right answers. These would include math, spelling, grammar, etc. In arithmetic, there is a test on Day 5 of every week. Add up how many questions your student gets correct, then *divide* that by how many total questions are on the test. Let me show you a screenshot.
I counted 65 possible correct answers on this page. Let’s pretend the child missed 2 of them. So the child got 63 correct. So let’s divide 63 by 65. The answer rounds off to 97%. In our house, any grade in the 90s is an A, in the 80s is a B, and so on.
So then go over to your ”Together School Planner,” and write the grade in the spot for that day’s Arithmetic lesson. You’d write: 97 A.
You would do the same in any subject that has a test or quiz. Over time, you can see all the grades listed in your Together School Planner. Maybe every 9 weeks, you could average them up to see what their grade was for that quarter. If it makes your family feel better, make a report card and put it on the front of the fridge with red letters and lots of stickers, and make a show of rewarding your student. 🙂
Now what about other subjects? For Bible, I use their weekly memory verse as a grade, once they recite it to me at the end of the week. Also, if they make a notebooking page in Bible or Science or History, I give them a grade based on how well they followed my instructions and how if they put their heart into doing their best. Of course, if they don’t, I make them do it over (wink), so they usually get As. 🙂 In history, worksheets can also count as a quiz if you’d like. I hope this gives you ideas. Just keep track of all these on your Together School Planner.
For myself, I keep track of grades and work completed on the “Together School Planner” that is available on this page:
- Together School Planner (members only)
I can use this form when preparing each week, but I can ALSO use it to write down grades and accomplishments. It becomes a portfolio that I could use, if I wished, to compile a report card or to show a state evaluator (or my husband or extended family) what we’ve done in school.
Here are some helpful videos we have made:
Here are some helpful resources from others:
- Grade Level – Stairsteps to Climb or Social Standing?
- God’s Wisdom vs. Man’s Wisdom
- Free Printable Behavior Chart (old link, but you could use as a template to make your own)
- Renewing Your Mind About Education
- Book – What Your Child Needs to Know When (by Robin Sampson)
- Free Printable Homeschool Report Card Template
- Ready to make learning a more memorable and meaningful experience for your family? Get started with notebooking today! Get free templates and more from NotebookingPages.com for more notebooking information, freebies, products, articles, and tips, as well as for a variety of other free homeschooling charts and printables.
Hello, I love your curriculum. I want to get started. My daughter is 6 and will be 7 in January, this will be my first time homeschooling. My daughter went to a blended program for kindergarten, which is no longer in operation. We live in California, and I know we would have to document if she started with Homeschooling Torah. Could you help us with the transition process?
Anne Elliott says
I would be super happy to help! Maybe the best way would be to set up a phone call? If that would work for you, you can schedule one here:
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A mental health condition known as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by people having uncontrollable, recurrent obsessions and compulsions.
It is a chronic condition that leaves a person extraordinarily distressed and dysfunctional. OCD can have a significant negative influence on your relationships and daily life if untreated.
The good news is that the best treatment for OCD can help you feel less anxious. It enables you to deal with OCD without resorting to time-consuming compulsions.
What Are OCD Symptoms?
OCD can take many different forms. However, the primary symptoms and types of OCD include –
● Having a psychological condition such as pregnancy or schizophrenia or checking things like locks, alarm systems, stoves, or light switches.
● Contamination, apprehension about potentially unclean objects, or a need to clean. You could get mental contamination if you experience being treated harshly.
● Order and symmetry, the requirement that objects be arranged in a specific manner
● Intrusive thoughts and a preoccupation with a particular idea. These ideas could include some violent or unsettling ones.
Treatments For OCD
Each person with OCD is different; thus, therapy should be personalized even though specific treatments generally appear to have more effect than others.
Medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy are the two most widely used and efficient OCD therapies (CBT). Sometimes the best outcomes come from combining the two.
It is crucial to consider a person with OCD’s awareness of their disorder while deciding on a course of therapy. For instance, a person with good insight will recognize that their beliefs (obsessions) are likely false.
In contrast, a person with poor understanding will likely believe their obsessive thoughts are true. People without insight will feel that their obsessions and related compulsions are unquestionably accurate and necessary.
The person’s awareness level will be considered while choosing the therapy.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A type of talk therapy is CBT. This type of therapy enables you to recognize and change mental and behavioral patterns that negatively influence your emotions.
Exposure and response prevention (ERP) and cognitive therapy are two standard components of CBT for OCD (ERP).
You discover from cognitive therapy that unpleasant or upsetting ideas might not be as significant as you think.
For instance, you could unintentionally consider hurting a friend. A therapist can assist you in realizing that just because you have this notion doesn’t indicate you want to hurt someone. You’ll also discover that having intrusive thoughts does not make you a wrong person.
Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
The most crucial component of CBT for OCD patients is exposure and response prevention. It involves being exposed to concerns you have previously been fixated on repeatedly and for an extended period while receiving advice from your therapist on how to stop engaging in obsessive behavior.
Low-risk activities like riding the escalators you’ve been avoiding or rushing out of the house without checking the stove or the locks are examples of these activities.
Can improve techniques for preventing exposure and responses with cognitive therapy. It is your chance to examine the ideas that make you anxious.
You will develop the ability to determine whether your views are reasonable by speaking with your therapist. Sometimes the solution is as straightforward as being helped to understand why you think what makes you anxious and how it relates to reality. It’s essential to consult a qualified psychiatrist for guidance and therapy if you are experiencing OCD symptoms. At Serenity Clinic, we offer specialized programs and successful treatments for OCD with the best OCD doctors in Delhi.
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Author(s): Weber K, Story M, Harnack L
Abstract Share this page
Abstract Americans are spending an increasing amount of time using "new media" like the Internet. There has been little research examining food and beverage Web sites' content and marketing practices, especially those that attract children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis of food- and beverage-brand Web sites and the marketing techniques and advertising strategies present on these sites. The top five brands in eight food and beverage categories, 40 brands in total, were selected based on annual sales data from Brandweek magazine's annual "Superbrands" report. Data were collected using a standardized coding form. The results show a wide variety of Internet marketing techniques and advertising strategies targeting children and adolescents. "Advergaming" (games in which the advertised product is part of the game) was present on 63\% of the Web sites. Half or more of the Web sites used cartoon characters (50\%) or spokescharacters (55\%), or had a specially designated children's area (58\%) with a direct link from the homepage. With interactive media still in its developmental stage, there is a need to develop safeguards for children. Food and nutrition professionals need to advocate for responsible marketing techniques that will support the health of children.
This article was published in J Am Diet Assoc
and referenced in Advances in Recycling & Waste Management
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Ptolemy III Euergetes
|Ptolemy III Euergetes|
|King of Egypt|
Gold coin depicting Ptolemy III issued by Ptolemy IV to honor his deified father
|Ancient Egyptian||Iwaennetjerwysenwy Sekhemankhre Setepamun|
Euergetes ("Benefactor") was the eldest son of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his first wife, Arsinoe I, and came to power in 246 BC upon the death of his father. He married Berenice of Cyrene in the year corresponding to 244/243 BC; and their children were:
- Arsinoe III, born in ca 246/245 BC. She later married her brother Ptolemy IV
- Ptolemy IV Philopator, born ca 244 BC
- Possibly Lysimachus. The name of the son is not known, but he is said to have been born in ca 243 BC.
- Alexander, born in c. 242 BC
- Magas, was born in ca 241 BC. Scalded to death in his bath by Theogos or Theodotus, at the orders of Ptolemy IV.
- Berenice, probably born in ca 239 BC and died a year later.
Ptolemy III Euergetes was responsible for the first known example of a series of decrees published as bilingual inscriptions on massive stone blocks in three writing systems. Ptolemy III's stone stela is the Canopus Stone of 238 BC. Other well-known examples are the Memphis Stele (Memphis Stone), bearing the Decree of Memphis, about 218 BC, passed by his son, Ptolemy IV, and the famous Rosetta Stone erected by Ptolemy Epiphanes, his grandson, in 196 BC.
Ptolemy III's stone contains decrees about priestly orders, and is a memorial for his daughter Berenice. But two of its 26 lines of hieroglyphs decree the use of a leap day added to the Egyptian calendar of 365 days, and the associated changes in festivals.
He is also credited with the foundation of the Serapeum.
War with Seleucids
Due to a falling out at the Seleucid court, his eldest sister Berenice Phernophorus was murdered along with her infant son. In response Ptolemy III invaded Syria. During this war, the Third Syrian War, he occupied Antioch and even reached Babylon. In exchange for a peace in 241 BC, Ptolemy was awarded new territories on the northern coast of Syria, including Seleucia Pieria, the port of Antioch. The Ptolemaic kingdom reached the height of its power.
|Ancestors of Ptolemy III Euergetes|
- History of Ptolemaic Egypt-
- Ptolemais - towns and cities named after members of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
- Decree of Canopus
- Clayton, Peter A. (2006). Chronicles of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28628-0.
- Ptolemy Euergetes I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter VI of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
- Ptolemy III — (Royal Egyptian Genealogy)
- Ptolemy III Euergetes entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
- Bust of Ptolemy III from Herculaneum - now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples.
Ptolemy III EuergetesBorn: Unknown Died: 246 BC
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
|Pharaoh of Egypt
Ptolemy IV Philopator
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Home » Our Departments » Wabanaki Public Health » Culture, Connection & Support Services
Culture and language are key protective factors in reducing high-risk behaviors in youth and adults. The work of the Culture, Connection & Support division facilitates cultural programs and activities to promote and support education. We aim to strengthen cultural identity and promote a positive connection to our community and culture in order to improve mental health, reduce suicide and substance use disorder, and prevent intentional and unintentional injury.
We develop programs that bring together elders, mentors and youth to practice and share cultural teachings and language. Doing ceremony on a consistent basis increases language competence and cultural knowledge in all of our community members. Click here to learn more about our cultural activities and programs.
The Injury & Violence Prevention Division aims to prevent intentional and unintentional injury and reduce injury related disability and death by providing culturally appropriate and trauma informed programming within our tribal communities. Click here to learn more about our Injury & Violence prevention programs.
We promote and support secondary and post-secondary educational opportunities for youth (ages 12 -24) and/or their parents to improve overall health and well-being. Through this program, we can connect students to economic opportunities to take care of themselves and their families. Our programs aim to support 8th grade students identify their goals and plans for the future, engage high school students in building relationships for future success, and develop wrap-around programming for struggling youth.
We also assist with curriculum development and implementation of Wabanaki language and history education within all three MIE schools as required by LD 291 (State legislation that requires the teaching of Wabanaki curriculum at all grade levels at all Maine schools) and provide assistance and guidance to other school districts on the implementation of LD 291.
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Brazilian Color Changing Fluorite Gemstone (9 ct) 14 mm Round
Fluorite occurs in a range of colors from colorless to black. The hallmark fluorite color is purple, while other popular colors include blue, green and yellow. Rarer colors include colorless, pink, brown, black and reddish-orange. Intermediate pastels between the previously mentioned colors are also possible. Most fluorite is a single color, but a significant percentage of fluorite exhibits multiple colors arranged in bands or zones.
This stone exhibits a blue -to- pink color change when in shifting light sources of incandescent to fluorescent.
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In the United States, back pain is the number one complaint people bring to their doctors. By far. What is the cause of this back pain that is so prevalent in our culture?
First, some basic anatomy. The human spine is called “the segmented bone,” meaning, it’s a bone that the body recognizes as one bone, in the same way it recognizes, say, the femur (thigh) or humerus (biceps), but unlike those bones, it is segmented, a bone in parts, and those parts are called vertebrae. That said, when it comes to function, the body does not recognize the individual parts of the spine; it stimulates and responds to the spine as if it is a single unit, a lone bone.
But a really flexible bone. That flexible spine is why, regarding range of motion, humans have more capability than all other vertebrates. The monkey, the zebra, your pet dog—you name it, they all have spines whose vertebrae do not allow for the full range of motion that our vertebrae allow for. This is a quintessential case of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. But there’s one catch: for that full range of motion, our spine must be in the shape of an “S” curve.
When the spine is an “S” it is considered in neutral position, and its load bearing is distributed evenly among all vertebrae. As a result, people with the “S” spine have no restrictions on their range of motion, no matter what they’re doing—standing, sitting, walking, lying down, surfing, playing volleyball, gardening.
People with back pain don’t have that full range of motion, at least not without some pain of degrees ranging from minor to debilitating, and that’s because their spines are no longer in an “S” position. They’ve been contorted into various forms, some going from being an “S” to a “C” (which, among other downsides, is a far less popular letter on Wheel of Fortune).
When that spine is not an “S,” the load that it bears is no longer evenly distributed among all vertebrae. Some vertebra are doing more work, more load bearing, than they were intended, and that’s when the various forms of back pain come in.
But how did the spine lose its “S” shape? That’s all about the alignment of our four load-bearing joints—the shoulders, hips, knees and ankles, four to each side, eight joints in total. When these joints are properly aligned, they sit directly on top of each other, and all vertical and horizontal planes are straight, and the spine remains and “S.”
But when those load bearing joints are not aligned, that’s when the best laid plans of our human design go awry and our spines become “C’s” or some other shape and acquire any range of problems that cause the load bearing of the spine to be distributed unevenly.
Back pain, and everything it represents, is nothing more than the body telling the host that he or she cannot load the spine the way the spine was designed to load in the position of the “S” curve. Why? Because the body is not aligned. So the spine reacts by altering its shape to compensate, and in that compensation comes pain. (All of this refers to most common back pain and does not include bodies that just suffered a major trauma.)
But here’s the thing. The human body is so amazing that that pain from compensation is the body doing exactly what it’s supposed to do. Discs herniate because they can and, in fact, are supposed to when the spine is being compromised. But that herniated disc isn’t the cause of the problem. It’s the result of the problem, which is misalignment, and it’s the body’s way of signaling to us that there’s a problem. Similarly, stenosis is simply a callous that the body forms to protect the nerve root from the friction occurring through misalignment. Again, the stenosis isn’t the cause of the problem. It’s the result.
And a great number of back surgeries today do not address the problem; they address the symptom, regrettably leaving the original problem in tact.
The way to address the problem is to rebalance the body into proper alignment. Once you do that, then your muscles will tell your spine to return to an “S” curve, and any back pain you felt will be alleviated because all the weight that the spine is loading will again be distributed evenly among all the vertebrae. And then you can get back to doing all the things you used to do that the rest of the mammal world, with its less flexible spine, simply cannot.
Known as the Father of Postural Therapy, Pete Egoscue has helped relieve thousands of people from their chronic pain, including many of the world’s leading athletes. For more information on Pete and any of his 25 clinics worldwide, go to egoscue.com.
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In the early 1600s in northern Peru, a curious Spaniard jotted down some notes on the back of a letter. Four hundred years later, archaeologists dug up and studied the paper, revealing what appear to be the first traces of a lost language.
“It’s a little piece of paper with a big story to tell,” said Jeffrey Quilter, who has conducted investigations in Peru for more than three decades.
Quilter is deputy director for curatorial affairs at Harvard’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, as well as director of the archaeological project at Magdalena de Cao Viejo in the El Brujo Archaeological Complex, where the paper was excavated two years ago.
The writing is a set of translations from Spanish names of numbers (uno, dos, and tres) and Arabic numerals (4-10, 21, 30, 100, and 200) into the unknown language. Some of the translated numbers have never been seen before, while others may have been borrowed from Quechua or a related local language. Quechua is still spoken today in Peru, but in the early 17th century many other languages were spoken in the region, such as Quingnam and Pescadora.
Information about them today is limited. Even so, the archaeologists were able to deduce that speakers of the lost language used a decimal system like our own.
Quilter said that this simple list offers “a glimpse of the peoples of ancient and early colonial Peru who spoke a language lost to us until this discovery.”
“The find is significant because it offers the first glimpse of a previously unknown language and number system,” said Quilter. “It also points to the great diversity of Peru’s cultural heritage in the early colonial period. The interactions between natives and Spanish were far more complex than previously thought.”
The name of the lost language is still a mystery. The American-Peruvian research team was able to determine it was not Mochica, spoken on the north coast into the colonial period but now extinct, and pointed to Quingnam and Pescadora as possible candidates. Neither Quingnam nor Pescadora, however, have been documented beyond their names. There is even a possibility that Quingnam and Pescadora are the same language but they were identified as separate tongues in early colonial Spanish writings, so a definitive connection has not yet been established.
The research is detailed in the Aug. 23 edition of American Anthropologist. To read the article, “Traces of a Lost Language and Number System Discovered on the North Coast of Peru.”
Explore further: China's reform of R&D budget management doesn't go far enough, research shows
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Winston Churchill at Mérignac airport during a diplomatic visit. Beaten in the 1945 election, Churchill occupied the position of Leader of the Opposition for the next six years. He devoted himself mainly to the affairs of the world and notably pronounced the famous speech of the "Iron Curtain" in 1946. After the victory of the Conservatives in 1951, he became prime minister before resigning in 1955. Photograph signed South West bottom right.
Keywords used by Archives Sud Ouest to describe this photograph: Winston Churchill, Vintage, South West
This art photography is available in various sizes and finishes.
Archives Sud OuestBordeaux, France
Presentation of the newspaper Sud Ouest The newspaper Sud Ouest...
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It’s never too early to start fostering an interest in science. If your children start to develop an interest in science while they are still young, they will be able to carry that interest later with them in life. They’ll do better in school, and they will be more likely to study science on their own.
Tips on Teaching Science to Toddlers
Unfortunately, teaching science to toddlers isn’t easy. When a child has no sense of object permanence, it can be difficult to teach them complex concepts. With that said, if you utilize these simple tips, teaching science to toddlers shouldn’t be that much of a challenge.
1. Don’t Overwhelm Them
A lot of parents are so excited to teach their children science that they wind up overwhelming them. Your child has decades to learn. You don’t have to teach them everything at once. If you start with the basics, you can eventually move on and teach them more things.
Try to avoid quizzing your child. You don’t want to make them feel as though they have to be right. Your main goal for now shouldn’t be teaching. You should focus on capturing your child’s interests. As your kid grows older, you will be able to move on to some actual scientific lessons.
2. Give Them A Hands-On Experience
One of the best ways for children to learn is by doing something. Set up a few basic scientific experiments, and try them together. To your child, it will seem like play. However, they will be conducting the earliest experiments of their life.
These experiments don’t have to be complicated in order to be effective. Something simple with big results is sure to please kids. A lot of families like to try experiments that deliver an impressive physical result, like dropping Mentos in Coke. After that, you can have a conversation about chemical reactions.
Look up some kid-friendly experiments and try them with your child. There are a lot of amazing experiments out there, and you should be able to find something appealing.
3. Show Them Videos And Photos
It’s important to remember that small children haven’t seen much of the world. When you tell them about how large something is, they don’t really have anything to compare that to.
Because of this, it’s a good idea to show them as much as you can. Let them look at picture books with photographs of real places and animals. If you are comfortable giving them some screentime, sit them down with a nature or science documentary. These visuals will make it easier for them to process the things you say.
4. Casually Mention Facts
When you’re talking to your child, you should mention facts casually in the conversation. For example, when you’re talking about the weather, you could say something about how the sun rotates. When you see a cute animal, you could identify it as a mammal, and mention what a mammal is.
Even if your child doesn’t respond directly to this information, they’ll absorb some of it. As they grow older, you’ll find that they already will know a lot of important scientific facts. You will have given them a foundation that they will be able to continue to build upon.
5. Take Them To A Science Museum
While an art museum may not be much fun for a small child, kids can have a blast at a science museum. They’ll be able to see some impressive sites, like dinosaur bones. They’ll be able to engage in hands-on activities.
If there is a science museum in your area, make a point of taking your child there. You may want to see if they have some kind of annual passes. That way, you can visit the museum several times a year. You’ll be able to enjoy the museum together. Your child will keep asking about when they can go there again!
6. Let Them Find Things On Their Own
Give your child a chance to make a few discoveries on their own. For example, place a scientific picture book in their room, but don’t sit down and read it to them. As they play, see if they pick up the book and look it on their own.
Your goal should be to get your child to come to you with questions. Toddlers are naturally curious, so it is fairly easy to get them to ask you about how the world works. From there, you can work to provide them with the answers that they want.
Teaching science to toddlers isn’t as challenging as one might think. There are a lot of things you can do if you want to help a toddler learn more about the incredible world of science. From biology to zoology, you should work to teach your child all about the world around them.
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Let’s celebrate STEM Friday with the fiction picture book, Mary Had a Little Lab by Sue Fliess and illustrated by Petros Bouloubasis.
Using her patented rollicking rhyme, Sue Fliess re-manufactures the Mary Has a Little Lamb poem into a modern tale of girl power and a blueprint for building friendships.
This fun picture book is great to read aloud. Once beginning readers hear the pattern, rhyming text makes it easier for them to guess the next line or words. Soon they will be “reading” along.
In addition, Petros Bouloubasis has added loads of visual gags to the illustrations that will make young readers want to look more closely.
Intrigued? You can get more of and idea of the flavor of the book from this official book trailer:
If the book is fiction, why promote it for STEM Friday? The best reason is that it portrays girls in STEM in a positive light. I could have done without the stereotype lab coat and lonely scientist working by herself trope, but overall Mary is imaginative, persistent, and resourceful. What more can you ask for?
Mary Had a Little Lab takes the familiar and makes it new. It’s a winning combination that children will want to read again and again. Pick up a copy to share and you’ll see.
1. Build a “lab”
- A big cardboard box for each participant or group
- Art supplies like markers, crayons, paint
- Assorted knobs, buttons, etc (optional)
- Glue, tape, painter’s tape
- Aluminum foil (optional)
- Construction paper
- Paper cups (optional)
- Yarn (optional)
- Cardboard tubes, egg cartons
Encourage the children to design and construct their own “lab.” Provide adult assistance to cut flaps and doors.
2. Learn more about sheep science
Visit our post about sheep and goats at Growing With Science blog
3. Make a sheep craft
There are millions of cute ideas for sheep crafts online, like these on Pinterest.
Public Domain Photograph by Jean Beaufort at Publicdomainpictures.net
Age Range: 3 – 5 years
Grade Level: Preschool – Kindergarten
Publisher: Albert Whitman & Company (March 1, 2018)
Disclosure: This book was provided by our local library. Also, I am an affiliate with Amazon so I can provide you with cover images and links to more information about books and products. As you probably are aware, if you click through the highlighted title link and purchase a product, I will receive a very small commission, at no extra cost to you. Any proceeds help defray the costs of hosting and maintaining this website.
Come visit the STEM Friday blog each week to find more great Science, Technology, Engineering and Math books.Opens in a new window Note: this is a new link as of 1/2019.
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As the US Army opens a range of new positions to women this month, we’ll no doubt see a resurgence of the perennial argument about women’s fitness for combat. The tired arguments that always get trotted out for why women shouldn’t serve in combat — physical fitness, unit cohesion, sand in their vaginas — are dubious in any case, but to anyone who has studied WWII Soviet history, they’re just plain hilarious. It turns out that there’s no question as to whether women can serve in combat. They already have. And they didn’t just serve: They kicked ass.
Unlike the other Allied nations, where women were restricted to non-combat positions like nurses, the Soviet Union recruited thousands of women to serve in all kinds of positions both in and out of combat, from partisans to tank commanders. Women were especially prized as snipers, since they were believed to be more focused and patient than men; one racked up over 300 kills. By the end of the war, women were estimated to make up about 10% of the Soviet military. Trot out that statistic next time someone complains that a war movie or game is unrealistic for including women.
But I’m going to talk about some of the most fascinating women of World War II: The members of the all-female Aviation Group 122. Russian women had long been involved in aviation, beginning with World War I recon pilot and fabulous hat-wearer Princess Eugenie Shakhovskaya. Flying clubs were popular among Soviet youth of both genders. When Germany invaded, there were many women with pilot’s licenses eager to get into combat. And by eager, I mean very eager, as pilot Yevgeniya Zhigulenko recounts:
There were several girls who had asked to go to the front, and they were turned down. So they stole a fighter plane and flew off to the front. They just couldn’t wait[1. Amy Goodpaster Streebe, Flying For Her Country 15].
Celebrated navigator Marina Raskova, famed for the record-setting long-distance flight that ended with her surviving alone for ten days in the Siberian taiga, approached Stalin with an idea: An aviation group composed entirely of women, from the pilots to the navigators to the command staff. The result was Aviation Group 122, which eventually became three regiments: The 586th Fighter Regiment, flying Yakovlev Yak-1s, the 125th Guards Dive Bomber Regiment, which flew the technically advanced Petlyakov Pe-2, and most famous of all, the 46th Guards Night Bomber Regiment, flying the Polikarpov Po-2 biplane.
So how did they do? Did they prove as capable as the male regiments? As if you need to ask.
The fighter regiment produced both of the world’s only female fighter aces: 11-kill Yekaterina Budanova and Lydia Litvyak, the famed “White Rose of Stalingrad[2. This nickname is based on a mistranslation. As per her nickname, Lilya, it should actually be the "White Lily of Stalingrad."],” credited with 12 solo and four joint kills. Budanova and Litvyak operated as free hunters, pairs of elite pilots who prowled for enemy planes like total bosses. According to legend, Litvyak painted white flowers on her plane’s fuselage and German fighter pilots would flee when they saw them.
The dive bomber regiment, initially commanded by Raskova herself, faced a lot of skepticism about its airwomen’s ability to handle the Pe-2, a twin-tailed bomber feared by rookie pilots and beloved by talented ones. Flying the Pe-2 was demanding both mentally and physically. The pilot often had to brace against the navigator’s back in order to pull back the control stick with enough force to get the plane off the ground. Tail gunner Antonina Dubkova reports, “The real effort was to recharge the machine gun, to pull the lever when it took sixty kilograms, and I had to do it with my left arm[3. Anne Noggle, A Dance with Death 144].” But the 122nd performed well and five of its airwomen were decorated as Heroes of the Soviet Union, the USSR’s highest honor.
And then there were the night bombers. Flying small, antiquated wood-and-canvas biplanes that were designed to be trainers and equipped with no parachutes, no radios, and only the most rudimentary instruments, they didn’t exactly have success dropped in their laps. And yet they became one of the most decorated Soviet air regiments, flying some 24,000 combat sorties and producing 24 Heroes of the Soviet Union. The Germans were terrified of them. According to one POW, “When the women started bombing our trenches…the radio stations on this line warned all the troops, ‘Attention, attention, the ladies are in the air, stay at your shelter [4. Noggle 46].’” It was the Germans who gave them the name by which they were best known. Mechanic Nina Yegorova says:
The Germans called the crews night witches. They liked to sleep at night, and our aircraft made the Germans’ life not so easy; they disturbed their sleep. Sometimes, when our planes were throttled back gliding in over the target, the Germans would cry out, “Night witches!”, and our crews could hear them[5. Noggle 64].
If you’d like to learn more about the women of Aviation Group 122, two fascinating books on the topic are Wings, Women and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat by Reina Pennington and A Dance With Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II by Anne Noggle.
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Rob Gibson MSP for the Highlands & Islands has called for Scottish history to be placed at the very heart of the school curriculum. Mr Gibson highlighted the importance of a rounded education in the development of identity and self worth in pupils. He stressed that Scottish history should be an integral part of the curriculum and deserves equal attention to that of other core subjects.
Speaking in the debate on the role of history in Scottish education Mr Gibson said:
"We have come a long way to reach the Scottish Government’s position today that underpins the confident expression of the importance of Scottish history in Scottish schools."
"The aims of this debate are to explore the Scottish content in the syllabus; to ensure that continuity through school life gives pupils the general sweep of our country's story.
I hope that educational experts will now have the courage to take Professor Tom Devine's suggestions of a sweep of knowledge from the Picts to the global world.
Through song and story, dance and empathy, young eyes can be opened and Scottish history with good local examples is the key.
It's high time the Scottish history caught alight in our school curriculum and we should not shy from deciding to stress its centrality in our schools."
Note to editor:
Link to transcript of debate:
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Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. and Ingersoll, Andrew P. (1980) Atmospheric Tides and the Rotation of Venus. Icarus, 41 (1). pp. 1-17. ISSN 0019-1035. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121205-131843693
Full text is not posted in this repository. Consult Related URLs below.
Use this Persistent URL to link to this item: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121205-131843693
Insolation absorbed by the surface of Venus is quickly redeposited at the bottom of the atmosphere. This periodic heating causes mass to flow away from the warm afternoon side of the planet and into the cooler morning region. The Sun's gravitational field exerts a torque on this atmospheric tide tending to accelerate the retrograde zonal circulation. When this torque is transmitted to the crust, it can balance the despinning effect of tides in the body of Venus. The slow retrograde rotation of Venus may be a steady state among tides in the atmosphere, tides in the solid body, and possibly the influence of the Earth.
|Additional Information:||© 1980 by Academic Press, Inc. Received January 18, 1979; revised July 12, 1979. This research was supported by NASA Grant NGL 05-002-003.|
|Official Citation:||Anthony R. Dobrovolskis, Andrew P. Ingersoll, Atmospheric tides and the rotation of Venus I. Tidal theory and the balance of torques, Icarus, Volume 41, Issue 1, January 1980, Pages 1-17, ISSN 0019-1035, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90156-6. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0019103580901566)|
|Usage Policy:||No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.|
|Deposited By:||Ruth Sustaita|
|Deposited On:||05 Dec 2012 22:53|
|Last Modified:||05 Dec 2012 22:53|
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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Marriage is a tough concept. It takes both emotional and financial stability. But that doesn’t stop people from marrying. Now it is fine and no one’s business if two consenting adults get married. But when it is about minors being married off by their parents or relatives, it becomes a problem for society at large.
Child marriage, as defined by UNICEF, is a formal marriage or informal union by an individual or between two individuals before reaching a certain age. Minors are individuals under the age of 18.
Child marriage dates back to even before Industrial Revolution. Cases of Kings and Queens marrying their sons and daughters early on isn’t unheard of. And even centuries later, we have rampant cases of child marriages. Now the legal age for marriage varies from place to place and in certain cases it might be even less in case of a teen pregnancy.
Top 10 Countries with Highest Rates of Child Marriage - Source: UNICEF 2017 Report
A UNFPA report stated that "For the period 2000–2011, just over one third (an estimated 34 per cent) of women aged 20 to 24 years in developing regions were married or in union before their eighteenth birthday. In 2010 this was equivalent to almost 67 million women. About 12 percent of them were married or in union before age 15."
Let’s see the existence and prevalence of child marriage in some of the countries around the world-
Africa- According to UNICEF, Africa has the highest incidence rates of child marriage, with over 70% of girls marrying under the age of eighteen in three nations. Africa has changed the marriageable age from 16 to 18 but in Ethiopia, Chad and Niger the legal age is 15. However, the local customs and religious courts have the power to marry below 12 years of age. In many tribal areas, the groom pays the bride’s family to marry her.
Conflict & Humanitarian Crisis Results in an Increase in Child Marriages - Source: Girls Not Brides
Americas- The child marriage incidence rates vary between the countries, with Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Haiti and Ecuador reporting some of the highest rates in the Americas. Brazil is ranked fourth in the world in terms of absolute numbers of girls married or cohabitating by age fifteen. In 2018, Delaware became the first state to ban child marriage without exceptions, followed by New Jersey the same year.
Asia- More than half of all child marriages occur in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Afghanistan’s official age for marriage is 15, with father’s consent. For the Karen people it is possible that two couples can arrange their children's marriage before the children are born. Although under Indonesian law underage marriage is prosecuted as paedophilia, unregistered marriages between young girls and older men are common in rural areas. Child marriage rates in Bangladesh are amongst the highest in the world. UNICEF reported that 28.8% of marriages in Nepal were child marriages as of 2011. A custom in Pakistan, called Swara or Vani, involves village elders solving family disputes or settling unpaid debts by marrying off girls. The average marriage age of Swara girls is between 5 and 9. The legal age of marriage in Iran for girls is 13 years old; however, some girls are forced into marriage as young as below the age of 10 years old.
India- Child marriage has been an issue in India for a long time, because of its root in traditional, cultural and religious protection it has been hard battle to fight. Child marriage in India, according to the Indian law, is a marriage where either the female is below age 18 or the male is below age 21. Jharkhand is the state with highest child marriage rates in India (14.1%), while Kerala is the only state where child marriage rates have increased in recent years. Rural rates of child marriages were three times higher than urban India rates in 2009 below 18 years.
Religion-Wise Breakage of Child Marriages - Source: LiveMint (Census 2011)
Europe- Each European country has its own laws; in both the European Union and the Council of Europe the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states. In the European Union, the general age of marriage as a right is 18 in all member states, except in Scotland where it is 16. In the UK girls as young as 12 have been smuggled in to be brides of men in the Muslim community, according to a 2004 report in The Guardian. Girls trying to escape this child marriage can face death because this breaks the honour code of her husband and both families.
From a legal POV, we have the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Special Marriage Act, 1954. Although both these acts define the legal age of the bride and groom but a marriage of parties below the defined age is voidable but not void. The marriage becomes valid if the minor doesn’t seek any steps to declare the marriage void.
But when it comes to Child Marriage, India has two acts specifically designed to prevent and in other cases nullify child marriage. The first act that covers child marriage is the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 and the other is Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929- This act aimed to define the age of marriage in India. It fixed the age of marriage for girls at 14 years and boys at 18 years which was later amended to 18 for girls and 21 for boys. It is also popularly known as Sarda Act, named so after its sponsor Harbilas Sarda. The act defines some of the terms used in the act as follows-
"Child" means a person who, if a male, has not completed twenty-one year of age, and if a female, has not completed eighteen years of age
"Child marriage" means a marriage to which either of the contracting parties is a child
"Contracting party" to a marriage means either of the parties whose marriage is thereby solemnised
"Minor" means a person of either sex who is under eighteen years of age.
Punishment- This is an important part of the act. Although the law deems child marriage as a crime, the punishment offered is not even as severe as it is for refusing to sign a statement. If the male adult involved is more than 18 and less than 21 then he will be imprisoned for just a month. That duration goes up to 3 months is the male adult is above 21 years of age. Same is the punishment for solemnising a child marriage or for the parent or guardian of the concerned child. Of course, the punishment is backed by fine but is all this enough? Clearly not! If it was, we would be seeing a decline leading to almost no child marriages. One key point to note here is that women are not subjected to any punishment. This is both a curse and a blessing. Cases in which women use this to their unfair advantage aren’t unheard of.
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006- To fix the shortcomings of Child marriage Act, 1929, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was passed by the legislation in 2006. The changes in name was meant to reflect the prevention and prohibition of child marriage, rather than restraining it. The previous Act also made it difficult and time consuming to act against child marriages and did not focus on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages. This Act kept the ages of adult males and females the same but made some significant changes to further protect the children. Boys and girls forced into child marriages as minors have the option of voiding their marriage up to two years after reaching adulthood, and in certain circumstances, marriages of minors can be null and void before they reach adulthood. All valuables, money, and gifts must be returned if the marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of residency until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the children's best interests in mind. This Act also calls appointment of Child Marriage Prohibition Officer for whole or a part of a State by the State government. It is important to note here that a marriage with a minor is not void but voidable that is it is legal if no action is taken but sex with a minor is a statutory crime under Section 376 of the IPC.
Although the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 was formed to overcome the shortcomings of Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 but it still doesn’t cover all the bases. There is still a long way to go for the laws to prohibit child marriages in India and globally.
Punishment- The punishment for child marriage was increased from 3 months to 2 years of rigorous imprisonment and the fine of Rs. 3000/- was increased up to Rs. 1 lakh. This applies to any male above 21 years of age or if someone tries to solemnise child marriage. It is to be noted here that offense under this act is cognizable and non bailable.Though the punishment is still not adequate, but some progress was still progress.
Nevertheless, child marriage is common in many parts of the world, claiming millions of victims annually-and hundreds of thousands of injuries or deaths resulting from abuse or complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
Poverty- This is one of the major and the biggest reason for child marriage in developing and underdeveloped countries like India and Africa. Marrying away the girl means one less mouth to feed and also it brings in money in form of dowry. This money received as dowry is used to educate the boys, to get food, settle debts, buy necessities, for economic or political alliance and escape the cycle of poverty. But this doesn’t go down well for the girl. She is left uneducated and is either forced to work for a living or has to in order to satisfy her and her family’s needs & wants.
Poverty is One of the Key Reasons for Child Marriage - Source: Girls Not Brides
Protecting the “girl’s” sexuality- Some believe that marrying off the girl would ensure protection of her sexuality. Marrying the girl early on is believed to protect them by ensuring that the girl in the picture is a virgin. The imposition of family honour on a girl's individuality, in essence, robbing the girl of her honour and dignity, undermines the credibility of family honour and instead underscores the presumed protection's actual aim: to control the girl.
Gender Discrimination- For years now, girls have been thought of as belonging to the other family- the one in which she marries into. In olden times, women were not allowed to work and that meant an extra mouth to feed and since men worked for a living and to provide for their family, they were considered an asset. This gender discrimination has passed on century after century even though today women are taking lead in almost all sectors, practises like child marriage are not rare. In the backward societies of the world, the beliefs and customs still align with those that existed in the 17th or 18th century.
"The discrimination," according to a UNICEF report on "Child Marriage and the Law," "often manifests itself in the form of domestic violence, marital rape, and deprivation of food, lack of access to information, education, healthcare, and general impediments to mobility."
Inadequate Law- Almost all countries define a marriageable age in their laws, but the laws are not enforced adequately. In those cases, child marriage is not unusual. In Afghanistan, a new law was written into the country's code enabling Shiite or Hazara communities to impose their own form of family law--including permitting child marriage.
Trafficking- Many a times girls are sold off by their families not only into marriage but also into prostitution as it ensures large sums of money. Sometimes they are knowingly married off into a family involved in prostitution.
Health- With early entrance into the married life, she is also exposed to sexual activities which may not be always consensual. This leads to unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, complications during childbirth and also in many cases death. Complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the main cause of death among adolescent girls below age 19 in developing countries. Girls aged 15 to 19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as women in their 20s, and girls under the age of 15 are five to seven times more likely to die during childbirth. These consequences are due largely to girls' physical immaturity wherefore the pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed. Girls who give birth before the age of 15 have an 88% risk of developing fistula. Child pregnancy not only affects the health of the mother but also the health of the new-born. Mothers under the age of 18 years have 35 to 55% increased risk of delivering preterm or having a low birth weight baby than a mother who is 19 years old.
Child Marriage Affects the Young Brides & the Newborns - Source: Girls Not Brides
Following marriage, girls frequently relocate to their husband's home and take on the domestic role of being a wife, which often involves relocating to another village or area. This sense of isolation from a support system can have severe mental health implications including depression. Sexual violence and early pregnancy also have lasting effects on girls’ mental health.
HIV & Child Marriage - Source: Girls Not Brides
Another consequence of child marriage is marital rape. Child brides are more likely to describe their first sexual experience as forced. The child bride won’t always be willing to submit sexually. This leaves her traumatized and she may have difficulty coping up after.
Domestic Violence- Cases of child brides experiencing violence at the hands of her husband or in-laws isn’t not unheard of. Since she is just a child, she is assumed to be gullible, she is expected to work more than her fair share or is asked to do things she wouldn’t want to. When resisted, violence is what follows. Girls who marry before 18 are more likely to face violence from an intimate partner throughout their life. The greater the age difference with their husbands, the more likely they are to experience violence. Globally, 44% of girls aged 15-19 think a husband or partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife or partner.
Illiteracy- Once married, she takes up the role of a wife and daughter-in-law and her studies are stopped once and for all. Without education, girls and adult women have fewer opportunities to earn an income and financially provide for themselves and their children. This makes girls more vulnerable to persistent poverty if their spouses die, abandon them, or divorce them.
Women’s Rights- Child marriage breaks so many of human rights- the right to freedom, access to education, equality on grounds of sex and age, to receive the highest attainable standard of health, to be free from slavery, access to education, freedom of movement, freedom from violence, reproductive rights, and the right to consensual marriage to name a few.
Life of a Child Bride - Source: World Vision
In December 2011 a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/66/170) designated October 11 as the International Day of the Girl Child. On October 11, 2012 the first International Day of the Girl Child was held, the theme of which was ending child marriage.
In 2013 the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; it recognizes child marriage as a human rights violation and pledges to eliminate the practice as part of the U.N.'s post-2015 global development agenda.
In 2014 the UN's Commission on the Status of Women issued a document in which they agreed, among other things, to eliminate child marriage.
Apni Beti, Apna Dhan (ABAD), which translates to "My daughter, my wealth," is one of India's first conditional cash transfer programmes dedicated to delaying young marriages across the nation. In 1994, the Indian government implemented this programme in the state of Haryana. On the birth of a mother's first, second, or third child, they are set to receive ₹ 500, or US$11 within the first 15 days to cover their post-delivery needs.
Anju Malhotra, an expert on child marriage and adolescent girls said of this programme, "No other conditional cash transfer has this focus of delaying marriage... It's an incentive to encourage parents to value their daughters."
Child marriage is a plague that has not only affected the poor countries but also the world at large. Although all governments & international organizations are trying their best to prevent and ultimately end this curse there is still a long way to go. With baby steps and more importantly enforced and constant efforts, maybe one day we will achieve a world free from child marriages.
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The Baikonur Cosmodrome is Russia's largest launch facility. Because of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Baikonur is now in the territory of Kazakhstan, and Russian must negotiate rent for its use.
Construction of the facility began in 1955. In 1957, the Soviet Union announced the first successful launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile. In 1960, an explosion on the launch pad killed nearly 100 people. All Soyuz launches to Mir took place at Baikonur. U.S. Mir astronaut Norman Thagard launched aboard a Soyuz, in March 1995, and describes his launch, in this web site.
In his Oral History, former NASA astronaut Joe Engle described Baikonur, Kazakhstan, as "an enormous, vast, desolate" area, and said that the facilities there, "by virtue of the lack of funding, have not been kept up ... and yet the particular facilities that they need to launch vehicles from are operational."
Engle said, "I was impressed. I'll tell you, it reminded me a little bit of Edwards Air Force Base [California], a remote desert-type environment that is remote for a reason. They're launching vehicles that sometimes are not successful so they need a big area where there are not any people around, so they can drop them in the desert and not hurt anybody. They also need an area that is secure, that they can perform tests and things that they don't want to be public domain at the time, just like we do at our remote test facilities."
However, according to Engle, "It was sad to see the facilities that I know at one time were really, really great, really first class - to see them run down and deteriorating. ... I guess [it's] a sign of the times."
Russia and Spaceflight
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NASA Web Policy
Responsible NASA Official: John Ira Petty
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Digital Tools For Classroom Collaboration
It’s easy to collaborate with almost anyone anywhere, anytime just by clicking a button. Educators can use the same collaborative tools in the classroom to engage students in learning, collaboration, and critical thinking.
In this independent learning unit, participants will learn to use collaborative tools for projects. Participants will learn how students can collaborate using either the Google or Office Suite of tools.
Participants will learn about different projects available to teachers in the classroom for collaboration. They will choose a project or assignment that students can work together using collaboration tools while taking this course.
Tools for note-taking and multimedia bulletin boards will be introduced to demonstrate how students can collaboratively work together to take notes and give feedback to each other.
Let’s move on to Learn.
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History of the World Ploughing Organization
The first international provisional Governing Board was set up at Workington, Cumberland, England, on the 5th of February, 1952.
The Governing Board was established at two international meetings held on the 13th of November, 1952, at Stirling and Bridge of Allan in Scotland.
- To foster and preserve the art and improve the skill of ploughing the land.
- To promote World Championship Ploughing contests.
- To provide for demonstration work and trade displays.
- To urge the development and adoption of improved techniques and aids to man in all branches of agriculture.
- To foster a vigorous spirit of co-operation an enterprise in producing food for an increasing world population.
- By these means to encourage fellowship and understanding amongst the people of all nations.
- To support and co-operate with other bodies or associations in the furtherance of these objects.
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A plasma torch is also called a plasma gun or plasma arc, and is a device that is used for generating a directed plasma flow, which is used for cutting, spraying and arc waste disposal. For accurate plasma cutting, a plasma torch height control is incorporated into the operation but it is often the most likely to be nonfunctional, misused or entirely missing in a cutting machine. Thus, it is usually the norm in many fabrication shops to see the torch operator driving his torch manually. This is because either the height control is not operating properly or the operator has not been trained to use it.
The plasma torch parts that compose the arc should be regularly inspected and replaced in order to keep the cutter safe, working economically and doing the best quality cut. Using matching and correct parts of the plasma torch will ensure long consumable life and cut quality.
A nozzle that can be found on the tip of the cutter concentrates the gas and introduces a spark coming from the electrode. This transforms the gas into plasma. Semi inert or inert gases are utilized to shield the spot where plasma comes in contact with the metal. The molten metal is forced out of the cut by the force of the plasma, which can reach a temperature of 30,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The combination of strong force and extreme temperature wears the tip of the cutter and its components fast.
The most common items that wear down faster in a plasma torch are the nozzle, shield and electrode. There is also a swirl ring but it will last for several changes if it is maintained properly. Also, check out the Hypertherm Powermax online.
The Plasma Torch Nozzle
The plasma arc is limited to a particular diameter by the nozzle through a round hole drilled in its tip. This hole constricts the plasma gas as it passes through, increasing the velocity. The most common reason for damage to the nozzle is mismatched torch parts, incorrect cut distance and incorrect amperage or gas settings. To avoid damage, you should always be vigilant while operating your torch and conduct regular inspections. The nozzle should be changed together with the electrode to keeping the quality of the cutting at its best.
The Plasma Torch Electrode
The main function of the electrode is to give power to the plasma arc. You can detect damage to the electrode by examining its insert and measuring pit depth. Excessive damage to the electrode decreases the quality of the cut and can destroy your torch.
The Plasma Torch Shield
The shield can be found surrounding the consumable stack, which protects the plasma torch from cutting itself. It is incorporated with a perfectly round hole that is identical to that of the nozzle. Main orifice damage is the problem common to the shield is it can become clogged or blocked by spatter or dross. It is easy to pick off dross but if the main orifice itself is damaged, it must be replaced. More information on how to use the plasma torch can be found with the plasma torch guide that typically comes with the package. Hence, you can also search for guides and expert advice online from professionals.
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We’ve all been there – we start feeling ill and turn immediately to the internet for answers. While this may prove helpful at times, sources like the internet, television, and sometimes even doctors can provide false information that we accept as truth. Below are seven of these nutritional myths that are commonly believed and if applied can prove harmful over time.
Nutritional Myths of Fructose
While it is known that sugar is not good for the body, some have succumbed to nutritional myths that fructose or high fructose corn syrup is okay to eat. Fructose is, however, a highly refined, processed food that is extrapolated primarily out of corn. Many companies are starting to call this ingredient a “natural sweetener” which further propels this myth and portrays it as an easy to digest item.
The reality is, that unlike regular sugar, it must be metabolized and then broken down in the liver. Unfortunately, it is starting to appear everywhere. Looking at labels closely, you will see it in cereal, bread, candy, and even gum. Eventually, overconsumption leads to an elevation in triglycerides which can, in turn, cause metabolic syndrome.
The Doctor Knows Best
Another one of these nutritional myths is that many believe is that doctors know best, especially when it comes to nutrition. However, in regards to education, most doctors have received less than seven hours of nutrition training and are not familiar with how diet can truly impact the body.
If searching for a doctor that will be able to diagnose from a perspective of nutrition, look for one with the distinction of DACBN or Diplomat of the American Clinical Board of Nutrition. This means that he or she has completed 300 hours of nutrition training and has been certified through the governing body. While there are only about 350 doctors with this designation, hopefully, more will come to see the value of understanding the role of diet on disease and will seek further education as well.
Vegetable Oil is Healthy
Just because an item has the word “vegetable” in it does not necessarily mean it is healthy and this applies to vegetable oil as well. Most of the time it is derived from genetically modified corn, which is a grain, or soy, which is a legume and can include seed oils like wrap seed or canola oil.
Vegetable oil is also high in omega six which can throw off the delicate balance between omega six and omega-three fatty acids. When this happens, there is a risk of chronic inflammatory problems including heart disease and cancer.
Nutritional Myths that Eggs are Bad for You
We’ve all heard it before – cholesterol is bad for you and since eggs are high in cholesterol, you should stay away from them. In truth, though, cholesterol really doesn’t increase your risk for disease and it doesn’t contribute to heart disease unless an individual has hyperlipoproteinemia, a genetic form of hypercholesterolemia
Eggs are actually one of the best sources of high-value protein and are a great addition to a vegetarian diet. They contain B vitamins and have essential amino acids that help the body to heal, repair, and maintain muscle mass. The cholesterol in them helps with the production of sex hormones in both men and women and new studies are showing that it may even help maintain long term memory.
Too Much Protein Causes Kidney Damage
With so many people partaking in the Keto diet, which includes consuming large amounts of protein, there are several myths emerging about its impact on the body. One of these myths is that eating too much protein can cause kidney damage or disease. Unless an individual has failing kidneys or pre-existing kidney disease, this idea is not true at all.
Protein in and of itself will not affect the kidneys in high doses, but it’s important to have a general idea of how much protein one should be consuming. On average, an individual needs .8 grams of protein per kilogram (pounds divided by 2.2) of body weight. This need will increase if an individual is trying to build muscle mass or is sick and the body needs protein to produce antibodies to fight infection. Under these circumstances, most should strive to get around 1.5 to 1.6 grams of protein per kilogram.
Grain is Nutritious
While grain may come from the ground, it doesn’t mean that it is particularly healthy or good for the body. Many doctors are starting to claim that a grain-free diet can cause malnutrition because individuals are not getting vitamins and minerals the body needs. However, there is no evidence that proves this, and in fact, most evidence supports quite the opposite.
If an individual partakes in a grain-free diet eating processed gluten or grain-free foods, there may be some deficiencies; but those with diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and organ meats are receiving nutrient-dense meals. Studies have shown that those consuming grain with a grain sensitivity will have on average five deficiencies, while those choosing to go grain-free typically have less than one.
Calories In Equals Calories Out
Another myth that many believe is that calories in equals calories out, and while you may be able to limit calories to lose weight, not all calories are created equal. For example, one gram of sugar has four calories, but it has no nutrients. Therefore, the body will expend stored nutrients in order to digest the sugar, necessitating a need for nutrient-dense foods.
Food impacts the body in so many ways like telling it how to heal, repair, maintain and grow. Choosing the wrong types of calories can cause inflammation, disrupt hormones, and even affect metabolism. Therefore, it is important to choose nutrient-dense foods that fit the biochemical individuality of each person. Ultimately, the quality of food should be of more importance than the number of calories being consumed.
Learn the Facts
While you want to be able to trust your doctor, don’t be afraid to ask questions. Be your own advocate, get a second opinion, do research. Not only will you learn in the process, but you just may save your life.
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In my nonmajors biology class, our first lab of the semester is about the process and tools of science. Students get to practice with hypothesis-testing, the elements of an experiment, showing data in graphs, and metric units of measure.
The lab has undergone occasional bursts of evolution. Long ago, we had students measure the weights, volumes, and lengths of random objects and weigh piles of butter, sugar, and gelatin equivalent to the fat, sugar, and protein in a Snickers bar. Then, not quite as long ago, we made a big improvement: we adopted a “paper towel absorbency” activity, in which students had to use rulers, balances, and pipettes to determine which of several brands of paper towels was most absorbent (see, for example, this ABLE mini-workshop by Laine and Heath). They had to figure out their own methods, and each group used a different technique, so it was a good exercise for demonstrating multiple ways to approach the same problem.
However, it is probably fair to say that paper towel absorbency is not the #1 issue on the minds of our students. So I was happy to stumble across an article called “Sex and the Scientific Method: Using Condoms to Engage College Students” (Dorothybelle Poli, August 2011, The American Biology Teacher, p. 348). The basic idea of the lab is very simple: Have students ask and answer their own questions about condom strength, size differences, stretch, expiration dates, country of origin, and so forth. It’s reinforcing the same skills as our paper towel activity, but condoms lend themselves to questions that are a LOT more interesting to students.
I am happy to report that the lab went really well. Typical experiments included determining how far a condom could stretch (see photo at right) and counting how many marbles or measuring how much water condoms could hold without breaking. Some groups even tried to correlate a condom’s weight with its stretchiness, but most groups simply predicted that some condoms would be stretchier than others.
One of my main concerns was that some students might be too immature to handle condoms in a lab. For example, we had each group use the Explain Everything iPad app to present experimental methods and results; I secretly feared that at least one group would try to stretch a condom over an iPad, but no one did. Nor did anyone sling condoms full of water across the lab, pour water on an iPad, or make lewd condom-related suggestions.
That is not to say that all was perfect. One problem was that some groups gravitated toward the easiest experiments (i.e., measuring the length to which a condom would stretch); they were done much sooner than groups that chose more time-consuming (and more interesting) experiments. Next time, I think I will require groups to incorporate two or more types of measurements (length, mass, or volume) into their experiments so they have to be more creative and can’t get away with just measuring the stretched length.
A second problem was that most groups did not seek patterns beyond just predicting that brands would not perform equally. For example, I hoped they would survey the types of condoms available and seek patterns — they might have asked whether ultrathin condoms are consistently stretchier than “regular” ones, or whether ribbed condoms are the strongest. Next time, we will provide a worksheet that will help students think through and justify their variables and predictions, and perhaps even have them make a graph of their predicted results.
Finally, we need to tweak the materials we have available for students. The marbles were hugely popular, but we didn’t have enough to go around; you would be surprised at how many marbles a condom can hold! Next time, I will provide something heavier, like metal BB’s or ball bearings, which should cause the condoms to break much sooner than the marbles did.
Overall, however, students and TA’s agreed that the new lab was a huge success. Thank you, Dorothybelle Poli, for giving me the nerve to take a risk and try something new!
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BBC Advocates Safe and Responsible Cycling!
The BBC places an emphasis on safe, enjoyable cycling, on the peaceful coexistence of bicyclists and motorists on the roads, and on cooperation with land managers and other trail users off the road. We promote courteous, responsible and predictable bicycling, including obeying all traffic rules and off-road regulations. BBC officers encourage members to participate in city and county citizen committees to promote the above ideals.
A Resolution In Support of Bicycle/Pedestrian Crossing Points for I-69
RESOLVED that the Indiana Department of Transportation shall accommodate the needs of bicyclists and pedestrians with infrastructure suitable for crossing I-69 and urge that these overpasses/underpasses be engineered to safely accommodate bicycles and pedestrians. Here is the resolution. Link for pdf
Bicycle Safety at the NHTSA
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has developed a page of resources and key points related to Bicycle Safety. Check it out! They also have a helpful page of Bicycling Safety Tips for Parents and Kids.
Raising Awareness of Cycling Safety
Derrick is a student at an Indianapolis High School. The members of his health class were asked to raise awareness of safety in a sport they were passionate about. Derrick picked cycling. He asked the BBC to share this list of safety tips, cycling benefits, and resources on their website. The intention of the project is to promote safety, awareness and the overall activity of Cycling.
Bike Safety is Important
Two kids, Elizabeth and Patricia, at a youth center with a safety program did some web searches at home and found the BBC website and this page: Is a Helmet Worth It? How Brain Injuries Affect Different Body Functions. They wanted to share this with the BBC because it had such great information and by reaching out and simply informing others, they can accomplih things.
Bike Commuting Safety Tips
After School Care Programs, located in El Paso County Colorado, is starting a bike-sharing program. Sara, a participant, has contributed this resource on bike travel and safety to the BBC Advocacy page: Bike Commuting Safety Tips . She has been helping teach some of the younger kids how to ride.
Fullerton Pike Corridor Improvements
This project affects roads, trails and homes in south Bloomington from Rockport Road to Sare Road. Please submit public comments to [email protected]. The project is shown on this map.
Monroe County Alternative Transportation
Monroe County is committed to creating and implementing lasting policy and infrastructural improvements to provide safe accommodation for bicycle transportation and recreation in Monroe County. This site provides a variety of bicycle-related resources intended to encourage and support Monroe County cyclists.
Dangerous Storm Water Grates
Ron Brown maintains a map of dangerous storm water inlet grates. We urge extreme caution when riding on these roads, and encourage county and city officials to replace all dangerous grates with “cycle-safe” infrastructure.
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