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Question: Something has been eating my tomatoes, and over the weekend I saw the culprit. A woodchuck waddled over, reached up, bent a branch down and grabbed a tomato! How can I keep woodchucks out of my vegetable garden?
Answer: Woodchucks (also known as groundhogs) and rabbits are the top raiders of vegetable gardens, well ahead of raccoons, opossums and skunks. (Skunks actually aid the gardener by eating grubs, Japanese beetles and other nuisance bugs.) You may think first of trapping and moving the woodchuck, but this is not advised. Many states have laws against relocating animals, because it can lead to the spread of diseases like rabies, and often the animal doesn’t survive in its new location. There may not be enough food for it there, or the right type of food, or it may face competition with or predation from the animals already in residence. Even if you did trap and move the woodchuck, another would take its place in your garden anyway. Instead, try a combination of repellents and fencing.
For repellents, try lining the edges of the garden with blood-meal fertilizer or with a rodent-specific repellent like Hinder. (Follow the label directions of any product carefully, especially when using near edibles.) Many gardeners swear by used kitty litter; they pour it down woodchucks’ holes or scatter it around the edge of the garden.
An easy-to-make L-shaped fence blocks both woodchucks and rabbits. Use chicken wire. You can keep woodchucks from burrowing under the fence by “planting” the chicken wire at least 4 inches deep. Bend the bottom edge 90 degrees (into an L shape) and point the bottom of the L away from the garden when you bury it. When the woodchuck starts digging, he’ll hit the mesh. Above ground, make the fence about 3 feet tall. You can drive posts into the ground to nail it to, but keep these only about 2 feet tall, so that the top of the chicken wire stays loose and wobbly. This discourages woodchucks from climbing over it.
Image attribution & rights
Get illustrated instructions on tending 5 popular crops
Learn how to grow fruits and vegetables with our Fruits & Veggies CD
Learn everything you need to know about vegetables with the Everything Grow Your Own Vegetables Book
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We’ve all been there: we get that text that says “k” and enter into a full-blown panic. Why does this one letter give us so much anxiety? That letter, especially paired with the abrupt punctuation, says more than an entire paragraph. It is the universal code for ‘pissed 👏🏼 off 👏🏼. Regardless of what that text really means, the damage has been done.
It is extremely difficult to convey tone over text. This is how so many messages are easily misconstrued, often leading to an argument. When we communicate face to face, we can pick up on people’s tone of voice and the emotions behind what they’re saying. When we communicate via text, a lot of that gets lost in translation.
So, how can we communicate in a healthy way through text? Here are some helpful tools and tips:
Texting seems like it should be very simple, but it can actually be complicated if we don’t know simple etiquette or if we tend to over analyze. Emojis can be a very useful tool in texting; sometimes all you need to send is an emoji, or two, to describe your mood. Since tone is audible, we need to find a way to replace it with a visual. We can also use punctuation to emphasize how we feel, without using it passive-aggressively like in the aforementioned “k.” Ultimately, though, emotions are not electronic.
Express Emotions in a Healthy Way
We have all had that experience of getting into an argument over text when our fingers can’t type fast enough to express our anger or frustration. Believe me, I know the feeling. Anger is a heavy emotion and sometimes we say things we don’t necessarily mean in the heat of the moment. The same can easily happen over text. However, texting gives us the unique opportunity to process our conversations in more time than we can when we’re face to face. This is useful when it comes to anger.
So, just like you might do in the middle of an argument in person, walk away from your phone if you think you’re too upset to respond right away. Take a minute to cool down and think, rather than responding in the heat of the moment. Unlike in person, you can draft, edit, delete and change your answers before you press send. Take advantage of the opportunity you have to take the time to process your response to assure you’re expressing yourself in a healthy way. If this is just too difficult to do, this may be a sign that this conversation should be had in person. Some things just need to be said face to face, but also in a healthy manner.
How Much is Too Much?
In today’s world, we text more than we do just about anything else. So, how many texts are too many texts in a day? What’s healthy and what’s too much? The answer is actually very simple: it all depends on what you’re comfortable with. Some people are avid texters and others will respond three days later with “oops sorry, thought I responded to this!” I fall into both categories, depending on how busy my week is. The important thing to remember is that you decide what you’re comfortable with and not comfortable with.
What’s not okay is when your partner decides this for you. If your partner gets mad at you for not responding right away, they’re not respecting your boundaries and time. Sometimes in a relationship, there are expectations that you have to be in constant contact with your partner. This pressure is not healthy (especially if it’s coming from your partner themselves), and it also takes away from the moments you have in real life with the people in front of you.
If your partner is texting you too much and you’re not okay with it, communicate your boundaries with them. We obviously don’t want to hurt our partner’s feelings if they don’t realize they’re texting too much, so try suggesting to them that you prefer to share the details of your day with them when you see them in person. Or, give them specific times of the day that you can text so that they know when to leave you be and when they can check in and say hey. Sometimes people are unaware of what they’re doing. If they’re texting you constantly on purpose and it feels controlling or harassing, this is not healthy.
How Much is Not Enough: Read Receipt Deceit
I don’t know about you, but it stresses me out when I’ve sent a really deep or emotional text about something important to someone and I don’t hear back. I stare at my phone waiting. And waiting. And waiting. Then, the type bubbles appear. Then disappear. More stress. If this has ever happened to you, then you can probably relate to the stress that I’m talking about.
To minimize this stress, try to start by managing expectations and being mindful and respectful of the other person. It’s not healthy to be constantly glued to our phones or expect our partners to be as well. So if you know you want to have that important conversation, manage your expectations of how that might look over text. If you know that person is busy and can’t respond right away, maybe pick a different time that you can both set aside to give each other the attention you both deserve.
And if you find yourself constantly staring at that read receipt time stamp, knowing full well your partner is intentionally ignoring you, that is not necessarily healthy communication. That kind of ‘read receipt deceit’ can be a form of manipulation and control. It is as if they want you to know they’re upset, but won’t communicate with you. In person, we’d call this the cold shoulder, which is certainly not a healthy characteristic in a relationship.
So, what happens if you’re the one who’s upset and don’t want to respond yet?
Giving and Getting Digital Space
If you’re upset, busy, or want some time to yourself, you are absolutely entitled to your digital space. A healthy way to let your partner know this is simply by telling them. It is a lot easier to ignore a text and forget about it than to ignore someone in person. But remember that there is a person on the other end of that phone waiting for a response, wondering what happened. No one likes to be ghosted. Let them know exactly what you need.
Sometimes it’s as simple as saying, “I need a few [minutes/hours/days] to myself to think. I’ll text you [later tonight/tomorrow/this weekend] so we can talk about it. I’d appreciate some space at this time.” If your partner replies back angrily with demands or sends constant messages because you said you wanted space, they are not respecting your boundaries.
Respecting your right to space also means your partner is using social media to make you feel guilty. For example, if you post a picture with your friends and your partner comments, “oh I see this is what you meant by space” in an attempt to guilt you. Space in a relationship can be tricky when our lives are shared online, but remember that both you and your partner are allowed to take your space if you need it. The healthiest way to get that space is to clearly and kindly communicate it to our partners.
Navigate Text the Healthy Way
Texting is one of the wonderful conveniences of technology that have given us so much to be grateful for: pizza emojis, group chats with our BFFs to make plans (but mainly to have pointless and endless convos), and no more waiting to share the funniest thing you just saw at the store. Much like all new aspects of our relationships, it’s important that we have conversations about how to navigate texting in a healthy way.
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A History of Ecuador
Ecuador’s tumultuous history is, in many ways, cyclical. The country continually struggles against deep-rooted social, political-economic, and geographical challenges. The same factors that determined Ecuador’s history during the last two centuries continue to dominate its landscape at the beginning of the 21st century.
During Ecuador’s Pre-Colombian Period, a variety of indigenous groups coexisted for thousands of years before being subjugated, first by the Inca and then by Spanish conquistadors. Although both conquests were brutal invasions, inhabitants suffered far more under Spain than under the Inca.
During its colonial history, as part of the Viceroys of Peru and Nueva Granada, the people of what is now Ecuador saw a rise in exotic disease, forced labor and inequality. The economic decline of Spain, the rise of Enlightenment ideals, and a spreading South American independence movement coincided to help revolutionaries win independence from Spain on May 24, 1822. During its early years of independence, Ecuador belonged to Simón Bolívar’s Republic of Gran Colombia, which also included present-day Venezuela and Colombia. This association did not last long however, and the Ecuador’s establishment as a republic precipitated a period of strong influence by the Catholic church. Eloy Alfaro and followers fought for many secular reforms during the Liberal Revolution.
During the Great Depression, Ecuador experienced tremendous political instability, culminating in a war with Peru at the brink of World War II. Ecuador’s Post-War Period saw a marked increase in inequality, instability.
Correspondingly, contemporary Ecuadorian history has also been marked by radical instability stemming from fluctuation in world oil and financial markets, debt and modernization.
Examining the course of Ecuador’s history, four themes emerge:
First, the vast majority of the nation’s wealth sits in the hands of a very few; a small middle class struggles to survive; and more than half of the country’s population hovers at or below the poverty level. Ecuador’s highly inequitable economic and social structure can be traced to colonial era racial discrimination and land tenure patterns, and to its dominant European cultural expressions.
Second, the large-scale, export-oriented agricultural enterprises of Ecuador’s coastal region, represented by Guayaquil, continue to compete with the smaller farms and businesses of the Andean highlands, represented by Quito. This persistent regional rivalry often determines the outcome of key national issues and frequently paralyzes the government.
- Third, the economy continues to enjoy periods of “boom” and suffer periods of “bust” due to its dependence on a few export commodities, such as oil. The constant rise and fall of the economy makes it very difficult for Ecuador to realize any meaningful economic, social or political changes.
Ecuador’s colonial roots are not
confined to the history books,
they are visible in everyday life even after almost two hundred years of independence from Spain.
- Fourth, the political system lacks strong, stable institutions. Since independence from Spain in 1822, there have been more than ninety changes of power. On average, every two years a new civilian or military government takes control. Governmental institutions, without opportunity to mature, have been unable to address Ecuador’s constantly re-emerging problems. Ecuador’s lack of a stable political system is both the result and cause of the nation’s disparate class structure, regionalism, and roller coaster economy.
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Insulin resistance specifically in the brain is being proposed as the reason for the memory loss that characterizes Alzheimer’s disease. Because Alzheimer’s may be caused by insulin-related dysfunction, some scientists are calling Alzheimer’s by a new name: type 3 diabetes.
Insulin, according to previous research, is produced in the brain as well as in the pancreas. During early Alzheimer’s, the brain’s insulin levels and the quantity of its insulin receptors fall quickly, and they continue to drop progressively as the disease advances. In its most advanced stage, an Alzheimer brain has nearly eighty percent fewer insulin receptors than a normal brain. Thus, insulin resistance in the brain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Until now, exactly why the insulin receptors disappear has not been known. But now researchers from Northwestern University think they have it figured out.
First, here’s a short lesson on how neurons (brain cells) communicate. Neurons have three parts: tree-shaped dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon. To get from one neuron to the next, information from the first neuron flows from its cell body, down its axon, then across a little space called a synapse, to the dendrites of the next neuron. When all is working well, insulin binds to insulin receptors on the dendrites at a neuron’s synapse, turning on a mechanism necessary for nerve cells to survive and memories to form.
But now researchers have found that a toxic protein in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients prevents insulin receptors from setting up for business at the neuronal dendrites. The toxic proteins, called ADDLs (short for “amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands”), are small proteins that accumulate at the beginning of Alzheimer’s disease. ADDLs bind to the neuron dendrites, hogging the spots and preventing insulin receptors from gathering there.
As a result, the insulin receptors pile up in the cell bodies where the insulin can’t get to them. Because the bound ADDLs prevent the insulin receptors from getting near the synapses, there is a rapid loss of insulin receptors from the dendritic surfaces of the neurons. This is why nerve cells become insulin resistant in Alzheimer’s.
The researchers found that neurons that had ADDLs bound to them had no insulin receptors on their dendrites. Conversely, the dendrites with lots of insulin receptors had no bound ADDLs. They think that ADDLs, because they block the insulin receptors from reaching the synapses, are a major factor in the memory deficits in Alzheimer’s patients. In fact, they believe that insulin resistance in the Alzheimer brain is a response to ADDLs, which, by disrupting insulin signaling, are causing a brain-specific form of diabetes.
* * *
Sources: The FASEB Journal; BBC News; Diabetes in Control; Science Daily, September 2007
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This Course can only be played using a subscription. You can play only first 3 chapters for free. Click Here to avail a subscription
Delve headlong into Corel Graphic Suite X4 and discover the possibilities! VTC author, Geoff Blake, begins by giving you a foundational understanding of raster and vector graphics and teaching you techniques for navigating through the many options provided by the CorelDraw interface. He will then guide you through using shapes, custom objects, fills, fill effects, and more. Geoff then demonstrates key techniques for achieving amazing effects and building flexible files using layers, multiple pages, and threaded text frames. Finally, you will learn how to optimize your work for output both online and in print. To begin learning today, simply click on the movie links.
Hi. This is Geoff Blake and welcome to Corel Graphics Suite X4. I hope you're up for all kinds of graphic-related learning here in CorelDRAW. You know, before we delve headlong into it though, maybe what we should do is we should take a quick look at some of the things that we'll be talking about during our time here together. So here's a quick run-through. First off, we'll talk about the differences between raster graphics and vector graphics and then what we'll do is I'll give you a tour of the CorelDRAW interface and I'll show you some techniques for working more efficiently in the interface. From there we'll talk about creating some shapes inside our documents, including custom shapes and I'll show you how to organize and arrange your shapes and objects in your layouts. We'll apply some transformation effects to our shapes and objects and then we'll delve headlong into working with color, including some custom fills and some custom outlines as well. Then what we'll do is we'll get into working with type, including some type effects and I'll also show you how work with type more efficiently inside your layouts, including linking your text frames together into a text flow. So we'll talk about that and then what we'll do with all of that out of the way is we'll get into creating some eye-popping special effects and I'm really excited to get into that with you and then we'll talk about working with multi-layered files and working with additional pages inside our files. Finally we'll take a look at exporting our work, getting our work out of Corel for both use in the print world and also in the world of web design. So I hope you're up for all of this. Without further adieu, let's get started.
- Course: CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X4
- Author: Geoff Blake
- SKU: 34117
- ISBN: 1-936334-23-2
- Work Files: Yes
- Captions: No
- Subject: Graphics & Page Layout
- The first 3 chapters of courses are available to play for FREE (first chapter only for QuickStart! and MasterClass! courses). Just click on the movie link to play a lesson.
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Peat moss is a more complicated topic than is generally considered. Its composition varies from place to place, and harvesting methods play a big role in its sustainability. Most peat moss is not sterilized, but it is essentially free of harmful elements, such as insects or pathogens, and even contains beneficial microorganisms. You have a lot of variables to consider for such a simple product.
What Peat Moss Is
Peat moss is different from country to country because of the way it forms. Peat bogs are saturated with water and stagnant, which produces an environment that is poor in oxygen. Because many soil microbes need oxygen to survive, peat bogs have only low levels of soil microbes, and the dead plant matter that accumulates breaks down very slowly. This partially decomposed plant matter is peat moss. However, what type of plant matter it is varies depending on the region and what types of plants grow in it.
Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss
Canadian sphagnum peat moss is one of the most commonly used types of peat moss and has a number of advantages. It is harvested sustainably, and studies have found that sphagnum peat moss contains beneficial microbes. These microbes, able to survive the low oxygen environment of the bog, include Penicillium, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter and Trichoderma and can benefit the plants for which the moss is used. However, different types of peat moss have different levels of protection. The older the peat moss gets and the more decomposition it sustains before harvesting, the less disease suppressant properties it will have. Lighter “blonde,” fibrous peat moss, harvested from the surface of the bog, is the only kind that retains the amount of microorganism necessary to inhibit diseases and that lasts for around 6 to 10 weeks.
Uses in Gardening
Peat moss is used in gardens to amend soils, provide aeration and create good drainage. It’s an ingredient in many potting soils and mixes and a carbon source for composters. It is sometimes used as a surface mulch, but this is its best use. Peat moss pulls water away from plants and can be used to create good drainage if mixed into soil, but as mulch it dries out and begins to repel water. It doesn’t bring a lot of nutrients to bear, but it is good for growing mixes when you’re starting seeds or cuttings.
Sterilization and Pasteurization
Most companies neither sterilize nor pasteurize peat moss. Not only is sterilization an expensive process, but sterilizing would eliminate the beneficial microorganisms that inhibit some diseases. However, because of the environment from which it comes, peat moss is largely free of pests and diseases.
How to Grow Big Onion Bulbs
Onions are a member of the allium family, as are garlic, leeks, shallots and chives, and are popular in all sorts of...
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Comprachicos (also Comprapequeños and Cheylas) refers to various groups in folklore who were said to change the physical appearance of human beings by manipulating growing children, in a similar way to the horticultural method of bonsai
Comprachicos is a compound Spanish neologism meaning "child-buyers," which was coined by Victor Hugo in his novel The Man Who Laughs.
The most common methods said to be used in this practice included stunting children's growth by physical restraint, muzzling their faces to deform them, slitting their eyes, dislocating their joints, and malforming their bones. The resulting human monsters made their living as mountebanks or were sold to lords and ladies to be used as pages or court fools.
One of the common creations of the Comprachicos was supposed to be artificial dwarfs, formed "by anointing babies' spines with the grease of bats, moles and dormice" and using drugs such as "dwarf elder, knotgrass, and daisy juice".
Other means of creating this result were conjectured to include physical stunting by breaking or dislocating bones, and forcible constrainment, whereby growth was inhibited for a long enough period to create permanent deformation. Because of the demand for dwarfs and other novelties in the courts of kings at this time, this could have been a profitable occupation.
Victor Hugo's novel The Man Who Laughs is the story of a young aristocrat kidnapped and disfigured by his captors to display a permanent malicious grin. At the opening of the book, Hugo provides a description of the Comprachicos:
The Comprachicos worked on man as the Chinese work on trees. A sort of fantastic stunted thing left their hands; it was ridiculous and wonderful. They could touch up a little being with such skill that its father could not have recognized it. Sometimes they left the spine straight and remade the face. Children destined for tumblers had their joints dislocated in a masterly manner; thus gymnasts were made. Not only did the Comprachicos take away his face from the child; they also took away his memory. At least, they took away all they could of it; the child had no consciousness of the mutilation to which he had been subjected. Of burnings by sulphur and incisions by the iron he remembered nothing. The Comprachicos deadened the little patient by means of a stupefying powder which was thought to be magical and which suppressed all pain.
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Part 1: Introduction; Part 2: Important Minerals, Gems, and Rocks Mined in North Carolina; Part 3: References
A variety of minerals, gems, and rocks have been excavated in North Carolina since the precolonial era. Mining was known to the region's Indians before European settlement, and evidence of mica mining and trade with other tribes may be seen at the Baird Mine in Macon County and the Sink Hole Mine in Mitchell County. It appears that Indians also used talc and soapstone for making utensils. Other resources exploited early were clay and kaolin. The colonial period saw mainly local use of these materials as well as the burning of shell marls for cement and small-scale iron making from the most accessible deposits.
In the nineteenth century there was an abundance of mining activity as the state surveyed its mineral assets. As early as 1822, Professor Denison Olmsted at the University of North Carolina submitted a descriptive list of rocks and minerals to the American Journal of Science, some of which he had collected himself and others that had been sent to him. In 1871 C. E. Jenks began to mine gem corundum in Macon County, but this evolved into the more profitable abrasive business with gemstones an erratic by-product. Around 1874 J. Adlai D. Stephenson of Statesville offered rewards to anyone finding minerals of interest and was the first collector reported to have the then-unknown hiddenite in his collection. Gen. Thomas L. Clingman, William E. Hidden, and George F. Kunz were also active mineral collectors of the late nineteenth century.
North Carolina's small but unique gemstone supply-the state has the greatest variety and quantity of gemstones in the East-became attractive to collectors. From 1881 to 1919 the production of all gemstones, including aquamarines, rhodolite garnets, golden beryl, emeralds and hiddenite, and gem corundum (rubies and sapphires), was a minor but colorful industry. As the twentieth century progressed, lithium and tungsten mines and phosphate deposits were opened. New industrial applications were found, while the market for old reliables such as feldspar and mica, along with new beneficiation techniques, increased their rate of recovery. Gemstones in the late twentieth century remained a factor in the state's economy, with numerous mines open to amateur collectors and annual production averaging about $50,000. Several of these commercial mines, such as the Cherokee Ruby Mine, Cowee Mountain Ruby Mine, and Jackson Hole Mine, were located in Franklin (Macon County), which is also the site of the Franklin Gem and Mineral Museum.
This engraving from an 1880 issue of Harper's New Monthly Magazine shows mica being mined, split, and cut near Waynesville. The accompanying text noted that the “flakes are cut in oblong squares by enormous shears, packed, and sent north. Heaps of broken wafer-like waste sheets littered the whole side of the mountain, sparkling like silver in the sun.” North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library.
1 January 2006 | Seaman, Jean H.
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Widely prescribed anti-depressants may be doing patients more harm than good, claim scientists at McMaster University who have recently published a paper examining the impact of the treatments on the entire body in Frontiers in Evolutionary Psychology. This claim is part of an ongoing conversation in the medical community about the value of anti-depressants, a conversation which has passionate advocates on both sides.
Anti-depressants are made to reduce the symptoms of depression by boosting the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, where it regulates mood. Yet the authors of the paper in Frontiers in Evolutionary Psychology postulate that there’s a problem with attempting to use artificially elevated serotonin levels to improve mood. It’s that the majority of serotonin that the body produces is used not to regulate mood but rather for other purposes, including digestion, neural cell growth and death, forming blood clots at wound sites, sexual stimulation, reproduction and physical development.
What the researchers at McMaster University found is that anti-depressant use correlates with negative effects on all these processes that are normally regulated by serotonin.
It’s important to note that correlation does not equal causation – in other words, the scientists at McMaster University can’t be certain that the anti-depressants caused the noted problems, only that the problems have been seen to exist simultaneously with anti-depressant use. Though a relationship of causation between anti-depressant use and these symptoms hasn’t been conclusively proved, the researchers at McMaster University hypothesize that anti-depressants, by artificially increasing the amount of serotonin present in the body, may disrupt important bodily processes, leading to diminished overall health in patients.
The study finds the following elevated risks correlated with anti-depressant use:
- problems with sexual stimulation and function and sperm development in adults
- digestive problems such as diarrhea, constipation, indigestion and bloating
- abnormal bleeding and stroke in the elderly
- developmental problems in infants
“We need to be much more cautious about the widespread use of these drugs,” argues Paul Andrews, an evolutionary biologist at McMaster University and lead author of the research.
“It’s important because millions of people are prescribed anti-depressants each year, and the conventional wisdom about these drugs is that they’re safe and effective.” Indeed, the Telegraph reports that psychiatrist Dr William Shanahan, medical director at Capio Nightingale Hospital, London, is sure that anti-depressants are safe. “These drugs have their place,” says Shanahan, ”They work wonderfully for many people and lives have been transformed by them,” he says.
Andrews and his colleagues examined earlier patient studies into the effects of anti-depressants and felt that the benefits of most anti-depressants, even taken at their best, compare poorly to the correlated risks, which include premature death in elderly patients.
The authors reviewed three recent studies showing that elderly anti-depressant users are more likely to die than non-users, even after taking other important variables into account. The higher death rates, according to Andrews and his associates, indicate that the overall effect of these drugs on the body is more harmful than beneficial.
“Serotonin is an ancient chemical. It’s intimately regulating many different processes, and when you interfere with these things you can expect, from an evolutionary perspective, that it’s going to cause some harm,” Andrews insists. The causal relationship that Andrews hypothesizes has, however, not yet been shown to exist.
A previous meta-study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that anti-depressants are safe and effective for treating anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and major depressive order in children and adolescents.
The scientists at McMasters University conclude that anti-depressants may still be helpful for patients in certain conditions, but emphasize that they should be much more cautiously prescribed.
In conclusion, it’s important for us all to take a proactive approach to managing our emotional and physical health through holistic approaches like moodtraining. While medicine can be helpful in some cases, it’s no replacement for self-knowledge, focus and discipline.
image: [Steve Snodgrass]
Hi Carolyn, I like the idea of a risks/benefits approach, but I think there are a couple issues that need to be raised w the article and your interpretation of it.
Good points- First, the authors great point about the serotonergic effects through the body, this does often go un-examined. Also some great points about how medications get to be known as "safe" when the full spectrum of risk/benefit is not yet known (and cannot be known until there are large #'s or people taking the medications due to statistical power).
My main concerns, and there were a few, was their discussion of the developing brain. This would be the key point at which they could go into the literature on how severe an impact untreated depression can be on the developing brain but they fail to do so. The effects of morbidity (poor function, disability, interpersonal stressors, achievement) could have been addressed as opposed to a mortality (death), which in this population is rare. Also of note the adoelscents typically included in studies of this type exclude suicidal thinking but include depression. Therefore the typical course of depression is one of worsening depression and therefore increased suicidailty (and therefore the meds are seen as having "caused" the thinking).
I would also disagree with the last paragraph of your article, as good as it was overall. The authors did not demonstrate that antidepressants CAUSED these problems, rather found an association. Lastly, I would say that unfortunately medication is, unfortunately, at this time in our biomedical knowledge, necessary in some cases. However, in many cases, self-knowledge, focus, and discipline might have prevented the full expression of this underlying risk architecture, and that moodtraining can help with that :) That is what I would see as the role of moodtraining.
I agree the topic of risk/benefit is one that very much needs active discussion, thanks for serving it up!
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An excerpt from, With Hearts Full of Faith, A Selection of Addresses by Rabbi Mattisyahu Salomon, Mesorah Publications, Ltd.
When young people get married, the primary blessing we give them is that they should build "a bayis ne'eman b'Yisrael, a faithful home among the Jewish people. This is surely a beautiful blessing, but why is it so fundamental? Why does it take precedence over all other blessings we could give them? Why is faithfulness the bedrock of the Jewish home?
Let us take a look into the Torah in the beginning of the Book of Exodus, where we once again find this extraordinary emphasis on faithfulness. Moses grows up and ventures out from Pharaoh's palace, in which he was reared as an Egyptian prince, and he sets off to investigate the condition of his Jewish brothers and sisters. As he walks through the fields, he catches sight of an Egyptian taskmaster thrashing a Jewish laborer. Moses looks around to make sure no one is watching, then he strikes down the Egyptian and buries his body in the sand.
The next day, he comes across two Jews fighting. "Why do you strike your fellow Jew?" he says to the aggressor.
"Who appointed you an officer and magistrate over us?" the man answers back. "Do you intend to kill me as you killed the Egyptian?"
Frightened, Moses declares (Exodus 2:14), "Achein noda hadavar. Surely the thing is known."
What "thing is known"? The simple meaning is that Moses realized that his supposedly secret act had been discovered. The word was out that he had killed the Egyptian, and he was in danger. Rashi also brings a second interpretation from the Midrash. Moses saw in the Jewish aggressor's sarcastic reply that he intended to inform to the Egyptian authorities, as indeed he eventually did. Could it be that there were evil informers among the Jews? Moses was shocked. "Surely the thing is known," he declared. At last I understand why the Jewish people are unworthy of redemption. At last I understand why they are still sitting in exile.
Idolaters could be redeemed, but informers could not. Why?
This Midrash is very puzzling. At the lowest point of their bondage in Egypt, the Jewish people had sunk to the 49th level of spiritual defilement. Had they sunk to the last and final level, the damage would have been irreparable. They were so close to utter disaster, and still, Moses did not see their nearly absolute moral corruption as an insurmountable obstacle to redemption. But when he discovered informers among them, it suddenly became clear to him why they were still in exile. Apparently, idolaters could be redeemed, but informers could not.
Why was the presence of informers such a decisive block to redemption, more so than just about the worst spiritual defilement possible?
Every morning, before we pray for our needs, we express our praise and gratitude to God. Among others, we repeat the stirring words of the Levites at the consecration of the Second Temple (Nehemiah 9:7-8):
"You, O God, are the one and only One; You made the heavens, the upper heavens and all their hosts, the land and all that is upon it, the seas and all they contain, and You sustain all of them; it is to You that the hosts of the heavens bow down. You are the One, O God, that is the Lord, Who chose Abram, brought him forth from Ur Kasdim, changed his name to Abraham and found him faithful before You; You forged a covenant with him to give the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizites, Jebusites and Girgashites, to give them to his offspring, and You kept Your word, because You are righteous."
If we look closely at these words, we find an unusual point of climax. These two verses are clearly one continuous flow. You, O God, are the one and only, the One Who made heaven and earth, the One before Whom all the hosts of heaven bow down. You, O God, are the selfsame One Who chose Abram and miraculously saved him from the fiery furnace in Ur. And why did You do all this? What rare and wondrous quality did Abraham possess that so endeared him to God? Because You "found his heart faithful before you." Because he was a ne'eman, a faithful man.
Abraham was famous for his acts of chesed, kindness. His hachnasas orchim, hospitality, was legendary. Yet faithfulness was the quality that endeared him to God above all else. He chose Abraham because he was a ne'eman, a faithful man.
The word ne'eman, which appears many times in the Torah, takes on different meanings in different contexts. It can mean trustworthy, faithful, loyal, reliable, responsible, firm, honest. These are all variations and nuances of one overriding quality. A ne'eman is steadfast as a rock, unwavering, unfaltering, unswerving. You can count on his support, his loyalty, his word. Above all, you can count on his word.
We find that ne'eman is actually used to describe God Himself. The Talmud states (Shabbos 119b), "What is the meaning of the word Amen? Rabbi Chanina said, ‘It is the acronym of the words E-l melech ne'eman, the Lord the faithful King.'"
The theme of divine faithfulness is particularly striking in the blessing we say after the Haftarah:
"Blessed are You, O God our Lord, King of the universe, Rock of all worlds, Righteous One of all generations, the faithful Lord Who does as He says, Who speaks and fulfills His word, Whose every word is truth and righteousness. You are the One Who is faithful, O God our Lord, and Your words are trustworthy. Not one of Your words is left behind unfulfilled, for You are the Lord King, faithful and merciful. Blessed are You, the Lord Who is faithful in all His words."
God can be trusted to reward virtue and punish sin. He can be trusted to keep His promises. He is absolutely faithful to His word.
Why is this quality so crucial? Why does God value it above all others?
Let us look a little further. We all know that the Jewish people were deemed worthy of redemption because they kept their Hebrew names and spoke the Hebrew language and because they did not become promiscuous. The Midrash Tanchuma (Numbers 25:1) adds to the list a little-known fourth reason -- because they kept their secrets.
What precisely does this mean? The Midrash explains that God gave Moses a lengthy first message to deliver to the Jewish people when he first returned to Egypt. Among other things, he was to tell them to borrow valuables from their Egyptian neighbors on the eve of the Exodus, and he was to assure them that God would compel the Egyptians to surrender these valuables gladly (Exodus 3:22).
Moses conveyed the entire message as soon as he arrived in Egypt (ibid. 4:30), fully 12 months before the actual Exodus. Had word got out that this is what they intended to do, the Egyptians could easily have concealed their valuables deep in the walls of their homes, as the Amorites were to do in Canaan many years later. But word did not get out. For those 12 months, the Jewish people kept the secret faithfully, and in this merit, they were deemed worthy of redemption.
For 12 months, the Jewish people kept the secret faithfully, and in this merit, they were deemed worthy of redemption.
Why was it necessary for them to know for a whole year what they were supposed to do on their last night in Egypt? Why entrust an entire people with such a sensitive secret for 12 long months when they could just as easily have been told only days before the Exodus?
Apparently, God wanted them to demonstrate their trustworthiness by keeping a secret for such a long time. For 12 months, He waited to see if anyone would inform the Egyptians of what Jewish people were planning to do. Would they remain steadfast and faithful? And when they passed the test, He deemed them worthy of redemption.
Again we see how highly God values the quality of faithfulness.
King Solomon declares (Proverbs 11:13), "Gossips go about revealing secrets, but those of faithful spirit conceal things." The opposite of a gossip, according to King Solomon, is a faithful person, a ne'eman. It follows that the ultimate failing of a gossip is not so much the damage he might cause to others as the corruption of his own character, the destruction of his own faithfulness by acts of betrayal.
Why is faithlessness such a terrible thing? The answer lies in the profound connection between faith and faithfulness.
The heart of the Jewish relationship with God is emunah, faith. The Jewish people believe in God. What does that mean? That we believe He exists? Not at all. When the Jewish people saw the sea split open to let them pass in safety and then closed over the heads of their Egyptian pursuers, the Torah tells us (Exodus 14:31), "And Israel saw the great hand of God laid upon the Egyptians, and the people feared God, and they believed in God and in His servant Moses." Under those circumstances, it certainly didn't take much for them to "believe" in the existence of God; it was clear as the day.
So what exactly did they "believe"?
Jewish faith is the absolute trust in the absolute truth and trustworthiness of God's every word.
They believed that God would keep His word. They believed that God was trustworthy. They believed that just as He had fulfilled His promise to bring them forth from Egypt and save them from the clutches of their pursuers, He would fulfill every promise He had ever made to their ancestors and would ever make to them. He would lead them through the barren wilds of the desert and watch over them for all eternity. This is the essence of emunah, the Jewish faith in God. It is the confident knowledge that God is "the faithful Lord Who does as He says, Who speaks and fulfills His word, Whose every word is truth and righteousness."
Centuries earlier, God had assured the childless Abraham that his offspring would be as numerous as the stars in the heavens above. And the Torah tells us (Genesis 15:6) that Abraham "believed in God Who considered this an act of righteousness on his part." Think for a moment. Abraham was in the midst of a prophetic revelation. He was listening to the voice of God. Why then was it considered an act of righteousness for him to "believe in God"?
Clearly, this does not mean a belief in the existence of God but in the reliability of His word. When God promised him many descendants, Abraham accepted this as a fact. He believed without a doubt that God "speaks and fulfills His word." This was his act of righteousness.
Jewish faith is the absolute trust in the absolute truth and trustworthiness of God's every word. This level of faith is the foundation that had to be laid before the Jewish people were capable of receiving and embracing God's holy Torah. It is at the core of the covenant between God and Israel.
How do we acquire such transcendent faith in God? How do we take the intellectual belief in the trustworthiness of God's word and implant it so deeply in our hearts that it becomes an absolute reality for us?
The answer lies in the connection between faith and faithfulness. Only a faithful person is capable of absolute faith. Only someone whose own word is inviolate can have faith on both the intellectual and emotional levels. Only a faithful person whose word is an absolute guarantee can accept someone else's word with a confident and serene heart.
An unfaithful person, on the other hand, can never have absolute faith.
An unfaithful person, on the other hand, can never have absolute faith. If his own word is not an ironclad guarantee, if it is at all possible that he might not honor an utterance that emerges from his mouth, if his own word is not an absolute fact, an inviolate reality, then how can he have faith in the word of another, even the word of God? If he does not know the meaning of true faithfulness from his own experience, how can he have faith in God's faithfulness?
An unfaithful person may believe that, although he allows himself to take liberties with his word, God would never do such a thing. This is a cold faith, an abstract faith. It does not penetrate to the heart. While he waits for the fulfillment of God's promise, he cannot help but feel apprehensive. He may sing Ani Maamin with the most beautiful inspirational melody, "Ani maamin! I believe with perfect faith that the Messiah will come!" But deep down, he is not so sure. He does not know the meaning of faithfulness as an absolute reality. He does not feel it. It is not part of his experience.
Even a person who is generally faithful, who keeps his word most of the time, cannot have genuine faith. For him, faithfulness is still not an inviolate reality but a choice. He may choose to keep his word often, he may choose to keep it almost always, but if there is the slightest possibility that he might not keep it, then it all becomes optional and unreliable. Such a person cannot have absolute trust in someone else's promise. He may consider it possible or even extremely likely that the promise will be fulfilled, but he will never accept it in his heart as a hard fact that is solid as a rock.
Absolute faithfulness is the key to absolute faith. God wants us to be faithful people not only because it is the right thing to do, but also because if we are not faithful we cannot have faith in Him. Not really. Not the sort of faith that He expects from us.
Twelve months before the Exodus, God entrusted the Jewish people with a sensitive secret in order to give them the opportunity to demonstrate their faithfulness. Were they trustworthy? Were they loyal to each other, to their friends, their families, their people? Were they faithful to their word of honor? Were these people capable of entering an everlasting covenant with the Master of the universe? Were they capable of absolute faith?
Many years before, Moses had discovered evil informers among the Jewish people. Now I understand, he had declared, why the Jewish people are unworthy of redemption. "Surely the thing is known!" If they are unfaithful, how can they have faith? And if they do not have faith, how can they expect to be redeemed? Yes, it is possible for people to be mired in just about the worst spiritual defilement, and still retain their faith in the Creator. As long as they themselves are faithful people, faith can live in their hearts. But if they are unfaithful, there is no hope for them. God may redeem them, uplift them, purify them, but He will not implant faith in unfaithful hearts. And so the Jewish people continued to languish in exile.
But now Moses returned and entrusted the Jewish people with a secret. This would be the critical test. If the Jewish people kept the secret, if they showed that over the years they had acquired the quality of faithfulness, they would be worthy of redemption. And for 12 long months the entire people remained steadfast in their faithfulness. Millions of people shared a secret, yet no one spoke a word of it.
This was steadfast, rock-solid faithfulness, loyalty, truthfulness, honesty, integrity on a vast unprecedented scale. People who exhibited this sort of faithfulness could indeed be expected to stand on Mount Sinai and receive the Torah with perfect faith.
When we give our blessings to a young couple establishing a new home among the Jewish people, we want to make sure that the foundation is rock-solid. We want to wish them the one quality that will make it possible for them to acquire all the other qualities that will make their home a holy place. And so we bless them that they should build a bayis ne'eman, a trusted home, a faithful home. If there is faithfulness in their home, there will also be faith, and if there is faith, there will also be Torah, mitzvos and good deeds. If the foundation is strong, it will be a home that will last forever.
From: With Hearts Full of Faith, A Selection of Addresses by Rabbi Mattisyahu Salomon, Mesorah Publications, Ltd., Brooklyn, NY: 2002
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Ms Bradley, a female professor, claimed under the Equal Pay Act 1970 and compared herself with two male professors at the same college where she taught and researched. It was accepted that they were engaged on like work or work of equal value for the purposes of the Act. The men had significant sums in addition to their original basic pay which it was found were given to them when it was learned by the employer that attempts to poach them had been made. The ET found, and the EAT agreed, that this was a wholly genuine reason for the difference in pay. Accordingly, it was decided that the genuine material factor defence provided for by the legislation had been made out, and that the differences in pay were unrelated to sex.
The EAT found that both the Act and European law called for a term by term comparison, and not an overall view of the value of remuneration and employment arrangements and so when the ET considered the terms globally it was wrong to do so. However, the error was immaterial to the decision, which appeared clear, and which was reached without error after a correct statement of the applicable law. The appeal was therefore dismissed.
Compulsory Pay Audits
The Equality Act 2010 provides that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work.
Following consultation, seeking views on how the new rules should work, the Government published the draft regulations on 19 June 2014.
When must a tribunal order an equal pay audit?
Where a tribunal finds that an employer has breached the equal pay provisions it must order that employer to conduct and publish an equal pay audit unless:
The employer carried out an audit in the previous three years;
An audit is unnecessary because it is already clear whether action is required to avoid equal pay breaches from occurring or continuing.
The nature of the breach found by the tribunal is such that there is no reason to think that any other breaches may exist.
The disadvantages of an audit would outweigh its benefits.
The exceptions are limited so the safest thing to do is to ensure compliance with the equal pay legislation. Existing micro-businesses and new businesses will be exempt from the new rules. The definition of a micro-business is complicated but as a general guide it has:
fewer than 10 employees working 37.5 hours a week; or
employees contracted to work under 375 hours a week in total.
Again the concept of a new business is complicated but as a general guide it is new if it started within a 12 month period and the complaint was initially made within that 12 month period.
Nature of an audit
An equal pay audit must:
Include relevant gender pay information related to the descriptions of employees specified by the tribunal.
Identify any differences in pay between men and women and the reasons for those differences.
Include the reasons for any potential equal pay breach identified by the audit.
Set out the employer’s plan to avoid breaches occurring or continuing.
The employer must collate and send the audit to the tribunal. The tribunal must decide whether the audit complies. If it does, then the employer has to:
publish it on their website and leave it there for three years; and
inform all persons about whom gender pay information was included in the audit where they can obtain a copy.
If publication would result in breach of a legal obligation (for example, under the Data Protection Act 1998), the employer should publish an edited version. If that does not suffice then publication is not required. In its response to consultation, the government suggested that this exception “would apply only in very limited circumstances”.
Penalties for Failure to Comply
Failure to comply without reasonable excuse can incur a penalty not exceeding £5,000. The tribunal must take the employer’s ability to pay into account and make an order specifying a new date for the audit. A further failure to comply is likely to mean a further penalty of up to £5,000.
Audits will only be ordered once an employer has lost an equal pay case and this happens less often than one might expect. Usually there is a preliminary hearing to establish any or all of the following:
identification of appropriate comparators;
establishing work of equal value; and/or
the availability of a material factor defence.
Frequently, where the employer loses on such points, it will settle and there will be no finding of a breach of the equal pay provisions as a result. This is only likely to increase given the threat of an equal pay audit and its publication.
For further information, please contact Jacqueline Kendal or the Partner with whom you usually deal.
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At CHCI we used theme enrichment to break up the day to day routine of the chimpanzees. The celebration of holidays, birthdays and weekly theme days, with the non-permanent forms of enrichment, helped us make the chimpanzees days more interesting. The windows were decorated for the holidays, crepe paper and balloons were hung up, and the chimpanzees received wrapped presents and special food treats (examples include red day, musical toys day, beach day, etc.).
Some of the ways we made the days special at CHCI:
We provided plastic brushes, buckets of soapy water, rubber boots, and sponges. The human caregivers smeared mustard or ketchup on the walls or windows of the chimpanzees' enclosure and placed the brushes, buckets of soapy water, rubber boots and sponges in the chimpanzee enclosure. The chimpanzees used the items to clean their enclosures as they had seen their human caregivers do every day.
Human caregivers provided various types of paper (colored, white, paper towels, toilet paper, shredded paper etc.) inside of the chimpanzees' enclosures. We spread the paper throughout the chimpanzees' enclosure. The chimpanzees colored on the paper, used it for wadges, and nested with it.
The human caregivers stacked cardboard boxes in the chimpanzees' enclosure to make forts, cities, trains, etc. Other enrichment items could be placed in or on the boxes.
Human enrichers hung the sheets throughout the enclosure. This provided the chimpanzees with areas in which they hide.
Hide Objects in Bags
Enrichers placed the enrichment items - for example toys, magazines, clothing, shoes) inside bags. They often placed bags within other bags and then placed the bags in the enclosures.
Covering Enclosures with Sheets
Human caretakers cut holes in the sheets and cover the enclosures with sheets and secure the edges. Enrichment objects could be placed on top of the sheets near the holes so that the chimpanzees could pull the items through the holes in the sheets.
Human caretakers placed a large selection of clothing inside of the chimpanzees' enclosure. The chimpanzees at CHCI sometimes wore the clothing, nested with it and/or used it in play interactions such as tug-of-war and peek-a-boo.
On color days all the enrichment provided to the chimpanzees was only one color .
Slumber Party Day
Caregivers provided the chimpanzees with soft things to rest with including pillows, sleeping bags, fluffy clothing, big stuffed animals, and shredded paper.
Birthday and Holiday Celebrations
CHCI celebrated holidays and each chimpanzee's birthday. The windows were decorated for the holidays, crepe paper and balloons are hung up, and the chimpanzees received wrapped presents and special food treats.
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SpaceX's robotic Dragon capsule was released from the International Space Station on Tuesday to begin a five-hour trip back down to Earth, carrying more than a ton of cargo.
NASA astronaut Tom Marshburn and Canada's Chris Hadfield released the Dragon from the grip of the space station's robotic arm just before 7 a.m. ET.
"It looks both beautiful and nominal from here," Hadfield reported as the station flew 256 miles (411 kilometers) above the Pacific.
Marshburn said he was "sad to see the Dragon go. ... She performed her job beautifully, now heading back to her lair."
The Dragon is now going through a sequence of thruster burns that will send it down to a 12:34 p.m. ET splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, 214 miles (344 kilometers) west of Baja California.
This marks the third time that SpaceX's commercial cargo craft has made a round trip to the space station. The first visit, in May 2012, showed NASA that the California-based company could deliver payloads safely. Last October, another Dragon took on the first of 12 cargo runs under the terms of a $1.6 billion contract with the space agency. The current mission launched on March 1, carrying 1,200 pounds (544 kilograms) of supplies and equipment.
Dragon's arrival at the station was delayed by a day, due to a glitch with Dragon's thruster system, but the mission has gone swimmingly since then. Astronauts quickly unloaded the cargo, then packed 2,600 pounds (1,180 kilograms) of gear into the room-sized compartment - including biological samples, station hardware and trash.
Also among the items being returned to Earth are 13 sets of Lego toy blocks that were flown up to the station two years ago aboard the shuttle Endeavour. The models were used by the astronauts in educational videos to demonstrate how machines work in weightlessness. One of the kits, a 3-foot-long (meter-long) scale model of the space station, was so bulky that it would have collapsed under its own weight in Earth's gravity.
Dragon's return was originally scheduled for Monday, but "fairly aggressive" seas at the intended splashdown zone forced a one-day postponement, NASA spokesman Josh Byerly said. The weather was better on Tuesday, and the splashdown was set to take place a couple of hundred miles nearer to shore. "It makes for a bit of a shorter trip to get all this NASA and international-parner science back to port," Byerly said.
A recovery ship is ready to pick up the Dragon and make the 30-hour voyage back to port. The scientific samples will be offloaded there, and then the Dragon and its remaining cargo will be shipped to Houston.
The next SpaceX cargo run is scheduled for September. Another company, Virginia-based Orbital Sciences Corp., is working on a second commercial delivery system that's due for its first test launch next month. But only the Dragon is capable of bringing significant amounts of cargo back to Earth.
NASA selected SpaceX and Orbital to help fill the gap left by the retirement of the space shuttle fleet in 2011. Russian, European and Japanese cargo craft also service the space station. For now, Russia's Soyuz capsules are the only spacecraft that transport people to and from the station, but NASA intends to have U.S.-built commercial spaceships - perhaps including an upgraded version of the Dragon - carrying astronauts within five years.
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Cite this document
Galvanic corrosion concerns in Navy ships are discussed including the role that cathodic protection plays on the ship hull. The specific causes of a number of shipboard examples of galvanic corrosion are identified, with proposed solutions to each. Most problems occur in seawater connected tanks and in the piping systems, with relatively few on the external ship hull, machinery spaces, and topsides. Nearly all of the problems could have been eliminated through the application of good corrosion engineering practice at the design or construction stage, although occasionally a unique unpredictable problem emerges. The predictability of the problems re-emphasizes the need for greater corrosion awareness by all associated with the design, building, and maintenance of ships and their mechanical systems.
marine corrosion, galvanic corrosion, cathodic protection, metallic materials, corrosion engineering
Supervising metallurgist, Marine Corrosion Branch, David Taylor Research Center, Bethesda, MD
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To help address the problem of bringing heavy equipment into regions with poor infrastructure, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics has been working on developing a hybrid airship for more than 20 years. This week, they have announced a breakthrough. Hybrid Enterprises, LLC, acting on Lockheed Martin’s behalf, announced at the Paris Air Show that it will be taking orders for this new class of aircraft with delivery as soon as early 2018.
More than two-thirds of the world’s land area and more than half the world’s population have no direct access to paved roads. The airships would be the answer for affordable and safe delivery of cargo and personnel anywhere, weather permitting, with little or no infrastructure. “Lockheed Martin’s Hybrid Airships will significantly reduce the cost and environmental impact of remote operations, making it possible to reach locations previously thought inaccessible,” said Rob Binns, CEO of Hybrid Enterprises. Burning less than one-tenth the fuel of a helicopter per ton, the hybrid airship will be much more sustainable.
The technologies required for hybrid airships are already mature and have been demonstrated in-flight by Lockheed Martin’s P-791, a fully functional, manned flight demonstrator. Orlando Carvalho, executive vice-president of Lockheed Martin, said all required planning steps for FAA certification of a new class of aircraft are completed, and the company is ready to start building its first commercial model.
Work is currently underway on the 20-ton variant at the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics facility in Palmdale, U.S..
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A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 2 - Composites
MetadataShow full item record
Bast fibres are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the stems of various plants. The fibres find use in textile applications and are increasingly being considered as reinforcements for polymer matrix composites as they are perceived to be "sustainable". The fibres are composed primarily of cellulose which potentially has a Young's modulus of similar to 140 GPa (being a value comparable with man-made aramid [Kevlar/Twaron] fibres). The plants which are currently attracting most interest are flax and hemp (in temperate climates) or jute and kenaf (in tropical climates). Part 2 of this review will consider the prediction of the properties of natural fibre reinforced composites, manufacturing techniques and composite materials characterisation using microscopy, mechanical, chemical and thermal techniques. The review will close with a brief overview of the potential applications and the environmental considerations which might expedite or constrain the adoption of these composites. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The following license files are associated with this item:
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When organic contents of a material are burnt down, the left behind is ash. It is the inorganic content present in any material. If any material is heated to its burning point in presence of oxidizing agents, only ash is left behind. To assess the quality of a material, it is very important to assess the presence of inorganic components. There are different processes defined to measure the ash content in the food products, and they are;
· Wet ashing
· Dry ashing
· Low-temperature ashing
The test method is selected based on the application of the material, requirements of the sample, specifications of the sample. These test processes also help in analysing the minerals present, as they can be easily differentiated.
In the food industry, to ascertain the quality of food, different tests are performed. Nowadays, ash testing is catching up the trend as it tells a lot about the quality. Minerals present in the material can also be assessed with this test. According to the regulatory authorities, the presence of ash up to 5% is acceptable, more than this helps in determining the age of the food.
How to Prepare Samples?
To perform the ash test, preparing the sample is a crucial part. The food sample has to be in powdered form. Any moisture content present is dried first and it would lead to sprinkling during heating. Fatty food samples leave moisture when dried which prevents spattering. Another major problem is contamination of sample due to surroundings or due to the container used for holding the sample. The weight of the sample has to be in-between 1 to 10 gms.
· Dry Ashing – In this process, a muffle furnace is used to burn down the sample. The temperature of the chamber is maintained to approx. 600°C. At this temperature, the water evaporates from the sample and rest of the contents burnt down. During this process, most of the minerals get changed into phosphates, sulphates and oxides. Due to the presence of some volatile materials in the sample, the test results might outcome inaccurate. This is why other testing methods are preferred when materials like lead mercury and iron are present in the sample.
By leveraging the advancement in the technology, smart analytical instruments are introduced in the market that does not require processing of sample before testing. They are equipped with decision-making circuits to dry out the moisture first and then change it into ash for analysis, using very high-temperature range.
· Wet Ashing – This technique of determining ash content in a food sample is comparatively faster than other techniques. The time period may range from 10 minutes to few hours. In this process, the temperature range is set at 350°C.
The difference in weight before and after the test is the percentage of ash content.
MASH = Mass of the ash sample,
MDRY = Refers to the mass of the dried sample.
MWET = Refers to the mass of the wet sample.
· Low-temperature plasma ashing – This process is quite complicated in comparison to other processes. The sample is placed inside the glass chamber. This chamber is turned on using a vacuum pump. To oxidise the organic component present in the sample, a small amount of oxygen is inserted into the chamber. Due to the high temperature, the moisture evaporates. The chamber then creates a low temperature to not affect the volatile materials present in the sample.
Presto is the leading manufacturer and supplier of the testing instruments in India and across borders. For performing ash test of different test materials, multiple models of Muffle furnace are offered. All these models work on different temperature ranges and thus can be chosen as per industrial requirements.
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ST. PAUL, Minn. – A Mediterranean diet may help people avoid the small areas of brain damage that can lead to problems with thinking and memory, according to a study released today that will be presented at the American Academy of Neurology's 62nd Annual Meeting in Toronto April 10 to April 17, 2010.
The study found that people who ate a Mediterranean-like diet were less likely to have brain infarcts, or small areas of dead tissue linked to thinking problems.
The Mediterranean diet includes high intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, cereals, fish and monounsaturated fatty acids such as olive oil; low intake of saturated fatty acids, dairy products, meat and poultry; and mild to moderate amounts of alcohol.
For the study, researchers assessed the diets of 712 people in New York and divided them into three groups based on how closely they were following the Mediterranean diet. Then they conducted MRI brain scans of the people an average of six years later. A total of 238 people had at least one area of brain damage.
Those who were most closely following a Mediterranean-like diet were 36 percent less likely to have areas of brain damage than those who were least following the diet. Those moderately following the diet were 21 percent less likely to have brain damage than the lowest group.
"The relationship between this type of brain damage and the Mediterranean diet was comparable with that of high blood pressure," said study author Nikolaos Scarmeas, MD, MSc, of Columbia University Medical Center in New York and a member of the American Academy of Neurology. "In this study, not eating a Mediterranean-like diet had about the same effect on the brain as having high blood pressure."
Previous research by Scarmeas and his colleagues showed that a Mediterranean-like diet may be associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease and may lengthen survival in people with Alzheimer's disease. According to the present study, these associations may be partially explained by fewer brain infarcts.
February 09, 2010
People who eat a Mediterranean-like diet less likely to have brain infarcts
Mediterranean diet may lower risk of brain damage that causes thinking problems
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For NWYM Peace Month, I am continuing to look at one of God’s great visions of peace from the Old Testament, a rich vision of shalom that God gave to the prophet Micah during a turbulent time of war and invasion, followed by a time of exile and slavery. Micah’s unique vision of peace has always held a special place in Friends movement. In this blog series entitled “Tanks, Tractors, and Tremblers Before God” I will look deeply at these symbols of God’s vision of peace from Micah 4 and explore the biblical roots of the Quaker Peace Testimony. There is indeed an interesting intersection between God’s rich vision of shalom and various, often untold stories of how Friends have uniquely tried to live out their commitment to peace. You can find part one in the series here.
1 In the last days the mountain of the LORD’s temple will be established
as the highest of the mountains;
it will be exalted above the hills,
and peoples will stream to it.
2 Many nations will come and say “Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD,
to the temple of the God of Jacob.
He will teach us his ways,
so that we may walk in his paths.”
The law will go out from Zion,
the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.
3 He will judge between many peoples
and will settle disputes for strong nations far and wide.
They will beat their swords into plowshares
and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation will not take up sword against nation,
nor will they train for war anymore.
4 Everyone will sit under their own vine
and under their own fig tree,
and no one will make them afraid,
for the LORD Almighty has spoken.
5 All the nations may walk
in the name of their gods,
but we will walk in the name of the LORD
our God for ever and ever.
The second symbols of God’s vision of peace are the plowshares and pruning hooks, once used as swords and spears. These symbols reveal God’s vision of shalom as one that transforms tools of death into tools of life. These ancient symbols of war are almost too “medieval” for us to see rightly. They conjure in our minds connotations of King Arthur’s court or LOTR, archaic Shakespearean English, and “daring do.” Because of the mechanization of modern warfare, we forget that for nearly 3,000 years of human history, the sword was humanity’s symbol of conquest, defense and power. Spears, held in the hands of charioteers, could decimate villages in the blink of an eye. These were the ancient counterparts to smart bombs and drone attacks, every bit as intimidating as tanks in the streets. Outside of the U.S., perhaps the closest modern symbol is the AK-47. Just as the swords of old, some countries today even have them on their flags. They are a symbol of home protection as well as revolution, and represent force and power for the individual. Depending on which side of the gun you are on, it can be taken as a symbol of freedom or oppression.
Typically, after a time of violence runs its course, history often tells tales of heroes rescuing “barbarians” from their barbarity. The victors vilify the vanquished as stories are spun into sanitized, romanticized, and glory-charged epics for the next generation. Yet this vision, one we often embrace, has no place in God’s vision. It is not a story of “good guys with guns ridding the world of bad guys with guns” that we read about in Micah. It is a story of guns being melted down and re-purposed to feed a hungry world. It is one where the steel that once caused poverty is now used to heal it.
Micah reminds us that when God decides for the nations of the world, His first decision is to remove the experience of violence from humanity. Nothing is starker than the difference between raiding and farming, the vision of preparing for battle and the vision of preparing for planting. God’s people would now once again be stewards of the land instead of killing each other to possess it and its wealth. In God’s vision, the very blades that kill are turned earthward to bring forth life instead of death. Implements of war become implements of agriculture, the blades that kill become the blades that till, prune and produce abundance.
Like the swords and spears, our modern minds eyes struggle with the imagery of plowshares and pruning hooks. “What could these ancient things be?” we ask. Plowshares did the work of the modern garden hoe, but with cow power! These are not part of our vision of a small backyard garden, but a window into a world without grocery stores, a vision of a world with cycles of work, rest, and of rationing food through winter. Plowshares were used to aerate and plant, to prune and to harvest. Plowshares break up hard packed earth to let in more air, water and seeds. They prepare the earth to make spaces for new life to begin. Plowshares were implements of the “tractors” of the ancient world. On the other hand, pruning hooks have been replaced by modern loppers. They cut away dead ends that leach resources to improve life. They are used for the trimming, shaping, and maintaining the health of the new life the plowshares made room for.
Here we see a return to the original covenant of stewardship in the garden, a vision of how human order was created to be. It is an exchange of human to human violence for the violent process that is agriculture, a process involving calloused hands from sowing and reaping. This vision of shalom is nonviolent, offering something better than the simplistic legalism of “not doing X” to God’s people. It echoes the vision of Martin Luther King Jr., who spoke of peace as both the goal, and means toward reaching that goal.
This vision of peace reminds me of the story of the Guilford Rifles. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, Matthew Osborn, a precision rifle maker of the Centre Meeting in North Carolina was ordered to make guns for the Continental Army. Shocked that his rifles would be used to kill people instead of feeding them through hunting, he flatly refused. He then went around to all his friends and neighbors and bought back every rifle he could that he had made over the course of his life. He gathered them up, took them into his shop and bent their barrels so that they could never be used to kill human beings, other people made in the image of God. According to the story, he was fined heavily but refused to pay. This decision nearly cost him his home and all his land. Continental soldiers and other governmental representatives came to collect his money, but he treated them with gracious hospitality, even as he stood firmly by his convictions. These emissaries to him eventually became captive to their consciences too, and slowly the matter was dropped. The fine was paid in secret by the governor of the time, who just could not go through with taking the man’s house for his civil disobedience.
Whether this story is true or merely a Quaker legend is uncertain. Yet even if the story is not true, that is actually unimportant. The fact that we want it to be true and love telling that story says something about who we are as Quakers. Why would we tell this story for hundreds of years if we did not love it and what it represents? There is just something in it that has a Quaker ethos at its core. It is not so much that Quakers could not be gun makers or own guns. But I do think it is fair to expect a Quaker gun maker to be a different kind of gun maker. It is not that hard to imagine that when a person’s conscience dwells in the Light of Christ, they could be moved to remove guns from their life— even ones representing a life’s work—if people were growing more and more willing to use them on each other. Love sometimes demands the guarding of temptations in moments of weakness. It demands we help each other when we are losing hope and thinking of resorting to drastic measures out of fear. Imagining a world without gun violence is something many people do, especially now. But it is more than a trendy platitude, it is a holy vision, something straight from the heart and mind of God. This vision need not be one where God rips guns out of “our cold, dead hands” as Charlton Heston once boasted at an NRA convention. It is a vision where we are willing to lay them down ourselves with humility and compassion, to even remake them into objects of loving service to our neighbor. Living into this vision without reservation is the only way it can spread. It offers a way of living that demonstrates to others a vision of “that life and Spirit that makes the occasion for all wars cease.”
Query: How might God be leading you to exchange old defense mechanisms and patterns of behavior for implements that do the work of the Kingdom of God? In what ways does fear, rather than love, move you to action?
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Bananas Might Soon Be a Thing of the Past
Say it ain't so - not bananas!! Apparently, if a tropical disease continues to spread, bananas could go extinct. When I first read this article, I was hoping that someone was messing with me by putting a fake story online. BUT, after doing more research I discovered that in fact, the most popular form of banana - the Cavendish have been and are still being threatened by this fungus according to Snopes.
This isn't the first time The Panama Disease affected the banana industry. CNN reported that in 1965, bananas were declared commercially extinct due to the Panama disease. It started in Central America and quickly spread to most of the world's commercial banana plantations, leaving no other choice but to burn them down.
Fox News reports, for now, you will likely still see bananas at your local grocery store. "But if the disease spreads to South America before researchers successfully cross-breed the fruit, then the popular Cavendish banana may be hard to find — and eventually, the fruit could disappear altogether."
This would truly break my heart. I should stop at the store on my way home and load up on bananas - make myself sick of them before they disappear. Who am I kidding, it's not possible... sad.
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In a paradox that it seems only nature can muster—like quelling a year-long drought in the western two-thirds of Texas with record snows—it turns out that warming going on in the Arctic this winter is the likely culprit behind killer cold and snow that had been plaguing Eastern Europe since late January. And it is now also likely linked to the colder-than-normal winter occurring in Japan and Western Asia.
Weather patterns since the fall have set up in such a way as to leave large expanses of Arctic Ocean, particularly the Barents and Kara Seas north of Scandinavia and Russia, nearly ice-free. In fact, an image from early February posted to the Arctic Sea Ice Blog shows this area north of the Arctic Circle as open water for the first time in what it refers to as the “new Arctic regime (2005-present),” when it should be completely frozen over.
The changing weather patterns resulting from this new era of record sea ice melt seem to have helped build up a huge helping of frigid air over Siberia that came crashing southward as soon as the storm track shifted, which it inevitably does throughout the year. Instead of Western Europe like the last two winters, this time the bitter cold targeted Eastern Europe, delivering snow-laden storms to nations of the Eastern Mediterranean and even North Africa, as well as far Western Asia, Korea, and Japan.
Numerous researchers have been working the last few years to figure out what’s going on. The environmental news and technology site Bits of Science wrote a timely online article explaining the findings of recent published research and then tying the studies to the different teleconnections patterns that influence Eurasia’s winter weather — the Arctic Oscillation and its focused cousin, the North Atlantic Oscillation. Together, these pressure anomaly-driven climate patterns can dictate where winter’s worst cold and snow and best warmth become established.
A new study headed for publication in the Journal of Climate in March further extends the influence of the warming Arctic. The article by the Research Institute for Global Change’s Jun Inoue et al. contends that the storm track over the Barents and Lara Seas takes a more northerly route when sea ice there is reduced. In a positive feedback mechanism, the northward-shifted storm track pulls warm air over the Arctic Ocean. At the same time, cold air builds over Siberia and the Norwegian coast, and becomes poised to spill southward, or to the west and the east.
“Such warm Arctic and cold continental conditions are referred to as a warm-Arctic cold-Siberian (WACS) anomaly, and the WACS anomaly could be a procurer of severe weather in the downstream region,” the authors report.
As with the collective research on the warming Arctic’s influence on mid-latitude winter weather, Inoue et al. conclude that using sea-ice variability from this region of the Arctic would improve the reliability of the seasonal weather predictions in individual years.
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All of our readings for this week really led into each other. They in sequence reflect the importance of adding the personal an group interview to a teachers repertoire. Russ and Sherin speak on them importance of using research work to help not only bolster their own knowledge on teaching the subject but knowing what there students know and helping them. This method allows seasoned teachers to see what students know or don't know. Interviewing occurs in three stages first the contextualization piece second the probing of student responses and third to seed new ways of thinking.
The best way to begin an interview is to pose a question to students about the subject matter. If a student can explain a context or situation rather than an just a specific problem they show an aptitude for the concept and can also serve to help struggling get to the position they are in. The next portion is to probe students responses. This like an athlete participating in film study can help teachers become better at what they do. Teachers can use this face to face film study to see by the participation and reactions of the students how the lesson was received and what can be improved.
The final portion of the interview process addressed was the follow up . One of the most important things during this portion of the interview process is that teachers can actively with their students test scores critique themselves and seek to improve for a better teaching environment. Teachers can engage students poignantly and pre plan for the next year.
The next reading by Greeno and Hall out of Stanford in the late 90's focused on the presentation representation methods quite applicable to math and science teachers today. This at the time was a new method although considered a standard in todays terms as a sort of interactive component in the learning process. Often presentation representation can be grouped as anything from a lab to a PowerPoint or visual aid. These allow students the opportunity to present a topic and solidify how much of the material they have really gained and internalized by being able to teach it . Through the use of tables such as a sine and cosine function graph or a web chart of rain fall in a particular area and plant growth of a native species students are able to also exercise hidden talents such as web design and public speaking during their representational models that will serve them later on in life.
The final reading was of an interview conducted by Ginsburg. I found this interview very in-depth and helpful. Some major points that I will use as I conduct my interviews are to create and conduct a fun interview. Students should see this time as something new and fun not another assignment of something that they will receive a grade for. I also will as we look to interview the children from the school of math and science that interviewers take the time to understand the "meaningful norms " of the children. This allows for a age appropriate bubble to be drawn around the children. I think that unfortunately we as educators can be caught up in the need for such a good product on the screen that it is so easy to forget that these future movers and shakers are barely into their teenage years. Therefore should be treated as such not as small adults.
This weeks readings I feel like were harder to blog about because so much information had to be acted on first. Due to the fact that we have not conducted our interviews yet but will soon do so. These readings were simple but powerful and I am more than excited to enlist the ideas learned to conduct a one of a kind amazing interview.
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October 12, 2022
The intellectual property 30 percent rule is a common myth that suggests a piece of intellectual property can be copied if 30 percent of the content is changed. In reality, intellectual property protections differ drastically from this myth. Copying the copyrighted material of another party will often result in legal action for copyright infringement. If you are a copyright owner and believe someone has infringed on your intellectual property, you have legal rights. At Mindful Counsel, our experienced intellectual property lawyers can help you understand your options, including a possible copyright infringement lawsuit. Contact us today at (480) 422-6246 to learn more.
The owners of copyrighted content have exclusive use rights to that content. This means no one else can use it without the creator’s express consent. Copyright infringement occurs when someone violates copyright protections by using it without permission.
Copyright owners are granted several protections under the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17):
The 30 percent rule is false because determining copyright infringement is more complex than looking for a certain percentage of copyrighted material. Copyrights protect content not just from exact copies, but from other reproductions that are considered substantially similar. This determination must be made by comparing the two works and the context of these works. In addition, evaluating whether a copyright has been infringed upon varies depending on the type of medium.
The short answer is no: you cannot use a copyrighted image even if you edit or modify it. Copyrighted images are protected from any unauthorized use, even if details are changed. A copyrighted image should never be used in any context unless the creator and copyright holder gives permission.
The intellectual property 30 percent rule is a myth, which means that you cannot use a copyrighted image by changing it by any percentage. Copying any part of the image could result in a copyright infringement lawsuit from the copyright holder. If you believe your copyrighted image has been infringed upon, you can learn more about your legal options by contacting Mindful Counsel.
Evaluating a copyright infringement case for a piece of music involves a great deal of nuance, and there is no uniform way to determine whether a song meets the legal definition of infringement. Music copyright infringement cases are complex and juries need to consider numerous variables, but the main goal is determining whether the song in question is original or substantially similar to the copyrighted song.
Copyright cases are relatively common in the music industry and there have been several high-profile infringement cases. In one of the most recent examples, the 2013 Robin Thicke song “Blurred Lines” was deemed to be an infringement of Marvin Gaye’s 1977 hit single “Got to Give it Up.” Gaye’s estate was awarded nearly $5 million in this case.
Musicians, writers, artists, and advertisers should all be careful to avoid copyright infringement, as these legal battles can be devastatingly expensive. Some key points to keep in mind include:
When someone copies or reproduced a copyrighted work without permission, the owner of that copyright has several legal options:
The simplicity of the intellectual property 30 percent rule makes it enticing to believe in, as the true nature of copyright law is much more complex. If you believe your copyright protections have been violated, it is important to understand your legal rights. At Mindful Counsel, our team of dedicated intellectual property lawyers can analyze your case and help you determine the best course of action based on the circumstances. Contact us at (480) 422-6246 for more information.
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Information contained in this Website is provided for informational and entertainment purposes only, and should not be construed as offering legal advice, or creating an attorney-client relationship between the reader and the attorney. You should not act or refrain from acting on the basis of any content included in this Website without seeking appropriate legal advice about your individual facts and circumstances from an attorney licensed in your state.
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Published in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Volume 8, Issue 4, December 1, 2007, pages 641-650.
Copyright © 2008 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. The definitive version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2007.908574.
The majority of today's navigation techniques for intelligent transportation systems use global positioning systems (GPS) that can provide position information with bounded errors. However, due to the low accuracy that is experienced with standard GPS, it is difficult to determine a vehicle's position at lane level. Using a Markov-based approach based on sharing information among a group of vehicles that are traveling within communication range, the lane positions of vehicles can be found. The algorithm's effectiveness is shown in both simulations and experiments with real data.
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Type 1 diabetes describes a condition in which the pancreas is no longer able to produce sufficient insulin due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by an autoimmune process. It is a condition which occurs predominantly in younger people, from childhood to young adults, and is increasing in the population, particularly in the under-5 age group. See the separate Diabetes Mellitus article.
Type 1 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabetes in young people aged under 25 years. 12-15% of young people aged under 15 years with diabetes have an affected first-degree relative. Children are three times more likely to develop diabetes if their father has diabetes than if their mother has diabetes.
The successful management of the person with diabetes depends on working in partnership with the person affected and all members of the team responsible for the various elements of their care. Before a management plan can be agreed, an initial assessment of the health and lifestyle of the patient must be undertaken with particular reference to:
- Diabetic history, both recent and historical.
- Symptoms of potential complications - eg, deterioration in eyesight.
- Other medical conditions.
- Drug history, current medications.
- Family history.
- Occupation and social history - eg, level of exercise, type of diet, smoking history, use of alcohol and recreational drugs.
- Prior knowledge of, attitudes to and concerns about the condition.
- General examination.
- Examination of feet (eg, ulcers, loss of sensation).
- Examination of eyes (eg, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy).
- Blood pressure measurement.
- Examination of peripheral pulses.
Consideration should be given to performing the following investigations, depending on age and previous history of the condition:
- Urine albumin excretion: albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR).
- Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).
- U&Es, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
- Full lipid profile (including HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides).
- Consider measurement of C-peptide and/or diabetes-specific autoantibody titres if there is a doubt whether a person has type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
- Serological testing for coeliac disease at diagnosis.
Initial management plan
When type 1 diabetes has been diagnosed, initial referral to hospital is often required. Urgent referral is essential if the person is unwell or for pregnant women. See the separate Diabetes in Pregnancy article.
However, if the person is well and sufficient expertise, care and support are available then the initial care and management can be provided at home. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) has recommended that a home-based programme for initial management and education of children with diabetes and their families is an appropriate alternative to a hospital-based programme.
Consider referring adults with type 1 diabetes, who have recurrent severe hypoglycaemia that has not responded to other treatments, to a centre that assesses people for islet and/or pancreas transplantation. Consider islet or pancreas transplantation for adults with type 1 diabetes with suboptimal diabetes control who have had a renal transplant and are currently on immunosuppressive therapy.
See the separate Diabetes Education and Self-management Programmes article.
- Discuss diet and give dietary advice taking into account other factors - eg, obesity, hypertension, renal impairment; offer referral to dietician.
- Advise that regular physical activity can reduce arterial risk in the medium to long term and, where appropriate, discuss adjustments to insulin regime or calorie intake during exercise.
- Give advice and support on smoking cessation where appropriate.
- Ask the patient to consider wearing a medical emergency identification bracelet or similar.
- If appropriate, advise of the need to contact the DVLA to inform them of the diagnosis.
- Advise the patient to carry insulin in their hand luggage if they are travelling.
Insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring
Patients with type 1 diabetes require insulin therapy. See the separate Insulin Regimens article.
- Discuss patient preferences for twice-daily or multiple injection regimes.
- Arrive at the regime in partnership with the patient, as patients arriving at informed shared decisions with their practitioner are more likely to be successfully controlled with the chosen regime.
- Twice-daily regimes using isophane insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin) or long-acting insulin analogues (insulin glargine) may be more suitable for those who require assistance, or have a dislike of injecting.
- Multiple injection regimes using unmodified or 'soluble' insulin or rapid-acting insulin analogues, are suitable for well-motivated individuals with a good understanding of disease control, or those with active or erratic lifestyles.
- Patients should be given instruction in injection technique using a device best suited to each patient's requirements.
- Advise routine self-monitoring of blood glucose levels for all people with type 1
diabetes and recommend testing at least four times a day, including before each
meal and before bed.
- Advise adults with type 1 diabetes to aim for a fasting plasma glucose level of 5-7 mmol/L on waking, and a plasma glucose level of 4-7 mmol/L before meals at other times of the day.
- Give advice on how to change the regime in case of illness. See the separate Diabetes and Intercurrent Illness article.
- Consider a Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) programme.See the separate Diabetes Education and Self-management Programmes article.
- Give advice on how to recognise a hypoglycaemic episode and what action to take.
- Advise patients to carry a source of glucose in case of hypoglycaemic episodes.
- Consider training a partner/parent in the administration of glucagon.
- Patients should be made aware of contact numbers for advice and it may be helpful to provide written information and/or details of how to access further information if required.
All people with diabetes should be reviewed at least annually and more frequently if there are any factors which may cause concern to the patient or their doctor. The aim of regular review should be to assess and decrease the risk of known complications of diabetes, such as peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy and retinopathy. A review appointment may involve many healthcare workers, such as the dietician, optometrist, podiatrist or other appropriately trained members of staff. Use of a review protocol will ensure that all areas are covered. A review appointment should include:
- Glycaemic control:
- Reinforce the need for lifestyle measures. See the separate Diabetes Diet and Exercise article.
- HbA1c: agree an individualised HbA1c target with each adult with type 1 diabetes, taking into account factors such as the person's daily activities, aspirations, likelihood of complications, comorbidities, occupation and history of hypoglycaemia.
- Full lipid profile.
- Urinary albumin excretion: ACR.
- Renal function: eGFR.
- Measure blood thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in adults with type 1 diabetes at annual review.
- Blood pressure measurement: intervention levels for recommending blood pressure management should be 135/85 mm Hg unless the adult with type 1 diabetes has albuminuria or two or more features of metabolic syndrome, in which case it should be 130/80 mm Hg - maintain below 130/80 mm Hg.
- Examination of eyes for signs of retinopathy and cataracts.
- Examination of feet for ulceration/sensation/peripheral pulses.
- Examination of injection sites.
- If the patient is male, ask about impotence.
- Females will need pre-conception advice when appropriate.
Children and young adults
Offer children and young people with type 1 diabetes monitoring for:
- Thyroid disease at diagnosis and then annually until transfer to adult services.
- Diabetic retinopathy annually from age 12 years.
- Microalbuminuria (ACR 3-30 mg/mmol) to detect diabetic kidney disease, annually from age 12 years.
- Hypertension annually from age 12 years.
- See Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State.
- See Emergency Management of Hypoglycaemia.
- Cardiovascular disease: see Stable Angina, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Cerebrovascular Events and Peripheral Arterial Disease.
- See Diabetic Nephropathy.
- See Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Eye Problems.
- See Diabetic Neuropathy, Autonomic Neuropathy, Neuropathic Pain and its Management.
- See Diabetic Foot, Leg Ulcers, Painful Foot.
- Frequent, recurrent and persistent infections.
- Without insulin replacement, people with type 1 diabetes are likely to die within days or weeks.
- With insulin replacement, people with type 1 diabetes can participate normally in the usual activities of daily life but are at risk of complications.
- The risk of disability associated with complications is greatly reduced by adherence to a healthy lifestyle, good glucose, lipid and blood pressure control and early detection and management of any complications.
Did you find this information useful?
- Diabetes UK
- Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance, July 2008
- Integrated sensor-augmented pump therapy systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes (the MiniMed Paradigm Veo system and the Vibe and G4 PLATINUM CGM system); NICE Diagnostics Guidance, February 2016
- Management of diabetes; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN (March 2010)
- Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management; NICE Guidelines (August 2015)
- Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management; NICE Guidance (September 2015)
- Assessing fitness to drive: guide for medical professionals; Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
- Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE)
- Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management; NICE Guidelines (Aug 2015, updated Nov 2016)
- Diabetes - type 1; NICE CKS, December 2014 (UK access only)
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Patient Platform Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.
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Pringles were invented by a chemist named Fredric Baur in 1968.
Welcome to our article about the invention of one of the most popular snacks in the world! If you love the crispy texture and unique shape of Pringles, you may have wondered who was the mastermind behind this delicious snack. Well, wonder no more! Pringles were invented by a chemist named Fredric Baur in 1968. Today, we’ll take a closer look at Baur’s life, his creative process, and how he came up with the idea that revolutionized the potato chips industry. So, grab a can of Pringles and let’s dive in!
Who Invented Pringles
The Origins of Pringles
Pringles were first introduced in 1968 and were originally marketed as “Pringle’s Newfangled Potato Chips.” The inspiration for their creation came from customer complaints about the broken and greasy nature of traditional potato chips. Proctor & Gamble, a consumer goods company, decided to tackle this problem with a new product that would eliminate these issues. After extensive research and development, they came up with Pringles, a unique potato-based snack with a distinctive shape and taste.
The Inventor of Pringles
Frederick Baur, an organic chemist and food storage technician, is credited with inventing Pringles. He was working for Proctor & Gamble at the time and was tasked with finding a way to make a chip that could withstand breakage and greasiness. After years of experimentation, Baur came up with the unique saddle-shaped design that not only provided the strength and durability that was needed but also allowed for stacking and easy storage.
The saddle-shaped design of Pringles is one of the key factors in its success. The shape allows for a greater number of chips to be packed into a smaller space, making it more economical to produce and ship. It also makes Pringles more convenient to store and transport, as the chips can be stacked and stored without getting crushed or broken.
The Evolution of Pringles
Pringles quickly became a popular snack across the world, thanks to their unique flavor and shape. The brand was eventually sold to the Kellogg Company in 2012 and has continued to evolve since then. In addition to the original Pringles, there are now many other flavors and product lines available, such as Pringles Stix and Pringles Wavy.
While there have been some changes to the product over the years, the basic concept of Pringles has remained the same. They are still made from potato and flour, and they are still baked rather than fried, giving them a distinct texture and taste. And they still come in the iconic saddle-shaped chip that was invented by Frederick Baur over 50 years ago.
Today, Pringles are enjoyed by millions of people around the world, making them one of the most popular snack foods ever invented. While the original recipe and design will always be associated with Baur and Proctor & Gamble, it’s the taste and convenience of Pringles that truly makes them an enduring classic.
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The Controversy Surrounding Pringles
Pringles are one of the most popular snack foods in the world. The crispy, stackable chips have been enjoyed by millions since the 1960s. However, despite their popularity, Pringles have been mired in controversy over the years. From debates over their status as a “chip” to health concerns, there is no shortage of arguments surrounding this iconic snack.
The Debate Over Potato Chips
Pringles are not made using thinly sliced potatoes like traditional potato chips. Instead, they are made using a mixture of potato flakes and other ingredients. This caused a dispute with the British government over the classification of Pringles as a “chip.” In the UK, potato chips are taxed more heavily than other snack foods, which led to a legal battle over whether or not Pringles could be classified as “potato crisps.” The case went all the way to the UK’s highest court, where it was ultimately ruled that Pringles are not, in fact, potato crisps. Instead, they are classified as “savoury snacks,” which are taxed at a lower rate.
The “Once You Pop, You Can’t Stop” Slogan
The famous Pringles slogan, “Once You Pop, You Can’t Stop,” has been the subject of criticism over the years. Some argue that the slogan promotes overeating and unhealthy habits. However, others argue that it is simply a catchy marketing phrase that is meant to emphasize the addictive nature of the snack. Regardless of the controversy surrounding the slogan, it is undeniable that Pringles are, in fact, very difficult to stop eating once you start.
The Health Debate
Like many snack foods, Pringles have faced criticism for their high salt and fat content. Some nutritionists have labeled the snack as unhealthy and have called for more regulation on the industry. However, the brand has made efforts to introduce lower-calorie options, such as “Pringles Light,” and has provided more transparency in its nutritional information. While Pringles may not be the healthiest snack around, they are certainly a popular one.
Website creation involves different steps like designing, coding, and testing. Have you ever wondered who invented the stackable snack Pringles?
Fun Facts About Pringles
The Pringles Can
Pringles are known for their unique packaging design that has a cylindrical shape. This unique design was created by Fredric J. Baur in 1966. Baur, who was an organic chemist and food storage technician, was given the task of creating a chip that would fit perfectly in a can and not break during transportation. Baur initially created a design similar to the cans of tennis balls, which had a seal to keep the chips fresh. However, this design failed to meet the satisfaction of the company owners as the chips were prone to breakage during transportation.
Baur’s innovative solution was to create a tube-shaped can with a metal bottom and foil lid. He then designed a machine that could stack the chips neatly in the tube, allowing them to maintain their shape and prevent breakage. The can design was so innovative and unique that it was granted a patent, making it the first potato chip packaging with a patented design.
Interestingly, the Pringles cans have also become popular among DIY enthusiasts for various crafts and projects. Some people have even created musical instruments out of the cans, providing a unique sound due to their cylindrical shape.
The Origins of the Name
Have you ever wondered how Pringles got its name? The brand name was inspired by the street name of the company’s headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio – Pringle Drive. The name was suggested by one of the company’s advertising executives, who thought that the name sounded catchy and easy to remember. The name stuck, and in 1975, Pringles became a registered trademark.
Pringles have introduced a wide range of flavors that cater to different regions. Some of these flavors are unique to specific countries, such as seaweed in Japan, paprika in Europe, and curry in India. In the United States, some of the popular flavors include Original, Sour Cream & Onion, and Cheddar Cheese. Pringles have also collaborated with major fast-food chains such as Pizza Hut and Wendy’s to introduce unique and exclusive flavors that are only available for a limited time.
Apart from their unique packaging and international flavors, Pringles are also known for their distinctive saddle shape and uniformity. The process of creating Pringles involves mixing, baking, seasoning, and shaping the potato dough. They are then stacked and compressed under extreme pressure to obtain their iconic saddle shape.
In conclusion, Pringles have a rich history and have come a long way since their creation in 1968. They have become a household name across the globe, known for their iconic packaging, innovative flavors, and saddle shape. So, the next time you enjoy a can of Pringles, remember the innovative mind of Fredric J. Baur and the street name that inspired their name.
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Related Video: Who Invented Pringles?
Originally posted 2019-07-08 22:42:07.
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Many readers emailed me to express surprise and disbelief when I reported that the average daily high temperature was 1.4 degrees above average during July. (Story) The figure is accurate. And as I noted, July represented the fifth consecutive month that the average high has been above normal.
But it’s also true that air temperatures might feel cooler to many people this summer, especially in the eastern canyons and foothills, which don’t always get the sea breeze. The region has been experiencing unusually low humidity, says the National Weather Service. The monsoon moisture that typically flows into Southern California from northern Mexico has been on the weak side.
Much of that moisture originates in the Gulf of Mexico, which is basically a vast pool of warm water that fuels the growth of hurricanes and tropical storms.
“There’s been a lot of activity in the Gulf,” says Noel Isla, a weather service forecaster. “There was Hurricane Dolly and Tropical Storm Edouard (which made landfall on Tuesday.) But much of the moisture from those storms has been going into Arizona and eastern California, instead of making it all the way to Orange County.”
Enjoy it while you can, says Isla. The pattern could reverse itself.
- Dire fire wildfire warning for Southern California
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At the end of October, the pulse of the Earth lost a few hours. People in social networks write that they felt this on themselves – hypertensive patients increased pressure, the elderly were completely ill. What kind of pulse is this, why does Mother Earth sausage, where did the new disease called “hum” come from, and where does Nikola Tesla, who had a mystical experience and talked on the radio with Martians?
Nothing interesting, diverge
Earth is a living organism, and a living one has a pulse. This statement is true, but too artistic. The Earth is “living” not in the sense in which a living frog or person, and its pulse is also not like our pulse. It was first theoretically predicted by George Fitzgerald and Nikola Tesla in the early twentieth century, and only in the 1950s was Professor Winfried Schumann from Munich catching him. At first it seemed that this was a purely electrical phenomenon – understandable and not very interesting.
There is a “ground” in your outlet – all the devices in the world are grounded. The Earth is considered to be the carrier of an infinite negative charge, and we, with a clear conscience, dump all our electromagnetic “garbage” there. Go out into the street with a multimeter, put one probe in the soil, pick up the other in your hands, and you will see for yourself. The tester will show a small but noticeable voltage.
Above our planet at an altitude of 80-100 km there is a conductive layer, the ionosphere, it stores a colossal positive charge. Physicists quickly realized that, under certain conditions, an electromagnetic wave appears to be locked between the Earth and the ionosphere, and “lives” there endlessly, forming a standing wave. Thousands of lightnings sparkle on Earth every second, their energy and feeds this standing wave. The frequency of such a wave is determined only by the size of the Earth and the height of the ionosphere, that is, it is unique – on another planet everything will be different. Remember this figure – 7.83 hertz, but there are still harmonics (like shadows of the main frequency) – 14.1 hertz, 20.3 hertz, and so on.
So, everyone explained, and even scientifically predicted, what is the secret? It turned out she is.
Buy Schumann. Inexpensive.
In the 1960s, scientists began to study the brain, and realized that it works on the basis of electromagnetic pulses. These pulses were called alpha waves. Unexpectedly, it turned out that the frequency of these waves coincides with Schumann resonances – from 8 to 14 hertz. For some reason, evolution has “adapted” to the natural pulse of the Earth. Either we are fueled by Schumann resonances, or, on the contrary, having merged with the world hum, we are defending ourselves from it.
Two conclusions followed from this. Firstly, if something happens to the pulse of the Earth, it will happen to us. In fact, when Schumann’s resonance “floats”, people feel bad. Secondly, when a person settles on another planet, for example, on Mars, where everything is different, he will not die of hunger or bad air at the station: other, not terrestrial resonances will kill him much faster.
The merchants fidgeted, and you can buy on the Ali Express “Schumann resonance generators”. People, they say, have ruined the Earth, but here you have a clear sound, tune in like a tuning fork. One American company, by contrast, sells a device that “protects” the owner from resonance. “Give your brain a break from your own chatter,” the leaflet says. Of course, there is no sense from this.
When the earth is bad
Mages and charlatans love Schumann’s resonances so much that serious scientists on this subject are already allergic. They even got me. Somehow nice young people came to visit me, one misfortune – they watch too much quasi-scientific videos on YouTube. And let me fill in that Schumann is not the same. “Let’s go,” I said shortly. We proceeded to the barn, where the guests saw a plastic food container in which a green light shone. Nearby stood a computer. “Here they are, Schumann resonances, see, is everything all right?” I pointed to the screen.
To catch Schumann’s resonances and make sure that most often everything is fine with them, at home it’s not so simple, but possible. The network of receivers on the Web is full, the most common radio components, soldering – about a week, and the master faster. The main difficulty is in the antenna, it is just a very long wire hanging high above the ground. I know devotees who lowered such a wire from the balcony and tied it to the roof of a transformer booth in the yard. Catches! – although the city is full of interference.
Such a simple experience cleanses the brain well, and you begin to filter the game from the truth. Say, this summer, scientists at Tomsk University arrived in Taimyr with surprise to find that everything was blooming there. Global warming! Western media immediately trumpeted that the icy desert had blossomed in Russia, and all Schuman was to blame.
But Schumann resonances sometimes really jump. In 1999, a terrible earthquake occurred in Taiwan. At that moment, Schumann’s resonances went wild. So scientists realized that the pulse of the Earth is partly really a pulse. When the Earth is sick, the pulse jumps. But far from always everything is so clear. What shook the resonances of Schumann in late October, no one knows.
“Signals from Mars” – the cry of our planet?
The famous Nikola Tesla calculated the resonance of the Earth around 1900, and he immediately had a bunch of plans. Man must turn the Earth into a colossal transmitter. A certain world center (Tesla later began to build it near New York) transfers energy to the entire planet, and the whole world feeds on it. We will make the whole Earth oscillate as we need. We will change the climate, cancel earthquakes and hurricanes (along with wars). And make her transmit signals to her brothers in her mind! First of all, on Mars, scientists then thought that there was intelligent life.
In the meantime, you had to at least listen to how the Earth breathes, and Tesla gathered a special receiver in Colorado Springs. It was a radio, but … not a radio. Tesla considered Hertz and Marconi to be commercial opportunists and almost charlatans. Tesla’s receiver did not contain either a philosopher’s stone or secret components, but the principle of its operation was completely different than that of Marconi or Popov.
Tesla put on his headphones and at night, alone, listened to what the Universe was saying to him. He was shocked. “It seemed to me that I was present at the birth of new knowledge or revelations of the great truth … My first observations scared me, because there was something mysterious, supernatural in them,” he wrote. Then the ether was still pristine. Neither power lines, nor “hollowing out” radio stations, nor even a noticeable number of electrical devices. And Tesla listened to Mother Nature as she is. Rustling, clicking, whistling. When he realized that he had heard a hurricane hundreds of miles away, he was simply thrilled! One night there was a rhythmic tapping in the headphones. One, two, three, one, two, three … Tesla decided that he hears the signals of the Martians. So, they have already saddled Mars, made it one huge transmitter, and are trying to contact us! Today we know that Tesla most likely witnessed a tremendous failure in the Earth’s breathing.
We were warned
Well, how do we “know” … He didn’t record any signals, there was nothing. And they did not happen again. To collect such a receiver, but listen to what it catches. But here is the plug. It seems to be simple: coils, relays … But mechanically made so carefully that you can’t repeat it on the knee. The network is full of homemade products, people change mechanical parts to semiconductors, but only funny toys come out. Finally, recently, Professor Kenneth Corum rested, and made a model. Also, however, with simplifications. The results shocked him. The receiver showed outstanding properties and worked, as it turned out, at a frequency of about 20 kilohertz. Now you can guess what he heard.
Corum suggested that Tesla caught … Jupiter. Near this planet there is a natural “radio station” of incredible strength. The satellite of Jupiter Io produces radio bursts resembling the sound of the surf. The problem is that these are not clicks at all. And the frequency is 20 megahertz, Tesla did not catch her.
I tried to assemble a Tesla receiver, simplifying everything and everything. Just at night, when I was enraged with Schumann, I sat and combined coils, rods, and then connected to all this a huge air condenser. I bought a capacitor on a radio flea market and most likely it was pulled out of an old plane. Suddenly, at the next connection of wires in the headphones, there was a roar, as if a whale was screaming deep underwater. I froze, holding the wires with my fingers. It was really scary. “Whale” continued to “scream,” and it seemed that his roar poured into meaningful speech. Tesla also wrote that sometimes he seems to hear voices (there were no radio broadcasts at that time)! For half an hour all this was, disappeared and did not happen again.
Most likely, Tesla heard Schumann’s abnormal resonances. Normally, the ear does not smell them, too low frequencies. But in the anomaly, they rise to 20-30 hertz, and we hear them.
Ubiquitous power networks
It turns out that the Earth “warned” Tesla. After all, he was going to make “a kind of pump that pumps energy from the planet, and then at a tremendous speed it pushes back into the Earth.” And he even began to build his own “center of world energy”. But investors needed commercially significant results, they stopped financing, and then Tesla was taken by the military, and we don’t know what he did next. The fact is that no one does such rude experiments as he planned.
But we do something else. Across the planet, even in the taiga, a noise of 50 (or 60 – in the USA) hertz is heard. This is the buzz of the global energy network. It would seem that in frequency it is higher than Schumann and does not bother him. But the problem is that people turn on and turn off the devices, cities fall asleep and wake up, and these fluctuations in consumption make the hum of the network change with a frequency of 5-10 hertz. That is, the power grid “falls” into the Schumann resonance zone. And the alpha waves of our brain. Does this have consequences?
A new disease, hum (noise) is rapidly spreading on the planet. People hear a constant hum that is impossible to get rid of. The dream is destroyed, the head hurts. It is believed that for some reason, some people begin to perceive either the low hum of the network, or the Schumann resonances. Something breaks in us, our union with our own planet is bursting at the seams.!
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University of Arkansas researchers have found a novel physical effect of systems used in ultrasound and sonar that is ten times stronger than current methods used in these techniques.
This large ratio of physical change to electric effect may be used one day to create more sensitive and more portable sonar devices and medical ultrasound equipment.
‘This finding means we can drastically improve the response of devices,’ which will help advance sonar and ultrasound used in both the military and medical fields, said Laurent Bellaiche, assistant professor of physics.
The scientists used computer models to study the properties of piezoelectric compounds, crystals that change shape when encountering an electric field, or create an electric field when they change shape.
Some piezoelectric systems form crystals with two different types of atoms distributed throughout. Bellaiche and his colleagues sought to find out if they could guide the atomic arrangement of such crystals by placing the two different atoms in layers rather than randomly.
They selected a structure with the amount of Scandium and Niobium (Sc and Nb) atoms inside each layer as the variables, and created a model, using molecular beam epitaxy, that could calculate the amounts of the two atoms.
Scandium has a charge of +3, Niobium a charge of +5. By changing the ratio of the atoms inside each layer, the researchers create strong internal electric fields in different directions, causing the crystal to change structural phases.
Some ratios are said to have created an electrical polarisation in one direction, creating a rhombohedral phase, while others switched the direction of polarisation and created another phase, called an orthorhombic phase, an effect not seen before.
Furthermore, in between the two polarised phases, the researchers discovered a large piezoelectric response that is ten times larger than responses currently used commercially.
‘It’s a new fundamental structural property,’ Bellaiche said.
The large piezoelectric response represents the process of changing shape, and it is at this point that a small electrical pulse can produce the largest change.
The researchers performed most of their computations at a temperature of 20 K, but the same result can be found at any temperature.
‘At any range you can have a structure that will give you a huge response,’ Bellaiche said. Changing the temperature will just mean the large effect will take place with a different ratio of the two atoms.
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translated by Stephen Mulrine
Arguably one of Molière’s best-known and most loved plays, The Misanthrope is a classic comedy that satirises the hypocrisies of French aristocratic society.
Alceste, the misanthrope, hates all mankind and despairs of its falseness. He believes that the world could be perfected if only people were more honest with one another. But his candidness soon starts to make him enemies and he becomes the target of malicious rumours. He alienates his love, Célimène, by reproaching her coquettish behaviour and is summoned before the court of marshals to defend his negative opinion on some poetry composed by a powerful noble. Alceste begins to realise that the only way to be left alone is to disengage from society itself – but he struggles to persuade Célimène to go with him and is ultimately left alone.
Molière is responsible for elevating comedy to the status of the great tragedies written by his contemporaries Racine and Corneille. Though The Misanthrope is widely considered to be his comedic masterpiece, it was actually a commercial failure when it first appeared in 1666 at the Palais-Royal in Paris. Perhaps its uneasy mix of comedy and tragedy caused consternation among those original Parisian theatregoers since it represented a significant break from Molière’s usual farcical fare. However, its stature has only increased since then and the play is now an established part of the theatrical canon.
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| 0.968749 | 318 | 2.921875 | 3 |
First published 2 July 2012
The Role of Standing Genetic Variation in Adaptation of Digital Organisms to a New Environment
Carlos J.R. Anderson
Evolutionary adaptation to a new environment depends on the availability of beneficial alleles. Beneficial alleles may appear as new mutations or may come from standing genetic variation—alleles already present in the population prior to the environmental change. Adaptation from standing genetic variation in sexually-reproducing populations is expected to be faster than from new mutations because beneficial alleles from standing genetic variation occur at a higher starting frequency and are immediately available. The distribution of fitness effects of alleles from standing genetic variation are expected to be different from that of new mutations because standing genetic variation has been 'pre-tested' by selection. Whether adaptation uses standing genetic variation or new mutations as a source of beneficial alleles is unknown. In this study, I conducted experimental evolution of digital organisms to determine the source of beneficial alleles during adaptation. I also tested the speed of adaptation and the fitness effect of alleles under these two sources of genetic variation. I found that the major source of beneficial alleles after an environmental change was standing genetic variation, but new mutations were necessary for long-term evolution. I also found that adaptation from standing genetic variation was faster than from new mutations, and the mean fitness effect of alleles from standing genetic variation were neutral, whereas new mutations were deleterious. Interestingly, I found that an important advantage of standing genetic variation was that recombination appeared to bring together beneficial combinations of alleles from standing genetic variation. These results support the hypothesis that adaptation occurs mostly from standing genetic variation and provide an additional advantage for such adaptation.
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| 0.946355 | 340 | 3.484375 | 3 |
General information. The common raven has spread across the entire country. It tends to avoid densely built areas but may at times be found nesting in proximity to them. The nesting population has during recent years experienced a slight increase.
- Length about 70 cm
- Nests in trees or on the ledge of a cliff
- Sedentary species
- Feeds on carrion, moles, insects, worms, fish
Habitat. The common raven nests in expansive forest areas away from human settlements. Nests found in Vaasa have been located deep in coniferous forests. The nest is built high up, commonly in a pine or spruce tree and may be used for several successive years.
Distribution in Vaasa. During field work conducted during March-June, ravens were observed in about 50 locations. However, reliability was hampered due to the raven’s vast territories. It may search for food for their young tens of kilometers away from the nest, thus the same bird is likely to be observed over several survey blocks. Furthermore, like other corvids, some are likely non-territorial juvenile birds wandering around over vast areas during summer. In Vaasa, the common raven is usually observed during nesting season in vast forest areas around the Pilvilampi lake, in Öjen or Utterö. Courting rituals take place from February to March and includes skillful aerial acrobatics and loudly claiming their territories.
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| 0.97414 | 295 | 3.59375 | 4 |
|Buy sheetmusic at SheetMusicPlus|
In classical music from Western culture, a fourth is a musical interval encompassing four staff positions (see here for more details), and the perfect fourth ( Play (help·info)) is a fourth spanning five semitones. For example, the ascending interval from C to the next F is a perfect fourth, as the note F lies five semitones above C, and there are four staff positions from C to F. Diminished and augmented fourths span the same number of staff positions, but consist of a different number of semitones (four and six).
The perfect fourth may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the third and fourth harmonics. The term perfect identifies this interval as belonging to the group of perfect intervals, so called because they are neither major nor minor (such as thirds, which are either minor or major) but perfect.
Up until the late 19th century, the perfect fourth was often called by its Greek name, diatessaron. Its most common occurrence is between the fifth and upper root of all major and minor triads and their extensions.
A helpful way to recognize a perfect fourth is to hum the starting of the "Bridal Chorus" from Wagner's Lohengrin ("Treulich geführt", the colloquially-titled "Here Comes the Bride"). Other examples are the first two notes of the Christmas carol "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing", and, for a descending perfect fourth, the second and third notes of "O Come All Ye Faithful".
The perfect fourth is a perfect interval like the unison, octave, and perfect fifth, and it is a sensory consonance. In common practice harmony, however, it is considered a stylistic dissonance in certain contexts, namely in two-voice textures and whenever it appears above the bass. If the bass note also happens to be the chord's root, the interval's upper note almost always temporarily displaces the third of any chord, and, in the terminology used in popular music, is then called a suspended fourth.
Conventionally, adjacent strings of the double bass and of the bass guitar are a perfect fourth apart when unstopped, as are all pairs but one of adjacent guitar strings under standard guitar tuning. Sets of tom-tom drums are also commonly tuned in perfect fourths.
Short history of the fourth
The use of perfect fourths and fifths to sound in parallel with and to "thicken" the melodic line was prevalent in music prior to the European polyphonic music of the Middle Ages. At this point the perfect fourth was heard as a consonance rather than as a dissonance (see the article Consonance and dissonance). First the major sixth, then the major and minor thirds and the minor sixth were later added and these four interval types (third, fourth, fifth, sixth)—alongside the major second and minor second—were used freely to add an extra "part" to the texture which was often placed over a droning "tenor" part. This style of writing slowly developed into the triadic polyphony found in the Renaissance. At this stage, the "bare" third (i.e., only those two notes are sounding) was felt to be more "pleasing" to the ear than bare seconds, fourths, and fifths, and the thirds were often use at points of repose; the perfect fourth was used at points of tension and went from being heard as a consonance to being heard as a dissonance. (Seconds have generally always been heard as dissonances because they are so small and occur high up on the harmonic series having complex ratios; the perfect fifth is generally always heard as a consonance because it occurs low down the harmonic series, having a simple ratio of 3:2.) At the beginning of the 20th century, fourths played a strong role in contemporary musical styles, but in quite a different way: "Quartal harmony", the harmonic layering of fourths, imbued modern music with structural commonalities, creating parts more widely separated in space and/or time (because the fourth is a wider interval than the third), and allowing for a very different sound. In a sense, these composers[weasel words] were re-evaluating the fourth as a consonance once again.
The ancient Greeks defined the group of "symphonia", the beautiful intervals, naming the fourth "syllabe" (Greek: fastened together) and later diatessaron (Greek: through four). This interval became the framework upon which the tetrachords of Greek music theory were built.
In the Middle Ages the fourth was considered to be a consonance, as were the unison, octave, fifth, and later the third.[vague] After the 12th century, music theorists sometimes classified the fourth as a dissonance requiring resolution.
In the 13th century, the fourth and fifth together were the concordantiae mediae (middle consonances) after the unison and octave, and before the thirds and sixths. In the 15th century the fourth came to be regarded as dissonant on its own, and was first classed as a dissonance by Johannes Tinctoris in his Terminorum musicae diffinitorium (1473). In practice, however, it continued to be used as a consonance when supported by the interval of a third or fifth in a lower voice.
Modern acoustic theory supports the medieval interpretation insofar as the intervals of unison, octave, fifth and fourth have particularly simple frequency ratios. The octave has the ratio of 2:1, for example the interval between a' at A440 and a'' at 880 Hz, giving the ratio 880:440, or 2:1. The fifth has a ratio of 3:2, and its complement has the ratio of 3:4. Ancient and medieval music theorists appear to be familiar with these ratios, see for example their experiments on the Monochord.
In the years that followed, the frequency ratios of these intervals on keyboards and other fixed-tuning instruments would change slightly as different systems of tuning, such as meantone temperament, well temperament, and equal temperament were developed.
In early western polyphony, these simpler intervals (unison, octave, fifth and fourth) were generally preferred. However, in its development between the 12th and 16th centuries:
The music of the 20th century for the most part discards the rules of "classical" western tonality. For instance, composers such as Erik Satie borrowed stylistic elements from the Middle Ages, but some composers found more innovative uses for these intervals. It became very common in the 20th century for the fourth to be used as a structural element.[vague]
In medieval music, the tonality of the common practice period had not yet developed, and many examples may be found with harmonic structures that are built on fourths and fifths. The Musica enchiriadis of the mid 10th century, a guidebook for musical practice of the time, described singing in parallel fourths, fifths, and octaves. This development continued, and the music of the Notre Dame school may be considered the apex of a coherent harmony in this style.
For instance, in one Alleluia (Listen) by Pérotin, the fourth is favoured. Elsewhere, in parallel organum at the fourth, the upper line would be accompanied a fourth below. Also important was the practice of Fauxbourdon, which is a three voice technique (not infrequently improvisatory) in which the two lower voices proceed parallel to the upper voice at a fourth and sixth below. Fauxbourdon, while making extensive use of fourths, is also an important step towards the later triadic harmony of tonality, as it may be seen as a first inversion (or 6/3) triad.
This parallel 6/3 triad was incorporated into the contrapuntal style at the time, in which parallel fourths were sometimes considered problematic, and written around with ornaments or other modifications to the Fauxbourdon style. An example of this is the start of the Marian-Antiphon Ave Maris Stella (Listen) by Guillaume Dufay, a master of Fauxbourdon.
In medieval thought, contemplation of the musical intervals was frequently expressed from theological perspectives. Pope John XXII issued a bull in 1324 forbidding most contrapuntal practice, but permitting on solemn occasions an enrichment of the plainchant by the concord of the octave which he described as a symbol for the perfect beauty and holiness of God, sounding out over earthly imperfection and infertility, along with the fifth and fourth which have a similar purity.[vague]
Renaissance and Baroque
As time progressed through the late Renaissance and early Baroque, the fourth became more understood as an interval that needed resolution. Increasingly the harmonies of fifths and fourths yielded to uses of thirds and sixths. In the example, cadence forms from works by Orlando di Lasso and Palestrina show the fourth being resolved as a suspension. (Listen)
In the early Baroque music of Claudio Monteverdi and Girolamo Frescobaldi triadic harmony was thoroughly utilized. Diatonic and chromatic passages strongly outlining the interval of a fourth appear in the Lamento genre, and often in Passus duriusculus passages of chromatic descent. In the madrigals of Claudio Monteverdi and Carlo Gesualdo the intensive interpretation of the text (Word painting) frequently highlights the shape of a fourth as an extremely delayed resolution of a fourth suspension. Also, in Frescobaldi's Chromatic Toccata of 1635 the outlined fourths overlap, bisecting various church modes.
In the first third of the 18th century, ground-laying theoretical treatises on composition and harmony were written. Jean-Philippe Rameau completed his treatise Le Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels (French: the theory of harmony reduced to its natural principles) in 1722 which supplemented his work of four years earlier, Nouveau Système de musique theoretique (French: new system of music theory); these together may be considered the cornerstone of modern Music theory relating to consonance and harmony. The Austrian composer Johann Fux published in 1725 his powerful treatise on the composition of Counterpoint in the style of Palestrina under the title Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin: The Steps to Parnassus). He outlined various types of counterpoint (e.g., note against note), and suggested a careful application of the fourth so as to avoid dissonance.
Classical and Romantic
The blossoming of tonality and the establishment of well temperament in Bach's time both had a continuing influence up to the late Romantic period, and the tendencies towards quartal harmony were somewhat suppressed. An increasingly refined cadence, and triadic harmony defined the musical work of this era. Counterpoint was simplified to favour an upper line with a clear accompanying harmony. Still, there are many examples of dense counterpoint utilizing fourths in this style, commonly as part of the background urging the harmonic expression in a passage along to a climax. Mozart in his so-called Dissonance Quartet KV 465 (Listen) used Chromatic and Whole tone scales to outline fourths, and the subject of the fugue in the third movement of Beethoven's Piano sonata op. 110 (Listen) opens with three ascending fourths. These are all melodic examples, however, and the underlying harmony is built on thirds.
Composers started to reassess the quality of the fourth as a consonance rather than a dissonance. This would later influence the development of quartal and quintal harmony.
The Tristan chord is made up of the notes F♮, B♮, D♯ and G♯ and is the very first chord heard in Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde. The bottom two notes make up an augmented fourth the upper two make up a perfect fourth; this layering of fourths in this context has been seen as highly significant.[weasel words] The chord had been found in earlier works (notably Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 18) but Wagner's usage was significant, first because it is seen as moving away from traditional tonal harmony and even towards atonality, and second because with this chord Wagner actually provoked the sound or structure of musical harmony to become more predominant than its function, a notion which was soon after to be explored by Debussy and others. Beethoven usage is of short duration and resolves in the accepted manner; Wagner's usage lasts much longer and resolves in a highly unorthodox manner for the time. Despite the layering of fourths, it is rare to find musicologists identifying this chord as "quartal harmony" or even as "proto-quartal harmony", since Wagner's musical language is still essentially built on thirds; this unusual chord is really a device to draw the listener in to the musical-dramatic argument that the composer is presenting us with. However, fourths become important later in the opera, especially in the melodic development.[original research?]
From 1850 to 1900 the application of tonality began to dissolve as evidenced in the works of composers of the Late Romantic such as Wagner, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler and Claude Debussy, and as the 20th century began with tonality no longer a strong binding force, quartal harmony became one of the new means of expression.[original research?]
Fourth-based harmony became important in the work of Slavic and Scandinavian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Leoš Janáček, and Jean Sibelius. These composers used this harmony in a pungent, uncovered, almost archaic way, often incorporating the Folk music of their particular homelands. Sibelius' Piano Sonata in F-Major op. 12 of 1893 used tremolo passages of near-quartal harmony in a way that was relatively hard and modern. Even in the example on the right from Mussorgsky's piano-cycle Pictures at an Exhibition (Избушка на курьих ножках (Баба-Яга) - The Hut on Fowl's Legs) (Listen) the fourth always makes an "unvarnished" entrance. Rudiments of quartal harmony appear in Janáček's Rhapsody Taras Bulba, his Opera Věc Makropulos (The Makropulos Affair) and Z Mrtvého Domu (From the House of the Dead), and descending fourths and sevenths can be found dominating the writing.[original research?]
The Romantic composers Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt, had use the special "thinned out" sound of fourth-chord in late works for piano (Nuages gris (Fr: Grey Clouds), La lugubre gondola (Fr: The Mournful Gondola), and other works).
The Impressionists would make much more use of chords built from fourths, even allowing them as a places of relaxation, altering our perception of them in the context of harmonic function and winning them their status as autonomous chords.
Fourth-chords became consolidated with Ninth chords, the Whole tone scale, the Pentatonic scale, and polytonality as part of the language of Impressionism, and quartal harmony became an important means of expression in music by Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and others. Examples are found in Debussy's orchestral work La Mer (Fr: The Sea) and in his piano works, in particular La cathédrale engloutie (Fr: The Sunken Cathedral) from his Préludes for piano, Pour les quartes (Fr: For Fourths) and Pour les arpéges composées (Fr: For Composite Arpeggios) from his Etudes.
In the 1897 work The Sorcerer's Apprentice (L'Apprenti sorcier) by Debussy's colleague composer Paul Dukas, we hear a rising repetition in fourths, as the tireless work of out-of-control walking brooms causes the water level in the house to "rise and rise". Quartal harmony in Ravel's Sonatine and Ma Mère l'Oye (Fr: Mother Goose) would follow a few years later.
20th century music
Western classical music
In the 20th century, harmony explicitly built on fourths and fifths became important. This became known as quartal harmony for chords based on fourths and quintal harmony for chords based on fifths. Arnold Schoenberg and the Second Viennese School, Béla Bartók, Charles Ives, Paul Hindemith and Igor Stravinsky all wrote works using this type of harmonic structuring.[original research?]
Jazz uses quartal harmonies (usually called voicing in fourths).
Quartal harmony was also explored as a possibility under new experimental scale models as they were "discovered" by Jazz. Musicians began to work extensively with the so-called church modes of old European music, and they became firmly situated in their compositional process; Jazz was well suited to incorporate the medieval usage of fourths to thicken lines into its improvisation. The pianists Herbie Hancock, and Chick Corea are two musicians well known for their modal experimentation. At this time a phenomenon known as Free Jazz also came into being, in which quartal harmony had extensive usage due to the wandering nature of its harmony.[original research?]
In Rock Music fourth-based harmony became part of the compositional framework, especially in Riffs and Power chords which often use fifths and fourths instead of triadic harmony. This preference for fourths in Rock stems directly from the chosen "high instrument of Rock Music", the guitar, on which they are very simple to play because the strings are mainly tuned a fourth apart.[original research?]
In the Música Popular Brasileira of Brazil, the guitar has a central role as the harmonic instrument similar to the instrument's role in Rock. As a result, the quartal oriented playing of the guitar was borrowed and the unique rhythmic tradition adapted to fit (as in Tropicalismo). Even earlier, however, the notable Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959) wrote pioneering works in the first half of the 20th century combining elements of folk music and the popular music of his homeland with the quartal-harmonic experiments of European and North American classical music.[original research?]
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Perfect fourth". Allthough most Wikipedia articles provide accurate information accuracy can not be guaranteed.
Well-Tempered Clavier I
Beethoven, L. van
Symphony No. 7 in A major
Brandenburg Concerto No. 1
Columbia Chamber Orchestra
Akademisk Orkester og Kor
Toccata and Fugue in d minor
Akademisk Orkester og Kor
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| 0.95575 | 4,030 | 3.90625 | 4 |
A documentation by Dr Hansjoerg Biener
peace radio site
Dr Hansjoerg Biener
created 0112, updated 0803
Comments and contributions are welcome. Material may be re-printed but a complimentary copy of the publication is expected.
|PR China / Tibet|
Just in time for the meeting of the U.N. Human Rights Council in September and October 2006, Freedom House released its annual report of the world's most repressive regimes. (www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=409) The situation in Tibet is listed among "The Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Regimes" considered to have the worst human rights records in the past year. In these eight countries and two territories, "state control over daily life is pervasive and wide-ranging, independent organisations and political opposition are banned or suppressed, and fear of retribution for independent thought and action is part of daily life". Freedom House says it hopes the report will focus the U.N. Human Rights Council's attention on countries and territories that deserve investigation and condemnation for their widespread violations. The Council includes among its 47 members three countries profiled in "The Worst of the Worst": China, Cuba and Saudi Arabia. In June 2006, the Council replaced the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, which had been heavily criticised by human rights groups for allowing repressive regimes to gain influence over the monitoring body.
broadcasting to Tibet
Large areas of historical and ethnic Tibet are now incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu (traditionally known as Amdo), and Sichuan and Yunnan (traditionally known s Kham). More Tibetans in China now live outside the TAR (Tibetan Autonomous Region) than inside it. Even though there are many more, one can say that there are three "main dialects" of Tibetan spoken in Tibet. The Lhasa dialect, spoken in the capital and Central Tibet (the provinces called U and Tsang - the part the Chinese call the "Autonomous Region"), is the most widely understood in the rest of the country. Then there is the Kham dialect and the Amdo dialect. These are the eastern and north-eastern parts of the country respectively (which these days belong to Quinghai, Sezhuan and even Yunnan provinces depending on how far east or south-east they extend). Both dialects differ considerably from the Lhasa dialect. In regard to international broadcasting, the only dialect used by All India Radio and the US stations was the Lhasa dialect.
In late 2000, the Voice of America released audience research among the people of Tibet which may also serve as an introduction into the international broadcasting scene to Tibet.The VoA has been broadcasting in Tibetan since 1991. The report showed that the Voice of America's Tibetan Language Service was the most widely listened to radio station in Tibet, drawing more listeners than any other international station and exceeding the audience of stations sanctioned by the Chinese government. A total of 45.2% of adult exiles or travelers from Tibet in Dharamsala (India), Kathmandu (Nepal) and Bodhgaya (India) reported listening to VOA Tibetan at least once a week. In the survey, Tibetan People's Radio placed second with 34.7%, Qinghai People's Radio was third with 28.4%, another U.S. government-funded station, Radio Free Asia, was fourth with 22%, All India Radio was fifth with 21% and the Central People's Radio from Beijing placed sixth at 13.9%.
The research was commissioned by the International Broadcasting Bureau of the U.S. Government and was conducted in late 1999 and early 2000. Because the research could not be conducted inside the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, it cannot be read as representative of the entire Tibetan population. But it is an indication that news and information about the world and the Tibetan people is reaching Tibet, despite Chinese government efforts to jam international signals. Among those interviewed who said they listened to any Tibetan or Chinese-language service of any major western broadcasters, 98.6% said they listened to the Voice of America. Of these international radio listeners, 49.1% listened exclusively to VOA, while 46.1% listened to both VOA and Radio Free Asia. Listeners to VOA, RFA, and BBC London accounted for an additional 3.3%.
It should be noted that Christian broadcasters also target Tibet in spite of its strong Lamaist tradition, but there is a kind of a "gentlemen agreement". This was publicly confirmed in 2001, when the communist government was stepping up attempts to jam the increasing number of foreign radio broadcasts into Tibet. On the occasion, Jim Bowman of evangelical broadcaster FEB-International said while the government was trying to stop political broadcasters they would not necessarily interfer with their broadcasts: "We've been told this by Chinese officials many times, especially with regard to our office in Hong Kong. As long as we broadcast strictly what they call 'religious' material, or the Gospel, they won't jam, but if we do anything that sounds to them like politics, then they do jam."
The Tibetan service of All India Radio's External Services Division has played an important role in informing the Tibetan-speaking community in the Himalayan region since the late 1950. At the beginning of the 21 century however production has collapsed. All the permanent staff members have retired with no one having been appointed to replace them. The programmes are now produced by some retired people working as "casual artistes." Critics find it surprising, that AIR would not be able to find capable and qualified Tibetan-speaking individuals who could work for the Tibetan service. (What Ails All India Radio's Tibetan Service? Tibetan Review[Friday, February 16, 2007 12:46] By Bhuchung K. Tsering
Nontheless, Chinese authorities bother to jam the Tibetan programmes of All India Radio.
Unlike a few years back when a frequency change from unwanted broadcasters like Voice of Tibet took the Chinese authorities a week to find out, more recently, the effectiveness of their monitoring team has much improved. If they don't find the broadcast within five minutes, they take the jammer off and go looking for the new frequency. The new approach was particularly evident on the first days of the winter broadcast season 2003/04. At the top of the hour, jammers were switched off for five minutes leaving Radio Free Asia in the clear. Monitors used these windows for their monitoring of the winter schedules. Further listening revealed that these breaks were made for nearly all jammed stations, including Voice of America, BBC London and the Taiwanese stations. Chinese jammers used to be switched on before or at the program start, while the Soviet jamming system operators used to listen for the programme start before giving orders to switch on the jammers. As a consequence, Western broadcasters subject to jamming opened transmissions with a quick reading of the news headlines immediately.
Voice of Tibet
|Audience Relations, Voice of Tibet,
Narthang Building, Gangchen
Himachal Pradesh, India.
voteditor @ gov.tibet.net (Mr. Karma Yashi)
The Norwegian office which used to function as an international address is only involved in raising the necessary funds.
11.30-12.00: 11560 (Taiwan) in Tibetan.
11.00-15.20: 7425-7495 from Dushanbe (100 kW, 131° for Tibet in Tibetan and Chinese
14.00-14.27: 17550 from Madagascar (250 kW, 45°) for Tibetan exile community in India in Tibetan
15.29-16.00: 17550 from Madagascar (250 kW, 45°) for Tibetan exile community in India in Tibetan
Uhr Weltzeit (+1=MEZ) Frequenz (Sender) Programm (Shigenori Aoki 9.11.2007 via Wg. Büschel BCDX)
In 1996 Norwegian NGO Worldview International Foundation and other humanitarian organizations helped to establish the Voice of Tibet to serve as an independent radio station for Tibet and its neighbouring countries: "The denial of free speech in Tibet threatens the distinctive culture and the very existence of the Tibetan people in Tibet. The Chinese authorities are systematically eradicating the national identity of the Tibetans. One of the most ancient cultures in the world is in danger of extinction. Since the spring of 1996 the communist party have conducted an intensified campaign in Tibet aimed at the heart of the Tibetan culture. As a consequence of this move, there is an escalation of human rights abuses. Monks, nuns and teachers are especially at risk. As the Chinese government's grip on all parts of the Tibetan society is tightening, there is an increasing need for information from independent sources. To strengthen the Tibetan civil society Worldview, the Norwegian Human Rights house and the Norwegian Tibet Committee, took the initiative to set up a radio station."
The first 15 minutes programme went on
the air on 14 May 1996 on FEBA-Radio which had daily Christian programmes
in Tibetan and was immediately jammed. Originally the station's daily 15-minute
programme consisted of international news for five minutes and a featured
story based mainly on the international issues of human rights and also
the situation in Tibet. Very soon, the Voice of Tibet
left FEBA-Radio for the use of short wave transmitters in the CIS Central
Asian Republics. Its output was increased to half an hour daily in January
1997, and by March 1999 this had risen to three 45 minutes daily transmissions.To
evade Chinese jamming, the Voice of Tibet changes frequencies in a certain
frequency range. This used to leave the programme in the clear one or more
days, but more recently Chinese jamming keeps up with the changes from
Every day Voice of Tibet broadcasts a 30 minutes news service in the Tibetan language followed by a 15 minutes news service in Mandarin Chinese. The Mandarin Service was started on December 10, 1999 to reach the Chinese audience.
The programs are produced by Tibetan journalists stationed in several countries, with the main editorial office in India. Voice of Tibet programs mainly focus on Tibet related issues, following the development inside Tibet as well as reporting on the activities and working of Exile democratic institutions. Twice a week VOT airs the Dalai Lama's latest public speeches in serialised form.
Voice of Tibet targeting the Tibetan
On 1 September 2005, Voice of Tibet started two new short wave broadcasts into India. "Since these two broadcasts targets the Tibetan exile community in India only, we hope and expect that the Chinese authorities will not attempt to interfere on these txions," says Oystein Alme at VOT administrative office in Norway. "Our txions into Tibet and China has faced severe jamming attempts by Chinese stations for many years now, thus badly affecting the availability of VOT's short wave transmissions also in India. That is why we want to provide a separate servicce to the exile community in India."Initially, the 30-minute-long programmes in Tibetan were broadcast 1400-1430 and 1530-1600 UTC on 17550 kHz.
April 24, 2007: The Foundation Voice
of Tibet launches campaign to protest Chinese radio "jamming".
Based on the fact that the Peoples Republic of China has systematically "jammed" Voice of Tibet's and other "foreign" short wave radio services for more than 10 years now, we call for action and support internationally
to protest and demand an immediate stop to these violating acts. According to the PRC Constitution and numerous UN Resolutions we demand that the Chinese authorities immediately start respecting the rights of the citizens they govern as well as the rights of citizens of other countries (also affected by the Chinese "jamming").
Voice of Tibet (VOT) is an independent NGO radio station, registered as a foundation in Norway in 1995. VOT's daily services contain uncensored news and information about Tibet related issues in Tibetan and Mandarin languages. Every day a 30 minutes program in Tibetan and a 15 minutes program in Mandarin is produced and aired on short wave repeatedly from 7 pm till midnight Beijing time.
VOT started broadcasting on short wave towards India, Nepal, Tibet and China on 14 May 1996, renting airtime from FEBA Radio's transmitter site at the Seychelles. After a few weeks VOT's transmissions became the target of hostile jamming from Chinese stations transmitting distorted noise and music on VOT's internationally registered frequencies. In the autumn of 1996 the PRC authorities threatened FEBA Radio to cancel the contract with VOT, by threatening to "jam" all FEBA Radio's other transmissions as well. Due to this threat FEBA stopped transmitting VOT's programs in 1996.
From 2000 onwards the Chinese jamming towards VOT's transmissions was further intensified, as has been the case for most other stations providing programming towards China in Mandarin, Cantonese, and Tibetan, Uyghur and other minority language services.
These days each and every VOT transmission is targeted by at least two simultaneous jamming transmissions from the PRC authorities, using "state-of-the-art" facilities outside cities like Beijing, Xian, Nanjing and Linhe. In more than 40 Tibetan cities and townships "ground-wave" jamming transmissions are targeting VOT's internationally registered frequencies. The reach of these local jamming transmissions varies from 10 to 30 km in radius (from the antenna, which is often located at a high point overseeing the valley or city) and is very effective within this limited reach.
In Tibet the authorities define listening to "foreign" broadcasts such as VOT's as "splittist" acts. Those caught listening or showing others how to tune to them are prosecuted or sent to "reform-through-labour" camps.
The Chinese jamming transmissions not only affects and denies citizens within the borders of China access to our transmissions, it also affects and denies access for listeners in countries like Nepal, India, Taiwan and most parts of Europe as well.
PRC violating UN resolutions and its own Constitution The following is a brief presentation outlining some of the rights (supposed to be held) by all people governed by the PRC. Article 35 of the Chinese Constitution "guarantees" its citizens: (Freedom of speech, press, assembly) Citizens of the People's Republic of China (shall) enjoy freedom of speech, of thepress, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.
In its first decision on the subject, in 1946, the UN General Assembly (Resolution 59(1)) declared freedom of information to be a fundamental human right. "Freedom of information is a fundamental human right and is the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated". The same declaration further states: "Freedom of information implies the right to gather, transmit and publish news anywhere and everywhere without letters. As such it is an essential factor in any serious effort to promote the peace and the progress of the world."
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as adopted and declared by the UN General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948, reads: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."
Specifically on the issue of "jamming" a (1950) UN General Assembly Resolution states: "Jamming of radio broadcasts is condemned as a denial of the right of all persons to be fully informed concerning news, opinions, and ideas regardless of frontiers."
APPEAL: Based on the internationally acknowledged right to disseminate information through radio broadcasts without disturbances, and the rights of our listeners to access uncensored news and information, the Foundation Voice of Tibet strongly protest the PRC censorship violations. We call for action and support from Governments, politicians and NGO's worldwide in addressing the issue of jamming towards representatives of the Peoples Republic of China, demanding an immediate stop to their hostile "jamming" transmissions. We request that these violations of basic rights of millions of people in Tibet and China should be part of any dialogue with PRC representatives.
The Foundation Voice of Tibet would also be most happy to provide further information and documentation on the above mentioned issues. A brief video presentation of VOT can be seen at: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJd1lljj0Bc> or at: <www.vot.org>
The Foundation Voice of Tibet launches campaign to protest Chinese radio "jamming"
Chinese investments into the transmitter infrastructure in Tibet
Although the People's Republic continues jamming international stations, China also options to drain the potential audience to international broadcasting. The Government has been carrying out an extensive programme in Tibet to strengthen reception by local radio in the remote autonomous region. The central government spent 80m yuan (nearly 10m USD) to set up 75 FM stations at county level and renovated 14 mediumwave stations with transmitter power over 1 kW. The regional government has also spent more than 20m yuan (2.4m USD) in renovating six medium wave stations and training 290 staff. The overall transmitter power in Tibet has reached 4,000 kW compared with 2,500 kW one year earlier. Tibetan radio stations have extended their Tibetan-language broadcast time from nine hours a day to 17 hours. The strengthening of FM and standard AM broadcasting also means that Tibetan would be less dependent on short wave transmissions from Lhasa or Beijing which in turn means that there would be less need for radio receivers capable of international short wave radio reception.
Holy Tibet Broadcasts
|CTPBC China Tibet People's Broadcasting
180 Beijing Zhonglu, Lhasa, Xizang 850000 China, www.tibetradio.cn, xzzbs2003 @ yahoo.com.cn
Responding to international interest and tourism China Tibet People's Broadcast Company introduced a "Holy Tibet" broadcast in English beside broadcasts in Chinese and Tibetan. The programme seen by critics as a propaganda programme to justify China's annexation of Tibet started as a quarter hour in May 2001 but was later expanded to 30 minutes. New programmes are produced on Monday, Wednesdays and Fridays with repeats on the following days. On Sundays there is only a music programme. Currently (July 2007) it is aired at 07.00-07.30 and 16.30-17.00 on the frequencies of the Tibetan Programme.
|short wave schedule (July 2007)
03.00-09.00: 11860 11950
09.00-17.30: 7170 7240
20.00-17.30: 4820 5935 6050
20.00-03.00: 7170 7240
21.00-02.00: 4905 4920 5240 6110 6130 7125 7385
Due to transmitter maintenance, programmes are off the air on Tuesdays from 06.00 to 10.00.
In January 2004, Radio Free Asia (RFA) began broadcasting live streaming audio of its Tibetan-language radio programmes on the Internet. Following the closure of the station at Holzkirchen in December 2003, the station now had the following shortwave schedule:
01.00-03.00 7470 7560 9670 11695 15220 17730
06.00-07.00 17515 17540 17720 21570 21715
11.00-14.00 7470 9365-D03 11540 13625 15435 15185-(from 1200)
15.00-16.00 7470 7495 11520 15385
23.00-23.59 6010 7415 7470 7550 9875
h UTC frequencies in kHz
Much to the surprise of international observers, Tibetan services from RFA and VoA were not always loudly jammed. At times, even most of the channels used by the US external broadcasters were totally unaffected by Chinese jamming. Radio Free Asia (RFA) has begun broadcasting live streaming audio of its Tibetan-language radio programs on the Internet from 1 March 2004.
BBG Press VOA and RFA Increase Broadcasts
to Tibet 03/17/2008
U.S. international radio broadcasts to Tibet will increase by four hours daily beginning tonight at 6:00 p.m. EDT, 6:00 a.m. local time in Lhasa.
"The violent crackdown by Chinese authorities in Tibet compels us to increase our broadcasts," said James K. Glassman, Chairman of the BBG, which oversees all non-military U.S. international broadcasting including the Voice of America (VOA) and Radio Free Asia (RFA). "Our audience clearly will benefit from these trustworthy sources of news and information, which differ sharply from Chinese government sanctioned broadcasts."
At present RFA broadcasts eight hours daily to Tibet via shortwave radio. VOA broadcasts four hours daily, also via shortwave. Each will expand radio programs by two additional hours daily. VOA also will double its weekly Tibetan-language television programming from one to two hours via the AsiaSat 3 satellite.
"RFA's Tibetan service is working around the clock to bring authoritative, breaking news to the Tibetan people. These additional hours will greatly enhance our capacity to deliver this news, including live updates, to people on the ground," RFA President Libby Liu said.
Tibet's media is tightly controlled and most Tibetans are deeply suspicious of Chinese domestic media coverage. BBG audience research, while limited to Tibetan refugees in Nepal, indicates that VOA and RFA are among the most well known foreign broadcasters and an important source of information in a society where word of mouth is the top way to share news.
"We know from experience that Tibetans will tune to VOA at pivotal times such as these," said Danforth Austin, Director of the Voice of America. "For example, a VOA special TV program about the Dalai Lama receiving a gold medal from the U.S. Congress was recorded and widely distributed in Tibetan regions inside China."
RSF says Chinese have improved jamming
In a press release to mark the 70th birthday of the Dalai Lama, international press freedom organisation Reporters Without Borders (RSF) notes that the passing years have brought no let-up in harsh curbs on press freedom in Tibet by the Chinese authorities.
RSF notes that the US-based Radio Free Asia and Voice of America and the Indian-based Voice of Tibet, the main radio stations broadcasting Tibetan-language programming to Tibet, are systematically jammed. RSF says that, thanks to the acquisition of ALLISS antennae made by the French company Thalès, the Chinese authorities have improved their jamming capabilities. Installed above all in the far northwestern city of Kashi, they are used to jam international radio signals.
Radio Free Asia broadcasts on 10 different frequencies in an attempt to get round the censorship, but they are all systematically jammed by diffuse noise or music. The authorities recently installed new jamming towers in Pemba (in the Chamdo region) and since then residents have been unable to get Voice of America.
RSF says the authorities have distributed new radio sets to the population in the Kardze region on the grounds that they are of better quality than the old ones. But they are preset and blocked on to a fixed bandwidth and cannot be tuned into international stations.
(Radio Netherlands Media Network 5.7.2005)
A broader survey is now available at:
Biener, Hansjoerg: Broadcasting to Tibet,
in: *Central Asian Survey 21,2002,4, p. 417 - 422. (ISSN 0263-4937) Carfax Publishing
Mission Network News programme 4 April
http://www.worldviewrights.org/projects/radio3.html 15 July 2001
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Research Shows Link Between Environment, Dolphin Health
New research reveals the critical role the environment plays in dolphin health.
The study compared dolphins in the Indian River Lagoon and Charleston, S.C., with those at the Georgia Aquarium and Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center in San Diego.
Lead author Patricia Fair of the Medical University of South Carolina says the analysis found the wild dolphins’ immune systems were more stimulated than those of the captive animals.
“The environment plays a very important role in the immune responses of dolphins. If we can see those types of responses between animals that are living in very different conditions, that is a major contributor to their immune function.”
She attributes the difference to the pathogens and pollution wild dolphins face. A spate of unexplained dolphin deaths in the Indian River Lagoon in recent years remains unexplained.
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For young children, preschool is a time of amazing growth and development. Preschoolers develop their language, socialization, academic, and emotional skills every day. Preschool provides children with a safe space to explore their world and to prepare for kindergarten and beyond. Lifespan Development Centers shares the building blocks for success for preschool children and offers suggestions for parents to help their children get off to the right start.
Readiness to Leave Home
If your child has not been to a group daycare in the past, you might be anxious about how he or she will do in preschool. If your child has always been with a parent, family member, or in a home daycare situation, the expectations of being in a classroom setting might be difficult for your child to process. Be reassured that many parents face the same problem when they are preparing their children for preschool.
One creative way to prepare your child for preschool is to role-play. Model the various parts of the preschool day. Have your child hang up his or her backpack, spend some time in free play, and then sit and listen to the teacher in circle time and do some fun activities. You can role-play yourselves or use dolls or puppets to make it more fun. Let your child play all three roles in turn: the parent, the teacher, and the child.
Another excellent way to prepare for preschool is to spend plenty of time interacting with other children. Visit the playground regularly. Have your child practice sharing and taking turns. For an only child or a child with an infant sibling, this can be a shock to his or her system. Don’t worry if your child has difficulty in this area. Preschool teachers are experts at helping children navigate the social requirements of being in the classroom.
Read books about a child starting preschool and answer all of your child’s questions. Young children may have a lot of anxiety about starting school but be unable to express it. They may act out in other ways and be more aggressive or more clingy than usual. Be patient with your child and remember that the transition is even bigger for them than it is for you.
You have already been helping your child prepare for academic learning. Doing fun activities like coloring, numbers, and singing songs with your child prepares them for the classroom. Taking trips to play centers, museums, and nature walks children prepare to learn away from home. Don’t overemphasize learning letters and numbers before preschool. Your child will have plenty of opportunities to learn them in the classroom.
Separating from a Parent
This can be one of the most difficult aspects of starting preschool, especially for children who have not been to daycare. Even for children who are accustomed to spending time outside the home with another trusted adult, the transition can be hard. Follow these steps to give your child the right start to his or her first day.
First, have your child choose his or her own backpack and lunchbox. Make sure your child gets a good night’s sleep. Set the “school bedtime” two weeks before school starts for the best results. Have the child choose his or her own clothes for the first day of preschool, as long as they are school-appropriate. Make sure your child eats a healthy breakfast. Sit down and talk with them if possible.
When you get to school, spend some time playing in the classroom. Stay upbeat and positive. When you sense that your child is comfortable, say goodbye. Create a routine for the two of you that will signal to the child that it is time to separate, but that you will be back soon. When it is time to leave, don’t sneak away. If you hear your child crying when you leave, resist the temptation to run back into the classroom. Let the teachers handle it. Your child will soon trust that you will be back at the end of the school day. You can call the school to see if your child settled down.
These building blocks from Lifespan Development Centers will help your child get off to a great start in preschool. When you pay attention to these three areas, your child will have an easier time adapting to the classroom. Your child will quickly make friends and enhance his or her social skills. Preschool will prepare your child for kindergarten and beyond.
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| 0.964628 | 880 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Reptiles are scaled animals that live on land. They start life as eggs which are either laid in safe areas and hatch out, or are incubated inside the body with adults giving birth to live young. Reptiles are secretive, fast moving animals that can be incredibly hard to spot – they prefer quiet and secluded areas but may be seen basking in the sun on paths, rocks and logs. Both snakes and lizards are reptiles, and there are a number of species you might be lucky enough to see in the UK.
Common and garden species – The animals you are most likely to spot in your garden or local park
Rarer species – The harder to find animals you can spot on nature reserves and some special sites around the UK
Non Native species – You might spot some of these exotic animals across the UK where they have been introduced or accidentally released into the wild:
You can find information on all of these animals on our website, and in our free Dragon Finder app. You can also use the app to record your sightings of amphibians around the UK. This information helps us to map where the animals can be found and guides conservation action to help protect our wildlife. Find out more about the app here.
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Dr. Walter Boynton, Professor Emeritus at UMCES Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, is an internationally recognized expert in estuarine science and restoration. Throughout his career, he has experienced the pleasures and challenges of trying to better understand how these wonderful estuaries work, what causes serious degradation to water quality and habitats and what we might expect from past and continuing restoration efforts. In this seminar, Dr. Boynton will use examples from the past 50 years of his career to bring these important issues to life.
This registration form is for In Person attendance only. If you wish to attend remotely, please fill out the “Register to Attend Webinars via Zoom” form.
In person attendance is limited to 60 individuals and will require pre-registration. Guests must present a printed or digital copy of their registration confirmation email when they arrive on campus to attend the seminar. The confirmation email will be sent to the email address you provide in the form below.
Thank you for your interest in this seminar. A video recording of this event has been added to the Science for the Community video archive: https://www.umces.edu/cbl/science-citizens-videos
We are in the process of planning our Spring 2023 Science for the Community Seminar Series, and will continue to offer options for both in-person and Zoom webinar participation. Register here to receive notifications about upcoming UMCES Chesapeake Biological Laboratory events: https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/su/InnGDTI/CBLEventSignUp
SCIENCE FOR THE COMMUNITY
This seminar is presented as part of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory’s Science for the Communities seminar series.
UMCES CHESAPEAKE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Located where the Patuxent River meets the Chesapeake Bay, the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory is the oldest publicly supported marine laboratory on the East Coast. Founded in 1925, it has been a national leader in fisheries, estuarine ecology, environmental chemistry and toxicology for more than 90 years. Our scientists conduct research from the Chesapeake Bay and around the globe. From advising state and national agencies on sustainable fisheries management and breaking new ground in understanding how chemicals move between the atmosphere, sediments, and water to renowned work on nutrient dynamics and the food web, the lab is developing new scientific approaches to solving the major environmental problems that face our world.
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| 0.912896 | 497 | 2.515625 | 3 |
<software, architecture> (SOA) Systems built from loosely-coupled software modules deployed as services, typically communicating via a network. This allows different modules to be implemented and deployed in different ways, e.g. owned by different organisations, developed by different teams, written in different programming languages, running on different hardware and operating systems. The key to making it work is interoperability and standards so that modules can exchange data.
SOAs often support service discovery, allowing a service to be changed without having to explicitly reconnect all its clients.
Many different frameworks have been developed for SOA, including SOAP, REST, RPC, DCOM, CORBA, web services and WCF.
Last updated: 2009-01-23
Try this search on Wikipedia, OneLook, Google
Nearby terms: Service Access Point « Service Advertising Protocol « Service Discovery Protocol « service-oriented architecture » service provider » Service Set Identifier » servlet
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| 0.874793 | 194 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Acute Liver Failure
- What is Acute Liver Failure?
- What are the Causes?
- Who is at Risk?
- What are the Signs and Symptoms?
- How is it Diagnosed?
- Suggested Articles
What is Acute Liver Failure?
Acute liver failure (ALF), also known as fulminant liver failure is an uncommon condition which occurs when the liver suddenly ceases to function in an otherwise healthy person. This most severe type of liver failure is life-threatening and develops in a matter of days.
ALF affects about 2000–2800 persons annually (3.5 deaths per million population) and accounts for 5-6% of liver transplants in the United States.
What are the Causes?
The most important aspect in individuals with acute liver failure is to identify the cause because prognosis is dependent on the origin or cause.
Some of the many potential causes include:
- Acetaminophen poisoning (over-the-counter pain reliever) – Taking a very large dose of acetaminophen all at once or a smaller dose over a long period of time, is the leading cause of ALF in the United States, especially in people with chronic liver disease.
- Prescription drugs – Anticonvulsants, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs used to treat tuberculosis to name a few.
- Herbal supplements – Pennyroyal, ephedra, skullcap and kava are some of the herbal drugs and supplements that have been linked to ALF. Some fat burners used to increase metabolism have also been a cause.
- Viral hepatitis and other viruses – Hepatitis A, B, C (rarely) D and E with Hepatitis B accounting for the majority of cases. ALF actually occurs in less than 5% of hepatitis viral infections. Other viruses which may cause it include Epstein-Barr virus, Yellow Fever and cytomegalovirus (virus in the herpes family).
- Shock to the liver – Hemorrhage, sepsis (overwhelming infection), heatstroke, heart failure and severe dehydration.
- Toxins – Poisonous mushrooms such as Amanita phalloides, carbon tetrachloride (a manufactured chemical used in cleaning fluids, pesticides and spot removers), chloroform and rat poisons.
- Metabolic diseases – Rare metabolic diseases such as Wilson’s Disease, acute fatty liver of pregnancy and Reye’s syndrome (a deadly disease affecting all organs in the body, especially the liver and thebrain) infrequently cause acute liver failure
- Vascular diseases – Blockages in the veins of the liver such as portal vein thrombosis (a blood clot or narrowing of the portal vein, which brings blood to the liver from the intestines), Budd-Chiari syndrome (blockage of the vein that carries blood away from the liver), and veno-oclusive disease (blockage of the very small – microscopic -veins in the liver).
- Cancer – Liver cancer or cancer that begins somewhere else in the body and then spreads to the liver.
- Unknown – Many cases have no apparent cause.
Who is at Risk?
Acute liver failure often affects young persons and carries a high morbidity and mortality. Risk factors include:
- People that take an extremely large dose of acetaminophen at one time or a smaller dose over a period of a few days.
- Failure to follow dosage instructions for prescription medications and over-the-counter pain relievers and herbal medicines.
- Failure to follow manufacturer’s instructions when using aerosol sprays, pesticides, cleaning fluids and other toxic chemicals. (Always wear protective clothing such as gloves, a mask, protective eyewear and a hat.)
- Failure to get vaccinated for Hepatitis A and B.
- Use of illicit drugs, engaging in unprotected sex, obtaining a tattoo or body piercing in an unsanitary environment or with unsanitary equipment
- Failure to exercise caution when handling needles or cleaning up bodily fluids or blood.
- Failure to inform one’s doctor of all prescription drugs, herbal remedies and over-the-counter medications that one is taking to prevent dangerous interactions.
- Consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol.
- Obesity – (While obesity is not known to cause ALF, studies show that obese and severely obese patients had significantly poorer outcomes when they developed acute liver failure.)
What are the Signs and Symptoms?
Symptoms come on suddenly and without warning, so it is important to seek medical care immediately. Some of the signs and symptoms include:
- Hepatic encephalopathy (mental confusion, difficulty concentrating and disorientation)
- Sudden jaundice (yellowing of the whites of the eyes and skin)
- Pain and tenderness in the upper right side of the stomach
- Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the stomach)
- Edema (accumulation of fluid in the legs, ankles and feet)
- Feeling ill
- Muscle tremors
- Bleeding easily
How is it Diagnosed?
Physical assessment by a healthcare professional, along with blood tests to determine liver function will be performed. Also, when the liver fails, blood doesn’t clot as quickly as it should, therefore a prothrombin time test may be performed to measure how quickly the blood clots.
In cases where the patient may be incapacitated, family members and close friends will need to assist medical personnel in providing patient history.
Finally, examination of liver tissue (biopsy) may also be performed to determine why the liver is failing.
Acute liver failure from certain causes demands immediate and specific treatment. It is also critical to identify those patients who will be candidates for liver transplantation.
ALF is treated in the intensive care unit of a hospital. Treatment for can include the following:
- Medications to reverse poisoning such as from an overdose of acetaminophen or mushrooms.
- Medications to relieve fluid buildup in the brain which causes pressure on the brain.
- Medications to clear infections after blood and urine tests show positive results of infection.
- Medications to prevent severe bleeding will be administered as bleeding ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract are often common.
- In the case where liver failure can’t be reversed, a liver transplant is the only treatment. The failed liver is removed and replaced with a new, healthy liver from a donor.
Acute liver failure often causes complications, some of which are:
- Kidney failure – often occurs following liver failure, especially as a result of acetaminophen poisoning which damages both the liver and the kidneys.
- Bleeding disorders – due to the body’s inability to clot blood properly.
- Infections – respiratory and urinary tract infections are common as well as infections in the blood.
- Cerebral edema (excessive fluid in the brain) – leading to irreversible brain damage and death.
- Coma – Mental confusion, difficulty concentrating and disorientation (hepatic encephalopathy) can progress to coma if liver function does not return.
By following dosage directions on all prescription, herbal and over-the-counter medications (including acetaminophen), avoiding risky behavior, exercising caution when using any type of chemicals and living a healthy lifestyle, acute liver failure can be prevented.
If sudden jaundice, tenderness in the upper abdomen or any unusual changes in mental state, personality or behavior occurs, it is imperative that one seeks medical attention right away.
This information is for educational purposes only and should not be used in any other manner. This information is not intended to substitute for informed medical advice. You should not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting with a qualified health care provider.
Mayo Clinic "Acute Liver Failure" http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/liver-failure/DS00961. Retrieved May 20, 2011
Medscape "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Liver Failure" http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/720697_3. Retrieved May 20, 2011
Palmer, M.D., Melissa. Dr. Melissa Palmer’s Guide to Hepatitis & Liver Disease. New York: Avery Trade, 2004.
U.S. National Library of Medicine NIH National Institutes of Health "Acute liver failure caused by 'fat burners' and dietary supplements: a case report and literature review" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21499580. Retrieved May 20, 2011
U.S. National Library of Medicine NIH National Institutes of Health "Influence of high body mass index on outcome in acute liver failure" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16996806. Retrieved May 20, 2011
Worman, MD Howard J. The Liver Disorders and Hepatitis Sourcebook. McGraw-Hill, 2006
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Polyurea is a type of elastomer derived from the step-growth polymerization of a blend of synthetic resins. Its isocyanate component can either be aliphatic or aromatic. As its name suggests, polyurea is an elastomer. As with other types of elastomers, polyurea is a synthetic material. In addition, its isocyanate component can be aliphatic or aromatic.
In general, polyurea is a two-component polymer made from ethylene and propylene. Its elasticity and durability makes it a versatile material that can be molded into virtually any shape. While polyurea is a common material for building and construction, it can also be used for industrial applications. While the polymer is not particularly versatile, its use in sealants goes beyond corrosion protection. Its quick cure and low water permeability make it an excellent choice for use in waterproofing.
Polyurea can be used in a wide variety of industrial applications. It can be used to line tanks and containment liners. Its high moisture resistance makes it an ideal choice for roof top coatings and car park liners. Its quick-cure properties make it an excellent material for roofs. As an elastomer, polyurea is the ideal solution for a variety of uses. This article will discuss several applications for polyurea.
Its fast-curing properties make it a great choice for tough waterproofing projects. Its long-chained molecular chains allow it to reorient and stretch and form a firm waterproof layer. The use of polyurea is not limited to sewer linings. It is also popular for flooring and secondary containment. If you’re looking for a solution for a leaking wastewater treatment plant, it may be time to consider adding a coating of polyurea.
Another important application for polyurea is in the automotive industry. Its viscosity and elasticity make it a great material for many purposes. Besides its versatility, polyurea is also an effective way to protect parts from roadside bombs. Moreover, it doesn’t add weight or create VOCs. It can be used in both indoor and outdoor settings. There are even more applications for polyurea in manufacturing, such as insulating vehicles, reducing heat, and providing an insulation barrier.
Polyurea is a type of elastomer. The chemical formula of polyurea is NH2CO. This is a mixture of methylenediamine and carbamate. The two components combine to form an elastomer. A coating made of polyurea has a hardened surface, which is ideal for the insulation of a building. However, it is important to understand how polyurea works in the building industry.
In the ballistic missile system, polyurea is a good choice for coating. It has a wide range of uses, including protecting concrete surfaces and vessels from chemicals and salts. It can also be used to repair and restore damaged structures. It is highly resistant to chemical and biological agents. It can be used to coat wood and steel. In the hospital setting, it can be applied to the bottom of a floor. It can protect wooden and concrete surfaces, and can also be a waterproof barrier.
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12 days before flow
In women with regular menstrual
happens 10-14 days before the next menstrual flow.
If cycles are regular and 28 days, then ovulation happens around day 13-15.
If cycles are irregular, ovulation can be tough to time, and indeed might not happen at all.
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what is scaler quatienty
Asked by Sheetal Sharma | 5th Oct, 2013, 12:01: PM
A scalar quantity is a one which is specified by magnitude alone. That is, it is described by a number alone. There is no need to specify the direction.
Mass, temperature, speed, work, etc. are all scalar quantities.
For example: Mass of sugar is 5 kg. Now, this number is enough to specify the mass. You dont need to say that, mass of sugar is 5 kg towards east, or towards west.
Answered by Romal Bhansali | 5th Oct, 2013, 04:30: PM
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You don’t have to encourage The Babe to pick up a a pair of scissors. It’s one of her greatest joys. But eating what I serve her? Not so much. So here’s Part 2 in the ongoing series of Food Crafts (check out Toast Painting, too!).
In case you hadn’t heard, scissors skills are critical to growing minds because they help train hand-eye coordination and bilateral coordination (using both sides of the body at once). Scissor skills are also precursors to handwriting as they build the muscles in the palm of the hand and the tripod fingers (thumb, index and middle fingers). Supporting and using scissors is developmentally very similar to using a pencil properly.
I laid out a snack where she could cut everything on the table. Including the paper plate, the napkin, even the cup and the straw from her milk (once she drank it!). I also washed her craft scissors well in hot water. Paste and germs don’t mix well with snack time… Get creative in what you serve but first of all make sure it’s hitting the four food groups, food pyramid, paleo plan or whatever guide you use to get healthy food into your child. This was my chance to get her to eat something she won’t usually touch and it worked!! Some very cuttable foods include:
- raisins and other dried fruit
- sliced cucumbers
- sliced apples
- cheese (slices, sticks or shreds)
- lunch meat
- almond slices
- hot dog halves
- fruit leather
- shredded wheat cereal
Hope your kiddos have fun cutting up their lunch! For other ways to encourage scissor skills, check out my Scissor Skills Pinterest board.
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Marijuana is typically known as a recreational drug. However, it has been used as medicine for many years. Its recreational use is prohibited in some countries whereas others are trying to legalize it. Marijuana is known to give one a euphoric feeling, trigger schizophrenia or psychosis or lead to addiction. However, there are surprising hidden facts about marijuana which many people do not know. Marijuana can be used to treat various conditions as well as help in relieving or reducing some of them. According to bestpot.ca, marijuana can be used as a pain reliever, treatment for depression and anxiety, nausea, help one gain their appetite as well as slow growth in cancer cells among others.
What Is Medical Marijuana?
Medical marijuana is a plant-based medicine which is commonly used to relieve pain, anxiety and depression, nausea and appetite loss among others. It constitutes two compounds namely, THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) the psychoactive compound, and CBD (Cannabidiol) the non-psychoactive compound. CBD content is higher in medical marijuana hence when taking it, you do not feel the ecstasy associated with its recreational counterpart. TOP 10 online resources get you familiar with marijuana is at curepot.ca.
What Is Depression?
It is normal to feel sad especially due to losses. However, when the sadness gets intense, thus making you feel helpless and hopeless, it becomes a state of depression. Depression in simple terms is a medical illness which results from intense sadness, hopelessness and helplessness. Auspiciously, it is treatable. Depression interferes with your feelings as well as actions. You may easily lose interest in activities you once relished or savored.
Causes of Depression
Depression can affect any individual regardless of their age excluding young kids. It is caused by various factors which include:
- Stressful situations. Stressful situations can be a cause of depression as one may find it hard to cope with or withstand the situation they are in.
- Grief and loss. People experience varying symptoms after the loss of a loved one or a job such as an appetite loss, lack of interest in activities, and insomnia. These symptoms are similar to those of depression, thus, grief and loss can lead to depression.
- Individuals who have suffered abuse often find it difficult to overcome the trauma. Such situations make it hard for them to get back to their normal selves, thus, making them feel helpless and hopeless.
- Depression is also thought to be genetically inherited. Children born from parents who have had depression issues stand a chance of getting depressed.
- Personal problems. Your personal issues can also lead to depression such as being cast out or social isolation. These can lead to the risk of falling into depression.
Global Statistics Suffering from Depression
Depression is currently considered a global epidemic. It has affected over 300 million people all over the word and it is the leading cause of disability. Some people may confuse depression with the normal mood fluctuations and how others emotionally respond to life’s challenges. However, depression is quite serious and its effects are widespread. Statistics reveal that women are more likely to be affected by depression than men. Depression can also lead to death if it worsens. More than 700 thousand people die yearly because of depression.
Signs Showing Symptoms and Effects
The signs and symptoms of depression are quite easy to decipher and some of them include the following:
- Lack of interest in any activities which seemed fun before.
- Lack of energy or feeling tired often.
- Thinking, concentration, and decision-making difficulties.
- Trouble sleeping or spending most of the time sleeping.
- Feeling unworthy or guilty on a regular basis.
- Loss of appetite.
- Suicidal thoughts.
How to Identify Depression?
Depression is often mistaken for grief or bereavement. An individual suffering the loss of a loved one or a job feels sad. The feelings of sadness accumulate, thus, making them feel the void, especially after having lost someone. Such individuals may describe themselves as depressed persons. However, one gets to a depressive state when the feelings get intense. Also, depressed people show the signs and symptoms stated above. Additionally, they are irritable and restless. Depressed people also have no pleasure in life hence do not feel penitent or remorseful for their actions. They also overeat or choose not to. Some experience pain and aches (headaches) which do not go away easily until treatment.
Curing and Results
Depression is a medical illness which can and has resulted in the death of many individuals. Fortunately, it is a treatable condition and people who show the signs and symptoms of depression ought to seek medical attention before it gets grave or serious. Treatment for depression such as therapies and oral medications are available. Medical marijuana is also a treatment option though research on medical marijuana for depression is still ongoing. However, marijuana is known to relieve pain and reduce anxiety.
People may often ask can medical marijuana help with depression? As a pain reliever and an anxiety reductant, medical marijuana can help restore one to their normal self as well as stabilize their moods. This helps an individual to combat the worthless feeling they once had. Additionally, medical marijuana can help depressed individuals regain their appetite. It can also help an individual(s) regain their mobility and energy thus making them get back to their normal routine such as taking part in activities they enjoy.
Using medical marijuana proves to be beneficial in treating depression as individuals stop showing most of the signs and symptoms of depression. As a result, medical marijuana is considered a treatment for depression. Therefore, some states need to permit the use of marijuana to treat depression and other health conditions as marijuana is good for depression.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The side effects of using marijuana treatment for depression may vary depending on how it is consumed. They may either be positive or negative. The advantages of using medical marijuana for depression are:
- Medical marijuana helps one regain their appetite.
- Since it has a higher CBD content, it does not intoxicate the user.
- It helps one to get back to their normal self and refrain from suicidal thoughts.
- Medical marijuana also helps relieve one off the pain experienced when depression gets serious.
As we all know, everything that has an advantage always has a disadvantage. The disadvantage of using weed for depression is that one may be given a depression diagnosis resulting from the heavy or regular use of the drug. Some people may ask where can you get medical weed for depression? Medical weed is sold in medical facilities whose states permit it.
In conclusion, medical marijuana can be used as a treatment for depression as it helps in various ways such as mood boosting, pain relieving and mobility regain among others. Additionally, you need to consider marijuana for depression and anxiety as it helps one relax instead of intoxicating them due to its higher CBD content.
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Welcome to drtbalu's Otolaryngology online
Role of X-rays in rhinology
Dr. T. Balasubramanian M.S. D.L.O.
Paranasal sinuses are air containing chambers surrounding the nasal cavity. Pathology involving the sinuses, may present on the radiograph as alterations in the translucency of the sinuses. Some pathological conditions affecting the para nasal sinuses may produce fluid hence effort should be made to demonstrate this fluid level. This is possible if the radiograph is taken in erect position allowing a clear air fluid level to be visualised in the radiograph.
Standard positions of sinus radiographs:
Radiographic positions to study the paranasal sinuses are standardised around three positions:
1. Two anatomical - namely cornal and sagittal
2. One radiographic - termed as radiographic base line. This line represents a line drawn from the outer canthus of the eye to the mid point of the external auditory canal.
The various radiographic positions used to study paranasal sinuses are:
1. Occipito-mental view (Water's view)
2. Occipital-frontal view (Caldwel view)
3. Submento-vertical position (Hirtz position)
4. Lateral view
5. Oblique view 39 Degrees oblique (Rhese position)
Occipito mental view: This is also known as the Water's view. This is the commonest view taken to study the paranasal sinuses. The patient is made to sit facing the
radiographic base line tilted to an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal making the sagittal plane vertical. The radiological beam is horizontal and is centered over a point 1 inch above the external occipital protruberance. In obese patients with a short neck it is virtually impossible to obtain an angulation of 45 degrees. These patients must be made to extend the neck as much as possible and the xray tube is tilted to compensate for the difference in angulation. The mouth is kept open and the sphenoid sinus will be visible through the open mouth. If the radiograph is obtained in a correct position the skull shows a foreshortened view of the maxillary sinuses, with the petrous apex bone lying just beneath the floor of the maxillary antrum. In this view the maxillary sinuses, frontal sinuses and anterior ethmoidal sinuses are seen. The sphenoid sinus can be seen through the open mouth.
Diagram showing the position of the skull while taking x-ray sinuses water's view
If the antrum in water's view demonstrates a loss of translucency which could be an indicator of fluid level, then another x ray is taken with a tilt of saggital plane to an angle of 30 degrees. This view will clearly demonstrate movement of fluid to a new position. In this view the fluid moves towards the lateral portion of the antrum where it can clearly be seen.
Xray paranasal sinuses water's view
In x ray para nasal sinuses waters view the normal frontal sinus margins show scalloping. Loss of this scalloping is a classic feature of frontal mucocele. If frontal sinus is congenitally absent (agenisis) then a suture line known as the metopic suture is visible in the fore head area. Sometimes a pair of large anterior ethmoidal air cells may take up the place of frontal sinuses. Here too the metopic suture line is visible. This suture divides the two halfs of frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. This suture line usually disappears at the age of 6 when it fuses. If this suture is not present at birth it will cause a keel shaped deformity of the skull (trigonocephaly).
Xray paranasal sinuses showing metopic suture
Since hypoplastic antra are associated with sclerosis of its margins, it will be very difficult to perforate the medial wall of the antrum while performing antrostomy.
In conditions like malignancy involving the maxillary antrum X ray sinuses waters view shows the following features:
Expansion is characterised by increase in the size of maxillary antrum when compared to its counter part on the opposite side.
Erosion may occur in the medial wall of the antrum or in its antero lateral wall. The canine fossa area is the thinnest portion of maxillary antrum antero lateral wall. Erosion is hence common in this area.
Opacity is the term used to describe a maxillary sinus antra involved with malignant growth. This opacity is due to the periosteal reaction due to malignant growth.
Xray sinuses showing malignant growth in the right maxilla
Occipito frontal view (Caldwell view): This position is ideally suited for studying frontal sinuses. In this position the frontal sinuses are in direct contact with the film hence there is no chance for any distortion or geometric blur to occur.
Figure showing the skull position in Caldwell view xray
To get a caldwell view the patient is made to sit in front of the film with the radiographic base line tilted to an angle of 15 - 20 degrees upwards. The incident beam is horizontal and is centered 1/2 inch below the external occipital protruberance. This view is also known as the frontal sinus view.
Submentovertical view: is primarily taken to demonstrate sphenoid sinuses. Fluid levels in sphenoid sinuses are clearly shown in this view. To take an x ray in this position, the back of the patient is arched as far as possible so that the base of skull is parallel to the film. The x ray beam is centered in the midline at a point between the angles of the jaws. In elderly patients this view can be easier to achieve if carried out in the supine position with the head hanging back over the end of the table. This view also demonstrates the relative thicknesses of the bony walls of the antrum and the frontal sinuses.
Figure showing the skull position in submentovertical view
This view helps in distinguishing the various pathologies involving the frontal sinuses. It helps in determining whether the loss of translucency is due to thickening of the anterior bony wall or infection of the frontal sinus per se. This view also demonstrates fluid levels in the antrum. This view also gives information on the naso pharynx and soft palate. This is infact a standard projection used to ascertain enlargement of adenoid tissue.
Xray skull lateral view
For this view the patient is made to sit with the sagittal plane parallel to the xray film and the radiographic base line is horizontal. The incident ray is horizontal and the incident beam is centered at the mid point of the antrum.
Figure showing skull position for xray skull lateral view
This view helps in demonstrating posterior ethmoid air cells and optic foramen. To obtain this projection the patient is made to sit facing the film. The head is rotated so that the sagittal plane is tured to an angle of 39 degrees. The radiographic base line is at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal. The incident beam is horizontal and is centered so that the beam passes through the centre of the orbir nearest to the film.
With the advent of CAT scan these modalities of imaging are slowly losing their relevance.
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ESTONIAN RESIDENTS’ AWARENESS OF USING DOMESTIC DRINKING WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS
Aim: The aim of the research is to describe and explain the usage the awareness of domestic drinking water filtration systems in Estonia.
Methods: The sample consisted of volunteer adult Estonian residents who undertook an anonymous electronic questionnaire in the connect.ee environment. The questionnaire was distributed in social media. Data collection was carried out from 12.09.2020 to 31.10.2020.
Results: Among 140 respondents, 76 % were female. 76% of the respondents used the tap water, 14% private well water and 10% private drilled well water. 35% of respondents used domestic drinking water filtration systems, of which 8% used systems that were attached to the faucet, 83% used systems that were integrated to the piping, and 4 respondents used filtrating pitchers. 63% of respondents found the water to be purer after filtration. The main reasons for using the filtration systems were to improve the aesthetic appearance of the water (29%) and to remove excess iron (21%). Maintenance of filter systems is very important for 42% of respondents, and important for 54% of respondents. 23% of respondents do not clean the filters at all, 20% of the respondents, who do clean the filtration systems regularly, are carrying this out once in few months. 31% of respondents used clean water for rinsing the filtration system. 50% of respondents claimed that water filtration systems can affect health and 51% of those respondents, found that the impact on health is positive. However, 23% thought that the impact on health could be negative if the filters are not maintained correctly (19%), or if the filter systems are too efficient and can remove necessary minerals from the water (6%).
Conclusion(s): Domestic drinking water filtration systems are mainly used to improve the appearance and organoleptic properties of water. Most of the respondents use the integrated filtration systems. Most of the respondents find it important to clean the systems and the most used method for cleaning is rinsing with clean water. About a fifth of the respondents clean the filters once in few months. Half of the respondents who see that domestic water filtrations systems can affect health claim that the impact is positive.
Presenter e-mail: [email protected]
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Describe the anatomical course and relations of the trachea and bronchial tree (to the level of the segmental bronchi).
Better answers included details of the significant structures related to the cervical and mediastinal trachea and bronchi. The lobar branches and bronchopulmonary segments requiring naming to attract full marks. Many answers lacked sufficient detail or contained inaccuracies regarding vertebral levels and key structural relations. Some candidates discussed the general anatomy of the airway, including the larynx, structure of the airways, blood supply and innervation. This did not attract marks.
Mete, Aslı, and İlknur Hatice Akbudak. "Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Airway." Tracheal Intubation. IntechOpen, 2018.
Hyde, Dallas M., Qutayba Hamid, and Charles G. Irvin. "Anatomy, pathology, and physiology of the tracheobronchial tree: emphasis on the distal airways." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124.6 (2009): S72-S77.
Neil, J. Hardie, Walter Gilmour, and F. J. Gwynne. "Anatomy of bronchial tree." British medical journal 1.4079 (1939): 495.
Marchant, Warwick. "Anatomy of the larynx, trachea and bronchi." Anaesthesia & intensive care medicine 6.8 (2005): 253-255.
Knight, Darryl A., and Stephen T. Holgate. "The airway epithelium: structural and functional properties in health and disease." Respirology 8.4 (2003): 432-446.
Sauret, V., et al. "Study of the three‐dimensional geometry of the central conducting airways in man using computed tomographic (CT) images." Journal of anatomy 200.2 (2002): 123-134.
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Click on the structure to specify the target of your label
Second branchial arch muscles
Other Terms: Face, Muscles of facial expression
The numerous muscles of facial expression are a varied group of muscles that all arise from the second branchial arch. Because the facial nerve is the nerve to this arch, this large array of widely distributed muscles in the head and neck receive their nerve supply from branches of the facial nerve. During development, the muscles of this arch migrate toward the surface just deep to the developing integument. As a result, this group of muscles and their associated fascia is superficial to all other muscles in the head and neck. These muscles are located within the subcutaneous layer of the integument of the head and neck, with many of their fibers inserting into the skin. Because they are closely associated with the skin of the head, contraction of their fibers produces the wide variety of movements defined as facial expression. In addition, these muscles contribute significantly to the processes of eating, speech, and breathing. They form five functional groups: 1) scalp muscles, 2) circumorbital and eyelid muscles, 3) nasal muscles, 4) muscles of the mouth and lips, and 5) ear muscles.
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The Sea Around Us
A VERY special and important book for young readers written by a highly respected and often referenced scientist, Dr. Rachel Carson, author of "Silent Spring". Appropriate for age group pre-teen through high school years. Very nice pictorial cover of a rocky coast and the sea. This is not a simplistic picture book, but is actually a well-written and comprehensive scientific text. A must for every young person interested in environmental sciences. "The fascinating story of the oceans of the earth and the life they support, especially adapted for young readers from the original text of Rachel Carson's magnificent best-seller. With more than 150 marine photographs, maps and drawings in color and black-and-white."
As mentioned in:
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Getting the flu often just means a few days of feeling lousy, but for some, it can have dangerous effects on the heart. “In patients with pre-existing heart disease, and especially in the elderly, the flu can cause increased heart rate and overall stress. This can lead to a higher frequency of heart attacks, angina, heart failure, and subsequent hospitalizations,” says Dr. Francesca Nesta Delling, of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center CardioVascular Institute. Heart disease also increases the risk of experiencing flu-related complications such as pneumonia.
The US Department of Health and Human Services advises individuals with heart disease to get the flu vaccine to help protect against getting the flu. In addition, it is better for heart disease patients to get the flu shot, not the nasal spray. If they develop flu-like symptoms, they should contact their doctor immediately. Amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir are flu medications than can be taken by patients with underlying heart disease. Just like others, they should get plenty of rest and drink clear fluids if they get the flu.
Dr. Delling adds that in rare situations in individuals with no heart disease, inflammation of the heart muscle, which is called myocarditis, or inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart, called pericarditis, can develop in response to an influenza infection. “Since no viruses have been found growing in the heart muscle of autopsy specimens, it is thought that myocarditis and pericarditis are secondary to the body’s response to the virus more than a direct effect of the virus on the heart,” explains Dr. Delling. Also, on occasion, the pericarditis can cause a buildup of fluid around the heart that can in turn impair the filling of the heart chamber.
Interestingly, two recent studies found that the influenza vaccine may reduce cardiovascular events—like strokes and heart attacks—and cardiovascular death in people with or without heart disease. The reason for the link is unclear, but it may relate to how the vaccine strengthens the immune system. Currently, less than 40% of US adults get the flu vaccine each year.
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Tinashe Farawo Correspondent
Zimbabwe subscribes to the principle of sustainable utilisation, not only of wildlife, but also of all its natural resources.
Sustainable utilisation tries to balance conservation benefits with the needs and expectations of the people who live with wildlife in rural communities.
This approach recognises that the future survival of wildlife depends on its relationship with local communities and they must derive some benefit from wildlife. We believe that the animals must pay for their upkeep and communities must benefit through infrastructure development, construction of roads, schools, clinics and creation of employment.
Most activists, who make noise on social media and from some air-conditioned offices, are not helping with resources to manage the growing wildlife population. In fact, there are some criminals and opportunists who raise funds in the name of wild animals in Zimbabwe and not even a cent finds its way to the communities where the animals are or to the national park for the conservation of our wildlife.
Currently, the authority is battling with the severe shortage of water in some of the major parks such as Hwange and Mana Pools due to climate change-induced drought and very few are coming to the party to provide the precious liquid or have an idea how much it is costing the authority to provide water and security for the animals, especially the elephants they claim to love so much.
Hwange National Park is run on 100 percent ground water that needs to be extracted for the wildlife. There is a cost associated with the extraction of water and maintenance of the equipment while desperately waiting for the rains so that the animals survive and all this needs resources, hence the need to ensure that the animals must pay for their upkeep through live sales.
There is no doubt that the country has a rich and successful history of wildlife conservation, which dates back to pre-colonial times. A blend of tradition and modern methods of conservation has made Zimbabwe a respected world leader in wildlife conservation.
To date, wildlife forms the cornerstone of Zimbabwe’s tourism industry, with vast opportunities to view animals in their natural habitats in gazetted protected conservation areas, communal areas under the Communal Areas Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) and on private lands.
Through CAMPFIRE, at least 800 000 families are benefiting from wildlife in some parts of the country where the animals are.
The families benefit through community tourism activities like the Sidinda project in Hwange and many other projects where locals are employed; schools, clinics and roads are also constructed.
Elephant populations have continued to increase in the country, particularly in the Hwange-Matetsi area and south-eastern part of the country.
Results from the last aerial survey conducted over time shows that there is local over-abundance of some populations like in the Hwange-Matetsi Complex where the estimated elephant population is 53 949, which is above the ecological carrying capacity.
The authority and World Environment Zimbabwe are conducting an annual game count in Hwange, Mana and Gonarezhou parks and this is good cooperation for the good of wildlife.
It’s not a secret that the authority does not receive funding from central Government and is probably the only wildlife management authority in the world which does not receive such funding.
As an authority, we believe that communities are the first line of defence when it comes to poaching, hence the need to ensure that they benefit. Needless to say, that the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals in the country is loss of habitat and this has resulted in habitat degradation and affected biodiversity.
This is creating serious ecological, financial and socio-economic challenges to the authority. For instance, local overpopulation of elephants has resulted in competition between the elephants and other species in the parks, especially for browse and water during the current dry season.
On the other hand, elephants come into direct conflict with inhabitants of adjacent rural local communities as they destroy vegetation, crops, and infrastructure and even kill people under various circumstances.
This year alone, at least 20 lives have been lost in human-wildlife conflict and 40 percent of these conflicts involve humans and elephants, therefore these problems are real.
To a family in Bocha which has lost its father after being killed by an elephant, the human- wildlife conflicts problems are real.
To the woman in Mbire who lost her two-year-old son to a pack of hyenas, the problems are real and to many other victims of human wildlife conflict who have permanent disabilities, the problems are also real.
There is no need to intellectualise or to philosophise about the challenges communities are facing or to spent days in air-conditioned hotels talking about elephants, yet people are suffering and habitat is being lost.
In view of these problems, Zimbabwe is currently capturing and translocating live animals to approved appropriate and acceptable destinations within and outside the country in terms of laid-down national and international procedures as well as terms and conditions.
Upon receipt of an application to import animals from Zimbabwe, our CITES Scientific and Management Authority must confirm the availability of the species and numbers required and that such an export will not have negative detrimental impact on the remaining populations in the wild.
A team of experts is then dispatched to assess the appropriateness and suitability of the intended destination with exports being permitted only in cases where such technical assessments have made positive findings.
All live exports in Zimbabwe are conducted in compliance with national and international veterinary requirements and quarantine conditions, including IATA Global Standards for the Transportation of Live Animals by Air.
Wildlife captures and translocations are done by experienced and skilled personnel who are guided by CITES regulations as well as international best practice.
Zimbabwe is party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) since 1982 and is bound by the provisions of this convention in all its wildlife trade with other countries.
Permits and certificates for international trade under CITES are issued by designated national CITES authorities.
The major objective of doing live sales is to fund conservation and wildlife management, due to local over-abundance of elephants in the Hwange-Matetsi Complex, we do live sales in line with the authority’s Elephant Management Plan (2015- 2020) and our national policy and legislation.
Tinashe Farawo is Communications and Public Relations Manager for Zimbabwe National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority
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Some of the best homeschool activities are fun, creative and educational. Playing word family dominoes is a great activity to reinforce phonics concepts. After all, many words sound the same but look different, and many words look the same but sound different! I created this word family phonics game out of cardboard and scrapbook paper. You can easily make your own set of game pieces and even customize them with words for your child’s learning level. Playing a game is a great way to reinforce new concepts!
One of my favorite things about homeschooling is that we can turn lessons into playtime. Once my kids have finished their math and phonics workbooks for the day, we often do a hands-on learning activity. My girls have enjoyed playing this word family phonics game and matching up the rhyming words. This game is especially good practice for kids who are learning how to read.
How to Make the Game Pieces
To make this game, all you need is a sheet of cardboard, colorful scrapbook paper, a paper cutter or scissors, glue stick and a marker.
Phonics Game Materials:
- scrapbook paper or colored cardstock
- paper cutter or scissors
- glue stick
- black marker
First, cut the colored paper into evenly sized rectangles that measure 3 inches by 1.5 inches. A paper cutter makes it so much easier to cut out lots of matching game pieces. Because it’s so efficient, I absolutely love my paper cutter and I use it all the time! However, you can also use scissors.
You can use as many different colors of paper as you’d like, or make the game pieces all the same color.
Next, glue each paper game piece onto a sheet of cardboard so they are more durable. Arrange the paper game pieces close to each other to maximize the cardboard space. Apply a thin layer of glue on the cardboard with the glue stick. Firmly press down each piece of colored paper in columns.
Allow the game pieces to fully dry on the sheet of cardboard before cutting them apart.
Next, cut out each game piece. The paper game pieces reinforced with cardboard are almost ready to play!
As an optional step, you can paint the back of each game piece with black craft paint to make them look like dominoes. I used black chalk paint.
Finally, write a variety of words on both ends of each game piece. You can use this word family list for inspiration. It’s important to pair a mix of word family words so you can successfully play the game. Pairing all “ar” words with “at” words will create a dead end in the dominoes-inspired game.
bash ——— jaw
cap ——— jar
lap ——— sail
dash ——— mail
cash ——— clap
trap ——— fall
star ——— nap
How to Play the Phonics Game
Once you’ve created the game pieces, it’s time to play your word family phonics game!
To play, first lay all the pieces blank-side up and choose 5 game pieces. Draw one extra piece and lay it down on the table as the “starting piece”.
The first player starts by laying down a piece with a word that rhymes with one of the words on the starting piece. If they don’t have a game piece with a word that rhymes, they must draw another game piece.
The next player then lays a game piece that rhymes with any of the ending words on the pieces already on the table. Lay the pieces end to end, dominoes style. Example: star | nap > zap | tail > pail | fun > run | hall > wall | dash > stash | claw … etc.
You can turn the pieces at right angles and go in any direction you want, as long as the sides of the game pieces with non-rhyming words aren’t touching.
You can come up with your own rules for points!
One scoring idea for this game is to give each player 1 point for laying a card, and a bonus point if they can match the color too. 1 point = creating a rhyming match. 2 points = creating a rhyming AND color match. You can match rhyming words and colors often enough, which adds a bit of strategy to the game.
If you can’t make a match at all, the player can draw a game piece to end their turn. However once the game gets going, this almost never happens. The first person with the most points OR the first person out of game pieces wins! (if you aren’t keeping points)
We mostly played this game for fun and didn’t track any points. This word family phonics game is challenging enough for 5 and 6 year old kids and fun for everyone else! My 8 year old daughter had no trouble reading the words but she really enjoyed looking for matches.
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It’s fairly easy to make learning fun for kids, with a little creativity and time. Now that we have this word family phonics game, we can play it any afternoon! It was such a hit with my kids, I may make another version with harder words as my kids progress in reading. I hope you enjoy playing this game with your kids too!
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PBS Kids is the children’s television programming branch of the Public Service Broadcasting network. As of 2015, PBS Kids offers children's programs, including “Sesame Street,” “Thomas & Friends” and “Wild Kratts,” on 356 public broadcasting stations across the United States.Continue Reading
“Sesame Street” is a popular program known for using humor, celebrity guests and Jim Henson’s Muppets to educate children. The series premiered in 1969 and has aired on PBS since its debut. As of 2014, "Sesame Street" has won 159 Emmy Awards.
“Thomas & Friends” began airing on PBS in 1984 as “Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends.” The British television program, based on a series of books called “The Railway Series,” follows the fictional adventures of a group of locomotives and other vehicles.
“Wild Kratts” is an animated show, created and produced by brothers Chris and Martin Kratt, that educates children about animals and ecology by showing the brothers saving animals from danger or helping them overcome challenges.
PBS Kids offers a website at PBSKids.org, for children to write, create art and play videos and interactive games. PBS Kids also offers resources to parents and teachers and sponsors literacy events. PBS Kids creates curriculum-based entertainment using media and technology to provide children with positive role models and empower them with knowledge and critical thinking.Learn more about Art & Literature
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Trauma in dogs and cats can cause a range of potentially serious conditions and our friends at Vet Education have developed a 4-week course addressing emergency management of trauma patients. More details about the Vet Education course are available below.
We are proud to support our friends at Vet Education and this guest blog has been kindly provided by Dr. Philip R Judge BVSc MVS PG Cert Vet Stud MACVSc (VECC; Medicine of Dogs).
Trauma in dogs and cats can cause a range of potentially serious conditions, from obvious injuries, such as fractures, open wounds, and external haemorrhage, to serious head trauma, internal haemorrhage, and life-threatening injuries of the chest cavity.
Despite advances in the management of trauma patients over recent decades, the morbidity and mortality that occur secondary to trauma remain remarkably high1. In fact, in a study evaluating causes of death in more than 74,000 dogs, trauma was the second-most common cause of death in juvenile and adult dogs2.
Thoracic injuries are one of the most common causes of mortality in the trauma patient3. Among thoracic injuries, pulmonary contusions remain one of the more challenging conditions to manage.
Pulmonary contusion occurs following non-penetrative, compression-decompression injury to the chest wall. The disruption of alveolar-endothelial integrity results in haemorrhage and oedema4. Interestingly, 80% of humans with pulmonary contusions also suffer non-thoracic injuries5 necessitating the clinician conduct a thorough patient evaluation and consideration of pulmonary contusions in patients presenting with injuries following trauma.
Lung ultrasound image showing evidence of pulmonary fluid in a patient suspected of having pulmonary contusions following chest trauma.
The pulmonary injury suffered in contusions, results in a secondary inflammatory reaction that leads to massive extravasation of fluid and inflammatory cells into pulmonary interstitial and alveolar spaces that results in progressive impairment in gas exchange for up to 12-18 hours following trauma. Concurrent myocardial contusion, rib fracture, or diaphragmatic hernia may also be present, further complicating patient management.
Radiograph of a cat that was attacked by a dog, showing a diaphragmatic hernia. Pulmonary contusions are common with this type of injury and are one of the major contributing factors to mortality.
Treatment of pulmonary contusions can be challenging. Oxygen therapy should be provided – ideally by intranasal cannula. Pleural space disorders, such as haemothorax or pneumothorax, should be managed to provide for maximal lung expansion during inhalation. Additionally, local anaesthesia and/or stabilisation of rib fractures, along with appropriate and timely management of diaphragmatic hernia are also indicated.
Some patients with pulmonary contusions require ventilation assistance, and careful patient monitoring is essential to identify such patients.
ECG tracing showing paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, in a dog with pulmonary and myocardial contusions following trauma.
Administration of appropriate intravenous fluid therapy to patients with pulmonary contusions has long been an area of controversy, owing to concerns about excessive fluid administration contributing to pulmonary oedema. Scientific studies offer conflicting evidence regarding appropriate fluid administration. As a result, clinicians must therefore achieve a balance between limiting pulmonary pressures and providing adequate fluid resuscitation to avoid hypoperfusion complications of other organ systems.
Administration of large volumes of isotonic crystalloids, e.g., lactated Ringer’s solution should be avoided, as they are associated with excessive lung water accumulation and a deterioration of respiratory function and gas exchange.
A study6 in 2009 explored the concept of biphasic (early and late) fluid management of patients suffering septic shock complicated by acute lung injury – which has many facets similar to those observed in pulmonary contusions – including the presence of high pulmonary capillary permeability and inflammation. The study evaluated the relationship between adequate initial fluid resuscitation (AIFR), where patients received an initial fluid bolus corresponding to a positive fluid balance, and conservative late fluid management (CLFM), defined as an even-to-negative fluid balance measurement during the 7 days after lung injury. Mortality rates were lowest if used in combination, suggesting an additive effect of both fluid strategies (Murphy el al., 2009).
Given many patients with pulmonary contusions have traumatic injury to other organ systems (such as head trauma, fractures, open wounds, etc.) – all of which require positive initial fluid balance to ensure adequate tissue oxygen delivery, a strategy of fluid resuscitation to restore cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery in acute resuscitation, followed by a more conservative fluid administration protocol seems appropriate for most patients with pulmonary contusions.
Frequent patient monitoring is essential and should be coupled with adequate analgesia and other supportive care in order to achieve optimal outcome.
Vet Education offers a comprehensive, RACE-approved 4-week online course on acute trauma management in the dog and cat, covering in detail, many aspects of the treatment of trauma, including respiratory complications. For more information, visit the Vet Education website, or email [email protected].
Take the Canine Rehabilitation QuizJanuary 24,2020
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2020 Vision for The New YearDecember 30,2019
The Life-Death-Life CycleDecember 24,2019
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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is often considered Mark Twain’s greatest masterpiece and has long been regarded as one of the best books in American literature. It captured a very real time in American history that dealt with slavery, racism, and the relationship between whites and blacks in the United States.
Combining his raw humor and startlingly mature material, Twain developed a novel that directly attacked many of the traditions the South held dear at the time of its publication.
Huck Finn is the main character in the novel and through his eyes, the reader sees and judges the South, its faults, and its redeeming qualities.
I remember reading this in high school and while the material was sometimes offensive it was an honest representation of the social obstacles of Twain’s era. It allowed me to understand and empathize with life as an African American living in the South. Given that, why would anyone want to re-write such a great American classic?
A recent op-ed piece appeared in yesterday’s NY Daily News addressing how some educators and scholars want to replace the “N” word in the book with the word “slave”. In fact, Huck Finn is currently banned in several school libraries for its content and language. As if banning the book and replacing the “N” word will magically erase all of the social injustices that occurred at that time. Call me crazy but as I recall, slavery DID happen and black people WERE called the “N” word. Unfortunately, it is a part of our history.
As a writer and as I assume most writers do, I often write about my experiences. I capture on paper (or on-line) the current issues affecting my community and society as a whole. Therefore, I find it offensive that a literary work that was written during a time of slavery is being criticized and banned for use of language that was part of the everyday vernacular of the day.
As Shelly Fishkin states in her op-ed piece “Sanitizing the language which aided and abetted white America‘s denial of the humanity of black Americans from the nation’s founding doesn’t change that history…Facing that history in all its offensiveness is crucial to understanding it and transcending it, and literature is uniquely positioned to help us do that.”
If we begin to re-write books and change the language that was intended by the author we inevitably change the authenticity and integrity of the work .
What do you think? Should we be re-writing books just because the language used may be offensive to some?
To read the NY Daily News Op-Ed piece click on the link: http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2011/01/05/2011-01-05_take_the_nword_out_of_huck_finn_its_an_insult_to_mark_twain__and_to_american_his.html#ixzz1ADrUTPPZ
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The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of drained organic forestlands in Sweden to the national greenhouse gas budget. Drained organic forestland in Sweden collectively comprises an estimated net sink for greenhouse gases of −5.0 Mt carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalents year −1 (range −12.0 to 1.2) when default emission factors provided by the Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry are used, and an estimated net source of 0.8 Mt CO 2 equivalents year −1 (range −6.7 to 5.1) when available emission data for the climatic zones spanned by Sweden are used. This discrepancy is mainly due to differences in the emission factors for heterotrophic respiration. The main uncertainties in the estimates are related to carbon changes in the litter pool and releases of soil CO 2 and nitrous oxide.
No Reference information available - sign in for access.
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No Supplementary Data.
good practice guidance;
greenhouse gas budget;
Document Type: Research Article
Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Silviculture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Department of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Publication date: 2005-10-01
More about this publication?
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Long Term Environmental Effect of Plastics, Composites and Other Materials on Underground Water Supplies through Leaching and Decay.
Today we see old airliners lined up in the desert, which are made of aluminum for the most part. We know what these aircraft are made of and we also see the scrap value of aluminum. So much of them will eventually be recycled in the future. We know that when some composites burn they will unleash cyanide gas when they burn. What can we expect from them when they start decomposing? How long will this take, some say that certain composites and coatings made to withstand extremely high temperatures as well as near absolute zero temperatures that the life and decomposition period could be thousands of years? Maybe, probably not, not much man has ever created lasts very long exposed to the solar radiation bombardment of Earth, weather of freezing and heat, however surely it appears that it must eventually decompose? So then what is the answer to the question? We can simulate the exposure to solar radiation and we can simulate the extreme heat, salt spray, extreme cold, acid rain, etc, yet we see no relevant studies on this. We ought to know what we are working with here and how we might better re-use those components.
The 7E7 will have just about 50% of the aircraft made of composite, the 777 just under 12%. The 7E7 which maybe renamed the 787 has many orders coming in now, JAL just committed to at least 50 aircraft.
The 777s will be retiring soon, let’s say 10 years, not too long. Many Airbus models have composite vertical stabilizers right now rotting in the sun so the natural test of the decomposition of this not so natural product is already beginning whether or not we know what will happen. If the structural integrity for a vertical stabilizer is gone, then can that material be cut up into squares, coated and used for insulation? Is it safe too? Remembering our unfortunate hard lessons of Asbestos, a benign substance, but the human lungs go berserk when they come in contact with it. Can it be used in the roof structures of floating airports, between the walls of the double-hulled oil tankers for strength or under sidewalks? Can it be sliced up and used for retaining wall stakes? Can it be used for school bus top non-rusting reinforcement due to its lightweight and ability to withstand the elements? If not, then for what? If so, why not?
We need answers so we can continue developing these new materials, with the knowledge of what they can and cannot do. If we are going to put these materials in Space Stations, Satellites, Deep Sea Submersibles, Automobiles, Aircraft, etc then we best have the data available on the decomposition rates to prevent accidents and environmental issues far into the future.
“Lance Winslow” – If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/wttbbs
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The speed of technology engenders not only growth in computer performance, but also in the number of words we use to talk about it. Computer terminology may not approach the doubling in chip performance that occurs every 18 months according to Moore's Law, but it can feel like that at times. Recent years have seen such new terms as streaming video, DSL, XML, portal, WAP, FireWire, and USB. Many TidBITS readers may know these words and their meanings, but what about terms like beepilepsy, stovepiping, or IEEE 1394? If you need to know what these terms mean, you could find out by doing a Web search, but if you want them all in one place, an up-to-date dictionary is essential. Most users may get by with knowing the basic words that are unavoidable, like hard disk, RAM, and CD-ROM, but for those who work in the computer business and care about using language correctly, a good dictionary of technical terms is essential.
Newton's Telecom Dictionary, by Harry Newton (Telecom Books, $32.95) is the mother of all computer dictionaries. This perpetually soon-to-be-obsolete book tracks all the latest terms in computing, networking, and telecommunications. Don't let the title throw you off - it may have initially been about telecommunications, but over the years, the book has morphed into a computer dictionary as well. Now in its 16th edition, with over 1,000 pages, you would be hard pressed to find a computer term that it doesn't define... at least for a few months.
Avoiding obsolescence is the main problem computer dictionaries face. As technology moves ever onward, it is hard for the authors of a dictionary to keep up. Harry Newton updates the book every six months (there is a new numbered edition each year and an interim update every six months, under the same edition number), and he claims to add 100 new terms per week. So, you can be sure that whenever you buy it, it will be more or less up to date, until the next edition.
Despite the title, Newton's Telecom Dictionary is more than just a dictionary. Many of its definitions are sufficiently detailed - some as long as four pages - to justify calling it an encyclopedia. They're well-written, and even exhibit a sense of humor at times. Take, for example, the definition for leg iron: "1. [...] What [telephone] personnel wear to climb wooden poles. 2. Worn by prisoners to prevent them running away. Many customers want their telephone technicians to wear them until their system is up-and-running 100%." Harry Newton clearly aimed this book at a non-technical audience, which makes it useful for students of computing, as well as for executives who need to understand what their engineers are talking about.
The book also contains thousands of abbreviations and acronyms from A to ZZF, covering the most common abbreviations used in computing. Harry Newton, however, doesn't try to provide an exhaustive list of abbreviations, given the vast number that aren't in common use.
Although Newton's Telecom Dictionary is an invaluable reference tool for anyone working with computers and language, it could be better. The paper version works well for browsing, but I'd find a CD-ROM or online version useful for quickly looking up definitions and searching for words within definitions. As an example of how helpful this is, visit Denis Howe's less-extensive FOLDOC, the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which can also transfer searches to the Google search engine and the OneLook meta-dictionary search site. Another useful source for looking up abbreviation expansions online is the long-standing WorldWideWeb Acronym and Abbreviation Server.
I'd also like to see some sort of an upgrade path for current users. The economics of the publishing world (and of shipping 1,000-page books) probably ensure there's no way the publisher could provide physical upgrades. But what about serving existing readers online? I probably won't buy a new copy every year, but I'd be happier if I could consult a password-protected Web site for updates.
Quibbles aside, Newton's Telecom Dictionary remains the essential reference for those of us who not only need to use the right terms when writing about technology, but also need to know precisely what they mean. With this book weighing down your bookshelf, you can be sure of finding and understanding the words behind the bits and bytes.
[Kirk McElhearn is a freelance translator and technical writer living in a village in the French Alps.]
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New Jersey is one of the most diverse areas in the United States. Its proximity to two melting pot cities, New York and Philadelphia, only magnifies what is already a diverse mix of people.
In any sizable community, people from a broad array of ethnic and sociological backgrounds live in close proximity, sometimes under the same co-op roof. Managing a co-op or condo that’s home to a diverse population poses some distinct challenges—and offers profound rewards for administrators and residents alike.
What is Diversity?
The word diversity has come to be shorthand for racial differences, but true diversity extends far beyond that narrow definition.
“As important as it is to have women executives and people of all races in our neighborhoods, diversity is way, way bigger than that,” says diversity expert Tom Atlee of the Co-Intelligence Institute, a non-profit organization that strives to promote diversity. “Our use of the word ‘diversity’ primarily to address issues of racism, classism, sexism, and other oppressive 'isms' has blinded us to the fact that diversity is a vast fact of life, deeply embedded not only in humanity but in natural systems and in the very fabric of the universe.”
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Spina Bifida and Anencephaly (cont.)
In this Article
Can spina bifida be prevented?
Folic acid, also called folate, is an important vitamin in the development of a healthy fetus. Although taking this vitamin cannot guarantee having a healthy baby, it can help. Recent studies have shown that by adding folic acid to their diets, women of childbearing age significantly reduce their risk of having a child with a neural tube defect, such as spina bifida. Therefore, it is recommended that all women of childbearing age consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily. Foods high in folic acid include dark green vegetables, egg yolks, and some fruits. Many foods -- such as some breakfast cereals, enriched breads, flours, pastas, rice, and other grain products -- are now fortified with folic acid. Most multivitamins contain this recommended dosage of folic acid.
Women who have a child with spina bifida, have spina bifida themselves, or have already had a pregnancy affected by any neural tube defect are at greater risk (anywhere from five to 10 percent of the general population) of having a child with spina bifida or another neural tube defect. These women may benefit from taking a higher daily dose of folic acid before they become pregnant.
What is the prognosis for spina bifida?
Children with spina bifida can lead relatively active lives. Prognosis, activity, and participation depends on the number and severity of abnormalities and associated personal and environmental factors. Many children with the disorder have normal intelligence and can walk, usually with assistive devices. If learning problems develop, early educational intervention is helpful.
What research is being done on spina bifida?
Within the Federal Government, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), supports and conducts research on brain and nervous system disorders, including spina bifida. NINDS conducts research in its laboratories at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, and supports research through grants to medical research institutions across the country.
In one study supported by NINDS, scientists are looking at the hereditary basis of neural tube defects. The goal of this research is to find the genetic factors that make some children more susceptible to neural tube defects than others. Lessons learned from this research may fill in gaps of knowledge about the causes of neural tube defects and may lead to ways to prevent these disorders. These researchers are also studying gene expression during the process of neural tube closure, which will provide information on the human nervous system during development.
In addition, NINDS-supported scientists are working to identify, characterize, and evaluate genes for neural tube defects. The goal is to understand the genetics of neural tube closure, and to develop information that will translate into improved clinical care, treatment, and genetic counseling.
Other scientists are studying genetic risk factors for spina bifida, especially those that diminish or lessen the function of folic acid in the mother during pregnancy, possibly leading to spina bifida in the fetus. This study will shed light on how folic acid prevents spina bifida and may lead to improved forms of folate supplements.
NINDS also supports and conducts a wide range of basic research studies to understand how the brain and nervous system develop. These studies contribute to a greater understanding of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, and offer hope for new avenues of treatment for and prevention of these disorders as well as other birth defects.
Another component of the NIH, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), is conducting a large 5-year study to determine if fetal surgery to correct spina bifida in the womb is safer and more effective than the traditional surgery -- which takes place a few days after birth. Researchers hope this study, called the Management of Myelomeningocele Study, or MOMS, will better establish which procedure, prenatal or postnatal, is best for the baby.
Reviewed on 10/25/2012
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Drug identifiers, or pill identifiers, are tools used to identify Exelon (rivastigmine) or other drugs if shape and color or imprints on pills are known. Some are used to find images or pictures of pills, capsules, or tablets if drug name is known. Drug identification is helpful to identify Exelon when it has been separated from its original packaging. Most drug identifiers display the drug image or photo with the name of the medication. Exelon is used to treat Alzheimer's disease and mild dementia due to Parkinson's disease.
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|This Term Sam and Donna’s have enjoyed the story of Noah’s Ark. We listened to the local vicar tell us the story with accompanying props and then we have carried out lots of fun and messy activities related to the story.
We have used paint and collage materials to make our own ark. We got very wet in the water tray moving boats through the water as well as finding out what floats and sinks.
We explored a range of ingredients such as flour, vanilla essence and sugar and made some animal biscuits.
We listened to lots of different animal sounds, felt different materials the represented each animal and then acted out being animals
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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Scorpaeniformes
(Scorpionfishes and flatheads) > Scorpaenidae
(Scorpionfishes or rockfishes) > Scorpaeninae
Etymology: Scorpaenopsis: Latin, scorpaena = a kind of fish, 1706 + Greek, opsis = appearance (Ref. 45335). More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; reef-associated; depth range 1 - 70 m (Ref. 559). Tropical; 32°N - 26°S
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands and French Polynesia, north to southern Japan, south to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9710)
soft rays: 5 - 6. Pectoral fin rays usually 18; back arched; with about 45 vertical scale rows; lachrymal bone with 2 or 3 spines over maxillary, first points forward, followed by 1 or by 2 close-set spines which point down and back; suborbital ridge with 4 or more spinous points, usually more than 8 or 10 points, not in a row and of various sizes; a shallow pit below front corner of eye (Ref. 10482). Colorful inside the pectoral fins, used for display (Ref. 48635).
Relatively an uncommon inhabitant of rubble or weedy coralline-rock bottoms of reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Benthic (Ref. 58302). Feeds on fishes (Ref. 89972). Flashes its inner pectoral fins when disturbed (Ref. 9710). Can inflict a painful injury with its venomous dorsal sting. Often partly buried (Ref. 48635). Solitary or in pairs (Ref 90102).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Randall, J.E and W.N. Eschmeyer, 2001. Revision of the Indo-Pacific scorpionfish genus Scopaenopsis, with descriptions of eight new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (34):79 p. (Ref. 42181)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 120744)
CITES (Ref. 118484)
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 24.6 - 29, mean 27.7 (based on 1060 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 4.2 ±0.73 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100) .
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| 0.708137 | 728 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico : The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacan Hardback
In Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico Jennie Purnell reconsiders peasant partisanship in the cristiada of 1926-29, one episode in the broader Mexican Revolution and the last major popular rebellion in Mexican history.
While some scholars have argued that the Mexican Revolution was a people's rebellion that aimed to destroy the political and economic power of the elites to the benefit of the peasants, others claim that the Revolution was a struggle between elites that left little room for popular participation.
Neither approach, however, explains why thousands of peasants sided with the Church against the state and its program of agrarian reform-reform that was presumably in the best interest of the peasants.
Nor do they explain why so many peasants who considered themselves devout Catholics took up arms against the Church.
Rather than viewing the cristeros (supporters of the Church) as victims of false consciousness or as religious fanatics, as others have done, Purnell shows that their motivations-as well as the motivations of the agraristas (supporters of the revolutionary state)-stem from local political conflicts that began decades, and sometimes centuries, before the Revolution. Drawing on rich but underutilized correspondence between peasants and state officials written over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Purnell shows how these conflicts shaped the relationships between property rights, religious practice, and political authority in the center-west region of Mexico and provides a nuanced understanding of the stakes and interests involved in subsequent conflicts over Mexican anticlericalism and agrarian reform in the 1920s.
- Format: Hardback
- Pages: 288 pages, 9 tables, 2 maps
- Publisher: Duke University Press
- Publication Date: 01/06/1999
- Category: History of the Americas
- ISBN: 9780822322825
- Paperback / softback from £17.59
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| 0.933045 | 408 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Editorial: "Citizen scientists, name that planet"
They might be in their twilight years, but white dwarf stars are the perfect places to look for habitable planets
WELCOME to Procyon B, a nearby star that's light years away from the sun, and not only in distance terms. Unlike the healthy star we circle, Procyon B is dim and dying. Having thrown off its outer layers, it is puny compared with the sun. And it is so dense that were you able to scoop up a spoonful of its material, it would weighs tonnes. So unlike our sun is Procyon B, in fact, that those seeking extraterrestrial life have long overlooked the star's potential.
But we may have been too hasty, according to Eric Agol, an astronomer at the University of Washington in Seattle. Though dim and diminutive, Procyon B and other white dwarf stars like it could host ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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Observing signaling molecules before they leave a cell could give researchers insights into how cells in our bodies influence one another.
Chemical communication between cells keeps tissues functioning and systems coordinated, but eavesdropping on the conversation is challenging. Now, researchers have developed a technique to identify signaling proteins before they leave the cell. The method could help determine which cells are sending which messages—a useful tool for analyzing the interactions occurring in the mixed populations in tissues. One possible application could reveal the cues that control stem cells—an insight that researchers hope could be applied to healing damaged tissues.
Click "source" to read more.
"Targeted proteomics of the secretory pathway reveals the secretome of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human embryonic stem cells." --Molecular & Cellular Proteomics (http://www.mcponline.org/content/early/2012/09/15/mcp.M112.020503)
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| 0.902315 | 190 | 3.640625 | 4 |
People who challenge their brains throughout their lifetimes -- through reading, writing and playing games -- are less likely to develop protein deposits in the brain linked with Alzheimer's, U.S. researchers said on Monday.
Prior studies have suggested that people who are well educated and stay mentally active build up brain reserves that allow them to stay sharp even if deposits of the destructive protein called beta amyloid form in the brain.
But the latest study, based on brain-imaging research, suggests that people who stay mentally engaged beginning in childhood and remain so throughout their lives actually develop fewer amyloid plaques.
"We're not talking about the brain's response to amyloid. We're talking about the actual accumulation of amyloid," Dr. William Jagust of the University of California, Berkeley, whose study appears in the Archives of Neurology, said in an interview. "It's a brand new finding."
While small, the study also shows that starting brain-stimulating activities early enough might offer a way to prevent Alzheimer's-related plaques from building up in the brain.
Currently, there are no drugs that can prevent Alzheimer's disease, which scientists now think begins 10 to 15 years before memory problems set in.
Alzheimer's Disease International estimates there are now 36 million people with the disease worldwide. As the population ages, that number will increase to 66 million by 2030, and to 115 million by 2050.
Last week, the U.S. government released draft recommendations for a national Alzheimer's plan that calls for finding effective treatments or prevention strategies by 2025.
The new study involved the use of an imaging agent known as Pittsburgh Compound B or PiB, which works with positron emission tomography, or PET scanners. This chemical sticks to and highlights deposits of beta amyloid.
"Beta amyloid is the protein that many people feel may be the initiating factor in Alzheimer's disease. It is the protein that is in the plaques of the brains of people with Alzheimer's," Jagust said.
STARTING CROSSWORD PUZZLES LATE WON'T HELP
The researchers studied 65 healthy, cognitively normal people aged 60 and older. Study participants were asked a battery of questions about how mentally active they had been during different periods of their lives starting at age 6. The questions included whether they had read newspapers, went to the library, wrote letters or e-mails and played games.
They also underwent extensive testing to assess their memory and thinking skills and their brains were scanned using the new tracer to look for amyloid deposits in the brain.
The team compared the brain scans with those of 10 Alzheimer's patients and 11 healthy people in their 20s.
They found that people who had been the most mentally active had lower levels of beta amyloid than others who had been less mentally active.
People in the study who had recently taken up crosswords and other mental exercises did not appear to see much benefit.
"What our data suggests is that a whole lifetime of engaging in these activities has a bigger effect than being cognitively active just in older age," said Susan Landau, another Berkeley researcher who worked on the study.
She said amyloid probably starts accumulating many years before symptoms appear, so by the time memory problems start, there is little that can be done. "The time for intervention may be much sooner," she said in a statement.
One weakness is that the study relies on people's memory of their mental activities, Jagust said.
He said staying mentally engaged may make the brain more efficient, which could have a protective effect, but that is still not clear.
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| 0.976133 | 750 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Topic: Plasma technology. Surface treatment technologies. Pretreatment using plasma process alternatives. Atmospheric pressure plasma instead of high or low pressure plasma.
Innovative, safe, cost-effective, environmentally-friendly surface treatment: Openair® plasma technology
Like no other form of energy, plasma energy is outstandingly suited for targeted surface treatment of all types of materials. Even highly sensitive surfaces can be reliably and safely cleaned, activated and coated.
But only Openair® plasma makes it possible for the first time to use the most modern surface modification technology under atmospheric pressure conditions. Because of this unique property, this plasma surface treatment technology can be cost-effectively integrated directly into the manufacturing line with robot control. Openair® plasma’s multifaceted range of applications makes it a key technology for innovative surface pretreatment.
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| 0.871722 | 167 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|FIGURE 1 (Not Kendall Marshall's real hand)|
A: The scaphoid bone is one of eight small bones that make up the “carpal bones” of the wrist. There are two rows of bones, one closer to the forearm (proximal row) and the other closer to the hand (distal row). The scaphoid bone is unique in that it spans the two rows (see Figure 1). This puts it at extra risk during injury, which accounts for it being the most commonly fractured carpal bone by far.
Q: How do scaphoid fractures occur?
A: Fracture of the scaphoid bone occurs most frequently from a fall onto the outstretched hand. Typically there is pain initially, but the pain may decrease after days or weeks. Bruising is rare, and swelling may be minimal. .
Q: How does one diagnose a scaphoid fractures?
A: Hey, we didn’t go to med school, but we’re going with “x-ray.” Eureka! According to our resources, scaphoid fractures are most commonly diagnosed by x-rays of the wrist. However, when the fracture is not displaced, blah blah blah…
|FIGURE 2 (Not a Kendall Marshall's real hand either)|
Q: How does one treat said scaphoid fracture?
A: If the fracture is non-displaced, it could be treated by immobilization in a cast. The cast usually covers the forearm, hand, and thumb, and sometimes includes the elbow for the first phase of immobilization. Although the fracture may heal in as little as 6 weeks, the healing can often be delayed due to poor blood supply in the area.
With surgery, a screw or pins are inserted to stabilize the fracture, often with a bone graft to help heal the bone (see Figure 2). Sometimes screw fixation surgery is recommended—even in non-displaced cases—so as to avoid prolonged casting.
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| 0.936792 | 413 | 3.28125 | 3 |
This semester I am teaching two sections of Mathematics for Elementary Teachers II. In an effort to prepare these future teachers to be educational leaders, I am asking them to lead professional development sessions around Kassia Omohundro Wedekind's book, Math Exchanges. Groups of three or four teachers are taking turns developing and facilitating activities and leading discussions related to one of the chapters. I have been impressed with their efforts and wanted to share an example from chapter three: Planning with a Purpose. (Groups are using a workshop format to plan their professional development sessions.)
Schema Activation (10 minutes): Main Ideas
What quotes or big ideas stuck out to you throughout chapter three?
Focus (15 minutes): Workshops
What math workshop did you like the most?
What common ideas did you see throughout the workshops?
What foundational concepts were touched on?
Activity (20 minutes): Creating Student-focused curriculum
Ben has 10 cookies to share between his two friends, Hailey and Anna. How many cookies will each friend get? (p. 52)
With your student (based on their specific characteristics) develop ideas with your group of how you could adjust your math exchange for this particular student.
(Groups were given a list of characteristics and a sheet of easel paper. They were asked to use these to create a poster of their adjustments to present to the class. Below are the characteristics and the final posters.)
- Easily frustrated
- Helps when he draws the problem out
- Counts on fingers
- Very shy, keeps to herself
- Afraid to ask for help
- Observes others while they work
- Likes using the manipulative kits
- Confident, fast worker
- Doesn't remember how she got her answer
- Often works too fast and doesn't get right answer
- Verbal in a group setting
- Second guesses himself
- Knows material but needs help getting started
Reflection (15 minutes): Class Discussion
How can you use what you learned from specializing your lesson to help you in your classroom?
What are some things you noticed about math exchanges?
(be sure to highlight the following)
- no two math exchanges are the same
- always adjust the math exchange for YOUR students
[note: some small edits were made to the plan before posting to this blog]
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| 0.961379 | 480 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The deeper into a building firefighters advance hoselines under immediately dangerous to life or health conditions (IDLH) and further from their means of escape, the more risk they have of becoming, lost, disoriented, running out of air, or being caught in a collapse. To reduce risk, our department embraces the concept of the “Short Interior Attack” (SIA). An SIA involves advancing hoselines to the seat of a fire via the shortest route possible. Consider a fire in a large commercial building: often, the shortest, fastest and most direct route to the fire is not from doorways on the Alpha side. In multi-story buildings, determining the most direct route to the fire and choosing the closest fire attack stairwell is not possible without knowing the location of the fire. Companies that advance hose blindly in dense smoke without knowing the location of the fire will more than likely run out of hose and personnel before they reach it.
In residential occupancies, where each floor is configured similarly, familiarization with the floor below the fire will often indicate the length of hoseline necessary to reach the fire area and with sufficient hose for the nozzle stream to reach every portion of it. For example, if the fire is located in apartment 1502, locate apartment 1402 on the floor below the fire and the stairwell closest to apartment 1402. In addition to determining the length of hose necessary, it is critical that officers determine the number of personnel and their position along the hose line to maneuver it at stair landings and corners. Orientation of the fire floor based on familiarization with the floor below the fire is not always possible. For example, in office buildings, each office suite is configured differently based on the need of individual tenants.
Personnel cannot always stay together
From our first days in the fire academy, we are told how critically important it is to keep crews together; no firefighter operates alone. Keeping crews together, within visual or voice contact, however, is not possible when personnel are strategically positioned along a hoseline to maneuver it around corners and stair landings; this can lead to serious accountability problems. To complicate things, advancing a long hoseline around change of directions is a multi-company operation that requires strong leadership, preferably by a group or division supervisor who does not have to physically participate in managing hose.
So how do we account for personnel spaced at distances along a hoseline? When multiple companies are working together, forget about remembering the names of personnel. One method that has worked well countless times in the past is to line all companies up on the hoseline behind the nozzle position and have each member count off, starting with the nozzle position being number one (Photo 1). This method works well when hose is stretched horizontally, as in an office suite, or vertically, up stairs. (Photo 2). Consider an apartment fire. Positions 1, 2, and 3 will be the nozzle team. Position 1 is the nozzle, position 2 is the company officer, and position 3 will ultimately be positioned at the door to the fire compartment. (Photo 3) Now consider that the hoseline has to take two turns as it is advance through an elevator lobby: If this is the case, then position 4 will drop stop at the first corner and will feed hose off to position 3 positioned at the next corner. (Photo 4) In this scenario, position 5 will stop at the stairwell fire floor landing and position 6 at the stairwell mid-landing. (Photo 5) The remaining positions will operate on the floor below the fire, feeding hose up the stairs and monitoring and, if it is a standpipe operation, monitoring and adjusting outlet valve pressure.
Once all personnel are assigned a position and number designation, it is good idea to have all personnel loudly sound off with their number, starting with the nozzle, position one. Personnel will also sound off when they stop at corners and changes in direction to manage hose around them. For example, “Number 6 dropping off at mid-landing” and “Number 7 dropping off at stairwell fire floor landing.” Once the hoseline is in position, the group/division supervisor can account for personnel by moving back on the line and, upon encountering a member, have them sound off their position number. Similarly, if a Mayday is declared or the line needs to be backed out of hostile fire conditions, personnel can be accounted for.
BILL GUSTIN is a 45-year veteran of the fire service and a captain with the Miami-Dade (FL) Fire/Rescue Department. He began his fire service career in the Chicago area and is a lead instructor in his department’s Officer Development Program. He teaches tactics and company officer training programs throughout North America. He is an advisory board member of FDIC International and a technical editor of Fire Engineering.
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en
| 0.948305 | 986 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Even the best-intentioned politicians and bureaucrats need to assign resources to carry out the functions authorized to the offices they occupy. They must make resource allocation decisions based on the information available to them. This involves determining how much of, and what type of, available resources should be devoted to achieving the limitless field of activity that can be categorized as “the general welfare” or “the common defense”. The resource allocation decision-making process is inherently fraught with problems that are only exacerbated by politico-bureaucratic security production methodologies.
The demand signals feeding the defense and welfare priorities come from political wrangling, the highly manipulable public opinion, and sensationalized media reports. Every issued raised in common discourse is always framed as a priority for government action, leading to a total disregard for the limited authorities set forth by constitutional principles.
Rather than asking if an issue is appropriate for government involvement, the question is always framed as one of what government policy should be.
Remember Chilly Willy and his answer to the question of more butter or syrup for his pancakes. The answer is always yes, please!
There are no authentic profit or loss signals when resources are under political control and bureaucratic management. As such, there is no economizing of resources. This means that resources cannot be directed toward their most highly valued ends from the standpoint of
the tax-paying security, or other governmental services, consumer.
The average tax-paying citizen has an average of a 1 in 770,000 chance of casting the deciding vote for one representative that will sit in a congress of 435 members that is supposed to address every concern labeled general welfare and common defense for a republic of 50 states, 14 ‘territories’, and approximately 330 million people.
Contrast this to the various welfare and security concerns an individual has. Here are just a few:
1. Health insurance.
2. Life insurance.
3. Homeowner or renter’s insurance.
4. Car insurance.
5. Personal security
6. Home or property security.
8. Credit monitoring.
9. Physical fitness and martial readiness.
10. Food supplies and prepping.
While some of these security and welfare related products can be bundled with other services, like a homeowner’s association, the majority of these consumer products, at the individual level, are purchased separately. Most insurance companies are not gun stores, nor do they install alarm systems. This is a function of the division of labor and task specialization in the free market.
Yet, under political decision-making and bureaucratic management, each citizen, at the national level, has a one in seven hundred fifty thousandths of a chance to elect one representative that is supposedly going to cast a one in four hundred thirty-fifth chance of enacting legislation that will bring about a ‘one size fits all’ solution for all the various security needs held by a population of approximately three hundred and twenty million people across a vast and diverse geographic space.
In the field of ‘common defense’ and ‘general welfare’ the individual tax-paying consumer’s preferences are completely divorced from the decision-making process. As a consequence, the political-bureaucratic provider has little incentive to adjust their offerings to suit consumer demands. In fact, in the absence of market-based choices, these security and justice providers have no mechanisms for even comprehending what tax-paying consumers really want protected or which problems should be remedied.
In short, leaving security and justice related concerns in the hands of politicians and bureaucrats ensures wasted resources, perverse outcomes, and customer dis-satisfaction. Representative politics is not the solution for securing a free state, and the US Constitution recognizes this.
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Filed under: Boomer's Health
Iritis (i-RYE-tis) is inflammation that affects a part of your eye called the iris. The iris is the colored ring of tissue surrounding your pupil. It's part of the middle layer of the eye known as the uvea, which is why this condition is considered a type of uveitis (u-ve-I-tis), or inflammation of the uvea. Because the iris is located at the front of the uvea, iritis is sometimes called anterior uveitis.
The cause of iritis is often unknown. But sometimes, iritis results from an underlying condition or genetic factor.
Iritis is a serious condition that, if left untreated, could lead to glaucoma or blindness. If you have symptoms of iritis, see your doctor as soon as possible for evaluation and treatment.
Want to know more about this article or other health related issues? Ask your question and we'll post some each week for CNN.com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in.
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Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Standardized Tests and Teacher Accountability
However, as we talked I realized that he is only thinking of education from the view of the tests. That's understandable given his job, but I hoped he'd give it more consideration. I reminded him that when testing, the students work alone. They cannot talk and they have very limited access to technology. That's great for looking at part of what they have gained from education. However, how many of their future work environments will resemble that testing environment?
He obviously had not considered that. If he hadn't, how many others see the published test scores and think no further of what they indicate?
I think it was Kevin Honeycutt who pointed out a good quarterback does not throw the ball where the catcher is (and certainly not where he was) but instead, he will throw it to where the catcher will be.
When we talk about how well teachers are doing their jobs, let's think about where the students will be five and ten years from now. Certainly we need to consider the standardized tests as we make necessary decisions. But let's remember they can only provide a limited view. If that view gets all the attention in the decisions involving money then innovative educators will lose opportunities to fully prepare their students.
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Without doubt, stegosaurs were adversely affected by new conditions in the Cretaceous. Available data suggests that, right after their Jurassic heyday, stegosaurs suffered a loss of diversity similar to what sauropods endured - 57-89%. After this first setback, they were further battered, by Barremian time c. 127 Ma. Plated dinosaurs apparently vanished everywhere, except in Asia, where their last occurrences are dated Aptian-Albian. By mid K at the latest, Stegosauria was entirely gone. What caused plated beasts to wane and die out?
In their 2009 paper, Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous, Butler et al. note an apparent correlation between the waning of certain plants (cycads, cycadophytes and bennattitalles) and the demise of stegosaurs. Citing earlier works suggesting an ecological association of plated dinosaurs and cycads (and close relatives) they suggest the disappearance of stegosaurs, from the start of the early Cretaceous to its end, mirrored the decline of such vegetation.
With their narrow snouts, stegosaurs do appear to have been specialized feeders, essentially limited to a specific type of plant. Ergo, they may have been vulnerable to loss of such flora. The available evidence however, suggests other factors may have been equally important, if not more so.
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Downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) is a deciduous, small tree or shrub in the rose family (Rosaceae). It is also commonly known as Juneberry, Shadbush and Sarvistree. The "service" in the common name serviceberry refers to the plant usually being in flower around Easter. Serviceberries can be eaten raw, cooked in puddings, pies and muffins, or used in combination with other berries as an extender. The berries can also be dried and used to replace raisins in recipes.
4 cups serviceberries
2 oranges 1½ cups water
½ cup lemon juice
2 cups sugar
Prepare jar lids. Put serviceberries through food chopper with a medium-fine blade. Juice the two oranges and put the peel through the food chopper. Combine berries, orange peel and water in a large saucepan; boil gently until fruit is tender. Add juice from oranges, lemon juice and sugar. Boil 20 minutes or until the desired consistency is reached.
– Moe Hemmings, Edible Garden Horitculturist
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Changing Needs Over Time
Children go through many stages, big and small. As they get older, their needs change, too. If your child has special needs, the transitions between stages of life can be challenging. Though it may be hard to think about the future right now, you can prepare your child for these transitions.
Tips for preparing for transition periods:
- Let your child play an active role in her health care. When your child is younger, explain her disability or illness to her. Make sure she can explain her disability or illness to others. As she gets older, teach specific self-care for her disability or illness, such as managing pain, resting and proper nutrition. Help your child develop a relationship with her doctor. Encourage her to ask questions and participate in appointments.
- Teach your child basic life and independent living skills. Teach him how to handle money, time management, coping skills and how to access information and services.
- Introduce responsibility, work and earning money. Assign your child age and ability appropriate chores and tasks at an early age. Consider his interests when looking for training and vocational programs.
- Record major events in your child’s life. These events can be related to health concerns, family changes, finances or education. Review this journal or book of events periodically and share it with your child at an age appropriate time.
- Be a good role model. Remember that you and other family members are your child’s most important teachers.
The Adolescent Health Transition Project is a resource for families of adolescents with special health care needs, chronic illnesses, and physical or developmental disabilities. The project is designed to help smooth the transitions from pediatric to adult health care.
Visit the project website at: depts.washington.edu for more information about helping your child transition through life stages and for a Transition Time Line and Adolescent Autonomy Checklist.
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Gone Tomorrow: Don't Mess With Texas Wildflowers
For variegated reasons – urban sprawl, large-scale farming, invasive plants and human thoughtlessness – wildflowers in America are vanishing.
Which is a shame.
In Texas, for instance, bloomspotting in the vast expanse of the Lone Starscape can be like birdwatching. Amid the dun and dust of desert and field, flora can surprise, delight, astonish.
Texas is a gargantuan state that highlights its hugeness, and smallness can get lost in spaciousness. But occasionally largeness can lead to largess. And protectiveness. Some of the state's wee wildflowers, like the poppy mallow
and the Tobusch fishhook cactusare disappearing. So the folks at the at The University of Texas at Austin are scrambling to track down the little beauties and preserve them.
The Center's Barbra Rodriguez says that nearly two-dozen Texas plants are endangered and more than a dozen known native-to-Texas species have already gone extinct.
The poppy-mallow and fishhook cactus, Barbra says, "are among the rare and endangered Texas plants we've taken on site for reintroduction into Texas landscapes."
While constantly boasting about its bigness, Texas also values – at least in this case – pretty little lovely things.
What is The Protojournalist? New-school storytelling, old-school reporting. @NPRtpj
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.
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Urinary tract infection is a continual disease. Whereas there’s not at all times settlement on the best methods to select the correct treatment or the perfect nanopharmacological dose to make use of, the system of homeopathic medication supplies a strong basis from which clinicians and researchers exploring nanopharmacologies can and should explore. In idea, a homeopathic dose enhances the body’s normal healing and self-regulatory processes.
Homeopathy additionally acknowledges that each particular person displays his or her disease in a unique and slightly different method. With the correct homeopathic remedy, nonetheless, there are no unwanted effects and an individual is restored to health naturally. Homeopathic therapy shouldn’t be thought-about appropriate for diseases, resembling cancer , coronary heart disease , major infections, or emergencies.
Homeopathy for pimples is completely different from standard remedy in that a homeopathic treatment is individualized to the particular person. Utilizing a nanodose that is ready to penetrate deeply into the body and that’s particularly chosen for its skill to imitate the symptoms helps to initiate a profound healing course of. A number of studies by chemists and physicists have revealed increased release of warmth from water in which homeopathic medicines are ready, even when the repeated technique of dilutions ought to suggest that there are not any molecules remaining of the original medicinal substance (Elia and Niccoli, 1999; Elia, et al., 2004; Rey, 2003).
A holistic medical physician combines trendy, Western scientific therapy with various drugs or complementary treatments, resembling chiropractic, acupuncture or massage. No scientific proof helps its use; the idea of how homeopathy could work is beyond the realm of recognized physics; and governments worldwide are more and more denying insurance coverage payments to cover homeopathic therapy.
Sepia: The individual needing this treatment has a weak feeling in the low back, and the pain is healthier with laborious pressure, from mendacity on one thing onerous, from heat, and, most characteristically, from vigorous exertion. As many as 70 percent of physicians are receptive to homeopathy and consider it efficient, at least 25,000 physicians prescribe homeopathic medicines for his or her patients.
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Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Diocese; comprises the Department of the Charente in France, and has always been suffragan to the Archbishopric of Bordeaux, under the old régime as well as under the Concordat. Its first bishop was Ausonius, a disciple, it is said, of St. Martial, concerning whom we have two historical authorities: St. Gregory of Tours, who held that St. Martial preached the gospel in Limoges about the year 250, and the Limousin traditions, transmitted or invented by the chronicler Adhémar de Chabannes, who maintained that St. Martial was the immediate disciple of St. Peter. According to the latter opinion St. Ausonius was a bishop of the first century; according to the former, of the third century. We incline towards the opinion of St. Gregory. (See LIMOGES.) St. Salvius, honoured as a martyr at Valenciennes, whom the "Gallia Christiana" makes a Bishop of Angoulême, was undoubtedly only a missionary bishop of the eighth century. In the list of the Bishops of Angoulême is found the name of the poet Octavien de St. Gelais (1494-1502). The religious monuments of the province of Angoumois are remarkable for their admirable Romano-Byzantine façades. The most beautiful of them is St. Peter's Cathedral at Angoulême. The memory of a wealthy and famous Augustinian abbey, founded in 1122, is kept alive by its ruins at Couronne, near Angoulême. The Diocese of Angoulême (at the end of 1905), contained 330,305 inhabitants, 30 cures or first-class parishes, 332 succursales or second-class parishes, and 6 vicariates formerly with State subventions.
The pages of Gallia Christiana (ed. 1720, II. 975-1030) on the diocese of Angoulême are quite mediocre. See especially DUCHEBNE, Fastes épiscopaux de l'aneienne Gaule (Paris, 1900). II, 64-72, 135-137; CHEVALIER, Topo-bibl. (Paris, 1894-98), 157-158.
APA citation. (1907). Angoulême. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01513b.htm
MLA citation. "Angoulême." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01513b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Michael Christensen.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. March 1, 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
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History of the Nutcracker
Nutcrackers are most closely associated with the Christmas season, for which they are considered a traditional symbol. The original Christmas nutcrackers first appeared in Germany and were thought to guard the household they were kept in because of their strong appearance. Since their inception, nutcrackers have been made of wood, though modern designs are introducing all-weather materials, such as fiberglass.
It is true that early nutcrackers were whittled from wood and were artfully designed. Some nutcrackers appeared with the heads of men, animals and other objects. But typically, the nutcracker had a set of handles and at the top a cracking mechanism, and that was it. Once, harder metals were introduced, nutcrackers were also ornately fashioned from metal, but not as affordable to the lower classes.
In the late 17th century the nutcracker was transformed into a doll that still functioned as a nutcracker. However, the nutcracker wasn’t a giant nutcracker, as we see more of today. And although some were kept in gardens amongst the gnomes as an outdoor nutcracker, they still weren’t life size nutcrackers, but rather hand sized. It was at this time as well, that the nutcracker took on more of a whimsical toy solider appearance with bright colors and embellishments.
Christmas Night Inc. carries a large selection of nutcrackers and nutcracker soldiers to choose from. They are made of chip resistant materials and are suitable for indoor or outdoor use. Fiberglass nutcrackers are lighter than their wooden counterparts, making them easier to ship and easier to arrange in your holiday display. An outdoor nutcracker can adorn the entry ways into any household, or store front. And make a great addition to all Christmas décor.
Nutcracker Transformation to Life Size Nutcracker
After appearing on stage as a life size nutcracker, in the ballet The Nutcracker, the nutcracker transformation continued. It is possible that once the ballet became more accepted, that the concept of a giant nutcracker, became a part of the holiday season. Because the Nutcracker Prince came to life on stage. Many nutcrackers were fashioned into known leaders, celebrities, and historical figures. But mostly into the whimsical toy solider that many of us recognize today, with a bright colors and embellishments.
Christmas Night Inc. manufactures nutcrackers in a variety of styles and sizes, ranging from petite figures of less than 3 feet to a giant nutcracker towering over 12 feet high. The incredible selection of styles and sizes make nutcracker decorations a great solution for businesses, homes and shopping centers.
High-quality holiday decor is easy to find when you shop at Christmas Night Inc. We carry all of the latest styles of nutcrackers, ranging from traditional soldiers to kings and more. Our impressive selection, competitive prices and fast shipping options make finding the right addition to your holiday display easier than ever. Shop today for a great selection of oversized nutcrackers and make your next holiday the best it can be.
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Phytoestrogens Are Not Estrogen
Not all women are able to have oestrogen, depending upon their hormone history. However phytoestrogens are quite different.
Australian naturopath Lara Briden is an expert in the field of female hormones and I thought it would be helpful to have her views on what is a common misconception – that is the difference between oestrogen and phytoestrogens.
What are they?
Phytoestrogens are a special group of phytonutrients that occur naturally in almost all plant foods. The two major classes are isoflavones in soy, and lignans in seeds, whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
They’re called phytoestrogens because they interact with estrogen receptors but they’re not estrogen. In fact, they bind so weakly to estrogen receptors that they effectively block estradiol and are therefore better classified as ANTI-estrogen.
What effect can they have?
It’s long been observed that isoflavone crops such as red clover suppress the estrogen and fertility of livestock and it’s even been proposed that plants evolved phytoestrogens to reduce the fertility of female herbivores and prevent overgrazing.
In a chapter called “Agriculture and Selection for High Levels of Estrogen,” evolutionary biologist Grazyna Jasienska makes the case that ancient humans adapted to agriculture and phytoestrogen-rich plant food by upregulating endogenous levels of estrogen.
Those of us with agrarian ancestors are, therefore, probably “hormonally calibrated” to a relatively high intake of food-based phytoestrogens to shelter us from our own high estrogen.
How might phytoestrogens affect you?
So, what does this mean for period health? Well, for one thing, it’s fine to eat phytoestrogens like legumes and seeds. They’ve long been part of our traditional diet, and our hormonal system is adapted to them.
How phytoestrogens affect women’s hormones
During the reproductive years, when estrogen is high, phytoestrogens have a beneficial anti-estrogen effect and can help to promote the healthy metabolism or detoxification of estrogen.
Hormone-sensitive cancer prevention may even be helped by food-based phytoestrogens
Heavy periods. By reducing estrogen, phytoestrogens generally make periods lighter. However, if the dose is high enough to suppress ovulation and progesterone (the hormone that lightens periods), the result can be a heavier period.
Endometriosis. In general, phytoestrogens should be neutral for endometriosis, or even slightly beneficial. Some women with endometriosis report a worsening of symptoms with soy which is probably due to an immune reaction.
PCOS. Phytoestrogens can improve insulin resistance and have been found to have a beneficial effect on the hormonal condition polycystic ovary syndrome.
Hypothalamic amenorrhea. Phytoestrogens cannot correct the estrogen deficiency of hypothalamic amenorrhea. The treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea is to promote ovulation by eating more. Read my blog post about estrogen deficiency.
Menopause. During menopause, when estrogen is low, phytoestrogens can have a mild pro-estrogen effect. That has led to a great deal of research into the use of phytoestrogen supplements such as soy as an alternative to menopausal hormone therapy.
From hundreds of studies and a few meta-analyses, it appears that isoflavones may help hot flushes, but don’t do much, if anything, for other symptoms of menopause.
Thyroid disease. Concentrated extracts of soy isoflavones may suppress thyroid function. Food-based soy is probably okay as long as you also have enough iodine.
Phytoestrogens generally have a beneficial anti-estrogen effect in women.
They have a mild pro-estrogen effect in menopausal women, which may be beneficial, and a pro-estrogen effect in men and children, which may be detrimental at a high dose.
Oestrogen has had a bad press, but it is an essential hormone for women. The problem arises when it is in excess and when unopposed by Progesterone, the hormone designed to balance it, known as oestrogen dominance.
Women who have a history of breast cancer risk for example generally can’t have oestrogen, but phytoestrogens are generally accepted.
Wellsprings Serenity cream and Menopause Capsules provide help with hormonal symptoms such as hot flushes, sleep and tiredness. Women with more severe symptoms who can have a little oestrogen can use 20-1 which has the majority ingredient of progesterone and two natural oestrogens derived from soy.
Lara Briden has written extensively about hormone health and you will find articles on her website at www.larabriden.com
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the name of a group of inherited disorders of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body that communicate motor and sensory information to and from the spinal cord) causing weakness and loss of sensation in the limbs.
CMT is named for the three neurologists who first described the condition in the late 1800s. It is also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy and is sometimes called peroneal muscular atrophy, referring to the muscles in the leg that are often affected. The age of onset of CMT can vary anywhere from young childhood to the 50s or 60s. Symptoms typically begin by the age of 20. For reasons yet unknown, the severity in symptoms can also vary greatly, even among members of the same family.
Although CMT has been described for many years, it is only since the early 1990s that the genetic cause of many types of CMT have become known. Therefore, knowledge about CMT has increased dramatically within a short time.
The peripheral nerves
CMT affects the peripheral nerves, those groups of nerve cells carrying information to and from the spinal cord and decreases their ability to carry motor commands to muscles, especially those furthest from the spinal cord located in the feet and hands. As a result, the muscles connected to these nerves eventually weaken. CMT also affects the sensory nerves that carry information from the limbs to the brain. Therefore, people with CMT also have sensory loss. This causes symptoms such as not being able to tell if something is hot or cold or difficulties with balance.
There are two parts of the nerve that can be affected in CMT. A nerve can be likened to an electrical wire, in which the wire part is the axon of the nerve and the insulation surrounding it is the myelin sheath. The job of the myelin is to help messages travel very fast through the nerves. CMT is usually classified depending on which part of the nerve is affected. People who have problems with the myelin have CMT type 1 and people who have abnormalities of the axon have CMT type 2.
Specialized testing of the nerves, called nerve conduction testing (NCV), can be performed to determine if a person has CMT1 or CMT2. These tests measure the speed at which messages travel through the nerves. In CMT1, the messages move too slow, but in CMT2 the messages travel at the normal speed.
CMT is caused by changes (mutations) in any one of a number of genes that carry the instructions to make the peripheral nerves. Genes contain the instructions for how the body grows and develops before and after a person is born. There are probably at least 15 different genes that can cause CMT. However, as of early 2001, many have not yet been identified.
CMT types 1 and 2 can be broken down into subtypes based upon the gene that is causing CMT. The subtypes are labeled by letters. So there is CMT1A, CMT1B, etc. Therefore, the gene with a mutation that causes CMT1A is different from that which causes CMT1B.
The most common type of CMT is called CMT1A. It is caused by a mutation in a gene called peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) located on chromosome 17. The job of this gene is to make a protein (PMP22) that makes up part of the myelin. In most people who have CMT, the mutation that causes the condition is a duplication (doubling) of the PMP22 gene. Instead of having two copies of the PMP22 gene (one on each chromosome), there are three copies. It is not known how this extra copy of the PMP22 gene causes the observed symptoms. A small percentage of people with CMT1A do not have a duplication of the PMP22 gene, but rather have a point mutation in the gene. A point mutation is like a typo in the gene that causes it to work incorrectly.
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP)
HNPP is a condition that is also caused by a mutation in the PMP22 gene. The mutation is a deletion, resulting in only one copy of the PMP22 gene instead of two. People who have HNPP may have some of the signs of CMT. However, they also have episodes where they develop weakness and problems with sensation after compression of certain pressure points such as the elbows or knee. Often, these symptoms will resolve after a few days or weeks, but sometimes they are permanent.
Another type of CMT, called CMT1B, is caused by a mutation in a gene called myelin protein zero (MPZ)
Another type of CMT, called CMTX, is usually considered a subtype of CMT1 because it affects the myelin, but it has a different type of inheritance than type 1 or type 2. In CMTX, the CMT causing gene is located on the X chromosome and is called connexin 32 (Cx32). The job of this gene is to code for a class of protein called connexins that form tunnels between the layers of myelin.
There are at least five different genes that can cause CMT type 2. Therefore, CMT2 has subtypes A, B, C, D and E. As of early 2001, scientists have narrowed in on the location of most of the CMT2 causing genes. However, the specific genes and the mutations have not yet been found for most types. Very recently, the gene for CMT2E has been found. The gene is called neurofilament-light (NF-L). Because it has just been discovered, not much is known about how mutations in this gene cause CMT.
In the past a condition called Dejerine-Sottas disease was referred to as CMT3. This is a severe type of CMT in which symptoms begin in infancy or early childhood. It is now known that this is not a separate type of CMT and in fact people who have onset in infancy or early childhood often have mutations in the PMP22 or MPZ genes.
CMT4 is a rare type of CMT in which the nerve conduction tests have slow response results. However, it is classified differently from CMT1 because it is passed through families by a different pattern of inheritance. There are five different subtypes and each has only been described in a few families. The symptoms in CMT4 are often severe and other symptoms such as deafness may be present. There are three different genes that have been associated with CMT4 as of early 2001. They are called MTMR2, EGR2, and NDRG1. More research is required to understand how mutations in these genes cause CMT.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
CMT1A and 1B, HNPP, and all of the subtypes of CMT2 have autosomal dominant inheritance. Autosomal refers to the first 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in males and females. Therefore, males and females are affected equally in these types. In a dominant condition, only one gene of a pair needs to have a mutation in order for a person to have symptoms of the condition. Therefore, anyone who has these types has a 50%, or one in two, chance of passing CMT on to each of their children. This chance is the same for each pregnancy and does not change based on previous children.
CMTX has X-linked inheritance. Since males only have one X chromosome, they only have one copy of the Cx32 gene. Thus, when a male has a mutation in his Cx32 gene, he will have CMT. However, females have two X chromosomes and therefore have two copies of the Cx32 gene. If they have a mutation in one copy of their Cx32 genes, they will only have mild to moderate symptoms of CMT that may go unnoticed. This is because their normal copy of the Cx32 gene produces sufficient amounts of myelin.
Females pass on one or the other of their X chromosomes to their children—sons or daughters. If a woman with a Cx32 mutation passes her normal X chromosome, she will have an unaffected son or daughter who will not pass CMT on to their children. If the woman passes the chromosome with Cx32 mutation on she will have an affected son or daughter, although the daughter will be mildly affected or have no symptoms. Therefore, a woman with a Cx32 mutation has a 50%, or a one in two chance of passing the mutation to her children: a son will be affected, and a daughter may only have mild symptoms.
When males pass on an X chromosome, they have a daughter. When they pass on a Y chromosome, they have a son. Since the Cx32 mutation is on the X chromosome, a man with CMTX will always pass the Cx32 mutation on to his daughters. However, when he has a son, he passes on the Y chromosome, and therefore the son will not be affected. Therefore, an affected male passes the Cx32 gene mutation on to all of his daughters, but to none of his sons.
Autosomal recessive inheritance
CMT4 has autosomal recessive inheritance. Males and females are equally affected. In order for a person to have CMT4, they must have a mutation in both of their
CMT has been diagnosed in people from all over the world. It occurs in approximately one in 2,500 people, which is about the same incidence as multiple sclerosis. It is the most common type of inherited neurologic condition.
Signs and symptoms
The onset of symptoms is highly variable, even among members of the same family. Symptoms usually progress very slowly over a person's lifetime. The main problems caused by CMT are weakness and loss of sensation mainly in the feet and hands. The first symptoms are usually problems with the feet such as high arches and problems with walking and running. Tripping while walking and sprained ankles are common. Muscle loss in the feet and calves leads to "foot drop" where the foot does not lift high enough off the ground when walking. Complaints of cold legs are common, as are cramps in the legs, especially after exercise.
In many people, the fingers and hands eventually become affected. Muscle loss in the hands can make fine movements such as working buttons and zippers difficult. Some patients develop tremor in the upper limbs. Loss of sensation can cause problems such as numbness and the inability to feel if something is hot or cold. Most people with CMT remain able to walk throughout their lives.
Diagnosis of CMT begins with a careful neurological exam to determine the extent and distribution of weakness. A thorough family history should be taken at this time to determine if other people in the family are affected. Testing may be also performed to rule out other causes of neuropathy.
A nerve conduction velocity test should be performed to measure how fast impulses travel through the nerves. This test may show characteristic features of CMT, but it is not diagnostic of CMT. Nerve conduction testing may be combined with electromyography (EMG), an electrical test of the muscles.
A nerve biopsy (removal of a small piece of the nerve) may be performed to look for changes characteristic of CMT. However, this testing is not diagnostic of CMT and is usually not necessary for making a diagnosis.
Definitive diagnosis of CMT is made only by genetic testing, usually performed by drawing a small amount of blood. As of early 2001, testing is available to detect mutations in PMP22, MPZ, Cx32, and EGR2. However, research is progressing rapidly and new testing is often made available every few months. All affected members of a family have the same type of CMT. Therefore once a mutation is found in one affected member, it is possible to test other members who may have symptoms or are at risk of developing CMT.
Testing during pregnancy to determine whether an unborn child is affected is possible if genetic testing in a family has identified a specific CMT-causing mutation. This can be done after 10-12 weeks of pregnancy using a procedure called chorionic villus sampling (CVS). CVS involves removing a tiny piece of the placenta and examining the cells. Testing can also be done by amniocentesis after 16 weeks gestation by removing a small amount of the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby and analyzing the cells in the fluid. Each of these procedures has a small risk of miscarriage associated with it, and those who are interested in learning more should check with their doctor or genetic counselor. Couples interested in these options should obtain genetic counseling to carefully explore all of the benefits and limitations of these procedures.
Treatment and management
There is no cure for CMT. However, physical and occupational therapy are an important part of CMT treatment.
It is very important that people with CMT avoid injury that causes them to be immobile for long periods of time. It is often difficult for people with CMT to return to their original strength after injury.
There is a long list of medications that should be avoided if possible by people diagnosed with CMT such as hydralazine (Apresoline), megadoses of vitamin A, B6, and D, Taxol, and large intravenous doses of penicillin. Complete lists are available from the CMT support groups. People considering taking any of these medications should weigh the risks and benefits with their physician.
The symptoms of CMT usually progress slowly over many years, but do not usually shorten life expectancy. The majority of people with CMT do not need to use a wheelchair during their lifetime. Most people with CMT are able to lead full and productive lives despite their physical challenges.
Parry, G. J., ed. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders: A Handbook for Primary Care Physicians. Available from the CMT Association, 1995.
Keller. M. P., and P. F. Chance. "Inherited peripheral neuropathies." Seminars in Neurology 19, no. 4 (1999): 353–62.
Quest. A magazine for patients available from the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
Shy, M. E., J. Kamholz, and R. E. Lovelace, eds. "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 883 (1999).
Charcot Marie Tooth Association (CMTA). 2700 Chestnut Parkway, Chester, PA 19013. (610) 499-9264 or (800) 606-CMTA. Fax: (610) 499-9267. [email protected]. <www.charcot-marie-tooth.org>.
CMT International. Attn: Linda Crabtree, 1 Springbank Dr. St. Catherine's, ONT L2S2K1. Canada (905) 687-3630. <www.cmtint.org>.
Muscular Dystrophy Association. 3300 East Sunrise Dr., Tucson, AZ 85718. (520) 529-2000 or (800) 572-1717. <http://www.mdausa.org>.
Neuropathy Association. 60 E. 42nd St. Suite 942, New York, NY 10165. (212) 692-0662. <www.neuropathy.org>.
HNPP—Hereditary Neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies. Online Support Group, <http://www.hnpp.org>.
GeneClinics. University of Washington, Seattle. <www.geneclinics.org>.
OMIM—Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim>.
Karen M. Krajewski, MS, CGC
Table Of Contents
- The peripheral nerves
- Genetic profile
- Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP)
- Autosomal dominant inheritance
- X-linked inheritance
- Autosomal recessive inheritance
- Signs and symptoms
- Prenatal diagnosis
- Treatment and management
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
Oil painting by Auguste Millière (1880)
|Born||February 9, 1737[Note 1]|
Thetford, Norfolk, Great Britain
|Died||June 8, 1809 (aged 72)|
New York City, New York, U.S.
|School||Enlightenment, Liberalism, Radicalism, Republicanism|
|Main interests||Politics, ethics, religion|
Oil painting by Auguste Millière (1880)
|Born||February 9, 1737[Note 1]|
Thetford, Norfolk, Great Britain
|Died||June 8, 1809 (aged 72)|
New York City, New York, U.S.
|School||Enlightenment, Liberalism, Radicalism, Republicanism|
|Main interests||Politics, ethics, religion|
Thomas Paine (February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736][Note 1][Note 2][Note 3] – June 8, 1809) was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. His ideas reflected Enlightenment era rhetoric of transnational human rights. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination".
Born in Thetford, England, in the county of Norfolk, Paine emigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 with the help of Benjamin Franklin, arriving just in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), the all-time best-selling American book that advocated colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and The American Crisis (1776–83), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Common Sense was so influential that John Adams said, "Without the pen of the author of Common Sense, the sword of Washington would have been raised in vain."
Paine lived in France for most of the 1790s, becoming deeply involved in the French Revolution. He wrote the Rights of Man (1791), in part a defence of the French Revolution against its critics. His attacks on British writer Edmund Burke led to a trial and conviction in absentia in 1792 for the crime of seditious libel. In 1792, despite not being able to speak French, he was elected to the French National Convention. The Girondists regarded him as an ally. Consequently, the Montagnards, especially Robespierre, regarded him as an enemy.
In December 1793, he was arrested and imprisoned in Paris, then released in 1794. He became notorious because of The Age of Reason (1793–94), his book that advocates deism, promotes reason and freethinking, and argues against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular. He also wrote the pamphlet Agrarian Justice (1795), discussing the origins of property, and introduced the concept of a guaranteed minimum income. In 1802, he returned to America where he died on June 8, 1809. Only six people attended his funeral as he had been ostracized for his ridicule of Christianity.
Paine was born on January 29, 1736[Note 1] (NS February 9, 1737) the son of Joseph Pain, or Paine, a Quaker, and Frances (née Cocke), an Anglican, in Thetford, an important market town and coach stage-post, in rural Norfolk, England. Born Thomas Pain, despite claims that he changed his family name upon his emigration to America in 1774, he was using Paine in 1769, whilst still in Lewes, Sussex.
He attended Thetford Grammar School (1744–49), at a time when there was no compulsory education. At age thirteen, he was apprenticed to his corsetmaker father; in late adolescence, he enlisted and briefly served as a privateer, before returning to Britain in 1759. There, he became a master stay-maker, establishing a shop in Sandwich, Kent. On September 27, 1759, Thomas Paine married Mary Lambert. His business collapsed soon after. Mary became pregnant; and, after they moved to Margate, she went into early labor, in which she and their child died.
In July 1761, Paine returned to Thetford to work as a supernumerary officer. In December 1762, he became an Excise Officer in Grantham, Lincolnshire; in August 1764, he was transferred to Alford, at a salary of £50 per annum. On August 27, 1765, he was fired as an Excise Officer for "claiming to have inspected goods he did not inspect." On July 31, 1766, he requested his reinstatement from the Board of Excise, which they granted the next day, upon vacancy. While awaiting that, he worked as a stay-maker.
In 1767, he was appointed to a position in Grampound, Cornwall; subsequently, he asked to leave this post to await a vacancy, thus, he became a schoolteacher in London.
On February 19, 1768, he was appointed to Lewes in Sussex, a town with a tradition of opposition to the monarchy and pro-republican sentiments going back to the revolutionary decades of the 17th century. Here he lived above the fifteenth-century Bull House, the tobacco shop of Samuel Ollive and Esther Ollive.
There, Paine first became involved in civic matters, and he appears in the Town Book as a member of the Court Leet, the governing body for the town. He was also a member of the parish vestry, an influential local church group whose responsibilities for parish business would include collecting taxes and tithes to distribute among the poor. On March 26, 1771, at age 34, he married Elizabeth Ollive, his landlord's daughter.
From 1772 to 1773, Paine joined excise officers asking Parliament for better pay and working conditions, publishing, in summer of 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, a twenty-one-page article, and his first political work, spending the London winter distributing the 4,000 copies printed to the Parliament and others. In spring of 1774, he was fired from the excise service for being absent from his post without permission; his tobacco shop failed, too. On April 14, to avoid debtor's prison, he sold his household possessions to pay debts. It was reported that his oppressors in the English corrupted monarchy, judiciary, banks, and corporate colonists were directly responsible for these firings, terminations, retaliations, business sabotages, and threats to throw him into debtor's prison (The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, P.S. Foner (ed.), 1945, I, 4/23). Paine's attack on monarchy in his book Common Sense (1776) is essentially an attack on George III. Whereas colonial resentments were originally directed primarily against the king's ministers and Parliament, Paine laid the responsibility firmly at the king's door. Common Sense was the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution. It was a clarion call for unity, against the corrupt British court, so as to realize America's providential role in providing an asylum for liberty. Written in a direct and lively style, it denounced the decaying despotisms of Europe and pilloried hereditary monarchy as an absurdity. At a time when many still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, Common Sense demonstrated to many the inevitability of separation.
On June 4, 1774, he formally separated from wife Elizabeth and moved to London, where, in September, the mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society, and Commissioner of the Excise George Lewis Scott introduced him to Benjamin Franklin, who suggested emigration to British colonial America, and gave him a letter of recommendation. In October, Thomas Paine emigrated from Great Britain to the American colonies, arriving in Philadelphia on November 30, 1774.
He barely survived the transatlantic voyage. The ship's water supplies were bad, and typhoid fever killed five passengers. On arriving at Philadelphia, he was too sick to debark. Benjamin Franklin's physician, there to welcome Paine to America, had him carried off ship; Paine took six weeks to recover his health. He became a citizen of Pennsylvania "by taking the oath of allegiance at a very early period." In January, 1775, he became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, a position he conducted with considerable ability.
Paine designed the Sunderland Bridge of 1796 over the Wear River at Wearmouth, England. It was patterned after the model he had made for the Schuylkill River Bridge at Philadelphia in 1787, and the Sunderland arch became the prototype for many subsequent voussoir arches made in iron and steel. He also received a British patent for a single-span iron bridge, developed a smokeless candle, and worked with inventor John Fitch in developing steam engines.
Thomas Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the American Revolution because of Common Sense, the pro-independence monograph pamphlet he anonymously published on January 10, 1776; signed "Written by an Englishman", the pamphlet became an immediate success. It quickly spread among the literate, and, in three months, 100,000 copies (estimated 500,000 total including pirated editions sold during the course of the Revolution) sold throughout the American British colonies (with only two million free inhabitants), making it the best-selling American book. Paine's original title for the pamphlet was Plain Truth; Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate Benjamin Rush, suggested Common Sense instead.
The pamphlet came into circulation in January 1776, after the Revolution had started. It was passed around, and often read aloud in taverns, contributing significantly to spreading the idea of republicanism, bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Britain, and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army. Paine provided a new and convincing argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history. Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice. It offers a solution for Americans disgusted with and alarmed at the threat of tyranny.
Paine was not, on the whole, expressing original ideas in Common Sense, but rather employing rhetoric as a means to arouse resentment of the Crown. To achieve these ends, he pioneered a style of political writing suited to the democratic society he envisioned, with Common Sense serving as a primary example. Part of Paine's work was to render complex ideas intelligible to average readers of the day, with clear, concise writing unlike the formal, learned style favored by many of Paine's contemporaries. Scholars have put forward various explanations to account for its success, including the historic moment, Paine's easy-to-understand style, his democratic ethos, and his use of psychology and ideology.
Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating to a very wide audience ideas that were already in common use among the elite who comprised Congress and the leadership cadre of the emerging nation, who rarely cited Paine's arguments in their public calls for independence. The pamphlet probably had little direct influence on the Continental Congress's decision to issue a Declaration of Independence, since that body was more concerned with how declaring independence would affect the war effort. Paine's great contribution was in initiating a public debate about independence, which had previously been rather muted.
One distinctive idea in "Common Sense" is Paine's beliefs regarding the peaceful nature of republics; his views were an early and strong conception of what scholars would come to call the democratic peace theory.
Loyalists vigorously attacked Common Sense; one attack, titled Plain Truth (1776), by Marylander James Chalmers, said Paine was a political quack and warned that without monarchy, the government would "degenerate into democracy". Even some American revolutionaries objected to Common Sense; late in life John Adams called it a "crapulous mass." Adams disagreed with the type of radical democracy promoted by Paine (that men who did not own property should still be allowed to vote and hold public office), and published Thoughts on Government in 1776 to advocate a more conservative approach to republicanism.
Sophia Rosenfeld argues that Paine was highly innovative in his use of the commonplace notion of "common sense." He synthesized various philosophical and political uses of the term in a way that permanently impacted American political thought. He used two ideas from Scottish Common Sense Realism: that ordinary people can indeed make sound judgments on major political issues, and that there exists a body of popular wisdom that is readily apparent to anyone. Paine also used a notion of "common sense" favored by philosophes in the Continental Enlightenment. They held that common sense could refute the claims of traditional institutions. Thus, Paine used "common sense" as a weapon to delegitimize the monarchy and overturn prevailing conventional wisdom. Rosenfeld concludes that the phenomenal appeal of his pamphlet resulted from his synthesis of popular and elite elements in the independence movement.
According to historian Robert Middlekauff, Common Sense became immensely popular mainly because Paine appealed to widespread convictions. Monarchy, he said, was preposterous, and it had a heathenish origin. It was an institution of the devil. Paine pointed to the Old Testament, where almost all kings had seduced the Israelites to worship idols instead of God. Paine also denounced aristocracy, which together with monarchy were "two ancient tyrannies." They violated the laws of nature, human reason, and the "universal order of things", which began with God. That was, Middlekauff says, exactly what most Americans wanted to hear. He calls the Revolutionary generation "the children of the twice-born", because in their childhood they had experienced the Great Awakening, which, for the first time, had tied Americans together, transcending denominational and ethnic boundaries and giving them a sense of patriotism.
In late 1776 Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series, to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army. He juxtaposed the conflict between the good American devoted to civic virtue and the selfish provincial man. To inspire his soldiers, General George Washington had The American Crisis, first Crisis pamphlet, read aloud to them. It begins:
These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated.
In 1777, Paine became secretary of the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs. The following year, he alluded to continuing secret negotiation with France in his pamphlets; the resultant scandal and Paine's conflict with Robert Morris eventually led to Paine's expulsion from the Committee in 1779. However, in 1781, he accompanied John Laurens on his mission to France. Eventually, after much pleading from Paine, New York State recognised his political services by presenting him with an estate, at New Rochelle, New York, and Paine received money from Pennsylvania and from the US Congress at George Washington's suggestion. During the Revolutionary War, Paine served as an aide to the important general, Nathanael Greene. Paine's later years established him as "a missionary of world revolution."
Paine accompanied Col. John Laurens to France and is credited with initiating the mission. It landed in France in March 1781 and returned to America in August with 2.5 million livres in silver, as part of a "present" of 6 million and a loan of 10 million. The meetings with the French king were most likely conducted in the company and under the influence of Benjamin Franklin. Upon returning to the United States with this highly welcomed cargo, Thomas Paine and probably Col. Laurens, "positively objected" that General Washington should propose that Congress remunerate him for his services, for fear of setting "a bad precedent and an improper mode." Paine made influential acquaintances in Paris, and helped organize the Bank of North America to raise money to supply the army. In 1785, he was given $3,000 by the U.S. Congress in recognition of his service to the nation.
Henry Laurens (the father of Col. John Laurens) had been the ambassador to the Netherlands, but he was captured by the British on his return trip there. When he was later exchanged for the prisoner Lord Cornwallis (in late 1781), Paine proceeded to the Netherlands to continue the loan negotiations. There remains some question as to the relationship of Henry Laurens and Thomas Paine to Robert Morris as the Superintendent of Finance and his business associate Thomas Willing who became the first president of the Bank of North America (in Jan. 1782). They had accused Morris of profiteering in 1779 and Willing had voted against the Declaration of Independence. Although Morris did much to restore his reputation in 1780 and 1781, the credit for obtaining these critical loans to "organize" the Bank of North America for approval by Congress in December 1781 should go to Henry or John Laurens and Thomas Paine more than to Robert Morris.[original research?]
Paine bought his only house in 1783 on the corner of Farnsworth Avenue and Church Streets in Bordentown City, New Jersey, and he lived in it periodically until his death in 1809. This is the only place in the world where Paine purchased real estate. His design for a single-arch iron bridge led him back to Europe after the Revolution, where he tried, unsuccessfully, to find backers for his plans.
Having taken work as a clerk after his expulsion by Congress, Paine eventually returned to London in 1787, living a largely private life. However, his passion was again sparked by revolution, this time in France, which he visited in 1790. Edmund Burke, who had supported the American Revolution, did not likewise support the events taking place in France, and wrote the critical Reflections on the Revolution in France, partially in response to a sermon by Richard Price, the radical minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church. Many pens rushed to defend the Revolution and the Dissenting clergyman, including Mary Wollstonecraft, who published A Vindication of the Rights of Men only weeks after the Reflections. Paine wrote Rights of Man, an abstract political tract critical of monarchies and European social institutions. He completed the text on January 29, 1791. On January 31, he gave the manuscript to publisher Joseph Johnson for publication on February 22. Meanwhile, government agents visited him, and, sensing dangerous political controversy, he reneged on his promise to sell the book on publication day; Paine quickly negotiated with publisher J.S. Jordan, then went to Paris, per William Blake's advice, leaving three good friends, William Godwin, Thomas Brand Hollis, and Thomas Holcroft, charged with concluding publication in Britain. The book appeared on March 13, three weeks later than scheduled, and sold well.
Undeterred by the government campaign to discredit him, Paine issued his Rights of Man, Part the Second, Combining Principle and Practice in February 1792. It detailed a representative government with enumerated social programs to remedy the numbing poverty of commoners through progressive tax measures. Radically reduced in price to ensure unprecedented circulation, it was sensational in its impact and gave birth to reform societies. An indictment for seditious libel followed, for both publisher and author, while government agents followed Paine and instigated mobs, hate meetings, and burnings in effigy. A fierce pamphlet war also resulted, in which Paine was defended and assailed in dozens of works. The authorities aimed, with ultimate success, to chase Paine out of Great Britain. He was then tried in absentia and found guilty though never executed.
In summer of 1792, he answered the sedition and libel charges thus: "If, to expose the fraud and imposition of monarchy ... to promote universal peace, civilization, and commerce, and to break the chains of political superstition, and raise degraded man to his proper rank; if these things be libellous ... let the name of libeller be engraved on my tomb".
Paine was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution, and was granted, along with Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and others, honorary French citizenship. Despite his inability to speak French, he was elected to the National Convention, representing the district of Pas-de-Calais. He voted for the French Republic; but argued against the execution of Louis XVI, saying that he should instead be exiled to the United States: firstly, because of the way royalist France had come to the aid of the American Revolution; and secondly because of a moral objection to capital punishment in general and to revenge killings in particular. He participated in the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project.
Regarded as an ally of the Girondins, he was seen with increasing disfavor by the Montagnards who were now in power, and in particular by Robespierre. A decree was passed at the end of 1793 excluding foreigners from their places in the Convention (Anacharsis Cloots was also deprived of his place). Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December 1793.
Arrested in France, Paine protested and claimed that he was a citizen of America, which was an ally of Revolutionary France, rather than of Great Britain, which was by that time at war with France. However, Gouverneur Morris, the American minister to France, did not press his claim, and Paine later wrote that Morris had connived at his imprisonment. Paine narrowly escaped execution. A chalk mark, supposed to be left by the gaoler to denote that the prisoner in this cell was to be collected for execution, was left on the inside of his door, rather than the outside, as the door happened to be open as the gaoler made his rounds, because Paine was receiving official visitors. But for this quirk of fate, he would have died the following morning. He kept his head and survived the few vital days needed to be spared by the fall of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794).
Paine was released in November 1794 largely because of the work of the new American Minister to France, James Monroe, who successfully argued the case for Paine's American citizenship. In July 1795, he was re-admitted into the Convention, as were other surviving Girondins. Paine was one of only three députés to oppose the adoption of the new 1795 constitution, because it eliminated universal suffrage, which had been proclaimed by the Montagnard Constitution of 1793.
In 1797, Tom Paine lived in Paris with Nicholas Bonneville and his wife. Paine, as well as Bonneville's other controversial guests, aroused the suspicions of authorities. Bonneville hid the Royalist Antoine Joseph Barruel-Beauvert at his home. Beauvert had been outlawed following the coup of 18 Fructidor on September 4, 1797. Paine believed that America, under President John Adams, had betrayed revolutionary France. Bonneville was then briefly jailed and his presses were confiscated, which meant financial ruin.
In 1800, still under police surveillance, Bonneville took refuge with his father in Evreux. Paine stayed on with him, helping Bonneville with the burden of translating the "Covenant Sea". The same year, Paine purportedly had a meeting with Napoleon. Napoleon claimed he slept with a copy of Rights of Man under his pillow and went so far as to say to Paine that "a statue of gold should be erected to you in every city in the universe." Paine discussed with Napoleon how best to invade England and in December 1797 wrote two essays, one of which was pointedly named Observations on the Construction and Operation of Navies with a Plan for an Invasion of England and the Final Overthrow of the English Government, in which he promoted the idea to finance 1,000 gunboats to carry a French invading army across the English Channel. In 1804 Paine returned to the subject, writing To the People of England on the Invasion of England advocating the idea.
On noting Napoleon's progress towards dictatorship, he condemned him as: "the completest charlatan that ever existed". Thomas Paine remained in France until 1802, returning to the United States only at President Jefferson's invitation.
Paine decided that President George Washington had conspired with Robespierre to imprison him. Embittered by this perceived betrayal, Paine tried to ruin Washington's reputation by calling him a treacherous man unworthy of his fame as a military and political hero. Paine described Washington as an incompetent commander and a vain and ungrateful person. In a scathing open letter to President Washington in 1796, he wrote: "the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles or whether you ever had any."
In 1802 or 1803, Thomas Paine left France for the United States, paying passage also for Bonneville's wife, Marguerite Brazier and their three sons, seven year old Benjamin, Louis, and Thomas, for whom Paine was godfather. Paine returned to the United States in the early stages of the Second Great Awakening and a time of great political partisanship. The Age of Reason gave ample excuse for the religiously devout to dislike him, and the Federalists attacked him for his ideas of government stated in Common Sense, for his association with the French Revolution, and for his friendship with President Jefferson. Also still fresh in the minds of the public was his Letter to Washington, published six years before his return.
Brazier took care of Paine at the end of his life and buried him after his death on June 8, 1809. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite, including 100 acres (40.5 ha) of his farm so she could maintain and educate Benjamin and his brother Thomas. In 1814, the fall of Napoleon finally allowed Bonneville to rejoin his wife in the United States where he remained for four years before returning to Paris to open a bookshop.
Paine died at the age of 72, at 59 Grove Street in Greenwich Village, New York City, on the morning of June 8, 1809. Although the original building is no longer there, the present building has a plaque noting that Paine died at this location.
After his death, Paine's body was brought to New Rochelle, but as the Quakers would not allow it to be buried in their grave-yard per his last will, so his remains were buried under a walnut tree on his farm. In 1819, the English agrarian radical journalist William Cobbett dug up his bones and transported them back to England with the intention to give Paine a heroic reburial on his native soil, but this never came to pass. The bones were still among Cobbett's effects when he died over twenty years later, but were later lost. There is no confirmed story about what happened to them after that, although down the years various people have claimed to own parts of Paine's remains, such as his skull and right hand.
At the time of his death, most American newspapers reprinted the obituary notice from the New York Citizen, which read in part: "He had lived long, did some good and much harm." Only six mourners came to his funeral, two of whom were black, most likely freedmen. The writer and orator Robert G. Ingersoll wrote:
Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned and abhorred – his virtues denounced as vices – his services forgotten – his character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend – the friend of the whole world – with all their hearts. On the 8th of June, 1809, death came – Death, almost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead – on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head – and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude – constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.
Biographer Eric Foner identifies a utopian thread in Paine's thought, writing that "Through this new language he communicated a new vision--a utopian image of an egalitarian, republican society." Paine's utopianism combined civic republicanism, belief in the inevitably of scientific and social progress and commitment to free markets and liberty generally. The multiple sources of Paine's political theory all pointed to a society based on the common good and individualism. Paine expressed a redemptive futurism or political messianism. Paine, writing that his generation "would appear to the future as the Adam of a new world," exemplified British utopianism.
Later, his encounters with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas made a deep impression. The ability of the Iroquois to live in harmony with nature while achieving a democratic decision making process, helped him refine his thinking on how to organize society.
Paine is often credited with writing "African Slavery in America", the first article proposing the emancipation of African slaves and the abolition of slavery. It was published on March 8, 1775 in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser (aka The Pennsylvania Magazine and American Museum). Citing a lack of evidence that Paine was the author of this anonymously published essay, some scholars (Eric Foner and Alfred Owen Aldridge) no longer consider this one of his works. By contrast, John Nichols speculates that his "fervent objections to slavery" led to his exclusion from power during the early years of the Republic.[dubious ]
His last pamphlet, Agrarian Justice, published in the winter of 1795, further developed his ideas in the Rights of Man, about how land ownership separated the majority of people from their rightful, natural inheritance and means of independent survival. The US Social Security Administration recognizes Agrarian Justice as the first American proposal for an old-age pension; per Agrarian Justice:
In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed, it is a right, and not a charity ... [Government must] create a national fund, out of which there shall be paid to every person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation in part, for the loss of his or her natural inheritance, by the introduction of the system of landed property. And also, the sum of ten pounds per annum, during life, to every person now living, of the age of fifty years, and to all others as they shall arrive at that age.
Note that £10 and £15 would be worth about £800 and £1,200 ($1,200 and $2000) when adjusted for inflation (2011 British Pounds Sterling).
Lamb argues that Paine's analysis of property rights marks a distinct contribution to political theory. His theory of property defends a libertarian concern with private ownership that shows an egalitarian commitment. Paine's new justification of property sets him apart from previous theorists such as Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, and John Locke. It demonstrates Paine's commitment to foundational liberal values of individual freedom and moral equality.
Before his arrest and imprisonment in France, knowing that he would probably be arrested and executed, Paine, following in the tradition of early eighteenth-century British deism, wrote the first part of The Age of Reason, an assault on organized "revealed" religion combining a compilation of the many inconsistencies he found in the Bible with his own advocacy of deism, and calling for "free rational inquiry" into all subjects, especially religion.
About his own religious beliefs, Paine wrote in The Age of Reason:
I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church.
All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.
Though there is no evidence he was himself a Freemason, upon his return to America from France, Paine also penned "An Essay on the Origin of Free-Masonry" (1803–1805), about Freemasonry being derived from the religion of the ancient Druids. In the essay, he stated that "The Christian religion is a parody on the worship of the sun, in which they put a man called Christ in the place of the sun, and pay him the adoration originally paid to the sun." Marguerite de Bonneville published the essay in 1810, after Paine's death, but she chose to omit certain passages from it that were critical of Christianity, most of which were restored in an 1818 printing.
How different is [Christianity] to the pure and simple profession of Deism! The true Deist has but one Deity, and his religion consists in contemplating the power, wisdom, and benignity of the Deity in his works, and in endeavoring to imitate him in everything moral, scientifical, and mechanical.
And again, in The Age of Reason:
I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life. I believe in the equality of man; and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow-creatures happy.
About the Quaker religion, he wrote in The Age of Reason:
The religion that approaches the nearest of all others to true deism, in the moral and benign part thereof, is that professed by the Quakers ... though I revere their philanthropy, I cannot help smiling at [their] conceit; ... if the taste of a Quaker [had] been consulted at the Creation, what a silent and drab-colored Creation it would have been! Not a flower would have blossomed its gaieties, nor a bird been permitted to sing.
In the second part of The Age of Reason, about his sickness in prison, he wrote: "... I was seized with a fever, that, in its progress, had every symptom of becoming mortal, and from the effects of which I am not recovered. It was then that I remembered, with renewed satisfaction, and congratulated myself most sincerely, on having written the former part of 'The Age of Reason'". This quotation encapsulates its gist:
The opinions I have advanced ... are the effect of the most clear and long-established conviction that the Bible and the Testament are impositions upon the world, that the fall of man, the account of Jesus Christ being the Son of God, and of his dying to appease the wrath of God, and of salvation, by that strange means, are all fabulous inventions, dishonorable to the wisdom and power of the Almighty; that the only true religion is Deism, by which I then meant, and mean now, the belief of one God, and an imitation of his moral character, or the practice of what are called moral virtues – and that it was upon this only (so far as religion is concerned) that I rested all my hopes of happiness hereafter. So say I now – and so help me God.
Paine's writing greatly influenced his contemporaries and, especially, the American revolutionaries. His books provoked an upsurge in Deism in America, but in the long term inspired philosophic and working-class radicals in the UK and US. Liberals, libertarians, feminists, democratic socialists, social democrats, anarchists, freethinkers, and progressives often claim him as an intellectual ancestor. Paine's critique of institutionalized religion and advocacy of rational thinking influenced many British freethinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as William Cobbett, George Holyoake, Charles Bradlaugh, Christopher Hitchens and Bertrand Russell.
The quote "Lead, follow, or get out of the way" is widely but incorrectly attributed to Paine. This can be found nowhere in his published works.
When Abraham Lincoln was 26 years old in 1835, he wrote a defense of Paine's deism; a political associate, Samuel Hill, burned it to save Lincoln's political career. Historian Roy Basler, the editor of Lincoln's papers, said Paine had a strong influence on Lincoln's style:
The inventor Thomas Edison said:
I have always regarded Paine as one of the greatest of all Americans. Never have we had a sounder intelligence in this republic ... It was my good fortune to encounter Thomas Paine's works in my boyhood ... it was, indeed, a revelation to me to read that great thinker's views on political and theological subjects. Paine educated me, then, about many matters of which I had never before thought. I remember, very vividly, the flash of enlightenment that shone from Paine's writings, and I recall thinking, at that time, 'What a pity these works are not today the schoolbooks for all children!' My interest in Paine was not satisfied by my first reading of his works. I went back to them time and again, just as I have done since my boyhood days.
In 1811, Venezuelan translator Manuel Garcia de Sena published a book in Philadelphia which consisted mostly of Spanish translations of several of Paine's most important works. The book also included translations of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. Constitution, and the constitutions of five U.S. states. It subsequently circulated widely in South America, and through it, Uruguayan national hero José Gervasio Artigas became familiar with and embraced Paine's ideas. In turn, many of Artigas's writings drew directly from Paine's, including the Instructions of 1813, which Uruguayans consider to be one of their country's most important constitutional documents; it was one of the earliest writings to articulate a principled basis for an identity independent of Buenos Aires.
The first and longest standing memorial to Thomas Paine is the carved and inscribed 12 foot marble column in New Rochelle, New York organized and funded by publisher, educator and reformer Gilbert Vale (1791–1866) and raised in 1839 by the American sculptor and architect John Frazee — The Thomas Paine Monument (see image below).
New Rochelle is also the original site of Thomas Paine's Cottage, which, along with a 320 acre (130 ha) farm, were presented to Paine in 1784 by act of the New York State Legislature for his services in the American Revolution.
The same site is the home of the Thomas Paine Memorial Museum. Thomas A. Edison helped to turn the first shovel of earth for the museum which serves as a museum to display both Paine relics as well as others of local historical interest. A large collection of books, pamphlets and pictures is contained in the Paine library including many first editions of Paine's works as well as several original manuscripts. These holdings, the subject of a sell-off controversy, were temporarily relocated to the New-York Historical Society and have since been more permanently archived in the Iona College library nearby.
Paine was originally buried near the current location of his house and monument upon his death in 1809. The site is marked by a small headstone and burial plaque even though his remains were said to have been removed to England years later.
In England, a statue of Paine, quill pen and inverted copy of Rights of Man in hand, stands in King Street, Thetford, Norfolk, his birth place. Thomas Paine was ranked #34 in the 100 Greatest Britons 2002 extensive Nationwide poll conducted by the BBC
Also in Thetford is the Thomas Paine Hotel, on which is a plaque giving details of Paine's life: the plaque was erected in 1943 by voluntary contributions from US servicemen.
In Paris, there is a plaque in the street where he lived from 1797 to 1802, that says: "Thomas PAINE / 1737–1809 / Englishman by birth / American by adoption / French by decree".
Yearly, between July 4 and 14, the Lewes Town Council in the United Kingdom celebrates the life and work of Thomas Paine.
In the early 1990s, largely through the efforts of citizen activist David Henley of Virginia, legislation (S.Con.Res 110, and H.R. 1628) was introduced in the 102nd Congress by ideological opposites Sen. Steve Symms (R-ID) and Rep. Nita Lowey (D-NY). With over 100 formal letters of endorsement by US and foreign historians, philosophers and organizations, including the Thomas Paine National Historical Society, the legislation garnered 78 original co-sponsors in the Senate and 230 original co-sponsors in the House of Representatives, and was consequently passed by both houses' unanimous consent. In October 1992 the legislation was signed into law (PL102-407 & PL102-459) by President George H. W. Bush authorizing the construction, using private funds, of a memorial to Thomas Paine in "Area 1" of the grounds of the US Capitol. As of January 2011[update], the memorial has not yet been built.
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Learn Speak Chinese like a native speaker in no time Level 1
Learn over 58% of simple Chinese daily conversation and adopt a genuine Chinese accent
- Immerse your brain into the Chinese language environment. watch a lot of Chinese movies, news etc.
This course follows the natural process of learning a language, just like how we learnt our mother language, which is completely different from the traditional way of language learning.
We will play a dialogue spoken by two to three native speakers. Listen as much as possible, like a little baby, emerse your brain into the conversation, pay attention to the gestures and any other kind of visual content matches the sound you hear and try to guess the meaning.
play the conversation as often as possible, until you are able to understand the content and even able to predict what the next word sounds like.
The video dialogue will be followed by an explanation lecture, with pin yin, and every detail from the video dialogue. You can listen, repeat, and try to imitate the pronounciation of a word using shadowing technique ( repeat right after you hear a word or a sentence) you can record yourself and compare yourself with native speaker.
In the end, there will be vocabulary extension PPT with sound track.
After finishing this course, you will be able to communicate with native Chiense speakers with confidence, even speak with a genuine Chinese accent.
- Complete beginner students and students who want to improve their Chinese listening and speaking fast
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What do we mean by Safeguarding?
Safeguarding is about protecting children or adults at risk from abuse or neglect.
There are many different types of abuse and neglect, including:
- Physical abuse
- Emotional or psychological abuse
- Sexual abuse
- Discriminatory abuse
- Domestic abuse
- Financial abuse
- Modern slavery
- Neglect, including self-neglect
- Organisational abuse (sometimes referred to as Institutional abuse)
Abuse can be a one-off incident or a pattern of behaviour. Abuse can happen anywhere, including in a person’s own home, a care home or a day centre.
The person responsible for the abuse is often well known to the person being abused, and can include their partner, a family member, friend, neighbour or carer.
Strangers can also commit abuse. Examples would include people who befriend vulnerable people with the intention of exploiting them or who intimidate vulnerable people into financial transactions they do not want or cannot understand.
Reporting Safeguarding Concerns
If you have concerns about the safety or well-being of a child, young person or adult living in one of our properties, you can let us know on 01494 480340. If you think something may be happening right now, you should call the police by dialling 999. The police number is 101 for a non-emergency situation.
You can also raise a safeguarding concern directly with the local authority Safeguarding Team. Each local authority has a different contact number – these can be found on the local authority website or through an internet search. You will need to specify whether it is an adult or child safeguarding issue in your search.
Bucks Housing Policy
We aim to:
- raise awareness about the abuse and/or neglect of children, young people and adults at risk
- develop a culture that does not tolerate abuse and which encourages people to raise concerns
- prevent abuse from happening wherever possible
- respond promptly and proportionately where there is abuse or abuse is suspected, to make the necessary referrals and engage the appropriate authorities, to stop the abuse continuing and to ensure the person harmed or at risk of harm receives effective support.
You can download a copy of our Safeguarding Policy here.
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Head Lice Management in the School Setting
It is the position of the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) that the management of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) in the school setting should not disrupt the educational process. Leadership provided by the registered professional school nurse (hereinafter referred to as the school nurse) can impact reduction of the stigma associated with head lice by providing accurate health education including anticipatory guidance to the school community and implementing evidence-based strategies for the management of head lice in schools. Evidence-based strategies include abandoning “no-nit” school policies, allowing children to remain in class and participate in school-sponsored activities when live lice or nits (the eggs of head lice) are found on their heads, notifying parents/caregivers at the end of the school day when findings indicate the presence of a head lice infestation, and educating parents/caregivers about evidence-based treatment options.
In the United States, head lice infestations are most common among preschool and elementary school-age children and their household members regardless of socioeconomic status and hygienic living conditions (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013a). According to research head lice infestations predominantly affect the age group of 3-11 years (Frankoswski & Bocchini, 2010), with an estimated 6 million to 12 million cases annually (CDC, 2013a). A 2004 study estimated annual direct and indirect costs associated with head lice infestations and recent treatment costs at $1 billion (Hansen & O’Hayer, 2004). “No-nit” policies that require a child to be free of nits before he or she can return to school lack evidence of being effective, result in unnecessary absenteeism, and may violate affected children’s civil liberties (Pontius, 2014; CDC, 2013a). Unnecessary absenteeism leads to missed learning opportunities for the student and potentially lost family wages due to loss of parent/guardian workdays (Pontius, 2014).
Head lice are not known to cause disease; however, secondary bacterial infection of the skin resulting from contaminated scratching and related lesions can occur. Research has shown that the survival of head lice when not on the head is usually less than one day, and the eggs can only hatch when incubated by body heat found near the scalp (Devore et al., 2015; CDC, 2013c). Transmission occurs primarily through head-to-head contact and infrequently through indirect contact with shared personal belongings.
Even with this knowledge, the presence of head lice can negatively affect families and schools. For the student and family there can be significant social stigma and caregiver strain (Gordon, 2007). For the school, when evidence- based policies and intervention strategies are not in place, head lice can significantly disrupt the education process (CDC, 2013c; Pontius, 2014).
In the past, many schools with “no nit” policies expended innumerable hours and resources in attempts to eradicate head lice infestations. Studies have shown that control measures such as, mass screenings for nits ,have not been shown to have a significant effect on the incidence of head lice in a school community, nor have they shown to be cost-effective (Devore et al., 2015; Meinking & Taplin, 2011; CDC, 2013a). Communication between school personnel and parents/caregivers highlighting cases of head lice (e.g., “head lice outbreak letters”) has been shown to increase community anxiety, increase social stigma causing embarrassment of affected infested students, and puts students’ rights to confidentiality at risk (Gordon, 2007; Pontius, 2014).
Head lice treatment success is variable, adding to confusion and frustration among students, families, and members of the school community. Some children develop persistent head lice, which requires concentrated efforts to address treatment as well as the stress experienced by the child and family (Gordon, 2007). Head lice in some communities have developed resistance to common over-the-counter treatments, resulting in the need for a more individualized approach to management by a healthcare provider (Yoon et al., 2014; Meinking et al., 2002; Devore et al., 2015). Treatment failures can also result from initial misdiagnosis, non-adherence to a treatment protocol, a new infestation acquired after treatment, or the lack of use of an ovicidal product (Devore et al., 2015; Pontius; 2014; Pollack, Kiszewski, & Spielman, 2000; CDC, 2013b).
Evidence-based strategies for the management of head lice in the school setting can reduce the incidence of infestations, the social stigma and caregiver strain experienced by students and families, and the negative impact on students’ education. The school nurse can provide leadership within the school community to effectively manage head lice by:
Attaining knowledge and competency that reflect current evidence-based school nursing practice related to the management of head lice (American Nurses Association & National Association of School Nurses [ANA & NASN], 2011).
Providing accurate health education to the school community focused on dispelling common myths about head lice (e.g., incidence, life cycle of the head louse, mode of transmission, importance of regular surveillance at home, recommended evidence-based treatment options, care of the environment) (ANA & NASN, 2011 Pontius, 2014).
Advocating and providing rationale for the elimination of mass school screenings for head lice (Devore et al., 2015; CDC, 2013a).
Educating families about how to assess their children for suspected head lice (Devore et al., 2015).
Providing privacy when conducting student health assessment for suspected or reported cases of head lice (ANA & NASN, 2011).
Returning affected students to class or other school sponsored activities with instruction to avoid head-to-head contact (Pontius, 2014). If live lice or nits are found,
Advocating for and providing rationale for the abandonment of “no-nit” school policies that require a child to be free of nits before he or she can return to school (Devore et al., 2015; Pontius, 2014).
Educating parents/caregivers about the chosen evidence-based treatment option, the importance of adherence with the treatment protocol, and the importance of reassessment for recurrence (Devore et al., 2015; Pontius, 2014).
The school nurse is the health professional who provides leadership for the school community to implement evidence-based strategies for the management of head lice in the school setting. The role of the school nurse includes the following (Pontius, 2014; Devore et al., 2015; CDC, 2013a):
Provide accurate health education to the school community about the etiology, transmission, assessment, and treatment of head lice;
Advocate for school policy that is more caring and less exclusionary (i.e., elimination of the “no-nit” school policies);
Implement intervention strategies that are student-centered;
Support the current treatment recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics and CDC; and
Participate in research that evaluates the effectiveness of head lice policies and educational programs.
It is unlikely that all head lice infestations can be prevented. Parents/caregivers will benefit from receiving support from the school nurse about the importance of regular surveillance at home, choosing and adhering to the protocols of evidence-based treatment recommendations, and educating to dispel head lice myths. The education mission of schools will be supported by implementing evidence-based policies and strategies under the guidance of the school nurse. The burden of unnecessary absenteeism to the students, families, and communities far outweighs the perceived risks associated with head lice.
American Nurses Association & National Association of School Nurses. (2011). School nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Nursesbooks.org.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013a). Head lice information for schools. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/schools.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013b). Parasites – lice – head lice - treatment. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/treatment.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013c). Biology. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/biology.html
Devore, C., Schutze, G., & The American Academy of Pediatrics’ Council On School Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. (2015). Head lice, Pediatrics. 135(5), e1355-e1365. Doi:10.1542/eds.2015-0746
Gordon, S. (2007). Shared vulnerability: A theory of caring for children with persistent head lice. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(5), 283-294.
Frankowski, B.L., & Bocchini, J.A. (2010). Clinical report-head lice. Pediatrics, 126(2) 392-403. Retrieved from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/126/2/392
Hansen, R., & O’Haver, J. (2004). Economic considerations associated with Pediculus humanus capitis infestation. Clinical Pediatrics, 43(6), 523-527.
Meinking, T., & Taplin, D. (2011). Infestations. In L. Schachner, & R. Hansen (Eds.). Pediatric dermatology (pp. 1525-1583). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier.
Meinking, T., Serrano, L., Hard, B., Entzel, P. Lemard, G., & Villar, M. (2002). Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States. Archives of Dermatology, 138(2), 220-224.
Pollack, R., Kiszewski, A., & Spielman, A. (2000). Over diagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 19(8), 689-693.
Pontius, D. (2014). Demystifying pediculosis: School nurses taking the lead. Pediatric Nursing, 40(5), 226-235.Retreived from https://www.pediatricnursing.net/ce/2016/article4005226235.pdf
Yoon, K., Previte, D., Hodgdon, H., Poole, B, Kwon, D., El-Ghar, G., Clark, M. (2014). Knockdown resistance allele frequencies in North American head louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) populations. Journal of Medical Entomology, 51(2), 450-457. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME13139
Acknowledgement of Authors:
Suzanne Smith, BSN, RN, NCSN
Nichole Bobo, MSN, RN
Kathy M. Strasser, MS, RN, NCSN
Kathey M. Haynie, MSN, RN
Revised: 2004, January 2011, January 2016
This document replaces the position statement titled Pediculosis Management in the School Setting, 2011.
Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. (2016). Head Lice Management in the School Setting (Position Statement). Silver Spring, MD: Author.
All position statements from the National Association of School Nurses will automatically expire five years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.
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This week’s devotional was written by Mark Hathaway.
Jesus said, “You are the salt of the earth; but if the salt loses its flavor, how shall it be seasoned? It is then good for nothing but to be thrown out and trampled underfoot by men.” (Matthew 5:13)
So if you are anything like me, when you read Matthew 5:13 you ask yourself “can salt really lose its saltiness?” The scientifically provable answer is simply, no. Salt, or Sodium Chloride, is very stable. It does not ever lose its saltiness. So, what was Jesus talking about? Did He misspeak about the physical properties of salt? Let’s take a little deeper look. Even though salt can never become less salty, it can “taste” less salty, or even taste rotten under certain conditions. This is undoubtedly the perspective Jesus was offering in this analogy. His original audience would have understood this very clearly.
The Hebrew people had access to an unlimited supply of salt on the shores of the Dead Sea. This salt would sometimes leave a bad taste in one’s mouth due to contaminates (namely boron, magnesium, and bromides)extracted along with the salt. If you had this “bad salt” you would literally throw it out of your house, maybe even into the street, where it would indeed be “trampled underfoot by men”.
Even though the very nature of salt is to be salty, if it was not stored dry, it could be “watered down” or diluted, which would cause it to taste less salty. In short, to experience the nature of salt to its fullest potential it should not be diluted, or mixed with contaminants.
So how was salt used in Bible times?
As a flavor enhancer
“Can flavorless food be eaten without salt?” (Job 6:6)
In the Grain sacrifice
“And every offering of your grain offering you shall season with salt; you shall not allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be lacking from your grain offering. With all your offerings you shall offer salt.” (Leviticus 2:13)
In the Animal sacrifice
“When you have finished cleansing it, you shall offer a young bull without blemish, and a ram from the flock without blemish. When you offer them before the LORD, the priests shall throw salt on them, and they will offer them up as a burnt offering to the LORD.“ (Ezekiel 43:23–24)
“And the LORD said to Moses: “Take sweet spices, stacte and onycha and galbanum, and pure frankincense with these sweet spices; there shall be equal amounts of each. You shall make of these an incense, a compound according to the art of the perfumer, salted, pure, and holy.“ – Exodus 30:34 – 35 NKJV
Incense is an Old Testament representation of prayer.
Covenant of Salt
Often utilized in covenant making, probably as symbolic of that which preserves and prevents decay. The hope was that the covenant thus enacted would endure (Num. 18:19; 2 Chron. 13:5). (Brand, Chad et al., eds. “Covenant of Salt.” Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary 2003 : 359. Print.)
So how does this apply to my life?
It is very important we are clear in our thinking. Jesus is not referring to salvation with His reference to salt. In this discussion He is assuming salvation. How do we know He is making such an assumption? Remember our three most important rules when attempting to understand the Bible? Context, context, context. By keeping verse thirteen in context, the first verse in chapter five reveals the answer, “And seeing the multitudes, He went up on a mountain, and when He was seated His disciples came to Him” – (Matthew 5:1). Jesus was addressing people who were already believers, his disciples. If we look at the verses immediately before, and immediately after Matthew 5:13, it’s easy to see what Jesus is talking about. He is explaining how a believer in Jesus Christ should live. He is telling them the kind of heart and behavior He expects from His followers.
Jesus was not implying to His disciples (or to us) they need to strive to become like salt. He was not suggesting that at some higher level of their walk with Him, they would attain saltiness. Sometimes we adopt the mistaken notion that only those in some ministry position are salty, after all aren’t they more Holy than us, maybe better equipped, or called to be the salt of the earth? Jesus simply stated “…you are the salt…”. He also presents a scenario to them that should never occur, should not even be possible. Don’t lose your saltiness. You are not always in control of the circumstances and situations in your life, but you are in control of what’s in your heart. You are also in control of how you respond to the various situations that come your way. You can choose to let your true nature as a Christian be obvious to those around you. Don’t let your testimony be diluted through compromise. Don’t let pollutants contaminate your life like the boron, magnesium, and bromides contaminate salt. If you do, it will put a bad taste in some people’s mouth concerning your Christian testimony. As a Christian, your saltiness is important. Will you allow the true nature of Christ to be obvious in your life? Or, will you live a compromised, contaminated Christian life that puts a bad taste in a person’s mouth?
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With more than 1,300 cryptocurrencies out there, Ethereum has risen to the top of the pile, with its name often mentioned in the same breath as Bitcoin.
Although its value is no way near that of the flagship cryptocurrency, some consider it useful for trading, and some of its more advanced features give it some exciting potential for the future. But what exactly is Ethereum, and what does it mean for the future of cryptocurrency (and even society at large)? Here’s the rundown.
Although it does have its differences, on the surface at least, Ethereum functions as a cryptocurrency much like most others. Ethereum’s token, “Ether,” works in a similar manner to Bitcoin. You can buy and sell it, with confirmations for transactions handled over the blockchain.
Guide to Ethereummining Bitcoin rewards Bitcoin.
In that way, the broad strokes of Ethereum are similar to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. It means owners can use Ether for conducting transactions online, or save it and potentially make money from its growing value — it grew from around $10 per Ether at the start of 2017, to more than $1,100 at the start of the next.
As much as Ethereum and Bitcoin do share some similarities though, the two platforms have different goals. Where Bitcoin is strictly a digital currency, designed to function as a means of payment or a store of value, Ethereum takes a grander approach. Ethereum functions as a platform through which people can use Ether tokens to create and run applications and, more importantly, smart contracts.
Smart contracts are contracts written in code, which the creator(s) upload to the blockchain. Any time one of those contracts is executed, every node on the network runs it, uploaded to the blockchain. That means it’s stored in the public ledger and is theoretically tamper-proof.
Smart contracts are essentially structured as ‘If-then’ statements. When certain conditions are met, the program carries out the terms of the contract.
As a theoretical example, say you want to rent a car from a service that uses Ethereum. A smart contract is generated, stipulating that if you send the required amount of funds, then the service will send you a digital key to unlock the car. The process is carried out on the blockchain, so when you send the Ether tokens, everyone on the network can see that you did so. Likewise, when the rental service sends you the key to unlock the car, everyone will see it. In this scenario, the contract might state that if the service does not send you the key, the tokens are refunded.
Since every computer on the network is keeping track of the transaction through the blockchain, there is no way to tamper with it. If someone altered the details of the contract, every copy of the digital ledger would note it.
Every program on Ethereum uses a distinct amount of processing power, and since the program must be run by the nodes, it is important to keep superfluous activity to a minimum. This is why every contract and program on Ethereum is given a cost in “gas.” Gas is a measurement of how much processing power the program will require, and the higher the gas requirement, the more Ether tokens the user will need to spend.
One of the commonly cited advantages of smart contracts is that there is no need for “middlemen” like lawyers or notaries. In theory, this means that you can carry out transactions without the waiting times inherent to paper filings, and without paying fees to whoever would typically oversee such a transaction. This is particularly important for people living in countries where the legal system is corrupt, or woefully inefficient.
Of course, the automation means that, if something goes wrong — if, for example, there is a bug in the code of the smart contract — the blockchain will still carry out the terms of the contract, which could be problematic.
Ethereum has cast an enormous shadow during its short time in the spotlight. The platform has already attracted massive corporations like JP Morgan Chase, AMD, and Microsoft, who are among the more notable members of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance, which provides “Resources for businesses to learn about Ethereum and leverage this groundbreaking technology to address specific industry use cases.”
That bodes well for Ethereum’s usage in the business world, though true believers see the platform as something more than a tool for corporations. They see it as a way to decentralize the internet — and make it more democratic.
In an interview with Wired, Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin laid out his view of how Ethereum will disrupt the traditional power structures of the world:
“I think a large part of the consequence is necessarily going to be disempowering some of these centralized players to some extent. Because ultimately power is a zero sum game. And if you talk about empowering the little guy, as much as you want to couch it in flowery terminology that makes it sound fluffy and good, you are necessarily disempowering the big guy. And personally I say screw the big guy. They have enough money already.”
Smart contracts could free individuals from the constraints of the legal system and big business. However, technology enthusiasts often promise such utopian futures. Just as social media has helped the spread of fake news, Ethereum and the automated, decentralized internet it seeks may have unintended consequences, as the DAO hacking indicates. Mining Ethereum with consumer graphics cards was also a major reason why there was such price gouging in that and associated industries over the past year.
Like other cryptocurrencies, Ether is prone to wild fluctuations in value too, as we’ve seen in recent months. Whether Ethereum is sturdy enough to survive long-term, or is an ephemeral trend, remains up in the air.
- Crypto is crashing, and that may make GPUs more affordable
- What is the metaverse? A deep dive into the ‘future of the internet’
- Why the Bitcoin bust could finally bring down inflated GPU prices
- Nvidia nets at least $400 million per year from cryptocurrency mining
- How to buy Bitcoin
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Health benefits of lemon deserve attention because lemon is quite easy to find. At least, by knowing the health benefits of lemon, we started thinking loss if not really use it for body health. Lemon is a fruit that is very common and easily available in the market. Lemon tree originally known from Asia, with the color of the fruit is usually green or yellow.
Health benefits of lemon can be obtained by directly eaten or made lemon juice. Few people know that lemon has a number of nutritional benefits, and can be used for many other purposes. Lemon has a sour taste, and most certainly prefers to use it in a way made juice, to be fresher. Lemon juice is often used to make a juice drink lemonade juice or other lemon beverages. Besides containing 6% citric acid that makes sour taste, lemon also contains vitamin C, calcium, folic acid, vitamin B5, vitamin B3, vitamin b1 and b2, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and sugar.
Here are health benefits of lemon:
- Weight Loss – Lemon juice is a healthy drink favored by dieters, because it can aid in weight loss. If consumed regularly, lemon juice is able to burn fat, which hoard in the body.
- Overcoming Digestive Problems – If you have digestive problems, stomach, or acid stomach, drink lemon juice and hot water. It may be coupled to chew a few dates to resolve the issue.
- Able to Prevent Infection – One of the benefits of the lemon is to increase the useful antibodies to fight infections and bacterial diseases. Lemon is able to kill micro-organisms that cause infections.
- Fight Free Radicals – The free radicals that enter the body through food or air can make it vulnerable cardiovascular disease and cancer. Lemon with high antioxidant can fight free radicals in the body and cleanse the system.
- Healthy Heart – This is one of the secret benefits of lemon. It can reduce high blood pressure and bad cholesterol in the blood, and increase good cholesterol.
- Can Prevent Cancer – Lemon is a carcinogen or anti-cancer lowers the risk of colon cancer, prostate, and breast cancer.
- Natural Poison Cleaners – Piles of toxins in the body can be harmful to health in general. Consumption of lemon juice to get rid of the toxins on a regular basis, and your skin will shine again.
- Good for Beauty – Lemon is very good for skin and hair beauty. Get rid of acne, dark spots on the skin, dandruff, hair loss and itchy scalp.
Those are some health benefits of lemon which are required to be known. The health benefits of lemon sometimes are difficult to obtain because of the rush is very dense, so there is no time to process the fruit that is rich in these benefits. Lemons contain citric acid, so the taste is very sour, but if made juice will be helpful to establish a base in the body, so it is widely used for cooking as well as a variety of other things. Thus, by knowing the many health benefits of lemon, you would lose if you do not use it.
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Multivariate or high-dimensional (HiD) systems are hard to visualize because we are wired for a 3D world. Many different systems have been suggested to help visualize HiD data. Most of them use some system of subspace selection to reduce the dimensionality to 2 or 3 (e.g. 1-4) or use some procedure to identify important axes (e.g. principal component analysis or projection pursuit).
The parallel coordinate (PC) scheme due to Inselberg and others (5-13) attempts to plot HiD systems in a different manner. Since plotting more than 3 orthogonal axis is impossible, parallel coordinate schemes plot all the axes parallel to each other in a plane. Amazingly enough, squashing the space in this manner does not destroy too much of the geometric structure. The geometric structure is however projected in such a fashion that most geometric intuition has to be relearned.
The plan here is to build up intuition for HiD representations in parallel coordinates:
The two clusters shown are separated along the x1 and x2 axes, but not on the x3 axis. The cluster centers are [0,0,0] and [5,5,0].
Such a plot rapidly gets cluttered with a large number of lines. If you
squint at the PC plot, you get the feeling that density of lines might be
important for determining the center of the cluster. The next plot shows an
example of distinguishing cluster shape by computing line densities.
The line segment x1=t; x2=1-.5*t; x3=0.5-.1*t; with 0<t<1 is drawn in normal 3D coordinates and in PC. The color is relative t value. Note that each point on the line becomes two line segments in PC (x1-to-x2 and x2-to-x3). The obvious convergence of all the line segments between the x1 and x2 axis is a direct consequence of the linearity of the points and partly defines the line. A less obvious convergence of line segments to the right of x3 completes the definition of the line.
If the slope of the line relating one axis to another (e.g x1 to x2) is
and the intercept is
b in normal coordinates, then the position
of the convergence in PC is the point
[ 1/(1-m) , b/(1-m) ],
asuming that the first axis (x1) is located at horiziontal position zero and x2 is located at horizontal position 1. For the line given above the slope from x1 to x2,
b=1. Thus the first convergence
point should be
[0.67, 0.67] as shown.
The slope from x2 to x3,
b=0.3. Thus the
second convergence point should be
[1.25, 0.375], or just to
the right of the x3 axis.
The middle panel show a plane in 3D space. The plane is given by
x3 = 1.1*u
Where t and u are uniform random variables from 0 to 1. The color code is proportional to t.
The top panel shows the PC representation of the plane. There is clearly structure to the points, but it hard to see what it means, except of course that the color mapping is along x1.
We would like some way to detect a plane by a visual technique. The bottom
panel shows one of two characteristic points of this plane plotted in PC according
to the following scheme. Pairs of points in the plane define lines in the
plane. For a large number of pairs of points (lines in the plane), compute
the two points in PC which describe each 3D line (in the plane) as in the
example above then connect them with a line. If all the constructed lines
pass through a point, then the points fall on a plane. If the plane were noisy,
then the lines would 'almost' pass through a common point.
(1) Calibrate you eyes to recognize high-dimensional objects from their projections. Diane Cook and Peter Sutherland. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dicook/JSS/paper/paper.html
(2) Visualisation of High Dimensional Data. Dr. Carolina Cruz-Neira and Laura
(3) Polytope visualization. Gordon Kindelmann.
(4) N-Land: a Graphical Tool for Exploring N-Dimensional Data. Matthew O. Ward
Jeffrey T. LeBlanc and Rajeev Tipnis.
(5) Don't panic ... just do it in parallel! Al Inselberg, COMPUTATION STAT 14: (1) 53-77 1999
(6) Visual data mining with parallel coordinates Al Inselberg, COMPUTATION STAT 13: (1) 47-63 1998
(7) MULTIDIMENSIONAL LINES .1. REPRESENTATION. INSELBERG A, DIMSDALE B, SIAM J APPL MATH 54: (2) 559-577 APR 1994
(8) MULTIDIMENSIONAL LINES .2. PROXIMITY AND APPLICATIONS. INSELBERG A, DIMSDALE B, SIAM J APPL MATH 54: (2) 578-596 APR 1994
(9) HYPERDIMENSIONAL DATA-ANALYSIS USING PARALLEL COORDINATES. WEGMAN EJ. J AM STAT ASSOC 85 (411): 664-675 SEP 1990
(10) THE ANALYSIS OF T48 LOW PRESSURE TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURES USING PARALLEL
COORDINATES. Frank S. Budny.
(11) Visualizing the Behavior of Higher Dimensional Dynamical Systems. R. Wegenkittl,
H. Löffelmann, and E. Gröller.
(12) Hierarchical Parallel Coordinates. Ying-Huey Fua.
(13) High Dimensional Clustering Using Parallel Coordinates and the Grand Tour.
Edward J. Wegman and Qiang Luo.
Copyright Cornell University, 2001
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Bone Adaptation to Impact Loading
Ageing populations have made osteoporosis and fragility fractures a major public health concern worldwide. Half of all women and 30% of all men will suffer a fracture related to osteoporosis during their lifetime. While medical prevention of this immense problem is impossible at population level, it is necessary to find efficient preventive strategies. Exercise is one of the major prevention approaches because one reason behind the increasing burden of osteoporosis is the modern sedentary lifestyle. However, the optimal type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise that best enhances skeletal integrity are still largely unknown.
We conducted a 12-month population-based randomized controlled exercise intervention in 120 premenopausal women. The aim was to investigate the effect of impact exercise on bone mineral density, geometry and metabolism in healthy women with the intention of assessing the intensity and amount of impact loading with a novel accelerometer-based measurement device. Training effects on risk factors of osteoporotic fractures, physical performance and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases were also evaluated.
This study demonstrated that 12 months of regular impact exercise favoured bone formation, increased bone mineral density in weight-bearing bones, especially at the hip, and led to geometric adaptations by increasing periosteal circumference. Bone adaptations had a dose- and intensity-dependent relationship with measured impact loading. Changes in proximal femur were threshold-dependent, indicating the importance of high impacts exceeding acceleration of 4 g as an osteogenic stimulus. The number of impacts needed to achieve this stimulation was 60 per day. Impact exercise also had a favourable effect on physical performance and cardiorespiratory risk factors by increasing maximal oxygen uptake, dynamic leg strength and decreasing low-density lipoproteins and waist circumference. Changes were dose-dependent with impact loading at wide intensity range.
Bone adapts to impact loading through various mechanisms to ensure optimal bone strength. The number of impacts needed to achieve bone stimulation appeared to be 60 per day, comparable to the same number of daily jumps. If done on a regular basis, impact exercise may be an efficient and safe way of preventing osteoporosis.
|Study Design:||Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Prevention
|Official Title:||Bone Adaptation to Impact Loading - Significance of Loading Intensity|
- bone mineral density [ Time Frame: 0 and 12 months ]
- muscle strength [ Time Frame: 0 and 12 months ]
|Study Start Date:||May 2002|
|Study Completion Date:||June 2003|
|Primary Completion Date:||June 2003 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
No Intervention: 2
Progressive impact exercise
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00697957
|University of Oulu|
|Oulu, Finland, 90014|
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Foxes are very famous around the world. In fact, this one animal is smarter than other similar animals. Foxes are carnivorous animals. Foxes like to eat several types of animals such as rabbits, insects, and mice.
Because it is an intelligent animal, the fox also has a unique way of storing food. So, foxes will bury their food in places where it is not visible. Then, they left marks there so they could recognize the place.
Foxes also have a special way of communicating with their group. They will make certain sounds that only other groups of foxes can recognize.
Foxes are also easy to adapt to various things. An example is when they don't find meat, the foxes can replace it with plants. If the weather is cold, they can also adapt by making a special layer on their bodies to keep their bodies warm.
Unfortunately, humans often do fox hunts. Usually, foxes are hunted for their fur. This is because fox fur is soft and thick, so it is very good for use as a coat.
The term mythology comes from Latin, namely mythologia. Mythology is a science in the form of literature that contains stories and concepts about the existence of gods and spirits in the past and is related to culture. It is also related to the origins of humans in the past. So, regarding exploring the mythological and cultural significance of foxes around the world, here are some countries with world-famous fox mythological stories.
Greece has a famous fox mythology, namely the Teumessos Fox. It was a giant fox that could never be caught. The fox was the child of Echidna and was sent by the gods to eat the children of Thebes. That's because a lot of crime occurred in the city.
Later, Creon asked Amphitron to kill Teumessos. Amphitron asked Lailaps, a dog who also became a myth in Greece, to catch the fox. Because of that, Zeus turned Teumessos and Lailaps into stone.
In Chinese mythology, the fox demon or nine-tailed fox is known as hanzi or pinyin. This creature is a famous figure in Chinese mythology because the fox can become a good and evil demon. Hanzi can also change the shape into various other figures. One of them is a beautiful woman.
This fox also appears in the Shanhaijing book, written by Guo Pu. That book explains that the presence of the nine-tailed fox is a good sign.
Fox demons in Japan are called kitsune. Kitsune is a demon who is powerful, intelligent, and has a long life. Kitsune or kyubi no kitsune type is a fox demon that has nine tails with golden white fur.
In Japan, this fox demon also likes to change its form into a human. They always change their shape as a Japanese woman because most Japanese women are fox-like with slim faces, thin eyebrows, and high cheekbones.
Gumiho is a fox demon who has become an urban legend in South Korea. Gumiho is very popular in that country and is believed to have lived for thousands of years. Usually, gumiho will appear as a beautiful woman.
However, gumiho is a fox demon who likes to eat human hearts and livers. They do it to turn into humans. Because it is very famous, it often becomes a character in Korean dramas.
We also have more printable tag you may like:
Happy Easter Cute Printable Tags
Olivia Easter Basket Tags Printable
Happy Easter Tags Printable For Teachers
The fox is a cunning and intelligent figure in several cultures. However, in the real world, foxes are animals with unique characters. In particular, the red fox is said to have similarities with cats. Here we give you 5 interesting facts about the red fox.
Red foxes are not the kind of animals that like groups. So, they prefer to live alone. If in groups, they only do it for hunting.
When the female is pregnant, the male red fox will continue to accompany the female fox, from pregnancy to raising their cubs. The males will also provide food to their cubs so they can hunt and live on their own.
Red foxes do not have this red coat color from birth. When newly born, the fox is gray or brown. Then, the color will change when they are more than one month old.
Based on information from National Geographic, the red fox has many colors. Some of them are black, silver, reddish brown, and golden.
In the United States, red foxes can be kept as pets. However, because the red fox is an animal that has not been tamed like cats and dogs, a special method is needed.
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colors. This area usage of paint is expanding at a very rapid pace, especially in schools, hospitals, other
institutions, and industrial plants.
e. Appearance. The primary use of paint is to provide maintenance and improve safety and
efficiency. Decorative painting is sometimes considered to be secondary in importance and is therefore
kept at a minimum. However, the functional use of color creates comfortable living and working
conditions and more pleasant surroundings that result in improved morale and increased efficiency.
f. Camouflage. The military forces use paint to camouflage weapons and installations against
enemy detection. As a result of expert application of colors that blend with the surrounding terrain, the
enemy has difficulty detecting the locations of weapons, supplies, buildings, or even ships from the air.
g. Fire Retardance. Application of fire-retardant paint will delay the spread of fire and assist in
confining it to its origin. This allows more time during which fire-fighting equipment can arrive to
extinguish the blaze before it gets out of control. The use of fire-retardant paint is restricted to
appreciable areas of highly combustible surfaces and for selected uses. Use of this paint type is further
restricted to interior surfaces except for Arctic areas. You should not consider fire-retardant paint as a
substitute for conventional paints because its cost is much higher.
2-4. Principle Ingredients of Protective-Coating Materials. The principal paint ingredients are the
pigment and the vehicle. The pigment is the part of the paint that constitutes the solids, and the vehicle
is the fluid. The many types of materials used in the formulation of paint are far too numerous to
describe in this lesson; however, in order to acquaint you with the most common paint pigments and
vehicles, they are discussed as a class, and in some instances, the more important materials in a class are
2-5. Pigments. Pigments are fine, solid particles used
in the preparation
of paint, which are insoluble
in the paint vehicle. Pigments are available in two forms: paste and powder. Powder forms a stiff
consistency when combined with oil, lacquer, or an other vehicle. There are five main types of pigments
to use: white, color, metallic, black and extender.
a. White Pigments. White pigments are of great importance to you and the paint industry
because white is a widely used color and serves as the base for popular pastel or tinted colors. The most
common white pigments used are titanium dioxide and antimony oxide. Due to regulations, lead and
zinc-oxide pigments are no longer in use or are restricted to 0.06 percent or less of the paint's content.
(1) Titanium dioxide. This white pigment has been available since 1932. It has a definite
advantage where maximum hiding is required. Titanium dioxide has overshadowed all other white
pigments because of its chalking ability. This means the surface becomes chalky, and you can rub or
wash it off. This is an obvious advantage when white or light-colored house paint is used because rain
will wash away the chalk, and along with it goes the dirt and the grime, leaving a clean, bright surface.
Its disadvantage is with dark colors because it gives a fading appearance to the color.
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Creating a Mentoring Culture
Learn steps for establishing a formal mentoring system in your organization.
More and more organizations are creating formal mentoring programs—and with good reason. From a happier staff to increased organizational productivity, the benefits of a workplace culture that actively supports and organizes mentoring are abundant. While organizational mentoring programs may take on different shapes and structures, there are critical steps for a group embarking on establishing a mentoring system. Following are steps most often followed by organizations that have been able to initiate and sustain a meaningful mentoring process.
Define the business case for mentoring.
Mentoring should be seen as a critical element in helping the organization achieve its strategic goals. A formal mentoring program can help:
- improve retention
- build morale
- accelerate leadership development
- provide ongoing career development
- build teams
- facilitate organizational learning
A strong business case must be made to demonstrate why the organization should devote the attention and resources required to make a formal mentoring process work. For example, a healthcare organization foreseeing tremendous growth in a specific area may want a mentoring program to help prepare individuals for future managerial positions. Or an organization planning integration may be interested in a mentoring program to help shape talent that would fit the total entity. The point is, the reasons for establishing a mentoring program must be linked to your organization's business goals.
Establish a mentoring strategy.
A clear mentoring vision has the capacity to act as a guiding mechanism for the mentoring effort. Senior management and others responsible for the mentoring system must come together to design the strategy, define objectives, and plan the implementation. Some questions to be considered during this process include: What is the purpose for establishing the program? What are the short-term and long-term goals? Given our goals, how many mentor and protege pairs should be considered? Who should we focus on to be mentors and proteges? A steering committee should be established and a coordinator selected to oversee implementation. It is important that committee members and the coordinator are truly interested in the success of the program and believe that the development of future leadership is critical. Members of the steering committee may include interested senior-level individuals, a human resource representative, department heads, and others, depending on the goal of the mentoring program. For example, if the objective of the program is to develop leadership skills in nurses, then nurses should be represented on the committee.
Select proteges and mentors.
Using the organization's strategic intentions for mentoring as a primary reference point, the steering committee must define the criteria and characteristics for selecting and matching mentors and proteges. For example, if the goal of your organization is to develop new leaders as a part of succession planning, the committee will want to choose mentors who have many years in a leadership role, who are high performers, or who have many individuals in their department who have been promoted. To choose the appropriate proteges, the committee may want to identify those individuals who have demonstrated clear evidence of future leadership. Keep in mind that for the program to be effective, proteges and mentors must join the program on a voluntary basis; appointing them will not work. The mentor and protege must be enthusiastic and willing.
Provide mentor and protege skill training.
Successful mentoring programs always provide formal training to mentors regarding the special mind-set and skill set required to establish and sustain a learning partnership with a protege. This training should emphasize to mentors the difference between a mentoring role and a management role. It should also highlight the different skills and competencies mentors should develop, such as the ability to empower other people, to support them, and to challenge them. They must also have the ability to listen as a mentor and not as a problem solver. Proteges must receive training on how to be the driving force in a mentoring relationship. The training should also help them assess their strengths and weakness, identify developmental objectives, and decide how they will use their mentor. Training sessions are the perfect time to spell out the roles and responsibilities for participants. For example, mentors should not get between proteges and their managers or get overly involved in the detail of the protege's work. Proteges need to understand that having a mentor doesn't guarantee that they will get promoted or have unlimited access to their mentor.
Link up proteges and mentors.
How proteges and mentors are matched up is based on the goals of the mentoring program. Formally bringing mentors and proteges together to define their expectations of each other and the process is an extremely important step. During this meeting, a formal mentoring agreement is created that serves as a reference point throughout the mentoring process. The mentoring agreement should include the goals and objectives of both the protege and the mentor, how and when they will meet, and a confidentiality agreement.
Evaluate the program.
Those mentoring programs that do the best job of institutionalizing their mentoring programs evaluate the impact of the mentoring from two primary reference points. The first is the degree to which the process has assisted the protege in achieving the developmental objectives that were defined at the beginning of the program. The second reference point is the degree to which the program was successful in achieving its strategic business case goals, such as retention or the development of high potentials. Furthermore, successful programs bring mentors and proteges together for check-up meetings and follow-up training several times during the typical mentoring year. The best programs usually have a way of ending the mentoring relationship formally. During this time, the protege and mentor can decide if they want to continue the relationship formally or informally, or if they want to move on.
Ultimately, formal mentoring works best in an organization where people development and organizational learning are supported and nurtured by leadership at all levels. A mentoring culture is more important than just going through the administrative motions of carrying out a formal system.
Jim Perrone is a founder and managing partner of Perrone-Ambrose Associates, Inc., an organizational development consulting firm that helps organizations create mentoring cultures.
Perrone-Ambrose Associates, Inc.
2 N. Riverside Plaza, Ste. 1433
Chicago, IL 60606
From Healthcare Executive, May/June 2003
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John Holladay (1755-1800)
Notes on John Holladay (1755-1800)
John Holladay, Zacharias’ elder brother, is believed to have been born in Orange County, Virginia, in 1755. His parents were Joseph and Winifred Holladay.
John was one of the very early settlers in Kentucky. He was present at the siege of Harrodsburg led by the Shawnee chief Blackfish in March of 1777. In 1780 he was issued a certificate of settlement by the Kentucky Land Commission based on “settling in the Country in the year 1777 and residing there ever since”. Virginia land records show that he received a 400-acre settlement grant and a 1000-acre preemption. The 400-acre grant was surveyed in 1783, the year his brother Zacharias came to Kentucky, and his patent (grant) issued in 1785 was signed by Gov. Patrick Henry.
One of John Holladay’s associates at this time was John Muldraugh, for whom the well-known geological formation “Muldraugh Hill” is named. In 1787 John Holladay sold his 400-acre grant to John Muldraugh for 500 pounds. The following year he bought 200 acres from John Muldraugh, also for 500 pounds. The deed says this land was located on the south side of Rolling Fork at the mouth of Town Lick Creek. John’s new property was located in Nelson County.
A muster roll for the Nelson County militia taken in the summer of 1789 shows that Captain William Wilson’s company included John “Holaday”, Zachariah Holladay, and John “Mulder”. Similar muster rolls for 1790 and 1791 show John “Holaday” and John Muldraugh; by 1791 John Muldraugh had become captain of the company.
In 1792 Kentucky was granted statehood, and the area where John Holladay lived was split off from Nelson County to become Washington County. John Holladay appears with various spellings in Washington County tax lists from 1792 to 1797, but not later. In 1793 the first grand jury in Washington County was empanelled, and its members included John “Holaday” and John “Muldrough”.
Washington County records show that on 30 March 1794 John “Holloway” married Margaret (or Margery) Gustavis. Permission for Margaret to marry was given by her Guardian, James McWaters. John “Holloday” and his wife Margaret sold the balance of their property on the Rolling Fork to Samuel McElroy on 19 October 1797, and the deed shows that Margaret surrendered her dowry rights. Five days later on 24 October, John filed a survey for a 300-acre grant in Hardin County on Green River. He is recorded in the Washington County tax roll as paying tax on this land in 1796, and he received a grant for this land in 1799.
John and Margaret’s first child, Margaret, was born in 1795/6, and their son Zachariah was born in 1798. At about this same time, 1797-1798, John and Margaret appear to have moved to Christian County, Kentucky. New lands had opened up in this part of southwestern Kentucky, and the county had been formed in 1797. John Holladay appears in the Christian County tax roll in 1798 only. Also appearing in that county’s tax rolls during the period is James McWaters, presumably the same person who was Margaret Gustavis Holladay’s guardian in 1794. By 1799 there are several McWaters listed in the tax rolls. John and Margaret’s daughter Winiford was born in Kentucky in 1800, presumably in Christian County.
Sometime in 1800 John and Margaret moved their family to the Natchez area in Adams County, Mississippi Territory. John Holladay disappears (presumably he died) in Adams County, Mississippi, in about 1800. The story of Margaret and her children will be told in a subsequent post.
A Few Words about Surname Spelling
As shown above, John Holladay’s name is spelled in several different ways in the early records. Beginning genealogists soon learn this is true of all surnames – often the same person’s name will be spelled two or three different ways in the same document. This is certainly true in the case of the Holladay/Holliday surname. The surname of John Holladay, subject of these notes, is most often spelled either Holladay or Holliday in the records. Other variations include Holaday, Holiday, Holloday, and others. This John’s brother Zacharias, my ancestor, preferred the Holladay spelling, and almost all of his descendants have retained that spelling to the present day. The surname of our subject John Holladay seems to be spelled Holliday more consistently in the few records this author has found covering the last part of his life. The name of John’s son Zachariah, who later married Delilah Anderson, is also spelled Holliday fairly consistently in the early records, and today his descendants are known by that surname.
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1. The American Dream Essay
There is no simple answer. One factor is that poor minorities have stronger informal safety nets and social support, such as families and churches, than do their white counterparts.
Psychologists also find that minorities are more resilient and much less likely to report depression or commit suicide than are whites in the face of negative shocks, perhaps due to a longer trajectory of dealing with negative shocks and challenges. Another critical issue is the threat and reality of downward mobility for blue-collar whites, particularly in the heartland of the country where manufacturing, mining, and other jobs have hollowed out.
Andrew Cherlin of Johns Hopkins University finds that poor black and Hispanic people are much more likely than poor white people to report that they live better than their parents did. Poor whites are more likely to say they live worse than their parents did; they, in particular, seem to be living the erosion of the American dream. Why does this matter? My research from a decade ago — since confirmed by other studies — found that individuals who were optimistic about their futures tended to have better health and employment outcomes.
MODEL STUDENT PAPERS
Those who believe in their futures tend to invest in those futures, while those who are consumed with stress, daily struggles and a lack of hope, not only have less means to make such investments, but also have much less confidence that they will pay off. The starkest marker of lack of hope in the US is a significant increase in premature mortality in the past decade — driven by an increase in suicides and drug and alcohol poisoning and a stalling of progress against heart disease and lung cancer — primarily but not only among middle-aged uneducated white people.
Mortality rates for black and Hispanic people, while higher on average than those for whites, continued to fall during the same time period. The reasons for this trend are multi-faceted. One is the coincidence of an all-too-readily-available supply of drugs such as opioids, heroin and fentanyl, with the shrinking of blue-collar jobs — and identities - primarily due to technological change.
The identity of the blue-collar worker seems to be stronger for white people than for minorities, meanwhile.
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While there are now increased employment opportunities in services such as health, white males are far less likely to take them up than are their minority counterparts. Lack of hope also contributes to rising mortality rates, as evidenced in my latest research with Sergio Pinto. On average, individuals with lower optimism for the future are more likely to live in metropolitan statistical areas MSAs with higher mortality rates for to year-olds.
Desperate people are more likely to die prematurely, but living with a lot of premature death can also erode hope. Higher average levels of optimism in metropolitan areas are also associated with lower premature mortality rates. These same places tend to be more racially diverse, healthier as gauged by fewer respondents who smoke and more who exercise , and more likely to be urban and economically vibrant.
Yet by contrast, away from the US, they have not had a similar increase in premature mortality.
One reason may be stronger social welfare systems — and stronger norms of collective social responsibility for those who fall behind — in Europe. Ironically, part of the problem may actually be the American dream. Blue-collar white people — whose parents lived the American dream and who expected their children to do so as well — are the ones who seem most devastated by its erosion and yet, on average, tend to vote against government programmes. In contrast, minorities, who have been struggling for years and have more experience multi-tasking on the employment front and relying on family and community support when needed — are more resilient and hopeful, precisely because they still see a chance for moving up the ladder.
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There are high costs to being poor in America, where winners win big but losers fall hard. Indeed, the dream, with its focus on individual initiative in a meritocracy, has resulted in far less public support than there is in other countries for safety nets, vocational training, and community support for those with disadvantage or bad luck. Carol Graham is the author of Happiness for All? Do you believe the American dream is dead? Please share your experiences in confidence at inequality.
White despair, minority hope My research began by comparing mobility attitudes in the US with those in Latin America, a region long known for high levels of poverty and inequality although with progress in the past decades. Facebook Twitter Pinterest. Better Essays words 1. People have different views on what the American dream really is. Brandon King questions whether people still believe in the American dream or have they completely lost their desire to achieve the American dream due to the recessions, economic hardships that Americans face.
Better Essays words 2. The sky is the limit to what you can build, and what can happen to you and your family" expressed Sanford I. The American Dream is still alive and obtainable. Many people have a definition of what the American Dream that is obtainable in their minds. People all have unique individual lives. One of the reasons that the American Dream is still alive is that there are so many opportunities everyday America is perceived as the land were endless opportunities are available. King speech is more like a testimony of truth, rather than a speech.
The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or on Hold? by Brandon King - Essay
At the time of his speech African Americans were not free, while the Declaration of Independence states that all men are created equal. In baseball, the same ideals can be seen. While it has its flaws, baseball gives every player an equal chance to be successful within the game. It would be impossible to look at this great game, without thinking about the american dream. In a perfect world, everyone will be successful if they work hard. Unfortunately, our society is not perfect, and this is not always the case Better Essays words 4 pages. Martin Luther King Jr. For example, Dr.
The skies are painted a royal shade of blue, the suns warm, radiant rays showering down brilliantly on the ground below. Cotton-like streaks of white clouds drift across the sky at a slow, calm pace. Flocks of Staravia and Starly fly overhead, coos filling the air as they give their wings the occasional flap to stay airborne.
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The starling pokemon aren't the only things up in the air today, and that would soon be noticed. The sound of a powerful engine roaring could be heard from afar, along with multiple propellers as their blades beat in their fast merry-go-round motion King starts his speech by recalling the Emancipation Proclamation which gave hope to those who were bound by slavery. Yet this hope has definitely faded. One hundred years later African Americans are still in captivity.
Although slavery does not exist, those of color are bound by the color of their skin.
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Water Main Flushing and Hydrant Inspection Programs
Regular flushing and inspection is an important component of a comprehensive water management program. Water Main Flushing and Fire Hydrant Inspections are generally completed between April and October each year.
Unidirectional Water Main Flushing
Unidirectional water main flushing allows the Utility to maintain water clarity and quality in the distribution system. Sediment in the water mains reduces the effectiveness of disinfectants (chlorine) used to fight the growth of bacteria in the water system. By removing the sediment, we can reduce the level of chlorine used to disinfect the water. To remove this sediment, water is moved through a water main at a high velocity so that a scouring action is created and then the water is discharged through a fire hydrant. The ultimate goal of this program is to ensure that water quality is maintained at its optimal level and to help with the proper maintenance of the City’s water distribution lines and verification that water main valves are in proper working order.
Fire Hydrant InspectionsHydrant inspections are necessary to test each hydrant for adequate flow, pressure and operation. It allows field operators to inspect the hydrant for obstructions and to allow for repairs, as required, to ensure the City owned fire hydrants remain in peak performance. The inspection process involves flushing the hydrant and operating the branch valve which can stir up sediment in the water main that the hydrant is attached to.
Discolouration of water may occur during both operations as particles are moved through and cleared from the water mains. This discolouration is caused by mineral deposits that settle in the water mains which are agitated during the flushing processes.
If you notice discoloured water in your home, please note that discoloured water should not be used for laundry. Washing clothes, especially with chlorine bleach, when water is discoloured will stain laundry.Water pressure may fluctuate during the flushing and inspection processes. Low pressure experienced due to these processes will resolve once the flushing is completed.
Water Remains Safe During Flushing
During these routine operations the water remains safe. When flushing operations have completed, it is recommended that residents run a cold water faucet or turn on an outside sprinkler for approximately 5-20 minutes or until the water clears.
If water remains discoloured, flushing operations may still be occurring in the vicinity of your home; we recommend that you wait and try again. Should discoloured water continue beyond three hours, you may choose to contact Environmental Utilities at 403.529.8176 for further direction.
For more information, refer to the Water FAQs page.Current Flushing and Inspection Operations
|Field Operators are currently working on Unidirectional Flushing activities in: Zone 23|
|It is anticipated that flushing operations will next move into: Zone 29|
|Unidirectional Flushing Zone Map (PDF)|
|Fire Hydrant Inspections|
|Field Operators are currently completing Fire Hydrant Inspections in: Zone R|
|It is anticipated that inspections will next move into: Zone S|
|Fire Hydrant Inspection Zone Map (PDF)|
Please Note: In addition to the routine flushing operations, there may be additional flushing completed in some areas of the City requiring more frequent attention. Unless the flushing activities are expected to last more than one day, the zone will not be noted above for these various locations.
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Arthur B. Kennickell
Abstract: Much discussion treats the working definitions of wealth and income as if they were self-evident, but definitional choices can make substantial differences in the overall picture. To provide a clear basis on which to examine family wealth and income their interrelationship, this paper begins with a basic discussion of a range of possible measures of those concepts. Using the measures developed, the paper examines the distributions of wealth and income and their joint properties using data from the 1989–2007 waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). Among other things, the data show a complicated pattern of shifts in the wealth distribution, with clear gains across the broad middle and at the top. For income, there is a more straightforward picture of rising inequality. Over this period, wealth as a fraction of income moved up across both the distributions of wealth and income. Nonetheless, their joint copula distributions (a type of distribution with uniform margins) do not show noticeable changes over this time. The consistent pattern is that very high wealth and income and very low wealth and income go together, but in between these poles, the relationship is fairly diffuse. The paper also presents information on the composition of wealth and income over the 18-year period; the general patterns of holdings across the distributions did not change markedly, but there were some important shifts. For wealth, debt increased as a share of assets across the wealth distribution, the share of principal residences rose mainly below the median of net worth, the share of tax-deferred retirement accounts rose and the share of other financial assets declined. For income, the clearest change was a general decline in the relative importance of capital income other than that from businesses.
Keywords: Income distribution, wealth distribution, portfolio sharesFull paper (2334 KB PDF) | Full paper (Screen Reader Version)
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