text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walking Is More Important Than Ever
While North Carolina is under a shelter-in-place order, one of the approved exceptions for leaving ones home is to participate in outdoor recreation. And one of the easiest, least expensive, and social-distancing-friendly ways to do that is by getting outside and walking. It can be a walk through your neighborhood, on a woodland trail, along a paved track, or even just back and forth across your backyard. Wherever you feel safe, able to keep at least six feet distance from other people, and is approved for walking is just fine.
Not only is walking great for your health, but it’s good for your psyche, too. We are all under stress during the COVID-19 crisis, so getting outside and paying attention to the natural world can allow us to put our minds on something besides the news at hand. Here are some other great reminders about that daily walk.
Think baby steps. If you have not been active for a while, don’t feel like you have to immediately walk for miles. Start slowly, but be consistent. Walk every day even if it is only a block or two at first.
Start walking 10 minutes at a time. Think 5 minutes out and 5 minutes back. See how far you walked in those five minutes and remember where you were when you turned around to head back. As little as ten minutes of physical activity does provide health benefits such as: feeling better about yourself, less chance of being depressed, better sleep quality, stronger muscles and bones, and better range of motion.
Posture perks. As you are walking, think about your posture. Keep your head up, tummy in, and shoulders relaxed. Swing your arms naturally. Select your own comfortable, natural step length.
Remember to breathe! You should be able to talk while you are walking if you can’t, you may want to slow down.
Speed and distance. At first, don’t even think about your speed or your distance. Just getting outside and doing it is the important thing. As you get used to the 10 minute walk, you will begin to notice you can walk further in 10 minutes. Once you are comfortable walking 10 minutes, start slowly increasing the time you walk until you can comfortably walk 30 minutes every day. Three 10 minute walks are the same as one 30 minute walk. Do what fits best in your schedule.
Walking and safety. As you walk, be safe. Watch for traffic; it is best to walk on sidewalks if at all possible. Only walk in areas that are familiar to you. If you experience joint pain after walking, especially if it lasts longer than a couple of hours, it would be a good idea to check with your doctor to see what is causing the pain. It might be something simple like needing better shoes or it could be you should change to a different form of exercise.
Reward yourself. Finally, reward yourself after your walk. Is there a friend you are eager to Facetime with? Is there a show you’ve been streaming and you are looking forward to the next episode? Hold off on those things until you’ve gotten back from your walk and then use them as a simple gift to yourself for following through.
Walking has always been a terrific way to keep in shape and relieve stress. Now, that we are facing a potential long-term quarantine in our state, however, it is an activity that is more important than ever. Let’s get walking!
|
<urn:uuid:5fd37e7d-3f91-471f-9320-087869511639>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://polk.ces.ncsu.edu/2020/04/walking-is-more-important-than-ever/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738552.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809102845-20200809132845-00036.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958953 | 721 | 2.625 | 3 |
How many of us can remember sitting and watching TV when the Challenger disaster happened? Or maybe you were glued to the television as 9-11 was unfolded? You likely remember where you were and probably have no difficulty in recalling those images you saw on TV as a child or teenager.
It is so important to think about our children during times of upheaval, like those we experience in the midst of COVID-19 social distancing. Kids are amazingly perceptive and though they might seem to notice that the world has changed....they know that ‘something is up’. We are ALL, collectively, living through a crisis that will likely touch our lives on many different levels: socially as we stay at home, physically as we might get ill, emotionally as we struggle to wrap our minds and our lives around this ever-changing landscape, spiritually as we are not able to gather for communal worship, financially as many are losing their jobs, or even psychologically as social distancing and the anxiety are very stressful. In some way, your life will be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the same is true for your child.
Here are a few tips and ideas of how to help your child through difficult times such as this pandemic.
Tips for helping children deal with coronavirus news
Listen and talk with your child
It is very important to take the time to check in with your children to see if they have questions, fears, or concerns. Just because they aren’t saying anything does not mean that they aren’t listening, wondering, watching and possibly worrying. Meet them where they are and simply ask “Hey, do you have any questions?” Let them know that it’s OK to ask and also that you might not know all of the answers but that you all are in this together. It is tempting to either try to shield a child or to over-explain. Instead, start by assessing what children understand about the situation by talking with them. Listen to their questions and worries.
Monitor watching the news
Carefully monitor and be mindful of the news and its impact on your child--and, honestly, its impact on you. We want to know what is happening, especially when we feel isolated and removed from the rest of the world. But it can be very frightening for young or sensitive children to see news that honestly can be frightening for adults.
Another helpful way to join with your children through this time is to find a way that children can help and brainstorm together with them. Uncontrollable circumstance are frightening and helping children find things they can do is a great way to give them a sense of meaning and control. Write letters to send to your local nursing home or sew masks for doctors’ offices. Get creative and use this as a chance to work together.
Keep checking in
Check with your child frequently to see how they are doing. It is also very important to check in with yourself to gauge how you are doing because kids are perceptive and sometimes we fail to realize how our stress really does impact our children. Use nighttime as a time to pray with your children. You can learn a great deal about what your child is processing by asking what or who they’d like to pray for each night.
Keep things as normal as possible
Take this time you have with your children to reassure them that though life feels different, you are still with them. Help your children to have a sense of normalcy in the midst of the changes by creating schedules together.
Use this time
How often have you said “we are just so busy”? How many times have you felt life’s pace was too hectic? You’ve been given time: time to spend time together. Create memories or traditions. The Israelites used times of great challenge for creating meaningful moments such as the Passover. They were together. They shared stories. They remembered. Maybe now us the perfect time to work in those boxes of photos you’ve put aside. Look through them with your children and remember. Read together. Laugh together. Find projects to work on together and have fun. Play games, do puzzles, watch movies, and play outside your house. Eat family meals together.
Give yourself and your children grace
This pandemic is something nobody can adequately plan nor prepare for. EVERYONE has been knocked out of their normal lives in some way and that is unsettling. Some are working from home while schools and daycares are closed, which becomes a very interesting experience for parents. You will get stressed and overwhelmed. On social media, you will see the amazing things others are doing with their families and you will feel inadequate. Give yourself grace. If you feel stressed, it’s OK. This is a stressful time, but also remember that it is a situation that will pass. Your child might need you to remind them of the same thing.
Take care of yourself and your children. Eat well and rest often. Wash your hands and follow the social-distancing guidelines. And God forbid that you or someone you love becomes ill, reach out for help. Ask others to pray. Don’t try to do everything alone, for your sake and for your children’s sake. Yes, we are to socially distance ourselves, but thanks to technology, we don’t have to be isolated. Reach out and be creative in ways to connect.
This pandemic will do a lot of things, but one thing it can hopefully teach us is that we are not alone. This is one of the most important gifts you can give your child: the assurance that no matter what happens in the life, that God is with them and that you are right beside them.
Tiffany Hollums is an author and clergy in the United Methodist Church. She has over 20 years of youth and/or children ministry experience, as well as, working in an urban ministry and treatment foster care. But the work she is most proud of being a mother, wife, daughter, sister and friend. When she is not crocheting blankets for loved ones as a ministry to those who are hurting or newborns, she can be found writing youth lessons and sipping espresso drinks! She lives in Austin with her husband, daughter, dogs, and family.
|
<urn:uuid:bc3ec394-a08e-44c2-83b4-bdb98a89aaa1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.umc.org/en/content/helping-children-process-coronavirus
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00744.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978703 | 1,298 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Victoria's acting Chief Health Officer has warned gardeners about the potentially deadly risks associated with everyday potting mixes as spring is typically a time when Victorians are more likely to be gardening.
Dr Sutton said notifications of illness caused by infection with Legionella longbeachae, a bacteria commonly found in potting mix continue to be made.
"To many gardeners, potting mix may seem harmless, but it can actually be very dangerous unless the correct procedures are followed," Dr Sutton said.
"Most people who breathe in the bacteria do not become ill. The risk of disease is increased with age, smoking, and in people with weakened immune systems."
Legionella longbeachae is one cause of Legionnaires' disease. It is found in tiny quantities in the general environment (including soil) and is not normally a health hazard. But the ingredients and dampness of potting mix make it the ideal breeding ground for the bacteria.
Legionella longbeachae is different to Legionella pneumophila, the more well-known cause of Legionnaires' disease found in poorly maintained cooling towers and spas.
Dr Sutton said gardeners using potting mix should always follow the manufacturer's safety instructions on the bag.
To minimise the risk of contracting Legionnaires' disease from soil, compost or potting mix, gardeners should take the following precautions:
- Always wear a mask and gloves when handling soil, compost or potting mix;
- Wash hands carefully with soap and water after handling soil and before eating, drinking, smoking or placing hands near the face or mouth;
- Store bags of potting mix in a cool dry place. When stored in the sunlight, the temperature inside the bag can increase, creating an ideal environment for Legionella bacteria to grow;
- Open bags in a well ventilated space;
- Open bags of composted potting mix slowly, directing the opening away from the face to avoid inhaling the mix. Wet the soil to reduce dust when potting plants;
- Water gardens and composts gently, using a low-pressure hose; and
- Avoid breathing in droplets of water from dripping pot plants, including hanging baskets, and when watering plants.
Dr Sutton said so far this year there had been 7 cases of Legionella longbeachae, with 24 cases last year and 12 in 2016. A higher number of cases are reported during spring, with a peak in November.
Legionnaires' disease can be fatal in a small number of people who have severe illness. Infection with Legionella longbeachae bacteria is responsible for around 18 per cent of all legionella cases in Victoria.
He said different types of legionella bacteria all cause a rare form of atypical pneumonia. Early symptoms include fever, chills, headache, shortness of breath, sometimes dry cough, muscle aches and pain. People who suspect they may be ill should visit their doctor.
Further information about Legionella can be obtained from the Better Health or by contacting the Legionella Program on 1300 767 469.
Reviewed 07 November 2018
|
<urn:uuid:c92d30b5-995f-4556-93e0-745f9c9c21b3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/media-releases/garden-alert-warning-to-handle-potting-mix-safely
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00410.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930269 | 635 | 2.875 | 3 |
What is a server?
A server is a computer or device on a network that manages network resources. It has the ability to store files and applications, provide you access to those files and applications, and processes requests from multiple users or devices at once. Servers are responsible for handling the requests of connected clients by providing them with the data they need or the application they want to use.
What does a server do?
A server is responsible for managing and distributing resources across a network. This includes handling data storage and sharing, allowing you to access shared documents and applications, hosting websites and webpages, sending emails, setting up file sharing, providing secure access over the internet through VPNs, as well as providing additional services depending on what kind of server it is.
What are the different types of servers?
There are many different types of servers used in networks today. Common examples include mail servers which handle email delivery; web servers which host websites; game servers which host online video games; application servers which run custom software; file servers which store, manage and share files between computers; print servers which manage printing jobs from multiple devices; database servers which store information in databases; as well as proxy, media streaming, cloud storage and virtualization servers.
How do I connect to a server?
Connecting to a server usually requires entering an IP address (Internet Protocol) into your computer’s web browser or FTP (File Transfer Protocol) client program. Depending on your type of server connection, you may also need other credentials like usernames/passwords or keys when connecting to that server. Once connected successfully, you can access any of its shared resources such as documents folders or applications running on that server.
Why would I use a server?
Servers offer you many advantages over individual workstations for tasks such as data storage and sharing, document collaboration among multiple users, hosting websites or webpages, setting up secure connections over the internet via VPNs etc. It can be more beneficial for you to having access to centralized resources provided by a powerful computer than just relying on individual workstations with limited capacity and capabilities.
What are some benefits of using a server?
The uses for servers are wide-ranging but most benefit from faster speeds when compared with local devices due to their higher processing power. They can also be more efficiently managed than separate machines since all resources can be centrally administered rather than individually installed/configured on each machine. Furthermore, they can offer greater levels of security since only authorized people have access to them thereby preventing hackers from accessing sensitive information stored on them directly without proper authentication credentials first being supplied by users attempting to enter them remotely. Lastly, they allow organizations to scale easily making them an even more cost efficient alternative when dealing with large number of users needing access simultaneously within one company’s network infrastructure.
What are the different components of a server?
The most common components of servers include a CPU (central processing unit) which is responsible for actual data processing, RAM (random access memory) which handles short-term storage, disk drives which store data persistently and provide additional storage space, NICs (network interface cards) which allow the server to send and receive data across networks; power supplies which supply power to all other components within the server and cases or racks, which house all the above-mentioned components.
How does a server work?
At its core, a server works by managing and distributing resources across connected clients. When a client sends a request for something to the server, it processes that request first by looking up what resource it needs from its local storage, such as pulling up an application or document stored in its databases. Once it retrieves that information, it sends it back to the client machine for them to complete their task.
Do I need specialized hardware to run a server?
Not necessarily - while specialized hardware can make running certain types of servers more efficient and reliable, many users opt for using standard PCs running Linux or Windows operating systems instead. It really depends on what kind of performance you need from your server and how much money you’re willing to spend on dedicated hardware.
How secure is my data stored on a server?
Servers typically offer greater levels of security than could be achieved with individual machines due to increased control over who can access what resources. This is because everything stored on the server is centralized allowing administrators to assign permissions as well as revoke them when needed easily thereby preventing hackers from accessing sensitive information stored directly on them without proper authentication credentials being supplied by users attempting remote entry into them first. Furthermore, they offer other security measures such as encrypted connections between users and servers as well additional measures like implementing firewalls against potential intruders.
What kind of software is required to run a server?
In general, most servers require an operating system like Linux or Windows. Depending on the type of server you’re running, you may also need additional software such as web servers (like Apache or IIS), database servers (like MySQL or Oracle), mail servers (like Sendmail), application servers (like Java or .NET) and media streaming servers.
Why do some companies prefer cloud-based services instead of physical servers?
One of the main reasons why many companies are opting for cloud-based solutions over physical ones is due to cost efficiency and scalability. Cloud computing allows companies to access powerful resources with very little upfront costs since they pay for what they use only and can scale easily whenever necessary. Plus, there’s no need to maintain the hardware which eliminates extra costs associated with traditional server setups such as maintenance fees, electricity bills, etc. Furthermore cloud-based services offer better performance than actual machines since all data is stored remotely rather than locally.
What kind of people typically manage servers?
Server administrators are responsible for the setup, maintenance and security of the server itself as well as any applications running on it. These professionals usually have strong backgrounds in computer networking and system administration, and often specialize in specific types of systems such as Microsoft Windows Servers or Linux systems. They also make sure that everything is running smoothly by monitoring system performance, responding to user requests quickly, updating/installing new software when needed and addressing any other issues that arise along the way.
|
<urn:uuid:c52a5243-ec39-4687-8f25-ff15026b9a05>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.lenovo.com/nz/en/glossary/what-does-a-server-do/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648695.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602140602-20230602170602-00765.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94023 | 1,269 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Alternative Title: transformism
Learn about this topic in these articles:
effect on Italian politics
Trasformismo (“transformism”) became the normal way of conducting parliamentary business, for there were few serious disputes among the leading politicians. Virtually all of them accepted the constitutional settlement of 1861, and few disputed foreign and colonial policy, which, in any case, was conducted by foreign ministers and prime ministers...
opposition by Bertani
...extreme left. In 1866 he founded La Riforma, a journal advocating social reforms. When the left came to power in 1876 with Premier Agostino Depretis, who introduced a system known as transformism in which he built up his following by taking ministers from both right and left, Bertani, hostile to the system, remained in opposition.
practice by Depretis
The diverse and unstable parties and factions in early Italian national politics made strict party government almost impossible. In response to this problem, Depretis perfected the art of trasformismo (“transformism”), by which, in order to build up his own personal following in parliament, he ignored party labels and took ministers from both the right and left. A prime...
|
<urn:uuid:306b9da8-ffd5-454b-9b8d-bc0c2b7d9dbc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://www.britannica.com/topic/trasformismo
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104172.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817225858-20170818005858-00676.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966504 | 251 | 3.515625 | 4 |
India is keen to attempt to work towards a low carbon emission pathway, As per goal set up for Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
by India, India has to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 from 2005. Sustainable green transportation network is one of the measures for achieving this goal. Government of India is undertaking multiple initiatives to promote manufacturing and adoption of electric vehicles in
India. However, in India Electric vehicles (EVs) still have a long way to go for making a significant change. Since, EVs needs charging stations to charge the
batteries, the impact of EVs on power system cannot be ignored. The impact of EV charging will be felt first at local hotspots on distribution grids before the
other levels i.e. generation, transmission and grid are affected. The effect of load of charging of EVs will be more visible on power system when there is a
significant number of electrical vehicle being used by the citizens/people. This papers gives a perspective and insight into that how Smart charging & EV
management Solutions may bring various benefits to Network operators and Electric Vehicle owners. As the number of Electric Vehicle grows, the
implementation of smart charging will allow EV drivers to charge reliably and economically and will also increase the hosting capacity of EVs in
distribution network with reduced/delayed network augmentation. As the EV load penetration increases, smart Charging of EVs may also form EV loads to be managed in flexible manner, i.e their charging times can be coordinated with renewable energy generation.
The widespread adoption of EVs and their evolving technologies also allows for envisioning a future in which EVs can feed electricity back into the grid,
known as vehicle to- grid (V2G) integration. EV as flexible load and V2G technologies require aggregating large numbers of individual EV loads which could be seen as a large source of generation or load providing ancillary services such as spinning and reserve.
However, the significant number of EVs used by the citizens/people is the essential parameters for all the measures mentioned in the paper.
Electric vehicles, Distribution Network, Smart Charging, EV management solutions
|
<urn:uuid:61cc8ba5-9774-4beb-982b-45e1bd7f25c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://ijskit.org/abstract.php?article=41
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887319.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705090648-20200705120648-00314.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934501 | 442 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you’ve traveled overseas and ended up shopping for milk, you probably noticed something: Stores in Europe keep their milk on the shelves with the rest of the beverages, whereas American stores keep milk refrigerated. It may seem a little icky, but don’t let that stop you from drinking it. Their milk is safe stored that way.
Even at home in Europe – actually, in many parts of the world – milk is served at room temperature.
So, what’s the deal here?
It’s all in the processing. Most milk is pasteurized using high heat to kill bacteria. In the U.S. and Canada, we use a method called high-temperature short-time pasteurization, or HTST. HTST can be used to pasteurize large quantities of milk at a time. It’s also the cheap way to pasteurize…but it makes for a short shelf life. Milk pasteurized via HTST should be consumed within 10 days of opening, and it must be refrigerated.
In other parts of the world, they pasteurize via ultra-heat-treated pasteurization, or UHT, which heats milk to a much higher temperature that HTST. UHT pasteurized milk has an unrefrigerated shelf life of three months.
An effort was actually made a few decades ago to bring UHT milk to American consumers, but it never caught on because the taste ends up a bit different, and Americans were used to having their dairy cold.
Yet, as we start to focus on using less energy to mitigate the impending climate disaster, Americans could probably (hopefully) get used to keeping their milk in the pantry. After all, there are shelf stable soy and nut milks available in American stores, and even traditional dairy milk can be found on the shelf in single size packaging.
But before we unplug the fridge for good, consider all the ice cream and white wine. Let’s not go crazy.
|
<urn:uuid:40502f8d-c9a4-4b63-80a9-53f428648668>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://didyouknowfacts.com/why-most-european-milk-is-not-refrigerated-but-american-milk-is/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00087.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95814 | 414 | 2.578125 | 3 |
by Lisa Carlson, UNeMed | September 7, 2021
Alternative medicine has people turning to essential oils, herbal medicines, and probiotics, among others, to treat all sorts of ailments. People using these products claim countless benefits, which include curing coronavirus, beating cancer, and improving mental health.
But do these things work?
Here, we will explore probiotics and evaluate the science to see if they are a digestive miracle or persistent myth.
Probiotics are microorganisms, like bacteria and yeast, with beneficial qualities. You can find products all over grocery stores within yogurt, cheeses, kombucha, kimchi, and other fermented products and drinks. There are also dietary supplements that people can take orally, each containing millions of live bacteria and yeast.
You probably think of germs when you think of bacteria, but there is a full spectrum of bacteria. Of course, some do make you sick, the bad guys. But others, the good guys, are essential for proper gut health.
So, how do we kill the bad guys while, at the same time, promoting growth of the good guys?
A quick Google search will tell you that probiotics are the answer. Probiotic sellers and people taking probiotics claim probiotics offer a myriad of health benefits. These include balancing your digestive system, treating diarrhea, improving mental health, reducing symptoms of digestive disorders, boosting your immune system, and even helping you lose belly fat.
Sounds impressive, right?
But if something sounds too good to be true, it usually is.
Nonetheless, savvy marketers have convinced a growing number of consumers that probiotics are the answer. Grand View Research reports that the probiotic market value in 2020 was $54.2 billion and will expand to $77 billion by 2025.
Commonly sold as dietary supplements, probiotics do not require FDA approval. Probiotic manufacturers can claim how the product may affect your body, but those claims cannot include using probiotics to cure or treat diseases.
As reported by the American Gastroenterological Association, there is not one FDA-approved health claim for any probiotic on the market.
However, high-quality scientific studies do exist that studied the effects of probiotics on humans. Unfortunately, the results of those studies are contradictory.
For every study suggesting that probiotics improve health, another shows probiotics do nothing or might even be harmful.
There is no conclusive evidence that probiotics improve digestive health.
In the studies that showed probiotics helped people, the benefits were subjective to the people taking it, the type of probiotic bacteria used, the design and analysis of the studies themselves, and the intended use of the probiotic.
There is still a laundry list of studies needed before we can use probiotics to treat digestive disorders like irritable bowel disease, which would require FDA approval.
The current standard of care for irritable bowel disease, or IBD, focuses on decreasing inflammation with immune system suppressors and anti-inflammatory drugs. Although these therapies can induce and maintain remission, they cause significant side effects. In the long term, most people with IBD require at least one surgery.
Researchers at the University of Nebraska Medical Center are taking on the challenge of designing better therapeutics to treat IBD. Researchers are looking at chloroquine, a common malaria treatment, for its anti-inflammatory properties to treat IBD. But chloroquine is readily absorbed and disseminated throughout the body and can cause harmful side effects.
David Oupicky, Ph.D., and Fei Yu, Ph.D., have developed a better way to deliver chloroquine directly to the gut, thereby limiting its harmful side effects. This new technology is an improved version of chloroquine that passes through the digestive system without getting absorbed into the bloodstream. Instead, these chloroquine-based polymers stay in the digestive tract and directly reduce harmful inflammation.
Until medications like UNMC’s new chloroquine formulation gains FDA approval, there are not many options. If you experience digestive upset, the best idea is to talk with your physician to diagnose the root cause so they can advise on the appropriate treatment.
As medicine advances, the idea of personalized probiotics is promising, but more research is needed. In their current state, probiotics are a digestive myth.
|
<urn:uuid:ddf9d02f-ef6b-46a6-8732-a7415d0a4bce>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.unemed.com/blog/probiotics-miracle-myth
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401063607-20230401093607-00241.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931698 | 883 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In cultures across the world and through time, spanning all different age groups, music has always been an intrinsic part of human life. When discussing music, whether in a casual or in-depth manner, it always helps to be able to speak about it knowledgeably. There are various terms that can convey a more precise meaning about a certain aspect of music, but many of these terms tend to be somewhat technical. Many of the words also tend to be in Italian or French, which adds to the confusion. To get a grasp of music terminology, have a look below at the most important and useful terms to know.
Allegro – An Italian word referring to a quick and lively tempo. It generally has a very upbeat feel to it.
Ballad – Typically a folk song, or a piece of music written to imitate such a song. Sometimes spelled as ballade.
Baritone – A male voice positioned in the middle of the choir’s range.
Baroque – Music ranging from the 1600s to around 1750 is generally described as belonging to the baroque era. Examples of baroque composers include Vivaldi, Bach and Handel.
Crescendo – A gradual increase in volume of the music.
Diminuendo – Usually written in sheet music to indicate that the player should reduce the volume of their playing.
Dissonant – The sound of notes played together that lack harmony. Dissonant chords often convey feelings such as discomfort, doom or anger.
Elegy – A piece of music that expresses grief or sorrow.
Forte – An instruction in sheet music to play loudly; often abbreviated as f.
Glissando – Glissando is a descriptive word for when a slide is performed over several notes.
Harmony – When several notes are played together to form chords in some type of progression, it is known as a harmony. In general, harmonies form a pleasing sound.
Interlude – An interlude is a piece of music that acts as a bridge to join two other pieces or works.
Key Signature – In sheet music, each section typically shows a key signature. The key signature is denoted as a combination of flats or sharps to indicate the key in which the piece should be played.
Largo – Largo, translated literally from Italian, means broad. In a musical context, it is an instruction to play slowly.
Legato – When notes are played legato, they are played smoothly so that they flow together seamlessly.
Metronome – A metronome is a small device that makes a steady ticking sound according to the tempo that it is set at. Metronomes are used to help players practice a piece at different speeds. When people mention playing or recording to a metronome, it simply means that a metronome was set in the background.
Mezzo – Mezzo means half, and it is used in conjunction with other words. For example, mezzo-forte would mean half as loud as normal.
Nocturne – A piece of music that is evocative of night-time moods, usually sleepy or romantic.
Octave – The easiest way to picture an octave is by looking at the keys on a piano. Start at Middle C and count up eight notes to the next C. Each similar interval of eight notes is known as an octave. If a piece is played “one octave higher” it means that the player has to start one octave up from the original starting point.
Piano – In music terminology, piano is not referring to the musical instrument but rather the way in which music is played. Piano means that it should be played softly. The word ‘piano’ can a suffix to indicate the degree of softness. Pianissimo (pp) means even softer.
Quartet – Stemming from the Latin quartus meaning four, a quartet is a group of four musicians.
Rhythm – The pattern or beat that occurs in a piece of music. For example, a waltz is very distinctive by its three-beat rhythm.
Scale – Any series of successive notes played ascending or descending.
Sonata – Typically a classical piece designed for only a soloist, sometimes with a pianist in the background.
Tempo – The speed of a piece of music.
Unison – Unison indicates playing together. A piece or part of a piece might require playing in unison, where multiple musicians would have to play the piece together.
Vibrato – A style of creating a vibration effect when playing or singing.
Vivace - Derived from the Latin word, vivax, this term indicates that a piece of music should be played briskly, in a lively manner.
|
<urn:uuid:33cb3f3c-d9aa-447c-b824-d9aa65e056a3>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.roadreadycases.com/resources/music-terminology.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829393.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00226-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95939 | 986 | 4 | 4 |
We, the Zetas, are sometimes referred to as one of the oldest alien races visiting Earth, but in terms of age compared to most, we are in our youth. The Zeta form, and culture, has been around 8.5 times longer than man, here on earth, which makes Earthlings mere toddlers. We are older than the Pleiadeans, in their present form, but the Nordics predate us.
What determines how long a race survives, essentially unchanged in form and retaining the same culture? Many things, but of primary importance is how well the genetically engineered form is adapted to its environment. A poor adaptation almost begs for change, and change comes, either by the sickening and extinction of the race or by intervention in the form of supplemental genetic engineering. Of secondary importance is the complexity of the culture. With cultures, simple is not best. Like complex genetics that allow an organism many possible responses to a situation, cultures require depth to survive. A soldier given only two alternative actions is likely to end up dead, when sent into battle, but one allowed to rely on his own resources will survive. We are speaking here of freedoms, so that the culture can adapt over time, moving in new directions. Rigid cultures do not survive.
Has the Zeta culture changed over time? Most certainly. We were once more war prone, rising to the slightest challenge and letting nothing slide. In this regard, this is the one characteristic of the giant hominoids who inhabit the 12th Planet that is most like our ancient selves. The remnants of this culture can be seen within us, as even today we do not, as you say, roll over easy. We defend ourselves, some would say vigorously. Our culture has moved over its life, steadfastly in the direction of supporting scientific research, as this is a pastime we all enjoy immensely. Some cultures, as the Pleiadeans, have always placed a strong value on social functions, giving them priority over almost all activities. As this is something they enjoy immensely this has, if anything, grown in importance for them as time went on. Consequently, the Pleiadeans frequently act as greeters for new galactic citizens, and are here on Earth acting in this capacity now.
|
<urn:uuid:ebb9b684-d2df-4353-8e60-d28b7a5647d9>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.zetatalk4.com/worlds/w28.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054973/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00010-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971763 | 460 | 2.84375 | 3 |
*The fact source for this article is THE STARCH SOLUTION by Dr. John McDougall. Roedale Inc. 2012. Dr. McDougall has written and lectured extensively on the role of carbohydrates in the human diet. There is no one with more knowledge or clinical experience in the area of carbohydrates on the planet. His 2012 book, The Starch Solution details the importance of Starch in the human diet, both historically, and in present day. As a massage therapist, I cannot offer nutritional advice. What I can say from my personal and clinical experience is that what you put in your body is one of the most important contributors to health, along with exercise and adequate sleep. Many a patient with health issues will see noticeable improvement when altering their diet. As a result, I feel it is important to learn from subject experts in these matters, such as Dr. John McDougall. Knowledge is power, and once you understand how your body works, you will be in a much better position to improve your personal health.
How did “Carbs” become a Dirty Word?
These days you hear the word ‘carbs’ thrown around like a dirty old sock. Just what are carbs? Well, carb is short for carbohydrate. As the name carbohydrate suggests, these are biological compounds consisting primarily of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates, is a macronutrient that is essential to our diet. The other two macronutrients are protein and fat. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body, fats are an energy storage compound, and proteins are used to build body tissue. Each macronutrient does much more than this, but this is the basic function of each nutrient.
Are there different types of carbs?
A resounding YES! What all carbohydrates have in common is that they all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as their essential constituents. The primary difference between simple and complex carbs is the size and arrangement of the molecules. Complex carbs contain more fibre, which aids digestion and slows the release of the glucose into your bloodstream. In nature, all simple carbohydrates are surrounded within a matrix of fibre.
As mentioned, carbohydrates are divided into two basic groups; simple carbohydrates known as sugars, and complex carbohydrates. As carbohydrates become increasingly complex, the sugars that they contain are released more slowly into the bloodstream by our digestive system. Complex carbohydrates are typically packaged in insoluble fibre, which have a laxative effect and add bulk to the diet.
1) Sugar- The Simple Carb
Sugars are carbohydrates that contain either six or twelve carbon atoms, and are typically encountered in fruits (as fructose) but can also appear in woody plants, as is the case with sugarcane, or maple syrup. Above is the six-carbon sugar molecule, glucose. All carbohydrates and all nutrients (fats, proteins) for that matter eventually get broken down into this simple molecule so that they can be burned as energy in the body. Therefore, as you can see, sugar is not bad per se, because this is what the body needs for energy. The problem with eating simple sugars (e.g table sugar) is that these sugars are not surrounded by fibre. As a result, your blood sugar levels immediately rise, which causes insulin levels to rise. This leads to a series of issues that can have negative consequences for your health. Overall, experts agree that whatever diet plan you are on, whether high carb or low carb, that it is good to keep your insulin levels low. The best way to do this is by minimizing consumption of simple sugars, unless in the case of fruits, they are surrounded by fibre. Even then, fruit should be an addition to your diet, and not the foundation.
2) Complex Carbohydrates- Starchy Vegetables
A subgroup of complex carbohydrates is starchy and non-starchy vegetables. Starches form the basis of plant-based eater’s diet, because as mentioned earlier, we all need glucose for energy, and starch is a sugar that has been stored in long, complex chains. Foods in this group include root vegetables, squashes, grains and legumes. Examples of individual foods in each of these subgroups include:
- Root vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, parsnips, and sweet potatoes
- Squashes such as butternut and acorn squash, field pumpkin, summer squash.
- Grains such as rice, wheat, rye, barley, millet, oats, bulgur, spelt and couscous
- Cereals are an example of a starchy food typically comprised of grains
- Corn and maize are also classed as starches are technically considered to be grains
- Legumes such as peas, beans, lentils, soybeans
- Beans are a large group of legumes that deliver starch as abundant whole food. Examples of beans include favas, lentils, mung beans, black beans, peas, and chickpeas.
- There are a few other random complex carbs such as artichokes
Pictured below is a small portion of a starch molecule, Amylose. Amylose molecules typically consist of 200 to 20,000 glucose units that form a helix, as a result of the bond angles between the glucose units.
While many vegetables can be eaten raw, the digestibility of starch is increased when it is cooked. Raw starch will digest poorly in the duodenum and small intestine, while bacterial degradation will take place mainly in the colon. This is one of the reasons that people associate gas with beans and other starches, because bacterial activity in the colon can often result in creation of gas. The colon sits at the very end of the intestine so it is a short distance for the gas to find its way out of the body. This is also the reason that starches and complex carbohydrates keep blood sugar levels low, because the food has travelled a log way through the digestive system before it is absorbed into the bloodstream.
3) Non-Starchy Complex Carbohydrates
Non-starchy vegetables are typically high in cellulose, an indigestible carbohydrate known as fibre. These vegetables are often very nutrient dense. Foods in this group include some of the following foods (in alphabetical order): asparagus, bamboo shoots, beans (green, Italian, yellow or wax), beets, broccoli, bok choy, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, eggplant, greens (beet greens, collard, dandelion, kale, mustard, turnip), green leafy vegetables (kale, lettuce, parsley, spinach, Swiss chard), onions, mushrooms, peppers (green, red, yellow, orange, jalapeno), radishes, rhubarb, rutabaga, sprouts, snow peas or pea pods, tomato, turnips, zucchini. This list is not absolute, but covers most of the common non-starchy carbs that North Americans eat.
Foods on the list above have benefit of not just being nutrient dense (packed with lots of vitamins and minerals), but of also not being calorie dense. This means that you could eat most non-starchy complex carbs and never gain weight. As a matter of fact, most of these vegetables do not provide enough calories to sustain you, so you need to also eat starchy vegetable just to sustain your body weight.
Looking at the chart above and the graph below, you can see why it is good to limit oils and fats, and include many complex carbohydrates if you are concerned at all about weight issues. Complex carbohydrates deliver a maximum of nutrients with a minimum of calories.
Yes! Even fibre is a carbohydrate. Dietary fibres are very long chains of complex carbohydrates – so complex that they do not get entirely digested. Most fibres eventually end up in the colon and form the bulk of your stool. They are also the primary food for the good bacteria residing in our colon. Many people think fibre is only the husks of grains and the long stringy components in fruits and vegetables, but dietary fibres are present in all plant tissues. Fibre is divided into two types, soluble and insoluble.
Soluble fibre attracts water and form a gel, slowing digestion. Soluble fibre delays the emptying of your stomach and makes you feel full, which helps control weight. Slower stomach emptying levels out blood sugar levels, having a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity, which may help control diabetes. Soluble fibre can also help lower LDL (“bad”) blood cholesterol by interfering with the absorption of dietary cholesterol if you eat food of animal origin.
Insoluble fibre is considered to be gut-healthy fibre because of its laxative effect. It adds bulk to the diet, helping to prevent constipation. These fibres do not dissolve in water, so they pass through the gastrointestinal tract relatively intact. Insoluble fibre is mainly found in whole grains and vegetables, as opposed to fruit, which only has soluble fibre.
Carbohydrates are Fuel!
Something that needs to be understood by anyone demonizing carbs is that the body runs on glucose, and its preferred fuel is carbohydrates. The body can burn fats, but to do so you must keep your blood sugar extremely low. This means no sugar whatsoever in your diet (either in your coffee, your drinks, or in any food that you eat), and it means no sugary dessert items for you, or the fats are likely to be stored on your body. Alternatively, the body can break down proteins for food, but the by-products of proteins are acidic, and this leads to osteoporosis, and puts a strain on our kidneys. The body, just like us is rather lazy, and it would prefer carbohydrates as its energy source. The body also does not like to store excess carbohydrates as fat, as that conversion requires about 30% of the calories consumed. Instead, it prefers to burn them off as heat, and energy. As a result, excess carbohydrates do not tend to get stored as fat on the body. Carbohydrates create two simple compounds when metabolized; carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This is what makes carbs the ultimate clean fuel for your body.
I hope this article has convinced you that ‘carb’ is not a bad word. Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for our bodies, and for our gut bacteria. Carbohydrate-rich foods such include fruits and vegetables, which are arguably the healthiest foods we can eat. The real health concern is not ‘carbs’, but refined foods, whether refined carbohydrate, protein or fat. These are the foods you should try to limit or avoid.
To understand more about carbohydrates, I highly recommend THE STARCH SOLUTION by Dr. John McDougall. His book details the metabolism of carbohydrates and shows how thousands of people have lost weight, reduced their medications and regained their health on a starch-based diet.
The fact source for this article was THE STARCH SOLUTION by Dr. John McDougall. Roedale Inc. 2012
|
<urn:uuid:d9236485-2687-4fa8-bb43-965e007a89d6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://fultonmassagetherapy.com/understanding-carbohydrates/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00079.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944579 | 2,285 | 2.671875 | 3 |
These findings, which were made using an animal model of the disease, demonstrate that a single therapy could simultaneously repair the multiple types of neurological damage caused by Parkinson’s, providing an overall benefit that has not been achieved in other approaches.
“One of the central challenges in Parkinson’s disease is that many different cell types are damaged, each of which is of potential importance,” said Chris Proschel, Ph.D., an assistant professor of Biomedical Genetics at the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) and lead author of the study which appears today in the European journal EMBO Molecular Medicine. “However, while we know that the collective loss of these cells contributes to the symptoms of the disease, much of the current research is focused on the recovery of only one cell type.”
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder which affects an estimated one million Americans. While the condition is associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons – cells that produce the important neurotransmitter dopamine – the disease’s impact is actually far more complex and wide-ranging, disrupting basic signaling functions and triggering the destruction of several other types of cells found in the brain.
Consequently, while the preservation and restoration of dopamine producing neurons is critical to slowing or reversing the course of the disease, it is increasingly clear that any successful long-term therapy must both protect the areas of the brain under attack and foster the repair of not only dopaminergic neurons but also the damage that occurs in other cell populations.
“Reversing the disease’s impact on the brain is akin to the challenges of fixing a house that is in the process of falling apart,” said Proschel. “If you only focus on addressing one aspect of the problem, such as the wiring, but ignore the fact that the roof is leaking and the foundation is crumbling, then you haven’t really carried out the necessary repairs and it is only a matter of time before the lights go out again.”
Using human brain cells, Proschel and his colleagues isolated a cell population found in the central nervous system called glial precursors. Through the careful manipulation of culture conditions and cell signals, the researchers induced the precursor cells to produce a specific class of astrocytes.
While astrocytes tend to garner far less attention than their more glamorous cousin, the neuron, they nevertheless are critical to maintaining a healthy environment in the brain. On the flip side, scientists are learning that astrocyte dysfunction can contribute to multiple neurological disorders. In both instances, the ability to realize the therapeutic implications of these discoveries has proven to be difficult. The ability of labs such as Proschel’s to isolate and identify the unique properties of different kinds of astroctyes, essentially finding the right cell for the right job, offers the possibility of harnessing these cells for new therapies.
The astrocytes used in the study differ from other types of astrocytes present in the mature brain. When implanted into the brains of rats with Parkinson’s disease, the new cells acted similar to astrocytes found in the developing brain, which are more effective at building connections between nerves and creating a suitable environment for growth and repair. Consequently, the implanted astrocytes acted like a repair crew, restoring the health and stability of the structure and allowing the brain’s nerve cells to recover and resume normal activity.
The researchers were careful to implant the cells only after the rats had developed signs of Parkinson’s disease. This delay was important because it mimics how a similar therapy would be used in humans where the neurological damage caused by the disease precedes its visible symptoms.
After transplantation, the researchers observed that not only did dopaminergic neurons recover in the animals, but other nerve cells called interneurons were also rescued. Interneurons play an important role in information processing and movement control, and are also lost in Parkinson’s disease. No previous therapies have rescued these cells. Moreover, the therapy restored normal levels of synaptophysin, a protein that is essential for communication between nerve cells. The transplanted rats recovered motor skills to normal levels, essentially reversing the symptoms of the disease.
“The central importance of this work is in revealing a potentially new cell therapy, for which appropriate human cells are in hand, that can be used to restore multiple neuronal populations and to rescue the molecular machinery critical in communication between nerve cells even when cells are transplanted after the damage is already established,” said Mark Noble, Ph.D., the director of the URMC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute and a co-author of the study. “From what is already known about these cells, it seems likely that they offer a promising approach to a variety of neurological afflictions.”
Additional co-authors include Jennifer Stripay, Chung-Hsuan Shih, and Joshua Munger, all with URMC. The study was supported with funding from the Catherine Carlson Stem Cell Fund, the Spitzer Foundation, the University of Rochester, NYSTEM, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
For Media Inquiries:
Email Mark Michaud
|
<urn:uuid:c3f37443-f771-4be2-97c0-8f9a96dc8fb4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.healthcanal.com/medical-breakthroughs/47044-finding-points-to-possible-new-parkinsons-therapy.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00382.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94843 | 1,080 | 3.53125 | 4 |
|Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities (UNU, 1979, 178 p.)|
|Nutritional evaluation in humans|
Economic considerations in systems of food production, whether they are food crops, livestock, or bioconversion products, take into account only the total amount produced, with little regard to whether the products will be used efficiently. In view of this, we define productivity as total production per hectare, or per unit of weight or volume, corrected by a food technology factor and by a nutritive value factor (18):
TABLE 4. Protein Quality of Chlorella, Yeast, and Casein in Human Subjects
|Casein + RNA||4.25||- 1.00||95||66|
Source: Waslien et al. (17).
Productivity = Production/ha x Food technology factor x Nutritive value
This equation is applicable to production of foods from soil or other sources, such as those described in these proceedings, and is applicable to evaluation of feed for animals and also food for human consumption.
The term "food technology" in the formula has two components. One is related to those characteristics of a food or product that introduce functionality, texture, and structure to food systems. For example, the high-yielding variety of rice IR8 was not accepted by the consumer because it did not meet the eating quality associated with rice. The second component is related to the capacity of the product to undergo processing without physical, chemical, or microbiological deterioration. An example would be milled Opaque-2 corn, which has a low yield of grits because of the nature of the endosperm. In the area of biomass, specifically algae, the green colour is an example of the first food technology component, and bacteria-induced deterioration is an example of the second.
The nutritive value factor in the equation is related to the efficiency with which the nutrients of the food products, whether they are calories, proteins, or any other specific nutrients, are utilized.
One example that shows the effect of better land use through a more efficient utilization of the protein in cereal grains is presented in Table 6. For children, the amount of protein from corn needed for equilibrium, that is, neither weight gain nor loss, requires cultivation of 69 and 182 kg/yr of Opaque-2 and common maize, respectively. These amounts of protein are lost in faeces and urine because the figures represent the condition at protein equilibrium, and are equivalent to 0.013 and 0.035 ha per person per year. For adults, the results show the same trend; i.e., less land use due to more efficient utilization of the nutrients in Opaque-2 maize than those in common corn. Therefore, productivity expressed in production per unit area should also include the efficiency of utilization of the crop produced. Even with the 10 - 15 per cent lower yield and a slightly lower food technology factor, Opaque-2 maize has a higher productivity than can be derived from common corn.
TABLE 5. Urinary and Plasma Uric Acid Levels of Men Fed Nucleic Acid Added to Casein and as Found in Algae and Yeast
|Uric acid (mg)
|Casein + RNA|
|25 g prot||1.8||562||6.9|
|50 g prot||3.7||886||8.7|
|25 g prot||1.7||605||7.4|
|50 g prot||3.6||872||9.7|
|25 g prot||5.0||942||10.2|
|50 g prot||10.3||1,536||12.6|
Source: Waslien et al. (17).
Table 7 shows the significance for productivity of low and high digestibility bean protein. Using the results from nitrogen balance studies, it can be seen that low digestibility results in poor land use because significant amounts of N are lost in the faeces in comparison to N loss when a material of higher digestibility is fed.
TABLE 6. Amount of Corn Protein Found Experimentally to Be Necessary for Nitrogen Equilibrium in Children and Adult Subjects
|Type of corn
The above is based on a yield of 5,000 kg/ha.
TABLE 7. Efficiency of Land Utilization in Terms of the Protein from Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
|Yield of beans/ha, kg||1,000||1,000|
|Yield of protein/ha, kg||230||230|
|Protein absorbed/ha, kg||147||193|
|Protein waste/ha, kg||83||37|
|Waste as beans/ha, kg||360||160|
|% land poorly utilized||36||16|
Finally, energy inputs into agricultural production systems are also affected by the quality of the end-product. Table 8 shows calculation of agricultural and nutritional efficiency using data from Pimentel et al. (19).
With respect to nitrogen input, agricultural efficiency for corn is 0.61 whether it is common or Opaque-2 maize. However, the nutritional efficiency of the nitrogen input is 0.44 for Opaque-2 maize and a significantly lower value of 0.19 for common corn. For energy inputs, the returns of agricultural efficiency for both types of corn would be 2.82; on the other hand, the nutritional efficiency of the energy input would be 1.35 for Opaque2 corn and a very low value of 0.87 for common corn.
TABLE 8. Agricultural Productivity of Cereal Grains of Improved Nutritional Value Out put/input
|For N inputs in corn production|
|Agricultural efficiency (grain)||0.61*||0.61*|
|For energy input in corn production|
|Agricultural efficiency (grain)||2.82.||2.82*|
* Equal yields/ha were assumed.
These calculations indicate that, independent of the nutrition problem, there are practical advantages in producing food grains of the highest possible protein quality.
|
<urn:uuid:ca0a1b44-6c73-41c1-b140-a4d3e9852963>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-0l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11----0-1-&a=d&c=cdl&cl=CL1.89&d=HASH013cf058d47a1aa4acbbbc3a.27.6
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945372.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325191930-20230325221930-00140.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.846925 | 1,739 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Grass is Always Greener; The Story of the Tribe of Dan
The beginnings of the tribe of Dan are found in Genesis 30:1-6. Jacob, the father of the twelve tribes of Israel, had been unable to conceive a son with his wife Rachel while Jacob’s first wife, Leah, had borne him several sons. Jealous of Leah, Rachel encouraged Jacob to sleep with Bilhah, Rachel’s handmaiden. This relationship produced a son whom they named Dan. The name Dan means , “to judge” or “minister judgment” or “to plead a cause”. Dan was one of Jacob’s twelve sons and became one of the original twelve tribes of Israel. Dan was the second largest tribe – only slightly smaller than Judah. However, they were never thought of as true Israelites because of the circumstances surrounding Dan’s birth.
During the Exodus out of Egypt the tribe of Dan was given the responsibility of guarding the rear flank of the people as they marched (Numbers 2:31). Dan did not do a particularly good job, as the story of the attack of the Amalekites (Exodus 17:8-16 & Deuteronomy 25:17-19) infers. The Amalekites picked off the weak, elderly and helpless that were lagging behind and Dan should have protected them.
Dan was the last tribe in the book of Joshua to receive their allotment of land. Dan’s inheritance was located in the Shephelah, or low foothills between the coastal plain and the Judah mountains. The Philistines lived to the west on the coastal plain and were superior to the Israelites militarily because they had the technology of iron (1 Samuel 13:19-20). They constantly gave the Danites problems. To the east were the allotments for the tribes of Judah and Ephraim and their tribes kept the tribe of Dan from expanding towards their land. God had placed them between a rock and a hard place, with a formidable enemy close by. The story of the most famous Danite, Samson (Judges 13:24), echoes the problems that Dan had with the Philistines.
Dan never really liked where God had placed them. When the situation got particularly tough, they decided as a group to look for a better place to live (Judges 18:1-2). Dan sent out five spies who traveled about one hundred miles north to a city called Laish. This was a beautiful lush area, with lots of water and grass. The spies liked this area a lot better than where they were in the Shephelah. They came back to the Danites and told them how great it was and that it would be easy to defeat the people living in Laish. The tribe agreed and sent 600 armed soldiers to capture Laish and take their land. The story of their trip to the north is a bizarre and is found in Judges 18. They stole some cast idols that were household gods and convinced a priest to go with them and set up their own house of worship in their newly captured land. Dan slaughtered the residents of Laish and renamed the city Dan. This became the northernmost location for any of the twelve tribes. They set up a temple there and put the household gods in it, with their new priest to conduct the services. Because of this foolish act, the area and tribe of Dan was always connected with idolatry and was known as a place for cult worship. Dan’s reputation continued to erode (Judges 5:17) because of the seed of idolatry that had been planted in their tribe. Also, now that they lived next door to Tyre and Sidon, where Baal and Asherah worship was most fervent, they began to dabble in that, also. All this led, over time, to the area of Dan becoming the most pagan place in all of Israel. This was where Jeroboam set up the golden calf to worship when the kingdom was divided (1 Kings 12;28-30). Also, Dan was one of Ahab and Jezebel’s royal cities where Baal was worshiped and acknowledged as the main god of the northern tribes. The prophets of Israel harshly criticized the inhabitants of Dan (e.g. Jeremiah 8:16-17 and Amos 8:14) and their transgressions certainly did not go unnoticed by the Bible writers. In the Book of Revelation, Chapter 7, when the remnant of the Tribes of Israel are listed as the ones sealed by God, Dan is left off the list! No longer are they listed as one of the twelve tribes! Also, a tradition developed very early in history, that the anti-Christ would come from the tribe of Dan! The tribe of Dan had sinned against God by leaving the inheritance that had been given them and looking for something better. This decision to change locations ultimately led to their elimination from the tribes of Israel.
Another interesting fact that the Danites did not realize was that this beautiful location that they had picked was the first stop for every marauding army that came through the Promised Land. Dan was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times because every army that sought to conquer Israel destroyed Dan first as they came int the country from the north. Dan had no Israelites neighbors to help them fight, so they suffered greatly by moving to their new location.
What is the moral of the story? You may find a nicer, less stressful place than where God placed you, but if it is not where God wants you, it will not be a better place. We are all tempted to pull up stakes and leave when we are in the middle of a tough situation. “Let’s just move and get a fresh start”, we often say. The grass always looks greener, but it never really is! You need to be where God places you, regardless of how rough the circumstances seem at the time. If you try to run from the lesson He is teaching you it will never turn out easier in the next location. The scenery will be different but there will just be a new set of problems to deal with. This is an especially important lesson for young married couples when the inevitable stresses and challenges come their way. The tribe of Dan teaches us the “grass is always greener” life lesson in a very powerful way. Some tough consequences await the person who bails out early.
|
<urn:uuid:f3c726b6-8b61-4be8-a69a-534b12ab2156>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.dodsonlumber.com/acts242/?p=784
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164040899/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133400-00095-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.984473 | 1,325 | 3.09375 | 3 |
GOT A QUESTION?
USFWS Customer Service Center
TTY: 1-800-877-8339 (Federal Relay)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Organochlorines) insecticides, such as chlordane, DDT, toxaphene, and dieldrin were the main family of insecticides used following their introduction after World War II. Many of these chemicals originated from attempts to develop agents of chemical warfare, but were found to be lethal to insects (Carson 1962).
DDT is a manufactured chemical widely used to control insects on agricultural crops and insects that carry diseases like malaria and typhus. The value of DDT as an insecticide was first discovered in 1939 and the discoverer won the Nobel Prize (Carson 1962). In the 1952 edition of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's book "Insects: The Yearbook of Agriculture," the agency hailed it as one or our safest all-around insecticides based on its "cost, ease of handling, safety to humans, effectiveness in destroying the pest, and safety to wildlife." It was not until decades later that the true impact of DDT on wildlife was known. Problems associated with DDT, as well as many chlorinated hydrocarbons, involved their tendency to concentrate in the fat of humans, livestock, aquatic foodchains, and wildlife. This latter phenomena, called bioaccumulation, has had and continues to have severe adverse effects on many forms of wildlife. Many predatory birds were heavily impacted by DDT. Some predatory birds, most notably the bald eagle, peregrine falcon, and brown pelican were so heavily impacted by the pesticide that they required federal listing as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. This was because the principal metabolite (breakdown product) of DDT, DDE, prevents normal calcium deposition during eggshell formation, causing females to lay thin-shelled eggs that often break before hatching. In addition, DDT, DDE and other chlorinated hydrocarbons, can affect the parents behavior during incubation and can result in death of unhatched embryos and eagle chicks.
Because of the potential harm to human health, in 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned the use of DDT in the United States barring a public health emergency (e.g., outbreak of malaria). DDT is still used in other (primarily tropical) countries. Restrictions that control the use of aldrin and dieldrin were imposed in the United States in 1974. Since implementation of these restrictions, residues of the pesticides have significantly decreased in many regions where they were formerly used. However, DDT and DDE persist in the environment for a very long time. DDT and DDE residues can still be found in most areas of the United States. Other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides still being used in the US include dicofol and endosulfan. Methoxychlor is another chlorinated hydrocarbon permitted for use in the United States. However, the EPA has suspended the sole manufacturer's permit to produce and sell this pesticide until the manufacturer submits results from studies required to support reregistration of the chemical.
Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts
United States Department of Agriculture. 1952. Insects: The Yearbook of Agriculture. United States Government Printing Office.
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are classified as aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are not linked together to form a ring. Compounds include the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and substances derived from them by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by atoms of other elements or groups of atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons have elements linked together in rings.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of chemical compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with a molecular structure consisting of at least two fused aromatic rings, each with five or six carbon atoms. The PAH family includes about 100 substances, differing in the number and position of their rings.
PAHs are generally formed from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Today, most of the PAHs present in the environment come from human activities. PAHs can enter the aquatic environment directly, through industrial and municipal effluents, accidental crude oil spills and PAH emissions from creosote treated materials used in water (for example, on pilings). Nearly all types of organic fuel combustion can produce PAHs. The most important sources are the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels from domestic heating systems and transportation (car exhaust fumes), garbage incineration, aluminum reduction smeOctober 30, 2008ng of crude oil and coal liquefaction and gasification. All these human activities release PAHs into the atmosphere, where they tend to adhere to particles in suspension, some of which will enter the aquatic environment through atmospheric fallout. Owing to their low solubility and high affinity for particulate matter, PAHs are not usually found in water in notable concentrations. Their presence in surface water or groundwater is an indication of a source of pollution.
Non-point Source Pollution (NPS) pollution comes from many diffuse sources. NPS pollution is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters, and even our underground sources of drinking water.
Organophosphates pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Most organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are not persistent in the environment (1).
(1) US Environmental Protection Agency. Types of Pesticide - Chemical Pesticides.
Summary from: US National Institute of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).Dioxin Research at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEH). 2/28/2006).
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are mixtures of synthetic organic chemicals with the same basic chemical structure and similar physical properties ranging from oily liquids to waxy solids. PCBs were widely used as a fire preventive and insulator in the manufacture of transformers capacitors due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point and electrical insulating properties. PCBs were also used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications including electrical, heat transfer, and hydraulic equipment; as plasticizers in paints, plastics and rubber products; in pigments, dyes and carbonless copy paper and many other applications. More than 1.5 billion pounds of PCBs were manufactured in the United States prior to cessation of production in 1977 (USEPA. Welcome to the PCB Home Page at EPA. 10/12/2005).
PCBs entered the air, water, and soil during their manufacture, use, and disposal; from accidental spills and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in products containing PCBs. They can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old electrical transformers containing PCBs; and burning of some wastes in incinerators (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ToxFAQs™ for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (Bifenilos Policlorados (BPCs). 10/12/2005). PCBs can be transported by by various environmental media, including air and water, spreading contamination to other areas.
The very characteristic of the PCBs that made them useful in manufacturing makes them problematic in the environment. PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may remain there for very long periods of time.
Organisms such as fish and birds may accumulate PCBs from the water, from food or from sediments. The degree to which PCBs accumulate in animals is dependent on a number of factors, including their trophic position within the ecosystem, feeding strategy, longevity, fat content, sex, and reproductive status.
PCBs have been shown to cause cancer in animals. PCBs have also been shown to cause a number of serious non-cancer health effects in animals, including effects on the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, endocrine system and other health effects (USEPA. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - Health Effects of PCBs. 10/12/2005).
Point Source Pollution (PS) happens when a pollutant comes from a definite source such as wastewater discharged from the pipes of industrial facilities and municipal sewage treatment plants into rivers, streams, lakes, and the ocean.
Selenium is an essential trace element that occurs naturally in the environment. Although small amounts of selenium are important for both wildlife and people, elevated concentrations can cause selenium toxicosis. Fish and wildlife can be exposed to selenium in water, sediment or food. In parts of the western United States, the soils contain rather high levels of selenium. There, selenium is most commonly found in rocks and soil that originated in the ocean (marine sedimentary deposits).
Parts of the west are highly productive farming areas. However, the long summers and hot, dry climate that makes the west so attractive for farming also demands the extensive use of irrigation. Unfortunately, long-term irrigation flushes out the salt, selenium and other trace elements found in the soil into irrigation return flows. Traditionally, these selenium-tainted agricultural waters have been disposed of in evaporation ponds. However, evaporation ponds are an attractive nuisance to birds that stop to feed on plants and animals found at the ponds. These plants and animals often contain high concentrations of selenium, which the waterbirds then accumulate in their tissue, causing the kind of problems scientists began observing in the Valley in the early 1980s, scientists documented that waterfowl in marshy areas of California's San Joaquin Valley were producing offspring that were stillborn or deformed.
|
<urn:uuid:87397b1d-dfd4-42b7-9145-9d9eb8133ac2>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Definitions.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500821289.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021341-00150-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951354 | 2,143 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Six months ago a single intravenous treatment of the painkiller lidocaine rescued Carol Hale from, as she describes it, "feeling like a vegetable."
Hale, 59, of Yucaipa, Calif., had been unable to get out of bed, think or walk as a result of chronic fatigue syndrome. "I felt energy for the first time in years," she says.
Her physician, Jay Goldstein, a clinical researcher in Anaheim Hills, Calif., discovered that lidocaine and many other drugs used for other conditions bring quick relief of symptoms associated with chronic fatigue syndrome.
Gradually, chronic fatigue syndrome, one of medicine's most baffling mysteries, is yielding up its secrets. New studies have shed clearer light on who gets it. New hypotheses have emerged to explain what causes it and how it affects the body. And some promising treatments are in clinical use or being tested.
Chronic fatigue was until recent years dismissed by many doctors as "yuppie flu," because it seemed to affect mostly young, white professionals.
However, new studies by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have shown that chronic fatigue is more common among blacks and Native Americans than among whites; that it is more common among women than men, and that the average sufferer makes $15,000 a year.
Estimates on the incidence range from 76 of every 100,000 Americans to as many as 220 of 100,000.
Known by many names-chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome, chronic Epstein-Barr virus and myalgic encephalomyelitis-chronic fatigue is a complex, debilitating illness affecting many body systems.
Patients still are often misdiagnosed as having a psychological or psychosomatic condition because symptoms include anxiety, depression and impaired speech or reasoning.
Other symptoms, such as chronic muscle pain and weakness, mimic multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, lupus, post-polio syndrome, AIDS-related complex and mononucleosis, among other disorders.
Diagnosis is especially tricky because symptoms tend to worsen and abate in cycles, although many patients remain severely debilitated for years.
However, new diagnostic guidelines have made identifying chronic fatigue easier.
The diagnosis requires four or more symptoms at the same time. These may include overwhelming fatigue, tender lymph nodes, joint pain without swelling, muscle pain, headaches, non-restorative sleep, and impaired short-term memory or concentration.
"What knocks people out of work is a lost ability to form new memories and to concentrate," says Dr. Linda Miller Iger, a clinical and neuropsychologist at South Coast Medical Center, Laguna Beach, Calif., who has conducted research in the psychological effects of chronic fatigue.
Valerie Dufresne, 40, group leader of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Support Group of Riverside County, says a loss of concentration finally forced her to give up her law practice.
"I couldn't read any more," says Dufresne, who became ill in 1987. "After 10 minutes my brain got tired. I couldn't understand concepts."
Existing lab tests can rule out other illnesses, but cannot identify chronic fatigue. Within several years, however, blood tests may be available.
Although the cause and mechanism of the disorder is unknown, researchers have proposed several compelling explanations.
Chronic fatigue may involve an immunological malfunction, although scientists fiercely disagree on the immune system's specific role.
One theory holds that many symptoms occur when the body's defenses somehow get into an overactive state. In other patients, the immune system appears suppressed.
Dufresne, for example, was found to have too few natural killer T-cells, a vital part of the body's defenses. At the same time, tests showed that some parts of her immune system were fighting as if under constant attack.
Goldstein, director of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Institutes in Anaheim Hills, is among the researchers who argue that the immune system doesn't play a major role in chronic fatigue cases.
According to Goldstein, chronic fatigue and related disorders occur when the brain misinterprets the relevance of sensory information. Faulty sensory input throws body systems out of whack, creating feelings they don't work right.
"Walking up a flight of stairs feels like climbing a mountain," he says.
The problem, Goldstein suggests, is too little norepinephrine and too much substance P, two key brain chemicals having opposite effects on how the brain handles sensory input.
Another controversial hypothesis, based on studies at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, blames some chronic fatigue cases on a low blood pressure disorder caused by faulty signals from the central nervous system.
In some patients blood pressure drops so steeply that the brain's oxygen supply is compromised. Those affected experience many classic chronic fatigue symptoms such as dizziness, light-headedness, and extreme tiredness after standing a long time.
|
<urn:uuid:be3a825c-8a5b-4408-aa9e-fafbaa1bcfbf>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-10-18/news/9510190046_1_chronic-fatigue-chronic-epstein-barr-virus-memory-or-concentration
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272680.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00181-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949486 | 1,002 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Welcome to the Ocean (Nature's Neighborhoods: All about Ecosystems) (Paperback)
In this book, readers will dive beneath the ocean to discover how fish, marine mammals, and a whole host of animals that make this habitat their home form an ecosystem and rely on their habitat and each other for survival.
This title cleverly explores the connections between a range of ocean animals, plants, seaweeds, and other living things.
- Packed with curriculum science information
- See how ocean animals find or hunt for their food
- Learn about the life cycles of whales, sharks, and other marine animals
- Discover how some animals migrate to find food and mates
- Encounter some weird and wonderful creatures that live on the seabed
- Controlled vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure
- Beautiful, labeled photographs throughout
- Close photo/text match
- Includes an ocean food web diagram
Filled with facts about the natural world, this title is perfect for students studying habitats, animal and plant life cycles, and ecosystems.
|
<urn:uuid:d76c2544-c9ae-4116-ae65-8d2b6530131b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.left-bank.com/book/9781788562928
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00297.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890591 | 213 | 3.375 | 3 |
The brighter side of things
וידבר משה כן אל בני ישראל ולא שמעו אל משה מקוצר רוח ומעבודה קשה
And Moshe told the Jewish people so, but they didn’t listen to him due to a lack of spirit and the difficult labor
Moshe saw some major setbacks at the beginning of his mission to redeem the Jewish people. First, his first encounter with Pharaoh, demanding the immediate release of the Jews, backfired. Rather than complying, Pharaoh magnified the suffering of the Jews by intensifying his immoral demands. They were expected to produce the same number of bricks as before, but this time being required to gather their own materials. This was the exact opposite of redemption. Subsequently, Hashem reassured Moshe that the Jews will indeed be redeemed. There will be a miraculous salvation, and the Egyptians will be punished appropriately for their heinous crimes. When Moshe told this great news to the people, they unfortunately didn’t. They were too overwhelmed from their labor, and had essentially given up hope of redemption.
We read the first Aliyah from the parsha the Shabbos before it at Mincha, as well as the subsequent Monday and Thursday in the morning. We divide the Aliyah into three Aliyos, for the Kohen, Levi, and Yisrael. The above verse is the conclusion of the Torah reading for the Levi. This practice is seemingly problematic, as it appears to go against the accepted law. It’s codified that we are to finish the Torah reading on a positive note. Saying that the Jewish people didn’t listen to Moshe, when he was promising them salvation, doesn’t sound very positive. It shows that things were so bleak, that the Jews had no hope for relief. Why then do we finish the Aliyah with this verse?
There are many sources which teach that the intensity of the subjugation in Egypt actually hastened the Exodus. Originally the Jews were sentenced to four-hundred years of enslavement. That means there was four-hundred years worth of suffering that was meant to be experienced. What really happened is the Jews were only enslaved two-hundred and ten years. In order to make the enslavement shorter for the Jews, Hashem ensured that Pharaoh’s decrees would intensify. Pharaoh made the Jews do meaningless work. He drowned all the Jewish babies. Now, right before the redemption was to begin, he made their work quota impossible to fulfill. These extra levels of intensity allowed the redemption to be earlier than planned. This means that the back-breaking labor that the Jews were now experiencing had a positive side. It was making the overall enslavement shorter.
Even the Jews’ inability to accept Moshe’s promise of salvation had a positive side. If the Jews at that time had accepted Moshe’s ray of shining light, his comfort that the redemption was soon at hand, this relief would have made their burden lighter. There’s no comparison between working on a tough project knowing it’s almost done, and working on something difficult with no end in sight. Their hope and renewed optimism would’ve countered the harsh decrees of Pharaoh. The enslavement wouldn’t have been shortened. The verse tells us that they didn’t, and in fact couldn’t, accept Moshe’s comfort. They were so overworked, and had lost all hope. This intensity of suffering was the catalyst which brought about their redemption. It turns out then that we do end the Torah reading on a positive note.
Based on MiShulchan Rabbi Eliyahu Baruch to Exodus 6:9, by Rav Eliyahu Baruch Finkel
Exodus loc. cit.
Rema to Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 138:1, quoting Ohr Zaruah (brought in Darkei Moshe ad. loc.) and Mishneh Torah Hilchos Tefillah 13:5
Many sources cite this from Chazal, including Rav Eliyahu Baruch, the Vilna Gaon in the next note, and Rav Meir Shapiro in Yavneh 2:10 (Nissan 5690). Some, like Nechmad LaMar’eh to Shemos Rabbah 15:1, cite it from “Our Rabbis of blessed memory” (רז”ל). Others, like the Brisker Rav in the next note, and the Tzlach to Pesachim 119b, cite it from a Midrash. However, we don’t seem to have this idea in any work of Chazal. See Eitz Chaim (Bobov) Nissan 5770 p. 321 (מקור להא דקושי השעבוד). The earliest known source seems to be the Ralbag to Genesis 15:13, although he uses this idea to explain that the Jews were in Egypt only 400 years, instead of 430 years (see Exodus 12:40,41). The Parshas Derachim BaDerech Mitzraim § 5 cites this idea from Rav Shmuel Yafeh Ashkenazi, in his Yefeh Toar to Shemos Rabbah loc. cit. and Yafeh Kol to Shir HaShirim Rabbah 2:24. The Malbim to Exodus 5:22 on the other hand simply cites it from “Mefarshim”. For more early sources, see Eitz Chaim, as well as http://forum.otzar.org/viewtopic.php?t=17 for many more sources
See Kol Eliyahu to Exodus 1:14, who says the cantillation marks there known as קדמא ואזלא (lit: preceded and went away) allude to this as well. Rav Eliyahu Baruch points out that the numerical value of קדמא ואזלא is קץ, 190, the number of years that were shaved off the original decree of four hundred. See also Chiddushei HaGriz Al HaTorah to ibid 14:40
Genesis 15:13
See Rashi to ibid 42:2, quoting Bereishis Rabbah 91:2, and Rashi to Exodus 12:40, citing Megillah 9a (see Rashi ad. loc.)
See Sotah 11a
|
<urn:uuid:7cdb1b5b-bf47-4627-b3ab-434818c242fc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://parshaponders.com/vaeira-5781/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00335.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951702 | 1,452 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The chances are good that prisoners can get mental health care if they need it, according to a new report from the Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The quality of that care, however, remains unknown.
The report, "Mental Health Treatment in State Prisons," found that 89 percent of state adult correctional facilities provided some type of mental health service to inmates.
The survey captured data from June 2000 and is based on the 2000 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities. The report featured data collected from all 1,558 state adult correctional facilities, although some facilities did not respond to each question.
The report, released on July 15, found that a range of mental health services is being provided—65 percent of the 1,558 state facilities conducted psychiatric assessments, 51 percent provided 24-hour mental health care, and 71 percent provided therapy and/or counseling by trained mental health professionals. The types of therapy provided were not determined in the census.
Furthermore, 73 percent of state correctional facilities administered to inmates a range of psychotropic medications, including antidepressants, stimulants, sedatives, and antipsychotic medications. Sixty-six percent of the facilities helped released prisoners obtain community mental health services.
In 2000, 1 of 8 prisoners used one of these mental health services, according to the BJS.
The incidence of mental illness among prisoners is significant—approximately 16 percent of all state inmates in this country were identified as having a mental illness in 2000, according to the BJS. This translates to 191,000 state prisoners out of a total of 1,179,214.
Last year 79 percent of this group received psychotherapy or counseling, and 60 percent received psychotropic medications.
Jeffrey Metzner, M.D.: "Major problems in identifying and/or providing treatment to prisoners with mental illnesses have been experienced by correctional systems throughout the United States."
Jeffrey Metzner, M.D., chair of APA’s Council on Psychiatry and Law, has done extensive work in state prisons and was not surprised that most state correctional facilities were providing mental health services to inmates.
"I think the findings are accurate. That’s the good news," said Metzner. "Unfortunately, the survey was unable to access the quality of health care being provided."
Metzner pointed out that there are several ways to gauge the quality of mental health care provided in prisons. For instance, asked Metzner, are there adequate numbers of mental health staff with credentials to provide services to inmates with serious mental illness in a particular prison?
"The answer is no in many state prison systems," stated Metzner, who explained that rapid growth of the inmate population in the last 15 years hasn’t been accompanied by an increase in the mental health staff needed to treat mentally ill inmates.
It also depends on how the prisoner is serving his or her time. "If the conditions of confinement involve being locked in a 70-square-foot cell 23 hours a day for months at a time, it is unlikely that patients with mental illness could receive adequate mental health services," Metzner said.
The report also found that 12 percent of the men inmates received therapy and counseling, while 27 percent of women inmates received these services.
"Women come in [to the prison system] with more problems than men," said Cassandra Newkirk, M.D., chair of APA’s Consortium on Special Delivery Settings. She has worked in prisons for 20 years.
"The majority of female offenders have been physically or sexually abused as children or adults, and subsequent psychological problems and substance abuse are more prevalent among female prisoners for this reason."
Indeed, a 1991 BJS survey showed that nearly 70 percent of women inmates had reported being subject to either sexual or physical abuse prior to incarceration.
The same survey showed that 65 percent of women inmates used drugs regularly prior to serving time in prison.
Newkirk also pointed out that women in the general population tend to seek out psychiatric and psychological services more than men do—and the prison setting is no different.
While BJS found that 155 state facilities across 47 states had segregated confinement for patients with psychiatric disorders, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and Wyoming lacked those confinement facilities. Thus, in these states, inmates with mental illness needing separate confinement are placed in state hospitals, prison infirmaries, or in special-needs units within general confinement facilities.
"Inmates appropriate for these units generally have had difficulty functioning in a general population environment due to symptoms related to their serious mental disorders," commented Metzner.
Some prisoners with mental illness may be less fortunate and end up without care. Of the 1,500 adult state correctional facilities surveyed, 125 reported that they provided no mental health service to inmates.
So what happens to an inmate with mental illness who happens to be confined in one of these facilities?
"This is the $64,000 question in various class-action suits," said Metzner, who explained that there have been many successful lawsuits related to the adequacy of mental health services provided in a certain prison.
According to Metzner, inmates and families file the suits because the inmates aren’t screened for mental illness or they were still sent to a prison that didn’t provide them with psychiatric care.
"Mentally ill inmates who are sent to such prisons receive inadequate care that often results in excessive suffering, deterioration in their clinical conditions, and increased behavioral disturbances that often lead to very restrictive confinements," said Metzner. ▪
|
<urn:uuid:27b2db36-583c-457a-9d8f-cb756e97cc7e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/newsArticle.aspx?articleid=103438
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922087.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044629-00166-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962721 | 1,138 | 2.703125 | 3 |
“Something’s wrong with your keyboard,” a friend borrowing my laptop would say. “When I type, all that comes out is gibberish!”
“Nothing’s wrong with my keyboard,” I would reply with a grin. “It’s the layout on your keyboard that’s wrong!”
What usually follows is a long lecture on how the Dvorak keyboard layout is better than QWERTY in every way.
My friends usually humor me — this has happened several times — but I’ll spare you the sermon and make it short. Out of the hundreds of reasons you should switch to Dr. Dvorak’s layout, here are seven:
1. QWERTY was designed for the typewriter, not the typist.
Christopher Sholes, who invented the typewriter, found that early prototypes of his invention had a mechanical flaw: When he struck neighboring keys in rapid succession, the typewriter jammed. He needed to replace the initial alphabetical layout with one that separated keys often struck successively. Thus the QWERTY layout was born. This did not solve the problem entirely, but it made the machine jam a lot less.
Good for the typewriter. But what about the typist? While QWERTY was designed so that the typewriter could work, Dvorak was designed so that the typist could work well.
2. Dvorak increases your speed.
Typists base their fingers on the home row of the keyboard. If you want to increase typing speed, the home row is where you place the most commonly typed keys. This is exactly what Dr. Dvorak did in his layout — 70% of keystrokes are on the home row; 22% on the top row; 8% on the bottom.
In QWERTY, only 32% of keystrokes are on the home row. Which means most of the time, typists’ fingers are either reaching up for the top row (52%) or down for the bottom row (16%). So not only does QWERTY do nothing for typists, it actually hinders them.
Dvorak further increases typing speed by placing all vowels on the left side of the home row, and the most commonly used consonants on the right side. This guarantees that most of your strokes alternate between a finger on your right hand (consonant) and a finger on your left (vowel). Alternating between fingers from either hand is faster — just imagine texting with one hand or drumming with one stick.
3. Dvorak lessens your mistakes.
Not only is Dvorak faster than QWERTY, it’s also more accurate. Errors occur more when you type away from the home row, or consecutively with the same finger. When you combine the two problems (using the same finger to type consecutive letters not on the home row) you make even more mistakes.
Reaching away from the home row, typing consecutively with the same finger — these happen more often in QWERTY. And so do mistakes.
4. Dvorak is more comfortable and better for your health.
Although its only your fingers that do the extra reaching in QWERTY, the distance adds up. A study compared the distance traveled by the fingers of two typists in performing the same task. In Dvorak, the typists fingers traveled 1.5 km per day; In QWERTY, 30 km per day. This extra distance increases not only the likelihood of errors but the stress on your fingers.
The discomfort is often temporary. But with the amount of typing we do today — plus the prevalence of QWERTY keyboards — it is not uncommon for the pain to progress to repetitive strain injury. Some RSI sufferers have reported some relief from taking breaks, doing stretches, improving posture, and of course, switching to Dvorak.
5. Switching to Dvorak is easier than ever.
Studies have shown that Dvorak is easier to learn than QWERTY. If you already touchtype with QWERTY, it’s even easier, because you already have the finger coordination needed for touchtyping. There are online resources on learning Dvorak and a ton of typing games for practice.
But where do you get the keyboards? Today, keyboards with the Dvorak layout (or that can switch to Dvorak) are available if you wish to buy one. But you won’t even have to. Most operating systems allow users to make Dvorak their default keyboard layout. You can also make it easy to switch between layouts, but trust me — you won’t want to.
6. Dvorak is cool.
Aside from getting friends and coworkers to type gibberish on your computer (a useful security measure, by the way) Dvorak has other cool benefits. Using Dvorak puts you in an exclusive club — like having a Mac instead of a PC. But aside from mere prestige, you can flaunt your productivity and the ease with which you attain it.
You’ll also be in the company of some cool people, including Bram Cohen, inventor of BitTorrent; Matt Mullenweg, lead developer of WordPress; and Barbara Blackburn, world’s fastest typist.
7. Using Dvorak is a noble cause.
Dr. Dvorak created something great, but he died in vain.
“I’m tired of trying to do something worthwhile for the human race,” he said, realizing his failure to convince people to adopt his layout. “They simply don’t want to change!”
QWERTY has remained the default keyboard layout for over a century. It has outlived the purpose for which it was designed, yet its weaknesses still remain. By switching to Dvorak, you are joining a movement that empowers typists and honors the legacy of a great man.
Popular search terms for this article:
|
<urn:uuid:ccd208cb-b817-4cab-93d8-30265d7bb3c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
http://workawesome.com/productivity/dvorak-keyboard-layout/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00411.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94694 | 1,257 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Step By Step
DIY How to Make Paper Octopus Craft – Step by Step Tutorial
Do your child also love to make crafts? Then you are in the right place as we are here with an amazing DIY paper craft that will help your child to try their hands on some mind-blowing crafts. Crafting is a very important part of a child’s learning journey as crafting helps to develop gross and fine motor skills in young children which is very important for the overall growth of young children. Children love to spend time making such fun and interesting crafts in their free time as it not only entertain them but also help in creatively developing their mind. Here we present you with an amazing DIY octopus papercraft that will help your children to develop creative skills while learning. Let’s learn how to make this fantastic DIY octopus craft from the tutorial mentioned below.
To make a DIY octopus are as follows:
- Crafting Paper
- Colorful Thread
- Googly Eyes
- Cardboard Sheet
How to Make A Paper Octopus For Kids-Step by Step Tutorial
Read More: 3D Flower Dough Art for Kids – Step by Step Tutorial
To make this beautiful DIY octopus Craft first you need pink color crafting paper. Cut a semi-circle out of that pink crafting paper.
Now with the help of tape paste the thread at the back of the semi-circle as shown in the picture.
Next, take the googly eyes and paste them accordingly on the semi-circle as shown in the picture.
Now cut a tinny semi-circle and paste it in a rotating manner, to make the smile of the octopus.
Cut a long strip out of green crafting paper and paste it on the back side of the semi-circle, same as the picture.
Your cute little octopus is ready. Now to make the background of the craft take a thin cardboard sheet and cut it in the shape of a circle with a medium diameter.
With the help of scissors cut a small line in the bottom of the circle and carefully place the long green strip into that as shown in the picture.
Now with the help of green crafting paper make grass-like figures as shown in the figure above and paste it accordingly.
To decorate the background of the craft, use white color crafting paper and make two small circles out of that and paste them alongside the octopus with the help of glue to make it look like bubbles.
Your beautiful DIY octopus paper craft is completely ready. This craft is perfectly suitable for young kids of all age groups. With such an interesting DIY paper craft you can easily reduce the screen time of your children and create passion in them for art and craft. These papercraft are very less time-consuming and are completely safe for young learners. Such crafts do not put pressure on the pockets of the parents as the materials required to make these beautiful crafts are very inexpensive. So what are you waiting for? Just give your child an amazing experience of fun crafting with DIY octopus paper crafts and fill colors to their imagination.
Follow us on Youtube for art and craft tutorials and much more.
More Articles from Kids Art & Craft
- Alphabet Drawings for Kids – Step by Step Image Tutorials
- DIY Umbrella Craft with Beach View – Step by Step Tutorial
- Dough Flower Bouquet Art for Kids – Step by Step Tutorial
- DIY Easy Turtle Craft for Kids to Make -Step-by-step tutorial
- DIY Paper Crafts Ideas for Kids – Step By Step
|
<urn:uuid:5edc2d87-b6d7-4651-a748-251459091279>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.kidsartncraft.com/how-to-make-paper-octopus/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00598.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92464 | 738 | 3.34375 | 3 |
In the early eighteenth century the land of America was wild and dangerous. This was particularly true when the War of the Spanish Succession waged fiercely in Europe as the French and the English/British slugged it out in pitched battles. The hostilities in this war for power in the old world spilled over into the new, and the settlers found themselves attacked on all sides by the French and the Native Americans. One of the fiercest theatres of these hostilities was the northern territories, close to the Canadian border and the towns of Quebec and Montreal. It included the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with additional colonial settlements (trading outposts) on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay. It was the difficult job of Joseph Dudley, the governor of Massachusetts to protect the English inhabitants and also maintain their trading and industrial endeavours. He left a legacy of letters which can be found in the Hertfordshire and Local Studies archives. They are addressed to the first Earl Cowper, sometime Lord Chancellor and active politician. Long and closely written they offer a snapshot of the difficulties the early Americans had to overcome to simply stay alive. But perhaps the most interesting aspect of these trials is how they are conveyed through the lens of a politician who is trying to squeeze more support from the British government while trying not to harass and alienate his distant masters, acknowledging that they were “diverted by greater affairs at home”. One of the earliest letters tells of the problems while taking a positive stance:
Boston, 9 March 1709
Utmost care for the preservation of those provinces from the incursions of the French and Indians who are always labouring to distress and alarm our frontiers which has now agitated the poor frontier towns in several frontier towns … but we have maintained our lines since my coming hither and the enemy has nothing to boast of.
In another letter he reminds Cowper that the settlers are pulling their weight:
The affairs of this [New England] government are in perfect satisfaction and the assembly supports the charge and the people march to the frontier with all diligence for their defence, [with] the men of this province in arms for three months together with no any dissatisfaction being themselves well defended
But all is not well and there is resentment that the British government is sending troops but expecting the hard pressed pioneers to dig deep into shallow pockets to fund them:
The last summer all the provinces stood in arms for months expecting her majesty’s fleet and force for the reduction of Quebec and Montreal which was diverted by great affairs at home but upon the humble application of her majesty’s government and the address of the assembly her majesty was graciously pleased to receive the matter as to order five ships of war with five hundred marines o be sent to be joined by fifteen hundred musketeers of these provinces to be sent to Port Royal.
I have this past year used all possible endeavours to prevent the raids of the French and Indians from Canada and Port Royal from the frontier by keeping up as heretofore a greet number of small garrisons …. They make their incursions from time to time … and two vessels of war equipped at the province’s charge demand a thousand men in pay whose support of subsistence for their vessels and other incidental charges or the support of the government amounts … to thirty thousand pounds per annum besides.. . the good inclination of all her majesty’s government has obliged give us thousand more musketeers and provisions for them accordingly.
He remonstrates that when inspected by the British government’s representative the New Englanders are fulfilling their side of the bargain:
Her majesty’s officer saw these men well clothed in the field and exercised every day from the 20 may to the 5 November the expense of which soldiers, transport, and other charges …assembly always very cheerfully paid and supported their credit being perfectly satisfied
I have this past year used all possible endeavours to prevent the raids of the French and Indians from Canada and Port Royal from the frontier by keeping up as heretofore a greet number of small garrisons … and two vessels of war equipped at the province’s charge demand a thousand men in pay whose support of subsistence for their vessels and other incidental charges or the support of the government amounts … to thirty thousand pounds per annum besides … her majesty’s government has obliged give us thousand more musketeers … The expense of which soldiers, transport, and other charges … always very cheerfully paid. [I would like to] Acquaint you lordship with of the present state of the government. The last summer all the provinces stood in arms for months expecting her majesty’s fleet and force for the reduction of Quebec and Montreal … but upon the humble application of her majesty’s government and the address of the assembly her majesty was graciously pleased to revive the matter as to order five ships of war with five hundred marines o be sent to be joined by fifteen hundred musketeers of these provinces to be sent to Port Royal.
There is a certain resentment as the governor points out that they don’t seem to have the same deal as other areas of the country:
The charge last year when we did nothing and the reduction of Port Royal this year have cost the province forty thousand pounds which add to their debts for the defence of the frontier will have left them greatly in arrears whilst Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Jersey and New York are covered by these … provinces and sit quiet from costs or charges at which the people have taken umbrage of dissatisfaction.
In 1713 the Treaty(ies) of Utrecht, finally ended the European war. By the same peace negotiations Britain gained Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay region and France recognized British rule and trade with Native Americans further inland would be open to all nations. It was now time for the settlers to consider their attitude to their governor. There is at least one letter in the archives accusing him of debauchery and even murder.
He defends himself in 1714 and claims that he is in office
with all satisfaction to the people who acknowledge their country to have been well defended, their money justly disbursed, their laws executed and … the assembly within these six months addressed her late majesty for the continuance of their governor and everybody well pleased except some gentlemen Sir Charles Hobby, and Colonel Borfield and others who are lately gone home (as is thought here) to obtain the government for themselves.
But he was not popular. Dudley himself is described in the Dictionary of National Biography as:
A cold and ambitious man who relished exercising power and had no qualms about increasing his personal fortune while in public office. Throughout his service as governor he exhibited the commitment to royal prerogative that had characterized his entire political career. On one occasion he was forced to return to England to rebut another series of charges levelled against him, but, even though he was absolved of any wrongdoing, his opponents grew in strength and eventually overwhelmed him and his influential English supporters. In 1715 he was replaced as governor.
It seems that at least one legacy of this period in American history might be the frustration of the colonies at the lack of support from their British masters. The letters continually point out that the settlers are funding their own defence while still trying to build up their tar and timber industry, apparently leaving them out of pocket. Would it be fanciful to suggest that the Boston Tea Party which anecdotally marked the beginning of the War of Independence had at least some connection with the troubles of the early eighteenth century and their resentments? It certainly seems that the settlers had not been entirely happy some sixty years earlier and had declared their dissatisfaction through their governor’s letters to the Hertfordshire grandee.
HALS ref: DE/P/F144
|
<urn:uuid:a3412555-cf63-4806-8ca9-ed5b096aba75>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.hertsmemories.org.uk/content/herts-history/people/politicians/letters-from-america
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00076.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973787 | 1,584 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms – Be Proactive With Normal Blood Sugar Levels
The importance of normal blood glucose (sugar) levels is related to the prevention of some of the complications of high blood sugar. Your healthcare team can help you set the blood glucose target range that is right for you. If your blood glucose level in not within the ideal or normal blood glucose range you may begin to experience type 2 diabetes symptoms as well as the symptoms of low or high blood sugar. Symptoms of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes include hyperglycemia or high blood glucose and things like more hunger or thirst than usual, frequent urination, dry or itchy skin, fatigue, blurred vision, frequent infections and slow healing of cuts. Some people do not have symptoms probably due to gradually blood sugar levels over the years. Mild symptoms may go unnoticed. Also, people differ in their awareness of symptoms.
You may wonder how diabetes can go undiagnosed when one gets a physical every year. Unless you have symptoms that alert you to the fact that additional diabetes testing may need to be done the necessary test may not be performed. One reason may be that a fasting blood sugar at the time of your annual physical may be normal. Likewise, a random blood glucose level at the time of your physical may be normal. If HgbA1C is done at a physical it may, also, be normal if the person is experiencing lows as well as highs in blood sugar. HgbA1C represents an average blood sugar range.
Noticing of unusual body symptoms and relaying those to your health care provider is important to diagnosing of diabetes. Mentioning those symptoms may result in more tests being performed. There are other tests like a 2 hour glucose test in which the monitoring of blood glucose levels takes place every one-half hour after drinking a specially formulated drink with a known amount of carbohydrate. This 2 hour glucose test can help diagnose diabetes that could be missed with fasting or random blood sugar testing. It is often used with a family history of diabetes so family history is an important piece of information to relay to your health care provider as well.
A diabetic may still have high blood glucose even after treatment so this is why self monitoring of blood glucose is very important to check to see if blood sugar levels are normal. With hyperglycemia or high blood sugar your diabetes is out of control. Factors that cause blood glucose to increase include more food than usual, emotional stress, infection, physical stress like being in pain or being sick, getting less exercise than usual, not taking enough or the right diabetes medication, and extra sugar produced by the liver.
Blood sugar levels are considered to be above normal when they rise above 100 or 120 mg/dL before meals or above 140 or 160 mg/dL 2 hours after a meal. This happens to everyone with diabetes at times but if this happens often, it is problematic and needs attention. It is important to keep blood glucose levels normal to help prevent the symptoms and complications of type 2 diabetes as outlined above. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 1.5 or 3 diabetes will be outlined in another topic.
(ArticlesBase SC #2139910)
|
<urn:uuid:9a48ba7d-dfe8-4b8c-8953-194c14f52bdb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://ureversediabetesnow.com/diabetes-symptoms/type-2-diabetes-symptoms-be-proactive-with-normal-blood-sugar-levels/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823482.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019231858-20171020011858-00248.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922097 | 645 | 3.109375 | 3 |
felting, akk_rus consolidation of certain fibrous materials by the application of heat, moisture, and mechanical action, causing the interlocking, or matting, of fibres possessing felting properties. Such fibres include wool, fur, and certain hair fibres that mat together under appropriate conditions because of their peculiar structure and high degree of crimp (waviness). Wool can produce felting even when mixed with other fibres. Unlike bonded fabrics, felts do not require an adhesive substance for their production.
Woven fabrics made of cotton or wool may be felted, making them thicker and more compact. Such fabrics, sometimes called woven felts, resemble true felts and serve many of the same purposes.
Felt is widely used in the hat industry. It is also used to make slippers and as a novelty fabric for garments and drapery. Felt padding is employed in both apparel and furniture. Industrial applications include insulation, packaging, and polishing materials. A special woven felt manufactured for the use of the paper industry serves as a carrying belt for moist paper.
|
<urn:uuid:60959307-1c11-4a0a-ae67-beb0ad20613e>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/204062
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678705051/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024505-00007-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935219 | 223 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Republican Decade Business Boom The Economy in the late 1920’s."— Presentation transcript:
Republican Decade Business Boom The Economy in the late 1920’s
Many Americans feared that there was a threat of the United States becoming communist The Russian Revolution Went from being controlled by Czars to a communist society Government owned all land and property A single political party controlled the government The needs of the country always took priority over the rights of individuals Russia wanted to spread communism to over countries Series of Strikes Americans called for communists to be jailed on driven out of the country
Charles Schenk was jailed for breaking the Espionage Act wartime law that aimed at spies and people who opposed the war He mailed letters to drafted soldiers asking them to not report for duty. He appealed saying it was freedom of speech. Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. stated that the government was justified because there was a "clear and present danger"
New York convicted Bernard Gitlow for "Criminal anarchy". Gitlow published calls to overthrow the government by force. He appealed on the basis of freedom of speech. Supreme court stated the Bill of Rights only protects at the federal level. The court upheld the conviction.
Bombs were set off in several cities including the house of A Mitchel Palmer. He headed the department of justice and set up special forces to conduct raids and arrest "subversives" Communists, Socialists, and anarchists were targeted. Jan 2, 1920 agents in 33 cities arrested thousands of suspected radicals without evidence. They were charged with anarchy. Many were completely innocent. Others were deported back to their home country. Palmer stated that on May 1 that there would be bombings and a labor strike. This never happened and the press turned on Palmer.
April 15, 1920 two gunmen robbed and killed a guard at a shoe factory. Two men were arrest for the crime Sacco and Vanzetti. Guns were found on the men as well as the same kind that was used in the crime. Many Americans believed that the men were innocent and only being tried because they were immigrants and political beliefs. Italian immigrants and anarchists. They were convicted guilty. Their lawyers tried to appeal the case many times but they were sentenced to death and died in the electric chair in 1927.
Boston police had not received a raise since before the war. They organized a union Although not allowed to have unions. After 19 officers were fired for union activity. The entire force voted to strike. Riots broke out hours after they left work. Volunteer police helped stop the riots the Massachusetts governor stated there was no right to strike against public safety. None of the police were rehired and a new force was hired.
Steel workers of the United States Steel Corporation went on strike 8-hr day 48 hr work week. 350,000 workers walked off the job. US steel claimed that this was the work of communists hired a private police force killed 18 strikers and beat many more. African-Americans were brought from the south to work. After 10 Weeks AFL called off the strike and steel workers went back to work.
Coal miner signed a no strike guarantee during the war. After the war they said the guarantee was over Coal miners went on strike demanding higher wages. Wilson said the no strike guarantee was still intact. miners stayed out of work. When a coal shortage hit the miners received a 14% raise.
Americans felt that Republicans were more likely to restore stability 1920 election- republicans dominated all three branches Between 1921 and 1933 republicans controlled the government Generally favored business and sought social stability
Harding’s Appeal “Normalcy” The Ohio Gang Cronyism “the Teapot Dome Scandal” An Undignified Exit Died on western trip, Aug 1923 Self-Doubts confirmed Our worst President?
“The Business of America is Business” Return of Laissez-Faire Contrast with Harding Wise appointments Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover Popular Policies Balanced Budget Supply-Side Economics Cooperative individualism
Consumer economy- Economy dependant of the spending of consumers Average wage rose 28% Millionaires doubled People used to only buy what they needed now began to buy luxuries Higher wages Advertising New products Lower costs Availability of credit
Installment plans - paying little by little until all debt was paid off Advertising made this possible 1929- items paid with installment plans 60% of cars 70% of furniture 80% of vacuum, radios, and refrigerators 90% of washing machines
Need for electricity increased from 16-63% General Electric became one of the largest companies in the world Advertising changed to show how a product would enhance a customer’s image Gross National Product (GNP) - the total number of goods and services a country produces Grew at an average rate of 6% per year
Wanted to sell more cars than other companies and make cars affordable for the average man Adapted the assembly line Was able to produce cars much faster than other companies. 1914- sold model T at $490 1915- sold model T at $390
Growth of automobile helped other industries grow Steel making, oil refinery New business emerged Garages, gas stations, car dealership, motels, camp grounds, restaurants Air transportation (mail, goods, and passengers) increased
Lack of government regulations helped companies expand Most Americans would benefit with the economic boom, some did not Unskilled laborers- faced low wages and poor working conditions Farmers struggle because of plummeting prices of products Had to buy equipment on credit and went farther into debt Demand for certain goods decreased after the war and could not find new markets Railroad companies suffered from lower demand, mismanagement, competition from trucking firms, and labor unions that fought against wage cuts and layoffs
1925- stock values at 27 billion by 1929 at 87 billion Unemployment was below 4% Belief that everyone should be rich by saving and investing money Welfare capitalism- employers raised wages and provided benefits Paid vacations Health plans Recreation programs English classes for immigrants Caused organized labor to loose members
The rich got richer while the poor stayed poor 0.1% of families made more than $100,000 and 34% of the countries savings 71% of individuals made less than $2,500 80% of families had no savings Many people were buying on credit Radios, vacuum cleaners Refrigerators “get rich quick” attitude was popular in the 1920’s Many people invested in high risk investment in hope to get a large return-speculation
Before the war only wealthy Americans bought stock. In the 1920’s many people spent their savings in the stock market Buying on margin- allowed investors to only pay for a portion of the investment and borrow the rest Interest rates were high
Late 1920’s warehouses were stocked but people weren’t buying. Items were being produced so quickly on the assembly line But people still couldn’t afford them The Auto industry slowed after 1925 Industries that depended on it declined also Steel, rubber, glass Housing construction dropped 25% from 1928- 1929
Many farmers were loosing money Prices of crops were falling Farmers could not pay their loan on the land and machinery Often lost their farms Congress responded by passing a bill that would increase prices for farmers President Coolidge vetoed it (3 times) Factory workers also faced hardships While companies were doing well the workers struggled Worked long hours for low pay Ex. Textile mills, 56 hrs/week 16-18 cents/hr, $10/week
|
<urn:uuid:c342d9ac-fc1f-42a8-a918-b031e6965bbe>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4091393/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428300.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727142514-20170727162514-00591.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975617 | 1,509 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Invalidating the session in jsp abledating
Encapsulation enables you to write reusable programs.
It also enables you to restrict access only to those features of an object that are declared Inheritance is an important feature of object-oriented programming languages.
Oracle Database provides support for developing, storing, and deploying Java applications.
This chapter introduces the Java language to Oracle PL/SQL developers, who are accustomed to developing server-side applications that are integrated with SQL data.
Most other languages, such as C, compile to machine-specific instructions, such as instructions specific to an Intel or HP processor.
When compiled, the Java code gets converted to a standard, platform-independent set of bytecodes, which interacts with a JVM.
Each class can contain the following: A class needs to be instantiated before you can use the instance variables or attributes and methods.It enables classes to acquire properties of other classes.The class that inherits the properties is called a child class or subclass, and the class from which the properties are inherited is called a parent class or superclass.The example in Figure 1-1 shows two instances of the Java supports only single inheritance, that is, each class can inherit attributes and methods of only one class.If you need to inherit properties from more than one source, then Java provides the concept of interfaces, which is equivalent to multiple inheritance. However, they define only the signature of the methods and not their implementations.
|
<urn:uuid:316be273-5142-4001-ae49-28a23322edc1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://vasha-mebel56.ru/invalidating-the-session-in-jsp-9095.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00476.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906308 | 297 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Clark, Tom Campbell
CLARK, TOM CAMPBELL
Distinguished jurist and federal law enforcement official Tom Campbell Clark played a pivotal role in U.S. law following world war ii. During his three decades in the federal government, Clark served in various capacities in the department of justice (1937–45), as U.S. attorney general (1945–49), and as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1949–67). A conservative whose political philosophy moderated in his later years, Clark took part in the Supreme Court's expansion of civil rights and civil liberties in the 1960s.
Clark was born in Dallas on September 23, 1899, to a life of comfort and privilege. Following high school, he attended the Virginia Military Institute and then served as a sergeant in 1917, narrowly missing overseas action in world war i. After his discharge, Clark followed his grandfather, father, and brother into the practice of law. He entered the University of Texas, and completed bachelor of arts and bachelor of law degrees in 1922 before joining his father and brother in their law practice. He soon married Mary Jane Ramsey, a former fellow student, with whom he later had two children.
"Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws, or worse, its disregard of the charter of its own existence."
Family political connections served Clark throughout his career. Help in launching his career came from two influential Texas politicians, Senator Tom Connally and Representative
Sam Rayburn. With Connally's help, Clark left private practice in 1927 to become the civil district attorney of Dallas County. He had a perfect prosecution record in his five years in the office. In the early 1930s, he was active in Texas politics as well as in corporate law, and he briefly represented the Texas Petroleum Council as a lobbyist fighting tax increases.
In 1937, Clark began his long career in Washington, D.C. He joined the U.S. Department of Justice as a special assistant to the attorney general, an appointment secured through the strong political support of Senator Connally.
The job required overseeing several department bureaus and prosecuting antitrust cases, in which he distinguished himself. By 1939, he was chief of the Antitrust Division's West Coast offices, fighting and ending price-fixing in the lumber industry.
During World War II, Clark held two leading positions in the Justice Department: chief of the Antitrust Division in 1942 and chief of the Criminal Division in 1945. Wartime had transformed the federal government, multiplying responsibilities for its officers, and thus, Clark found himself assisting the U.S. Army in a controversial domestic action: he coordinated the federal effort to round up and intern in camps American citizens of Japanese ancestry residing on the West Coast. Clark also worked closely with Senator Harry S. Truman's Special Senate Committee Investigating the War Program, which unearthed cases of war fraud for the Justice Department to prosecute.
Throughout the late 1940s, Clark and Truman's association benefited both men. Clark supported Truman at the 1944 democratic party convention, and was awarded an appointment to Truman's cabinet as U.S. attorney general. Holding the position from 1945 to 1949, he took the unusual step of personally arguing the federal government's position in antitrust cases—his specialty—before the U.S. Supreme Court. He also helped fuel the postwar era's red scare by investigating so-called subversive groups and helping to prosecute the leaders of the American Communist party. Clark's anti-Communism and loyalty to the president converged when Truman sought election in 1948. Republicans attacked Truman for not being sufficiently
anti-Communist, a common tactic in the era's fervent politics, and Clark came to his defense. After Truman won a second term, he appointed Clark to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1949.
In his early years on the bench, the new associate justice remained conservative. Under the leadership of Chief Justice fred m. vinson, the Court was reluctant to return decisions in favor of civil liberties, and Clark tended to vote with Vinson. But the character of the Court—and subsequently that of U.S. law—changed with the appointment of earl warren as chief justice in 1953. In its exercise of judicial review, the warren court placed a high value on the bill of rights, handing down decisions that profoundly altered the course of life in the United States.
Clark supported several of these decisions. Like the Court, he had changed, shifting toward a more moderate position on First and fourth amendment issues. He still resisted liberalism: for instance, he dissented in Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500, 84 S. Ct. 1659, 12 L. Ed. 2d 992 (1964), which struck down a provision of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.A. §785) that prevented members of the Communist party from securing passports. But on balance, he voted in favor of voting rights, privacy, and the separation of church and state.
In 1961, Clark wrote the majority opinion in mapp v. ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961), a seminal and controversial decision. Mapp concerned the Fourth Amendment right to be secure from unreasonable searches. By a narrow 5–4 majority, the Court extended to defendants in state criminal cases a protection that had previously been available only in federal cases: it barred state prosecutors from using illegally obtained evidence under the so-called exclusionary rule. In theory, the Fourth Amendment had always protected citizens from government intrusion. But the amendment contains no specific means for redressing violations. Since the vast majority of criminal cases have always been brought at the state level, it took the decision in Mapp to give this liberty real teeth. Now, cases in which police officers abused their power—for example, by failing to properly obtain a search warrant—could be thrown out of court. "To hold otherwise," Clark wrote, "is to grant the right but in reality to withhold its privilege and enjoyment."
In 1963, Clark wrote the majority opinion in another pivotal civil liberties case. abington school district v. schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 83 S. Ct. 1560, 10 L. Ed. 2d 844, banned the Lord's Prayer and Bible reading from public schools. It followed by one year the Court's landmark ruling in engel v. vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 82 S. Ct. 1261, 8 L. Ed. 2d 601 (1962), which held unconstitutional a state-authored school prayer. Engel was the first major decision on the unconstitutionality of religious practice in public schools. Schempp went further. It issued the Court's first concrete test for determining violations of the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. Thus, it laid the groundwork for anti-prayer rulings that continued into the 1990s.
Earning a reputation for integrity and judicial independence, Clark remained on the Court until 1967. He stepped down to clear the way for his son, ramsey clark, to become U.S. attorney general, thus removing the possibility of a conflict of interest in government cases before the Supreme Court. But he did not leave the federal judiciary: he went on to become the only justice in U.S. history to sit on all eleven circuits of the U.S. Court of Appeals.
After Clark's death on June 13, 1977, in New York City, among the tributes paid to his life and work was this statement by U.S. Supreme Court Justice william j. brennan jr.: "His great distinction as a judge is the reflection of his conviction that it is wrong to live life without some deep and abiding social commitment."
Young, Evan A. 1998. Lone Star Justice: A Biography of Justice Tom C. Clark. Dallas, Tex.: Hendrick-Long.
"Clark, Tom Campbell." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. . Encyclopedia.com. (June 26, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/clark-tom-campbell
"Clark, Tom Campbell." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. . Retrieved June 26, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/clark-tom-campbell
Tom Campbell Clark
Tom Campbell Clark
Tom Campbell Clark (1899-1977) served the United States for more than 20 years as President Harry S. Truman's attorney general and as a Truman appointee to the Supreme Court.
Dallas-born Tom Campbell Clark's soft-spoken drawl never disguised what for 22 years was one of the most influential legal minds in post World War II America. During four years as President Harry S. Truman's first attorney general (1945-1949) and for 18 years as one of Truman's four Supreme Court appointments (1949-1906), Tom Clark shaped American legal history.
Born September 23, 1899, to a prominent public family in Dallas Democratic party circles, Clark was raised a Presbyterian, as his Scotch-Irish ancestry predicted. He served for a short time in World War I and afterwards attended the University of Texas, graduating with a Bachelor's degree and an L.L.B. He joined his family's law firm in 1922. Two years later he married Mary Jane Ramsey, daughter of a Texas judge.
Clark's interest in politics and his family connections brought him to the attention of Congressman Sam Rayburn, later Speaker of the House, and of Senator Tom Connolly. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Clark engaged in private practice with occasional sallies into government service. An appearance on behalf of oil interests before the Texas legislature brought him censure from that body. In 1937 he joined the Justice Department and worked his way through that expanding agency in its New Deal heyday. A hard worker, politically reliable and well-connected, Clark rose rapidly under the benign protection of Rayburn, Connolly, and other patrons.
Clark was to spend the principal part of his public career as a Truman appointee and thus the relationship between the two is crucial. The public record is historically ambivalent, however. Clark and Truman first became associated during the work of the World War II "Truman Committee" (Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program) which uncovered waste and fraud in the war effort. Established in 1941, the committee functioned as a watchdog working closely with the Justice Department's War Fraud Unit, then headed by Tom Clark.
In 1944, when Senator Truman sought the vice presidential nomination in Chicago, Clark was one of his supporters while then-Attorney General Francis Biddle was not. Inaugurated in January 1945, Truman served a mere three months as vice president, succeeding President Franklin D. Roosevelt in April 1945. One month later Truman took steps to remove Biddle, informing him to his apparent dismay that Clark was his replacement at Justice.
Clark served Truman as attorney general for somewhat over four years, from July 1, 1945, to August 14, 1949. A dutiful Cabinet officer, he took an active role in antitrust cases and prosecuted subversives as part of Truman's anti-Communist activities. Unwilling to go beyond the bounds of moderation in loyalty cases, he was sometimes at odds with the House Un-American Activities Committee. Unique among his duties as attorney general were the thorny legal problems arising out of the war: black marketeering, alien internment and deportation, and disposition of government financed war factories.
Clark vigorously supported Truman's hard line against the Soviet Union which manifested itself in the Doctrine of Containment and the Truman Doctrine. In 1948 he was one of the president's most avid supporters, defending the administration's record on internal security matters.
Clark's tenure was marked by congressional criticism and by some scandal, including the famous case of T. Lamar Caudle, a tax expert he brought into the department who later went to jail for conspiracy involving tax fraud. By the time the Caudle scandal came to light, Clark had been appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, his judicial skirts raised clear of any mud by an overwhelming confirmation vote of 73 to eight (all eight dissenters being Republicans) taken on August 19, 1949.
Clark's 18 years on the Court spanned the most active period in its history, when it was the center of such vital and controversial issues as presidential power to seize private property, legislative reapportionment, school prayer, censorship, and civil rights.
Truman's appointment of Clark was generally attributed to the intervention of Chief Justice Fred Vinson, whom the president had chosen in 1946. In Clark, Vinson found a moderate Southerner he could work with.
As attorney general Clark had been thoroughly loyal to his chief, but his appointment to the Court freed him from that fealty and left him free to follow his own Constitutional dictates.
In the Steel Seizure case of 1952, both Truman and Vinson discovered Clark's independent mind when he joined five other Justices to overrule the seizure of the steel industry based on emergency inherent executive power.
The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer decision declared Truman's act unconstitutional, thereby providing a significant check on presidential power.
A widely read biography of Truman later quoted the former president as describing his appointment of Clark as his "biggest mistake." According to oral biographer Merle Miller, Truman said: "He was no damn good as Attorney General, and on the Supreme Court … it doesn't seem possible, but he's been even worse." It is possible that Truman's disenchantment—if the quotation is accurate—was founded on the Youngstown decision.
In other instances of Court decisions Clark showed himself a moderate libertarian, somewhat to the right of William O. Douglas but certainly within Franklin D. Roosevelt's oft-quoted description of his own ideological position: slightly to the left of center. Clark wrote the unanimous decision in Burstyn v. Wilson (1952) which removed a state's right to censor a film on grounds of sacrilege. He joined the majority in striking down the use of the New York State Regents prayer in public schools (Engle v. Vitale, 1962). He supported the landmark Baker v. Carr reapportionment decision, although with reservations. And, in what was one of the most far-reaching judicial decisions of modern times, Clark was part of a unanimous Court's ruling on school desegregation when in 1954 Brown v. Board of Education reversed Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896.
Rising up the ladder of national prominence in the 1960s was Justice Clark's lawyer son, (William) Ramsey Clark. Paternal pride gave way to embarrassment, however, when President Lyndon Johnson selected the younger Clark to be his attorney general in 1967. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, Justice Clark resigned his seat, at the time calling his decision a "happy" one. Still a young man (67) by judiciary standards, he continued an active life on the Federal Court of Appeals until shortly before his death on June 13, 1977.
Tom Clark's role as attorney general can be studied from memoirs such as those of Forrestal and Ickes, as well as by standard works such as Robert J. Donovan's Conflict and Crisis (1977) and Tumultous Years (1982), dealing with the Truman era. He coauthored (with Philip B. Perlman) Prejudice and Proper, an Historic Brief Against Racial Covenants (1969). Standard works such as Alfred H. Kelly's and Winfred A. Harbison's The American Constitution (1977) put Clark's judicial career in context.
Larrimer, Don, Biobibliography of Justice Tom C. Clark, Austin: Tarlton Law Library, School of Law, University of Texas at Austin, 1985. □
"Tom Campbell Clark." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (June 26, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tom-campbell-clark
"Tom Campbell Clark." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Retrieved June 26, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tom-campbell-clark
Clark, Tom Campbell
Tom Campbell Clark, 1899–1977, U.S. attorney general (1945–49), associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1949–67), b. Dallas, Tex.; father of Ramsey Clark. He received his law degree from the Univ. of Texas. Clark joined the Justice Dept. (1937) as a special assistant to the attorney general. He coordinated the forced wartime relocation of West Coast Japanese-Americans and headed the antitrust division before becoming attorney general in 1945. He was noted for vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws and the introduction of the attorney general's list of subversive political organizations. He was appointed (Aug., 1949) by President Harry S. Truman to the Supreme Court bench as successor to Frank Murphy. Although his opinions on the court were generally conservative in the matter of alleged subversives, he was a frequent supporter of civil liberties. In a 1963 decision he wrote the majority opinion prohibiting the reading of the Bible in public schools. Clark retired from the court in 1967 after his son, Ramsey, was named U.S. attorney general.
See A. Wohl, Father, Son, and Constitution (2013).
"Clark, Tom Campbell." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (June 26, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/clark-tom-campbell
"Clark, Tom Campbell." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Retrieved June 26, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/clark-tom-campbell
|
<urn:uuid:e460d4af-fee1-457e-bdd8-74f1ce72073f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/supreme-court-biographies/tom-campbell-clark
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320823.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626152050-20170626172050-00516.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962955 | 3,803 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Pottery With Hot Chocolate Residues Discovered at Honduran Archaeological Site
Excerpted here from www.sciencedaily.com.
ScienceDaily (Nov. 20, 2007) — The earliest known use of cacao — the source of our modern day chocolate — has been pushed back more than 500 years, to somewhere between 1400 and 1100 B.C.E., thanks to new chemical analyses of residues extracted from pottery excavated at an archaeological site at Puerto Escondido in Honduras. The new evidence also indicates that, long before the flavor of the cacao seed (or bean) became popular, it was the sweet pulp of the chocolate fruit, used in making a fermented (5% alcohol) beverage, which first drew attention to the plant in the Americas.
That cacao’s popularity on the world stage began with its role in an alcoholic beverage does not surprise the researchers.
“This development probably provided the impetus to domesticate the chocolate tree and only later, to prepare a beverage based on the more bitter beans,” suggested Dr. Patrick McGovern* of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. “An alcoholic beverage from the pulp, carrying on this ancient tradition, continues to be made in parts of Latin America.”
The famous chocolate beverage of the Mayan and Aztec kings, served at special ceremonies and feasts, came later. It was made from the cacao beans, often mixed with chillis, special herbs, honey, and flowers. The liquid was frothed into a foam, and both inhaled and drunk.
Throughout his career, Dr. McGovern has worked on techniques to determine what food and, more often, drink, once filled the ancient pottery and other food vessels that archaeologists find throughout the world — shedding new light on the gastronomic and cultural story of human civilization around the world. Time and again, he has seen that alcoholic beverages go hand in hand with the earliest development of human cultures. As with the cacao fruit in Central America, high-sugar fruits and honey were similarly used to produce alcoholic beverages in other parts of the world at an early date, including Neolithic China and the Near East, two regions where Dr. McGovern has played a role in the discovery of the earliest known beverages.
“The beverages of China and the Near East also became the prerogative of the elite, and were incorporated into religious ceremonies and celebrations,” he noted. “They were often of considerable economic value, just as the cacao bean was the medium of exchange in the Aztec empire, and they were traded, given in tribute, and offered as gifts to fellow rulers and the gods.”
Though not part of the archaeological research team at Puerto Escondido in Honduras, Dr. McGovern got involved in the scientific research on this material after he read an article in the Fall 2001 issue of the Arts & Sciences Newsletter of his alma mater, Cornell University. Entitled “The Birth of Chocolate or, The Tree of the Food of the Gods,” it was written by Cornell Anthropology Professor John S. Henderson, co-excavator, with University of California Berkeley Professor Rosemary A. Joyce, at the Honduras site. Dr. Henderson had graduated in 1967, a year after McGovern, yet their paths had never crossed.
Dr. McGovern read in the article that Dr. Henderson was looking for a way to extract the ancient residues of a liquid from the pores of the vessels.
“I sent an email to John, suggesting that our Penn Museum laboratory, where I work with Gretchen Hall, Research Associate, probably had the tools available to find out what the ancient vessels held. From there, he negotiated to have a collection of sherds from vessels of types believed to have held liquid, and the Penn Museum and Hershey Foods Technical Center labs carried out extractions and analyses.”
“The results were astounding — every vessel that he had chosen and was tested gave a positive signal for theobromine, the fingerprint compound for cacao in Central America.”
Jacob Teitelbaum, M.D. is one of the world's leading integrative medical authorities on fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue. He is the lead author of eight research studies on their effective treatments, and has published numerous health & wellness books, including the bestseller on fibromyalgia From Fatigued to Fantastic! and The Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Solution. Dr. Teitelbaum is one of the most frequently quoted fibromyalgia experts in the world and appears often as a guest on news and talk shows nationwide including Good Morning America, The Dr. Oz Show, Oprah & Friends, CNN, and Fox News Health.
|
<urn:uuid:3235b070-297b-419b-a316-f96b9a563688>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.vitality101.com/health-a-z/Article_3500_year_old_chocolate
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948673.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327154814-20230327184814-00631.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964928 | 977 | 3.546875 | 4 |
This is a blog on energy. More specifically on electrical energy IE electricity. When we talk about energy we are talking about electricity, the single most used and necessary for of energy in our lives. From heating, cooling, cooking, transportation, medicine, security, fire, communications, light, water, sewer, garbage disposal, transportation and on and on. There are very few aspects of our lives that do not depend on electricity.
If you want to know what life without it would be like, think the late 1800s. And in cities and metropolitan areas life could be very brutal indeed.
The main way of generating electricity has remained unchanged since the days of Nikola Tesla, where ether water or steam is used to turn a turbine which is coupled to a generator. And the two most prevalent ways of generating the steam today is the burning of fossil fuels or nuclear fission. Fossil fuels put a great deal of CO2 into to atmosphere and nuclear fission has proven to be far, far to dangerous to continue to use as Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and Fukushima have prove beyond the shadow of any doubt.
Which leaves with us with having to make some very difficult decisions. The first is easy – abandon nuclear power for the foreseeable future. This would eliminate around 18% of our electrical generating capacity at present. And would have to be made up by other means. Next is to make a concerted effort to 1: Reduce our need for electricity through more efficient use. 2: Address this shortfall by using alternative means of generating electrical power and increasing the efficiency of our current modes of power generation.
The top contenders here are photovoltaic and wind. Both have their positives and negatives.
Wind turbines or wind mill type generators will produce electricity as long as there is sufficient wind blowing. Day or night. But they take up a good deal of space and generate a noise when in operation. They are also proving to be a hazard to birds and other fowl. Which is why most wind farms are over vast stretches of land or sea.
Photovoltaics generate electricity when in direct sunlight but their efficiency drops with the rise in temperature.
Which can make them unsuitable for some of the sunniest areas. There is also work being done on solar heated steam generation but few of these plants have been built since they also require constant sun light to work effectively and even larger areas of land. But are well suited to those hot sunny climates where photovoltaics may not be.
All of these also require the use of batteries to store the electricity for future use and inverter technology to transform the electricity to the 60 HZ AC we currently use. The best part of wind and solar is that they compliment one another. In general, when there is little sunlight do to weather, there is generally wind and when the wind is light there is usually a good deal of sun light.
One of the more exciting approaches I see is the implementation of rooftop photovoltaic arrays.
And rooftop wind turbines. Rooftop designs to me offer some big advantages over ground base installations. For one thing the solar panels themselves would shield the roof from direct sunlight there by lowering the temperature of the roof and reducing the energy needed to keep the top part top the building cool in the summer. And if designed right may also help insulating from the cold in the winter. They could help to reduce the power needed in the cities from hydrocarbon generators where it is used the most. They would be less prone to damage because do to their location than that of ground based systems. And anyone who has looked at the satellite view of any of our large cities will see that there are a lot of roofs that could be covered with solar panels and/or wind turbines.
These are but a few of the items we need to look at and they would require a firm commitment to implement. To my mind though well worth the effort and resources. Until such time as some other way of generating the power needed for our continued way of life is found, we need to be looking more seriously at this technology.
|
<urn:uuid:8105af74-4434-46ec-a4b5-b67e32576639>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://onceuponaparadigm.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/4938/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00112.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95023 | 829 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The switch to renewables may combat global warming, but politicians are looking at ways to avoid it costing jobs.
Germany’s “climate chancellor” may be riding the coattails of a deal to fully decarbonize the G7 countries by 2100, but back home she faces pressure to address the loss of potentially tens of thousands of jobs as a result.
Chancellor Angela Merkel has positioned her country as a global leader in the transition from nuclear and fossil fuels to renewables with her ambitious Energiewende plan, which boasts broad public and political support. The plan aims to eliminate fossil fossil fuels in the electricity sector by 2050, and phase out €2.5 billion a year in coal subsidies by 2018.
But while the idea of moving from nuclear and fossil fuels to renewables holds broad public appeal, the potential social and economic side effects are worrying, and governments around the world are being called on to deal with these issues as they head into the United Nations’ COP21 climate change summit in Paris this December.
In Germany, the government is being pushed to address the issue of jobs, especially those in coal-fired power plants that will be shuttered over the next 35 years. Labor unions have been protesting in recent weeks, arguing that Berlin’s plan to impose a levy on the country’s dirtiest coal generators will put as many as 10,000 workers at risk.
“The people working in those power plants are not responsible for the decarbonization path that the G7 has agreed, but they could become the victims,” said Christoph Podewils, a spokesman for Agora Energiewende, which analyzes the country’s changing energy sector. “To prevent this, in Germany we have proposed a coal consensus which could also include financial support for affected regions. Similar solutions to absorb social consequences of restructuring the power sector could make sense in other countries.”
EU energy chiefs are also being urged to talk about the social effects of the bloc’s climate action strategy. The European Federation of Public Service Unions, which also represents workers in the energy industry, wrote to Maroš Šefčovič, vice president for the energy union, and Miguel Arias Cañete, climate action and energy commissioner, earlier this month asking them to make sure the global climate agreement struck in Paris creates “decent” jobs, reduces inequalities and guarantees pensions.
“Commit to encourage and monitor national energy plans in member states which will decarbonize the economy and secure jobs,” the union’s general secretary, Jan Willem Goudriaan, said in the letter, which was viewed by POLITICO.
While shifting away from fuels like coal could cost some jobs, it could create others. Pharrell Williams, a Grammy-winning singer songwriter, is going on a world tour before the Paris summit to campaign for the creation of green jobs.
“Right now, we have a unique opportunity to tackle climate change and to make sure that young people and our planet have a future that is sustainable for many generations to come,” he said in a new video. “Making economies green could create millions of good, decent jobs all around the world.”
German MEP Herbert Reul, who comes from the coal-heavy region of North Rhine-Westphalia and opposes the coal levy, agreed that the discussion on social and economic side effects needs to be international.
“In my opinion, the social and entrepreneurial costs are already high, we don’t have to make it more expensive,” said Reul, chair of the German Conservatives in the European People’s Party (EPP) group. “It needs to happen in a reasonable time frame, and the methodology must be technology-neutral.”
But at the same time, governments need to be aware that the transition away from coal will be slow, and there should be more action on shifting to cleaner ways of mining and burning coal, he added.
“Everyone agrees, we’ll need coal for some time still,” Reul said. “We have a lot of jobs in the coal industry, and we need to safeguard them.”
|
<urn:uuid:6a7eeba7-fb8f-4802-848e-78324caa4c23>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.politico.eu/article/clean-goals-could-cut-dirty-jobs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104204.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818005345-20170818025345-00375.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954057 | 875 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It's dark out, and you're home alone. The house is quiet other than the sound of the show you're watching on TV. You see it and hear it at the same time: The front door is suddenly thrown against the door frame.
Your breathing speeds up. Your heart races. Your muscles tighten.
A split second later, you know it's the wind. No one is trying to get into your home.
For a split second, you were so afraid that you reacted as if your life were in danger, your body initiating the fight-or-flight response that is critical to any animal's survival. But really, there was no danger at all. What happened to cause such an intense reaction? What exactly is fear? In this article, we'll examine the psychological and physical properties of fear, find out what causes a fear response and look at some ways you can defeat it.
What is Fear?
Fear is a chain reaction in the brain that starts with a stressful stimulus and ends with the release of chemicals that cause a racing heart, fast breathing and energized muscles, among other things, also known as the fight-or-flight response. The stimulus could be a spider, a knife at your throat, an auditorium full of people waiting for you to speak or the sudden thud of your front door against the door frame.
The brain is a profoundly complex organ. More than 100 billion nerve cells comprise an intricate network of communications that is the starting point of everything we sense, think and do. Some of these communications lead to conscious thought and action, while others produce autonomic responses. The fear response is almost entirely autonomic: We don't consciously trigger it or even know what's going on until it has run its course.
Because cells in the brain are constantly transferring information and triggering responses, there are dozens of areas of the brain at least peripherally involved in fear. But research has discovered that certain parts of the brain play central roles in the process:
- Thalamus - decides where to send incoming sensory data (from eyes, ears, mouth, skin)
- Sensory cortex - interprets sensory data
- Hippocampus - stores and retrieves conscious memories; processes sets of stimuli to establish context
- Amygdala - decodes emotions; determines possible threat; stores fear memories
- Hypothalamus - activates "fight or flight" response
The process of creating fear begins with a scary stimulus and ends with the fight-or-flight response. But there are at least two paths between the start and the end of the process. In the next section, we'll take a closer look at how fear is created.
|
<urn:uuid:a9656e94-528f-4f0c-b4fa-dc9c37d52b58>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/emotions/fear.htm/printable
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648850.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602172755-20230602202755-00551.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956598 | 545 | 3.75 | 4 |
LONDON: More than ten years after Dolly the sheep was created, scientists in Britain are to clone the northern white rhino, one of the world's rarest animals, in a bid to save the species from being extinct.
The revolutionary cloning method, already tested on laboratory rodents, mixes the skin cells of a northern white rhino in captivity with the embryos of a close cousin, the southern white rhino - the resulting offspring would be "chimeras" with a mixture of cells from both sub-species.
The technique involves altering a few regulatory genes, which has the effect of "reprogramming" the adult skin cells back to an embryonic state so that it can then develop into any of the specialised tissues of the body -including the germ-line cells that give rise to sperm and eggs.
According to the researchers at the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland and the University of Edinburgh, some of the cloned animals would actually grow up to produce the sperm and eggs of the northern white rhino thereby boosting the dwindling gene pool of the species.
"The new technique is more promising and practical than the cloning method we used in the famous breakthrough (Dolly) more than 10 years ago," one of the researchers Ian Wilmut, who led the team that cloned 'Dolly', was quoted by The Independent newspaper as saying.
|
<urn:uuid:48edc54e-20bd-4d0f-839f-55672057ef0c>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Scientists-to-clone-rhino/articleshow/2962434.cms?referral=PM
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824445.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00299-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951901 | 275 | 3.421875 | 3 |
10/22/2018 2:15:00 PM |
If you burned the roof of your mouth eating something hot, like pizza, first try cooling your mouth down with a cold drink or a popsicle. Ice cream or yogurt can also do the trick. It’s best to stop eating the pizza until it cools, to prevent damaging your mouth further.
Once the pain has subsided, you can gargle salt water to clean and disinfect the area. Medical professionals recommend using a mixture of ½ teaspoon of salt and 8 ounces of water.
If you’re in a lot of pain, you can take an ibuprofen or try a topical numbing spray. However, if you think the burn is serious, contact your doctor right away. Most burns are first-degree burns, but second- and third-degree burns can cause long-lasting nerve damage to your palate. Symptoms of these types of burns include severe pain, blistering, swelling, redness, or white patches.
It can take up to a week for the skin in your mouth to heal. While your mouth is healing, avoid food with sharp edges like chips, which can aggravate the roof of your mouth. Spicy foods, citrus, mint, and alcohol can also irritate the burn. Additionally, if your mouth doesn’t heal within a few days to a week, follow up with your doctor.
7/27/2018 10:54:00 AM |
Fun Fact Friday: Out of all of the teeth in your mouth, wisdom teeth often spark the most discussion and controversy. So this week, we’re giving you five fun and interesting facts about your wisdom teeth!
a) Wisdom teeth are actually called, “third molars” or “late-blooming molars.”
b) In most instances, wisdom teeth have to be removed to avoid overcrowding.
c) Stem cells can actually be harvested from your wisdom teeth!
d) It is estimated that only about 35% of people don’t develop wisdom teeth.
e) While the average person has four wisdom teeth, it is possible to have more or even less than four.
4/19/2018 12:47:00 PM |
We know that flossing can be a task that’s easy to forget, but by flossing daily, you can actually help to prevent gum disease, tooth decay and bad breath! Brushing your teeth can’t remove plaque from your teeth and gums the way that floss can, which is why we encourage our patients to make flossing a daily ritual. Floss comes in all kinds of flavors and sizes, and you can do it just about anywhere. Whether it’s, at your desk, or in the comfort of your own home, you can take your floss with you wherever you go!
3/7/2018 3:32:00 PM |
The best way to become a consistent flosser is to start early. Here are three ways you can make flossing fun for your kids:
Make it a game - Turn flossing into a story or a song and your kids will be excited to do it.
Give them cool tools - Let your kids pick out their own tools, like brightly colored floss sticks, and they'll be more eager to use them.
Show their progress - You can put up a chart in the bathroom that tracks their success and give out prizes or rewards.
Any other ideas to get kids flossing? Let us know!
2/5/2018 11:12:00 AM |
We all know that brushing and flossing helps maintain our teeth, but did you know that these foods and beverages can also help with dental health?
Cheese - Cheese can reduce levels of acid in our mouths.
Tea - Polyphenols, which are found in black and green teas, slow the growth of bacteria that causes gum disease and cavities.
Milk - Milk lowers the level of acid in the mouth.
Raisins - Raisins contain phytochemicals, which may kill cavity-causing plaque bacteria.
Cranberries - Just like tea, cranberries have polyphenols, which may prevent plaque from sticking to teeth.
Gum - As long as it's sugarless, gum creates more saliva, which clears away bacteria.
11/30/2017 9:35:00 AM |
When you hear jingles in the stores and see decorations on your neighbor’s house, you know that the holiday season has arrived. Among other traditions, you can also expect food to play a big part during the holiday, whether it’s snacks for a party or a family dinner. Unfortunately, a lot of traditional holiday foods can be harmful to your teeth, from sticky candy canes to alcoholic eggnog. Thankfully, there are also lots of seasonal dishes and treats that can keep your smile as healthy as ever.
You probably already have a sizable list of foods you know to be bad for your teeth: soda, coffee, and candy. However, what about the crackers you set out as hors d’oeuvres? Even without extra-sweet ingredients added in, bread and related snacks are full of carbohydrates – that is, sugar – and their crumbly, dissolvable nature means that these bacteria-feeding carbs get stuck to your teeth. Alcohol, not counting the sugar it is often made of or mixed with, will dry out your mouth; dry mouths are the perfect environment for bacteria. Even the cough drops you take for colds and the flu not only have sugar in them, but also expose you to that sugar over a long period of time. Cough syrup, despite having similar amounts of sugar in it, is quickly swallowed and doesn’t expose the teeth to that sugar too long. Simply put, too many holiday edibles encourage the decay of your teeth.
Not to worry! Lots of holiday foods diminish, if not reverse, the damage other foods can do. Two common party snacks, for example, are meat and cheese. The calcium and proteins provided by meat and cheese can actually strengthen your teeth and gums. Nuts, like meat, also provide your mouth with a burst of protein and saliva production that help defend your teeth from bacterial build-up. Instead of sweetened cranberry sauce in your dishes, try using fresh cranberries; they can interrupt the bonding process of the decadent bacteria. Though dried fruit is a bad idea, crunchy fruit and raw vegetables can help scrub plaque off of your teeth.
The holidays and their traditions are fast approaching. If you eat too much of the wrong kinds of traditional foods, or you find yourself chewing on that food for a long period of time, your teeth can suffer. However, holiday tradition have also given us a lot of food to protect and strengthen our teeth as well. So, when planning out the next holiday party or dinner, keep these foods in mind. They may just save your smile.
8/11/2017 11:18:00 AM |
Knocking out a permanent tooth is a true dental emergency. Don’t be afraid to contact your dentist right away. If you knock out a permanent tooth, here is what to do.
1. Hold the tooth by the crown and not the root so as not to spread bacteria unto the root.
2. Rinse dirt or any debris off with room temperature water but be gentle with the root.
3. Try to reinsert the tooth until you get to the dentist and hold it into place.
4. If reinserting is not an option, keep it moist by covering it with milk or water.
5. For optimal outcome, try to get to a dentist within 30 minutes.
5/8/2017 9:00:00 AM |
Think you may be suffering from periodontal disease? Here are a few common signs to watch for:
a) Red, swollen or tender gums or other pain in your mouth
b) Bleeding while brushing, flossing, or when eating certain foods
c) If you notice your teeth becoming loose or separated
If you or a loved one is noticing the beginning stages of periodontal disease, visit us for an appointment and we’ll work to assess your current oral health. We know that happy smiles start with healthy gums and teeth, and we’re happy to answer any questions our patients have about the best ways to maintain their oral health!
2/10/2017 12:45:00 PM |
We've all heard the expression "an apple a day keeps the doctor away." But perhaps that should be changed to dentist. In addition to being good for your health, apples are also quite good for your teeth. In fact, if you find yourself without a toothbrush, an apple can fill in nicely.
Apples actually act like toothbrushes because of their fiber-rich flesh. This works like a scrub on not only your teeth, but your tongue and gums as well. An apple can also help remove food particles that are hiding out between your teeth and sticking to your gums.
As well as cleaning your teeth, because they are mildly acidic and slightly astringent, apples can also help get rid of plaque and stains. On top of that, apples can freshen breath. Is there nothing this super fruit can't do? The next time you have an after lunch meeting and forgot your toothbrush, head down to the cafeteria and grab an apple instead.
11/22/2016 4:25:00 PM |
Thanksgiving is one day out of the year where Americans find it socially acceptable to eat their weight in turkey and gravy. While it can be tempting to take a sample plate of everything at the buffet, choosing the right foods can help prevent your waistline from increasing as well as improve your dental hygiene.
Cheese and Yogurt
While heavy amounts of cheese is not recommended, eating some cheese, maybe as an appetizer, lowers the acidity in an individual’s mouth, which directly lowers their risk for developing cavities. Cheese and yogurt also contain calcium, a mineral that increases bone density and strengthens enamel. Furthermore, yogurt contains probiotics that take up the space harmful bacteria would otherwise occupy.
Kale, Spinach, and Broccoli
Leafy green vegetables, such as kale and spinach, contain high amounts of protein and calcium, materials your body utilizes to build bones and teeth. Furthermore, leafy green vegetables carry lots of micronutrients, products the body uses to make sure everything in your body runs efficiently, boosting your natural immune system.
Apples, Carrots, and Celery
Hard, fibrous foods act as a toothbrush, gently loosening plaque which can be washed away with saliva. Eating foods like apples, carrots, and celery does not replace brushing and flossing, but rather encourage good dental hygiene by maintaining a cycle of cleanliness. Eating these foods increases the effectiveness of brushing and flossing since it’s consistently removing old plaque, lessening the chance of plaque turning into tartar.
Sesame Seed Oil, Coconut Oil, and Olive Oil
Oil pulling, or simply rinsing the mouth with about a tablespoon of oil, is a great technique to reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth and promote good dental health. Many dentists advise patients to practice this easy detoxification process at home; however, ingesting foods already containing sesame seed oil, coconut oil, or olive oil kills two birds with one stone.
While Thanksgiving can be a time when people overindulge in foods high in sugar content, being aware of the benefits foods can have on teeth and the body can encourage to put down that extra pint of gravy in favor of a healthier choice.
8/17/2016 12:02:00 PM |
Brushing everyday is one of the best ways to take care of your teeth. However, it's not just that simple. For optimal dental care, follow these six tips.
1. Pick the right brush - Not all brushes are the same, and you need to choose one that fits your mouth.
2. Brush the right way - You should hold your brush at a 45-F-degree angle to your gums and use an up-and-down motion with short strokes.
3. Take your time - While brushing twice a day is recommended, three times is probably best. Also, whenever you brush, make sure you do it for at least two minutes.
4. Don't overdo it - Conversely, don't brush too much or for too long, as this can wear down enamel and hurt your gums.
5. Keep it clean - Always rinse your brush, as germs can linger on it.
6. Let it go - Make sure to replace your toothbrush every three to four months or if the bristles are becoming frayed or broken.
4/7/2016 4:39:00 PM |
The American Dentistry Association seal of approval is awarded to consumer oral hygiene products that meet ADA-defined standards. The seal is intended to help consumers make informed choices about the products they use.
Products that are ADA-approved have undergone extensive testing for safety and efficacy, to ensure that any claims made about them are factually correct. Companies that submit products for assessment have to submit ingredient lists and data from laboratory studies and clinical trials that support the product claims, and show that the product is being made using good manufacturing practices. Each product is assessed by around 100 consultants, from a variety of scientific disciplines relevant to oral health and hygiene. Once a product has been approved, the packaging is required to display the ADA seal.
So is it okay to use products that are not ADA-approved? If a product hasn't been approved, that doesn't automatically mean it's unsafe or ineffective—but using ADA-approved products takes the guesswork out of choosing and using effective products. For example, if an ADA-approved toothpaste claims to be effective at preventing tooth decay, the presence of the seal means you can be sure it's a valid claim. Many Crest, Aim, Listerine and Tom products are ADA approved, just to name a few.
2/18/2016 4:30:00 PM |
Wine lovers everywhere, rejoice! Already known for its health benefits, research shows red wine protects against cavities, too! A recent study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry explores the effect a selection of red wines and grape-seed extract has on communities of disease-causing bacteria, called biofilms. Biofilms erode the teeth causing gum disease. Gum disease is a result of the build up of plaque and tartar on the teeth, and in the soft tissue of the gums – pockets of infection cause inflammation and discomfort and pain. But some treatments can be abrasive, and side effects of some mouthwashes include discoloration of the gums, and altering taste.
In order to understand how effective red wine is in preventing the growth of biofilm, researchers developed a biofilm model of plaque that combined five types of bacteria most commonly found in gum disease and tooth decay. The biofilm cultures were then dipped in numerous varieties of wine – with and without alcohol – for a couple of minutes. The results showed that all red wine and red wine containing grape seed extract were more likely to get rid of the bacteria. Of course, the study wasn't designed with excessive drinking in mind; everything in moderation! Rather, as the researchers said, "these findings contribute to existing knowledge about the beneficial effect of red wines (one of the most important products of agriculture and food industries) on human health." We'll drink to that – cheers!
11/2/2015 11:18:00 AM |
Often, a family trip to the dentist will feature the use of an x-ray camera. The dental hygienists will cover you or your children with a heavy apron and make you chomp on some bitewings, while the camera moves and clicks around you. Of course, the images produced by the x-rays have a purpose: cavities, jawbone degradation, and other oral health issues are made easily visible, allowing the dentist to address these issues directly. However, x-rays are a form of radiation, and some people are concerned with that exposing someone to dental x-rays will cause cancer. These concerns are especially strong for parents taking their children to the dentist.
X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation, and ionizing radiation has been shown to cause cancer. Ionizing radiation, upon passing through the body, strip electrons from the atoms this energy passes. The resulting protons, known as free radicals, then can damage the cells of the body. While these cells return to normal most of the time, on rare occasions the cells will heal with some abnormalities. These abnormal cells, consequently, can grow into cancer. From this alone, people believe that dental x-rays will cause cancer.
However, you’re always exposed to ionizing radiation. On average, your body is exposed to 3.1 millisieverts (mSv) of natural radiation alone per year. At .005 mSv, the radiation you receive from the aforementioned dental x-ray is less than 1.6% of your daily background radiation exposure. You are exposed to the same level of radiation just from sunlight each day. Additionally, each x-ray is an individual dose rather than constant exposure, which is another factor in the cancer risks of radiation exposure. X-rays only increase the odds of dying of cancer by 1 in 2,000; compare this to the natural 1 in 5 chance you have of dying of cancer.
Moreover, there are precautions in place for younger patients to help minimize their exposure. Technically, children do have a higher risk of developing cancer from radiation than adults, so dentists make up for it with stricter safety measures. Lead aprons are almost ubiquitous, but many doctors will also reduce the amount of radiation emitted by the camera when taking x-ray images of pediatric patients. The same precautions can be given to pregnant women, as fetuses are assumed to be just as vulnerable as children. Your children could be receiving special considerations regarding radiation exposure risks already.
Ultimately, the benefits of detecting an oral health issue as early as possible far outweighs the negligible cancer risk. Not only are healthy teeth and gums alone something worth keeping, but many recent studies have shown connections between oral health and overall bodily health as well. Being able to detect and address these issues is paramount to your health and your children’s health. So, the next time your dentist readies the bitewings and camera, don’t be afraid. The benefits are high, the risk is low, and the dentist is likely being extra careful with your children anyways.
8/20/2015 10:32:00 AM |
What it is
Periodontal disease, known as gum disease or periodontitis, is one of the most common causes of tooth loss. In the United States, it is estimated that half of Americans aged 30 or older have advanced gum disease. While highly prevalent, this dental condition is preventable with a good oral health regimen.
Periodontal disease symptoms become apparent as bacteria and debris accumulate around teeth and below the gum line and hardens into tartar. If not removed by a professional, tartar and bacteria can cause inflammation of the gums and weakening of teeth.
There are variables that can increase your risk of periodontitis that range from genetic predisposition and underlying health conditions, to certain lifestyle habits. Diet, taking certain medications, decreased immunity, and hormonal changes can also increase your chances of developing gum disease.
Periodontitis begins with the onset of gingivitis. In this early stage, bacteria builds up, irritating the surrounding gums. As bacteria accumulate and plaque builds and hardens into tartar, there is a weakening of bone and connective tissue that keeps teeth in their sockets. As bacteria spreads, pockets that trap further bacteria begin to form around teeth and under soft tissue. In patients with advanced periodontal disease, teeth become loose and fall out.
One of the most difficult aspects of spotting periodontal disease without help from a dentist is that the condition can progress slowly in patients and may not always produce obvious signs. Patients may notice:
- Gum tenderness
- Gum recession
- Bad breath or bad taste in your mouth
- Loose teeth or a change in teeth alignment
Diagnosis of gum disease typically involves visiting a dentist for a visual examination of your oral condition, as well as charting pocket depths and using X-Rays to check bone loss in areas with deeper periodontal pockets.
Early diagnosis gives patients the greatest chance of reversing damage with nonsurgical treatments. These procedures include root scaling and planing, which removes tartar and bacteria from surfaces of teeth and beneath the gums and smooths root surfaces,. Antibiotics that are either taken orally or topically as a rinse, can also be used to reduce bacteria and inflammation.
For patients with advanced periodontitis, dental surgery may be the most effective option to reduce pocket size and restore the healthy appearance and supportive structure of soft tissue.
Periodontal disease is preventable by practicing consistent and good oral hygiene. As a rule of thumb, you should be taking between 3-5 minutes twice day to care for your teeth and gums by flossing first to loosen any food particles and bacteria, and brushing to clean all surfaces of teeth. You should also visit your dentist twice a year for thorough teeth cleanings. Patients displaying early signs of gum disease may require more frequent dental visits throughout the year.
If are exhibiting signs and symptoms of gum disease, you should contact your dentist as soon as possible. The sooner you can receive treatment, the more likely you will be able to reverse any damage caused by periodontal disease.
|
<urn:uuid:3f8a8a61-0999-49c9-b00d-c34f55d81d06>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.miracostadental.com/blog/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146940.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228012313-20200228042313-00373.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946435 | 4,546 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The American “Pansy Craze” of almost 100 years ago cemented the use of that flower’s name as a slang term for queer men. Oscar Wilde earlier turned the green carnation into a symbol for them across the pond by wearing one on his lapel. Violets were associated with Sappho herself, and the calamus with Walt Whitman. A pre-Stonewall gay bar at the corner of Christopher Street and Gay Street was called The Flower Pot. And of course there’s Georgia O’Keeffe.
What’s the story behind all of this floral symbology? Are queer people perceived as delicate? Colorful? Beautiful? Frivolous? As the literary critic Christopher Looby notes in the journal Criticism, Marcel Proust’s 1921 Sodome et Gomorrhe speculated that male-male courting rituals were similar to the process of flower fertilization. Maybe all the buzzing about the north end of the Ramble in New York City’s Central Park is why that cruising ground was nicknamed the “Fruited Plain.” Or maybe it’s why “evening botanist” is one of the antiquated terms for queer men.
Here’s an exploration of the history of four particular flowering plants that have been decidedly queered.
The floral fascination of queer people may date back to Sappho herself, fabled as the world’s first known woman-loving woman.
Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570) was a Greek poet who lived on the island of Lesbos, so close to Turkey’s border you can see it from the shore. Her presence there was so profound that the word “lesbian” originated with her. Any person from the island of Lesbos is a Lesbian, but Sappho’s heritage spawned the lowercase-L lesbian we know today. In 2008, Lesbian islanders sued for their right over the word and lost.
Her ancient poetry contains many references to flowers and nature, painting a picture of an idyllic pasture where girls and women frolicked adorned in garlands. Unfortunately, only fragments of her works remain:
And you, Dika, put lovely garlands round your hair,
weaving together slips of anise with gentle hands:
since the blessed Graces look more to the flowerful,
but turn away from the ones without garlands.
Many crowns of violets,
roses and crocuses
…together you set before more
and many scented wreaths
made from blossoms
around your soft throat…
…with pure, sweet oil
…you anointed me,
and on a soft, gentle bed…
you quenched your desire…
…no holy site…
we left uncovered,
In these and other fragments, she references roses, violets, crocuses, honey clover, a lotus, and hyacinth specifically. She also references “meadow blooms/spring flowers,” “golden flowers,” “garlands of blooming flowers,” and “purple blooms” generally. She mentions the color purple or violet multiple times, which is perhaps where this color first became associated with the queer community.
Violet (in addition to lavender) remains in the pantheon of queer symbols today. Think of Tennessee Williams’s Mrs. Violet Venable in Suddenly Last Summer or Violet in the lesbian cult classic movie Bound. And violet was one of the original 1978 rainbow flag’s colors.
Notably, a group of seven gay male writers who met up regularly in New York City in 1980 and 1981 named themselves “The Violet Quill.” Christopher Cox, Robert Ferro, Michael Grumley, Andrew Holleran, Felice Picano, Edmund White, and George Whitmore officially met up eight times over a one-year period, but unofficially before and after those meetings as well, to read and critique each other’s work. (The racial aspects of these men’s interactions and their writing are explored in “Race and the Violet Quill” by David Bergman.)
Interestingly, as the literary scholar Sherrie Inness observes in the National Women’s Studies Association Journal, in the 1926 play The Captive, one female character sends bunches of violets to another female character, perhaps referencing Sappho. The theme of lesbianism in this play led to an uproar and calls for a boycott and for censorship. The New York City district attorney’s office eventually gave in to these calls and shut down the production in 1927. The association of violets with lesbianism from this play led to plummeting violet sales at U.S. florists. However, at showings in Paris, some women wore the flower on their lapels as a show of support.
The Pansy Craze
As Looby notes in Flowers of Manhood, “daisy,” “buttercup,” and especially “pansy,” as well as the generalized “horticultural lad” were early twentieth century terms for “flamboyant gay men.”
“Pansies” were in their heyday in the 1920s and 1930s in New York and many other major cities around the U.S. This was known as the “pansy craze,” a term coined by the historian George Chauncey. Especially in New York City, drag balls starring “female impersonators” were extravagant and enormous. The police eventually shut them all down, including a 1939 one in Harlem that ended a 70-year annual tradition (for more, see Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet by William N. Eskridge). Likewise, Hollywood’s “pansy craze” of queer representation in film was ultimately shut down by censors, but not before those movies helped to bring queerness to the national consciousness.
Image Caption: A drag ball in Webster Hall in Greenwich Village in the 1920’s. This image is in the public domain.
“Chauncey points out that while the pansy craze often drew on or reproduced the most demeaning stereotypes of male homosexuals, it did, at times, provide a space for some gay performers to speak about, to resist, and even to counter heterosexist presumptions about fairies and other queers,” the film scholar Mark Lynn Anderson writes in his 2011 book Twilight of the Idols: Hollywood and the Human Sciences in 1920s America.
The Green Carnation
The green carnation became a queer symbol in 1892 when Oscar Wilde instructed a handful of his friends to wear them on their lapels to the opening night of his comedy Lady Windermere’s Fan. From then on, wearing a green carnation on your lapel was a secret, subtle hint that you were a man who loved other men.
In 1892, Wilde’s lover Lord Alfred Douglas wrote a poem called “Two Loves.” It is reminiscent of Sappho’s poetry, painting an image of a flower-filled utopia (emphasis on flowers added):
I dreamed I stood upon a little hill,
And at my feet there lay a ground, that seemed
Like a waste garden, flowering at its will
With buds and blossoms. There were pools that dreamed
Black and unruffled; there were white lilies
A few, and crocuses, and violets
Purple or pale, snake-like fritillaries
Scarce seen for the rank grass, and through green nets
Blue eyes of shy pervenche winked in the sun.
And there were curious flowers, before unknown,
Flowers that were stained with moonlight, or with shades
Of Nature’s wilful moods; and here a one
That had drunk in the transitory tone
Of one brief moment in a sunset; blades
Of grass that in an hundred springs had been
Slowly but exquisitely nurtured by the stars,
And watered with the scented dew long cupped
In lilies, that for rays of sun had seen
Only God’s glory, for never a sunrise mars
The luminous air of Heaven.
The poem continues on, describing a young man, whose “wind-tossed hair was twined with flowers” and who was wearing “three chains of roses” around his neck. He comes toward the poet and kisses him. “His cheeks were wan and white / Like pallid lilies, and his lips were red / Like poppies,” Douglas continues. The boy reveals that his name is “Love” and ends with saying, “I am the love that dare not speak its name.” This phrase, “the love that dare not speak its name,” was later brought to prominence as reference to homosexuality in Wilde’s gross indecency trial in 1895.
A Streak of Lavender
This flowering plant in the mint family is inseparable from queerness. While we don’t know whether “lavender” refers to the color or the herb now in a queer context, but either way the word seems to have been used in this context since the 1920s. It’s now used interchangeably with “rainbow” to mean “LGBTQ+” at events like Lavender Graduations and the annual Lavender Law Conference of the LGBT Bar Association.
One of the most notable uses of “lavender” comes from the historian Carl Sandburg, who wrote in 1926 of Abraham Lincoln: “A streak of lavender ran through him; he had spots soft as May violets.” Many have interpreted this to mean that Lincoln had a queer side, a claim I explore in my book, Queer, There, and Everywhere: 23 People Who Changed the World, which features Lincoln’s intimate relationship with Joshua Fry Speed. Historians disagree, but it’s reasonable to interpret “lavender” as meaning male-male love here, since there are other examples from the 1920s of “lavender” as a slang term to mean this. The true debate lies in how wide this “streak” was.
There are two main movements associated with lavender in the queer world: The Lavender Scare and the Lavender Menace. The Lavender Scare was a 1950s witch hunt for homosexual federal employees, much like the Red Scare was one for communists, as detailed in “The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics” by the historian Naoko Shibusawa.
Betty Friedan called any potential association of the National Organization for Women with lesbians “the lavender menace” in 1969. Not wanting to tarnish her organization’s reputation, Friedan led NOW to distance itself from lesbians. Rita Mae Brown and other lesbian feminist activists planned an action on May 1, 1970 where they disrupted a prominent women’s event by revealing T-shirts that bore “Lavender Menace” on them, encouraging others to join them. They earned the crowd’s support, and the moment is remembered as a turning point in the movement. At NOW’s next national conference in 1971, the organization reversed its direction and adopted a resolution that lesbian rights were a “legitimate concern of feminism.”
No matter what floral names we may be called, queer people are resilient. Like the women of the Lavender Menace, we will reclaim them all and declare ourselves pansies proudly. While all of this horticultural symbolism may have started with comparing effeminate men to frilly flowers, it’s become more than that. We bloom every year in a brilliant rainbow of colors around the world, always returning, no matter how bitter the winter.
|
<urn:uuid:2b5d52d8-ec29-420b-a1eb-abf43ce335b4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://daily.jstor.org/four-flowering-plants-decidedly-queered/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147647.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228200903-20200228230903-00318.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955678 | 2,536 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Influenza A virus is a virus that kills many people every year. There is a constant exchange of influenza virus between humans and pigs, leading to the formation of new viruses with the potential to develop into a new influenza pandemic. The flu pandemic in 2009 was thus caused by a virus from pigs. Denmark produces more than 30 million pigs annually, and thousands of people are in daily contact with pigs. This makes Denmark a hot spot for the development of new influenza viruses and provides a perfect framework for the study of the exchange of influenza viruses.
In the FluZooMark project, researchers in virology and immunology in animals and humans will work together to characterize human and animal influenza viruses to find out why some influenza viruses can jump from swine to humans. The project is expected to generate groundbreaking new tools for preventing future influenza pandemics in humans and provide knowledge that can be used in the future to design improved vaccines for humans and animals.
The project is a collaboration of researchers from the four institutions, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (St. Jude) in Memphis, USA. All are experts in various aspects of influenza virus infections in humans and animals.
|
<urn:uuid:db2f473f-ba9e-4af7-8457-75186a7ddd5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://fluzoomark.dk/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00458.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929164 | 264 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Stakeholder Analysis is a project management tool. It helps to identify internal and external stakeholders that may influence or be influenced by the solutions proposed during the project implementation which an important process that successful people use to win support from others. Managing stakeholders can help you to ensure that your projects succeed where others might fail.Continue reading
Month: January 2022
TOGAF ADM: What is it and why is it so important?
TOGAF ADM, short for TOGAF Architecture Development Method, is an architecture method suggested by TOGAF. It is a method for developing and managing the lifecycle of an enterprise architecture, and forms the core of TOGAF.Continue reading
What is a composite state in a UML state machine diagram?
A simple state is one which has no substructure. A state which has substates (nested states) is called a composite state. Substates may be nested to any level. A nested state machine may have at most one initial state and one final state. Substates are used to simplify complex flat state machines by showing that some states are only possible within a particular context (the enclosing state).Continue reading
State Transition Diagram: A Heater Example
A state-transition diagram presents a sequence of states that an object goes through during its lifecycle. It is used to describe the changes of states for an object or for a component.Continue reading
What is Behavioral Things in UML?
The behavioral things is the dynamic part of the UML model. These are the verbs of a model. Represents actions in time and space. In general, there are two main kinds of behavioral things. (1) Interactions (2) state machines. They are the basic behavioral things that you may include in a UML model, typically the state machine diagram. Semantically, these elements are usually connected to various structural elements, primarily classes, collaborations, and objects.Continue reading
State Machine Diagram, PDFs and Resources from the Web
State Machine Diagram Note from OMG State Machine Slides – Lecture Notes by B. Beckert What is State Machine Diagram?Continue reading
State Machine Diagram vs Activity Diagram
UML State machine diagram and activity diagram are both behavioral diagrams but have different emphases. Activity diagram is flow of functions without trigger (event) mechanism, state machine is consist of triggered states.Continue reading
Introduction to TOGAF Architecture Development Method (ADM)
TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) is an open organizational framework. The framework itself is a well-documented body of knowledge,Continue reading
Agile team: The Development Maturity
When teams first start agile development, little has changed, other than perhaps more meetings on the schedule. They may still operate separately or limit their interactions with customers. You might see the work break down into waterfall kind of tasks, then design user stories, then build stories, then test stories. Therefore, the “Agile Teams” are agile in form when they just walk around without understanding or accepting agile principles and values. Teams become agile when they think and act in line with agile values and principles.Continue reading
Definition of Ready in Scrum
The Definition of Ready is a set of agreements that lets everyone know when something is ready to begin, e.g., when a user story is ready to be taken into a sprint, or when all necessary conditions are right for a team to start a sprint. An appropriate definition of ready will substantially improve the Scrum team’s chance of successfully meeting its sprint goal.Continue reading
|
<urn:uuid:187977b0-99fe-4acd-8d65-2806ee4092c0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.cybermedian.com/2022/01/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00157.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91773 | 732 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Despite the development of new bioengineering protocols, building a tooth from stem cells remains a distant goal. Demand for it exists as loss of teeth affects oral health, quality of life, as well as one’s appearance. To build a tooth, a detailed recipe to instruct cells to differentiate towards proper lineages and form dental cells is needed. However, the study of stem cells requires their isolation and a lack of a specific marker has hindered studies so far.
The researchers developed a method to record the division, movement, and specification of these cells. By tracing the descendants of genetically labeled cells, they also showed that Sox2 positive stem cells give rise to enamel-forming ameloblasts as well as other cell lineages of the tooth.
– Dr. Marks says that although human teeth don’t grow continuously, the mechanisms that control and regulate their growth are similar as in mouse teeth. Therefore, the discovery of Sox2 as a marker for dental stem cells is an important step toward developing a complete bioengineered tooth. In the future, it may be possible to grow new teeth from stem cells to replace lost ones, says the study.
So if you need your teeth repaired before then, please contact the office of Jay M. Marks, DMD, and we will help you with your smile.
|
<urn:uuid:404184b4-55bb-405a-815d-a1224f8f057d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.jaymarksdmd.com/blog/one-step-closer-to-growing-a-tooth-reports-danbury-ct-dentist-jay-m-marks-dmd
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00346.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948852 | 267 | 3.8125 | 4 |
St. Catherine’s Preschool has designed an excellent, well-rounded curriculum that is developmentally appropriate for children. In order to develop each child at their appropriate age level, St. Catherine’s Preschool program integrates five specific areas: Spiritual, Emotional, Cognitive, Physical, Social
SPIRITUALLY: Our curriculum will help your child grow in the knowledge and love of God, develop happy, wholesome feelings towards his/her Catholic Church, and become familiar with related Bible thoughts and stories.
SOCIALLY: Our curriculum will help your child grow in his/her ability to work and play with others, respect the personal and property rights of others, become more friendly, likeable, thoughtful and helpful, and develop an attitude of kindness, cooperation and courtesy.
PHYSICALLY: Our curriculum will help your child establish desirable health and safety habits, strengthen and coordinate his/her body through large and small muscle activities.
COGNITIVELY: Our curriculum will help your child progress at his/her own rate, develop independent thinking, problem solving, following directions and carrying out planned procedures to the best of his/her ability.
EMOTIONALLY: Our curriculum will help your child to gradually mature and properly express emotional responses, face and overcome emotional problems, and develop a positive self-image.
Here at St. Catherine’s Preschool we are building a readiness foundation for your child in the areas of language arts, mathematics, science, social studies, music, movement and art which is presented appropriately according to your child’s age. Monthly thematic units will be used to teach and reinforce all skills and meet our objectives.
|
<urn:uuid:299f6045-82ad-44c3-81b2-ae0978d369e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.scspreschool.org/classes
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370520039.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404042338-20200404072338-00200.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928855 | 345 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency lab plans to launch a fleet of disposable satellites to provide images for troops fighting on the ground.
Ordinary U.S. troops can only dream of on-demand battlefield images from the U.S. military's limited fleet of satellites. That spurred the Pentagon to envision swarms of cheap, disposable satellites that can give small squads of soldiers or Special Forces the latest battlefield images on their mobile phones or tablet computers.
The military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) research lab aims to launch about two dozen satellites — each costing about $500,000 — for missions lasting 60 to 90 days in low-Earth orbit. Such satellites would not only launch cheaply from aircraft rather than ground-based rocket launch pads, but could also de-orbit at the end of their mission lifetime and burn up safely in the Earth's atmosphere.
"We envision a constellation of small satellites, at a fraction of the cost of airborne systems, that would allow deployed warfighters overseas to hit 'see me' on existing handheld devices and in less than 90 minutes receive a satellite image of their precise location to aid in mission planning," said Dave Barnhart, program manager for DARPA.
|
<urn:uuid:749751e3-1d66-4379-a547-2312e583cf2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://m.csmonitor.com/Science/2012/0315/Pentagon-seeks-cheap-disposable-satellites-to-observe-battlefields
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00142-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91317 | 246 | 2.84375 | 3 |
By Gary Shapiro
January 8, 2020 at 5:00 am ET
Step back from all the updates and alerts flooding your phone each day and think about how all that information gets into our hands. The data our favorite tech devices – phones, computers, tablets, smart televisions – transmit to one another are sent across airwaves, also known as spectrum. It’s invisible to us, but invaluable to innovation.
Originally, these airwaves were used by radio (and, later, TV) stations to transmit their broadcasts. But now, they hold infinitely more potential as the conduits of connected data, enabling communication for every technology you can imagine – from the smartwatch on your wrist to the fleet of sensors employed by a smart city.
The Federal Communications Commission and Department of Commerce are responsible for these airwaves, dividing them into frequency bands. Some bands the government sells to individual companies for their exclusive use, a process known as spectrum licensing. Others the government leaves open for any organization and device to use – bands known as unlicensed spectrum. It’s this unlicensed spectrum that empowers the innovations of today – AR/VR, drones, smart speakers; and those of tomorrow – artificial intelligence, telehealth and ideas yet to be imagined.
We know unlicensed spectrum leads to economic growth. A Consumer Technology Association report found unlicensed spectrum generates $62 billion a year for the U.S. economy, in part because of the exponential growth of devices that rely on unlicensed spectrum.
What started with spectrum-enabled devices including microwave ovens, garage door openers and baby monitors has expanded to include smart technologies such as phones and tablets – and today, more of us rely on these devices for information, access and connectivity. At the time of CTA’s report in 2014, smartphones were in 64 percent of American households; in 2019, they’re in 91 percent of our homes.
Technology fueled by spectrum is becoming an important education tool for teachers and students, according to CTA research. Some 90 percent of teachers and parents say technology gives students better access to education. And parents list laptops, tablets and web-based software as the most important tech devices for their children to use to learn.
Unlicensed spectrum is also critical to innovations still in their infancy. Telehealth allows patients to consult their doctors remotely, saving U.S. companies as much as $6 billion a year.
And a recent CTA study found two-thirds of seniors believe active aging technology – such as smart home devices that improve accessibility and remote health monitoring – can help them remain in their homes longer and live more independently. The active aging market will triple in the United States in just a few years, approaching $30 billion in 2022.
But without greater access to the unlicensed spectrum these innovative technologies use, we risk a longer wait to enjoy the benefits – whether that’s better communication with our doctor’s office, lower costs for our care or healthier lives. And while inefficiencies cost everyone involved time and money, rural and senior patients will suffer the most.
CES 2020 – the world’s largest, most influential technology event – is where you’ll find the latest innovations with the power to change our lives for the better. CES is always an exciting time for me, but also a reminder of just how much we stand to lose if we don’t support American innovation. International competition is fierce – our nation’s innovators need every tool available to thrive.
The FCC is now deciding what to do with 1,200 megahertz of spectrum. In late 2018, the commission proposed expanding unlicensed use of this spectrum, available to any device in the 6 GHz spectrum band – so-called mid-band spectrum that can help relieve congestion in nearby Wi-Fi bands, while protecting current licensed users. The agency will make a final decision in the near future – and the result will significantly affect our nation’s global leadership in tech innovation.
Many startups in Eureka Park at CES 2020 are here because they could harness unlicensed spectrum to develop their innovations. If we take the leap and unleash this resource, even more startups will be able to make their mark not only on the CES stage, but on the world. It would be an excellent way to start a new decade – a statement of faith in American ingenuity and creativity.
Every day, we get closer to realizing the life-changing potential of emerging technologies such as digital health, robotics, smart cities and self-driving vehicles. But we face limitations on how quickly we can bring them fully to life, from the vast – our own imaginations – to the finite – getting enough spectrum to fuel these innovations.
This year, we welcomed FCC Chairman Ajit Pai and Commissioners Carr, O’Rielly and Starks to CES, where they came to discuss the most pressing policy issues the American tech sector faces – and see, touch and try out the future of tech innovation. I hope they and all our U.S. government leaders joining us at CES will take this opportunity to support America’s innovators.
Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Technology Association, the U.S. trade association representing more than 2,000 consumer technology companies, and a New York Times best-selling author. His views are his own.
Morning Consult welcomes op-ed submissions on policy, politics and business strategy in our coverage areas. Updated submission guidelines can be found here.
|
<urn:uuid:97ccef22-3e7f-46d2-a73a-cb635f7b3a56>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://morningconsult.com/opinions/lets-start-the-decade-off-right-expanding-unlicensed-spectrum-use-and-unleashing-american-potential/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00533.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94427 | 1,122 | 2.875 | 3 |
Violoncello from Spanish National Anthem (Marcha Real) for String Orchestra
An arrangement of the Spanish National Anthem arranged for String Orchestra.
The Marcha Real (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmartʃa reˈal], "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems (along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and San Marino) in the world to have no official lyrics.
One of the oldest in the world, the anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfantª Española (Book of the Ordenance of Newly Played Military Drum and Fife Calls by The Spanish Infantry), by Manuel de Espinosa. Here it is entitled La Marcha Granadera ("March of the Grenadiers"). According to this document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer.
There is a false belief that Marcha Real’s author was Frederick II of Prussia, a great lover of music. This belief started in 1861 when it appears for the first time published in La España militar (The Military Spain). In 1864, the colonel Antonio Vallecillo publishes the history in the diary El Espíritu Público (The Public Spirit), making the supposed Prussian origin of Marcha Real popular. According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the soldier Juan Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor, who was serving in the Prussian Court to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II’s army, under orders of King Charles III. In 1868 the history is published in Los Sucesos, changing the destinatary of the gift with Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda. The myth was picked up like this in different publications of 1884 and 1903, until being included in 1908 in the Enciclopedia Espasa.
According to the tradition in 1770, Charles III declared the Marcha de Granaderos as the official Honor March, and with that formalized the habit of playing it in public and solemn acts. It became the official anthem during Isabel II’s reign.
After the 1868 Revolution, General Prim convoked a national contest to create an official anthem, but it was declared deserted, advising the jury that Marcha de Granaderos was considered as such. By Alfonso XIII’s time, it was established by a Royal Circular Order (27 August 1908) that interpreted the harmonization of the march done by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Major Music of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards. During the Second Republic, Himno de Riego was adopted as official anthem, although after the Spanish Civil War, Marcha Real returned to be used as anthem, sometimes sung with the verses written by the poet José María Pemán in 1928.
The actual symphonic version of the Marcha Real that replaces the Pérez Casas one, belongs to maestro Francisco Grau and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the Marcha Real, then belonging to Pérez Casas’ Heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560/1997, the anthem should have a tone of B major and a tempo of 76 bpm (♩=76), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds.
Under the Trienio Liberal (1820–1823), the First Spanish Republic (1873–74) (when it enjoyed of a co-officiality) and the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), El Himno de Riego replaced La Marcha Real as the national anthem of Spain. At the conclusion of the Civil War, however, Francisco Franco restored La Marcha Real as the country’s national anthem, under its old title of La Marcha Granadera.
The current official version, as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997, is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B flat.
The long, complete version is the honors music for the King, while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government of Spain, or during sporting events.
There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau Vegara and requested by the Government of Spain. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time.
As the harmonization of the Marcha Real was written by Bartolomé Pérez Casas in the early 1900s, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas’ estate in 1997 for 130,000,000 pesetas (~ € 781,316) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism.
As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, although they were not placed in the public domain.
Though the Marcha Real has no lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII’s reign and another during General Franco’s dictatorship; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978, when the lyrics that had been approved by General Francisco Franco were abandoned.
After witnessing a rendition of "You’ll Never Walk Alone" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to La Marcha Real ahead of Madrid’s bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own anthems. An open competition for the lyrics resulted in 7,000 entries.
Buy this part now!
The purchases page in your account also shows your items available to print.
This part is free!
This part is available free of charge.
Just click the 'Download & Print' button below.
Which method of viewing music should I use?
You do not need to install any additional software to use seView.
Buy this part now!
This part is free!
This part is available free of charge. Just click the 'Download & Print' button above.
In order to submit this part to ScoreExchange.com Keith Terrett has declared that they own the copyright to this work in its entirety or that they have been granted permission from the copyright holder to use their work. If you believe that this part should be not available here because it infringes your or someone elses copyright, please report this part using the copyright abuse form.
|
<urn:uuid:897b84ac-8b5b-4b79-8674-6fb0e6767961>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.scoreexchange.com/parts/670176.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821189.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017125144-20171017145144-00795.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936702 | 1,556 | 2.921875 | 3 |
In the second year of the reign of Ahasuerus the Great, on the first day of Nisan, Mordecai the son of Jair, son of Shimei, son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, had a dream. He was a Jew, dwelling in the city of Susa, a great man, serving in the court of the king. He was one of the captives whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had brought from Jerusalem with Jeconiah king of Judea. And this was his dream: Behold, [the noise of] voices and confusion, thunders and earthquake, tumult upon the earth! And behold, two great dragons came forward, both ready to fight, and they roared terribly. And at their roaring every nation prepared for war, to fight against the nation of the righteous. And behold, a day of darkness and gloom, tribulation and distress, affliction and great tumult upon the earth! And the whole righteous nation was troubled; they feared the evils that threatened them, and were ready to perish. Then they cried to God; and from their cry, as though from a tiny spring, there came a great river, with abundant water; light came, and the sun rose, and the lowly were exalted and consumed those held in honor.
Mordecai saw in this dream what God had determined to do, and after he awoke he had it on his mind and sought all day to understand it in every detail. — Esther 1, The Dream of Mordecai. RSVCE.
From the beginning of human history, two forces have been at war with each other like the two dragons of Mordecai’s dream. Power and Truth have fought a proxy war, using kings, emperors, generals, and armies of all kinds as their pawns on the game-board we call the world. To understand the battle we have to make a distinction. The power that confronts Truth is in reality the power of injustice, lies, deception, and darkness. We will call it the Unjust Power. The Power behind Truth is the power of justice, life, love, and light. We will call it the Just Power. The Unjust Power of Lies and the Just Power of Truth have fought many battles. Each seeks to establish a kingdom on Earth. Their final objective is to conquer the hearts of mankind. There are no neutral forces in this worldwide battle. You, and everyone else, are all soldiers in this fight as the climax of this battle approaches.
Why do we say Truth vs. Power? Because the side of truth claims ownership of the Earth on the grounds of sovereignty. That is God’s side. God made the Earth and it belongs to him rightly. That is the Truth. His enemy however, claims ownership of the Earth on the rights of conquest. With lies and deception he has taken the prize. When the battle ends, the victory will be God’s and then the Earth will belong to Him by both the rights of sovereignty and conquest.
One of the most important skirmishes in this ancient contest between Truth and Unjust Power occurred one Friday in 33 A.D. in Jerusalem. The man who said he was Truth incarnate was nailed to a Roman cross. The Roman Governor, Pontius ordered a sign to be nailed above the condemned man: “Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews.” The sign was written in Latin, Greek and Hebrew: “Yeshua Ha’nazarei W‘melech Ha’yehudim” What was not apparent in the Greek and Latin translations was the acrostic formed by the first letter of each word. It spelled the Tetragrammaton, the Sacred Name of God: YHWH. That was not missed by the enemies of Jesus, who did not want to recognize him as their king. They went to the Roman Governor and demanded that the sign be changed but Pontius was firm: “Quod scripsi, scripsi.” It was written and it was not going to be changed. John 19:17-22.
Unjust Power had maneuvered to win an apparent victory, defeating Truth and Life on Calvary. The secret sign told us otherwise: an all powerful hand had posted His signature on top of the Cross, and even the mighty local representative of Caesar refused to remove it. To those perspicacious enough to see the complete image, the message was clear: “this may seem a defeat to the fools but not to the wise who can see this secret sign.” Unjust Power was not the ultimate power, there was Someone more powerful in charge of the whole scene.
Jesus died and was hastily buried. His disciples were scattered and remained in hiding, filled with fear and shame. Then some women who belonged to the group said they had seen him alive on Sunday morning but no one really believed their word. A group of the disciples decided to leave the city, travelling the road to a town called Emmaus. A battle had taken place there many decades before, between the armies of Gorgias and Judas Maccabeus, as related in 1st Maccabees 4. The disciples were walking away from Jerusalem, approaching Emmaus when someone joined them.
That very day two of them were going to a village named Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem, and talking with each other about all these things that had happened. While they were talking and discussing together, Jesus himself drew near and went with them. But their eyes were kept from recognizing him. And he said to them, “What is this conversation which you are holding with each other as you walk?” And they stood still, looking sad. Then one of them, named Cleopas, answered him, “Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who does not know the things that have happened there in these days?” And he said to them, “What things?” And they said to him, “Concerning Jesus of Nazareth, who was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people, and how our chief priests and rulers delivered him up to be condemned to death, and crucified him. But we had hoped that he was the one to redeem Israel. Yes, and besides all this, it is now the third day since this happened. Moreover, some women of our company amazed us. They were at the tomb early in the morning and did not find his body; and they came back saying that they had even seen a vision of angels, who said that he was alive. Some of those who were with us went to the tomb, and found it just as the women had said; but him they did not see.” And he said to them, “O foolish men, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?” And beginning with Moses and all the prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself. So they drew near to the village to which they were going. He appeared to be going further, but they constrained him, saying, “Stay with us, for it is toward evening and the day is now far spent.” So he went in to stay with them. When he was at table with them, he took the bread and blessed, and broke it, and gave it to them. And their eyes were opened and they recognized him; and he vanished out of their sight. They said to each other, “Did not our hearts burn within us while he talked to us on the road, while he opened to us the Scriptures?” And they rose that same hour and returned to Jerusalem; and they found the eleven gathered together and those who were with them, who said, “The Lord has risen indeed, and has appeared to Simon!” Then they told what had happened on the road, and how he was known to them in the breaking of the bread. Luke 24: 13-35.
How many times Jesus had pointed at the bread he was blessing and told the disciples “this is my body”! Now he had secretly approached them on the road and opened the Scriptures to them about the sufferings of the Messiah. Later at the inn, Jesus had blessed the bread and then he allowed them to recognize him in the breaking of the bread. Thus he revealed to them that his body, broken but living, was the secret sign of his victory over the powers of death and darkness! Exactly at the moment when the eyes of the disciples were opened, Jesus disappeared but the blessed, broken bread remained with them. Surely the disciples remembered the time when David was fleeing for his life and had to eat the bread of presentation, the Todah, the daily offering. They were fleeing also from the powers of death, and were given the blessed bread to eat. Coincidentally the Jewish teachers agree that the Todah is a sign that will remain forever. When they returned to Jerusalem, the news were making the Church glad in that first Resurrection Sunday. See Matthew 12:3-5
And [Jesus] said to them, “To you has been given the secret of the kingdom of God, but for those outside everything is in parables; so that they may indeed see but not perceive, and may indeed hear but not understand; lest they should turn again, and be forgiven.” Mark 4:11-12.
The meaning of the signs is opened to the eyes of the Church. That is itself a sign. It is the secret proof that Jesus is among us even in times of desolation.
Early in the 4th century a pagan Roman general, Constantine, was preparing to battle his enemies when he was given a sign.
The story, or a story, of what happened was told by Eusebius of Caesarea, a Christian biblical scholar and historian who wrote the first biography of Constantine soon after the emperor’s death. He knew Constantine well and said he had the story from the emperor himself. Constantine was a pagan monotheist, a devotee of the sun god Sol Invictus, the unconquered sun. However before the Milvian Bridge battle he and his army saw a cross of light in the sky above the sun with words in Greek that are generally translated into Latin as In hoc signo vinces (‘In this sign conquer’). That night Constantine had a dream in which Christ told him he should use the sign of the cross against his enemies. He was so impressed that he had the Christian symbol marked on his soldiers’ shields and when the Milvian Bridge battle gave him an overwhelming victory he attributed it to the god of the Christians. — History Today.
Constantine was a monotheistic pagan. He worshiped the Sun Invincible but now he was about to fight for Christ and later, he went on to liberate the Church after four centuries of persecutions. He was looking up to the sky when a sign appeared above the Sun. It was the Chi-rho, the ancient Christian symbol we see today on Catholic altars and buildings.
The meaning came to him later in a dream. Christ appeared to Constantine and told him to paint the Chi-rho on his soldiers shields. The future Emperor of Rome did that and history was changed forever. Constantine marched certain of a victory over his enemy. Even a pagan can have faith in Christ! One more time, a secret sign gave witness that the forces of Truth were advancing to complete their victory. (Psalm 110)
Keep all of it in mind please, while we jump 2,000 years into the future and contemplate today’s events. Do not forget the lesson: these apparent defeats are always accompanied by a secret sign that we can see only with the eyes of faith, a sign that the world outside cannot see nor understand. When you see that sign, you are safe.
Many in the Church were shaken by these recent news. [Please see also the video: The World Over, Edition of February 15, 2018.]
In a move that has upset many in the Roman Catholic Church, the Vatican asked two “underground” bishops in China to surrender their positions to individuals approved by the country’s authoritarian government, including one the Vatican had excommunicated, a cardinal who traveled to Rome said on Monday. Asia Pacific: Vatican, Eager for China Ties, Asks ‘Underground’ Bishops to Step Aside, article by Ian Johnson. January 29, 2018.
A strange thing is happening here. The Church appears to be leaving the selection of her own bishops in the hands of one of the most oppressive regimes on Earth. Curiously enough that country is often symbolized as a dragon. Many are wondering what is going on and I am no exception. The news reminded me of the words of Fr Leonardo Castellani, written many decades ago in the mid 20th century. Here is a powerful insight on the days of desolation that will come when we join Jesus in the wilderness, during the Church’s last Lent.
“Assisted by the Holy Ghost, the Church obstructs its manifestation and reduces it, grounded on the human order that the Roman Empire organized in one political and legal body; but a day will come when we’ll arrive to the end of that age, and when that happens, the Obstacle shall be removed. Perhaps the Holy Ghost will then abandon that historical social body, called Christendom, carrying with it the elect to the most absolute solitude, giving it two wings of a great eagle that they might fly into the wilderness. And then the Church’s temporal structure will be Antichrist’s prey, and will fornicate with the kings of the earth, or at least with most of them, as has happened before, and the abomination of desolation shall stand in the holy place.” Is Christ ever coming back? by Fr Leonardo Castellani.
Where is the sign this time? I think I see it. We know that the Holy Spirit is supposed to name the Bishops of the Church, not some political regime, not the Roman Empire, not the King of England, not the Communist Party. When Jesus disappeared at the inn of Emmaus, he left the blessed bread on the table. It was the first Resurrection Sunday of the Church. It stands to reason that if the consecrated bread was to disappear from the altars of the Church, the opposite would happen: Jesus will reappear in the world, returning in glory because he has promised to remain with us until the end. Sending God on lay-off and allowing someone else to name the Bishops of the Church may also be a sign that a new spectacular appearance of the Holy Spirit may be around the corner. Remember the prophetic words of St John Bosco:
“There shall yet come a violent hurricane. Iniquity is at an end, sin shall cease, and before two full moons shall have shone in the month of flowers, the rainbow of peace shall appear on earth … Throughout the world a sun so bright shall shine as never seen since the flames of the Cenacle until today, nor shall it be seen again until the end of time.”
I am not in possession of any special or secret knowledge. Yet I am expecting that sign, a secret wink of God to let us know that He is still in charge (who doubts it!) The battle rages around us. The world seems to have gone mad as darkness envelops us from all sides but we have his comforting words:
“Fear not, little flock, for it is your Father’s good pleasure to give you the kingdom.” Luke 12:32.
Please remember to pray for (and if possible donate to) this ministry during Lent season.
|
<urn:uuid:fd9bd8f4-deeb-4eed-b6e6-419b9aa72608>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://casorosendi.com/2018/02/19/the-hidden-sign-of-victory/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948976.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329120545-20230329150545-00776.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983543 | 3,299 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Sleep apnea is a sleeping disorder that affects many people. It is a condition when breathing is interrupted while sleeping, which results in the body not receiving enough oxygen. The main cause for sleep apnea is when the airways get blocked due to the soft tissue in the oral cavity and the throat’s soft tissue causing restricted passage for air.
The brain senses the drop in oxygen and causes a forced awakening resulting in sleep deprivation. There have been several therapies to alleviate the effects of sleep apnea, including Continuous Positive-Airway Pressure (CPAP) and is considered to be the leading treatment with the introduction of the CPAP Machine. However, there are numerous questions asked about the efficacy of the machine and whether it is necessary to invest in one.
Is CPAP Safe for Sleep Apnea?
There are no doubts that CPAP is a safe and effective treatment for sleep apnea. However, there are numerous risks when wearing bulky masks and prongs entering your nose every night.
There have been reports of severe nasal congestion, severe skin discomfort, and a risk of infections amongst others. Fortunately, there are no severe, significant side effects in using one, therefore, making it safe for use. However, without regular cleaning and sanitizing, a CPAP could actually make you sick.
Affordability and Cost of the CPAP
The typical cost of a CPAP machine can set you back approximately $1000 for basic kits up to $4000 for a complete kit. This treatment is used at home and without the requirement of a professional to operate it every time.
It is relatively easy to use once the manual has been read, spending no money for someone to operate it. It isn’t the most expensive treatment, however, it also isn’t the cheapest.
While CPAP machines do work for most people, it isn’t the only method of preventing sleep apnea. Alternative treatments are available such as breathing training, weight loss, and snoring mouthpieces like the ones on this site: http://copeministries.org/the-effectiveness-of-mouthpieces-versus-cpap-and-bipap-in-the-treatment-of-snoring/.
One of the leading causes of sleep apnea is being overweight, which can be treated with a healthy lifestyle of a balanced diet and exercise. There are also a variety of proven breath training activities that can help you in an event of sleep apnea. Depending on the severity of your sleep apnea, whether you are just a heavy snorer then this machine is not for you.
Most Americans are overweight, and a significant percentage are even technically obese. Taking care to address the weight issue is the most overlooked and neglected aspect of sleep apnea, as many people would simply rather have their doctors write them a prescription for a pill or solution that requires as little effort on their parts as possible, but this is definitely not going to do people any favors.
Some doctors even say that if people just lost 10% of their current body weight, not only would they rid themselves of sleep apnea, but they’d also dramatically decrease their risk of heart attacks, heart disease, diabetes, and many other health problems.
Conclusion on Sleep Apnea
It has been proven to help with sleep apnea however there are high-cost elements associated with buying one. However, CPAP isn’t the only option by any means and consider exploring cheaper methods first before purchasing one. In the end, it is up to the user and the advice of a doctor, whether they would want to invest in a CPAP machine and if it is worth it.
|
<urn:uuid:cc1add67-7dca-4044-b20e-9bb1fbdc4bbf>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://playfulwoodentoys.com/category/facts-about-cpap/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00213.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967235 | 749 | 3.078125 | 3 |
It is that time of the year again when love is supposedly in the air. But all I smell is the stench of capitalism and societal pressures nudging its way through the so-called month of love. Ads for Valentine’s Day are everywhere, from billboards to Instagram. The prices of flowers and chocolates are on the rise. On Valentine’s Day, collectively, people all over the world spend billions of dollars to prove their love to their partners.
How did Valentine’s Day Become the Love Day?
Valentine’s Day originates from a couple of Grimm stories. One theory suggests that, initially, mid-February was when the Roman fertility festival of Lupercalia was held, where men sacrificed a goat and a dog and whipped women with the dead animal’s hides in the hopes of enhancing a woman’s fertility.
Another popular theory claims that the date February 14 was popularly known as the beginning of the mating season for birds, therefore, it was believed that the middle of February should be dedicated to romance. Valentine’s Day was born because of this.
The most bizarre theory of Valentine’s Day dates to 289 A.D.E. when Emperor Claudius declared marriage to be unlawful and imprisoned a priest named St. Valentine. The priest was accused of passing love letters through the prison’s bars, which read: “From your Valentine.” However, there is no historical evidence to support this claim.
In 1913, after Hallmark released the first Valentine’s Day card, Valentine’s Day officially became a holiday. Humans are suckers for love, so we instinctively grabbed hold of it and ran with it, but we ran a little too far. Large bouquets of flowers, boxes of chocolate, and heart-shaped jewelry were all part of Valentine’s Day industry by the 1980s. In the present century, Valentine’s Day makes up for 24% of sales in the 22.2-billion-dollar chocolate industry.
Negative Effects of Valentine’s Day
Behind the flowers and the sweet treats, there is a dark side to the day. Valentine’s Day has been shown to be detrimental to people’s mental health. People often try to compare themselves to couples on TV shows, or even around them, this can make them feel lonely or depressed around the holiday.
Moreover, Valentine’s Day makes single people feel left out. The day of love makes people lonelier. There is also the peculiar notion that if you are single on Valentine’s Day or do not get any Valentine’s Day cards or gifts, you have failed in some way. That is simply not the case.
Love does not exist only between two people who are dating or married; it also exists between friends, siblings, and any other relationship present. Valentine’s Day excludes all these relationships and only allows romantic relationships to celebrate love. This holiday not only puts pressure on single people but also on couples. The question of what to purchase their significant other, how important, or expensive the gift should be, and whether the day will be memorable are all on their mind. Couples are expected to display their love for one another by purchasing gifts and making elaborate preparations for the day, according to society. Valentine’s Day has become heavily commercialized, resulting in inflated expectations among the public, prompting people to purchase certain goods.
Is Valentine’s Day Really Necessary?
A thoughtful gift can brighten anyone’s day. It does not have to be just for Valentine’s Day. Any time spent with those you care about and admire can be enjoyable and unforgettable. A bar of chocolate is delicious on any given day. On any given day, a flower is lovely. On a regular day, a lovely outfit or an ornament will have similar value in the heart of the friend to whom it is being given. A get-together with family or friends on any regular day is just as lovely as Valentine’s Day.
Even if friends and lovers exchange gifts and have pleasant dates, this reflects their thoughtfulness and ingenuity rather than the day’s brilliance. People should only give significant gifts to their partners if they want to, not because of societal expectations. If someone’s love language is gift-giving or gift-receiving, do it in a unique way by creating something original rather than succumbing to the corporate extravaganza.
How to Not Fall into the Capitalist Scam?
Some people are just hopeless romantics who cannot seem to get enough of Valentine’s Day. If that is the case, go ahead and celebrate the day. However, why not make a handmade card or bake a cake from scratch? If it is the thought that matters, then the effort that goes into hand-making gifts will shine through. People, in general, enjoy receiving gifts; nevertheless, most prefer homemade gifts over store-bought ones. On Pinterest and DIY (do it yourself) social media accounts, there is innumerable Do-It-Yourself (DIY) guides that will undoubtedly win the heart. Even if things do not go according to plan, it is all right, in a few weeks or months, it will be nothing but a funny story to narrate at a party. Not everyone has time to spend hours making a homemade present. But this is a perfect opportunity to support local small businesses around. Purchasing jewelry, baked goods, or greeting cards from small-time bakers and artists not only helps support someone else’s dream but also refrains from supporting a giant corporation hungry for money. It is a win-win situation.
A red rose and chocolates need not be the symbols of love. Celebrate love the way you want to, do not let society pressurize you because love cannot be monetized; it is a feeling, a feeling that should be expressed throughout the year. Capitalism should not dictate how one conveys their gratitude to someone. Society needs to be able to take time out of their daily love and show love and appreciation to their loved ones. We do not need a ton of money or a designated day to show someone we care. There should be no cost to love, adopt the traditional route: half a kilo of fresh, red, juicy tomatoes with a handwritten note and that should do the trick.
|
<urn:uuid:6a050486-f9b5-4914-b743-f12beb51448e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://manipalblog.com/valentines-day-not-so-rosy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00024.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948958 | 1,326 | 2.796875 | 3 |
How to Use Crutches, Canes, and Walkers
If you break a bone in your leg or foot, have a procedure on your knee or lower leg, or suffer a stroke, your doctor may recommend that you use a walking aid while you are healing or recovering. Using crutches, a cane, or a walker can help keep your weight off your injured or weak leg, assist with balance, and enable you to perform your daily activities more safely.
When you are first learning to use your walking aid, you may wish to have a friend or family member nearby to help steady you and give you support. In the beginning, everything you do may seem more difficult. With just a few tips and a little practice, though, most people are able to quickly gain confidence and learn how to use a walking aid safely.
Make Your Home Safer
Making some simple safety modifications to your home can help prevent slips and falls when using your walking aid:
- Remove throw rugs, electrical cords, food spills, and anything else that may cause you to fall.
- Arrange furniture so that you have clear, sufficiently wide pathways between rooms.
- Keep stairs clear of packages, boxes, or clutter. If necessary, add treads to stairs to prevent slipping.
- Walk only in well-lit rooms and install a nightlight along the route between your bedroom and the bathroom.
- In the bathroom, use nonslip bath mats, grab bars, a raised toilet seat, and a shower tub seat.
- Simplify your household to keep the items you need within easy reach and everything else out of the way.
- Carry things hands-free by using a backpack, fanny pack, or an apron with pockets. Many walkers also come with attached pouches.
If your injury or surgery requires you to get around without putting any weight on your leg or foot, you may have to use crutches.
- When standing up straight, the top of your crutches should be about 1-2 inches below your armpits.
- The handgrips of the crutches should be even with the top of your hip line.
- Your elbows should be slightly bent when you hold the handgrips.
- To avoid damage to the nerves and blood vessels in your armpits, your weight should rest on your hands, not on the underarm supports.
- Lean forward slightly and put your crutches about one foot in front of you.
- Begin your step as if you were going to use the injured foot or leg but, instead, shift your weight to the crutches.
- Bring your body forward slowly between the crutches.
- Finish the step normally with your good leg.
- When your good leg is on the ground, move your crutches ahead in preparation for your next step.
- Always look forward, not down at your feet.
- Back up to a sturdy chair.
- Put your injured foot in front of you and hold both crutches in one hand.
- Use the other hand to feel behind you for the seat of your chair.
- Slowly lower yourself into the chair.
- When you are seated, lean your crutches in a nearby spot. Be sure to lean them upside down — crutches tend to fall over when they are leaned on their tips.
To stand up:
- Inch yourself to the front of the chair.
- Hold both crutches in the hand on your injured side.
- Push yourself up and stand on your good leg.
To walk up and down stairs with crutches, you need to be both strong and flexible. You may want someone to help you, at least at first.
- Facing the stairway, hold the handrail with one hand and tuck both crutches under your armpit on the other side.
- When you are going up, lead with your good foot, keeping your injured foot raised behind you. When you are going down, hold your injured foot up in front, and hop down each step on your good foot.
- Take it one step at a time.
- If you encounter a stairway with no handrails, use the crutches under both arms and hop up or down each step on your good leg.
If you feel unsteady, it may be easier to sit on each step and move up or down on your bottom.
- Start by sitting on the lowest step with your injured leg out in front.
- Hold both crutches flat against the stairs in your opposite hand.
- Scoot your bottom up to the next step, using your free hand and good leg for support. Face the same direction when you go down the steps in this manner.
A cane can be helpful if you have minor problems with balance or stability, some weakness in your leg or trunk, an injury, or a pain.
If you are elderly, using a single point cane may help you to walk more comfortably and safely and, in some cases, may make it easier for you to continue living independently.
If you need more stability, a quad cane, which has 4 points, can be useful.
- When standing up straight, the top of your cane should reach to the crease in your wrist.
- Your elbow should be slightly bent when you hold your cane.
- Hold the cane in the hand opposite the side that needs support. For example, if your right leg is injured, hold the cane in your left hand.
- To start, set your cane about one small stride ahead of you and step off on your injured leg.
- Finish the step with your good leg.
To climb stairs:
- Place your cane in the hand opposite your injured leg.
- With your free hand, grasp the handrail.
- Step up on your good leg first, thn step up on the injured leg.
To come down stairs:
- Put your cane on the step first
- Then, put your injured leg on the step.
- Finally, put your good leg, which carries your body weight, on the step.
If you have had total knee replacement or total hip replacement surgery, or you have another significant problem, you may need more help with balance and walking than you can get with crutches or a cane. A pickup walker with four legs will give you the most stability. A walker lets you keep all or some of your weight off of your lower body as you take steps. With a walker, you use your arms to support some of your body weight. As your strength and endurance get better, you may gradually be able to carry more weight in your legs.
- When standing up straight, the top of your walker should reach to the crease in your wrist.
- Your elbows should be slightly bent when you hold the handgrips of the walker.
- Keep your back straight. Don't hunch over the walker.
- Check to be sure the rubber tips on your walker's legs are in good shape. If they become uneven or worn, you can purchase new tips at a drug store or medical supply store.
- First, position your walker about one step ahead of you, making sure that all four legs of the walker are on even ground.
- With both hands, grip the top of the walker for support and move your injured leg into the middle area of the walker. Do not step all the way to the front.
- Push straight down on the handgrips of the walker as you bring your good leg up so it is even with your injured leg. Always take small steps when you turn and move slowly.
- Back up until your legs touch the chair.
- Use your hands to feel behind you for the seat of the chair.
- Slowly lower yourself into the chair.
To stand up:
- Push yourself up using the strength of your arms and grasp the walker's handgrips.
- Do not pull on or tilt the walker to help you stand up.
Never climb stairs or use an escalator with your walker.
Contributed and/or Updated by
AAOS does not endorse any treatments, procedures, products, or physicians referenced herein. This information is provided as an educational service and is not intended to serve as medical advice. Anyone seeking specific orthopaedic advice or assistance should consult his or her orthopaedic surgeon, or locate one in your area through the AAOS Find an Orthopaedist program on this website.
|
<urn:uuid:c70243e6-6b11-48ee-96df-701ed9e45dd3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.orthoinfo.org/en/recovery/how-to-use-crutches-canes-and-walkers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92015 | 1,861 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Space debris orbiting around Earth has considerably increased in amount ever since we started sending off space missions. Most of the machinery used in these missions is left to lurk in the space, joining the Earth’s orbit and contributing to the debris ‘pollution’ in the space. Now, Boeing has come up with a rather unique idea to resolve this problem.
The need to tackle the space debris orbiting Earth is imminent. If it is not tackled, scientists hold that within the next few decades, it would become hard for space shuttles to navigate through Earth’s orbit without running into a piece of this debris.
Boeing has now filed a patent which speaks of an extra-ordinary idea of tackling this debris. The company has proposed that the pieces of debris should be hit with a puff of gas. This would, in turn, propel these pieces of debris towards Earth’s atmosphere where the sheer force of friction would destroy them.
Ever since human started space missions, thousands of satellites have been sent into space. And most of them, after having being used for the purpose they were built for, are left in the space without any post-use disposal plans. Today, thousands of these ‘dead’ satellites can be found within Earth’s orbit and they pose a very real danger to any future space expeditions.
In the past, scientists have come up with a number of ideas to remove this debris from Earth’s orbit. However, the idea that has been proposed by Boeing is a lot simpler. It comprises of sending a satellite with a gas tank into the space, the gas it contains being an inert cryogenic gas. The gas would then be used to hit a particular piece of junk and send it into Earth’s atmosphere where it would self-destruct. While so far, this remains confined only to theory, one hopes that such a plan would soon be applied to tackle the problem of space debris.
Buy Cheapest Related Product From Amazon.com
| « Previous
[Tutorial] How To Install Necessary Drivers From Device Manager in Windows 8
| Next »
[Tutorial] How To Improve Samsung Galaxy S III Camera With Camera HX Mod
|
<urn:uuid:5ec81ee7-9243-4a7a-aab0-e0b336f9d6ae>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://thetechjournal.com/space/patent-boeing-plans-to-use-gas-clouds-to-tackle-space-debris.xhtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052593/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00096-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942532 | 453 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Wasei-eigo (和製英語, Japanese-made English, English words coined in Japan) are Japanese pseudo-Anglicisms: English constructions not used in the English-speaking world or by native English speakers, but that appear in Japanese. This should not be confused for foreign words gairaigo, which generally refer to words from European languages, especially English. Wasei-eigo is also distinct from Engrish, as these are actual Japanese words used in Japanese conversation—not attempts at speaking English. These include acronyms and initialisms particular to Japan—see list of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations. Wasei-eigo can be compared to wasei kango (和製漢語, Japanese-created kango (Chinese compounds)), which are Japanese pseudo-Sinicisms (Japanese words created on Chinese roots), and are also extremely common.
Some common examples are sararīman = "salaryman" meaning 'white-collar worker'; ōeru = OL standing for "office lady" meaning 'female office worker'; "walkman", a brand name for a portable audio player; etc.
Some wasei-eigo have in turn been borrowed as pseudo-Anglicisms in other countries.
See also
- List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms
- List of Konglish terms
- List of Japanese Latin alphabetic abbreviations
- (Japanese) 恥ずかしい和製英語
Further reading
- Laura Miller. 1997 "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan." In The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123-139. Google Books
- Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
- Katakana Shingo-jiten, Gakken 2003, ISBN 4-05-301351-8
|
<urn:uuid:98322d06-e325-4081-a263-c78163b0b90f>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasei-eigo
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382360/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.853886 | 468 | 2.859375 | 3 |
« back to encyclopedia search results
Food Standards Agency (FSA)
A UK Government department monitoring the food we eat. They are also in charge of regulations concerning food labelling. They issue useful guidance, but have no enforcing power. Some of their guidelines are as follows.
1. Raw meat. This can be chilled to 1°C , what they call ‘chilled’ – but still sold as ‘fresh’.
2. Fruit juice: Juice made from a concentrate, should not be labelled ‘freshly-squeezed juice’ – and the name ‘fresh’ not used, directly or by implication, for juices produced in this manner. However, the term ‘pure’ can be used.
3. Fresh ingredients: Where the term ‘fresh ingredients’ is used, no processed ingredients should be used.
4. Chilled foods: The term ‘fresh’ should not be used for prepared ‘chilled’
5. Natural: The term ‘natural’ should only imply to a product comprised of natural ingredients – not interfered with by man in any way. Processes such as freezing, concentration, pasteurisation and sterilisation don’t fit the bill of ‘natural’ foods. However, a product could be labelled as ‘pasteurised natural lemon juice’.
6. Terms, such as – ‘natural goodness’, ‘naturally better’, or ‘nature’s way’ are largely meaningless and should not be used.
7. Pure: The term should only be used in the following circumstances.
1. to which nothing has been added.
2. that is free from adventitious contamination by similar foods
3. that has been extracted from naturally associated material, to which nothing has been added, provided it is made clear that it has undergone such a process i.e. ‘pure refined white sugar’ or ‘pure refined honey’.
4. Compound foods/pure: It is, however, acceptable to describe compound foods as ‘made with pure ingredients’, if all the ingredients meet the criteria above.
5. Traditional: The term ‘traditional’ should demonstrably be used to describe a recipe, fundamental formulation or processing method for a product that has existed for a significant period. The ingredients and process used should have been available, substantially unchanged, for that same period. The FAC considers it misleading to use the term ‘traditional’, without qualification, to distinguish an ‘original’ recipe from subsequent variants. Manufacturers should consider whether ther term ‘ original’ might be more appropriate.
6. Original: The term ‘original’ should only be used to describe food that is made to a formulation, the origin of which can be traced, and that has effectively remained unchanged over time. It can similarly be used to describe a process, provided it is the process first used in the making of the food, and which has remained unchanged over time. They also recommend that the term ‘original’ a product should not have changed to any material degree and that it should remain available as the ‘standard’ product when new variants are introduced.
7. Authentic: The FAC say its difficult to draw absolute distinctions between terms such as ‘authentic’. ‘real’, and ‘genuine’. They feel that the term ‘authentic’ and analogous terms should only be used in the following circumstances – to emphasise the geographic origin of a product, for example where it might be confused with other products of the same name that do not originate from that location, e.g. ‘authentic Devon toffees’; to describe the recipe used to make the product, the origin of which is specified, e.g. ‘authentic Indian recipe curry’; to emphasise the purity of single varieties of ingredients where such purity is essential to deliver specific characteristics.
8. Home-Made: This should mean – made in the home, or made by oneself in a domestic kitchen – not by a manufacturer. At the very least, they should be completely made on the premises.
9. Factory foods: These should not be packaged with illustrations misrepresenting them to be made in small kitchens, farmhouses etc.
10. Terms, such as ‘prime’, ‘country style’, have no meaning whatsoever.
A full copy of their guidelines can be obtained from [email protected] Tel: 0845-606 0667 Fax: 020-8867 3225
|
<urn:uuid:903d915a-5290-4cdb-80d1-6cbeeba81d2e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.gourmetbritain.com/food-encyclopedia/2469/food-standards-agency-fsa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689413.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923014525-20170923034525-00103.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942865 | 977 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Carla Tanguay, MA, MT-BC
Music for Healthy Aging
Music is an integral part of our lives from the time we are born. Across cultures, parents sing lullabies to their babies, children learn songs to help them remember, and teenagers use music to connect with each other and form their identities. But did you know that music can also play a vital role in healthy aging?
The benefits of music support its use throughout adulthood into old age. In 2020, the Global Council on Brain Health concluded that listening to and making music can support brain health as people age. In fact, we have yet to discover an activity that engages more of our brain than music! Music is a powerful way to simulate multiple brain regions and benefits range from improvements in cognitive and mental wellbeing, to social connections, to immune and cardiovascular benefits.
One of the key benefits of music is that it takes advantage of neuroplasticity - our brain's ability to form new pathways throughout life. Because music activates our brain in unique ways, it can even provide access to areas that are damaged. For example, people who have lost the ability to speak due to stroke or brain injury in the verbal center of the brain may still be able to sing. This is because singing and speaking are not processed on the same brain pathways, so therapists can use music therapy techniques to help people improve their speech and communication.
Music has the ability to trigger memories. Musical memory is typically preserved longer than other abilities in people with dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. Listening to favorite songs can activate specific brain regions linked to autobiographical memories and emotions, which can provide comfort, pleasure, and connection for older adults. Some evidence suggests that active engagement in music (learning an instrument or working with a music therapist) may boost memory and provide protective effects against dementia.
In addition to the cognitive benefits, music also has significant social benefits. Sharing music creates an instant feeling of connection, and as we age, social connections often decrease. Music provides a way to reawaken and strengthen those bonds. Whether it's joining a choir or band, singing with grandchildren, or attending a concert, music can provide a way to connect with others and improve social bonds.
Music also benefits to our bodies and motor systems. Music has rhythm, and rhythm gets people moving. We naturally pair physical activities with music: dance, marching, working, and sports. Studies find that when people listen to music, they run father, pedal faster, and work out longer. Songs that match the tempo of your movements and have a strong beat can help synchronize movements and even help your body move more efficiently.
In each moment, music offers the opportunity to sing along, to dance or tap our toes, or just to let the sounds wash away stress or worry. Music has measurable effects on physiological measures, including heart rate, respirations, and blood pressure. With all the benefits that music brings, we all should be looking for more ways to integrate more music into our lives.
If you are looking for professional support, music therapy is a credentialed healthcare profession where trained therapists help people use the benefits of music to reach health, wellness and rehabilitative goals. A music therapist can help you determine what musical activities and interventions are most useful for your needs and goals.
|
<urn:uuid:a00c2f1a-6c72-4191-9de3-fc84a3a2765c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.modulationstherapies.com/post/music-for-healthy-aging
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650409.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604225057-20230605015057-00726.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955917 | 668 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Cultural Leadership students and alumni are available to speak and/or facilitate discussions at your school, house of worship, or other community group. We are happy to send speakers to discuss Cultural Leadership, the importance of its mission, and its impact on our students.
Students can also facilitate discussions among your group(s) on such critical issues as racism, power, privilege, and prejudice, which we continue to face in our communities and our country.
See below for our list of possible facilitation formats. We are happy to tailor our facilitation to suit your group’s specific needs.
To learn more about booking a speaker, contact Cultural Leadership.
After the movie [Crash] the Diversity Club was engaged in a discussion about race with four facilitators from Cultural Leadership. It was a terrific forum. Our students voiced their feelings and thoughts in an open, comfortable setting. – Principal at Fort Zumwalt West High School.
Our students are thrilled to lead these “courageous conversations” as they know the power of dialogue in spreading understanding and inclusion in our society. Though difficult to discuss, it is vital that our community encourage this sensitive, and crucial, dialogue on race, gender, oppression, or any other topic at hand. Lack of dialogue breeds stereotypes, mistrust, exclusion, prejudice, and misunderstanding.
There are many options of discussions topics and formats from which to choose. And, we can always tailor our discussions or topics to your group’s specific needs. Here is a list of possibilities.
Please contact us with any questions.
1. Video prompt discussions – We have many provocative videos that prompt discussions on issues of race, assumptions and inequality. Videos provide a format that gets groups talking easily about difficult topics by relating them, at first, to the video alone. As the group’s discussion deepens, our students will probe the audience to begin thinking about the themes of the video in terms of their own life experience.
2. Activity based discussion – Cultural Leadership students have learned many ice breakers, exercises and activities that lead to many incredibly powerful conversations and insights. Some of these are very bold activities that require established trust and safety within the group. They demonstrate the inequalities in our society and open a window for the privileged to see into the experience of the oppressed and vice- versa.
3. Article based discussion – There are many short articles on social issues that can be used to prompt discussions. If there is a particular topic that is important for your group to discuss, we can find an article that will lead into that conversation.
4. Current event prompt – Current events demonstrate, perhaps best, the dire need to have dialogue on these tough social issues. They are present examples of mistrust and misunderstanding that bring to the surface the urgency of resolution. (examples: President Obama’s speech in Philadelphia on race; Attorney General Eric Holder saying “we are a nation of cowards”, etc.)
5. A prompt and discussion tailored to your group’s specific needs.
|
<urn:uuid:b9367312-90b5-4e73-a7a7-005697d1b76f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.culturalleadership.org/book-a-speaker/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00085.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95301 | 624 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- The Intrepid Experience
- About Intrepid
- Booking Intrepid
Uganda Culture, Geography and History
Culture and Customs of Uganda
Uganda is home to many different tribal groups, and a wide variety of different customs and traditions can be observed depending on where you travel in Uganda. Spontaneous dance and song is a hallmark of African culture and this is not an exception in Uganda, where tribes and villages will often greet groups of newcomers with rousing song and dance. Greeting others is a very important part of Ugandan culture and not greeting or acknowledging someone you are passing or meeting can be seen as impolite, especially in rural areas and villages. Shaking hands is an appropriate greeting when meeting someone for the first time and often both hands are given for a handshake.
Food or drink is often extended to visitors, even though many Ugandans have very little, and it is viewed as impolite to decline an offer of food or hospitality. Accept willingly and graciously eat or drink what has been offered to you. Generally, most of Uganda’s population lives in rural or regional centres, although urban areas are rapidly expanding and modern influences are infiltrating Ugandan society at a fast rate. With this modernisation, some of the old ways are dying out as younger Ugandans become more adept at using technology, although many still live tribal lives based on hunting and agriculture.
Geography and Environment of Uganda
Uganda sits in East Africa and shares borders with Sudan, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Kenya. Despite being landlocked, Uganda still has access to fresh water via surrounding lakes (Lake Victoria, Lake Edward and Lake Albert). As a well-watered country with rich soil, much of Uganda’s land is used for agriculture and cash crops. Coffee, cotton, tea and tobacco plantations are common sights, as are farms of plantains, corn and cassava. The rest of the country is a combination of woodlands, swamp, forest and savanna, as well as pockets of protected nature reserves and national parks.
History and Government of Uganda
Inhabited by hunter-gatherer tribes for centuries, it's thought that the Hamitic people from neighbouring countries arrived sometime before 1000 AD, bringing with them knowledge of animal husbandry and agriculture. Migration from neighbouring countries continued, with tribespeople from Kenya and Tanzania flowing into Uganda well into the 16th century, as well as Arab traders moving inland from the coast and Christian missionaries arriving during the 1800s.
Uganda came under colonial rule during the late 1800s, and was known as the Kingdom of Uganda under British rule. Colonial rule continued for many years until independence was granted in 1962. From 1971 to 1979, Uganda came under the rule of Idi Amin, hallmarked by a time of economic decline and human rights violations. By the time Amin had fled to Libya, many Ugandans were suffering from extreme economic hardship and social difficulties. Conflicts with neighbouring countries in the 80s and 90s created more turmoil and upheaval, although more recently, Ugandans have enjoyed a time of relative peace with an improved economy largely due to an increase in tourist numbers and agricultural export.
Uganda at a glance
- Kampala (population 773,463)
- 34.6 million
- Swahili, English, Ganda
- (GMT+03:00) Nairobi
- Type G (Irish/British 3-pin)
- Stream MP3
- Download MP3
- Download Transcript
|
<urn:uuid:160e9058-e768-4ea7-8c71-bde99e227b72>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.intrepidtravel.com/uganda/culture-geography-history
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164002922/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133322-00006-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959771 | 731 | 2.9375 | 3 |
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Suggested Essays
by Ken Kesey
Suggested Essay Questions
What do Nurse Ratched and McMurphy believe are the keys to defeating one another?
Answer: Nurse Ratched believes that letting McMurphy know how long he will ultimately stay in the joint without her permission to leave will inevitably force him to behave. McMurphy, meanwhile, believes that contesting Nurse Ratched for power and testing her sexual boundaries will make her "crack."
What do the black boys represent?
Answer: They seem to have no personality other than being vehicles for Nurse Ratched's hatred. They are her henchmen. They represent the dark anger, the overpowering rage, that lies inside of her and exists almost outside of herself after being buried for so long.
What is Nurse Ratched's primary technique of manipulation among the men of the ward?
Answer: She relies principally on emasculation to destabilize them. In the case of Billy Bibbit, for instance, she threatens to tell his mother of his behavior problems. She emasculates Harding by siding with his overbearing, domineering wife.
What is the purpose of EST in the context of the patients' individual treatments?
Answer: Electroshock therapy, as described by Chief Bromden, should be used only in the most extreme cases since it essentially induces seizure in order to clear the brain. But in the case of these inmates, Nurse Ratched uses it as punishment, somehow to "teach." If someone is not responsive, she is willing to take the next step and use lobotomy as punishment.
How might the story of McMurphy be understood as a religious metaphor?
Answer: McMurphy himself recognizes the Christian metaphor of his sacrifice and death for the sake of the other inmates. A number of explicit allusions back up this metaphor. McMurphy takes twelve disciples on the fishing trip, is betrayed by a Judas figure, wears a crown of thorns for his ultimate punishment, and is taken down and essentially killed by a repressive regime. He is a kind of Christ-figure in the novel even if the resurrection is Chief Bromden's and not McMurphy's.
Why is Chief Bromden the narrator instead of McMurphy?
Answer: If McMurphy were the narrator, he could not quite be telling the tell as a fable. He would be empowered to control the path of the narrative--if he were still sane. But Bromden, who has not been lobotomized but freed, recounts McMurphy's story and takes the lesson to the outside world. He becomes the messenger.
Chief Bromden believes in the "fog" and the power of the "Combine." Explain both in the context of the book's themes.
Answer: The fog is, on an individual level, a kind of mental dimness or confusion that also represents the thickness of delusion and suffering that prevents the inmates from seeing their true situation and their true selves. The Combine is, on a social level, a repressive institution and all the individual wheels and cogs in it that ensure that the inmates stay quiescent.
Does McMurphy forget to leave on the night of his escape, or is it a purposeful self-sacrifice?
Answer: When McMurphy supposedly oversleeps and is discovered, we must question the depth of his motivation to escape. McMurphy has found deep fulfillment in helping the men in the ward, especially Bromden, despite his increasing personal frustration. But he also has been letting his frustration distance himself somewhat from his initial efforts at leadership. McMurphy may well be the kind of person who is immoderate in his desires and who might end up oversleeping even while he might have preferred to escape.
What is the place of Nurse Ratched after McMurphy's lobotomy?
Answer: McMurphy has figuratively disrobed Nurse Ratched, disempowering her and because she has been exposed as human. Her power over the men is further broken, despite her clear victory over McMurphy as an individual. "Thoughts are free," but if part of one's brain has been removed, one does not even have much in the way of thoughts. Ratched has been stripped of much of her authority, her credibility in the overall institution has been further eroded, and Bromden finally gains the independence to escape.
Is Nurse Ratched the true villain of the story?
Answer: Nurse Ratched is nominally the villain, but she symbolizes a somewhat broken institutional system and the problems of a larger, repressive society that subjugates individualism to conformity. She is part of the Combine, and her place in the machine will likely be taken by another upon her demise. Still, she is particularly cruel at a level beyond that of the other doctors and nurses.
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Essays and Related Content
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Major Themes
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Essays
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Questions
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Purchase the Novel and Related Material
- Ken Kesey: Biography
- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Summary
- About One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
- Character List
- Glossary of Terms
- Major Themes
- Summary and Analysis of Part One, Chapters 1-5
- Summary and Analysis of Part One, Chapters 6-9
- Summary and Analysis of Part One, Chapters 10-15
- Summary and Analysis of Part Two, Chapters 16-18
- Summary and Analysis of Part Two, Chapters 19-23
- Summary and Analysis of Part Three, Chapters 24-25
- Summary and Analysis of Part Four, Chapters 26-29
- Material Changed from Kesey's Original Novel
- Related Links on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
- Suggested Essay Questions
- Test Yourself! - Quiz 1
- Test Yourself! - Quiz 2
- Test Yourself! - Quiz 3
- Test Yourself! - Quiz 4
- Author of ClassicNote and Sources
|
<urn:uuid:50fc4f8a-c93b-44fe-a128-3ba9ecbc98a8>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.gradesaver.com/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest/study-guide/essay-questions/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705502703/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115822-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958775 | 1,303 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In a discussion of patients' rights, it's also important to review patients' responsibilities. Just as we have rights as American citizens (the right to vote, for example), we have corresponding responsibilities that help maintain those rights (the responsibility of going to the polls to vote.) The same is true for our medical care.
Maintaining Healthy HabitsThat proverbial ounce of prevention is most definitely more effective and efficient that the corresponding pound of cure. Making healthy food choices, getting plenty of exercise, resolving stress, getting enough sleep, moderating alcohol consumption, and refraining from smoking are those good habits we are all familiar with -- and most of us need to work on.
Being Respectful to ProvidersJust as it's a patient's right to expect respect, it is the patient's responsibility to show respect in return. This is not to suggest that patients need to be so respectful that they are afraid to ask questions or request clarification on issues regarding their health. Rather, it's a recognition that commanding respect means giving it in return -- on both sides of the patient/provider equation.
Being Honest With ProvidersAs an empowered patient, you recognize that being totally honest with your practitioner is imperative. This means sharing all information about your habits and health, as holding back can mean not getting the care that you need.
Complying with Treatment PlansSince you and your doctor will have worked together to agree on a treatment plan, it only makes sense to comply with that plan. Not doing so works against the good care you've put effort into securing.
Preparing for EmergenciesFor those who have medical challenges and/or take prescription drugs to maintain their health, it is important to be prepared for medical emergencies. If you find yourself in an emergency room, you'll want to be sure hospital personnel know about the treatments you are already receiving, or the cautions needed for effective treatment.
Reading Behind the HeadlinesWe see news every day about some new study that changes the way we see certain diseases or conditions. Sometimes the headlines don't tell the whole story. As an empowered patient, you know to look behind those headlines to find out if they apply to you.
Making Decisions ResponsiblyIn the face of a frightening diagnosis, or a scary treatment option, it's difficult to leave our emotions out of our decisions. We need to make sure our decisions about our care are based on solid evidence and proven procedures, rather than wishful thinking.
Understanding Prescription Drugs and Their Possible EffectsThere are so many possibilities for drug-related medical errors that we need to take responsibility for double-checking all prescriptions, then comparing them to the drug the pharmacist delivers to us. This is a safety question that all empowered patients must address.
To learn more about potential side effects of a drug you're on, visit About.com's Drug Finder.
Meeting Financial ObligationsPatients have the right to choose their insurance or other means for paying for their healthcare, and that right is balanced by the responsibility of taking care of those payments or corresponding financial obligations. There is no question that medical costs can become difficult and cumbersome, but they do need to be dealt with responsibly.
Reporting Fraud and WrongdoingWe've all heard of medical payment fraud, whether it's through taking advantage of Medicare laws or billing for services not rendered through public or private medical payment assistance. These violations serve to line the pockets of those who don't deserve that extra money, while forcing all citizens to pay out of their own pockets in the form of higher premiums, copays, coinsurance or Medicare taxes. It is the responsibility of patients who become aware of such fraudulent activity to report it to those who can stop it.
Avoiding Putting Others at RiskAt one extreme, we see and hear news reports about a tuberculosis patient who travels the world, potentially infecting someone else, or about a person with AIDS who passes on his disease intentionally.
At the other extreme, we send our kids to school, knowing they are running a mild fever or coughing and sneezing from an upper respiratory problem. Not to be forgotten is the dangerous workplace, or the highway bridge that is unsafe, or the playground built on a toxic waste dump.
In the United States, we have an obligation not to harm others either through intentional or unintentional means. It's our responsibility to act in such a way that we keep others from being infected or injured. In some cases, there are laws that speak to this responsibility, warranting eventual arrest or a lawsuit. In others, it's simply common sense or even the golden rule.
|
<urn:uuid:ebe203e5-b634-4890-a9a9-867e84ee27e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://patients.about.com/od/patientempowermentissues/a/patientsresp.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00443-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961981 | 931 | 2.625 | 3 |
VOCABULARY OF ENGAGEMENT AND WEDDING IN DIALECTS OF THE CIESZYN REGION (ON THE POLISH-CZECH BORDER) (Nazewnictwo obrzadku zaslubin i wesela w gwarach cieszynskich dawniej i dzis)
Selected contents from this journal
Languages of publication
In her paper the authoress is analyzing South Silesian vocabulary referring to names of fiancées, brides, fiancés, grooms, and to expressions concerning period between proposal and marriage like: to be affianced, betrothed, engaged to be married. Some of those words are very old and archaic (for example 'snymby', 'wiesieli'); other include semantic evolution or change. For example: the Polish archaic lexeme 'niewiasta' ('women' or 'wife') changed its meaning under the influence of the Czech 'bride'. To a lesser extend the paper describes that period in its cultural, ethnic, religious and social context. She also touches upon superstitions, magical practices, wedding songs and ritual speeches related to it. She often refers to Lucjan Malinowski's research. He was probably the first Polish linguist and ethnographer, who described the Silesian wedding ceremonies (Wisla, 1859).
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier
|
<urn:uuid:9a178dc1-c3a7-4986-a13d-62683b8c69ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.24d50307-96e6-31a5-bec3-353ad5c25484
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413786.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531213917-20200601003917-00093.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.769898 | 304 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Feast Days in the Book of Joel
The prophecy in the book of Joel follows the basic sequence of events in the autumn feasts of Israel. The important point we wish to make here, relative to the Day of Atonement, is Joel's declaration that the day of vintage--where the grapes are trodden--is called "the valley of decision" (Joel 3:12-14). This term is applicable to the day of Jacob's wrestling the angel, as well as the day Israel had to decide whether or not to enter the Promised Land. Recall that the twelve spies had brought home the first ripe of the grapes, which identifies the Day of Atonement with the day of vintage and judgment.
Blowing the Trumpet
The sequence of the feast days begins with Joel 2:1, which says,
1 Blow a trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm on My holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble, for the day of the LORD is coming; surely it is near,
This begins the prophecy of the Feast of Trumpets. Joel then describes a great army of God being raised up, which reminds us of the angelic host that Jacob saw at Mahanaim. Joel says it is "the day of the Lord" (2:2). From the world's point of view, it is a day of darkness and gloominess. They see this army like locusts, consuming all things in their paths like a fire. Yet in reality, this is the army of God, raised from the dead, which comes with the fiery law of God as a sharp sword in their mouths, for when He comes with many thousands of His holy ones, they are the manifestation of His law. Deuteronomy 33:2 and 3 says,
2 And he said, "The LORD came from Sinai, and dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran, and He came from the midst of ten thousand holy ones; at His right hand there was flashing lightning [Hebrew: esh-dath, "fire-law"] for them. 3 "Indeed, He loves the people; all Thy holy ones are in Thy hand, and they followed in Thy steps; everyone receives of Thy words. 4 "Moses charged us with a law, a possession for the assembly of Jacob.
Here we see that God came to Sinai with a fiery law in His right hand, and "all Thy holy ones are in Thy hand." In other words, the holy ones are pictured as God's fiery law, because they are the ones called to administrate the divine law and bring righteous judgment to the earth. These are God's judges. These are God's hosts, Joel's army. "A fire consumes before them, and behind them a flame burns" (Joel 2:3). Like locusts, they will penetrate every house (Joel 2:9).
One might also interpret this great army in a negative manner. Joel's army is pictured as locusts, and Revelation 9 pictures another army as locusts, led by the angel of the bottomless pit (Rev. 9:11). His name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek it is Apollyon. In Revelation 9:7 and in Joel 2:4 these armies are each described as horses and horsemen doing battle. For this reason, it seems that we can interpret Joel's army in either a positive or a negative light. This is appropriate for a passage that depicts the events surrounding the Feast of Trumpets, for as we have already seen in the pattern of Jacob, Esau came with his army, but God sent His own army to stop them.
Hence, we have the presence of BOTH sides in a conflict in the Feast of Trumpets. Both are seen as being raised up, but in different ways. In the resurrection of the dead, God raises up His army, while the opposing forces are inspired by spirits from the abyss, or the bottomless pit.
The Call to Repentance
Joel 2:12-20 is the prophet's section dealing with the Day of Atonement. It is a call to repentance, and, as we said earlier, a day of decision and judgment. Verses12-17 say,
12 "Yet even now," declares the LORD, "return to Me with all your heart, and with fasting, weeping, and mourning; 13 and rend your heart and not your garments. "Now return to the LORD your God, for He is gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, abounding in lovingkindness, and relenting of evil. 14 Who knows whether He will not turn and relent, and leave a blessing behind Him, even a grain offering and a libation for the LORD your God? 15 Blow a trumpet [Heb. shofar] in Zion, consecrate a fast, proclaim a solemn assembly, 16 gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children and the nursing infants. Let the bridegroom come out of his room and the bride out of her bridal chamber. 17 Let the priests, the LORD's ministers, weep between the porch and the altar, and let them say, "Spare Thy people, O LORD, And do not make Thine inheritance a reproach, a byword among the nations. Why should they among the peoples say, 'Where is their God?' "
In all the feast days of Israel, the Day of Atonement was the only day where they called for a fast. It was a day of repentance. Joel's commentary on this feast day shows that after the resurrection of the dead on the Feast of Trumpets, the Church will repent and pray for mercy. The ministers and priests themselves will issue this call to repentance. They will ask God to spare His people so that the heathen would not rule over them. In other words, they will want to be ruled by the overcomers who are truly filled with His Spirit and know how to judge with the wisdom and love of God.
In verse 15 the prophet also says they will "blow a trumpet in Zion." The trumpet in verse 1 signifies the Feast of Trumpets. The trumpet in verse 15 is the Jubilee trumpet. Joel is telling us that they will make the decision to enter the Tabernacles Age, i.e., the Promised Land. They will call for the Bridegroom (Jesus) to come out of His room to claim His bride. Precisely what this means is not discussed here in the book of Joel, but we do know it has reference to the second coming of Christ.
We have already shown previously that the first resurrection includes only the overcomers and not the Church as a whole. The same division would hold true with those believers who are alive on earth when He comes. Only the overcomers will be transfigured, or "changed" (1 Cor. 15:51). The rest of the believers (the Church in general) will genuinely repent on this Day of Atonement, and they will even call for a Jubilee on earth. They will certainly get their wish and will benefit from the change in administration during the Age of Tabernacles. Life spans will increase to the point where "the youth will die at the age of one hundred, and the one who does not reach the age of one hundred shall be thought accursed" (Isaiah 65:20). Even so, they will still continue to die as we do today, for these Christians will not have immortality. They will have missed the first resurrection.
The Former and Latter Rains
As a result of the Church's repentance and prayer, God will answer and will remove the "northern army" that had come against them (Joel 2:20). This is the equivalent of God saving Jacob from Esau's army. Then Joel speaks of the outpouring of the Spirit that shall come like the rain upon the earth. This is a prophecy first of Pentecost and ultimately of the Feast of Tabernacles. Joel 2:21-23 read,
21 Do not fear, O land, rejoice and be glad, for the LORD has done great things. 22 Do not fear, beasts of the field, for the pastures of the wilderness have turned green, for the tree has borne its fruit, the fig tree and the vine have yielded in full. 23 So rejoice, O sons of Zion, and be glad in the LORD your God; for He has given you the early rain [moreh, "an archer; or teacher] for your vindication [zedekaw, "righteousness"]. And He has poured down for you the rain [geshem, "a shower"], the early [moreh, "teacher"] and latter rain [malkoshe, "rain"] as before.
The NASB translation above is not very literal. I prefer the Young's Literal Translation of this verse, which reads as follows:
23 And ye sons of Zion, joy and rejoice in Jehovah your God, for He hath given to you the Teacher for righteousness, and causeth to come down to you a shower, sprinkling and gathered in the beginning.
Who is this "Teacher for righteousness" that Joel mentions? We believe it is Jesus Christ on the primary level, but also the overcomers on a secondary level. Jesus is the Head; the overcomers are the body in the sense that they will be the perfected ones who will be fully joined to the Head at His coming.
In ancient times some people felt that their own founders or leaders fulfilled this prophecy as "Teacher of Righteousness." The Essenes in Jesus' day referred to their founder by this title. They believed that their founder was the one called to bring forth all the right teachings, and that they (the Essenes) were the final remnant who would rule in the kingdom of God. Because their historical knowledge in the second century B.C. was incomplete, they thought that they were living in the time of the end of Daniel's 70 weeks. Hence, they were of the view that they were living in the time when the Messiah was about to be manifested. They were wrong by at least 150 years.
The Essenes were one of the three main sects in the land of Judea. The sect was established between 165 and 168 B.C. during the tumultuous years when Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria took over Jerusalem and transformed Ezra's temple into a shrine for their god, Jupiter (168 B.C.). The people of Judea then revolted against Antiochus and overthrew him, rededicating the Temple in 165 B.C on the same day that it had been desecrated three years earlier. This was primarily through the leadership of the Hasmoni family of Judah. After gaining their independence, they set up the Hasmonean dynasty, more commonly known as the Maccabees. The full story can be found in the apocryphal book of 1 Maccabees or in Josephus' book, Antiquities of the Jews, written toward the end of the first century. We, too, will share more about this event in Chapter 14.
As Christians, we believe that the Teacher of Righteousness prophesied in the book of Joel is none other than Jesus Christ Himself. He is also the King of Righteousness, that is, "Melchisedec." Jesus came and taught us by His words and by His perfect life how to fulfill all righteousness. He obeyed the Law perfectly and had a perfect understanding of it--unlike the lawyers and priests of His day. Jesus Himself fulfilled this role as Teacher of Righteousness in His first coming; but in His second coming the role will also be assumed by the overcomers, who are His body. They, too, will be called to bring righteousness to the earth and the Church by manifesting the full character and work of Christ to all men.
The coming of this Teacher of Righteousness is what brings the rain of the Holy Spirit to the earth. Christ comes to pour out the fullness of His Spirit upon the overcomers who fulfill the Feast of Tabernacles. They, in turn, will manifest Christ to the rest of the world and bring this rain to the entire earth.
Pouring Out His Spirit
After Joel speaks of the Day of Atonement, he prophesies of the outpouring of the Spirit upon all flesh. He says in Joel 2:28-32,
28 And it will come about after this that I will pour out My Spirit on all mankind; and your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions. 29 And even on the male and female servants I will pour out My Spirit in those days. 30 And I will display wonders in the sky and on the earth, blood, fire, and columns of smoke. 31 The sun will be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before the great and awesome day of the LORD comes. 32 And it will come about that whoever calls on the name of the LORD will be delivered.
In Peter's first sermon on the day of Pentecost, he quoted this passage, applying it to the outpouring of the Spirit on Pentecost. (See Acts 2:17-21.) We certainly do not dispute this application, but we do recognize that the fulfillment of this prophecy is not complete under Pentecost. Pentecost is only the beginning, an earnest of our inheritance. It is the downpayment of something far greater that is to come under the Feast of Tabernacles.
Under Pentecost, the Spirit of God has come upon a portion of mankind--not "all mankind," as Joel said in verse 28. As for the signs and wonders that were to accompany this outpouring of the Spirit, a portion of these signs did occur in the days leading to Pentecost. There was the "blood" of Jesus when He died on the cross. There was a manifestation of "tongues of fire" on the heads of the people in the upper room. However, the account in the book of Acts says nothing of any "columns of smoke," so one might question the fulfillment of the fire as a reference to Pentecost.
The sun was definitely "turned into darkness" for three hours when Jesus was crucified (Luke 23:44), and later that same afternoon there was a lunar eclipse, which probably made the moon look blood-red. Since Joel also speaks of this as occurring "before the great and awesome day of the Lord," it seems apparent that these signs occurred at Passover before the day of Pentecost. This would make Pentecost the partial fulfillment of "the day of the Lord."
We might then look to the events surrounding the Feast of Tabernacles to fulfill this prophecy in a more complete manner. If it is to be understood in this way, then it is obvious that the Day of Atonement is to Tabernacles what Passover was to Pentecost. In other words, the signs listed above ought to occur on the Day of Atonement just prior to the outpouring of the Spirit on the Feast of Tabernacles.
Of course, the manner of fulfillment is another issue. Some see this fulfilled in a very literal manner, with fire and columns of smoke rising up from cities that have been struck by nuclear missiles or bombs. Others might view it more as the signs that were fulfilled on the Passover of Jesus' crucifixion. It may be both. In our view, since Pentecost occurs on the 50th day and the Jubilee occurs on the 50th year, Pentecost is a small foretaste of the Jubilee leading to the Feast of Tabernacles. Therefore, we must view the events surrounding Jesus' crucifixion as a foretaste of the fulfillment of the Day of Atonement, wherein also is the Jubilee.
We have already seen how the Day of Atonement is a day of decision, both for Israel when the twelve spies gave their report, and in Jacob's wrestling the angel. We also mentioned Joel 3:12-16, where the prophet gives us an addendum regarding the fulfillment of the Day of Atonement:
12 Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Jehoshaphat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about. 13 Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness is great. 14 Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision. 15 The sun and the moon shall be darkened, and the stars shall withdraw their shining. 16 The LORD also shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the LORD will be the hope of his people, and the strength of the children of Israel.
Joel links "the valley of decision" to the time when "the day of the Lord is near." Under Moses the day of decision was limited to Israel. This time it is extended to "multitudes" in a worldwide setting. It seems probable that this will be caused by the events nine days earlier on the Feast of Trumpets. That is, the resurrection of the dead will be a significant enough event for the Church to repent, but this could also spark a worldwide repentance and genuine revival. Yet even so, their repentance will not mean that they can qualify as overcomers, either to be raised from the dead in the first resurrection, or to receive the Tabernacles outpouring of the fullness of the Spirit. Like the five foolish virgins in Matthew 25, they will not have time to obtain the oil needed to enter the wedding.
In our view, the Church as a whole (like Israel) will need to go back to Sinai and learn the purpose of Pentecost. They will then come into their reward at the general resurrection at the end of the thousand years.
|
<urn:uuid:d15b224d-1b6d-49e6-a5e8-b5f90bdcba08>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.gods-kingdom-ministries.net/teachings/books/the-laws-of-the-second-coming/chapter-5-the-feast-days-in-the-book-of-joel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704666482/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114426-00073-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963322 | 3,745 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Canine heartworm is a vector-borne disease that affects domestic dogs, coyotes, black bears, and red and grey foxes. In the southeastern U.S., coyotes and domestic dogs are the most frequently affected.
The canine heartworm is the nematode (roundworm) Dirofilaria immitis. The disease is passed from one animal to another through the bite of a mosquito.
Domestic dogs may have a chronic cough, low stamina, or respiratory distress when infected. Heavy infestations may lead to heart failure.
Heavy infestations can result in worms blocking and irritating the pulmonary artery, causing subsequent enlargement of the right side of the heart and decreased lung efficiency. Congestive heart failure may occur, leading to lung, liver, and kidney damage.
On necropsy, diagnosis is by through recovery of adult worms from the heart. In live animals, diagnosis is through an x-ray or a blood test; microfilariae (tiny worms) can be seen in a blood sample once the infestation is heavy enough.
Wildlife Management Significance
Coyotes can be stressed by heartworm infestation, and occasional mortality occurs; however, population-level effects are unlikely because coyotes usually do not show signs of the disease. Foxes and bears are very uncommon hosts of the disease. Based on the best information available, the most probably infection source for domestic dogs is other dogs, rather than coyotes.
Treatment and Control
Heartworm preventive medication is available for domestic dogs; this is the best control. Treatment of animals infected with heartworm is costly and dangerous, but is successfully done routinely. There is no control or treatment feasible to use on wildlife.
Public Health Implications
Occasionally, people have been diagnosed with a single heartworm in the lung; it is rarely found in the heart in humans. It does not generally cause disease symptoms in people and it’s occurrence is such a rare event that it is not a major public health concern.
|
<urn:uuid:3b60ce44-fe0e-48f0-85fb-746e310b1457>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Canine-Heartworm.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146127.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225172036-20200225202036-00204.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914054 | 415 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Pollen Allergy: Apple is said to be beneficial for health. There is also a saying about this that eating an apple daily keeps the doctor away because by consuming it the body remains healthy and many diseases stay away from the body. Eating apple improves heart health and eating it also keeps diseases like asthma and cancer at bay. Its nutritious elements provide great benefits to the body, but along with the benefits of apple, there are also some disadvantages of eating apple. Although consumption of apple is good for health, but consumption of apple in excess or under certain circumstances can cause allergy. Let us know what kind of allergy can be caused by eating apple.
Apple consumption can cause pollen allergy
Some people are allergic to fruits and some people get sick just by coming in contact with the pollen of fruits. This is called pollen allergy ie pollen allergy. This allergy bothers people due to excessive consumption of apples. The main cause of pollen allergy is the pollen of certain fruits, on coming in contact with which a person becomes ill. Apple is also one of these fruits. Mouth and face swell in pollen allergy. There are many symptoms of this which start appearing on the body after one or two hours after excessive consumption of apple.
Pollen allergy symptoms
Hay fever occurs in pollen allergy. This fever is caused by some kind of allergy and water starts flowing from the eyes and nose and itching starts in the nose and eyes. Apart from this, other symptoms are as follows. Along with the inner part of the mouth, along with the lips, there is swelling in the tongue and throat. There is difficulty in swallowing something. Along with this, the face also swells. Difficulty in breathing and exhaling is also a symptom. Problems of stomach pain, indigestion, cramps, diarrhea etc. start. Along with the face, itching starts in other parts of the body and rashes can come out. In such a situation, the person also starts complaining of dizziness. Along with this, if the allergy is more affected, the blood pressure decreases and the patient may faint.
For More Related News Visit Lifestyle
|
<urn:uuid:bf223669-083c-43c7-b33a-eb1b5c428b39>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://cigened.com/lifestyle/these-people-should-not-eat-apple-there-may-be-pollen-allergy-know-its-symptoms/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00508.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968668 | 427 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, a leader of the Exodus movement and president of the Tennessee Real Estate and Homestead Association, distributed this pamphlet in Nashville, Tennessee, to encourage emigration to Kansas. Singleton would organize transportation for any African Americans eager to escape the discriminatory black codes being instituted in various parts of the South. Singleton and other emigrants believed that former slaves would be able to lead happier lives in a northern state such as Kansas.
Creator: Singleton, Benjamin, 1809-1900
Date: March 18, 1878
This advertisement gives students an idea of how Singleton (and other coordinators of emigration) advertised their settlements, illustrating the roots of emigration. It works with a variety of documents about emigration, particularly those involving Singleton.
Item Number: 209311
Call Number: E185.1878 *1
KSHS Identifier: DaRT ID: 209311
Business and Industry - Services - Real estate
Collections - Photograph
Community Life - Town development - Town companies - Tennessee Real Estate and Homestead Association
Curriculum - 7th Grade Standards - Kansas History Standards - 1860s to 1870s (Benchmark 3) - Exodusters (Indicator 5) - Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
Curriculum - 7th Grade Standards - Kansas History Standards - 1860s to 1870s (Benchmark 3) - Exodusters (Indicator 5) - Emigrant aid organizations
Curriculum - 7th Grade Standards - Kansas History Standards - 1860s to 1870s (Benchmark 3) - Exodusters (Indicator 5) - Exoduster settlements
Curriculum - The Kansas Journey - Chapter 6: Welcome to Kansas: "Her Light Shall Shine"
Date - 1870s - 1878
Home and Family - Daily life - Settlement
Objects and Artifacts - Communication Artifacts - Advertising Medium - Poster
People - African Americans - Exodusters
People - Notable Kansans - Singleton, Benjamin, 1809-1900
Places - Other States - Tennessee
Thematic Time Period - Immigration and Settlement, 1854 - 1890
Type of Material - Printed materials - Posters
|
<urn:uuid:38b0c0e2-679e-46ba-ba77-f3350e14d2c0>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/209311
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999664120/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060744-00041-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.819118 | 453 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Current Scenario of GDP of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a developing country. Though it does not have such a rich GDP condition, its total amount of GDP of 2008 is 78,992 millions of US dollars, and purchasing power parity is 213,504 millions of International dollars. Besides this, ours GDP per capita- current prices is $624 (2010 estimate) and PPP is $1,527 International Dollars (2010 estimate). With addition, the estimated GDP (PPP) – share of world total of Bangladesh is 0.36%. National Accounting Wing of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics produces and disseminates estimates of fiscal year based (1 July-30 June).
Economic growth of Bangladesh is compiled of three main sectors. It will be helpful to understand about GDP of it. Here are the main sectors of GDP and theirs brief discussions:
As a developing country, Bangladesh has several production sectors which have greater contribution on GDP. They are playing important role over our GDP. The major sectors in this issue are:
• Agriculture (18.64%)
• Industry (28.61%)
• Service (52.76%)
Agriculture includes farming crops, animals, fishery and foresting contributions. Farming corps includes paddy, wheat, jute, vegetables, sugarcane, pulses etc; animal farming includes dairy, poultry, fishery, sericulture etc. Agricultures contribution to GDP is 18.64% (current prices) for the fiscal year 2008-2009 (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2008-2009).
Industry is the second largest sector in the percentage contribution to GDP which includes garments & knitting sectors, factories, leather industry, food and beverage etc. The contribution of Industry sector to GDP is 28.61% (current prices) for the fiscal year 2008-2009 (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2008-2009).
Service is the largest sector in the percentage contribution to GDP. It includes all services activities. It consists of trade service, construction, transport, storage and communication, housing, public administration and defense, education, health, financial intermediates such as bank, insurance and other social and personal activities. Service organization’s contribution of GDP of Bangladesh is 52.76% (current prices) for the fiscal year 2008-2009 (Bangladesh Economic Review, 2008-2009.)
Since the liberation war of 1971 the Scenario of GDP of Bangladesh is changing gradually. Bangladesh is an agricultural country. Earlier it had a great contribution over GDP. But gradually the contribution is changing. Now the biggest contributor of GDP is the Garments sector. In 1973/74 contribution of agricultural sector on GDP was 48.3%, and in 2008/09 it was about 18.64%. Instead of this the growth rate in the industrial contribution did not increase as much as Bangladesh would want. In 1973/74 the contribution from industrial sector was 11.1% and now (2008-2009) it is 28.61%. Political instability and inconsistent economic and industrial policy might have the consequent reasons. Meanwhile we saw a great increase in service industry’s contribution on national GDP, from 36% to 52.76%.
Real GDP Growth Rate of Bangladesh (2002-2009)
Real GDP growth rate of Bangladesh of 2010: 5.88% (forecasted).
Here, we have seen that in last three years the GDP of Bangladesh is declining. Even the estimated GDP of 2009 is also low than the base year, 2006.
Sectoral Contribution on the GDP of Bangladesh:
- Agriculture Sector
The broad agriculture sector comprises about 18.64% of the total GDP. The overall growth rate of the broad agriculture sector for FY 2008-09 is provisionally estimated at 4.8% in real terms over FY 2007-08 (See Appendix 2.5.4 and 2.5.5).
The sectors and sub-sectors performance under broad agriculture sector are presented below.
Agriculture and Forestry
Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture directly or indirectly. The agriculture and forestry sector contributed about 16.03% of the total GDP in FY 2008-09, includes three sectors namely
• Crops and Horticulture
• Animal Farming
• Forest and related services
Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables has also greater importance. Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas.
Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh’s agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production. These factors include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. With 28.8 million metric tons produced in 2005-2006 (July-June), rice is Bangladesh’s principal crop. By comparison, wheat output in 2005-2006 was 9 million metric tons. Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat.
But our agriculture is still fighting with many problems. Seasonal hunger (“monga”) remains a problem. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower.
The growth rate of this sector for FY 2008-09 is provisionally estimated at 4.81% which was 2.93% in FY 2007-08. The growth rate of this sector is assumed higher compared to the previous fiscal year due to the increase of growth in crops and horticulture sub-sector.
Due to the higher production of food grains the growth is quicker than previous fiscal year.
The production of minor crops, which include pulses, spices, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables and
tobacco, is expected to be around the level of preceding year. These minor crops contributed about
30% to the total output of the crop sub-sector.
The output of the animal farming is likely to grow by 3.46% which was 2.44 %in the
Total inland and marine catches as estimated by the Directorate of Fisheries (DOF) will be
4.81% higher in FY 2006-07 (2.44 million metric tons) than that in the previous year. The
fishery sector is likely to grow by 3.99% in FY 2006-07 compared with 3.91% in FY
2005-06. At constant prices the contribution of fishery sub-sector is 4.3% to the total GDP of
FY 2006-07. In FY 2008-09 estimated growth rate is 4.01% which is lower than the previous FY 2007-08, 4.18%.
- Mining and quarrying:
Mining and quarrying is likely to sustain its growth with 10.02% in FY 2006-07 which is higher than 9.26% in FY 2004-05. Production of coal at Barapukuria is included in other mining sub-sector from January’06. Consequently, the growth rate of other mining sub-sector has increased by 8.90% in FY 2006-07 compared to 8.84% in the previous year. In FY 2008-09 estimated growth rate is 9.37% which is higher than previous FY 2008-09, 8.94%.
- Industry sector:
The industry sector accounts for 28.61% of GDP at constant prices for FY 2008-09. The growth rate of the broad industry sector is provisionally estimated 5.92% for FY 2008-09 compared to 7.21% for FY 2007-08. It is a decline.
On the basis of data available up to January 2007 and also taking into consideration the trend of production, the growth rate of this sector for FY 2008-09 is provisionally estimated at 5.72% against 5.68% in the previous year. The growth of manufacturing was fueled mainly by the knitwear, ready-made garments and cotton textile. A brief analysis of the performance of this sector is given below:
Production of large and medium scale manufacturing industries, particularly knitwear, ready-made garments, cotton textile, pharmaceuticals, wood products, iron and steel, ceramic, cement, plastic products etc. showed substantial growth in the first seven months of FY 2006-07. The performance of other major industries registered significant growth except leather and leather products, paper and paper products and petroleum product.
Small and cottage industries showed a substantial growth during July-December, 2006 over the same period of the previous year.
This sector is the most developing and prosperous source of Bangladesh. Textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments along with specialized textile products, is the nation’s number one export earner, accounting for 80% of Bangladesh’s exports of $15.56 billion in 2009. Bangladesh is 3rd in world textile exports behind Turkey, another low volume exporter, and China which exported $120.1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3.5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh’s textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating.
After massive labor unrest in 2006the government formed a Minimum Wage Board including business and worker representatives which in 2006 set a minimum wage equivalent to 1,662.50 taka, $24 a month, up from Tk950. In 2010, following widespread labor protests involving 100,000 workers in June, 2010, a controversial proposal was being considered by the Board which would raise the monthly minimum to the equivalent of $50 a month, still far below worker demands of 5,000 taka, $72, for entry level wages, but unacceptably high according to textile manufacturers who are asking for a wage below $30.
- Power, Gas and Water:
The growth rate of the power is expected to be 3.64% in FY 2008-09 as compared to 6.68% in FY 2007-08. There is a decreasing trend in the production of gas and 73% of total commercial consumption is fulfilled by gas. The total production of gas in FY 2004-05 and FY 2005-06 were 486.75 billion cubic feet and 522.55 billion cubic feet. The total estimated demand of gas for FY 2006-07 are 573.18 billion cubic feet which is 9.69% higher than actual production of the previous fiscal year. The growth rate of the gas and water is expected to be respectively 8.63% and 8.91% in FY 2008-09 as compared to 7.72% and 6.00% in FY 2007-08.
Cement, iron and steel are the major inputs of the construction sector. The domestic production of cement in the first six months of FY 2005-06 is higher than that of the same period of previous year. The construction sector is, therefore, projected to grow by 5.72 percent during FY 2008-09 which was 5.68% in FY 2007-08.
- Wholesale and Retail Trade:
The output of this sector is estimated a growth rate of 6.35% compared to 6.82% in FY 2007-08.
- Transport, Storage and Communication Sector:
The transport, storage and communication sector is expected to achieve a growth rate of 7.61 %in FY 2008-09 which was 8.55% in previous fiscal year. Post and Telecommunication services stood at the forefront with a growth of 23.49% in FY 2006-07. Communication services, particularly the Mobile Phone Services (MPS) market continued to derive the telecommunications industry as strong which led to the high growth of Post and Telecommunication sub-sector. The contribution of this sector also increased in FY 2006-07 and stood at 10.21% of total GDP.
Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Sector: The growth rate in this sector is provisionally estimated at 3.81% in FY 2008-09 compared to 3.75% in FY 2007-08.
- Services Sector:
Total output of the services sector consists of the collective outputs of the wholesale and retail trade; hotel and restaurant; transport, storage and communication; financial intermediations; real estate, renting and business activities; public administration and defense; education; health and social work, and community, social and personal services activities. The sectoral share of the services sector is 52.76% of the total GDP. The contribution of cinema halls, cinema production houses, tele films/drama production houses and private TV channels have been considered and added from FY 2004-05.
|
<urn:uuid:cd50bb95-2f32-4255-b75d-498656a11029>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://bangladeshtalks.com/2011/06/analysis-of-sectoral-contribution-on-the-gdp-of-bangladesh/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688940.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922112142-20170922132142-00355.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940368 | 2,633 | 2.75 | 3 |
This is an excerpt of an interview with Peter C. Brown and Patricia Gordon. The CATIE Center is working on creating ASL translations of this material.
In shaping the Graduation to Certification program, we are using the research on educational principles compiled in an accessible format in the book Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning (Brown, Roediger, & McDaniel, 2014) . The authors describe evidence-based research to provide educational processes and strategies for more durable improvements in knowledge and competency. Much of the evidence in learning and memory is counter-intuitive. As we craft the program, we are including an orientation to the process that helps explain to people both the rationale for why the program is structured the way it is, and what people can expect during the process. Here are some of the principles we will be incorporating:
- Frequent use of low-stakes assessments and quizzes: These are designed to both help a participant assess where they are at, but also to trigger the process of forced retrieval – which is an important activity for moving a knowledge or skill into long-term memory.
- Spaced learning: Allowing enough time to pass between working on a skill so that you begin to forget and the act of retrieval is more difficult.
- Interleaving activities: Mixing work on different skills and knowledge into lessons, rather than only working on one thing at a time. Doing dedicated practice leads to the illusion of mastery of a skill. However, the mastery may actually only be in short-term memory loops or may only be there when it is that single skill that is focused on. These skills need to be available when there are other demands, which can be addressed through interleaving.
|
<urn:uuid:8c59f811-3f70-49db-a4fe-e30a79d12bda>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://grad2cert.org/evidence-based-practices-for-interpreter-education/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00402.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954031 | 350 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Self-destructing bacteria could be powerful weapon against cancer
Researchers discover method of delivering disease killing toxins into tumours
3D software image of a cancer cell. In tests, Mice which had been treated with bacteria plus regular chemotherapy survived longer than mice treated with either chemotherapy or bacteria alone.
A few surviving bacteria are left that keep growing and then self-destruct again, continuing the cycle so that cancer gets treated on a regular schedule.
The discovery was carried out by scientists from the University of California at San Diego, led by Prof Jeff Hasty.
“We welcome news of any positive therapeutic advance in the battle against cancer. Research into preventing, diagnosing and treating cancer is vital to fight this disease and eventually find a cure,” Dr Robert O’Connor, head of research at the Irish Cancer Society said.
Researchers first tested the bacteria by treating cervical cancer cells in the laboratory, and saw that the cancer cells were effectively killed by the toxin.
They then gave the bacteria to mice with incurable metastatic colorectal cancer. Mice which had been treated with bacteria plus regular chemotherapy survived longer than mice treated with either chemotherapy or bacteria alone.
They also tried loading the bacteria with other agents, such as compounds that stimulate the immune system to fight against the tumour. These experiments also showed encouraging results, the scientists found, describing their findings in the journal Nature.
The scientists used genetic engineering to change the DNA of the bacteria. These changes cause them to self-destruct when they reach certain numbers. But self-destruction is not complete and a few bacteria are left alive and will continue to grow.
Once they get to large numbers again, they repeat the self-destruction mechanism and a cycle is established.
Since dead bacteria release all their contents, the scientists also loaded them with an anti-tumour toxin called haemolysin E.
Because the bacteria prefer environments with low levels of oxygen, they initially spread everywhere but end up concentrating inside the tumour. Tumours grow very fast and don’t have a good blood supply, resulting in low oxygen levels, the scientists say.
This novel therapy takes advantage of a known way used by bacteria to change their behaviour in unison when food is scarce. In this case, when bacteria grew in large numbers, they increased their levels of the anti-tumour toxin and another substance which caused them to self-destruct.
This mechanism, called quorum sensing, has been known for some time, but this is the first time it has been used to administer an anti-cancer therapy in controlled cycles.
Prestigious scientists such as Bert Vogelstein, from Johns Hopkins’ Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center in Baltimore, have hailed the work as highly innovative. They have remarked that “weaponizing bacteria” could be a new way of treating cancer in the near future.
Vanesa Martinez is on placement at The Irish Times under the BSA/SFI media fellowship programme
|
<urn:uuid:a79ef681-88cc-42e9-a614-515011529774>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/self-destructing-bacteria-could-be-powerful-weapon-against-cancer-1.2730880
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00416.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960558 | 611 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The Junior Zookeeper Program allows children aged 11 to 17 a wonderful opportunity to learn about a variety of animals at the Zoo, and to share their knowledge with the public. We have revamped the 2013 program to provide even more opportunities for teens to broaden their experiences. The program is now three-tiered, divided up according to years of experience at the zoo and individual abilities. The Junior Zookeeper program has proven to be a great way for kids to learn responsibility, build leadership and time management skills, gain self confidence, and get some quality time with animals.
Members of the Junior Zoo Crew will learn how to care for the animals within the Contact Area, keep the area clean, and interact with the public, answering questions about the animals. They will also help clean the glass of other exhibits (old meerkat exhibit, crane, prairie dogs, red pandas and tanukis). Junior Zoo Crew Members will assist 2nd years with the Edu-Carts, and be available to face paint, help with summer camps and participate in Show and Tails.
Zoo leaders have at least one year previous experience as a Junior Zookeeper. Teens will have a higher level of responsibility and will be trained as Junior Docents. They will supervise members of the junior zoo crew, help with the Contact Area and exhibit cleaning, and help with diet prep. They will run the live animal components of the Edu-carts as well as help the 3rd years come up with educational activities for the public. They can also help with summer camps and participate in Show and Tails.
Wolf Pack Members must have at least 2 years previous experience as a Junior Zookeeper. Members of the Red River Wolf Pack have the most experience within the Junior Zookeeper Leadership Program and in turn have the highest level of responsibility. Not only will they be leading their own activities, but they will be supervising the lower years, as well as working with the older Wildlife Explorers and Zookeepers to help them complete their tasks at the zoo (animal husbandry, diet prep and enrichment projects). They can also help with summer camps and participate in Show and Tails.
* All teens can expect to assist with the zoo’s special events by running activity centers or leading interpretive stations*
Here are just some of the things a Junior Zookeeper will do:
This includes assuring the public has an enjoyable experience in the contact area, and that the animal interaction is comfortable and fun for the animals too. Juniors assist the Zookeepers in keeping the area clean for the animals and the public, grooming the animals and monitoring the animals well being.
This weekly story time includes Juniors reading a story to zoo visitors that features animals from the Red Rive Zoo and around the world.
Juniors will be trained to handle and present education animals to the public assisted by the Education Director. Edu-carts are portable stations set up around the zoo meant to bring the public in close contact with live animals and teach the about a variety of topics through hands-on activities.
The Zoo garden helps feed the Zoo’s many animals in the Fall. Juniors design and plant the garden and tend to it during the summer.
Face painting is a fun way to engage younger children visiting the Zoo. Junior Zookeepers have the opportunity to work in the carousel pavilion face painting station on busy days.
To enroll your child in the Junior Zookeeper Program, please complete the Application and Recommendation Form and mail it to:
Red River Zoo
4255 23rd Ave S
Fargo, ND 58104
Deadline for applications is May 15, 2013. This popular program fills up quickly, so please send in your application as soon as possible. Call 701-277-9240 or email [email protected] with any questions.
|
<urn:uuid:0642d177-bcf4-450a-8026-33d942c516dc>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.redriverzoo.org/junior-zookeeper.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142388/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00068-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954409 | 794 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The itchy rash associated with swimmer's itch looks like reddish pimples or blisters. It may appear within minutes or days after swimming or wading in infested water.
Swimmer's itch usually affects only exposed skin — skin not covered by swimsuits, wet suits or waders. Signs and symptoms of swimmer's itch typically worsen with each exposure to the parasites.
When to see a doctor
Talk to your doctor if you have a rash after swimming that lasts more than three days. If you notice pus at the rash site, consult your doctor. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist).
The parasites that cause swimmer's itch live in the blood of waterfowl and in animals that live near ponds and lakes. Examples include:
The parasite's eggs enter the water via their hosts' feces. Before infecting birds, animals or people, the hatched parasites must live for a time within a type of snail. These snails live near the shoreline, which explains why infections occur most often in shallow water.
Swimmer's itch isn't contagious from person to person, so you don't need to worry about catching swimmer's itch from someone who has this itchy rash.
The parasites that cause swimmer's itch live in the blood of waterfowl and in animals that live near ponds and lakes. The more time you spend in infested water, the higher your risk of swimmer's itch. Children may have the highest risk, since they tend to play in shallow water and are less likely to dry off with a towel.
Some people are more sensitive to swimmer's itch than others are. And, your sensitivity can increase each time you're exposed to the parasites that cause swimmer's itch.
Swimmer's itch rarely leads to complications, but your skin can become infected if you scratch too vigorously. Try to avoid scratching the rash.
Dec. 02, 2016
|
<urn:uuid:fdc177da-d76f-4f3e-84df-b93c8eacdcb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/symptoms-causes/dxc-20273258
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323842.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629015021-20170629035021-00472.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964832 | 399 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Engine maker Honeywell to investigate effects of volcanic ash on jet enginesBy Slobodan Lekic, AP
Thursday, May 27, 2010
Effect of volcano on jet engines being tested
BRUSSELS — A major U.S. jet engine maker announced Thursday it will investigate the effects of volcanic ash on the engines of aircraft that have flown through the plume.
Honeywell Aerospace’s engines powered several of the planes sent up to collect scientific data after eruptions of the volcano in southern Iceland in April and May suspended European air travel. The planes, which accumulated dozens of hours of flying in the clouds, were operated by Germany’s national aeronautics research center DLR and by the British weather service.
The two TPE331 turboprops that powered the German Dornier 228 have been returned to Phoenix, Arizona, where they will be disassembled and analyzed in detail, said Ronald J. Rich, vice president of propulsion systems at Honeywell.
The Honeywell probe is believed to be the first such detailed analysis of engines affected by ash particles since the 5-day closure of European airspace last month.
The unprecedented closure of European airspace because of a volcano caused direct losses of more than a billion euros ($1.3 billion) to the airlines affected, and as much as 1.5 billion ($1.95 billion) to other businesses.
Few doubt that flying a plane directly into the plumes of a volcano could disable the aircraft. But it remains unclear whether the abrasive particles present a hazard to the jets outside the immediate area of the volcanic plume, once it is dispersed by high-altitude winds.
Airlines have blamed European regulators for overreacting to what they say was a manageable threat and have demanded that internationally recognized standards of ash contamination be set.
“The industry has little information on the affects of volcanic ash ingestion in turbine engines, and we hope the data we gain from this effort will help define operational impact to the engine and any damage to components,” Rich said in a telephone interview.
“These volcanic eruptions give us an opportunity to systematically analyze volcanic ash impact to our engines, and this examination could yield a basis for future turbine engine performance and maintenance service data.”
Over the past three decades, civil aviation has become increasingly aware of the dangers of flying through the microscopic fragments of rock and pumice that make up ash clouds.
Jet engines are highly complex machines designed to function in environments free of debris and corrosive gases, and the effects of volcanic ash have severely endangered safety on flights that directly overflew erupting volcanos.
Inside the engines, the particles stick to the hot core and form a glasslike coating, grinding up turbines, bearings, and other moving parts. This can lead to the immediate loss of thrust and eventually to engine failure.
International regulators such as the International Civil Aviation organization and the European Aviation Safety Agency have been trying to establish safe levels of particle contamination in the airspace.
Rich said he expected the probe to last at least a month. Results will be reported to the Federal Aviation Administration and the European Aviation Safety Agency, he said.
“I just don’t know what we’re going to find,” he said. “That’s why we’re interested in looking into these engines. We want to gain insight into what they are telling us.”
Tags: Air Travel, Aviation-volcanic Ash, Brussels, Environmental Concerns, Environmental Laws And Regulations, Government Regulations, Volcanoes
|
<urn:uuid:8067dc02-9e88-4434-a424-6c755d6da20c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://calamities.gaeatimes.com/2010/05/27/engine-maker-honeywell-to-investigate-effects-of-volcanic-ash-on-jet-engines-26208/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679518883.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211210408-20231212000408-00139.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936578 | 734 | 2.875 | 3 |
Traditional Transparent Armor
Since its arrival thousands of years ago, glass has been used to make windows, mirrors, telescopes, food-storage containers -- all sorts of handy things. What glass doesn't do, though, is stop bullets from passing through it. Not on its own, at least.
As there's a basic formula for making glass, there's also a recipe for making bullet-resistant glass: press together two thick layers of glass and sandwich between them a layer of a clear plastic called polycarbonate. (For a more in-depth discussion, read How does "bulletproof'" glass work?) This process is called lamination, just like when a piece of paper is sealed between two heated pieces of plastic to make a durable driver's license.
When struck by a bullet, the layers of glass and polycarbonate absorb the energy of the bullet. The outer layer (the layer exposed to gunfire) will shatter and create a cracked spider's web illustrating the outwardly expanding energy as it is absorbed through the pane. The middle layer of polycarbonate, however, typically stands up to the assault and stops the bullet from penetrating the inner glass. The thickness of bullet-resistant glass varies, but generally ranges from less than an inch (2.5 cm) to several inches thick.
This bullet-resistant glass often serves as a transparent armor on embassy buildings, privately owned homes and limousines, Humvees and any other structure (such as a bank or a gas station) in which the occupant is at risk of taking gunfire.
Bullet-resistant glass is commonly -- and mistakenly -- called "bulletproof glass," which doesn't exist, as testified to by its near-helplessness to a .50-caliber round. Don't think that bullet-resistant glass cracks so easily though. It can fend off a round from an AK-47. Essentially, it's hard to say what thickness of bullet-resistant glass will stop what kind of projectile, because so many factors like distance, velocity, type of weapon, type of ammunition and even wind conditions play a part in what will happen when an object strikes an enforced surface.
With that kind of uncertainty, you could see why people reinforce bullet-resistant glass with another pane of the stuff, effectively making a 2-inch (5-cm) window now 4 inches (10 cm) thick. While this adds protection to an armored vehicle, it also leaves it more vulnerable to attack. For one thing, the vehicle will weigh more, thereby slowing it down and making it an easier target. The extra weight will also result in higher fuel use, which reduces the vehicle's range before it needs refueling.
Armor-piercing .50-caliber bullets are designed to pass through bullet-resistant glass. These bullets often have a copper shell casing, which encloses a penetrating shell made of a harder substance, such as depleted uranium or tungsten carbide (which is about as hard as diamond). The outer shell disintegrates on contact with armor, but the penetrating shell inside the copper bracket does just as its name implies -- it continues traveling through the armor and wreaking havoc on the once-protected space behind the armor.
Now we know how bullet-resistant glass works and how an armor-piercing .50-caliber bullet can pass through it. In the next section, we'll look at a much newer, lighter and stronger transparent armor that may one day find its way onto the battlefield: transparent aluminum armor.
|
<urn:uuid:efb359fb-f58c-43bb-92e3-9a867ebda71f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://science.howstuffworks.com/transparent-aluminum-armor2.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392141.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527044512-20200527074512-00400.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945352 | 713 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Allergies are an overreaction of the body's immune system to specific substances that it misidentifies as harmful. This overreaction of the body's immune system is known as an allergic reaction and the substances that cause it are called allergens. Allergic reactions manifest themselves in the form of commonly seen skin and respiratory disorders such as eczema, hives, hay fever, asthma and food allergies. In Ayurveda, allergy treatment is done by first diagnosing the individual root-cause of every patient.
What special Ayurveda does in treatment?
Understand how Jiva Ayurveda helps you live a healthy & happy life
Every person is unique, hence treatment for the person’s disease must be unique too. Jiva doctors take
the Ayunique™ approach, which includes:
Completely personalized authentic Ayurvedic medicines based on thorough diagnosis of the root-cause
Throughout your treatment journey, a team of health coaches stay connected with you to track your relief progress and help with your health queries.
Customized remedy including diet, therapy and lifestyle planners designed by your doctor to compliment the medicines for holistic treatment of the root-cause
Get long-term relief from your
|
<urn:uuid:200efbbf-19df-41da-8152-8c56216312a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.jiva.com/diseases-ayurveda/hair-and-skin/allergies
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00710.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930484 | 251 | 2.6875 | 3 |
OverviewThe structures of the brain include: the brainstem, consisting of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, the pons and the midbrain; the cerebellum; the cerebrum (one half, or hemisphere shown), and the diencephalon .
Review Date 2/27/2016
Updated by: Amit M. Shelat, DO, FACP, Attending Neurologist and Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
|
<urn:uuid:61a5a496-5b33-453a-abdd-53c9451d0b9c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19236.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823839.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020063725-20171020083725-00337.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.865413 | 151 | 3.375 | 3 |
Ebola outbreak stunted maternal health care progress
Prior to the 2014 Ebola outbreak, west African countries had made meaningful strides in reducing maternal mortality and improving access to care for mothers and children. Unfortunately, a new Lancet Global Health study in Guinea shows that Ebola not only stunted that progress, but set it back significantly.
As illustrated in the graphs below, across the study’s key maternal health indicators of prenatal care visits and in-facility deliveries, progress was trending positively pre-outbreak. The outbreak reversed all of those trends. Although some improvements have been made post-outbreak, the progress has not been swift and, in some cases, it appears to be stagnating.
Although this study did not measure health outcomes, other research has shown that poor maternal health care can result in unsafe births and untreated postpartum complications in both mothers and babies.
The study authors posit several ways in which the Ebola outbreak may have hurt maternal health care access, including seeding mistrust of health providers, causing critical health workers to flee, and diverting funding away from roads and other services that facilitate clinic access.
Regardless of their cause, the setbacks quantified by this study make it clear that the work of recovering from this outbreak is far from over. As the co-author of a commentary on the study concluded, “Ending the epidemic showed what these [countries and their implementing] partners were capable of, but their greatest responsibility has only just begun.”
|
<urn:uuid:4ea3a367-5cf7-46e7-ad1b-ce972509ab90>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://bixbycenter.ucsf.edu/news/ebola-outbreak-stunted-maternal-health-care-progress
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320595.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625235624-20170626015624-00519.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967369 | 301 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Wednesday, January 06, 2010
How to Write a Paper
Start with the research. Search the library for a book that deals with your topic, find said book in the lower stacks and then pull all of the surrounding books off the shelf. Put said book on top of your pile and climb the stairs with your pile stacked from palms to chin, arms straight. Spend three hours writing your bibliography. Use all of the books in your stack. Open your original book to its bibliography and copy any titles you may have missed that you think will impress the teacher. If needed, do a quick scan of the library for those books. Check your facebook and your email. Change facebook status. Tim Elliott is a blank slate. Update twitter. Wonder if your status was too vague. Facebook chat with a friend about how boring and frustrating homework is. Use the restroom. Return and look out the library window for about five minutes. Isn’t it beautiful outside? Actually, it’s January. But still, that wind is breathtaking. Glance at the clock, oh man, its lunch time. Ponder whether you can afford to eat and still finish the assignment on time. You probably can, but you are working a double tomorrow, so maybe not. Decide that you should get a good start on the assignment before eating. Flip through a few of your books until you realize you have no idea what to do next. Write down as many questions about the subject as you can think of. Flip through the books again. Write down a few more questions. Check facebook. Eat lunch. Buy coffee. Return to your work. Write an introduction paragraph. Quote something from one of the books. Delete your introduction paragraph. Keep the quote. Stare at your screen. Google the word “thesis”. Google the phrase “working thesis”. Write your working thesis, never reword it. Expand the thesis into an introduction paragraph. Check your facebook. Return to your work by drumming along to the Pandora playlist you’ve been listening to. It’s so beautiful outside, all windy and cold. Stare at the bald man with the sweet goatee walking down the sidewalk. Is that Tony the Beat Poet? Probably not. Read an entire chapter from one of your books. Oh shoot, its getting so late. Figure out how much more work needs to be done. Count the hours till the due date and the minimum amount of pages the paper must be. Realize that if you write a page an hour you just might get the assignment in on time. Get down to business. Pound the keyboard with fingertips as forceful as fists. Use a lot of quotes. Get stuck and stare at the screen. Check your facebook. Chat with friend about how hard this paper is. Get back to work by reading what you’ve written up to this point. Fix all typos. Cut and paste for better structure and flow. Scan your list of questions. Write a page. Check facebook. Go to espn.com. Examine trade details between Mariners and Red Sox. Read three articles. Stare out the window. Holy crap, its getting dark. How many pages do you have? Search books for a strong, long quote. Analyze quote for a page. Check facebook. Update twitter. Hum along to Pandora. Was that too loud? Look around the room. No one is looking, you’re probably good. Use the restroom. Write a couple more pages. Count your total lnumber of pages. It’s getting down to the wire now. Ponder your grade. What’s the worse you can do? This paper is at least a D. How can you get a C? Is a B possible? Delete part of your long block quote. Summarize the part you deleted and the main argument that author is making. Analyze main argument. Find something from another book that contradicts it. Summarize contradiction. Wonder if you are citing properly. Use a quote from contradiction to get another page worth of analysis. You are so bad at writing papers. Wish there was some trick to this whole paper writing thing. Write until the library is about to close. Check out a couple of books. Take work home, complain to your roomates about the amount of work you are doing. Eat dinner. Watch part of the Blazer game. Check your facebook. Write until three or four in the morning. Wake up at six. Take a shower and make coffee. Eat cereal. Write until you are finished. Compare conclusion with introduction. Check for typos. Save to jump drive. Walk to computer lab. Print paper. Turn in. Work a double. Drive home while keeping your eyes open. Fall asleep on top of your bed’s blankets while still wearing your work clothes. Forget to return the books you've checked out for five weeks.
|
<urn:uuid:f209b45a-4d01-4cee-b5be-2f50663acae3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://oncebadtooth.blogspot.com/2010/01/how-to-write-paper.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00053.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942826 | 1,001 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Natural Resource Sector System Development Life Cycle
The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the process for conducting system and application development projects and assignments in the natural resource sector (NRS).
It guides information management and information technology vendors, staff, and clients in the creation and maintenance of information management systems.
Standards and Templates Search
- SDLC Overview (PDF) under review
- Deliverables by phase (PDF) under review
- Roles and responsibilities (PDF) under review
New Development Projects
New development projects follow three development phases: initiation and planning; requirements, design, build and deploy; and operations and sustainability. These phases apply to all types of project methodologies including iterative, waterfall, and agile.
Activities to complete before beginning a project.
Working with business and technical resources to plan and define the scope, approach, budget and work plan.
Activities to produce the product such as requirements, design, build, test and deploy are in this phase. Quality management is essential during this phase, in addition to other monitoring and control.
This phase includes product stabilization, post implementation review, achieving project material, and releasing team members from the project. At the end any new implementation, a key deliverable must be created that will identify what the release management plan will be in order to continue to support the new application.
Maintenance of an existing systems application follows a very similar process to phases as a new development project with some streamlining of the requirements and design phases.
The maintenance lifecycle consists of initiation, requirements and design, build and implementation.
Standards and deliverables for the maintenance of an existing application follow the existing SDLC phases.
|
<urn:uuid:6745a9ce-b603-4b2f-8f50-3a2cc071e4b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/services-for-government/policies-procedures/im-it-standards/ministry-standards/nrs-system-development-life-cycle
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00522.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891589 | 344 | 2.6875 | 3 |
List of Contents
- About the present neurotoxic gas leak in Ludhiana
- What are the previous instances of neurotoxic gas leaks in India?
- What are neurotoxic gases and how do they affect humans?
- What are the various reasons behind neurotoxic gas leaks?
- What are the government regulations for preventing neurotoxic gas leaks?
- What are the challenges in preventing neurotoxic gas leaks?
- What should be done?
|For 7PM Editorial Archives click HERE →|
The Bhopal gas tragedy of 1984 should have served as a powerful wake-up call to prioritize safety measures and prevent any Neurotoxic gas leak incident from happening again. However, India continues to face challenges related to neurotoxic gas leaks, as evidenced by recent events such as the toxic gas leak in Ludhiana, Punjab, and the 2020 styrene vapour leak in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
This highlights the need to address the pressing issue of neurotoxic gas leaks and explore effective remedies to safeguard the lives of millions of people who are at risk of being exposed to these hazardous substances.
About the present neurotoxic gas leak in Ludhiana
Recently, there is a gas leak in Ludhiana’s Giaspura area that led to the death of 11 people and the hospitalization of four others. There has been a leak of high levels of hydrogen sulfide, a neurotoxin. It is suspected that the poisonous gas emanated from a partially open manhole in the locality, possibly due to industrial waste dumping.
What are the previous instances of neurotoxic gas leaks in India?
Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is considered the world’s worst industrial disaster. On the night of December 2-3, 1984, a gas leak at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant released 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. This led to thousands of deaths and long-term health issues for survivors.
Visakhapatnam Gas Leak (2020): In May 2020, a styrene gas leak occurred at the LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The leak happened during the reopening of the plant after a COVID-19 lockdown. This caused the death of 11 people, hospitalization of hundreds, and evacuation of thousands.
Surat Chemical Leak (2022): In February 2022, a chemical leak in Surat, Gujarat resulted in the deaths of six people. A tanker dumped toxic material, which led to the release of poisonous gases into the atmosphere. Thereby causing severe health hazards for the local population.
There are other incidents also which garnered public attention and highlighted the need for better safety standards in the chemical and industrial sectors.
What are neurotoxic gases and how do they affect humans?
Neurotoxic gases are poisonous substances that can directly affect the nervous system. They can disrupt or even kill neurons or nerve cells, which are essential for transmitting and processing signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Examples of common neurotoxic gases include methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
Neurotoxic gases effects on Humans:
Breathing difficulties: Exposure to these gases can lead to respiratory problems, making it hard for individuals to breathe.
Irritation: Neurotoxic gases can cause irritation in the eyes, skin, nose, and throat.
Central nervous system damage: These gases can affect the central nervous system, causing nerve damage and impairing functions such as vision, hearing, and balance.
Oxygen deprivation: High concentrations of neurotoxic gases can overpower the oxygen levels in the body, leading to potentially fatal consequences.
What are the various reasons behind neurotoxic gas leaks?
Poor Waste Management: Inadequate disposal of industrial waste can lead to the release of neurotoxic gases. For example, dumping toxic chemicals into sewers can cause dangerous chemical reactions, as seen in the Ludhiana gas leak incident.
Inadequate Maintenance of Industrial Plants: Poorly maintained plants and storage facilities can lead to gas leaks. The Bhopal gas tragedy is an example of a catastrophic gas leak caused by inadequate safety measures and maintenance at a chemical plant.
Lack of Regulation and Monitoring: Weak enforcement of environmental regulations and insufficient monitoring of industries and government authorities can result in hazardous gasleaks. Insufficient oversight allows industries to operate without proper safety measures, thereby increasing the risk of gas leaks.
Overcrowded Urban Areas: The coexistence of factories and residential buildings in densely populated areas increases the risk of exposure to harmful gases. Inadequate urban planning and zoning regulations contribute to this problem, as seen in the Vizag gas leak incident.
Infrastructure Failures: Damaged or poorly maintained pipelines and storage tanks can lead to gas leaks. In some cases, ageing infrastructure and lack of proper maintenance can result in hazardous situations.
|Read more: On Bhopal Gas tragedy curative petition: Where did the constitutional sympathy for the victims vanish?|
What are the government regulations for preventing neurotoxic gas leaks?
The Indian government has enacted various regulations to prevent neurotoxic gas leaks, such as
Environmental Laws: The government enforces environmental laws like the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, to regulate the discharge of pollutants and protect the environment.
Hazardous Waste Management: The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, govern the safe handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste to minimize the risk of toxic gas leaks.
Factory Licensing and Inspection: Factories handling hazardous chemicals must obtain licenses under the Factories Act, 1948,. Further, they are subject to regular inspections to ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.
Public Liability Insurance Act: The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, requires industries dealing with hazardous substances to have insurance policies, providing compensation in case of accidents, including neurotoxic gas leaks.
Chemical Accidents Rules: The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989, and the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996, outline safety requirements and emergency response plans for industries handling hazardous chemicals.
NDMA guidelines: The NDMA has established clear guidelines on Chemical Disaster Management for various authorities in India. These guidelines promote a proactive and multi-disciplinary approach to chemical disaster preparedness and response.
NDMA has also suggested amendments to existing frameworks and is working to strengthen chemical safety by revamping the Chief Inspectorate of Factories.
Moreover, the finalized National Action Plan on Chemical Industrial Disaster Management (NAP-CIDM) will serve as a roadmap for managing chemical disasters in the country.
|Read more: Bhopal’s Real Lesson – Attempts to get more out of Carbide for the gas tragedy are futile. India needs good law on civil liability|
What are the challenges in preventing neurotoxic gas leaks?
Lack of awareness: In the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984), insufficient knowledge of the hazards associated with methyl isocyanate led to inadequate safety measures, contributing to the devastating leak.
Improper maintenance: The Vizag gas leak (2020) at LG Polymers India’s plant in Visakhapatnam occurred due to a technical glitch in the refrigeration unit, highlighting the importance of maintaining proper infrastructure.
Rapid urbanization: The Gopalapatnam area near the LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam was initially a deserted area, but as the city expanded, it became densely populated, increasing the risk of exposure to the styrene gas leak.
Improper waste disposal: The Surat toxic waste dumping incident (2022) led to six deaths, illustrating the dangers of illegal dumping and improper waste management.
Lack of emergency preparedness: In the Kochi garbage fire incident (2022), a mountain of waste caught fire and emitted toxic gases for over a week. This highlighted the need for better emergency preparedness to minimize harm to human health and the environment.
Issues with India’s legal framework: These include inadequate and outdated laws, fragmented and overlapping regulations, inadequate penalties and deterrents, and insufficient focus on prevention, etc.
Non-transparent operations of industries: These include unauthorized activities, unsafe working conditions, and inadequate funding for maintenance all contribute to increased risks of industrial disasters in India.
|Read more: Bhopal tragedy compensation fund of ₹50cr unutilised: SC|
What should be done?
Enhance awareness: Educate communities and industries about the hazards associated with neurotoxic gases, like the Bhopal gas tragedy, to minimize the risk of similar accidents.
Strengthen monitoring and enforcement: Increase inspections and enforce regulations to follow appropriate waste disposal methods to prevent illegal dumping that can cause toxic gas leaks.
Enhance workplace safety: Adopt strict safety measures in industries and formulate proper emergency preparedness plans to prevent accidents and protect workers from toxic gas exposure.
Encourage research and technological innovation: Support the development of advanced technologies and safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals. This can help minimize the risk of neurotoxic gas leaks and their impact on human health and the environment.
Strengthen legal framework: Review and update existing laws and regulations related to hazardous materials and industrial safety, ensuring they are comprehensive, effective, and in line with international standards.
India should adopt role models such as the European Union’s Seveso Directive and REACH regulation, which impose stringent safety requirements and ensure responsible management of chemicals, which could help India strengthen its regulatory framework.
Promote transparency and accountability: Ensure that industries maintain accurate records of hazardous materials and report any incidents or accidents in a timely manner, fostering a culture of transparency and accountability.
Implement better urban planning: Create buffer zones between industrial facilities and residential areas, as seen in the Navi Mumbai area, to minimize the risk of human exposure to toxic gas leaks.
Note: In Navi Mumbai, designated industrial zones have been established away from residential areas, helping to minimize the potential impact of hazardous materials on nearby communities.
Sources: Indian Express (Article 1 and Article 2), Business Standard, The Hindu, Livemint, TOI
Syllabus: GS – 3: Disaster Management: Disaster and disaster management.
|
<urn:uuid:fbe124ae-ee81-4eba-8c9c-23b47a3a645f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://blog.forumias.com/neurotoxic-gas-leaks-and-remedies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00479.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908799 | 2,161 | 2.9375 | 3 |
|This article or section contains information that is contested. Further details can be found on the talk page.|
Swap Interval is a means of synchronizing the swapping of the front and back frame buffers with vertical blanks (v-blank): the hardware event where the screen image is updated with data from the front framebuffer . It is a very common means of preventing frame "tearing," (seeing half of one frame and half of another) as often seen in high-motion-content graphics.
Swap Interval control is provided via platform-specific extensions.
The term "swap interval" itself refers to the number of v-blanks that must occur before the front and back frame buffers are swapped. A swap interval of 1 tells the GPU to wait for one v-blank before swapping the front and back buffers. A swap interval of 0 specifies that the GPU should never wait for v-blanks, thus performing buffer swaps as soon as possible when rendering for a frame is finished. Video drivers can override these values, forcing a swap interval of 1 or 0 depending on settings the user provided in the video card's control panel.
A call to the platform-specific buffer swapping function (such as SwapBuffers in Windows) means that, once all previously issued drawing commands have completed, the contents of the back buffer should be swapped into the front buffer. Exactly when that happens is subject to the swap interval setting.
A swap interval greater than 0 means that the GPU may force the CPU to wait due to previously issued buffer swaps. For example, if the v-blank intervals come at 16.6ms intervals (60fps refresh), but the rendering of a frame only takes 4ms, then buffer swaps can back up. Therefore, the CPU driver will stall the rendering thread in an OpenGL command (it doesn't have to be in a buffer swapping command) if there are too many commands waiting for the v-blank.
Alternatively, if the renderer takes slightly longer than the v-blank intervals to render, say 18ms, then a different problem can result. It will effectively take two full v-blank intervals to display an image to the user, turning a 60fps program into a 30fps program. It will also induce stalls, for the same reason as above: the GPU has to wait 15.2ms every other v-blank interval for a buffer swap. Rendering calls made in that time will back up, eventually forcing a stall to wait for the actual swap.
Note that the problem of OpenGL commands backing up due to a waiting v-blank happen because these commands are trying to affect the back buffer. If they do not affect the back buffer, either by rendering to a framebuffer object, another form of off-screen buffer, or something else that isn't the back or front buffers, then these rendering commands can be scheduled as normal. Assuming that there are no other issues that would prevent such execution (trying to render to a buffer that is being read from, for example). Thus, one can ease the CPU burden on waiting for v-blanks by rendering to a third buffer, then blitting that to the back buffer, and then doing a swap. This is commonly called "triple buffering".
Use the WGL_EXT_swap_control extension to control swap interval. Check both the standard extensions string via glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS) and the WGL-specific extensions string via wglGetExtensionsStringARB() to verify that WGL_EXT_swap_control is actually present.
The extension provides the wglSwapIntervalEXT() function, which directly specifies the swap interval. wglSwapIntervalEXT(1) is used to enable vsync; wglSwapIntervalEXT(0) to disable vsync.
In Linux / GLX
Use the GLX_EXT_swap_control extension to control swap interval. Check the GLX-specific extensions string via glXQueryExtensionsString() to verify that the extension is actually present.
The extension provides glXSwapIntervalEXT(), which also directly specifies the swap interval. glXSwapIntervalEXT(1) is used to enable vsync; glXSwapIntervalEXT(0) to disable vsync.
Recent GL drivers implement a new WGL/GLX extension called EXT_swap_control_tear. This extension brings "adaptive vsync" as featured in modern gaming consoles to the PC.
Adaptive vsync enables v-blank synchronisation when the frame rate is higher than the sync rate, but disables synchronisation when the frame rate drops below the sync rate. Disabling the synchronisation on low frame rates prevents the common problem where the frame rate syncs to a integer fraction of the screen's refresh rate in a complex scene.
Adaptive vsync can be enabled with wglSwapIntervalEXT(-1) or glXSwapIntervalEXT(-1).
- Some ATI GLX drivers may report WGL_EXT_swap_control yet actually export glXSwapIntervalSGI.
- Your application's use of swap interval may be overridden by external, driver-specific configuration. For example, forcing Vsync Off in a driver's control panel will prevent Vsync, even if swap interval is set to 1 in your application.
- "My rendered objects lag behind the mouse cursor, but only when Vsync is enabled!" You probably have several frames queued up in the GPU. You may want to consider calling glFinish. See the synchronization discussion below.
GPU vs CPU synchronization
To glFinish or not to glFinish, that is the question!
Swap interval = 1 without glFinish: The buffer swapping command instructs the GPU to swap the front and back buffers. This command is typically treated like any other GL command, and is executed by the GPU asynchronously from the CPU. However, because all subsequent rendering commands that affect the back buffer must wait until the back buffer has been swapped, these commands will pile up in the queue and eventually force a CPU synchronization. It is generally a good idea in this case to put the buffer swapping last in this case, and spend CPU time doing non-OpenGL tasks.
Swap interval = 1 with glFinish: The CPU thread can be synchronized with the buffer swap by calling glFinish() after issuing the swap. This introduces a penalty as it kills throughput advantages offered by the GL pipeline when the video card is under consistent activity. Video latency becomes the same as the vertical refresh period; at 60 Hz, this is 1/60th of a second or 16.666...ms. This method may save power on laptops, but may be less favorable for fast-paced games.
In one test case, in which "Wait for Vertical Refresh" was set to Always on both setups, an Intel graphics chipset from a 2011 Sandy Bridge laptop was found to exclude the buffer swap from glFinish, thus churning 1000 frames per second, and a PCI-e 2.0 AMD Radeon HD 3870 from 2008 was found to drop to 55fps with the addition of glFinish to SwapBuffers. If GPU<->CPU synchronization is desired, you should use a high-precision/multimedia timer rather than glFinish after a buffer swap.
|
<urn:uuid:ce13b7a8-b853-495a-ab88-5378b6c5ea12>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.opengl.org/wiki/Swap_Interval
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021767149/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121607-00020-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894679 | 1,511 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Templates for WordPress are actually the files that help in controlling the manner in which the WordPress site will appear on the internet. These help to draw the codes from the database and generate these codes in the correct format to the browser. The system is specifically designed to provide a strong feature of selecting the number of files one wishes to have under a single theme. Each and every template can be conveniently configured so as to be useful pertaining to certain situations. Themes can be developed and tips on doing the same can be taken from the development section.
This pre-developed layout can be designed in number of ways depending on the subject matter and requirement. However, before constructing a template one should understand the purpose of it and the intended people to whom it is being dedicated. There are two types of templates designing format namely close-ended template format or open-ended template format.
One more important thing that survey firms need to consider when designing Customer Survey Template is the target participants. The template should be very comprehensive and the instructions must be presented in such a way that they can easily be understood. In addition to that, the template and survey itself must be aligned very well with the abilities of the target participants who would answer it. Otherwise, the credibility of the data cannot be assured. The simpler the format is, the more likely that the participants would be able to answer all the questions truthfully.
Such templates certainly cut the cost of designing a website, since web design firms can be very costly, even for a relatively simple site. If you have ever tried designing one from scratch, then you will know that it is not an easy task, and can take a long time, especially when these bugs start popping up all over the place. A template avoids that, and renders what could be a complex and costly task into something easy and inexpensive, while allowing you to make changes to suit your own particular needs.
Users today can be able to come with good web designs for their websites by use of Web templates. Web templates are tools that are used in the separation of content from web design's presentation and mass web documents production. Basically, web templates can be described as ready made web -pages that one can use to make a web site within a short time. Websites commonly need an appearance that is standardized and with regular updating of content. New websites especially need daily updates and every news item should be contextualized using standard presentation. Among the typical strategies to use in the automation of standardization is choosing web templates systems that will help to keep the web site doing well. Other strategies are specifying the standards of presentation via web templates and specifying and updating the database's content.
The wise old saying tells us to avoid Inventing the wheel every day. It is much faster and more efficient to build a website out of previously constructed blocks. Web design templates give us a framework to build on. Web designers often keep a few different templates to use as the basis of their work. When they need to build a one column site or a site with a left sidebar they have a template on hand. They may follow this rule regularly unless they receive an order for a custom designed website. After you have chosen a template you can make your minor changes in a hurry through the style sheet. This allows the designer to offer an effective design to a customer at a lower price. This gives the business person with a reasonable level of skill the chance to make a site without the lengthy and complicated process of design from scratch.
Any content, trademark's, or other material that might be found on the coleennolan.com website that is not coleennolan.com's property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does coleennolan.com claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
|
<urn:uuid:7650ba6a-9993-4d8c-b808-677f0dd66fcc>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
http://www.coleennolan.com/location-release-form/location-release-form-forms-template-photography-for-film-filming-and-documentary-meaning-definition-australia-charlotte-groves-media-photo-minors-referral/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00067.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927038 | 780 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Produced by the Office of Marketing and Communications
Researchers in the A. James Clark School of Engineering have created a heat-to-electricity device that runs on ions that could someday harness the body’s heat to provide energy.
Associate Professor Liangbing Hu and Professor Robert Briber, both of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Siddhartha Das, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering, transformed a piece of wood into a flexible membrane that generates energy from the same type of electric current (ions) that the human body runs on.
This energy is generated using charged channel walls and other unique properties of the wood’s natural nanostructures. With this new wood-based technology, they can use a small temperature differential to efficiently generate ionic voltage, as demonstrated in a paper published yesterday in the journal Nature Materials.
Trees grow channels that move water between the roots and the leaves. These are made up of fractally-smaller channels, and at the level of a single cell, channels just nanometers or less across. The team has harnessed these channels to regulate ions.
The researchers used basswood, which is a fast-growing tree with low environmental impact. They treated the wood and removed two components: lignin, which makes the wood brown and adds strength, and hemicellulose, which winds around the layers of cells binding them together. This gives the remaining cellulose its signature flexibility.
A membrane made of a thin slice of wood was bordered by platinum electrodes, with sodium-based electrolyte infiltrated into the cellulose. They regulate the ion flow inside the tiny channels and generate electrical signal.
“The charged channel walls can establish an electrical field that appears on the nanofibers and thus help effectively regulate ion movement under a thermal gradient,” said postdoctoral researcher Tian Li, the first author of the paper.
Maryland Today is produced by the Office of Marketing and Communications for the University of Maryland community on weekdays during the academic year, except for university holidays.
Faculty, staff and students receive the daily Maryland Today e-newsletter. To be added to the subscription list, sign up here:Subscribe
|
<urn:uuid:5c31ac41-dcfd-4fcd-b591-e04e596a57e3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://today.umd.edu/briefs/wood-based-technology-creates-electricity-heat-2eaff663-fad9-44d4-ba28-9b62489ccc88
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00281.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933519 | 450 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The 'A Day In The Life' infographic takes a look at some of the stereotypes commonly found in post-secondary institutions. The infographic sheds light on music, political science, math, biology, computer science and philosophy majors and how they spend their days, from the moment they wake up to the moment they go to sleep.
A Day In The Life infographic certainly highlights stereotypical behaviors of those whose majors lie in the infographic. For a computer science, the night never ends as they are cleaning up their coding, or for the political science major, who is constantly updating themselves on news.
The infographic was created for Course Hero for the simple reason of satisfying the wonders and intrigued of other students in your lectures and seminars.
2,565 clicks in 150 w
More Stats +/-
|
<urn:uuid:55838873-d8c6-4be2-8b3f-a165e9852d58>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/a-day-in-the-life
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206770.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00161-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949879 | 156 | 2.546875 | 3 |
INTELLIGENT 3-D PACKAGING
We define the general three-dimensional component layout problem as:
Given a set of three dimensional objects of arbitrary geometry and an available space (possibly the space of a container), find a placement for the objects within the space that achieves the design objectives, such that none of the objects interfere (i.e., occupy the same space), while satisfying optional spatial and performance constraints on the objects.
Component layout plays an important role in the design and usability of many engineering artifacts. Engineering artifacts of today are becoming increasingly detailed, resulting in continuous competitive pressure to increase complexity, decrease size, and reduce the design cycle time. As the availability of user-configured designs is becoming more prevalent; the layout of these one-of-a-kind designs must be individually configured, requiring fast computational procedures. To date, computer support of such layout tasks has only focused on representation and manual manipulation of the shapes. We provide a technique that can solve general layout problems faster with greater consideration of alternatives.
The 3D layout space is nonlinear and combinatorial, making it difficult to find an algorithm that is both efficient and capable of finding the global, or at least good local, optimum. We have adapted simulated annealing algorithm and pattern direct search algorithm as the search methods.
Simulated annealing algorithm is a stochastic optimization technique introduced by Kirkpatrick et al. In summary, within the algorithm an initial design state is chosen and the value of the objective function for the state is evaluated. A step is taken to a new state by applying a move, or operator, from an available move set. This new state is evaluated. If the step leads to an improvement in the objective function, the new state is accepted. If the step leads to an inferior state, the step may still be accepted with some probability. This probability is a function of a decreasing parameter called temperature. The temperature is controlled by an annealing schedule. We use adaptive annealing schedules and dynamically modified move selections to improve the efficiency of the algorithm.
---EXTENDED PATTERN DIRECT SEARCH:
Pattern direct search algorithms are a subset of direct search algorithms introduced by Hooke and Jeeves, and recently researched by Torczon et al. The search algorithms follow a series of exploratory moves defined by pattern matrices to walk through a design space to search for a stationary point. They rely exclusively on the direct comparison of function values during search. We introduced extensions to the algorithms to incorporate domain-specific knowledge and to give them a stochastic flavor. The results show a one-to-two orders of magnitude improvement in run time over simulated annealing algorithm with equivalent quality solutions.
Optimizes the location of objects in Euclidean space while optimizing the objectives and satisfying given constraints.
Handles objects of any geometry.
Handles perturbations in 6 dimensional space (3 translations & 3 rotations).
Provides visual feedback to the user as it is optimizing the placement.
Interfaces with commercial CAD packages like ProEngineer.
Conforms with standard OOD practices, coded in C++.
Different layout problems have different goals, or objectives. We have formulated several objectives as options with our algorithm. Among them are:
maximization of packing density
minimization of routing costs
maximization of assemblability
minimization of configuration costs
minimization of center of gravity
optimization of performance measures
Multiple objectives can be considered concurrently; each goal is added to a weighted multi-objective function. Constraints that can be articulated are added to the objective function as penalty terms.
Of the primary objective function terms considered, the single most computationally expensive one to evaluate is the interference detection and quantification between components. To minimize overall run time, we use hierarchical octree models to approximate geometry of components and obtain interference calculations in reasonable time.
An octree is an approximation of an object at various levels of resolution based on successive binary division along each coordinate direction. Each division in 3D space divides a cube into eight cubes. We classify each cube at each level of division as white, black and gray -- white cubes indicate that no part of the actual object sits inside that cube, black indicates that the entire cube rests inside the original object and gray indicates a partial intersection. Figure 1 illustrates three levels of decomposition of a model in 2D.
8 CUBE PACKING:
Packing 8 cubes of dimensions 20x20x20 into a container of
Each cube is unconstrained in all 6 degrees of freedom
Average time taken: 9 seonds
64 CUBE PACKING:
Packing 64 cubes of dimensions 20x20x20 into a container of
Each cube has 6 degrees of freedom
Average time taken : 20 minutes
LUNAR ROVER PACKING:
Packing of the components of a lunar rover for a low center of
18 COGWHEEL PACKING:
Packing of 18 cog wheels into a cubic container. Note that cogwheels
are non-convex, and must mesh in order to pack properly.
Average time taken: 2.5 minutes
SATURN CAR ENGINE COMPARTMENT LAYOUT:
11 components and 26 constraints
Average time taken: 17 seconds
HEAT PUMP LAYOUT AND ROUTING:
Concurrent layout and routing (routes not shown except in the
7 components, 6 routes and 2 constraints
Average time taken: 3 seconds
Current extensions include incorporation of various analysis/simulation into the layout algorithm, modification of the search strategy to best meet specific classes of problems, and investigation into new applications of the basic search mechanisms.
The system was commercialized with design advance (www.designadvance.com).
|
<urn:uuid:a6c32b2b-755e-4f55-b9e9-6d97424cf2fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/org/IDIG/research3dpackaging.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00159.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.878654 | 1,193 | 2.625 | 3 |
Resource Efficiency in Plastics Processing
The fifth in a series of Worksheets by Jonathan Churchman-Davies and Dr. Robin Kent for Envirowise on Resource Efficiency in the Plastics Industry.
UK Government Environment and Energy Helpline 0800 585 794
The resources of the world are finite but the demands being placed on them are increasing rapidly. These demands will increase even more rapidly as the nations of the Far East aspire to and attain the living standards of the West. For example, it has been predicted that the amount of polymer processing machinery required in China over the next 10 years will equal that produced in the West since the plastics industry first started. These changes will inevitably require huge amounts of raw materials and both the resource depletion rate and prices increase. Polymer supply is a world market and a buoyant market in the Far East always translates into rising prices in the West.
The challenge in the long-term will be to control prices by planning for scarcity. This will mean reducing the usage of virgin materials and to increasing the usage of recycled materials. Cleaner design and resource efficiency will become the essential tools for continued success and survival.
‘Use of recyclates can save material costs, but the company had to invest initially to stimulate post-consumer structures for material collection and processing.’
Ford Motor Company (Europe)
Many materials currently used in products cannot be recycled and create significant environmental impacts during their production. A good starting point for assessing material suitability is to prepare a list of the materials used in the product. These can then be investigated to find alternatives with lower costs and environmental impacts. Suitable materials might:
- Be recycled or contain recycled materials.
- Be obtained from suppliers that are environmentally conscious.
- Be capable of recycling at the end-of-life stage.
Tip: Suggestions for suitable alternative materials or potential opportunities for recovery, re-use and recycling of materials should be sought from suppliers and customers.
Tip: As well as looking at the types of materials used in the product, it is important to look at the quantities and diversity of materials used. There may be opportunities to redesign the product to reduce the weight and thickness of components or to use one recyclable material for the entire product.
Examination of current materials must be ruthless in the search for reduced cost and environmental impact. In Germany products made from recycled materials can often attract a price premium, in the future this may become the norm rather than the exception. The markets are changing and plastics processing must change to meet the consumer demands.
The first target for improving costs and environmental impacts should always be to use less material. This reduces materials costs, resource use, transportation and the amount of waste for disposal when the product reaches end-of-life.
Reduce the materials used in the product by:
- Analysing how the main product function is delivered and whether it can be delivered with less material or even without the material at all. This can often be achieved, without compromising quality, through a detailed understanding the product function and improvements in manufacturing technology.
- Retaining the current form and reducing material use by thinner sections or reduced numbers of fixings.
- Reducing the part count by combining parts.
- Using the product design team to identify areas where material can be used more efficiently.
The process of lightweighting or dematerialisation not only brings environmental benefits, but also reduces manufacturing and transport costs and increases profits. A lightweighting project at Coca-Cola Enterprises Ltd produced a new can with a reduced end diameter. This saved over £1 per thousand cans and £2.3 million/year in the UK alone.
‘A focus on lightweighting and materials selection in packaging is essential to maintain profitability.’
Britvic Soft Drinks
The second target is to reduce the environmental impact of the materials used in both the product and the production process. This will reduce the costs and environmental impacts associated with the product life cycle.
Reduce the environmental impact of the materials used in the product by:
- Using renewable materials and recyclates instead of virgin materials to reduce resource depletion and create opportunities and markets for using waste, thus diverting it from disposal.
- Using materials that have less environmental impact during their production, e.g. using less energy or causing less pollution, will reduce the product’s environmental impact and can also reduce the need for expensive controls during production.
- Eliminating or replacing hazardous substances from both the product and the production process. This will reduce the costs and environmental impacts associated with the product life cycle.
Examples of reducing the impact are:
The development team at IBM has successfully replaced virgin polymer in the design of an existing high volume product with 100% recycled content resin, without compromising production.
- The Volvo Car Corporation (VCC) has worked with its suppliers and contractors to eliminate hazardous materials in its vehicles or vehicle components. VCC has developed a ‘black’ list of substances whose use is banned and a ‘grey’ list of substances whose use should be limited.
- The Ericsson Corporation developed and used a materials declaration tool to help its suppliers document the material content of its products.
These examples are described in more detail in GG295 (see More Information box).
In the future, the raw materials used will define the cost of the product even more than today. Incorrect materials choices will increase not only the initial cost but also the cost at all stages of the life cycle.
The correct materials choice will only be possible by knowing the impact and costs of the materials used over the complete product life cycle. This can be achieved by:
- Collecting information on possible material substitutes that are:
- Less hazardous.
- From renewable or recycled sources.
- Produced with less environmental impact.
- Identifying materials databases that contain information on environmental impacts.
- Requiring suppliers of materials and components to provide detailed materials declarations as part of their supply contract.
Tip: Use a formal materials declaration list to collect the information.
Tip: Initially it will be difficult to obtain information about every part of every component but as the requirements become more common it will become easier.
Tip: Ask suppliers to provide proof of any assertions they make.
Planning for scarcity and reduced environmental impact involves transforming the marketplace. The winners will be companies who manage the transformation and the losers will be those taken by surprise by the changes.
- Raw material shortages, caused by both resource depletion and growing demand, will increase prices of both products and utilities.
- Competition and price for recycled raw materials will increase as demand and usage increases.
- EMS will become mandatory for manufacturers.
- Compliance with environmental design standards (e.g. IPP and WEEE) will become legislative requirement.
- Development and implementation of company strategy for purchase of recycled, renewable materials.
- Development and implementation of company strategy for use of renewable energy.
- Long term and sustainable corporate environmental plans.
- Full implementation of cleaner design principles.
- Work with customers to define real product needs.
- Work with customers to reduce the amount and number of materials used.
- Work with customers to remove hazardous materials from the products.
- Work with customers to introduce recycled and renewable materials.
- Work with customers to gain acceptance of new life cycle of all products.
- Promote and sell environmental benefits to the marketplace.
- Introduction of cleaner technology.
- Winners and losers.
- Transformation of the marketplace.
- Cleaner Technology - An essential guide for industry (GG288).
- Cleaner Product Design - An introduction for industry (GG294).
- Cleaner Product Design - Examples from industry (GG295).
- Cleaner Product Design - A practical approach (GG296).
- Environmental Management Systems for the plastics industry (GG251).
- Finding and reducing waste in plastics processing (GG277).
Available free from the Environment and Energy Helpline (0800 585 794) or can be downloaded from this site.
The 'Resource Efficiency' series is designed to give plastics processors a route map to the future for the plastics industry. The series is:
Part 1: Resource Efficiency
Part 2: Manufacturing - Targeting Efforts
Part 3: Use - Optimising Usage
Part 4: End-of-Life - Minimising Outputs
Part 5: Raw Materials - Minimising Inputs (This Section)
Part 6: Distribution - The Essential Link
Download the complete series as an Adobe Acrobat file.
Last edited: 11/03/10
© Tangram Technology Ltd. 2003
Our standard disclaimer regarding Internet data applies.
|
<urn:uuid:60a18213-ff76-44c9-8716-1411965179f5>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://tangram.co.uk/TI-Polymer-Resource_Efficiency5.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00213.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.898298 | 1,782 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Esophageal diseases including achalasia, hiatus hernia and strictures
Diseases of the liver and Biliary tract, including liver cysts, abscesses, portal hypertension, gallstones, cholecystitis and postcholecystectomy complications, cholangitis, Biliary tract strictures, choledochal cysts, all forms of surgical jaundice and hepatobiliary cancers.
Complications of diseases of the pancreas including pancreatic necrosis, pancreatic fistulas, pseudocysts, sphincteroplasty, surgery for chronic pancreatitis.
Diseases of the stomach and alimentary canal including ulcers, bleeds, tuberculosis, intestinal obstruction, fecal fistulas, sphincter-preserving surgery for ulcerative colitis.
Modern management of cancers such as R-2 resections for stomach cancer, sphincter preserving surgery for rectal cancer, surgery for esophageal, colonic, hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers.
A special focus area of the unit is surgery in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. At the Metro Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases these surgeries are being routinely done.
|
<urn:uuid:8efa0ef9-b5e0-462f-88e0-1213632395de>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.jaiswalhospital.com/department-details/155
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646076.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530163210-20230530193210-00721.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883977 | 251 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- Special memory I/O pages cannot be freed into the general page pool, such as the physical address used for I/O APIC. If it happens, then another program would allocate the memory I/O page and then write to that physical address as if it's RAM.
- If two address spaces share a page (mmap w/ MAP_SHARED, or shmat), then pages need to be reference counted.
- If two processes share the same page table (clone system call), then page tables need to be reference counted.
Since he's too engaged in debugging, I'm writing these down for him in case he forgets. I said to him, maybe the reason why people haven't made ground-breaking research into redesigning operating system architecture because the moment you walk in, you get lost in the woods, and you don't see the forest anymore.
|
<urn:uuid:efe3fa9b-2d1a-4984-acb6-81c1591209b4>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://lifecs.likai.org/2009/06/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949822 | 181 | 2.625 | 3 |
From conception a human being
A living being – a rational being – is a great challenge and task. This respect for man must begin by respecting his integrity, freedom, and first of all the right to life. Life is a fundamental value for each of us. The living can grow, they can enjoy life, and they can work, create and love. ‘You must not kill’, says the fifth commandment of the Decalogue. Killing is not only directed against man, taking his life. It is also a serious transgression against God who is the Giver of Life. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, ‘Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person (Article 3). However, we should remember that the declaration was created after the tragic experiences of the Second World War when judging the genocide in Nuernberg people realized what were the results of the ideology, which claimed that some beings were not worth living.
We, Poles, were especially experienced in history and we know that human life and its dignity must be protected. We demanded that by fighting against the communist regime and creating ‘Solidarity’. That’s why our constitution contains article 38, ‘The Republic of Poland shall ensure the legal protection of the life of every human being’. Every human being, which means that this law protects all people. ALL! The Constitutional Tribunal of Poland has stated that in a democratic law-governed country human life is a fundamental value and is protected on its every stage of development. There could have been no other verdict because a state that does not protect its citizens’ lives could not function normally. The question is: Is it always and from the beginning? Here we have unique information noise. Ideology, personal conviction or emotions are taken into account. But science answered the question about the beginning of human life long ago. The beginning is when the reproductive cells of parents: the egg cell and the seminal cell are connected. From the purely biological perspective this event shows us the moment called fertilization as the beginning of life of a new, completely integral, unique human being. Today genetics states explicitly that a child conceived in mother’s womb is not some carrot, tadpole, sea horse or monkey but a human being having characteristics proper to his species and age. One should remember that human life passes with time, it is a process. Each of us was an embryo, fetus, baby. One cannot find any moment in the prenatal development of man to say that before that man was not a human being. When you leave some period of man’s life without protection this would disturb his integrity and cause death. If the constitutional law protects each life as a fundamental value this must also concern the beginnings of life. Each human being, including the weak and the sick, has the right to life. One cannot destroy some illness by removing the patient. A child in mother’s womb is also a patient. If a child is ill it must be treated. Medicine creates new possibilities in this field. How will our world and our society look like if we kill the sick so that we have no troubles with them? This also concerns the end of human life. Each of us can be inflicted with some illness, which would make us burdensome, troublesome to the environment.
The constitutional principle of protection of the life of every human being should be unambiguous and should apply to all people. In order to do this the principle must be specified, reminding us that human life begins from conception. And this is the amendment of the Constitution, which is being discussed by the Parliament.
Poland as a member of the European Union has the full right to self-determination in this very important matter. Ireland has a similar regulation in its constitution. The Irish society is proud of its own constitution. We, Poles, can and must do the same. In this way we are realizing the wish, which John Paul II expressed many times, that Poland should defend the life of every human being.
|
<urn:uuid:039b1b6e-9897-4e41-8dfa-377b874ee016>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=spoleczenstwo&id_art=00042
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737152.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807025719-20200807055719-00031.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965737 | 817 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Have you just thrown some litter into a bin in your city centre? Has that bin just reported back to say how full it is and when it next needs emptying? Is that bin solar powered?
Whether you want to or not, it is impossible to escape the digital transformation in your private life. Digital seems to be ‘all the rage now’ and is having to become a fundamental part of city development. This has given rise to the notion of smart cities but, with each city having a different make up of residents and visitors, how is a smart city defined?
In June this year, a delegation from Coventry City Council was invited to join with Kiel, Germany, and other twinned international cities to discuss how cities deal with digital transformation. Each delegation was asked to respond to the same seven questions: ‘how smart are our partner cities?’, ‘what has been achieved?’, ‘what is still to be done?’, ‘does the government play a leading role and how?’, ‘which other players from the economy, science and society are rising to the challenge?’, ‘are there joint objectives?’ and ‘what are the data protection and security risks?’.
What was fascinating is that each city responded to the same seven questions, but all had a different interpretation of what a ‘smart city’ is - although there were two emerging key themes: e-government and creating a ‘digital place’.
A significant majority of the international cities represented focused on the improvement of council administration as their interpretation of ‘smart cities’. This included channel shift via customer portals to reduce the number of contacts to services via face-to-face or telephone and a big emphasis on the reduction of paper. To some extent, this way of interacting can be taken for granted, but in many cities really does drive a change in people’s lives.
As an example, the Moshi Rural District, Tanzania, is a popular tourist destination but still suffers from famine, specifically within its farming regions. Approximately 80 per cent of its farming community has access to smartphones and connectivity so they can check prices, their bills, and buy and sell their produce online rather than having to travel to markets and city centres, giving them more time to focus on growing crops.
In Brest (France), Malmö (Sweden) and Hatay (Turkey), the focus has been to provide open access to the variety of data sets ranging from district health information all the way to city planning.
In some cases, there have been partnerships with local property development companies allowing them access to planning information about public buildings, playgrounds, construction sites, and childcare facilities. This is then combined with sensor data to help model and predict future demand, matched up with health and education needs within that area of the community, whilst enabling residents to comment and engage with the planning approval process online.
Everyone commented that there is continued reluctance from residents to engage like this, largely due to a lack of digital skills as well as diverse cultural groups. Kiel’s approach to overcome this was a ‘digital week’ that promoted learning and fostered partnerships between communities, local authorities and businesses. For example, a newspaper company had noticed a decline in the number of print versus online subscriptions, but there was reluctance from the remaining print media readers to switch to the online version because of skills. Sensing a good business opportunity, they had started to offer free digital and computer skills workshops to residents.
Although not entirely altruistic, those skills learnt have helped engage people further in government. The ‘digital week’, driven by the city administration with little budget and no programme, proved so successful that it’s likely to become an annual event.
The second theme to emerge from the talks was around the actual physical aspect of the cities, the public realm and this notion of a ‘digital place’. The ability to provide good, fast reliable connectivity and for a city to change, adapt and respond ‘automagically’ based on sensors. The growth of the internet of things has really opened the world of sensors and data reporting that can help drive how a city centre space works.
Take the Smart-Big Belly bins, something San-Francisco and Coventry have in common. They are solar powered, connected bins fitted with sensors that provide real time alerts when they are full or reaching capacity. These alerts are then passed to refuse vehicles and collection teams who can respond accordingly, preventing expensive spillages and unnecessary journeys.
Later this year, paying respect to Coventry’s car manufacturing history, the emergence of sensors will increase as we see autonomous vehicles on Coventry roads as part of the UK Autodrive project. This will be expanded to form a West Midlands testbed as part of the connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) project, which is focused on getting vehicles to talk to each other and their surroundings over a 5G network.
The goal within Coventry is to create a platform that can be used by residents, local universities and businesses to innovate on, and engage with, a real-world environment, a ‘living lab’. Plans are afoot to install a low power wide area network (LoRaWAN) utilising various tall buildings across the city for an internet of things (IOT) network across the city for sensors, monitoring and connected devices.
Most of the delegations touched on some elements of ‘digital place’ with ambitions to improve their cities’ internet availability, transport networks and smarter connected technology, but said they are being held back by poor connectivity.
Surprisingly in some cases, it was the opposite of what we see in the UK, with rural areas being very well connected, but the denser urban populations not. Even in areas where you’d assume fast, good connectivity was the norm, that’s not always the case. For example, up to 15 per cent of school children do not have internet access at home within San Francisco.
Living lab and platform for innovation
So, if all this and more was discussed in a couple of hours by cities all trying to answer the same seven questions, when do you become a ‘smart city’? It shows that whilst every city is striving to achieve a ‘smart city’ status, it’s not easy to define what a ‘smart city’ is. In some cases, the local authority’s IT department is continuing with the internal business, but also having to engage in city-wide technology innovation.
Coventry has found itself an ideal ‘living lab’ due to its geographical size, two top universities and connectivity that provide a platform for innovation. Since being announced as UK City of Culture 2021 there has been an increase in technology partners wanting to engage.
It’s hard to say if a ‘smart city’ is determined based on its implementation of e-government or digital place initiatives as it is different for each country, city and person, and technology evolves very fast. Gdynia, Poland, summed it up nicely with a simple goal of being a city to ‘deliver quality of life’, which when it comes to smart cities is the use of technology to enable that, in a sustainable way.
Cities in attendance
- Brest, France,
- Coventry, Great Britain,
- Gdynia, Poland,
- Gothenburg, Sweden,
- Hatay, Turkey,
- Malmö, Sweden,
- Moshi Rural, Tanzania
- Riga, Latvia,
- San Francisco, USA,
- Stralsund, Germany,
- Tallinn, Estonia,
- Vaasa, Finland,
- Kiel, Germany
|
<urn:uuid:b5edda01-b865-4e61-9f13-6e2d273a7477>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.bcs.org/content-hub/a-smarter-approach-to-city-living/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655888561.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705184325-20200705214325-00040.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95787 | 1,617 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Dinosaur-like animal of Central Africa, similar to the MOKELE-MBEMBE
Etymology: Lozi (Bantu) word. Variant names: Ing'ondotuya, Lengol engol e, Lingongol e.
Physical description: Length, 20-40 feet. Larger than an elephant. Head is like a snake's. Long neck. Lizardl ike l egs. Behavior: Amphibious. Tracks: Makes wide furrows in the reeds and mud.
Habitat: Swamps, rivers. Distribution: Zambezi River from the Barotse Floodplain to Victoria Falls, Zambia.
Significant sightings: Lewanika, king of Barot-seland in western Zambia in the early twentieth century, went to the spot where a huge, aquatic reptile had been seen. He found a large space where reeds had been flattened and a channel as large as a trek wagon where it had crawled through the mud.
In the southern summer of 1925, a rivertransport manager named V. Pare saw a 30- to 40-foot, snakelike animal with a slate-gray head resting on a rock in the fl ooded Zambezi River near Victoria Falls, Zambia. It disappeared into a deep cave.
E. C. Saunders watched two animals with long necks in the Zambezi River near Katomb-ora, Zambia, in January 1960. He estimated they were 20—25 feet l ong and did not l ook l ike pythons.
(1) An outsize African cl awl ess otter (Aonyx capensis) may be the source of Pare's 1925 sighting, according to Bernard Heuvelmans. It grows to 5 feet in l ength, incl uding its tail.
(2) Two African rock pythons (Python sebae) in coitus probably explain the Saunders sighting.
(3) A surviving sauropod dinosaur. Sources: David Livingstone, Missionary
Travels and Researches in South Africa (London: John Murray, 1857), p. 517; John G. Millais, Far Away up the Nile (London: Longmans, Green, 1924), pp. 61-67; Vernon Brelsford, "Some Northern Rhodesian Monsters," African Observer 4, no. 6 (1936): 58-60; William Hichens, "African Mystery Beasts," Discovery 18 (1937): 369-373; "Le monstre des chutes Victoria," Atlas, June 1963, p. 108; Bernard Heuvel mans, Les derniers dragons d'Afrique (Paris: Plon, 1978), pp. 221-229, 387-388.
Was this article helpful?
All wart sufferers, this is the day to stop the shame. How I Got Rid Of My Warts Forever and How You Can Get Rid Of Warts Naturally In 3 Days. With No Blisters, No Scars, And No Pain Without medications or expensive procedures. All by applying a simple, very natural and unbelievable FREE substance that can be found in almost every household.
|
<urn:uuid:0a9dba0b-3f6f-4636-81cb-e1247bc755ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.alpfmedical.info/freshwater-monster/isiququmadevu.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00155.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.866113 | 659 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Three technological eras began in 1953: thermonuclear weapons, stored-program computers, and modern genetics.
At 10:38 p.m. on March 3, 1953, in a one-story brick building at the end of Olden Lane in Princeton, New Jersey, Italian Norwegian mathematical biologist Nils Aall Barricelli inoculated a 5-kilobyte digital universe with random numbers generated by drawing playing cards from a shuffled deck. "A series of numerical experiments are being made with the aim of verifying the possibility of an evolution similar to that of living organisms taking place in an artificially created universe," he announced.
A digital universe -- whether 5 kilobytes or the entire Internet -- consists of two species of bits: differences in space, and differences in time. Digital computers translate between these two forms of information -- structure and sequence -- according to definite rules. Bits that are embodied as structure (varying in space, invariant across time) we perceive as memory, and bits that are embodied as sequence (varying in time, invariant across space) we perceive as code. Gates are the intersections where bits span both worlds at the moments of transition from one instant to the next.
The term bit (the contraction, by 40 bits, of "binary digit") was coined by statistician John W. Tukey shortly after he joined von Neumann's project in November of 1945. The existence of a fundamental unit of communicable information, representing a single distinction between two alternatives, was defined rigorously by information theorist Claude Shannon in his then-secret Mathematical Theory of Cryptography of 1945, expanded into his Mathematical Theory of Communication of 1948. "Any difference that makes a difference" is how cybernetician Gregory Bateson translated Shannon's definition into informal terms. To a digital computer, the only difference that makes a difference is the difference between a zero and a one.
That two symbols were sufficient for encoding all communication had been established by Francis Bacon in 1623. "The transposition of two Letters by five placeings will be sufficient for 32 Differences [and] by this Art a way is opened, whereby a man may expresse and signifie the intentions of his minde, at any distance of place, by objects ... capable of a twofold difference onely," he wrote, before giving examples of how such binary coding could be conveyed at the speed of paper, the speed of sound, or the speed of light.
That zero and one were sufficient for logic as well as arithmetic was established by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1679, following the lead given by Thomas Hobbes in his Computation, or Logique of 1656. "By Ratiocination, I mean computation," Hobbes had announced. "Now to compute, is either to collect the sum of many things that are added together, or to know what remains when one thing is taken out of another. Ratiocination, therefore is the same with Addition or Substraction; and if any man adde Multiplication and Division, I will not be against it, seeing ... that all Ratiocination is comprehended in these two operations of the minde." The new computer, for all its powers, was nothing more than a very fast adding machine, with a memory of 40,960 bits.
In March of 1953 there were 53 kilobytes of high-speed random-access memory on planet Earth.
In March of 1953 there were 53 kilobytes of high-speed random-access memory on planet Earth. Five kilobytes were at the end of Olden Lane, 32 kilobytes were divided among the eight completed clones of the Institute for Advanced Study's computer, and 16 kilobytes were unevenly distributed across a half dozen other machines. Data, and the few rudimentary programs that existed, were exchanged at the speed of punched cards and paper tape. Each island in the new archipelago constituted a universe unto itself.
In 1936, logician Alan Turing had formalized the powers (and limitations) of digital computers by giving a precise description of a class of devices (including an obedient human being) that could read, write, remember, and erase marks on an unbounded supply of tape. These "Turing machines" were able to translate, in both directions, between bits embodied as structure (in space) and bits encoded as sequences (in time). Turing then demonstrated the existence of a Universal Computing Machine that, given sufficient time, sufficient tape, and a precise description, could emulate the behavior of any other computing machine. The results are independent of whether the instructions are executed by tennis balls or electrons, and whether the memory is stored in semiconductors or on paper tape. "Being digital should be of more interest than being electronic," Turing pointed out.
Von Neumann set out to build a Universal Turing Machine that would operate at electronic speeds. At its core was a 32-by-32-by-40-bit matrix of high-speed random-access memory -- the nucleus of all things digital ever since. "Random access" meant that all individual memory locations -- collectively constituting the machine's internal "state of mind" -- were equally accessible at any time. "High speed" meant that the memory was accessible at the speed of light, not the speed of sound. It was the removal of this constraint that unleashed the powers of Turing's otherwise impractical Universal Machine.
Electronic components were widely available in 1945, but digital behavior was the exception to the rule. Images were televised by scanning them into lines, not breaking them into bits. Radar delivered an analog display of echoes returned by the continuous sweep of a microwave beam. Hi-fi systems filled postwar living rooms with the warmth of analog recordings pressed into vinyl without any losses to digital approximation being introduced. Digital technologies -- Teletype, Morse code, punched card accounting machines -- were perceived as antiquated, low-fidelity, and slow. Analog ruled the world.
The IAS group achieved a fully electronic random-access memory by adapting analog cathode-ray oscilloscope tubes -- evacuated glass envelopes about the size and shape of a champagne bottle, but with walls as thin as a champagne flute's. The wide end of each tube formed a circular screen with a fluorescent internal coating, and at the narrow end was a high-voltage gun emitting a stream of electrons whose aim could be deflected by a two-axis electromagnetic field. The cathode-ray tube (CRT) was a form of analog computer: varying the voltages to the deflection coils varied the path traced by the electron beam. The CRT, especially in its incarnation as an oscilloscope, could be used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide signals -- the results being displayed directly as a function of the amplitude of the deflection and its frequency in time. From these analog beginnings, the digital universe took form.
Applying what they had learned in the radar, cryptographic, and antiaircraft fire-control business during the war, von Neumann's engineers took pulse-coded control of the deflection circuits and partitioned the face of the tube into a 32-by-32 array of numerically addressable locations that could be individually targeted by the electron beam. Because the resulting electric charge lingered on the coated glass surface for a fraction of a second and could be periodically refreshed, each 5-inch-diameter tube could store 1,024 bits of information, with the state of any specified location accessible at any time. The transition from analog to digital had begun.
The IAS computer incorporated forty cathode-ray memory tubes, with memory addresses assigned as if a desk clerk were handing out similar room numbers to forty guests at a time in a forty-floor hotel. Codes proliferated within this universe by taking advantage of the architectural principle that a pair of 5-bit coordinates (25= 32) uniquely identified one of 1,024 memory locations containing a string (or "word") of 40 bits. In 24 microseconds, any specified 40-bit string of code could be retrieved. These 40 bits could include not only data (numbers that mean things) but also executable instructions (numbers that do things) -- including instructions to modify the existing instructions, or transfer control to another location and follow new instructions from there.
Since a 10-bit order code, combined with 10 bits specifying a memory address, returned a string of 40 bits, the result was a chain reaction analogous to the two-for-one fission of neutrons within the core of an atomic bomb. All hell broke loose as a result. Random-access memory gave the world of machines access to the powers of numbers -- and gave the world of numbers access to the powers of machines.
* * *
The computer building's plain concrete-block core had been paid for jointly by the U.S. Army's Ordnance Department and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). To reconcile the terms of the government contract, specifying a temporary structure, with the sentiments of the neighboring community, the Institute for Advanced Study had paid the additional $9,000 (equivalent to about $100,000 today) to finish the building with a brick veneer.
There were close ties between the IAS and the AEC. J. Robert Oppenheimer was director of the IAS and chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the AEC. Lewis Strauss was chairman of the AEC and president of the IAS Board of Trustees. The freewheeling mix of science and weaponeering that had thrived at Los Alamos during the war had been transplanted to Princeton under the sponsorship of the AEC. "The Army contract provides for general supervision by the Ballistic Research Laboratory of the Army," it was noted on November 1, 1949, "whereas the AEC provides for supervision by von Neumann." As long as the computer was available for weapons calculations, von Neumann could spend the remaining machine time as he pleased.
In 1953, Robert Oppenheimer and Lewis Strauss -- who had engineered Oppenheimer's appointment as director of the Institute in 1947, and would turn against him in 1954 -- were still on friendly terms. "There is a case of Chateau Lascombes waiting for you with my compliments at Sherry Wine & Spirits Co., 679 Madison Avenue (near 61st Street)," Strauss informed Oppenheimer on April 10, 1953. "I hope you and Kitty will like it."
"We picked up the wine two days ago, and opened a bottle that night," Oppenheimer replied on April 22. "It was very good; and now Kitty and I can thank you, not merely for your kindness, but for the great pleasure that you have made us." Robert and Kitty had drunk from the poisoned chalice. One year later, the man who had done so much to deliver the powers of atomic energy into the hands of the U.S. government, but had then turned against his masters to oppose the development of the hydrogen bomb, would be stripped of his security clearances after a dramatic hearing before the Atomic Energy Commission's Personnel Security Board.
While the computer was still under construction, a small team from Los Alamos, led by Nicholas Metropolis and Stanley Frankel, quietly took up residence at the Institute. There were two separate classes of membership at the IAS: permanent members, who were appointed for life by a decision of the faculty as a whole, and visiting members, who were invited by the individual schools, usually for one year or less. Metropolis and Frankel did not belong to either group and mysteriously just showed up. "All I was told was that what Metropolis came out for was to calculate the feasibility of a fusion bomb," remembers Jack Rosenberg, an engineer who had designed, built, and installed a hi-fi audio system in Albert Einstein's house for his seventieth birthday in 1949, using some of the computer project's spare vacuum tubes and other parts. "That's all I knew. And then I felt dirty. And Einstein said 'that's exactly what I thought they were going to use it for.' He was way ahead."
The new machine was christened MANIAC (Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Computer) and put to its first test, during the summer of 1951, with a thermonuclear calculation that ran for sixty days nonstop. The results were confirmed by two huge explosions in the South Pacific: Ivy Mike, yielding the equivalent of 10.4 million tons of TNT at Enewetak on November 1, 1952, and Castle Bravo, yielding 15 megatons at Bikini on February 28, 1954.
The year 1953 was one of frenzied preparations in between. Of the eleven nuclear tests, yielding a total of 252 kilotons, conducted at the Nevada Test Site in 1953, most were concerned not with trying to make large, spectacular explosions, but with understanding how the effects of more modest nuclear explosions could be tailored to trigger a thermonuclear reaction resulting in a deliverable hydrogen bomb.
Ivy Mike, fueled by 82 tons of liquid deuterium, cooled to minus 250 degrees in a tank the size of a railroad car, demonstrated a proof of principle, whereas Castle Bravo, fueled by solid lithium deuteride, represented a deployable weapon that could be delivered, in hours, by a B- 52. It was von Neumann, in early 1953, who pointed out to the air force that rockets were getting larger, while hydrogen bombs were getting smaller. Delivery in minutes would be next.
The Americans had smaller bombs, but the Russians had larger rockets. Plotting the increasing size of rockets against the decreasing size of warheads, von Neumann showed that the intersection resulting in an intercontinental ballistic missile -- a possibility he referred to as "nuclear weapons in their expected most vicious form" -- might occur in the Soviet Union first. The air force, pushed by Trevor Gardner and Bernard Schriever, formed a Strategic Missiles Evaluation Committee chaired by von Neumann, and the Atlas ICBM program, which had been limping along since 1946, was off the ground. The year 1953 was the first one in which more than $1 million was spent on guided missile development by the United States. "Guided" did not imply the precision we take for granted now. "Once it was launched, all that we would know is what city it was going to hit," von Neumann answered the vice president in 1955.
Numerical simulations were essential to the design of weapons that were, as Oppenheimer put it, "singularly proof against any form of experimental approach." When Nils Barricelli arrived in Princeton in 1953, one large thermonuclear calculation had just been completed, and another was in the works. The computer was usually turned over to the Los Alamos group, led by Foster and Cerda Evans, overnight. It was agreed, on March 20, that "during the running of the Evans problem there would be no objection to using some time on Saturday and Sunday instead of operating from midnight to 8:00 a.m." Barricelli had to squeeze his numerical universe into existence between bomb calculations, taking whatever late-night and early morning hours were left.
During the night of March 3, 1953, as Barricelli's numerical organisms were released into the computational wilderness for the first time, Joseph Stalin was sinking into a coma in Moscow, following a stroke. He died two days later -- five months short of witnessing the first Soviet hydrogen bomb test at Semipalatinsk. No one knew who or what would follow Stalin, but Lavrentiy Beria, director of the NKVD secret police and supervisor of the Soviet nuclear weapons program, was the heir apparent, and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission made it their business to fear the worst. After Barricelli's "Symbiosis Problem" ran without misadventure overnight, the machine log notes "over to blast wave" on the morning of March 4. Later in the day the log simply reads "over to" followed by a pencil sketch of a mushroom cloud.
Three technological revolutions dawned in 1953: thermonuclear weapons, stored-program computers, and the elucidation of how life stores its own instructions as strings of DNA. On April 2, James Watson and Francis Crick submitted "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" to Nature, noting that the double helical structure "suggests possible copying mechanism for the genetic material." They hinted at the two-bits-per-base-pair coding whereby living cells read, write, store, and replicate genetic information as sequences of nucleotides we identify as A, T, G, and C. "If an adenine forms one member of a pair, on either chain, then on these assumptions the other member must be thymine; similarly for guanine and cytosine," they explained. "If only specific pairs of bases can be formed, it follows that if the sequence of bases on one chain is given, then the sequence on the other chain is automatically determined."
The mechanism of translation between sequence and structure in biology and the mechanism of translation between sequence and structure in technology were set on a collision course. Biological organisms had learned to survive in a noisy, analog environment by repeating themselves, once a generation, through a digital, error-correcting phase, the same way repeater stations are used to convey intelligible messages over submarine cables where noise is being introduced. The transition from digital once a generation to digital all the time began in 1953.
The race was on to begin decoding living processes from the top down. And with the seeding of an empty digital universe with self-modifying instructions, we took the first steps toward the encoding of living processes from the bottom up. "Just because the special conditions prevailing on this earth seem to favor the forms of life which are based on organo-chemical compounds, this is no proof that it is not possible to build up other forms of life on an entirely different basis," Barricelli explained. The new computer was assigned two problems: how to destroy life as we know it, and how to create life of unknown forms.
What began as an isolated 5-kilobyte matrix is now expanding by over two trillion transistors per second (a measure of the growth in processing and memory) and five trillion bits of storage capacity per second (a measure of the growth in code). Yet we still face the same questions that were asked in 1953. Turing's question was what it would take for machines to begin to think. Von Neumann's question was what it would take for machines to begin to reproduce.
When the Institute for Advanced Study agreed, against all objections, to allow von Neumann and his group to build a computer, the concern was that the refuge of the mathematicians would be disturbed by the presence of engineers. No one imagined the extent to which, on the contrary, the symbolic logic that had been the preserve of the mathematicians would unleash the powers of coded sequences upon the world. "In those days we were all so busy doing what we were doing we didn't think very much about this enormous explosion that might happen," says Willis Ware.
Was the explosion an accident or deliberately set? "The military wanted computers," explains Harris Mayer, the Los Alamos physicist who was working with both John von Neumann and Edward Teller at the time. "The military had the need and they had the money but they didn't have the genius. And Johnny von Neumann was the genius. As soon as he recognized that we needed a computer to do the calculations for the H- bomb, I think Johnny had all of this in his mind."
Excerpted with permission from Turing's Cathedral: Origins of the Digital Universe (Pantheon, 2012).
Images: Alan Richards, photographer. Courtesy of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
This article available online at:
|
<urn:uuid:1f49d9d4-7e55-4991-aa1c-86415608edd9>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2012/03/1953-the-year-that-revolutionized-life-death-and-the-digital-bit/254013/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133564.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00122-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969957 | 4,095 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30.
You are here
The planet Venus stands farthest from the Sun for its current "morning-star" appearance early tomorrow. It rises about four hours before the Sun, and is high in the southeast at first light.
Venus has played an important role in the star lore and astronomy of many cultures. Not only is it the brightest object in the night sky after the Moon, but it moves back and forth between evening and morning sky -- a perfect celestial metaphor for death and rebirth.
Venus was especially important in Mesoamerica. Mayan astronomer-priests carefully observed the planet, for example, often from viewing platforms built just for that purpose. Over the decades, they compiled detailed records of the planet's motions.
They discovered that Venus completes five repeating patterns across the sky every eight years. Their observations allowed them to predict Venus's appearance in the morning or evening sky decades or even centuries into the future. They knew just when it would rise or set, and just where it would rise or set along the horizon.
That allowed them to make Venus an important part of everyday life. Rituals and ceremonies were timed to coincide with Venus's most important appearances -- its first appearance in the morning or evening sky, for example, or its greatest distance from the Sun. And its motions along the horizon were incorporated into Mayan architecture -- making Venus one of the most important objects on Earth as well as in the night sky.
Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2010
- ‹ Previous
- Next ›
|
<urn:uuid:90257f78-6179-453d-b45c-edca4b7e360c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://www.stardate.org/radio/program/brilliant-venus
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805923.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120071401-20171120091401-00310.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950121 | 361 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The arsenic century
The arsenic century
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press 2010 | 464pp | ?16.99 (HB)
Reviewed by Derry Jones
Arsenic poisoning, intentional or accidental, seemed an epidemic in Britain in the 1840s; symptoms were similar to those of gastric diseases.
By arsenic they meant arsenious acid (arsenic trioxide) or white arsenic, a rat poison available cheaply from grocers. Without taste or colour, it could mix, or be confused, with sugar or flour and hence be ingested.
The press exaggerated impressions of widespread poisoning, but life insurance and, especially, burial clubs encouraged the unscrupulous to accelerate dying. Mary Ann Cotton, hanged in 1873, insured and murdered 21 relatives, including her children and step-children.
In The arsenic century, medical historian James Whorton details Victorian Britain’s exposure to arsenic: at home, from fabrics and wallpapers (through Karl Scheele’s green pigment, copper arsenate), as employees in iron smelting, making garments or artificial flowers or from sheep dip, or drinking beer from a Manchester brewery (many victims developed a khaki skin).
The profession of chemistry was becoming established and forensic science was emerging; James Marsh devised his sensitive arsine test in 1836 and in 1841 Hugo Reinsch introduced a simpler one soon adopted by toxicologists. Previously guilt in murder cases had to be inferred from incriminating behaviour, the corpse’s state (arsenic toxicity to microbes helped organ preservation), or feeding to an animal.
Waste from an arsenic smelter in the author’s home state of Washington required removal of 1000 square miles of topsoil; one would have welcomed an epilogue summarising current risk levels and analytical methods.
While providing little assistance for an examination question on group V elements, Whorton describes many 19th century cases of murder, suicide and adulteration of food and drink with science, class and morality. Despite the book’s austere appearance and painstaking documentation (over 500, many multiple, references, but a disappointing index), there are light touches, enhanced with contemporary drawings.
For a broader social influence of arsenic, including wars and their aftermaths, readers should brave William Cullen’s deceptively titled Is arsenic an aphrodisiac? (See Chemistry World, November 2008)
|
<urn:uuid:2e008f69-bcf0-41bc-a50f-a80c1424b695>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.chemistryworld.com/review/arsenical-activities/3006069.article
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00819.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912951 | 505 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Cypriniformes
(Carps) > Nemacheilidae
Etymology: Troglocobitis: Greek, troglos = cave + Greek, kobitis, -idos = a kind of sardine; also related with the voice Greek, kobios, Latin gobius = gudgeon (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Freshwater; demersal. Temperate; 40°N - 36°N
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Asia: known only from Turkmenistan.
Proudlove, G.S., 1997. A synopsis of the hypogean fishes of the world. p. 351-354. In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland. vol. 3. (Ref. 27297)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 90363)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: of no interest
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00398 - 0.02628), b=2.97 (2.74 - 3.20), based on LWR estimates for this Subfamily-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 2.7 ±0.3 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (22 of 100) .
|
<urn:uuid:2c57b58f-0ede-4da7-8dcd-d29e815c1565>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Troglocobitis-starostini.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921550.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00135-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.675136 | 457 | 2.84375 | 3 |
GACE Special Education: Are you planning to teach special education in Georgia? Have you heard of the GACE program, which stands for Georgia Assessments for the Certification of Educators? Georgia State’s standardized testing program, or GACE, evaluates the knowledge and abilities of educators, especially those aspiring to special education certification.
At GACE, we know that becoming a special education teacher is both difficult and rewarding. At every step of the journey, our staff is here to support you. Our GACE examinations evaluate your comprehension of industry best practices and standards, regardless of whether you are just beginning your career or are an experienced professional wishing to renew your certification. You can rely on GACE to evaluate you based on the most recent and pertinent information to ensure you are prepared to help students with special needs in the classroom. So come along on the ride, and let’s work together to change the world!
GACE Special Education General Curriculum Test
The GACE General Curriculum exam is one of the tests necessary for certification as a special education teacher in Georgia. The test aims to evaluate educators’ knowledge and abilities in special education laws, regulations, and procedures; characteristics of students with disabilities; assessment and evaluation; instruction and intervention; and professional duties.
The exam is divided into two subtests, Subtest I, and Subtest II, with Subtest I covering basic special education information and Subtest II covering specific knowledge of either early childhood, middle grades, or secondary education. For more information about these stages of education, visit the National Education Association website.
Selected-response questions make up the computer-delivered test. The test can be finished in 3 hours and 30 minutes. A passing mark for each Subtest is 220.
If you wish to teach special education in Georgia’s public schools, you must pass this test, which is one of the requirements for certification as a special education teacher.
GACE Special Education General Curriculum Study Guide
A study resource that can assist people in getting ready for the GACE General Curriculum is the GACE General Curriculum Study Guide. It often contains details and practice materials pertaining to the test’s subject matter, including special education legislation, rules, and procedures; traits of students with disabilities; assessment and evaluation; instruction and intervention; and professional duties.
A good study guide should provide practice questions and test-taking techniques to help people become comfortable with the format and sorts of questions on the test, covering the test’s subject matter in detail and an organized manner.
Some study guides may also review important ideas, words, formulas, and test-taking advice and techniques to make students feel more assured and prepared on test day.
It’s vital to keep in mind that while study guides can be useful, they cannot replace in-person instruction or thorough subject knowledge; therefore, it’s crucial to use a range of resources when researching and practicing.
What Is the Passing Score for Gace General Curriculum?
For each of the two subtests of the GACE General Curriculum Test, a score of 220 is required to pass. The test is broken up into two subtests, Subtest I, and Subtest II, with Subtest I covering basic special education information, while Subtest II includes specific knowledge of either early childhood, middle grades, or secondary school.
To pass the test, test-takers must receive passing marks on both subtests. Selected-response questions make up the computer-delivered test. The test can be finished in 3 hours and 30 minutes. It’s crucial to remember that passing the test is one of the requirements for Georgia special education teacher certification and is necessary for individuals who wish to teach special education in the state’s public schools. Also, different states may have different requirements. For instance, in Massachusetts, prospective special education teachers need to pass the MTEL Special Education test.
Is The GACE Test Still Required In Georgia?
To become certified as a teacher in Georgia, one must still pass the GACE (Georgia Assessments for the Certification of Educators) exam. The Georgia Professional Standards Commission uses the test to determine whether a person has the information and abilities required to be certified as a teacher in the state. The test is intended to evaluate the knowledge and skills of educators in several sectors, including special education.
However, it’s crucial to keep in mind that certification standards might alter over time. I would advise contacting the Georgia Professional Standards Commission for the most recent information on certification requirements, including the status of GACE testing.
Jennifer Hanson is a dedicated and seasoned writer specializing in the field of special education. With a passion for advocating for the rights and needs of children with diverse learning abilities, Jennifer uses her pen to educate, inspire, and empower both educators and parents alike.
|
<urn:uuid:41eca03c-43c2-4470-bcd7-fdf93c17b608>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://special-education-journey.com/gace-special-education/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00215.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92782 | 1,000 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It is important to let your doctor know if you exercise before a blood test as it can affect some of the findings, including blood glucose levels, inflammatory markers and cholesterol readings. Find out when is the best time to exercise before a blood test to get accurate results.
Working out before a blood test may affect certain results, such as inflammatory markers and blood sugar levels. For the most accurate results, avoid high-intensity exercise for a couple of days before your blood tests.
What Do Blood Tests Measure?
A blood test is a very common screening tool that looks at your overall health. Your doctor may order a blood test to check for diseases and health conditions, especially if you're getting ready for surgery or experiencing unusual symptoms, says the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
These tests look at your risk factors for heart disease and screen you for conditions like cancer, diabetes, anemia and coronary heart disease. A sample of blood is taken either through a finger prick or by using a needle. It is a quick procedure that results in minimal discomfort.
Doctors will use the results of a blood test to diagnose medical conditions, but they may take into consideration other factors as well. They use information from your vital signs, such as blood pressure and pulse, as well as your signs and symptoms, to get the complete picture and make an accurate diagnosis.
Factors Affecting Blood Test Results
To get ready for a blood test, there are some things you should avoid to get the most accurate results. Many people don't realize that what they eat or how soon they exercise before a blood test can affect the results.
Read more: Foods to Avoid Before a Blood Test
If you are having a glucose test to rule out diabetes, you will need to fast for eight to 12 hours before the test, says the U.S. National Library of Medicine. The kind of test will measure your blood sugar levels.
Lipid tests will also require fasting because they measure the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol (LDL) that put you at risk for heart disease.
During a fast, you cannot eat or drink anything besides water. The U.S. National Library of Medicine says that when you are fasting, you should also avoid smoking, chewing gum and exercising before a blood test to ensure the accuracy of your results.
Effects of Exercise Before a Blood Test
It is fairly easy to see how eating and drinking can affect your blood tests, but what about exercise?
Blood sugar: Fasting glucose tests measure your blood sugar and may help diagnose diabetes. A December 2017 study in the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER) found that doing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise does not affect the blood test results.
High-intensity exercise, however, may cause an increase in glucose production and show high blood sugar levels for one to two hours. Avoid high-intensity exercise for at least two hours before your bloodwork to make sure you get accurate results.
Read more: Fasting Blood Test Requirements
Red blood cells: Regular exercise will increase the number of red blood cells (RBC) in the blood. A low RBC count may indicate anemia and/or iron deficiency. In a small study published in the Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine (OAJSM) in April 2016, which looked at blood markers before, during and after a two-day marathon, RBC was significantly higher during the race and below baseline after the race. It returned to normal after the race.
Researchers attribute some of these findings to dehydration from sweating during the run. If you have exercised before your test, make sure you drink water and let your doctor know.
Cholesterol: The JER study looked at how exercise affects lipids or total blood cholesterol levels and found that short-term exercise did not affect these values. However, vigorous physical activity for more than three days had a positive effect on high-density cholesterol (HDL) and triglycerides.
Inflammatory markers: Marathon runners did show higher levels of inflammatory markers during the run, including high white blood cells, but these levels returned to normal after the race, reports the OAJSM study.
In addition to the above, the OAJSM study points out that blood levels of the muscle enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and the liver function test AST will be higher after exercise. These levels take several days to a week to return to normal.
Stay on the safe side and refrain from doing high-intensity exercise a few days before blood work. Keep your doctor informed of your physical activity level, especially if you work out regularly.
Is This an Emergency?
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: "Blood Tests"
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Fasting For A Blood Test"
- Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation: "Effect of Vigorous Physical Activity on Blood Lipid and Glucose"
- Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine: "Changes in Blood Biochemical Markers Before, During, and After a 2-Day Ultramarathon"
|
<urn:uuid:a08ee2ba-d78c-4c3e-bae5-c7966550e8a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.livestrong.com/article/397795-can-working-out-before-a-blood-test-affect-the-results/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657169226.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716122414-20200716152414-00375.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936683 | 1,038 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Source: Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
SHAWNADITHIT (Shanawdithit, Nancy, Nance April), Beothuk; b. c. 1801, daughter of Doodebewshet; d. 6 June 1829 in St John’s, Nfld.
Shawnadithit was the last known survivor of the Beothuk, the First Nations inhabitants of Newfoundland known to early European settlers as “Red Indians” for their use of ochre to colour their skin. A member of one of their small and rapidly dwindling family groups, Shawnadithit was the niece of Demasduwit* and her husband, Nonosbawsut. As a child and young girl she witnessed several of the final documented encounters between her people and white settlers, including both violent attacks and expeditions dispatched or authorized by the British and colonial officials to establish friendly relations; as a captive herself, she was the source of much of what is known about the customs, language, and last days of her people.
In January 1811 she was present at the meeting on the shore of Red Indian Lake with Lieutenant David Buchan* and his party, which ended in the deaths of two British marines. In the summer of 1818 she was with the Beothuk who scavenged goods from John Peyton Jr’s [see John Peyton] salmon boat and cargo at Lower Sandy Point, on the Bay of Exploits. She observed the kidnapping of Demasduwit and the killing of Nonosbawsut by Peyton’s party in March 1819 and witnessed the return by Buchan of her aunt’s body to the deserted encampment at Red Indian Lake in February 1820. In the spring of 1823 Shawnadithit, her sister, and their mother, Doodebewshet, weakened by starvation, were taken by the furrier William Cull at Badger Bay. Her father fell through the ice and drowned after what was reported to be a desperate attempt at rescue. Cull brought the three women to magistrate Peyton’s establishment at Exploits, on the more northerly of the two Exploits Islands, and Peyton himself sailed with them to St John’s by schooner in June. It was quickly decided by Buchan, acting in the absence but with the authority of the governor, Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Hamilton*, that the women should be returned to their people with presents as speedily as possible. In July Peyton left them at the mouth of Charles Brook with provisions and a small boat to make their way back to any survivors of their group. Unsuccessful, the three later returned on foot to the coast; the mother and sister, desperately ill, died within a few days of each another, and Shawnadithit was taken into Peyton’s household.
For the ensuing five years, Shawnadithit remained with his household at Exploits (not, as sometimes assumed, at Twillingate, to which he removed at a later date); she seems to have been kindly treated, despite Peyton’s previous violence towards the Beothuk. With the founding of the Boeothick (Beothuk) Institution by prominent citizens of St John’s and Twillingate, supported by interested patrons outside Newfoundland, she was brought to St John’s under the auspices of that organization in September 1828. There she resided with the president of the institution, William Eppes Cormack*, the peripatetic explorer, merchant, and philanthropist. It is to her that we owe credit for much of the data written down by Cormack: she is one of the prime witnesses to the Beothuk language, the customs of her people, and the events and general condition of the members in the final years when their numbers had fallen to perhaps less than 20. She was gifted with a pencil and sketch-book, and her drawings (frequently reproduced) are especially valuable. Moreover, as the last of her people, Shawnadithit has naturally figured largely in popular accounts.
The Beothuk were a small branch of the Algonkian people, and probably numbered less than 2,000 when Europeans first encountered them in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were hunters and fishers who depended largely upon the caribou of the interior in winter, and the fish and marine mammals of the coast in the warmer months. Aside from an account of their tentative meeting with John Guy*’s colonists in 1612, little is known about their contact with other indigenous people or their relations with Europeans until the last half of the 18th century. Before that time, the Beothuk seldom caught the attention of record-keeping white men, for the Europeans who went to Newfoundland did so to fish, not to convert First Nations to Christianity or to enlist their support in colonial wars, nor to trade with them for furs. Indeed, the Beothuk were unusual among the indigenous people of North America in that it was not always necessary for them to exchange furs or skins for highly valued manufactured goods. Newfoundland was a fishing colony above all else, and this fact meant that the seasonally vacant premises of migratory English fishermen were a rich source of iron tools, canvas sails, and the like. By the latter part of the 18th century, however, an increasingly permanent English resident fishery made it difficult for the Beothuk to scavenge from these installations without provoking a violent response.
There is little doubt that such violent retaliation contributed to the eventual extinction of these people. Yet a more important factor was the growth of a white population along the coast, which denied the Beothuk easy access to the marine resources upon which they were seasonally dependent. Archaeological work has suggested that by the end of the 18th century, the Beothuk had been forced to rely too much upon the resources of the interior, a difficult place to live, especially without firearms. If the Beothuk were malnourished as a result of increased dependence upon the meagre wildlife of the island’s interior, they would have been that much more vulnerable to European diseases, the great killers of all New World peoples. It is quite possible that this susceptibility, more than any other factor, was responsible for their doom. Indeed, historian Leslie Francis Stokes Upton has calculated that if the Beothuk experienced anything like the population decline suffered by indigenous groups elsewhere, their extinction could be explained solely as a result of loss through disease.
It was, however, the vivid accounts of fishermen and furriers murdering the Beothuk, not the Beothuk’s slow deaths from hunger and sickness, that finally attracted the attention of white authorities. In keeping with the growing humanitarian spirit of that age, a succession of Newfoundland governors, beginning in the 1760s with Hugh Palliser*, attempted to end settler attacks on the Beothuk and establish friendly relations with them. None of these efforts proved successful. The most promising of them, Lieutenant John Cartwright’s expedition to the Beothuk in 1768, in which his brother George Cartwright* was a participant, produced much information about their abandoned camps, but Cartwright met no Beothuk on his journey up the Exploits River. Unfortunately for generations of future historians, Cartwright also brought back rumours that Micmac (Mi’kmaw) from Nova Scotia were slaughtering Beothuk on a grand scale. There may have been occasional hostile encounters between Micmac trappers and Beothuk hunters, but the overwhelming weight of evidence suggests that, for the most part, they avoided each other. This, of course, was not the case with the Beothuk and the white population of the northern bays. In the face of official proclamations forbidding harassment of the Beothuk, fishermen and furriers continued to shoot or attempt to capture them, and the Beothuk continued to pilfer from European posts and even to kill the occasional white man.
This pattern continued in the 19th century with the additional development of a number of officially sponsored or encouraged attempts to kidnap Beothuk captives who would, it was hoped in St John’s, be employed as mediators between the two peoples. In 1803 this scheme produced one captive, a Beothuk woman with an unknown name, brought back to St John’s by William Cull. Governor James Gambier gave her presents and entrusted Cull with sending her back to her people, but as far as is known, this effort had no effect on Beothuk-settler relations. Subsequent Newfoundland governors also attempted to make peaceful contact with the elusive Beothuk, but it had become difficult, even dangerous, to approach these people, who by then had had several centuries of experience with ill-intentioned white men.
The most nearly successful attempt to establish contact occurred in the winter of 1810–11 when David Buchan and a small number of marines and settlers were sent up the Exploits River to Red Indian Lake by Governor John Thomas Duckworth*. Astonishingly, Buchan’s men succeeded in surprising a small bivouac of Beothuk, but he erred terribly in leaving two of his marines at the camp while he went back down the river to retrieve presents that he had left behind. When he returned, he found the headless corpses of his men and no Beothuk.
In the aftermath of the Buchan expedition Duckworth’s successor, Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, restated his predecessor’s warning that mistreatment of the Beothuk would be punished to the fullest extent of the law. And they needed protection: many of the fishermen and furriers of the Newfoundland coast saw the Beothuk not as heroic remnants of a persecuted people, but as dangerous thieves whose persistent forays threatened the lives and property of honest people. For their part, the Beothuk were caught in a cruel dilemma. Like many indigenous people they had grown dependent upon European materials, especially iron from which they fashioned spears, harpoon blades, arrowheads, and the like. Yet to acquire these things, they scavenged from coastal outposts and this routinely drew reprisals, such as the violence carried out by Peyton in March 1819 after he had lost £150 worth of gear.
It is now known that by the time of that raid, when Nonosbawsut was murdered and Demasduwit was seized, there were perhaps fewer than 20 Beothuk left alive – and fewer still by the time Shawnadithit was taken. They had been the victims of white society, to be sure, but they had not been – as many writers have alleged – hunted for sport and massacred in large numbers. They died off, as a people, because they were few in number to begin with, because they had no resistance to European diseases, and because Newfoundland was a fishing colony which, almost by definition, lacked enough of the sort of white men who wanted or needed to keep them alive. By 1827, when the Boeothick Institution was formed by Cormack and his handful of contemporaries, it was too late.
Shawnadithit remained in Cormack’s care until his departure from Newfoundland early in 1829; she was then transferred to the care of the attorney general, James Simms*. Her health, precarious for a number of years, continued to deteriorate, and she was seen a good deal during this period by William Carson*, who tended her in her last illness. She succumbed to tuberculosis on 6 June 1829 and was buried two days later in the military and naval cemetery on the south side of St John’s river-head, a site subsequently lost but approximately fixed by the unearthing of the remains of several military personnel under and adjacent to the Southside Road in November 1979. Carson’s description of her is brief but vivid. It was enclosed in a tin case with “the scull and scalp of Nancy Beothic Red Indian Female,” dispatched in November 1830 to the Royal College of Physicians of London, together with “answers to a series of sixteen questions”: “She was tall, and majestic, mild and tractable, but characteristically proud and cautious.” It is believed that the skull was lost during the Second World War. A monument to her memory stands somewhat to the east of the general site of her burial.
[The principal sources for our knowledge of Shawnadithit and her people are printed in Howley*, Beothucks or Red Indians, to which few documentary additions have since been made. In addition to important contemporary letters and manuscripts (many of which are preserved in the collections of the PANL), Howley printed a number of miscellaneous accounts that are of some value. The Pulling Manuscript (BL, Add. mss 38352: ff. 1–44) contains valuable information about relations between settlers and the Beothuk c. 1792. William Carson’s letter is at the PANL, GN 2/2, 17 Nov. 1830: 325–28. Archaeological work has been of the utmost importance; secondary sources include: Helen Devereux, “Five archaeological sites in Newfoundland: a description,” a report prepared for the former Nfld. Dept. of Provincial Affairs, now the Hist. Resources Division of the Department of Culture, Recreation, and Youth (2v., St John’s, 1969), and on file with the Nfld. Museum in St John’s; John Hewson, Beothuk vocabularies (St John’s, 1978); R. J. LeBlanc, “The Wigwam Brook site and the historic Beothuk Indians” (ma thesis, Memorial Univ. of Nfld., St John’s, 1973); Don Locke, Beothuck artifacts (St John’s, 1974); Ingeborg Marshall, “An unpublished map made by John Cartwright between 1768 and 1773 showing Beothuck Indian settlements and artifacts and allowing a new population estimate,” Ethnohistory (Tucson, Ariz.), 24 (1977): 223–49; R. T. Pastore, “Newfoundland Micmacs: a history of their traditional life,” Nfld. Hist. Soc., Pamphlet ([St John’s]), no. 5 (1978); F. W. Rowe, Extinction: the Beothuks of Newfoundland (Toronto, 1977); Peter Such, Vanished peoples: the archaic Dorset & Beothuk people of Newfoundland (Toronto, 1978); J. A. Tuck, Newfoundland and Labrador prehistory (Ottawa, 1976); and L. F. S. Upton, “The extermination of the Beothucks of Newfoundland,” CHR, 58 (1977): 133–53.
Both Shawnadithit and her aunt Demasduwit, or figures suggested by them, have been used in the fiction and poetry inspired by the Beothuks. The earliest work of this kind is the novel Ottawah, the last chief of the Red Indians of Newfoundland; a romance, published anonymously in parts in London in 1848, but attributed in later editions to Sir Charles Augustus Murray (see E. J. Devereux, “The Beothuk Indians of Newfoundland in fact and fiction,” Dalhousie Rev., 50 (1970–71): 350–62). George Webber*’s long poem, The last of the aborigines: a poem founded in facts, was published in St John’s in 1851; there is an edition with introduction and notes by E. J. Devereux in Canadian Poetry (London, Ont.), no.2 (spring–summer 1978): 74–98. Other contributions to this continuing literature include Peter Such’s novel Riverrun (Toronto, 1973) and Sid Stephen’s Beothuck poems ([Ottawa], 1976).
The most authoritative discussion of the interrelated portraits of Shawnadithit and Demasduwit is by Ingeborg Marshall, “The miniature portrait of Mary March,” Newfoundland Quarterly (St John’s), 73 (1977), no.3: 4–7, supplemented by Christian Hardy and Ingeborg Marshall, “A new portrait of Mary March,” Newfoundland Quarterly, 76 (1980), no.1: 25–28. There is a modern portrait by Helen Shepherd (1951) displayed in the Nfld. Museum. r.t.p. and g.m.s.]
Revisions based on:
Ingeborg Marshall, A history and ethnography of the Beothuk (Montreal, and Kingston, Ont., 1996).
© 1987–2023 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Ralph T. Pastore and G. M. Story, “SHAWNADITHIT,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed June 8, 2023, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/shawnadithit_6E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
|Author of Article:||Ralph T. Pastore and G. M. Story|
|Title of Article:||SHAWNADITHIT|
|Publication Name:||Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 6|
|Publisher:||University of Toronto/Université Laval|
|Year of publication:||1987|
|Year of revision:||2021|
|Access Date:||June 8, 2023|
|
<urn:uuid:3feae4b9-233e-4d17-b363-09e923124371>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/shawnadithit_6E.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00028.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970549 | 3,739 | 2.890625 | 3 |
hepatitis(redirected from cholestatic hepatitis)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
hepatitis(hĕp'ətī`tĭs), inflammation of the liver. There are many types of hepatitis. Causes include viruses, toxic chemicals, alcohol consumption, parasites and bacteria, and certain drugs. Symptoms of hepatitis are nausea, fever, weakness, loss of appetite, sudden distaste for tobacco smoking, and jaundicejaundice
, abnormal condition in which the body fluids and tissues, particularly the skin and eyes, take on a yellowish color as a result of an excess of bilirubin. During the normal breakdown of old erythrocytes (red blood cells), their hemoglobin is converted into bilirubin.
..... Click the link for more information. .
A number of viruses can cause acute viral hepatitis. Five have been identified and named hepatitis A through E. At least 10 other viruses are under study. Hepatitis A, also called infectious hepatitis, occurs sporadically or in epidemics, the virus being present in feces and transmittable via contaminated food (e.g., food prepared by an infected person with unwashed hands or fresh food washed or grown with contaminated water) or water. A person with active infection can spread it by physical contact. The disease usually resolves on its own. Exposed persons can be protected by injections of gamma globulin. A vaccine was made available in 1995 and is recommended for children at risk for the virus.
Hepatitis B, also called serum hepatitis, was commonly transmitted through blood transfusions until the 1970s, when screening tests were introduced. Intravenous-drug abusers remain a high-risk group because of the sharing of needles. It is also spread by sexual transmission and from mother to baby at birth. Some infected individuals, particularly children, become chronic carriers of the virus. Hepatitis B can progress to chronic liver disease and is associated with an increased risk of developing liver cancer. A vaccine, available since 1981, is recommended for all infants and others at risk for the virus. Alpha-interferon was approved as a treatment in 1992.
Hepatitis C, formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis, is also transmitted by contaminated blood transfusions and by sharing of needles among drug abusers, although in many cases no source can be identified. It is the most common form of chronic liver disease in the United States. Many of those infected have no symptoms but become carriers. The virus can cause serious liver damage and is the leading cause of liver transplants in the United States. Blood banks routinely screen for hepatitis C. Depending on the genetic makeup of the virus, antivirals, either alone or in conjunction with alpha-interferon and the drug ribavirin, are used to treat the disease, and may result in a long-term cure.
Hepatitis D, or delta hepatitis, affects only people with hepatitis B; those infected with both viruses tend to have more severe symptoms. Hepatitis E is spread by consuming feces-contaminated food or water. It is common in Mexico, Africa, and Asia and is especially serious in pregnant women.
Hepatitis can be incurred as a complication of several other disorders in addition to viral infection, among them amebic dysenterydysentery
, inflammation of the intestine characterized by the frequent passage of feces, usually with blood and mucus. The two most common causes of dysentery are infection with a bacillus (see bacteria) of the Shigella group, and infestation by an ameba,
..... Click the link for more information. , cirrhosiscirrhosis
, degeneration of tissue in an organ resulting in fibrosis, with nodule and scar formation. The term is most often used in relation to the liver, because that organ is most often involved in cirrhosis.
..... Click the link for more information. of the liver, and mononucleosismononucleosis, infectious
, acute infectious disease of older children and young adults, occurring sporadically or in epidemic form, also known as mono, glandular fever, and kissing disease. The causative organism is a herpesvirus known as Epstein-Barr virus.
..... Click the link for more information. . Also, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, some tranquilizers and antibiotics, and many other substances can produce a toxic reaction in the liver, resulting in toxic hepatitis.
An inflammation of the liver caused by a number of etiologic agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, drugs, and chemicals. The most common infectious hepatitis is of viral etiology. All types of hepatitis are characterized by distortion of the normal hepatic lobular architecture due to varying degrees of necrosis of individual liver cells or groups of liver cells, acute and chronic inflammation, and Kupffer cell enlargement and proliferation. There is usually some degree of disruption of normal bile flow, which causes jaundice. The severity of the disease is highly variable and often unpredictable. See Liver
A frequently occurring form of hepatitis is caused by excessive ethyl alcohol intake and is referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. It usually occurs in chronic alcoholics and is characterized by fever, high white blood cell count, and jaundice. Some drugs are capable of damaging the liver and can occasionally cause enough damage to produce clinical signs and symptoms. Among these drugs are tetracycline, methotrexate, anabolic and contraceptive steroids, phenacetin, halothane, chlorpromazine, and phenylbutazone.
Clinical features of hepatitis include malaise, fever, jaundice, and serum chemical tests revealing evidence of abnormal liver function. In most mild cases of hepatitis, treatment consists of bedrest and analgesic drugs. In those individuals who develop a great deal of liver cell necrosis and subsequently progress into a condition known as hepatic encephalopathy, exchange blood transfusions are often used. This is done with the hope of removing or diluting the toxic chemicals thought to be the cause of this condition. Chronic hepatitis is a condition defined clinically by evidence of liver disease for at least 6 consecutive months.
Hepatitis C is a disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The prevalence of HCV infection worldwide is 3% (170 million people), with infection rates in North America ranging from 1 to 2% of the population. A simulation analysis estimated that in the period from 1998 to 2008 there will be an increase of 92% in the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver, resulting in a 126% increase in the incidence of liver, failures and a 102% increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), all attributed to HCV.
Hepatitis C virus can be transmitted only by blood-to-blood contact. With the institution of screening of blood, intravenous drug use has become the major source of transmission in North America. Approximately 89% of people who use intravenous drugs for one year become infected with HCV.
Management strategies can be divided into three main areas: surveillance of patients with chronic HCV infection who have not developed cirrhosis; surveillance of patients with established cirrhosis; and strategies to eradicate HCV.
the general name for inflammatory diseases of the liver that have various causes and treatments. Depending on its cause, hepatitis is classified as primary infectious hepatitis or secondary infectious hepatitis, which accompanies some infectious diseases (for example, infectious mononucleosis, brucellosis, malaria, and syphilis). Hepatitis can also be caused by microbial toxins entering the liver from the intestine or by poisoning with arsenic, mushrooms (death-cup and fly agaric), and some everyday and industrial poisons, including alcohol, trinitrotoluene, dinitrophenol, and dichloroethane. Hepatitis can also occur in cases of pregnancy toxicoses.
There are acute and chronic forms of hepatitis. The principal symptom of acute hepatitis is jaundice, which is accompanied by enlargement of the liver and pain in the hypochondriac region. Chronic hepatitis may result from acute infectious (viral) hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, bacterial infections (tuberculosis and brucellosis), parasitic diseases (for example, opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis), chronic poisoning by various toxic agents, and improper use of certain drugs. Chronic hepatitis is sometimes of toxic-allergic origin, when complex immunologic disturbances arise from individual intolerance of drugs or chemical agents or as a consequence of such allergic diseases as systematic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis. The development of chronic hepatitis is promoted by metabolic disorders, a poor diet deficient in proteins, and alcoholism. In a prolonged course of inflammation of the liver, functional (hepatic) cells die, and in their place connective (fibrous) tissue develops. Chronic hepatitis with more severe liver lesions (for example, in alcoholism) may lead to the development of cirrhosis of the liver. Depending on the extent of damage to the liver, patients may develop digestive disorders, malaise, elevated temperature in some cases, enlargement of the liver and, less commonly, of the spleen, and sometimes jaundice of the skin and mucous membranes, often with pain in the right hypochondraic region. Chronic hepatitis may persist for years. Prompt and correct treatment and appropriate work and living arrangements result in complete recovery.
Treatment involves elimination of the main causes of the disease. Preventive measures include eradication of infectious diseases, especially epidemic (infectious) hepatitis. Prevention of imported infections (for example, malaria and relapsing fever), amebiosis, and helminthiases is important in fighting hepatitis. Other measures include elimination of occupational, everyday, and food poisonings and adequate nutrition and regimen. Patients with exacerbated cases of hepatitis should be promptly hospitalized, and there should be clinical follow-up on patients.
REFERENCES“Bolezni pecheni i zhelchnykh putei.” In Mnogotomnoe rukovodstvo po vnutrennim bolezniam, vol. 5. Moscow, 1965.
Bondar’, Z. A. Klinicheskaia gepatologiia. Moscow, 1970.
Z. A. BONDAR’
|
<urn:uuid:58c09a6d-6d7e-4704-b97c-5f014d4f9389>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/cholestatic+hepatitis
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00412.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926018 | 2,185 | 3.421875 | 3 |
As the largest and most northern of the Rift Valley lakes, Lake Turkana was formerly referred to as Lake Rudolf, it covers an area of 7,500 sq km. The lake itself is surrounded by barren volcanic lava beds with little to no vegetation. Until 2 million years ago this great body of water was a freshwater lake fed from the north by the Oma River in Ethiopia. Today, Turkana has no outlet and the water is highly alkaline and barely drinkable. It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul Lake and the (shrinking) Aral Sea, and among all lakes it ranks twenty-fourth. The water is potable but not palatable. It supports a rich lacustrine wildlife. The climate is hot and very dry.
Despite the harsh climate, several tribal groups have adjusted the desert heat including the Turkana, Rendille, Gabra, and El Molo.
The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapors. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the East and South shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the West and North, at a lower elevation.
Loyangalani is a remote settlement on the shores of the lake populated by Turkana tribespeople. The whole area is part of Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve set up by UNESCO to study arid lands. In 1967, Richard Leakey discovered the Koobi Fora fossil site on Lake Turkana. This area is protected now as an important prehistoric research site as it lies within the Sibiloi National Park.
On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by 10 meters between 1975 and 1993.
Due to temperature, aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Nile crocodiles are found in great abundance on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. Although the lake and its environs have been popular for expeditions of every sort under the tutelage of guides, rangers and experienced persons, they certainly must be considered hazardous for unguided tourists.
Lake Turkana National Parks are now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park lie in the lake. Both are known for their crocodiles.
The Lake Turkana area is designated by many anthropologists as the cradle of humankind
Aerial View of Lake Turkana
L. Turkana is in an arid and hot area. The mean annual rainfall in most of the lake surroundings is less than 250 mm. The occurrence of rainfall is very erratic and unpredictable, although the probability of rainfall is the highest during the "long rains" in March May. The air temperature recordings at Lodwar show a seasonal pattern with the lowest temperatures in July August, a wide range between 19.5 and 39.9deg C, and a mean daily temperature of 29.26deg C. The lake is exposed to frequent strong winds, the prevailing wind direction being from the southeast.
The main tributary is the River Omo, which enters the lake from the north and contributes more than 90% of the total water influx. Other rivers are temporary, flooding only during sporadic rains. The second largest river, Turkwel River, is now being dammed for hydroelectric power generation at Turkwel Gorge ca. 150 km west of the lake.
L. Turkana has no outlet, and water is lost from the lake mainly by evaporation. The evaporation rate has been estimated at 2,335 mm yr-1. The water level of this closed basin lake is determined by the balance between the influx from rivers and groundwater and the evaporation from the lake surface. Therefore the level is sensitive to climatic variations, and subject to marked seasonal fluctuations as well as to long-term periodical changes.
The development of phytoplankton is limited by the availability of nitrate and light. Light limitation was caused by turbid water and vertical mixing. The sustainable yield of traditionally exploited fish from open lake was estimated to be 15,000 30,000 t yr-1
To Book or Enquire
Please call us now on +254 (0)202444914.
Alternatively, you can make an enquiry by clicking the button below.
|
<urn:uuid:57f142f4-83b9-42b0-b517-cf905eb92bad>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.letsgokenya.com/lake-turkana
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705749262/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120229-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954238 | 1,004 | 3.625 | 4 |
There are about 195 species of sundew. These insect-eating plants have leaves covered with sticky hair-like growths. The sticky hairs trap insects and digest them. Then the insect’s nutrients are absorbed by the leaf. Sundews can even move to wrap around a trapped insect. The Cape sundew has long, thin leaves that roll up around trapped insects.
|
<urn:uuid:00ad8a94-11cc-4265-82e5-6d2b6c01d4d6>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://eol.org/pages/60629/overview
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00192-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952518 | 75 | 3.375 | 3 |
Explore America's Campgrounds
Whether you use it to clean fish or to set up a campsite, keeping a field knife sharp can be a tough job. Although there are many options for sharpening a knife, such as whetstones or carbide sharpeners, there are several other low-tech techniques. Any smooth stone can be used to give a knife an edge, including an average red brick. Bricks are made of ceramic, which is also used to make many different kinds of sharpening devices.
Items you will need
Smooth one side of a brick by rubbing it on a concrete or cement walkway for 30 seconds to 1 minute. This will remove any rough spots on the brick and provide a smooth surface for which to sharpen your knife.
Hold the side of the knife blade parallel and flat on the smooth side of the brick, and adjust the angle depending on the amount of bevel you want on the blade.
Slowly push the blade across the smooth side of the brick away from yourself. Start with the base of the knife and repeat the process continually moving toward the tip.
Turn the knife over and repeat Step 3 on the other side.
Test the knife's sharpness when finished by slicing a piece of paper. If it cuts through smoothly, the knife is sufficiently sharpened.
- Be careful not to cut yourself when sharpening a knife. Always sharpen by pushing the blade away from your body, never pull it toward you.
- The angle at which you sharpen your knife will depend on what you will use the knife for. A 25 to 30 degree angle is good for hunting or field knives, as it provides a strong and durable edge. For kitchen cutlery, use a 20 degree angle. Anything below 18 to 20 degrees is usually reserved for razor blades or scalpels. This provides a very sharp edge, though it also makes the blade very delicate.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
|
<urn:uuid:4c908321-2367-4c76-a2fd-0d64a18e2058>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://goneoutdoors.com/use-brick-sharpen-knife-8314622.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00507.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921298 | 401 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There are now 7 types of coronavirus that affect humans including the one that causes COVID-19. Why was SARS-CoV-2 the one to cause a pandemic? Ed Yong explains.
The virus hasn’t even shown any significant mutations—after all, it’s spreading across the globe just fine without them, Ed Yong writes.
The virus’s “spiky ball” shape offers one clue. Those spikes allow it to stick to a protein on cells’ surface more effectively than other coronaviruses—likely easing person-to-person transmission.
But many COVID-19 deaths are triggered not by the virus, but by the immune system of the infected “going berserk” in response to it—also known as “cytokine storms.”
Back to top
|
<urn:uuid:433f59d1-2d0a-4a80-a8e4-5b69ce751c3e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://latestvirusnews.org/science/2020/03/26/a-virus-structured-for-success/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143354.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713064946-20200713094946-00057.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932565 | 179 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Note: The following research material are extracts from various chapters of "Gazetteer of the Kohat District", published in 1883-84. Some of the dates, numbers, and other census-related figures may be outdated as the publication is over a century old.
|General Description & Geography|
The Kohat district is the southernmost of the three districts of the Peshawar division, and lies between north latitude 32° 47' and 33° 53' and east longitude 70° 34' and 72° 17'. It is bounded on the north by the Peshawar district and the Afridi and Orakzai hills, on the east by the Indus, on the south by the Bannu district and on the west by the river Kuram and the Waziri hills. It comprises the greater portion of the rough hilly country that lies between the open valleys of Peshawar and Bannu, its extreme length from north-east to south-west being 104, and its extreme breadth 50 miles. It has a supposed area of 2,973 square miles, and a population of 181,540 souls.
|History & Settlement of Kohat District|
|The early history of the district is limited to the vaguest traditions. It is said that in Buddhist times two Rajas named Adh and Kohat settled along the northern border of the district. Raja Kohat gave his name to the town of Kohat, and Raja Adh to the ruins of an old fort on the hill side north of Muhammadzai, a village four miles to the west of Kohat. The remains of this fort, which is known as Adh-i-Samut, consist of the ruins here and there of the old ramparts. These show that the plan of the fort was merely escarping with walls and bastions a spur of the hill projecting between two ravines. Like most of the forts of those days, Adh-i-Samut is situated far below the crest of the range, and is easily commanded with the weapons of the present day from the adjacent hill-side. The masonry of the ruins is inferior. None of those gigantic blocks are to be seen, such as compose the walls of the Buddhist forts of Bil and Til Kafir Kot on the Indus in the Dera Ismail Khan district.|
|Social & Religious Life in Kohat District|
The people of the district are of light brown complexion with black hair and eyes. Some are nearly as fair as Europeans, and brown hair and blue or grey eyes are not uncommon. The upper classes, as usual, are a good deal fairer than the ordinary population. Both Bangashes and Khattaks, who form the main portion of the population, vary a good deal in dress and appearance in different parts of the district.
|Castes, Tribes & Leading Families|
The Census statistics or caste were not compiled for tahsils, at least in their final form. It was found that an enormous number of mere clans or subdivisions had been returned as castes in the schedules and the classification of these figures under the main heads shown in the caste tables was made for districts only. Thus no statistics showing the local distribution of the tribes and castes are available. But the general distribution of the more important land-owning tribes is indicated below.
Mr. Tucker observes: The fact that in the Census statistics no effort is made to distinguish between temporary visitors and residents, makes the returns much less valuable for district purposes than they otherwise would be. In Kohat the number of Adam Khels, Orakzais, Waziris and Ghilzais who come down for trading purposes is very large, especially in the winter, when the census was taken. Adam Khels and Orakzais are also to a large extent permanently located in the district as cultivators.
|Relations of Kohat with Bordering Tribes|
|All along the Derajat much interest is taken in the passes leading into Independent Territory. The Derajat districts are level and open, and extend to the foot of the low hills that fringe the main Suleman range. These low hills are cleft by numerous streams and torrents whose beds form natural highways leading from the plains into the hill country beyond. They do not as a rule lead anywhere in particular, and very few of them are of any trading importance. Still they are marked geographical features; they all have well known names, and are generally made over to some tribe, which is responsible for their safe custody. The Kohat district is disappointing in the matter of passes. It is itself a jumble of hills and valleys very similar to the country on the other side of the border.|
|
<urn:uuid:fe7ed5b7-196d-45c4-9f8b-afebca5f97e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.khyber.org/publications/036-040/index.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429548.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727222533-20170728002533-00107.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965082 | 977 | 2.984375 | 3 |
I have become a firm believer that you must read the book before you watch the movie. However, this is a pretty new rule I am holding myself to.
When I was a kid, the magic of the movies is what inspired me to open the book. I was obsessed with the movie, The Wizard of Oz, which lead me to reading all fourteen of L. Frank Baum’s imaginary world called Oz. And therefore, the 1971 classic, starring a slightly manic yet somehow endearing Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka, is why I read Roald Dahl’s Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Whether you’ve picked up the book or watched the movie, you likely know that the “everlasting gobstopper” is central to the story. You may also recall that each child is encouraged by Wonka’s rival to steal one from the Inventing Room.
So what came first? The candy or the fictionalized version imagined by Dahl?
Why is it Called Gobstopper?
Gobstopper’s were around long before Roald Dahl imagined the everlasting version for his novel. The term gobstopper is derived from the word “gob” which is slang for mouth in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the U.S. however, the hard candy was known as a jawbreaker and was introduced in the early 1900’s by the Ferrara Pan Candy Company. It wasn’t until the release of the ‘71 movie that gobstoppers became both a part of our vocabulary and shortly after an item for grabs on the candy shelf.
The Chicago candy company, Breaker Confections, licensed the name “Everlasting Gobstopper” in 1971, so they could capitalize on the success of the film. In 1976, they released the Gobstopper into the market, and although it was unable to last as long as Wonka’s, there are several layers of color and flavor that change as you suck on the candy. The name gobstopper was around long before Dahl’s novel and his inspiration for the name was inspired by a surprising place: school.
Dahl went to a famous English boarding school called Repton, where he and his friends were the subjects of market research. It was here, where the famed chocolate making company Cadbury, would send a number of their newest chocolate creations to test flavors. The chocolate would arrive in basic, unlabeled packaging to prevent biases and the boys had the hardship of testing each and encouraged to share their thoughts at the end.
Source: Roald Dahl
Dahl said, “it was then I realized that inside this great Cadbury’s chocolate factory there must be an inventing room, a secret place where fully-grown men in white overalls spent all their time playing around with sticky boiling messes, sugar and chocs, and mixing them up and trying to invent something new and fantastic.” The inspiration of this magical invention room is what led to the creation of the Gobstopper. What’s your favorite outer-layer Gobstopper flavor?
Lauren Dunn is a contributor for Rewind and Capture. With a passion for food and wine she received a degree in agricultural journalism and has put this to use as a cellar apprentice from Italy to Sonoma. When she’s not in the vineyard she’s training for open water swims or catching a flick at the cinema.
|
<urn:uuid:723f88d1-0907-4982-b372-1c603bf57c87>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.rewindandcapture.com/why-is-gobstopper-called-gobstopper/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00087.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978488 | 726 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Constipation is the slow movement of feces (stool or body wastes) through the large intestine, resulting in infrequent bowel movements and the passage of dry, hard stools. The longer it takes for the stool to move through the large intestine, the more fluid is absorbed and the drier and harder the stool becomes.
Inactivity, immobility, or physical and social barriers (for example, bathrooms being unavailable or inconveniently located) can make constipation worse. Depression and anxiety caused by cancer treatment or cancer pain can also lead to constipation. The most common causes of constipation are not drinking enough fluids and taking pain medications.
Constipation is annoying and uncomfortable, but fecal impaction (a collection of dry, hard stool in the colon or rectum) can be life-threatening. Patients with a fecal impaction may not have gastrointestinal symptoms. Instead, they may have circulation, heart, or breathing problems. If fecal impaction is not recognized, the signs and symptoms will get worse and the patient could die.
A bowel obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine by a process other than fecal impaction. Bowel obstructions are classified by the type of obstruction, how the obstruction occurred, and where it is. Tumors growing inside or outside the bowel, and scar tissue that develops after surgery, can affect bowel function and cause a partial or complete obstruction. Patients who have colostomies are especially at risk of developing constipation, which can lead to bowel obstruction.
Diarrhea can occur at any time during cancer treatment. Although diarrhea occurs less often than constipation, it can be physically and emotionally devastating for patients who have cancer. Diarrhea can cause:
Diarrhea is an abnormal increase in the amount of fluid in the stool that lasts more than 4 days but less than 2 weeks. It may also be described as an abnormal increase in the amount of fluid in the stool and the passage of more than 3 unformed stools during a 24-hour period. Diarrhea is considered a long-term problem when it lasts longer than 2 months.
Radiation enteritis is a condition in which the lining of the bowel becomes swollen and inflamed during or after radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum. The large and small bowels are very sensitive to radiation. The larger the dose of radiation, the greater the damage to normal bowel tissue. Most tumors in the abdomen and pelvis need large doses, and almost all patients receiving radiation to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum will show signs of acute enteritis.
Acute symptoms are those that appear during the first course of radiation therapy and up to 8 weeks later. Chronic radiation enteritis may appear months to years after radiation therapy is completed, or it may begin as acute enteritis and continue after treatment stops. Only 5% to 15% of persons treated with radiation to the abdomen will develop chronic problems. Several factors affect how long the enteritis will last and how severe it will be:
|
<urn:uuid:d5adecd9-c654-4753-9e0d-51f16146d34a>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.umgcc.org/patient_info/62834overview.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654815/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942757 | 623 | 3.640625 | 4 |
How to Make a Forest Garden by Patrick Whitefield
A step-by-step guide to creating a ‘maximum output for minimum labour’ food producing garden, designed using the ecological principles of a natural woodland.
Highly practical and inspiring, How To Make A Forest Garden tells you everything you need to know in order to create a beautiful and productive forest garden, including:
- Basic principles
- How to choose plants
- Details of over one hundred plants, from apples to mushrooms
- A comprehensive account of perennial and self-seeding vegetables
- A step-by-step guide to creating your garden
- Full details of an example garden, with pictures of many more
A forest garden is a food-producing garden, based on the model of a natural woodland or forest. It is made up of fruit and nut trees, fruit bushes, perennial vegetables and herbs. It can be tailored to fit any space, from a tiny urban back yard to a large rural garden. A close copy of a natural ecosystem, it is perhaps the most ecologically friendly way of gardening open to us, as well as being a low-maintenance option. Once established there is none of the digging, sowing, planting out and hoeing of the conventional kitchen garden. The main task is picking up the produce!
“Patrick Whitefield’s excellent book gives numerous practical details of the steps that many of us can take to realise this alluring vision.” Robert Hart, author of Forest Gardening
Published: 5th reprint of revised 3rd edition published 2012 (first published 1996)
Size: 274mm x 183mm
Format: Paperback, 184pp. 25 b/w line drawings and 70 diagrams
|
<urn:uuid:4dee1aa8-a98d-4842-b607-d485870660d2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://permanentpublications.co.uk/port/how-to-make-a-forest-garden-by-patrick-whitefield/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00424.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.897808 | 353 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Oxford scientists believe they have made a breakthrough in their quest for a Covid-19 vaccine after discovering that the jab triggers a response that may offer a "double defence" against the virus.
Phase I human trials of the world-leading Oxford vaccine have shown that it generates an immune response against the disease, The Telegraph has learned.
Blood samples taken from a group of UK volunteers given a dose of the vaccine showed that it stimulated the body to produce both antibodies and "killer T-cells", a senior source said.
The discovery is promising because separate studies have suggested antibodies may fade away within months, while T-cells can stay in circulation for years.
However the source cautioned that the results, while "extremely promising", did not yet prove that the Oxford vaccine provides long-lasting immunity against Covid-19.
"I can tell you that we now know the Oxford vaccine covers both bases – it produces both a T-cell and an antibody response," the senior source told The Telegraph. "It's the combination of these two that will hopefully keep people safe.
"So far, so good. It's an important moment. But we still have a long way to go."
Another source close to the team described the presence of both antibodies and T-cells as a "double defence" against Covid-19.
The full findings will be published in the Lancet medical journal on July 20, it was confirmed on Wednesday night.
The findings are based on initial results from a Phase I clinical trial, which began in Oxford in April when doses of the vaccine were given to 500 volunteers.
A major trial is currently under way, involving 5,000 volunteers, in virus-hit Brazil to prove the vaccine is effective, while the drugmaker AstraZeneca has signed a deal to produce up to two billion doses.
If all goes well, the researchers hope the vaccine may be ready as early as October.
Speaking on ITV's Peston programme on Wednesday night, Matt Hancock, the Health Secretary, said the best case scenario is for the vaccine to be available this year, but added that it will "more likely" be ready in 2021.
The initial data also suggests that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is safe, with no major side effects, it is understood, although further work will be needed. The team is also evaluating the level of dose needed to produce an effective response.
Stocks soared on Wednesday after reports of positive news on the Oxford vaccine to be released next week. Shares in AstraZeneca jumped 5.2 per cent.
David Carpenter, the chairman of the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee (REC), which approved the Oxford trial and continues to work with scientists on amendments, told The Telegraph that the team was "absolutely on track".
"They can strengthen findings by targeting people in hospitals, healthcare professionals, where the spread is [more] likely to happen," he said.
"Nobody can put final dates... things might go wrong, but the reality is that, by working with a big pharma company, that vaccine could be fairly widely available around September and that is the sort of target they are working on."
The T-cell discovery is likely to be important because scientists increasingly believe any successful vaccine will need to trigger the production of both antibodies and T-cells, which directly attack human cells that have already become infected with viruses.
Earlier this year, a similar vaccine against Mers, invented by the same Oxford team, was found to elicit high levels of T-cells but only triggered neutralising antibodies in 44 per cent of volunteers.
If the Covid-19 vaccine can be proven in further trials to elicit a similarly strong T-cell response, the team hopes it may not need to trigger high levels of antibodies to provide meaningful protection.
A number of other vaccine candidates across the world have also produced T-cell responses, but only in smaller-scale studies. Others, including a major project in China, are thought to be unlikely to produce T-cells when tested on humans.
This week, the US biotech company Moderna published data from a Phase I trial involving 45 people showing that its RNA vaccine triggered both neutralising antibodies and T-cells.
The findings come amid increasing gloom over the longevity of Covid-19 antibodies. Earlier this week, a Kings College study found that people who recovered from Covid-19 appeared to lose their antibodies within months.
But in a study published in Nature on Thursday, researchers found that T-cells from the Sars outbreak had lasted for 17 years.
Duke University Scientists in Singapore found T-cells were still circulating in potent quantities from patients who were infected in 2003.
It is not known for sure if the same will be true for Covid-19, and whether the T-cells will protect against reinfection, but, speaking to The Telegraph, the lead researcher described discovery as "potentially very significant for a vaccine".
The researchers also found "remarkable" levels of T-cells able to latch on to the Covid-19 virus within people who had never been infected with the disease.
They believe these may have been triggered by the common cold and other animal coronaviruses – mainly originating in bats – and that the primed cells may also offer protection against the new virus.
Professor Antonio Bertoletti, who led the research in Singapore, said this may explain why so few patients in Singapore and south-east Asia have had really severe infections.
He said that while these T-cells will be more common in Asia, they will be present around the world. It suggests a significant proportion of all populations will have a degree of natural immunity to Covid-19.
Clinical trials of the Oxford vaccine, marking Phase III in the UK and involving more than 8,000 participants, are now almost complete.
The focus has now moved to Brazil and South Africa, where the disease is more prevalent, and scientists hope to gather sufficient cases within around a month.
|
<urn:uuid:e1b89743-083f-4649-b5d0-e8074aa14fcb>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://uk.news.yahoo.com/coronavirus-vaccine-breakthrough-oxford-scientists-192736023.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735836.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803224907-20200804014907-00037.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968418 | 1,226 | 3 | 3 |
I remember distinctly the day that I learned about HeLa cells. I was in college, taking a basic biology course taught by a professor who resembled Captain Kangaroo. I remember writing it down in my notebook: HeLa. When I picked up The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot, I had no idea what it was about, and did not make the connection between the woman on the cover and the cells I had learned about in school.
Though many have heard of HeLa, not many have heard of Henrietta Lacks. The book is changing that, not just incidentally, because it happens to be about Henrietta and her amazing, cancerous cells, but intentionally, because Rebecca Skloot and the Lacks family want people to know the truth about those cells, at all cost.
Rebecca Skloot also remembers the day she learned about HeLa cells. She was “sixteen and sitting in a community college biology class” when her professor explained that the HeLa cells from Henrietta, the first ever able to live and grow infinitely and successfully outside of the human body, have been invaluable to science since their discovery in 1951. He also added, briefly at the end of class, that “she was a black woman.” Skloot couldn’t believe that there wasn’t more to the story, and spent the next decade curiously searching for the story behind the cells. Thus, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks was born.
Henrietta Lacks was a poor black tobacco farmer from Clover, Virginia. She was a beautiful woman who married her first cousin, David Lacks, and mothered five of his children. Eventually she was diagnosed with cervical cancer, and despite treatment (a terrible treatment with radium that made her very unwell), she passed away in 1951. During her hospitalization and after her death doctors at Hopkins took tissue samples from her body and tumors without asking for permission or telling her. From those samples, and due to Lacks’s unique cells, doctors and scientists created a cell culture capable of growing until it ran out of space.
Because not much is actually known about Henrietta any more, aside from what she looked like in a couple of pictures and a few memories here and there, along with her medical records from John’s Hopkins, the story doesn’t revolve so much around the woman, as it does around the scientific breakthroughs that her cells have led to, and her living family, especially Henrietta’s oldest living daughter, Deborah. Skloot’s treatment of the subject material is at once distanced and immensely involved. She has seemingly remained an objective reporter despite becoming rather involved with the Lacks family throughout the course of her research.
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks answers most questions about Henrietta’s bodily and cellular life, as well as the lives of her loved ones. However, the ongoing discussion of whether the Lacks family is due money for all of the worldly good that the HeLa cells have done begs the question: Did any of the proceeds from book sales go to the Lacks family? The answer is yes. Rebecca Skloot has created the Henrietta Lacks Foundation, which provides financial assistance to low-income families of those whose contributions (with, but especially without, their knowledge) have helped to further scientific endeavors.
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot is the late-March selection for Books and Bars and is available, among other places, at Magers & Quinn Booksellers.
|
<urn:uuid:b9e55e99-4892-4d38-bb1e-f6b85a502b6c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-rebecca-skloot-review/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00726.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978625 | 739 | 2.625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.