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Don’t underestimate the importance of bath time! When it comes to your child and swimming, one of the most important things you can do to get your child comfortable in the water is to make bath time fun and relaxing. From your child’s first bath, it is important for them to be practicing all of the skills they need to become a calm and comfortable swimmer. Listed below are a couple of tips that will help you successfully introduce your child to the water. Please take your time with each of these activities. It could take your child weeks or just a day to become more comfortable. Every child moves at a different pace. Not only will this make the transition into swim lessons smoother, but your child will also increase their confidence and comfort more quickly! You will not regret spending this time with your child!
Bath Time Progressions
- Submerge a towel or sponge in water and ring it out all over their shoulders and head always cueing “1,2,3” to prepare them for what is about to happen.
- Fill a small cup with water and pour gently over the child’s head and shoulders with the same cue.
- Fill the same cup or a larger one with more water and gently pour over the child’s head and shoulders.
- Begin blowing bubbles in the same bucket or in the bathtub.
- Encourage your child to hum, sticking their nose in the water, making bubbles come out of the nose instead of the mouth.
- Stick mouth, nose, and eyes in the water while humming – put a target at the bottom of the bath tub to motivate them to get eyes down.
- Stick mouth, nose, and eyes in the water cueing “1,2,3” while also pouring water over the child’s head.
VISIT OUR SWIM SHOP TO PURCHASE OUR EXCLUSIVE BATH TIME BASKETS! All items are used in our swim lessons. These swim props will help your child progress in swimming!
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Mobiles show a city in motion
Residents of Rome have entered a new era with the help of their mobile phones.
A futuristic urban map, featuring the dynamics of the Italian capital in real time, made its debut at the weekend.
The map project, known as Wiki City Rome, is continuously fed data through wireless technology such as mobile phones and global positioning systems on city buses and taxis.
Developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the project was launched during Rome's Notte Bianca (White Night), an all-night festival of 400 events, which drew about 2.5 million people onto Rome's streets.
Matching the pulsing flow of activities, a big screen display in one of Rome's main squares showed a continuously changing picture of the city.
Red, yellow and green lights overlaid on a map of the city reflected the movements of hundreds of thousands of people, the real-time position of city buses and taxis, and crowds at the most popular events.
Anyone with an internet connection was able to follow the unique map of the city and experience "a new awareness of how Romans move within their city in response to exceptional pulses of activities", says Kristian Kloeckl, a researcher at MIT's SENSEable City Laboratory.
The system, says the lab's director Dr Carlo Ratti, can help people make more informed decisions about their surroundings, such as "avoiding traffic congestions, or knowing where people are congregating on a Saturday afternoon".
In worst-case scenarios, this real-time urban mapping can also make it easier to evacuate cities, assuming mobile phones are working.
Using algorithms developed by Telecom Italia, the main sponsor of the project, the technology can distinguish whether a mobile phone signal comes from a user who is stuck in traffic or perhaps taking a slow walk in a park.
International phone numbers can also reveal the movements of tourists who are carrying their phones.
The concept may remind some of Big Brother, but the researchers say data is kept anonymous to preserve individual privacy.
The information is aggregated from communications and GPS networks and stripped of any personal identifiers.
During the Rome experiment, the ever-changing map ran smoothly, even as 2.5 million people roamed across the city,
"I was really impressed when I realised that there were hundreds of thousand of people in line to visit the city's museums," Rome's mayor Walter Veltroni says.
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The IguasË?Falls, at a point on the Parana river where the borders of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil meet, are the largest in the western hemisphere. They are in a region of tropical rain forests rich in timber. - - Forestry and Forest Industries Development. Paraguay is a land-locked country in central South America, bordered by Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia. More than half of it is covered with forests and forestry provides one of the country?s major economic resources. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) os aodomg the Government?s plans for the development of forestry and forest industries by funding a 5-year project which is being executed by UN/FAO. The various phases of the project include the preparation of a forest inventory over an area of about 3 million hectares; the expansion of commercial forest industries and strengthening the activities of the Forest Demonstration Centre in the Puerto Presidente Stroessner area. More than a million trees have so far been planted. Studies are also being made on such factors as forest land use and soils, methods of logging and wood transport and the location of promising zones for forest planting. By the time the project is concluded in 1971, counterpart staff will have been trained to assume responsibility for the demonstration, experimental and organisational work.
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Imitation learning of fish and swarm behavior with Recurrent Neural Networks
In the field of collective behavior group-level phenomena emerge from interactions between individuals. To study inter-individual rules the Landgraf lab has built a robotic guppy that replaces live anmials in the shoal, RoboFish. The primary purpose of this thesis is to examine if the pair interaction behavior of female guppies can be learned by recurrecnt neural networks via supervised learning and to develop the software components required to have the RoboFish system run the resulting models in the real world. Two distinct datasets are studied and RNN models trained to try to imitate the behavior seen in them: One dataset was synthetically generated from a simple deterministic model as a baseline and one was captured from live fish. Training different kinds of RNNs on the datasets revealed a capability of a simple stacked RNN to learn swarm behavior, further improved upon by putting a ConvLSTM input network in front of it. I was also successful in showing that a more complex network was able to learn some basic interaction behavior as seen in real fish.
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Buy this NGC 1333 Star Birth photo.
High quality Spitzer space picture, poster, slide, or Duratrans backlit transparency. NASA photograph PIA03545. Wide variety of sizes.
Click to see selection as Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) - November 24, 2005
Chaotic Star Birth - Star-Forming Region NGC 1333. Located 1,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Perseus, a reflection nebula called NGC 1333 epitomizes the beautiful chaos of a dense group of stars being born. Most of the visible light from the young stars in this region is obscured by the dense, dusty cloud in which they formed. With NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists can detect the infrared light from these objects. This allows a look through the dust to gain a more detailed understanding of how stars like our sun begin their lives.
The young stars in NGC 1333 do not form a single cluster, but are split between two sub-groups. One group is to the north near the nebula shown as red in the image. The other group is south, where the features shown in yellow and green abound in the densest part of the natal gas cloud. With the sharp infrared eyes of Spitzer, scientists can detect and characterize the warm and dusty disks of material that surround forming stars. By looking for differences in the disk properties between the two subgroups, they hope to find hints of the star and planet formation history of this region.
The knotty yellow-green features located in the lower portion of the image are glowing shock fronts where jets of material, spewed from extremely young embryonic stars, are plowing into the cold, dense gas nearby. The sheer number of separate jets that appear in this region is unprecedented. This leads scientists to believe that by stirring up the cold gas, the jets may contribute to the eventual dispersal of the gas cloud, preventing more stars from forming in NGC 1333. In contrast, the upper portion of the image is dominated by the infrared light from warm dust, shown as red.
Addition Date: November 15, 2005
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA
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High Voltage direct current (HVDC) technology
An alternate means of transmitting electricity is to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology. As the name implies, HVDC uses direct current to transmit power. Direct current facilities are connected to HVAC systems by means of rectifiers, which convert alternating current to direct current, and inverters, which convert direct current to alternating current.
Early applications used mercury arc valves for the rectifiers and inverters but, starting in the 1970s, thyristors became the valve type of choice.
Thyristors are controllable semiconductors that can carry very high currents and can block very high voltages. They are connected is series to form a thyristor valve, which allows electricity to flow during the positive half of the alternating current voltage cycle but not during the negative half.
Since all three phases of the HVAC system are connected to the valves, the resultant voltage is unidirectional but with some residual oscillation. Smoothing reactors are provided to dampen this oscillation.
HVDC submarine cables are either of the solid type with oil-impregnated paper insulation or of the self-contained oil-filled type. New applications also use cables with extruded insulation, cross-linked polyethylene. Although synchronous HVAC transmission is normally preferred because of its flexibility, historically there have been a number of applications where HVDC technology has advantages:
1 The need to transmit large amounts of power (>500 mW) over very long distances ( >500 km), where the large electrical angle across long HVAC transmission lines (due to their impedances) would result in an unstable system.
2 The need to transmit power across long distances of water, where there is no method of providing the intermediate voltage compensation that HVAC requires. An example is the 64 km Moyle interconnector, from Northern Ireland to Scotland.
3 When HVAC interties would not have enough capacity to withstand the electrical swings that would occur between two systems. An example is the ties from Hydro Quebec to the United States.
4 The need to connect two existing systems in an asynchronous manner to prevent losses of a block of generation in one system from causing transmission overloads in the other system if connected with HVAC. An example is the HVDC ties between Texas and the other regional systems.
5 Connection of electrical systems that operate at different frequencies. These applications are referred to as back-to-back ties. An example is HVDC ties between England and France.
6 Provision of isolation from short-circuit contributors from adjacent systems since dc does not transmit short-circuit currents from one system to another.
With the deregulation of the wholesale power market in the United States, there is increasing interest in the use of HVDC technology to facilitate the new markets.
HVDC provides direct control of the power flow and is there-fore a better way for providing contractual transmission services. Some have suggested that dividing the large synchronous areas in the United States into smaller areas interconnected by HVDC will eliminate coordination problems between regions, will provide better local control, and will reduce short-circuit duties, significantly reducing costs.
Brazil-Argentina HVDC Interconnection
This HVDC back-to-back station located between Brazil and Argentina involved considerable innovation in manufacturing and construction techniques for both transmission lines and converter station. The scheduled time to deliver was only 22 months. The first phase went into commercial operation in 1999 and the second phase in 2002.
Advantages of HVDC //
As the technology has developed, the breakeven distance for HVDC versus HVAC transmission lines has decreased. Some studies indicate a breakeven distance of 60 km using modern HVDC technology.
Some of the advantages identified are:
- No technical limits in transmitted distance; increasing losses provide an economic limit;
- Very fast control of power flow, which allows improvements in system stability;
- The direction of power flow can be changed very quickly (bi-directionality);
- An HVDC link does not increase the short-circuit currents at the connecting points. This means that it will not be necessary to change the circuit breakers in the existing network;
- HVDC can carry more power than HVAC for a given size of conductor;
- The need for ROW is much smaller for HVDC than for HVAC, for the same transmitted power.
Disadvantages of HVDC //
The primary disadvantages of HVDC are its higher costs and that it remains a technology that can only be applied in point-to-point applications because of the lack of an economic and reliable HVDC circuit breaker.
The lack of an HVDC circuit breaker reflects the technological problem that a direct current system does not have a point where its voltage is zero as in an alternating current system. An HVAC circuit breaker utilizes this characteristic when it opens an HVAC circuit.
Resource: Understanding Electric Power Systems – Jack Casazza
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In a new, highly detailed study of swine flu virus, H1N1, researchers have found that the pathogen is more virulent than previously believed.
Led by University of Wisconsin-Madison virologist Yoshihiro Kawaoka, the study has found that the H1N1 virus exhibits an ability to infect cells deep in the lungs, where it can cause pneumonia and, in severe cases, death.
Seasonal viruses typically infect only cells in the upper respiratory system.
"There is a misunderstanding about this virus. People think this pathogen may be similar to seasonal influenza. This study shows that is not the case. There is clear evidence the virus is different than seasonal influenza," Nature magazine quoted Kawaoka as saying.
He says that the ability to infect the lungs is a quality frighteningly similar to those of other pandemic viruses, notably the 1918 virus, which killed tens of millions of people at the tail end of World War I.
The study has also found another similarity to the 1918 virus-people born before 1918 harbor antibodies that protect against the new H1N1 virus.
Kawaoka reveals that the virus could become even more pathogenic as the current pandemic runs its course, and the virus evolves to acquire new features.
It is now flu season in the world's southern hemisphere, and the virus is expected to return in force to the northern hemisphere during the fall and winter flu season.
For the study, the researchers infected different groups of mice, ferrets and non-human primates with the pandemic virus and a seasonal flu virus.
They found that the H1N1 virus replicates much more efficiently in the respiratory system than seasonal flu, and causes severe lesions in the lungs similar to those caused by other more virulent types of pandemic flu.
"When we conducted the experiments in ferrets and monkeys, the seasonal virus did not replicate in the lungs. The H1N1 virus replicates significantly better in the lungs," said Kawaoka.
The study also assessed the immune response of different groups to the new virus, and, surprisingly, found that people exposed to the 1918 virus, all of whom are now in advanced old age, have antibodies that neutralize the H1N1 virus.
The study also indicated that existing and experimental antiviral drugs could form an effective first line of defense against the virus and slow its spread.
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Health issues taken at face value – such as being overweight or having low energy levels – can be masking greater healthcare concerns. Underlying conditions like diabetes often create noticeable symptoms that individuals, often through no fault of their own, can misinterpret.
The treatment of a symptom won’t resolve a disease. Therefore, it is important to analyze what the body is verbalizing, but also to look beneath the surface to uncover the root cause of the issue.
What Are The Risk Factors to Being Diabetic?
As there are two forms of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, the risk factors differ. Let’s walk through that differentiation.
Type 1 Diabetes Risk Factors
- Family History – Having a family member with type 1 increases the likelihood of having the disease.
- Genetics – The presence of certain genes increases the risk of type 1 diabetes being present (hence, the family history risk factor).
- Geography – Type 1 is more prevalent further away from the equator.
- Age – The peak age of diagnosis is 14, although some cases do not become apparent until th 30’s or even 40’s..
- Health History – Risk or concurrent diagnosis of autoimmune disease.
Type 2 Risk Factors
- Weight – Being overweight is often a leading risk factor for the disease.
- Fat distribution – Storing fat in the abdomen leads to an increased chance in the development of type 2 diabetes.
- Inactivity – By being less active, cells are more likely to become insulin resistant.
- Family History – Having a direct relative like a sibling or parent with type 2, also increases the chance of developing the disease.
- Race – As the direct causation is still unknown, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American populations are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
- Prediabetes – Having higher than normal blood sugar levels is an indicator of fully formed diabetes in development.
- Liver Complications – Issues surrounding the liver can be a risk factor for diabetes.
Diabetic Symptoms to Look Out For
- Frequent urination
- Strong sensations of thirst and hunger
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing for cuts or bruises
- Unintended weight loss
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
(Various tests can be conducted to determine your status for diabetes.)
Testing for Diabetes
It is strongly advised to be tested for diabetes. At Hill Functional Wellness we are equipped to test and treat your possible diabetic status. Upon visiting our practice we will conduct a variety of blood labs to ensure the most accurate diagnosis is provided. It is imperative to have an accurate look at the function of the body (your physiology) to determine your condition.
Discovering What Your Blood is Saying
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: This test measures the blood glucose level at a single point in time.
- A healthy normal blood sugar level is less than 100 mg/dL after not eating for 8 to 12 hours.
A1C Test: The A1C test takes a broad look at blood glucose levels spanning the past 90-120 days.
- A healthy A1C level registers below 5.7 percent. Between 5.7 and 6.4 percent, a person is considered prediabetic, and over 6.5 percent is diabetic.
Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) Test: This test does not require fasting, and can be taken at any time.
- A test that yields a result of 200 mg/dL or higher shows that a person may be diabetic.
- This test is not standard in our office, as it is subject to many variables that are difficult to account for, and can yield false positives/negatives too easily.
It is important to note that for clinical purposes, we oftentimes tighten the “normal” window for these numbers to aid in preventative detection instead of waiting until full-blown disease status is on the radar.
Type 1, Type 2, or Prediabetic?
Two types of diabetes exist that can manifest similarly from a symptom standpoint, but their underlying pathophysiology is very different.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes stems from destruction of the pancreas (or, more specifically, the beta cells of the pancreas), where insulin is produced. In this form of diabetes, the pancreas ceases to generate any insulin for the body and thus prevents glucose (sugar) from being able to enter cells to be utilized or stored.
This form of diabetes is a disease of autoimmune origin. This means that for whatever particular reason for an individual, the body’s immune system attacks these beta cells, causing their destruction. Once complete destruction occurs, the condition cannot be reversed, and the mode of treatment becomes management through externally administered insulin. Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age but is typically active by young adulthood.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a developed form of insulin resistance. With more than 3 million new cases per year in the United States, the concern for this disease has reached epidemic levels. Insulin is still produced in type 2, but the body becomes desensitized to it. When this occurs, insulin becomes unable to handle sizable quantities of glucose in the bloodstream, and leaves it free to circulate at concentrations much higher than what is healthy for body tissues.
It is estimated that it can take a runway of about 6-10 years to fully develop type 2 diabetes. As the disease progresses, sustained increase in blood glucose leads to damage of many types of tissue – distal limb neuropathy (feet and hands), eye retinopathy, kidney nephropathy, fatty liver changes, cardiovascular inflammatory issues (stroke, heart attack, heart disease). This is the pernicious nature of why diabetes is so dangerous to ignore or simply manage.
As the more common form of diabetes, type 2 can be treated and reversed with proper diet, exercise, and monitoring.
Over 84 million Americans are living with prediabetes, yet nearly 90 percent are not aware of their status, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Preventing prediabetes from progressing into fully formed diabetes starts with lowering blood sugar levels to a healthy range. This can be accomplished through dedicated actions similar to the treatment plan for type 2.
It is very important to catch diabetes at an early stage. The earlier it is detected, the easier it is to make an impact on it, and the less likely it will be that it causes irreversible damage.
Know Your Diabetic Status Today
Hill Functional Wellness is dedicated to serving you and your desire to live a healthy life. Being proactive by monitoring your symptoms and understanding your lab numbers can help prevent diabetic onset.
Learn today how Hill Functional Wellness can help identify and address your specific status through the use of lifestyle and nutrition. Why establish a relationship with diabetes if you don’t have to?
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Today is the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King’s famous speech, known as “I Have a Dream.” It deserves careful consideration, because it is widely regarded as the most important speech by a private citizen in American history.
The general public does not understand why that speech worked. The general public knows almost nothing about the content of the speech. The average person has never gone to YouTube and listened to it even once, let alone several times. I have listened to it very carefully. I regard it as a rhetorical masterpiece.
Let me rephrase that. I regard the final third of the speech as a rhetorical masterpiece. There is a reason for this. It was ad libbed. It is the most famous ad libbed speech in American history.
THE WRITTEN SPEECH
There are several accounts of how the speech was written. I am using the account written by Clarence B Jones, King’s associate, who was a lawyer. He is the author of a 2011 book on the speech: Behind the Dream: The Making of the Speech That Transformed a Nation. Jones and King had worked together on speech-crafting before. One of the themes which King had used before had been recommended by Jones. This was the idea of a promissory note. It was a promissory note supposedly issued by Abraham Lincoln by the Emancipation Proclamation. The theme of the speech was this: the United States government in 1963 had not delivered on that 1863 note. In other words, with respect to Lincoln’s promissory note, it was a bad check. It had bounced repeatedly.
This was historically silly. Lincoln had issued no such note. But King appealed back to Jefferson’s “All men are created equal.” He invoked that as a promissory note. The fact that the Declaration of Independence never had any legal standing was beside the point. King was writing a speech, not an historical treatise. The Declaration was highly rhetorical. So was King’s speech.
He did not use the language of a bounced check, even though more of his listeners that day would have understood the reference. He spoke of a promissory note. This was the language of a lawyer. That is because it was written by a lawyer. Jones prides himself in being part of that process, although he does not claim that he was exclusively responsible for the final version. But there is no doubt that he was the source of that metaphor.
This metaphor was judicially clever. But it was not moving. People do not dedicate their lives to a cause on the basis of running a promissory note through the bank again, hoping that the account will have sufficient funds this time.
The first two-thirds of the speech was essentially a lawyer’s brief. It was delivered by a minister, a man who had made his reputation by being an eloquent minister speaking on civil and political issues. Why did he think that a lawyer’s brief would work in front of the largest gathering that had ever assembled in Washington D.C., and one of the most emotionally moving demonstrations in history? There were 250,000 people there. The largest assembly before that was about 47,000, the Bonus Army of 1932, in the Great Depression. It was a fifth the size. Also, the army under Douglas McArthur had run the Bonus Army out of town, and burned down their tents.
Oddly enough, there was a perfectly good biblical justification for this lawyer’s brief. In terms of the message of the Old Testament prophets, a lawyer’s brief was appropriate. The lawyers of the Old Testament were the prophets, and they had delivered a series of covenant lawsuits against the nation of Israel and the nation of Judah. Their targets were primarily the leaders, but they also included the whole society. These were legal briefs. So, there was a legitimate tradition behind the use of such language. But it is not common language in ecclesiastical circles. Nevertheless, we do not remember this speech as the promissory note speech. Yet that was the metaphorical heart of the original speech.
Everyone knew King was the headliner. That was why they had him speak last. This was to be the culmination of the march. This was to be the high point of the march. This was to leave a legacy. It did leave a legacy, but it was not the legacy of Jones and King who, the night before, had put the speech into its final form.
Jones describes what happened next. This should be in every textbook account of the speech. Yet it is not well known, although it has received some attention this year.
Because on the Lincoln Memorial steps, Martin, who had made his way into roughly the seventh paragraph of the speech I’d handed in, paused after saying, “We cannot turn back.” This alone was nothing unusual. The hesitations and breaks were all part of his oratory process, the rhythms he had mastered at the pulpit. Yet in this split second of silence, something historic and unexpected happened. Into that breach, Mahalia Jackson shouted to him from the speakers and organizers stand. She called out, “Tell ’em about the ‘Dream,’ Martin, tell ’em about the `Dream!'” Not many people heard her.But I did.
And so did Martin. (pp. 111-12)
(For the rest of my article, click the link.)
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External Pulling Tool
Definition - What does External Pulling Tool mean?
An External Pulling Tool is a tool which is used to retrieve plugs or other equipment from the wellbore. It is a cost-effective approach for locating, pulling and engaging fishing necks. It comprises of various components such as housing, core, latch, top sub, and compression string. It is available in three diverse core lengths, i.e., B, S, and M. The “B” length pulling tool is a long core whereas the “S” is of medial size. The “M” length is specifically designed for use in various gas lift operations.
Petropedia explains External Pulling Tool
The External Pulling Tool is designed to undertake various HWO and coiled tubing operations. A nozzle is attached to the nose of the tool to create internal pressure so as to move the unbalanced piston. There are a number of nozzle sizes available in the market which gives an ease to the operators to choose the best operating parameters that suit the standard external profiles. The operator can use the fishing neck by pumping with the latch back or by pushing a latch back that allows the tool to directly land on the profile. The benefits of using the tool include:
- It suits all kind of external profiles.
- It is field redressable.
- It is used in hydraulic and mechanic actuation.
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Report on Laws and Regulations Governing Civil Society Organizations in Ghana
Prepared by: Victor Brobbey Research Fellow, CDD-Ghana
- Establishment & Registration
- Government Supervision & Enforcement
- CSO Activities
Ghana has a long tradition of active civil society engagement. By 1897, civil society organizations (CSOs), such as the Aborigines Rights Protection Society, became some of the earliest advocates for the independence of Ghana (then called the “Gold Coast”) from British rule. In the post-World War II period, a number of volunteers, farmers, trade unions, religious groups and town improvement organizations and associations served as important organizations in the struggle for independence. The event that many believe precipitated the drive towards independence was the 1948 violent suppression of a demonstration conducted by the Gold Coast Ex-Service Men’s Union, a noted CSO. In addition, some of the major political parties that emerged when pre-independence colonial authorities opened the ‘democratic space’ began as civil society organizations.
Despite the number and range of CSOs that have existed historically in Ghana, their actual influence in society and on public discourse has often been a function of the amount of political space they have been given to operate. Since independence in 1957, Ghana’s record as an open, liberal democratic state has been mixed. The Independence Constitution of 1957, which created British-style parliamentary and legal institutions and processes, was replaced with the Republican Constitution in 1960, which designated the role of an executive president. Kwame Nkrumah, the country’s first president, worked quickly to amend the constitution to abolish opposition parties, and gave himself the power to override acts of Parliament and dismiss judges. Because of his actions, Ghana became a single-party state by 1964. A military coup in 1966 ultimately resulted in the abrogation of the 1960 Republican Constitution and the promulgation in 1969 of a new, more liberal democratic constitution with a Bill of Rights. However, the 1966 coup was the first in a succession of military coups and regimes punctuated by brief periods of constitutional multiparty government over the next several decades.[i]
Nonetheless, Ghana has managed to remain relatively stable since the promulgation of the 1992 constitution and the advent of the Fourth Republic. The transition to democracy in 1992 saw the metamorphosis of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), the last military junta, into a political party, which was elected to office as the National Democratic Congress (NDC).
Ghana is a unitary state governed by common law. It has remained politically stable through five presidential and parliamentary elections (1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008), and each poll has generally been considered an improvement over the previous one. Ghana has also undergone two electoral transfers of power from one party to another (2000 and 2008), making it unique among African democracies. In addition to this, the 1992 constitution – the country’s longest lasting – created a very progressive rights regime for the protection of civil society. It guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of thought, conscience and belief, freedom of the press and other media, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom of association, freedom of information and freedom of movement[ii]. Arguably, the key freedoms concerning CSOs are listed under Article 21:
All persons shall have the right to:
- freedom of speech and expression, which shall include freedom of the press and other media;
- freedom of thought, conscience and belief, which shall include academic freedom;
- freedom to practice any religion and to manifest such practice;
- freedom of assembly including freedom to take part in processions and demonstrations;
- freedom of association, which shall include freedom to form or join trade unions or other associations, national or international, for the protection of their interest;
- information, subject to such qualifications and laws as are necessary in a democratic society; and
- freedom of movement which means the right to move freely in Ghana, the right to leave and to enter Ghana and immunity from expulsion from Ghana.
Furthermore, Article 37 of the 1992 Constitution forces the state to enact appropriate laws to ensure “the enjoyment of rights of access to agencies and officials of the state” and “freedom to form organizations to engage in self-help and income generating projects; and the freedom to raise funds to support these activities.”
In spite of the clear wording of Article 37, no new laws have been enacted governing the CSO sector since the 1992 Constitution, though it is universally agreed that the legal regime governing the sector is antiquated.[iii] Currently, the law under which a vast majority of relevant organizations are governed is the Companies Code, Act 179 of 1963, Section 10, which allows for the establishment of Companies Limited by Guarantee (or “Guarantee Companies”) as non-profit companies. Other statutes that govern CSOs include the Trustees (Incorporation) Act, 1962 (Act 106), and the Professional Bodies Registration Decree (NRCD 143) of 1976. Organizations governed by these three statutes will be the primary focus of this report.
In addition, there are various other statutes, regulations and directives that impact the CSO sector directly or indirectly. While Ghana’s general human rights protection regime is relatively well appreciated by society,[iv] the laws governing the regulation of CSOs are less accessible, generally misunderstood by nearly everyone, including legal professionals.
Relations between CSOs and the government have evolved from being hostile and confrontational in the 1970’s and early 1980’s to increasing recognition of the role of the CSO sector as a potential partner. However, after political liberalization in 1993, the government of Ghana expressed concerns that Ghanaian CSOs, often operated without proper registration, tended to execute projects without consulting district and regional development planning authorities, did not submit required reports of their operations, and engaged in fraudulent practices regarding their tax exempt status. CSOs have a persistent fear that the GoG seek to curtail their autonomy and control the sector. As a result, the government instituted policies governing the sector without consulting CSO officials. The government has been generally uncooperative in providing assistance to support their activities. The current policies do not provide tax incentives for CSOs to adequately operate.
In 1993, CSOs opposed an attempt to enact laws that the government had envisioned for them. The opposition grew from the lack of collaboration between CSOs and government in creating the bill, and the fact that it contained provisions which threatened CSO independence. Among others, CSOs specifically objected to the creation of a National Council on NGOs headed by a Minister of State and dominated by government appointees with the power to steer CSOs and register or de-register CSOs who refused to cooperate with the government. The process of agreeing on an appropriate regulatory framework governing CSOs has been ongoing since 1993. Presently, the CSO community and the government do not appear to be close to agreement. The closest the parties have come to an agreement was in 2004, when government and civil society created the Draft National Policy for Strategic Partnership with NGOs. It was agreed that this draft policy document should form the basis for national CSO legislation. However, regime change and personnel adjustments at the relevant sector ministries stalled the agreement’s implementation. The most recent iteration of the CSO Bill departs from the agreed-upon framework in significant respects.
The term “CSO” refers to a large number of organizations, including associations, societies, foundations, and non-profits. Most CSOs are registered as Guaranteed Companies under the Companies Code, voluntary associations under the Trustees Act, or as professional bodies under the Professional Bodies Decree[v]. Ghanaian CSOs work on a wide range of issues, including education, health, governance, and poverty alleviation.[vi] They have garnered a huge amount of development resources from both within and outside of Ghana, which supplement a wide range of public sector activities.[vii]
Companies Limited by Guarantee are regulated by the Companies Code, Act 179 of 1963, Section 10. They are created by submitting registration forms with the Registrar-General’s Department (RGD) in Accra, and paying a filing fee of approximately US$100. This Department is empowered by law to register all private organizations in Ghana. A guarantee company is not registered with shares and is not permitted to create any shares. This type of company is therefore only suitable if no initial funds are required or those funds are obtained from other sources, such as donations and grants. The company is also not permitted to engage in trading. Moreover, guarantee companies are not permitted to pay dividends or return any assets to their members.
The Trustees (Incorporation) Act, 1962 (Act 106) provides that the “trustees of any unincorporated voluntary association of persons or body established for any religious, educational, literary, scientific, sports, social, or charitable purpose shall apply, in manner hereinafter mentioned, to the Minister for a certificate of registration as a corporate body.” Upon the grant of the certificate, the trustees shall become a body corporate by the name described in the certificate, have perpetual succession, an official seal, the power to sue and be sued in the corporate name as well as to hold and acquire property. The Act also provides that the income of organizations incorporated under this statute that are not derived from commercial activity should be tax-exempt. An application for registration under this enactment requires submission of documents that state the objects of the body or association, as well as its rules and regulations.
A number of organizations are also registered under the Professional Bodies Registration Decree (NRCD 143) 1976.[viii] An organization can register by submitting to the Registrar-General’s office the following:
- (i) a copy of the body’s constitution;
- (ii) a list of the body’s members with their qualifications and addresses at the date of application;
- (iii) a statement of the body’s activities for twelve months immediately preceding the date of application, or a statement of its activities for the period during which it has been in existence (if it has existed for less than one year); and,
- (iv) such other particulars as the Registrar may reasonably request.
The constitution of professional bodies registered under this statute should include a statement of (a) the objects of that body, and (b) rules regulating discipline of members of the specific profession and the manner of enforcing such rules.
Professional bodies registered under this statute can act as bodies corporate, and can sue and be sued, and hold and dispose of property. The statute allows for only one professional body per vocation. It also requires the professional body to have at least fifty members. The professional bodies, though not public agencies, therefore play an indirect gate-keeping role.[ix]
Though this statute permits the government to regulate and scrutinize registered bodies, there is in practice very little direct government involvement in the activities of professional bodies. It is unclear if such involvement would withstand constitutional inquiry.[x] The National Redemption Council, the military government that passed this decree in the 1970s, and subsequent military regimes placed a much higher value on involvement in the activities of these professional bodies than the current civilian administrations do.
All three kinds of organizations are treated similarly for tax purposes. The Internal Revenue Act of 2000 permits the exemption of income not derived from business activities.[xi] However, actually obtaining this exemption is a long and complex process. In 1997, the government suspended automatic tax exemptions for CSOs in response to suspected abuses and fraud in respect to the exemptions that were being received. Until then, the government had only taxed CSOs for staff income, and had exempted imports linked to CSO projects from customs duties. Today, tax-exempt status is granted on a case-by-case basis. Qualification as an exempt organization requires a fairly discretionary ruling from the Internal Revenue Commissioner. Thus, beyond the possibility of tax-exempt status, there is little advantage in incorporating under these organizational forms.
One of the primary pieces of evidence required for tax-exempt status is a listing with the Department of Social Welfare (DSW) as a charity, interjecting another level of government bureaucracy. Registration with the DSW requires an exempt organization to show, for example, that it operates “within the framework of the National Development Policy.” In addition, the DSW requires a general account of the organization’s activities, as well as evidence that its members are able to manage and control it. Registration with the DSW also requires applicants to submit four copies of the Registrar-General’s Certification of Incorporation and four copies of the organization’s constitution and by-laws, as well as any brochure or newspaper reports on the activities of the organization.
There are relatively few barriers to the formation of CSOs.[xii] There are many single issue-based, unregistered advocacy groups that operate without any difficulties. There are no sanctions that exist merely for holding oneself as a ‘group’ or ‘organization’, and indeed, any such sanction would be a violation of the constitutional right to freedom of association. There are also very few barriers to the creation of non-profits. No initial capital outlay is required, beyond a filing fee of less than US$200 for Guarantee Companies. There are also no restrictions on the kind of persons that can be directors of CSOs.[xiii] However, there are some reports that bureaucratic barriers have been put in place to deny or to frustrate the creation of CSOs. It has been reported, for example, that an application for registration of a CSO to conduct research in national security and defense policy was turned down on the grounds that the subject matter was inappropriate for civilians. Also, it is widely believed that while the registration process itself may be relatively uncomplicated, the process of obtaining tax-exempt status is arbitrary and susceptible to negative political or pecuniary influences.[xiv]
The internal regulations governing Guarantee Companies are liberal. No onerous reporting is required, beyond filing a yearly certificate with the RGD indicating that it has done nothing to compromise its status as a privately held entity by, for example, issuing shares. The Act provides that the Guarantee Companies shall be governed by their internal regulations, the contents of which are left almost entirely to the companies.[xv]
Professional bodies registered under the Decree are more closely regulated. They are required to file yearly submissions, including a copy of their audited accounts, and an up-to-date list of their members. The Decree is particularly focused on the internal regulations of professional bodies having language allowing for errant members to be disciplined – a reflection of the fact that one of the primary motivations for passing the decree was to permit the ruling military junta, the National Redemption Council, to regulate and control professional bodies. The Decree also states that the educational and training criteria to qualify for membership into professional bodies shall be determined by the government, in consultation with the association.[xvi]
The Trustees Act provides the most strictly controlled management of CSOs. Trustees can be chosen only if the government is satisfied that their appointments were procedurally proper. The Act also entitles the minister to require trusts to fill vacancies on their boards and even to appoint persons to boards via executive order. In keeping with the immovable property origins of this statute, there is also a requirement that an application for registration as a trust should contain “the date of, and parties to, every deed, will, or other instrument creating, constituting, or regulating the same, as well as a statement and short description of the land which at the date of application is possessed by, or belonging to, or held on behalf of the body or association.”[xvii]
In order to obtain tax-exempt status, CSOs must file claims with the Department of Social Welfare (DSW). The DSW conducts annual inspections of the operations of CSOs, designated as "charities," by reviewing the annual reports they submit each March. However, the DSW lacks the capacity to conduct oversight. The requirement that CSOs submit annual reports of their activities and copies of their accounts is largely ignored. The capacity of the Registrar-General’s Department to enforce reporting requirements has improved in recent times, but is still weak. CSOs in Ghana have often been accused of lacking transparency and accountability, and not adhering to their non-profit objectives. There is some merit in these accusations. However, there have been few instances of CSOs being forced to wind up.
CSOs have generally not spoken out if and when they have been subjected to government harassment.[xviii] However, successive governments have continuously expressed a strong interest in the sector’s activities, and have attempted to impact CSO discourse by co-opting existing civil society groups or by creating their own groups, Government-owned NGOs (GONGOs). An example of the latter is the extremely pro-government 31st December Women’s Movement, a gender-based NGO formed by a former first lady of Ghana. The 31st December Women’s Movement is an umbrella group of women’s organizations closely linked to the erstwhile military regime of the Provisional National Defence Council. While it has done some good work and has been instrumental in the passage of some important gender legislation, it has also had the effect of crowding out independent women’s organizations, starving them of funding and monopolizing key gender causes. State funds have been widely rumoured to have been made available to support the activities of the movement. Organizations such as the 31st December Women’s Movement, as well as the Confederation of Indigenous Business Associations, the Alliance for Change, the Alliance for Accountable Government, the Tertiary Education Networks of the various parties, and clubs representing various Nkrumaist groups – all represent various ways in which Ghana’s political establishment have attempted to use CSOs for political purposes.
CSOs that are registered under the aforementioned statutes assume corporate status and engage in a wide range of activities, including property ownership and contract rights. CSOs are nearly unrestricted to criticize the government on a number of issues. There are a number of organizations that conduct advocacy on human rights and democracy issues. There are no laws restricting CSOs’ ability to participate in political or legislative activities.
CSOs in Ghana have played an increasingly influential role in promoting national development and the public interest. Government policies, such as the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy I and II, understand the importance of CSOs to national development, peace, democracy, rule of law and human rights. Additionally, government policies identify the development of a credible legislative framework for strengthening and regulating the activities of CSOs as critical to development.
In the early 1980s and 1990s, CSOs concentrated on delivering humanitarian relief services.[xix] The World Bank imposed structural adjustment programs that resulted in significant cutbacks in the government’s social service delivery capacity. CSOs attempted to fill the void, particularly at the community and district levels. Governance and rights-based research and advocacy think-tanks arose in the 1990s in response to increased political opportunity. Today, CSOs are strong participants in the public sector and the government regularly relies on their services in a wide range of areas. For example, the Domestic Violence Support Unit (DOVVSU) of the Ghana Police Service relies on the CSO Women’s Initiative for Self-Empowerment (WISE) to provide psychiatric counselling for victims of domestic violence, the International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) to provide legal advice, and on various other CSOs to help provide victims with shelter and medical attention. Also, the legislative process often depends heavily on active participation of CSOs to conduct necessary research and review of pending bills. Occasionally, CSOs initiate legislation, and the Attorney-General later takes over.[xx]
CSOs in Ghana often form issue-based coalitions. Recently, CSOs have collaborated on health care, the passage of a Right to Information Law, and “whistle blower” and disability statutes. The Ghana Association of Private Voluntary Organizations in Development (GAPVOD) is the largest umbrella organization for CSOs in Ghana, with 440 registered members as of 2005.[xxi]
Several CSOs in Ghana are affiliated with various international entities. The International Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA) - Ghana, for example, is an affiliate member of the world body of women lawyers that was founded in Mexico in 1944. Ghana Integrity Initiative is a member of Transparency International. GAPVOD is also a member of the International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW). Indeed, most Ghanaian CSOs rely on foreign CSOs, foundations, and development agencies for their funding. CSOs are not required to seek permission from government agencies before they receive funding, or to deposit funds they receive in government owned banks. They are also permitted to bid for government contracts. In addition, the legal system does not place barriers against cross border financial inflows. Fund transfer regulations have recently become cumbersome and more strictly enforced, in order to address money-laundering concerns, rather than an effort to restrict the activities of CSOs.
Since 1993, the government and CSOs have had ongoing discussions to develop mutual understanding between them for an appropriate regulatory framework. It is important for the future growth of the sector that such framework at a minimum addresses the following priority areas:
Establishing an Autonomous & Independent National Commission on CSOs
A commission providing oversight of the activities of CSOs is a necessity. The strategic and administrative functions of the Commission may include accrediting CSOs, maintaining a CSO registry, advocating for CSOs with regard to policy decisions, encouraging CSOs to fulfil their accountability and legal obligations, forwarding to the MMDE recommendations on tax-related exemptions, encouraging CSOs to develop a code of conduct for themselves, and generally supporting and strengthening CSOs. However, it is important that the Commission would be structured in a way that ensures CSO independence, while performing its administrative and policy functions. Though it is a public regulatory body, the Commission’s membership should primarily be drawn from CSOs. Government representation on the Commission should be kept to a minimum, and should include only government agencies whose activities bear directly on the operations of CSOs (e.g. the Department of Social Welfare and the Ghana Revenue Authority).
Granting Tax Exemptions to CSOs who Qualify under the Law
The regulatory regime shouldimprove the process of obtaining tax exemptions for CSOs, while preventing fraudulent abuse of tax relief and customs duties exemptions. A properly constituted NGO Commission would have the expertise and capacity to review CSO applications for tax exemptions and periodic reports. Such privileges would be granted in a transparent and accountable fashion.
Facilitating Collaboration Between CSOs & District Assemblies (DAs)
The state now realizes that CSOs are its potential allies. A new regulatory regime must necessarily increase the institutional arrangements that allow for greater collaboration between government and civil society. At the very least, structures should be put in place which require CSOs to inform local DAs that they are conducting activities within the District. CSOs and DAs are also encouraged to create a forum for regular dialogue, inform each other about their projects, and provide each other funding and technical assistance when possible. The 2004 Draft and National Policy for Strategic Partnership with NGOs also authorizes DAs to issue accreditation to NGOs on behalf of the Commission.
Addressing Internal Governance and Capacity Issues Faced by CSOs
An often made charge against CSOs is that they lack transparency in their internal operations. Because of this, a new legal regime should strengthen the internal regulation of NGOs. The weak oversight by the DSW, combined with relatively easy registration procedures at the RGD, have contributed to what is a vibrant but somewhat chaotic CSO environment. The charges of corruption and non-adherence to non-profit goals have harmed the image of the sector. It is also obvious that while CSOs are enthusiastic about participating in national decision-making and governance promotion, this enthusiasm is not always matched by an ability to source, analyze, and present objective evidence to back advocacy. The intellectual and technological resources available to CSOs are highly inadequate, relative to the number and range of issues that need research, monitoring, and policy advocacy in Ghana’s nascent democracy.
Ghana needs CSOs to be effective development partners. Improved internal regulations and financial accountability will undoubtedly make Ghanaian CSOs attractive targets of support from both the international and local donor community and government agencies, and effective partners in the implementation of development policies and programs.
*Statements and views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect that of the World Movement for Democracy, the National Endowment for Democracy, or the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law.
[i] The military governments were the National Liberation Council (1966–69), the National Redemption Council (1971–75), Supreme Military Councils I and II (1975–79), the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (June–September, 1979), and the Provisional National Defence Council (1981–93). The short-lived civilian administrations were led by Prime Minister Kofi Abrefa Busia of the Progress Party (1969–72) and President Hilla Limann of the People’s National Party (1979–81).
[ii] The only notable exception to the very impressive list of rights provided by the 1992 Constitution is freedom of sexual orientation. Article 12 (2) provides that “Every person in Ghana, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinion, colour, religion, creed or gender shall be entitled to the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the individual contained in this Chapter but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest.” This public interest exception is often cited as a potential loophole in Ghana’s rights regime.
[iii] E. Gyimah-Boadi and M. Markovits “Civil Society and Governance” in Ghana: Governance in the Fourth Republic, ed. B. Agyeman-Duah (Accra: Digibooks, 2008), 215. There are ongoing efforts to put in place a new law governing the CSO sector. The contents of this law have been the subject matter of ongoing discussions between members of the CSO sector and the Government of Ghana (GoG).
[iv] According to the 2008 Afrobarometer Survey, 78% of Ghanaians believe they are free to say what they think, and 87% believe they are free to join any political organization of their choosing. See Afrobarometer Round 4 Survey Summary of Results: Available at http://next.pls.msu.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=250.
[v] The exact number of organizations that are registered under the three statutes is uncertain. Officials at the Registrar-General’s Department informed the researcher that exact figures were not available. They were, however, willing to concede that the number of organizations registered as Guarantee Companies were “a lot,” while those registered under the other two statutes were “very few”. One recent study suggested that the total number of entities registered as Guarantee Companies exceeded 3000 – see Civil Society in A Changing Ghana: An Assessment Of The Current State Of Civil Society in Ghana - Akosua Darkwa, Nicholas Amponsah and Evans Gyampoh; available at http://www.g-rap.org/docs/CivicusCSI%202006%20Civil%20Society%20in%20a%20Changing%20Ghana.pdf.
[vi] The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) report mentions the following activities of NGOs and CSOs: “promotion of non-formal education, development and welfare children and women, micro-financing, community development, youth and culture, social development, conflict resolution, water and sanitation, training and capacity building, rehabilitation of the aged, child survival development, environmental, health, small-scale enterprise development, rehabilitation of ex-convicts, human resource development, caring for the disabled, bee-keeping, agriculture and food security,… disaster relief, population, advocacy and media, reproductive health, HIV/AIDS programmes, building and renovation of schools, and rural and urban poverty alleviation.” CDD, “Democracy and Good Governance: Full Report on Findings” at 170, African Peer Review Mechanism Republic of Ghana Country Self-Assessment (Jan. 2005).
[viii] E.g. the Ghana Bar Association, the Ghana Medical Association, the Ghana Registered Nurses Association, and the professional associations governing pharmacists, architects, engineers, surveyors, etc.
[ix] Thus, while one is required to be registered with the Ghana Medical and Dental Council to practice as a doctor, advocacy for doctors, particularly public sector doctors, is conducted by the Ghana Medical Association.
[x] This is also true of organizations registered under the Trustees Incorporation Act.
[xi] According to the definitions section of the Act, an “exempt organisation” means a person
(a) who or that is and functions as:
(i) a religious, charitable, or educational institution of a public character;
(ii) a body of persons formed for the purpose of promoting social or sporting amenities;.
(iii) a trade union registered under the Trade Unions Ordinance (Cap. 91);
(iv) an institution or trust of a public character established by an enactment solely for the purposes of scientific research; or
(v) registered sporting club;
(b) who or that has been issued with a written ruling by the Commissioner currently in force stating that it is an exempt organisation; and
(c) none of whose income or assets confers, or may confer, a private benefit, other than in pursuit of the organisation's function referred to in paragraph (a).
[xii] In a recent survey of the sector, a clear majority of respondents expressed the belief that registration as a CSO in Ghana was both inexpensive and uncomplicated – supra, Darkwah, note 7.
[xiii] The Companies Code bars undischarged bankrupts, felons and other related categories of persons from being directors of any kinds of organizations.
[xiv] CDD-Ghana Research Paper No. 7 Civil Society and Domestic Policy Environment in Ghana
September 2000 E. Gyimah-Boadi and Mike Oquaye.
[xv] The Companies Code requires Guarantee Companies to have at least two directors. They are also required to have language in their regulations stating that the income and property of the company shall be applied solely towards the promotion of its objects. On dissolution, companies are required to transfer all surplus assets another guarantee with similar objectives.
[xvi] NRCD 143, Section 3.
[xvii] The Trustee’s Act Replaced The Land (Perpetual Succession) Southern Ghana and Ashanti Ordinance (Cap. 137), which permitted groups of families or other individuals to hold and alienate land collectively. See also Kuma & Another v Koi-Larbi (1991)1 GLR 537-549 .
[xviii] A. Darkwah, Civicus Report, Supra.
[xix] Information on the history of NGOs was compiled from the following sources: IDEG; APRM; E. Gyimah Boadi and Mike Oquaye, “Civil Society and Domestic Policy Environment in Ghana,” CDD-Ghana Research Paper 7 (Sept. 2000).
[xx] This was the case of the Domestic Violence Bill, Freedom of Information bill, the Whistleblowers Bill, and others.
[xxi] A. Darkwa et al, Civicus Report.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) is the authority for health within the United Nations, with 7,000 staff members working in 150 countries. Its work is wide ranging; WHO priorities include eradicating infectious diseases, preventing chronic diseases and mental health promotion.
To tackle major health problems it is important to learn from the lessons of previous successful health programmes, and avoid repeating mistakes. But the WHO did not have any established processes to disseminate independent historical analysis of its health programmes. Documenting and sharing these histories would provide health researchers, practitioners and policymakers with a valuable resource.
Through our research we are driving historical thinking in international and national health activities.
Our work on vaccination, concepts and practices of disease elimination and eradication, and medical migration demonstrates how successes of national initiatives around the world became the basis of the expansion and intensification of the eradication programme by WHO Regional Offices and the WHO HQ.
A project we conducted on smallpox control and eradication in South Asia, with special reference to East Pakistan and Bangladesh and the Himalayan States during 1947-1980, highlighted how powerful countries retain control over the design, implementation and evaluation of immunisation policies considered important within WHO HQ and regional offices.
Our research into primary healthcare, the WHO and national governance has formed the basis for the production of the five books requested by WHO technical departments. Our researchers were leads on these books, covering health issues such as tuberculosis, tropical diseases, universal health coverage, leprosy and mental health.
Materials destroyed in the WHO archives, but made available to us by senior Indian smallpox programme officials, enabled us to look at the Indian smallpox control campaign between 1957 and 1967. This campaign was a regional pilot for the wider smallpox eradication programme advocated by the WHO. The initial successes in India were used to justify an expansion across the WHO’s Southeast Asia Region and further afield.
The impacts on WHO HQ, at regional offices and national governments include:
- the creation of new international policy networks
- the production of public engagement materials based on historical research
- enhanced training in historical approaches for senior health officials
- national policy change to include historical research in health policy
Our research has been used by the WHO to forge productive new links with national governments. These new working relationships were built on a common recognition that historical methods offer significant benefits for health research. Training in historical methods is now provided for senior health policy officials at WHO HQ, regional offices and in individual nation states, including Brazil, India and Sri Lanka.
Our work to develop a better understanding of the diverse sociopolitical conditions within project locations has ensured that historical thinking is now incorporated in international and national health activities in an unprecedented way.
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Monday, August 26, 2013
Mobile pedagogy - book summary
Disclaimer – I have contributed a chapter in this book.
Book summary of just launched book in the ‘advances in mobile and distance learning series’ published by IGI Global titled ‘mobile pedagogy and perspectives on teaching and learning’. The book is edited by Douglas McConatha, Christian Penny, Jordan Schugar and David Bolton (all based at West Chester University , Pennyslavia, USA) and contains 15 chapters collected into 3 sections. Brief summary of each chapter below:
Section 1: Current demonstrations and developments in the field of mobile pedagogy
1) Towards a mobile pedagogy by Scott. E. Hamm, Jason, Drysdale and Diana Moore. This chapter reports on the uptake of mobile learning at Abilene Christian College through a range of projects including students’ access to pre-lecture resources on mobile devices; distance learning / remote teaching using mobile devices; introduction of ipads and its impact on the college’s LMS; use of Twitter; audio as alternative to text-based feedback; and using games. Koole’s framework to study the device (useability), social (social technology) and learning (interaction technology) aspects was used across the various projects to evaluate the various projects and form recommendations to improve mobile learning implementation.
2) The second chapter ‘ student development of E-workbooks: A case for situated-technology enhanced learning (STEL) using net tablets’ by Selena Chan with Katrina Fisher and Peter Sauer (Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology), an extension of our project for Ako Aotearoa Southern Hub. Basically, leveraging off affordances of mobile and situated learning with constructivist and multimodal / multi-literacies focus to deploy net tablets (ipads and toshiba thrive android OS tablets) for students to develop their own workbooks or to complete competency based assessments.
3) Podcasting and pedagogy also from a New Zealand author, Ross Kendall (Wintec, Hamilton, NZ). Uses Engestrom’s expansive activity model to assess the efficacy producing podcasts. A small group of sociology students (level 5) interviewed experts (on sustainability). The students then consolidated their learning through a project to report the outcomes of their interviews, including how they planned , carried out and conducted the sessions.
4) Then a chapter on ‘communities of communication: using social media as medium for supporting teacher interpersonal development’ by Laurie Stone Rogers. The chapter discusses potentialities and recommendations for various stakeholders (community, administrators, policy makers, teachers, teacher educators and educational researchers). In particular, to encourage the use of social media to provide teachers with the opportunity to overcome isolation, feelings of loneliness and lack of community. In so doing, to improve teachers’ support as they work through an ever challenging time of change.
5) ‘ebook readers for everyone: FATIH project, is from Turkey with Nilgun Ozdamar Keskin, Furat Sarsar and Michael Sean. A good overview of the historical evolution of ebooks, their advantages and limitations. The chapter also provides a review of recent ebook projects from around the world and then details the FATIH project, the largest educational technology project in Turkey covering 40,000 schools and launched in 2011 to run through to 2014.
Section 2 has 5 chapters on the themes ‘research, theory and practice with mobile pedagogy in differentiated instruction’.
6) Mobile learning for all: accessibility considerations for mobile pedagogy by Luis Perez and Ezzard Bryant (University of South Florida). Introduces the concept of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and it’s key principles to make digital resources accessible to all. A degree of flexibility is recommended to cover the myriad contexts of modern technology use. The UDL support of iOS and Android OS are then summarised. Case studies of application of UDL to challenge based learning, including apps used to help students participate in learning activities (brain storming, reflection, data collection, presentation, project management and collaboration) are provided. A good chapter to inform ‘disability’ support services in the education sectors and beyond.
7) Mobile learning applications and differentiated instruction with Shelley A. Jackson, Sharla Snider, Nicole Masek and Joanne Baham (Texas Women's University). Differentiated instruction is defined as being based on teachers being able to adapt instruction to student differences. Examples are provided of implementation of differentiated instruction through instructional groupings, multiple levels of kinds of materials and tests, learning assignments, assessment and evaluations.
8) Then Terese Cumming (University of New South Wales, Australia) continues the theme on ‘does mobile technology have a place in differentiated instruction’. Presents the advantages and challenges of using mobile technology in classrooms. Recommends the process of implementing differential instruction through planning, selecting appropriate ‘content’, undertake processes for teacher planning, contextualise according to ‘product’ (problem based learning, layered curriculum rubrics) and learning environment.
9) Ann Orr and John Conley (Eastern Michigan University) write on ‘mobile technology and differentiated learning: meeting the needs of students with significant disabilities’. This chapter covers assistive technologies and how tablets, with their intuitive interface, variety of access options and possibilities for individualisation offer opportunities for enhancing learning for students with disabilities.
10) M. Liu, C. Navarete, E. Maradiegue and J, Wivagg (University of Texas -Austin) close the section with a chapter on ‘a multiple-case study examining teachers’ use of Ipod touches in their pedagogical practices for English-language learners’. An overview of mobile learning applications that assist English language students with case studies of 3 US of A schools. The challenges of incorporating the technology are discussed along with solutions and recommendations.
Section 3 covers ‘implications and innovative applications of mobile pedagogy.
11) New demands of reading in the mobile internet age are covered by Byeong-Young Cho and Lindsay Woodward (Iowa State University). Covers the changes on-screen, web-based, small screen and digital / multimedia content impacts on learning reading. The change in how information is presented changes our ‘textual landscape’ and our textual conceptions need to learn higher-order strategies to identify, understand and evaluate web based resources. Recommends reading strategies required to deal with the mobile internet context include being able to constructively and responsively read; realise and construct potential texts; identify important ideas and learning across multiple texts; monitor the process of selecting and understanding texts; and evaluate different aspects of text.
12) Then ‘iteach literacy with ipad devices: preparing teachers for effective classroom integration, with Diane Santori, Carol Smith and Heather Schugar (West Chester University). Two case studies are presented to discuss the many challenges and potentials through introducing ipads to pre- and in-service teachers for literacy instruction.
13) ‘Journalism and media: From mellowed pedagogy to new mobile learning tools’ is covered by Pamela Walck and Yusuf Kahyango (Ohio University). Studies how mobile technology has changed the way media organisations have changed the way they operate and contrasts to the uptake and deployment of mobile technology in a university preparing undergraduates to work in journalism. Media professionals have been rapid adopters of mobile technology and teaching institutions struggle to keep up with the range of methods now possible.
14) An African example with Mawuadem Koku Amedeker (University of Education, Ghana) with ‘stuck in neutral: why technology hasn’t made major inroads into education in Ghana’. Reports on efforts in Ghana to introduce technology into schools, stymied by lack of professional development support to teachers. Recommends ensuring teachers are ready to integrate ICT into learning before launching hardware focused initiatives.
15) Last chapter a pertinent ‘an ROI Ed-Biz approach for deploying mobile pedagogy with Professor Douglas McConatha. Introduces the CADRE model to evaluate the return on investment (ROI) of introduction of technology into education.
All in a coverage of mobile learning potentialities through real case studies. Of interest is that many of the projects use tablets as the mobile device. Teacher capability also mentioned in many chapters. Without teacher buy-in and understanding of the pedagogical implements of introducing / deploying technology enhanced learning (TEL), the promise of TEL to contribute to educational change (for the better) will never be fully realised.
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By RAY JOHNSON, Climate Science
— There is a huge coal-burning plant in Lamar County, Ga., that produces a lot of electricity.
In order to do so it burns a lot of coal. Each and every day three coal trains arrive and each one is two miles long. This is described in Bill McKibben's new book "Eaarth" published in April 2010 (p187).
Now let's just do a little math.
Each rail car is about 50 feet long and has a capacity of about 120 tons each. This works out to about 105 coal cars per mile (5,280 feet) or 630 in a three-train day. This corresponds to about 75,600 tons of coal delivered, and consumed, a day. That is every day. One more calculation suggests that this one plant alone consumes about 27,594,000 tons per year. Now that is a mountain of coal.
If we connected together all these coal cars used in one year, it would stretch for 2,190 miles, or the distance from Plattsburgh to just short of Salt Lake City, Utah. Incidentally, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) website, in 2008 there were 599 coal-burning plants of varying sizes in the United States though none apparently as large as this one in Georgia.
When the carbon in coal from this one Georgia plant alone is burned, it combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide gas with a total weight of over 100 million tons annually. And guess where this goes — yup, into the atmosphere. And this is only a tiny fraction of the total emissions that we produce.
Coal formation and consumption
Note that in the map (inset) of the coal fields of the United States, the EIA reports that over 1 billion short tons (1 short ton equals 2,000 pounds) of coal was mined, and burned, in 2009. Small amounts of this coal are exported but additional coal is also imported from Colombia, Venezuela and Indonesia. The United States coal was laid down long, long ago during four periods of the Earth's history when the planet was very, very warm and humid, and with carbon dioxide levels several times higher than today.
These periods are the Carboniferous from 280 million to 360 million years ago, the Triassic from 205 million to 245 million years ago, the Cretaceous from 70 million to 140 million years ago, and the Tertiary from 2 million to 7 million years ago. In just a few centuries we will return most of this fossil carbon, locked away for up to hundreds of millions of years, into the atmosphere.
Here is one more interesting fact that might bring these numbers closer to home. If we run one 100-watt light bulb continuously for one year it would require the combustion of 966 pounds of coal, or almost one half ton.
It takes a moment for numbers this big to register and settle in. At least they do for me. What they do show is the enormous nature of the problem that we face in the United States, and globally, as we try to grapple with how we can reduce our fossil fuel consumption as we follow our energy intensive lifestyle.
But why is this consumption and the resulting carbon dioxide emissions a problem? Let's take a closer look.
Earth's energy imbalance
Satellite and thermal data (J. Hansen et al, Science (2005) Vol. 308, 1431-1435) show that our planet has an energy imbalance. It is not unlike balancing one's checkbook. Measurements show that there is more energy entering Earth's atmosphere than it is emitting back to space; thus the imbalance. Now bear with me.
The energy from the sun comes to us in a wide range of visible and invisible wavelengths. The energy Earth emits back to space in order to maintain that energy balance also is a variety of different wavelengths.
Interaction of different energy wavelengths with matter
Let's digress just for a moment.
We all enjoy the color of a red rose or a purple lilac or a white trillium. We "see" these colors because the visible wavelengths of energy we receive from the sun allow us to. We can see the red because the other colors (including yellow, green, blue and violet) are all absorbed by molecules in the flower and only the red is reflected back to our eyes. In a similar fashion, we can see the other colors in flowers with some wavelengths of light being absorbed and some reflected back to our eye.
OK, but what about carbon dioxide? What is the problem here?
Unlike colors, we can't "see" infrared wavelengths or rays. We can, however, sense them and if one holds a hand, or puts one's face closer to an incandescent light bulb, one can feel the infrared heat or rays emanating from it. Indeed, many bathrooms have these infrared bulbs in them to warm us as we emerge from a bath or shower.
Thus it is with carbon dioxide. In the same way that visible light interacts with molecules of color in flowers, infrared rays interact with carbon dioxide. The molecular structure of this tri-atomic gas that we can't see is ideally suited to absorbing infrared rays or energy that would normally be emitted to space. The arrangement of these atoms and the vibrations of each atom relative to the other make them ideally suited for this property.
All physicists, chemists and other scientists that have had spectroscopy in their training have used this principle at one time or another in their work. Spectroscopy by definition just means the interaction of different wavelengths of energy with matter — solid, liquid or gas.
The lower portion of the chart here shows the infrared absorption spectra of three greenhouse gases (GHGs): water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone. The curve on top shows the cumulative absorption total for these gases. If a molecule absorbs none of the wavelengths in the center portion of this region from 1.0 to about 10 microns, it would not be considered a GHG. But these particular molecules (and others) do absorb wavelengths of energy as shown by the multiple rising and falling curves from the zero baselines (their spectra).
NASA is reporting increased global temperatures, and indeed the first decade of this century is the warmest in the instrumental record; this will increase the amount of water vapor in the air. With fossil fuel consumption (coal, oil and gas) increasing, the amount of carbon dioxide and ozone in the air is also increasing. Therefore by increasing the amounts of these GHG we have the stage set for Earth's "energy imbalance" that is now being observed.
The big question we face is, "What are we going to do about it?"
The scientific career of Raymond N. Johnson, Ph.D., spanned 30 years in research and development as an organic/analytical chemist; he is currently founder and director of the Institute of Climate Studies USA (www.ICSUSA.org). Climate Science is published the first Sunday of every month.
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As an ND I am often asked about food allergies and food sensitivities in practice. What is important is to help patients understand the difference between food allergies and sensitivities and how they are affecting their health.
Food Allergy – IgE reaction – Immediate
These are the reactions diagnosed with a skin prick test. The reaction is quick and can be life threatening in the case of anaphylaxis. Other common reactions include hives, eczema, breathing and digestive problems. Because they are immediate they are much easier to diagnose.
Allergen → Body releases IgE → Triggers release of histamine → Allergic reaction
Food Sensitivity – IgG reaction – Delayed reaction can take 24-72 hours to develop
In food sensitivities, the body is exposed to an allergen and releases IgG antibodies which bind to the allergen. Although the body usually removes this complex, if it becomes too much, it can lead to inflammation which can affect various body systems. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, itchy skin, rashes, bronchitis, asthma, joint pain, or muscle stiffness. Because they are delayed they can be difficult to pin point.
Allergen → IgG released → IgG binds to the allergen → Leads to inflammation throughout the body
How do I know if I have food sensitivities?
There are 2 main ways to identify food sensitivities:
- Elimination Diet: this involves removing the most common foods that cause sensitivities for a minimum of 3 weeks. After the elimination phase, foods are gradually reintroduced in a systematic order to determine if any reactions occur.
- Food sensitivity Testing: this testing is done through a simple blood draw. It measures how your immune system reacts to a variety of foods. The results of the test allow you to determine exactly which foods your body doesn’t tolerate well.
I personally find value in both options depending on the symptoms. The elimination diet can provide almost immediate relief for some people. Often these patients find a few foods that trigger their symptoms and the correlation is easy to make. For others, the thought of eliminating the biggest allergens can be daunting. In this case the food sensitivity test helps to give a road map of what to avoid.
Once the test has been run and the results are in…what do you do next? Stay tuned as I outline some of the most common food sensitivities and how to navigate your new diet.
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At the EEC, an environment is created where each child’s language, culture and diversity are deeply respected and celebrated. Our staff is inspired by each child’s passion, their natural curiosity to make sense of the world around them. We respect and acknowledge each child as an individual learner and value their uniqueness.
Our centers promote opportunities for parents and children to engage in events that promote leaning and fun.
The EEC special Thursdays are a fun way of promoting learning concepts such as colors, science, math’s, nature. On “Special Thursdays” we encourage children to bring or wear an item from home. It’s a wonderful opportunity for parents to engage with their children and promote language and learning around a particular concept. Balloon day is when we discuss the concepts of air, bring a plant day is when we talk about living things and the cycle of growth. The possibilities are endless!
We enjoy our parents visiting school for events such as Dads Day, Sports Day, Story Book Character Day, National Day and Math Day. Each year the EEC promotes children’s creativity and expression through our now famous Gallery Walk. This is an event not to be missed.
We offer opportunities for parent goal setting meetings, progress reports, portfolio sharing to demonstrate through our documentation how children’s learning and development progresses.
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1st of February the women program started with 13 women from Latriya. We introduced the aims and target of the Tiloo project to the women and showed them the varieties of solar technologies we have and their utilization. We began by showing them a video about preserving our environment, the preservation of our forest and proper hygiene in our daily lives.
We also did a little practical exercise with them. Lisa showed how to prepare a snack and explained the different types of food that can be processed in the solar cooker, solar dryer and the parabolic.
In a group work environmental problems were also discussed and the women came up with their own ideas on how to take care of the environment. They see a future in solar cooking to preserve the forest and live a healthier lifestyle.
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To lose weight and get in shape you must have a good diet and exercise regularly to burn fat. The first thing you must understand about exercise is that just because you are burning calories does not mean you are burning fat. Your main focus when you exercise should be losing body fat, and you can't lose body fat just from burning calories. When we exercise, our bodies will start burning calories, but the calories that are burned are the calories from carbohydrates in our system. In order to burn calories from your stored fat, your body requires the presence of oxygen. There is a certain amount of oxygen that your body needs in order to start burning fat and the only way for you to measure the amount needed for your own body is to keep up with your target heart rate during exercise. Please understand that if you continue to only burn calories from carbohydrates, you will lose mostly "water weight" which leads to a decrease in your metabolism. Also, think of the calories that are burned from carbohydrates as your energy calories. If you lose too much energy calories then your muscles will not receive enough energy to increase your metabolism which indirectly burn fat. Therefore you must increase your calorie intake when you are on an exercise program to replace your burned energy calories.
Burning Fat Calories during exercise
During aerobic exercise, your body goes through several stages before it reaches the point where you are burning fat. You will hear people say that you are only burning sugar (carbohydrates) not fat during the first 10 minutes of exercise. This is true to a certain extent. I say this because you will continue to burn sugar past the 10 minute mark if you are not working out hard enough for your body to want more oxygen; or you are working out too hard and you can't supply your body with enough oxygen for fat burning. When you exercise you must move at a steady pace (not too fast, not too slow) so your body will utilize your stored fat (not carbohydrates or sugar) as its energy source. Also remember that just because you reached the fat burning stage does not mean you will stay there. Staying at the fat burning stage once again depends on if you are moving at a pace that is right for your body. Make sure that you are within your target heart rate range.
Burning Fat Calories at rest
The only way for you to continue to burn fat calories hours after you have finished working out is through the anaerobic exercise of weight training. Weight training is the key to burning fat at rest. Weight training is an anaerobic activity that will cause you to burn more calories than aerobic exercise. The calories that you are burning during weight training exercises are mostly calories from carbohydrates (meaning you must eat even more calories per day for energy); but the calories you burn at rest are mostly calories from fat. The reason you are burning fat at rest is because weight training increases your metabolism which uses your stored fat as energy.
To make your body the ultimate fat burning machine you must do aerobic (cardio) and anaerobic (weight training) exercises.
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Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar
|This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia. (March 2009)|
The Deutsche Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar (DNT) is the most important musical and theatrical venue in Weimar in Germany. It is a twin institution, consisting of the theatrical Deutsches Nationaltheater (German National Theatre, now solely based in Weimar) and the symphony orchestra known as the Staatskapelle Weimar. It has a total of six stages across the city and also hosts touring orchestras and theatre companies from the German-speaking world, as well as making appearances in electronic media.
- the Main House or große haus, its traditional main stage on Theaterplatz (music and theatre)
- two additional venues, foyer I and foyer III, within the main house on Theaterplatz (music and theatre; cabaret)
- two additional venues at e-werk Weimar, a former industrial site (music and theatre)
- the congresscentrum neue weimarhalle (concerts by the Staatskapelle Weimar)
The Staatskapelle Weimar
The precursor ensemble of Staatskapelle Weimar dates from 1482, with the formation of a musical ensemble in service of the Weimar Fürsten (Prince). In 1602, the ensemble attained resident status at the Weimar court, as the Herzoglichen Hofkapelle (Ducal Court Ensemble). Notable musicians in the early history of the Staatskapelle Weimar included Johann Schein (1615–1616) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1705, 1708–1717), both from the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig. Bach particularly worked as resident organist and Kapellmeister.
Johann Nepomuk Hummel served as the ensemble's Kapellmeister from 1819 to 1837, on the appointment by the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna. Franz Liszt began his tenure as Kapellmeister in 1842, and championed the music of Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Peter Cornelius. Through this and his teaching activities, Liszt enhanced the prestige of Weimar as a musical hub, notably conducting the world premieres of Wagner's Lohengrin in 1850 and Cornelius’s Der Barbier von Bagdad in 1858.
After Liszt left in 1858, he was succeeded by Eduard Lassen who remained as director until his retirement in 1895. Lassen conducted several world premieres during his tenure, including the first performance of Camille Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila in 1877. Richard Strauss served as second Kapellmeister under Lassen from 1889 to 1894 and led the premieres of his own Guntram and Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel.
Peter Raabe became Kapellmeister in 1907. With the end of World War I and the dismantling of the German Empire, the ensemble was renamed the Weimar Staatskapelle. Ernst Praetorius directed concert and opera programming from 1924 to 1933. Because his wife was Jewish, Praetorius left the post after the National Socialists ascended to power in Germany in 1933. Paul Sixt directed activities there during the Nazi regime.
After World War II and the end of the Nazi regime, Hermann Abendroth became Generalmusikdirektor (GMD) and chief conductor of the ensemble, serving from 1945 to 1956. Successive GMD's of the ensemble have included Gerhard Pflüger (1957–1973), Lothar Seyfarth (1973–1979), Rolf Reuter (1979–1980), Peter Gülke (1981–1982), Hans-Peter Frank (1988–1996), George Alexander Albrecht (1996–2002), Jac van Steen (2002–2005) and Carl St.Clair (2005-2008). Oleg Caetani was principal guest conductor of the ensemble from 1984 to 1987. The ensemble was officially renamed the Staatskapelle Weimar in 1988.
General Music Directors
- Hermann Abendroth (1945–1956)
- Gerhard Pflüger (1957–1973)
- Lothar Seyfarth (1973–1979)
- Rolf Reuter (1979–1980)
- Peter Gülke (1981–1982)
- Hans-Peter Frank (1988–1996)
- George Alexander Albrecht (1996–2002)
- Jac van Steen (2002–2005)
- Carl St.Clair (2005–2008)
- Stefan Solyom (2009-present)
- "Stefan Solyom is the new General Music Director and Principal Conductor of the German National Theatre and the Staatskapelle Weimar" (Press release). Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
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Full-body cast crash testing
Children with medical conditions requiring full-body casting present parents with potentially dangerous transportation options. Researchers are working on a "cure" for the problem.
Engineering a "cure" for a potentially dangerous situation, Dr. Patrick Atkinson, associate professor of Mechanical Engineering, and Dr. Julie Zielinski, M.D., M.S. orthopedic surgery resident at McLaren Regional Medical Center, are researching the safest way to transport children immobilized in full-body casts.
Atkinson and Zielinski came up with the idea to study the implications of transporting a child immobilized by a cast in a child safety restraint after both heard anecdotal information about how parents dealt with the problem of transporting children after orthopedic procedures to correct hip dysplasia or dislocation, broken limbs and other conditions related to the lower extremities.
"It makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to put a child in a car seat when they are in a full-body cast," said Atkinson. "Some parents ride home with the child in the arms of one of the parents or they lay the child in the back seat and use the adult seat belts to hold the child in case of accident, and some try to get them in the car seat using the car seat in ways it wasn't designed to be used," he added.
"Parents are already apprehensive about their child's welfare because of the casting and or surgery," said Atkinson, "this transportation problem just adds to their stress." This added stress can last between four weeks to six months, depending on the nature of the orthopedic condition and rate of healing and the number of doctor's visits required.
"We are testing all the scenarios in the Kettering Crash Safety Center," Atkinson said, "using 20 different crash tests including front and side impact and varying sizes and models of car seats." The testing is currently one-of-a kind. Similar testing was done in the 1980s, but was conducted using dolls instead of crash dummies.
Atkinson and Zielinski put full-body casts on infant and child-sized crash test dummies that have diagnostic instrumentation that indicates potential and probable injuries. "The dolls used in the 1980s did not have diagnostic instrumentation," said Atkinson, "and technology has improved dramatically in terms of analysis capabilities and how car seats are designed. It was time to run more tests."
Paul Gratsch, associate controller in the Business Office at Kettering, was on hand during some of the crash testing. Gratsch's daughter Haley, now 7, was put in full-body casts twice, at eight months and again at five years old, to correct a displastic hip. Fortunately the hospital provided the family with information on how to install and use their existing car seat to its full advantage.
"The University of Michigan Hospital did a great job of training us in the hospital room," said Gratsch, "but they didn't follow us out to the parking lot and when we got there it felt like it was all new, like we were seeing it for the first time," he said, admitting it was stressful and frustrating.
"Not all hospitals have a uniform policy on how to work with families in this situation," said Atkinson."
Approximately 2,000 children per year in the U.S. are immobilized in full-body casts. This medical procedure is commonly used because "you can't tell a child not to be weight bearing on a limb," said Zielinski. "It's better for their recovery if they are put in a cast from chest to toes to keep them off the limb and to promote healing," she added.
There is a car seat designed for use with a child in a full body cast, the Hippo car seat by Britax. "It is a wonderfully designed product, but you cannot buy it at a traditional car seat retailer, you have to know where to go to find it," said Atkinson.
What sounds like a solution to the whole issue actually has some built-in stumbling blocks. The seat is not widely publicized so most parents don't know to ask for it and many hospitals don't know it exists. Additionally, the price tag is a healthy $495, beyond some parent's financial reach. "There are local companies like Wright and Filippis, a medical supply company, that can order it," said Atkinson, but parents have to know it's available to ask for it."
Based on initial observations from the crash testing, Atkinson said that in a nut shell the long term solution centers on education. Educating parents on the resources available like the Hippo car seat or at minimum how to correctly utilize their existing car seat, educating doctors to consider modifying the cast position at the time they put the cast on and educating hospital personnel who discharge the patient to give parents discharge instructions for transportation.
"The physician may be able to bias the position of the cast on the child so it is clinically beneficial to the child but will also work best with the car seat," Atkinson said.
Their initial findings are in keeping with car seat use in general - it is better to use a car seat than not. "How you transport your child in a cast does matter," said Atkinson, "we're finding the probability of injury is directly related to how you fasten your child in a car. We saw drastically different levels of injury based on how we restrained the child dummy," Atkinson said.
The initial crash test showed there is less injury if the child is in a car seat and more injury if parents just use vehicle seat belts. And even though vehicle seat belts are not as good as a car seat, it is better to use them than for a parent to hold a child on their lap.
"As a certified car seat checker I was using the regular car seat to the maximum limit to fit the child crash dummy into it with a cast," said Atkinson, "I'm afraid the average parent who doesn't have car seat checker training would have given up long before I did."
"The Hippo seat is an important resource because you can't get some kids wearing casts into a car seat at all. The Hippo provides a way to transport kids when they are cast."
One issue that caught Atkinson and Zielinski by surprise was that the cast caused breathing difficulties when the dummy was in the car seat. "This concerns us beyond crash testing," said Atkinson, "our recommendation would be that an adult ride in the back seat with the child to monitor breathing during transportation."
Upon completion of testing, Atkinson and Zielinski will publish their data worldwide so parents can use the information to improve how they transport children during the upwards of four weeks to six months they are in a cast.
According to Zielinski, a child in a full-body cast is required to visit the doctor approximately five times before the cast is removed, forcing parents to make decisions about their child's safety for every trip. Sometimes the surgery is performed by a pediatric specialist whose office may be an hour or more away from the family's home, increasing the risk to an unrestrained or poorly restrained child because of a longer drive. Zielinski said some pediatric orthopedic surgeries are done at Shriner's hospitals and can require families to drive five to six hours for a one way visit.
Zielinski originally earned an undergraduate degree in Bio-mechanical Engineering and a master's degree in Mechanical Engineering prior to attending medical school, so the Crash Safety Center was familiar territory for her. Her work with Atkinson is one rotation of her orthopedic surgical residency through McLaren Regional Medical Center.
Written by Dawn Hibbard
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In the past few years, several studies have demonstrated a possible association between asthma and the use of acetaminophen (Tylenol). There are two concerns raised by these studies. First, there may be an association between exposure to acetaminophen in utero or during the first year of life and the later development of asthma. Second, acetaminophen may have a detrimental effect (increased wheezing, etc.) in those children who have asthma.
There are several reasons acetaminophen is currently widely used for children. A strong correlation between the use of aspirin and the development of a potentially fatal condition called Reye’s Syndrome was discovered in the 1980s. Since then, aspirin has not been recommended for fever in people under the age of 19. Aspirin also may cause stomach and bleeding problems, among other things. These factors together have led to the widespread use of acetaminophen in children.
But at this point, it may be best to avoid acetaminophen for children who have asthma or are at risk for asthma. While you might give ibuprofen to your child for pain or fever, you should never use aspirin. It’s best to ask your pediatrician for a suggested plan to treat your child for fever or pain.
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Daughter to Emmeline, sister to Christabel, Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (English, 1882-1960) was perhaps the most reserved—though no less dedicated—member of the Women’s Social and Political Union’s founding family. Pankhurst designed banners, posters, and other promotional materials for the militant WSPU, but eventually left, opting to provide practical help to women by instituting a daycare, a Montessori school, inexpensive restaurants, and a well-paying toy factory. In 1927, Pankhurst bore an “illegitimate” son, Richard. Thereafter she argued that the vast sums of money spent on “engines of destruction … [should] be diverted to the high service of life creation.” In her book Save the Mothers, Pankhurst lamented the preventable deaths of women and their children, born and unborn, from her native England to imperialist-threatened Ethiopia.
“It is grievous indeed that the social collectivity should feel itself obliged to assist in so ugly an expedient as abortion in order to mitigate its crudest evils. The true mission of Society is to provide the conditions, legal, moral, economic, and obstetric, which will assure happy and successful motherhood.”
—From “The True Mission of Society,” Save the Mothers, 1930
By Jen Hawkins
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ETHNONYMS: Biadju, Bidayuh, Dajak, Daya
The category "Kalimantan Dayaks" includes several groups of indigenous peoples in southern and western Kalimantan in both Malaysian and Indonesian parts of the island. They may be distinguished from the Malay population by the fact that they are not Muslim, and from the Penan (or Ot) by the fact that they are settled rather than nomadic. They are further characterized by their practices of living along river banks; growing rice in swiddens; gathering forest products; bilineal inheritance and bilateral kinship reckoning; uxorilocal residence; political unity rarely above the level of the village; absence of social stratification (although slavery is or was practiced by some groups) ; multifamily dwellings (often including longhouses); and, in most cases, secondary burials. The Dayaks speak a number of related Austronesian languages, and there are, in addition, many more dialects. Owing to great linguistic and cultural variation, as well as to the political autonomy of the large numbers of villages, the categorization of Dayak peoples by culture and by social group has been problematic, and there are differences of opinion as to how this should be done; we rely here on linguistic, cultural, and geographic factors. In addition to the four ethnic groups discussed below, there are others, including the Lawangan, Tundjung, Tamuan, Lamadau, Arut, Delang, Mamah Darat, and Kebahan (an Islamic Dayak or Orang Melayu group). Distinctive or salient features of four major groups follow; all groups are linguistically united, with the exception of the Land Dayaks.
The Ngadju Dayaks are the largest central Kalimantan group; they live in the area from the B arito drainage to Kotawaringin, and from the south coast to the Mahakam Valley. This group lives along the larger rivers, and uses two or three family houses rather than longhouses. The Ngadju regard the Ot Danum as their cultural ancestors. They rely a great deal on fishing, and less on hunting. Ngadju villages are sometimes politically united as subtribes under chiefs. Slavery is practiced, and slaves are killed at the funerals of chiefs. Ngadju culture includes tattooing and tooth filing.
The second ethnic group is the Ot Danum Dayaks, who live on the headwaters of rivers, and who speak dialects of the same language, which is closely related to Ngadju. The Ot Danum number approximately 30,000. They gather or raise fruit, rubber, and lumber for sale, and make dugout canoes that they trade downriver. The Ot Danum raise dogs, pigs, and chickens; cattle are raised for celebrations. Iron forging is important, and is done with bamboo double-piston bellows. Land is owned individually, but may be sold only to another member of the village.
A third ethnic group is known as the Maanyan Dayaks, a society of approximately 35,000 people who live in the Patai river drainage and share a single language. They had lived in a single village until external influences caused their society to fragment. Presently, the Maanyan Dayaks live as distinct subgroups each having a name and a common set of cultural rules ( adat ), and residing in a group of several villages. The Maanyan do not have longhouses; their dwellings are built to house one nuclear or extended family. Each nuclear family has its own swiddens and field house, in which they live while tending crops. Ambilineal descent groups ( bumah ) hold usufructory rights in village lands. Shamans cure through spirit possession and trance, function as priests at funerals and entertain as dancers. They also act as repositories of group knowledge; they memorize creation myths, history, and the genealogies of important families. One of the subgroups of the Maanyan, the Padju Epat, cremates the bones of its dead; this practice was once followed by all Maanyan.
The fourth group is known as the Land Dayaks (or Bidayuh), and this very heterogeneous group of people inhabits western Kalimantan and southern Sarawak. They had a population in southern Sarawak of 104,885 in 1980, and in western Kalimantan of approximately 200,000 in 1942 (more recent figures are not available). Though Land Dayak villages are large by comparison to other Dayak villages, often containing 600 or more people, the population lives in just one or a few longhouses. In contrast with the other groups, the Land Dayaks speak more than one language. This largest Dayak group is also the most culturally distinctive; though they now live alongside streams, they once lived on fortified hilltops. That feature which most distinguishes the Land Dayaks from other Dayaks is their long and pervasive contact with the Chinese, who came to trade, and with the Dutch and the Malay, who came as both traders and colonizers. Another distinctive feature is the headhouse, which serves as a men's house, a council house, and a ceremonial facility; it gets its name from the fact that the heads of captives are stored beneath it.
See also Iban
Avé, J. B. (1972). "Kalimantan Dyaks." In Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia, edited by Frank M. LeBar. Vol. 1, Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar, 185-187. New Haven: HRAF Press.
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(PRWEB) -- The Helen Doron educational franchise helps children learn English by creating high quality innovative learning programs for children of all ages the world over. Audrey Serper is a key member of the Helen Doron pedagogic development team and a veteran Teacher Trainer. She comments on how group dynamics works in Helen Doron Early English classrooms. "Without positive group dynamics, no classroom will be successful, for either the students or the teacher. Our lessons are built for small groups of 4 - 8 children. Any less, and the energy level for a good group dynamics just isn't there - that's why Helen Doron lessons are more effective than private tutoring."
Audrey explains that part of the role of Helen Doron teachers is to help children develop good group dynamics and socially acceptable behavior within an ESL class environment. "Our teachers are specially trained to encourage children to express their emotions in a socially acceptable way, acknowledging feelings (such as frustration when losing a game). In this way, even very young children begin to learn self-control - by waiting their turn to play a game or by sharing a prop with others."
Psychologist and author Daniel Goleman, expert in the field of emotional intelligence in youngsters, says the following: "Intellectual ability is not enough to assure success in school or in life. In fact, in some cases, children with superior cognitive skills do not live up to their promise because they do not also possess solid emotional intelligence. They are out-of-sync with themselves and with others; they can't read between social and emotional lines. They are not good at cooperating or at preventing and resolving conflicts."
Audrey continues. "Helen Doron Early English lessons encourage children towards self-understanding and that leads to empathy. When they are able to express their own emotions openly, children can more easily identify them in others. Our teachers encourage children to listen to each other in the lessons, and that also helps develop their emotional intelligence skills, and makes for excellent group dynamics."
In Audrey's experience, part of building good group dynamics is to promote the children's individual talents in the lessons, making it clear that children may have different abilities. One may be good at drama, another at singing, another will be better at spoken English, yet another at reading, etc., and the children are encouraged to appreciate each member's contribution to the group. This is quite a unique approach amongst children franchise operations, and exclusive to Helen Doron.
Audrey concludes that Helen Doron Early English lessons are designed to help children learn to communicate with each other within the lesson (and that's using language naturally). They encourage one another when their group loses a game (Winning isn't the most important thing!), they reassure one another (It's OK to colour out of the lines) and learn to express their feelings in acceptable ways. Audrey says, "At first, it may seem like the children are just repeating what they hear the teacher say, but I believe that in this way, positive group dynamics and emotional intelligence will be ingrained in their behavior and become an important part the way the view the world."
The Helen Doron education franchise offers a proven business opportunity with high growth potential in locations around the world.
We stand at the forefront of innovative educational systems since 1985, providing exclusive learning programs and quality educational materials for babies, children and adolescents the world over. The Helen Doron method offers children enjoyable, results-oriented learning programs designed to teach new languages, develop cognitive and memory skills, build confidence and self-esteem, and share in the joy of learning. Helen Doron offers inspired, personalized learning systems for small groups, and in kindergartens and schools for larger groups through the following quality educational programs: Helen Doron Early English, MathRiders - expert math tutoring program, Ready-Steady-Move - movement and dance with language. The Helen Doron educational franchise model invites entrepreneurs to join a successful turnkey business operation that benefits children around the world.
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The Old Testament. The term "Golden Rule" is not found in Scripture, but is the popular way of referring to the words of Jesus in Matthew 7:12 and lu 6:31. Jesus states, "Do to others as you would have them do to you." With regard to the Old Testament, two main points prevail. Matthew's citation presents the Golden Rule as encapsulating the teachings of the law and the prophets. Matthew 7:12 reads, "So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets." Second, even though the Golden Rule addresses human interpersonal relationships, its message is essentially theo- logical. That is, the very character of God prescribes how we should relate to one another ( Matt 5:45 ; Luke 6:35-36 ).
Matthew 22:37-40 may serve as the "hermeneutical bridge" that joins the Golden Rule with the message of the Old Testament. For these two points, the sum of the law and the theocentric nature of the Golden Rule, are both found here. When asked what was the greatest commandment, Jesus claimed that to love God totally and to love one's neighbor as oneself was the sum of the Law and the Prophets (cf. also Mark 12:30-33 ; Luke 10:25-28 ). So adherence to the Shema ( Deut 6:4-5 ) and obeying the mandate to love one's neighbor ( Lev 19:18 ) essentially conveys the Golden Rule.
The immediate context of Leviticus 19:18 is restricted to the covenant community. Impartiality in judgment and forbidding vengeance is applicable to a "brother" ( Lev 19:17 ). From a Jewish perspective the words "fellow covenant member, " "brother, " and "neighbor" were synonymous. Yet within the same chapter the injunction to love one's neighbor as oneself is directed toward noncovenant members. Leviticus 19:34 requires that the "alien" in Israel is not to be mistreated, but is to be regarded as a native-born Israeli. So Jews must love noncovenant members just as themselves. This is the Golden Rule, if only in embryonic form.
Such themes are present throughout the Old Testament. In the Exodus motif the covenant mercies of God came to Israel not because of her righteousness, but because they were "aliens" in Egypt. God loves the alien, the fatherless, and the widow ( Deut 9:5-6 ; 10:18 ), and the Israelites are to love the alien as well ( Deut 10:19 ). Impoverished aliens are to receive aid so that they might remain in the land ( Lev 25:35 ; Deut 15:7-8 ). Even the livestock of one's enemy is to be cared for and relieved of undue suffering ( Exod 23:4-5 ). Impartial judgment is to be meted out to both Israel and alien alike. There is to be no respecting of persons ( Deut 1:15-17 ). Likewise Exodus 34:6 represents an oft repeated theme in the Old Testament. God's love, mercy, and grace far exceed his desire to punish the wicked (cf. also Exod 20:6 ). The classic example of God's love for the alien can be found in the Book of Jonah. Jonah laments the extraordinary grace and love shown to the Godless Ninevites ( 4:2 ). Similarly, God's unfailing love is clearly evident throughout Hosea.
God's benevolence to Israel is paradigmatic of his goodwill toward all humans. His compassion for people is seen in his love for the aliens among Israel, pagan nations such as Nineveh, and sinful persons such as Gomer in Hosea.
Yet the Old Testament is replete with exhortations to hate the wicked. Jehu inquires, "Should you help the wicked and love those who hate the Lord? Because of this the wrath of the Lord is upon you" ( 2 Chron 19:2 ; cf. also Psalm 5:5 ; 26:5 ; 119:113-15 ; 139:19-22 ). The rabbis debated whether "neighbor" could ever be construed as "enemy." So the question of "Who is my neighbor?" was hotly debated in Jesus' day.
The New Testament. It is important to note that for both Matthew and Luke the broader context of the Golden Rule is the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5-7), or in Luke's case, the Sermon on the Plain ( 6:20-49 ). And just as the Golden Rule is the sum of the law and prophets, it can be argued that it also summarizes Jesus' teachings here. In these passages the longstanding ambiguity surrounding the meaning of "neighbor" is resolved with force and clarity. Matthew speaks of the Father giving good gifts to those who are "evil" ( 7:7-11 ). Luke expands upon this principle by associating the Golden Rule with loving one's enemies, blessing those who curse you, turning the other cheek, and being gracious to those who borrow, expecting nothing in return (cf. also Matt 5:38-48 ). And with regard to the burning question, "Who is my neighbor?" Jesus responds with the parable of the good Samaritan ( Luke 10:25-36 ).
From these passages the following principles arise:
- The character of God serves as the paradigm for interpersonal relationships. The "Most High" is perfect, being kind and merciful to the ungrateful and wicked ( Matt 5:48 ; Luke 6:35-36 ).
- Since the standard for conduct is the benevolent heart of God, the moral condition or evil behavior of the neighbor is irrelevant ( Matt 5:44 ).
- Vengeance and retaliation are prohibited ( Matt 5:38-41 ; Luke 6:27-29 ).
Therefore the "Golden Rule" presents God as having unconditional positive regard for all human beings. In order to be perfect as he is perfect, and to be "sons of the Most High, " we are to emulate the purest altruism and uncompromising impartiality of the Father, who seeks only the good of his creatures.
William A. Simmons
Bibliography. W. D. Davies and D. C. Allison, The Gospel According to Saint Matthew, vol. 1; J. D. M. Derrett, NTS 11 (1964-65): 22-37; N. Geldenhuys, Commentary on the Gospel of Luke; R. K. Harrison, Leviticus; I. H. Marshall, Commentary on Luke; R. H. Mounce, Matthew; M. Noth, Leviticus; O. J. F. Seitz, NTS 16 (1969): 39-54; G. J. Wenham, The Book of Leviticus.
Copyright © 1996 by Walter A. Elwell. Published by Baker Books, a division of
Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan USA.
All rights reserved. Used by permission.
For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement.
[N] indicates this entry was also found in Nave's Topical Bible
Bibliography InformationElwell, Walter A. "Entry for 'Golden Rule'". "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology".
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Example G01.delay.pd (Figure 7.23) applies a simple delay line to an input signal. Two new objects are needed:
: define and write to a delay line. The first creation argument gives the name of the delay line (and two delay lines may not share the same name). The second creation argument is the length of the delay line in milliseconds. The inlet takes an audio signal and writes it continuously into the delay line.
: read from (or ``tap") a delay line. The first creation argument gives the name of the delay line (which should agree with the name of the corresponding delwrite~ object; this is how Pd knows which delwrite~ to associate with the delread~ object). The second (optional) creation argument gives the delay time in milliseconds. This may not be negative and also may not exceed the length of the delay line as specified to the delwrite~ object. Incoming numbers (messages) may be used to change the delay time dynamically. However, this will make a discontinuous change in the output, which should therefore be muted if the delay time changes.
The example simply pairs one delwrite~ and one delread~ object to make a simple, noninterpolating delay. The input signal is a looped recording. The delayed and the non-delayed signal are added to make a non-recirculating comb filter. At delay times below about 10 milliseconds, the filtering effect is most prominent, and above that, a discrete echo becomes audible. There is no muting protection on the delay output, so clicks are possible when the delay time changes.
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A kibibyte is a unit of data storage (digital information), just like a byte. But what does the letter “K” stand for? Kibi stands for kilo-binary – 2^10 or 1,024 bytes. So in other words, 1 kibibyte = 1024 bytes.
The kibibyte is often used to measure the size of an audio or video file. For instance, a CD contains 74 minutes worth of music and it takes up 700 MB worth of space on your hard drive, which means that this album has a total file size of approximately 683594 Kibibytes or 700,000 kilobytes. So now you know what kind of units are being used when people talk about how much data they need for their multimedia projects!
What is the difference between a kilobyte and a kibibyte?
The main difference between a kilobyte and a kibibyte is that the main unit of measurement for the kibibyte, called the kibi or KiB, represents 2^10 or 1024 bytes. The kilobytes (KB) are 10^3 or 1,000 bytes each.
By understanding the difference between bytes and kilobytes, and kibibytes, we can better comprehend our computer usage habits as well as optimize our storage accordingly. The same goes with any other digital device – smartphones have built-in memory limits so be mindful not to exceed its maximum storage.
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the DWU • vital statistics
|Timeline for 1912|
1906 • 1907 • 1908 • 1909 • 1910 • 1911 • 1913 • 1914 • 1915 • 1916 • 1917 • 1918
1912 was notable as the year in which RMS Titanic sank.
On 10 April, [additional sources needed] the Titanic sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England. The Daniels family cancelled their plans to travel on the ship the day before. A photograph of the Daniels with the Ninth Doctor later came into Clive Finch's possession. (TV: Rose) The Ninth Doctor later remarked that he was on board an "unsinkable" vessel, likely the Titanic. (TV: The End of the World)
On the 14th, the Titanic struck an iceberg as it crossed the North Atlantic Ocean. As the ship sank, the Seventh Doctor stopped Huitzilin from acquiring the Xiuhcoatl. (PROSE: The Left-Handed Hummingbird) The Titanic sank in the early hours of the morning of the 15th. Over fifteen hundred people died. The Fourth Doctor assured Borusa he "had nothing to do with it." (TV: The Invasion of Time) The sinking was a major event in 20th century Earth history, and nearly a century later, Max Capricorn built a space-faring replica which nearly met a similarly tragic end on 25 December 2008. (TV: Voyage of the Damned) The Ninth Doctor claimed he was clinging to the iceberg which "wasn't half cold". (TV: The End of the World)
The Master, who was trapped on Earth in the early 20th century, boarded the Titanic for its maiden voyage in order to avoid the upcoming First World War by migrating to the United States of America. He was unaware of its eventual fate. However, he managed to escape the sinking in a lifeboat. (AUDIO: Mastermind)
President Lecomte of Haiti was murdered by agents of Tancred Auguste. Auguste later moved Lecomte's body to the Presidential Palace and blew the building up to make it look as if Lecomte had perished in the explosion. Auguste seized power as president, but was himself soon assassinated. (PROSE: White Darkness)Voynich manuscript was rediscovered by Wilfred Voynich. (PROSE: Ancient Whispers)
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Patterns and trends in nitrogen use and nitrogen recovery efficiency in world agriculture
MetadataShow full item record
Conant, R.T., Berdanier, A.B. and Grace, P.R. 2013. Patterns and trends in nitrogen use and nitrogen recovery efficiency in world agriculture. Global Biologeochemical Cycles 27(2): 558 - 566
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/34468
Worldwide increases in nitrogen (N) inputs to croplands have been and will continue to be an important contributor to growing more food. But a substantial portion of N inputs to croplands are not captured in harvested products and leave the field, contributing to air and water pollution. Whether the proportion of N inputs captured in harvest grows, shrinks, or remains unchanged will have important impacts on both food production and N pollution. We created a new global N input database (fertilizer, manure, fixation, deposition, and residues) that enables evaluation of trends in nitrogen use and recovery by country and by crop from the 1960s through 2007. These data show that despite growth in yields and increased N fertilization, differences in efficiency of N use between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; http://www.oecd.org) and other countries have persisted over nearly 50 years and exhibit no sign of convergence. The high yield, high nitrogen input systems characteristic of rich countries have released large amounts of reactive N to the environment but have operated with greater efficiency—recovering a greater portion of added N in crops. Aggregate yields in OECD countries are 70%greater than in non-OECD countries on N input rates just 54% greater. Variation in recovery efficiency between countries suggests that there is scope for improvements through enhanced N delivery and capture in the world’s low-yielding croplands and that increasing efficiency of N use is an important component of meeting food demand in the future.
- ILRI LSE program outputs
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There are things that happen in life that are certain. First, everyone must die. This is an inevitability. Two, everyone has to deal with the problems of getting older. The following tips will teach you how to approach getting older in an informed and intelligent way.
One of the most important things to remember when aging is to not focus on any numbers. It is simple to be distracted when you are focusing on the numbers involved with your weight, height and age. Your doctor’s job is to worry about these things, so just focus on what makes you happy.
Having healthy relationships and maintaining them is a very important thing to have for healthy growing older. Being an active community member has been linked to increasing your years and living healthier. Make sure to have plenty of interactions with people whom you feel very comfortable with and can talk to about anything.
If you are worried about aging, stop focusing on the numbers in your life. Far too many people focus almost exclusively on what the scale, calendar and various other metrics say to them. Your doctor’s job is to worry about these things, so just focus on what makes you happy.
Numbers do not matter! Doctors are paid well to think about things such as your age, weight and height. If you worry about your age, weight, and if you are getting shorter, you will ruin your chance of experiencing aspects of you life that bring out your younger self.
You need to sleep the proper amount of time based on your age. A general rule of thumb for keeping your hormones in check is 7-9 hours per night. If you are sleep deprived you will become agitated, easily irritated and feel just plain lousy.
Getting enough sleep every night is one of the most important anti-growing older steps you can take. Most people need between seven and nine hours of sleep a night. Insufficient sleep is a risk factor for many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and depression.
Increase the intensity of your exercise program. The aging process slows your metabolism, so you must work harder to burn calories. Do 30 minutes of cardiovascular activity, four to five days per week. Complement this with some strength training about two or three times a week. This keeps your body in shape and assists in keeping other aging issues at bay.
Through the course of your life, your house begins to feel like a safe place. You should personalize your space and make it comfortable so you know that you always have a refuge to come back to if the trials of your day have taken a toll. Your home will always be waiting for you; ready to provide comfort.
We all get a little bit older every day and there isn’t a single thing you can do to stop it. So make sure that you’re also getting wiser as you get older. Be sure that you’re using the tips provided to you in the article above to do the little things to ensure that you age well and avoid complications.
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Hiroshima University, Japan
Tetsuji Okuda is Assistant Professor at Hiroshima University, Japan. His research work focuses on the remediation of contaminated soil. His other interests’ are waste and water treatment by chemical and physical methods in where he published several papers in international journals and presented at several international conferences.
Soil pollution by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals, especially lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and fluorine are major environmental concern in Japan, especially after the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law enforcement in 2003. In addition, in Japan, the major concern on the radioactive cesium deposition and its soil contamination due to the emission from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant showed up after a massive quake on March 11, 2011. Hence, its remediation is recognized to be one of the most difficult problems to be solved by taking advantage of suitable technologies. Recently, the impacts of nanotechnology are increasingly evident in the field of environmental studies and treatment. In present study, we focused synthesis and application of nanosize metallic calcium and iron dispersion for detoxification of multi-pollutants containing radioactive cesium, heavy metals and POPs in contaminated soil. Results show that the dechlorination of POPs was about 97, 59, 60 and 29% in 0, 1, 4.4 and 9.6% soil moisture content, respectively. While, about 95-99% heavy metals immobilization was achieved by mechanochemical treatment of soil with nano-metallic-calcium and phosphoric acid, which improved to make thin cover on soil surface by developing low soluble calcium apatite. In addition, the high concentration of cesium and heavy metals containing soil fraction, was also separated by magnetic separation by the addition of iron powder after treatment with nano-metallic-calcium. With iron fraction, high concentration of heavy metals was successfully separated about 36-45%, with high condensed heavy metal concentration about 85-95%by the magnetic separation of small particle fractions with high specific surface area, where both pollutants and iron accumulated. Similarly, about 30 wt% magnetic and 70 wt% non-magnetic fraction soils were separated, and its condensed cesium concentration was about 80% and 20%, respectively. Furthermore, we revealed two major effects, i.e. the reduction of chlorine from POPs (chemical effect) and coating and blocking of soil surface (physical effect) as the remediation mechanisms.
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Parallel Strong'sHolman Christian Standard BibleFor a nation from the north will come against her; it will make her land desolate. No one will be living in it — both man and beast will escape.
New American Standard Bible"For a nation has come up against her out of the north; it will make her land an object of horror, and there will be no inhabitant in it. Both man and beast have wandered off, they have gone away!
King James BibleFor out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they shall remove, they shall depart, both man and beast.
Parallel VersesInternational Standard Version
For a nation from the north will go up against her. It will make her land into an object of horror, and no one will live in it. Both people and animals will wander off, and they'll leave.
American Standard Version
For out of the north there cometh up a nation against her, which shall make her land desolate, and none shall dwell therein: they are fled, they are gone, both man and beast.
Young's Literal Translation
For come up against her hath a nation from the north, It maketh her land become a desolation, And there is not an inhabitant in it. From man even unto beast, They have moved, they have gone.
• Jeremiah 50:3 NIV
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• Jeremiah 50:3 ESV
• Jeremiah 50:3 NASB
• Jeremiah 50:3 KJV
• Jeremiah 50:3 Commentaries
• Jeremiah 50:3 Bible Apps
• Jeremiah 50:3 Biblia Paralela
• Jeremiah 50:3 Chinese Bible
• Jeremiah 50:3 French Bible
• Jeremiah 50:3 German Bible
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Editor's note: The Snite Museum of Art provided source material to Resource Library for the following article or essay. If you have questions or comments regarding the source material, please contact the Snite Museum of Art directly through either this phone number or web address:
Caras Vemos, Corazones No Sabemos: The Human Landscape of Mexican Migration
September 3 - November 12, 2006
(above: Malaquías Montoya,
Mexican American, b.1938 UNDOCUMENTED, 1981, Serigraph, 40 x 30 _
Caras Vemos, Corazones No Sabemos (faces seen, hearts unknown): The Human Landscape of Mexican Migration has a two-fold purpose: To present Mexican migration to the United States as seen in Chicano/Mexican visual arts; and, to stimulate discussion about migration from Mexico, resulting in a better understanding of the human consequences associated with the phenomenon.
The main themes are: 1) journeys, boundaries & barriers; 2) urban landscapes and human geographies; and 3) negotiating identities and constructing imaginaries
The drama of the exhibition, with music, narratives, oral histories and artwork, will put human faces to the reality of events when a Mexican journeys to the United States. Thus, the exhibit will help the public better understand Mexican migration from the migrants' perspective -- by depicting the experience of the journey.
Archives from sources such as Radio Bilingüe, a bi-lingual radio station featuring indigenous voices and music of both the United States and Mexico, will be incorporated. Oral histories will emphasize the ways migration has contributed to the collective Latino cultural collective experience.
The exhibition curator is Dr. Amelia Malagamba-Ansótegui, professor of Latino art history at the Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Malagamba-Ansótegui has intimate knowledge of this genre as an artist, as a fronteriza and as former director of the Department of Cultural Studies at El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF). Her work with Taller de Monotipia, Imágenes de la Frontera is an example of her efforts with artists along the border. Her scholarly work focuses on contemporary Chicano, Mexican and border visual culture and art.
The artworks are drawn from the private collection of Gilberto Cárdenas, a pioneer in immigrant studies and Mexican migration from 1969 through the mid-1990s. The Cárdenas collection of over 7,000 pieces includes works on paper, paintings, three-dimensional works, photographs, video and retablos. Dr. Malagamba-Ansótegui has assisted Dr. Cárdenas over the years in the development of his collection and, as such, is intimately familiar with pieces ideal for the exhibition -- artwork that will reflect her curatorial vision. The Cárdenas collection to be exhibited is a promised gift to the Snite Museum of Art, University of Notre Dame.
The collection also reflects artistic methods used by Chicano artists from the 1960s to the present. Among other sources, these strategies borrow from La Escuela Mexicana de Pintura, active in the first part of the 20th century in Mexico. The works are embedded with an urgency for communicating social issues through the visual arts to their communities. By translating and expressing in techniques as diverse as silkscreen, monoprint, etching, photocopy and photography, which by definition are reproducible, the artists were provided with multiples for a wide dissemination.
An illustrated catalog will be published by the Institute for Latino Studies, (ILS), under the direction of Dr. Malagamba-Ansótegui. Other contributors include Victor Zamudio-Taylor, independent curator and guest curator, The Jumex Collection Mexico City; José Manuel Valenzuela Arce, PhD, professor, El Colegio de la Fronera Norte, Tijuana Mexico; Miki Garcia, MA, executive director, Santa Barbara Contemporary Arts Forum; Ramén Rivera-Servera, PhD, assistant professor, Department of Theater and Dance, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
Supporting visual materials will be integrated in the narrative of the exhibition, including photographs, first editions of early-published works on Mexican migration, and a series of ex-votos addressing migration.
A reading table with texts, books and catalogues pertinent to the exhibition and a visitors comment book will be placed in one of the galleries. All didactic material -- signage, labels, wall texts, and so on -- will be in both Spanish and English.
As part of their outreach and education mission, ILS and the Snite Museum are developing public programs to be conducted at the museum. Teacher training and classroom curricula for middle and high school teachers will be available to teachers who schedule tours, and via the project website. Docent and self-guided tours for groups can be scheduled through the education department by calling (574) 631-4435
The public reception for the exhibition is Thursday, September 7, 6:00 - 8:00 p.m.
This exhibition is a collaborative venture of the Snite Museum of Art and the Institute for Latino Studies. It is generously supported by The Rockefeller Foundation and the Humana Foundation Endowment for the Arts.
(above: Delilah Montoya, Mexican American, b., LA VIRGEN, 1999, Silver Gelatin Print, 29 _" x 24 11/16 inches [framed])
(above: Jesús Pérez, Mexican American, b.,
THE BEST OF TWO WORLDS, 1987, Silkscreen, 6/59, 30 13/16 x 26 1/8
(above: Yreina D. Cervántez, Mexican American, b. 1952, CAMINO LARGO, 1985, Silkscreen, 14/88, 41 15/16 x 28 9/16 inches)
(above: Luis Jiménez, Mexican American, b.1940, CHOLO
VAN WITH POPO AND IXTA, 1997, Lithograph, 100/100, 30 1/8 x 44 _ inches)
(above: René Hugo Arceo, Mexican-born American, b.1959, PAPALOTE FRONTERIZO, 1995, monotype, 30 3/16 x 22 _ inches)
Editor's note: RL readers may also enjoy:
Read more articles and essays concerning this institutional source by visiting the sub-index page for the Snite Museum of Art in Resource Library.
Visit the Table of Contents for Resource Library for thousands of articles and essays on American art, calendars, and much more.
© Copyright 2006 Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc., an Arizona nonprofit corporation. All rights reserved.
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Domestic violence laws vary by state but, while there can be significant differences, there are some common considerations to be aware of concerning domestic violence laws. The definition of domestic violence can vary but generally includes physical abuse and may also include emotional, psychological, financial and sexual abuse as well.
Concerning domestic violence arrests, many states have preferred arrest policies which require police officers to arrest one or both parties when called to a domestic violence situation or to write a report justifying why an arrest was not made. In some states, mandatory arrest policies require police officers to make an arrest if the circumstances meet certain criteria. Mandatory reporting laws in some states may also require certain professionals to report suspected domestic violence.
Domestic violence should never be taken lightly. However, domestic violence situations can be complex. As a result, it is important for individuals facing domestic violence charges to be aware of the protections they have available to them and to be familiar with the options that may be available to them when facing domestic violence allegations, accusations and charges. In the criminal justice system, there are two sides to each story and accused individuals are able to utilize criminal defense rights, including silence, to protect and defend themselves against allegations, accusations and criminal charges.
Being accused of a crime can be overwhelming and unfamiliar and uncertain territory for many. In those situations, including alleged domestic violence situations, it is important for accused individuals to know how to protect themselves through their criminal defense rights.
Source: Family.findlaw.com, “State Domestic Violence Legislation,” Accessed July 26, 2016
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Transcribed by Ed Book. For an explanation and caution about this transcription, please read this page.
SURNAMES APPEARING IN THIS CHAPTER
ABERNETHY, ADAMS, AIKEN, ALBEN, ALLISON, ANDERSON, ARMSTRONG, ATKINS, ATKINSON, BALPH, BARRON, BEATTY, BOOK, BRANDON, BRECKENRIDGE, BROWN, CHRISTIE, CHRISTY, CLARK, CLEELAND, CLELAND, CLOUSE, COOPER, CORNELIUS, COVERT, CROSS, DANIELS, DAVIS, DEAN, DENNISON, DICK, DICKEY, DINSMORE, DODDS, DOMBART, DOUBLE, DOUGAL, DOUGLAS, DRAKE, DRAWBAUGH, DUISHALL, ELDER, ELLIOT, ELLIOTT, EMERY, EMORY, FISHER, FURMAN, GALL, GALLAHER, GIBBONS, GILFILLAN, GILL, GLENN, GRAHAM, HALL, HAMPSON, HARRIS, HAYS, HINES, HOCKENBERRY, HOFFMAN, HOGUE, HOUSTON, HUMPHREY, JACK, JACKSON, KAUFMAN, KELLEY, KELLY, KENNEDY, KIESTER, LACEY, LOGAN, MARCUS, MARSHALL, MARTIN, MAXWELL, MAYER, MCBRIDE, MCCLYMONDS, MCCONNELL, MCCOY, MCCRACKEN, MCCULLOUGH, MCCUNE, MCDEVITT, MCELWAIN, MCGOWAN, MCKEE, MCLURE, MCNEES, MCNEESE, MICHAELS, MITCHELL, MOORE, MORROW, MURPHY, MURRAY, NEWELL, ORLTON, PARKER, PAYNE, PEEBLES, PENCE, PERRY, PHILIPS, PISOR, PORTER, QUAKENBUSH, RANKIN, REICHART, REICHERT, RENNICK, RIDDLE, SCHNEIDER, SHAFFER, SHANNON, SHANOR, SICKLE, SMITH, STEWART, STIENTORF, STILLWAGON, STINETORF, STOUGHTON, STUDEBAKER, TAYLO, TAYLOR, TEBAY, TREVITT, VOGAN, VOGEN, VOSLER, WASHINGTON, WIBLE, WILKINS, WILSON, WIMER, WOLF, WOODS, WORTH, YOUNG,
p. 356a-- John C. and Mrs. McNees
p. 356a-- John C. McNees Bio
ORGANIZATION - ORIGIN OF THE NAME - TOPOGRAPHY - INITIAL EVENTS - FIRST SETTLERS' REMINISCENCES - INDIANS - PIONEER HARDSHIPS - EDUCATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS
This township came into existence twenty-eight years ago. Up to the time of its organization, the greater portion of it belonged to Muddy Creek, and a small fractional part to Slippery Rock. It was named as a tribute of respect to the gallant Gen. WORTH, who distinguished himself in the Mexican war. The southern half of Worth is comparatively hilly, and is underlaid with heavy veins of coal and limestone, but for agricultural purposes the northern part of the township is the most productive, the soil being more fertile, and the surface of the land gently undulating or rolling. Like the southern portion, it is also underlaid with rich deposits of coal and limestone. Throughout the whole township, there are numerous excellent springs of water, the best being along Slippery Rock. The agricultural products are principally wheat, oats and corn, but special attention is given to the production of wheat. It is estimated that this township raises twice as much of this cereal as any other in the county, and it is asserted also by good farmers that it is of a superior quality. The only village in this township is Mechanicsburg. It contains probably over a dozen houses, among which are a general store, post office, two smith shops, tannery, town hall, wagon shop and a woolen mill. This woolen mill was at one time -- many years since -- an extensive enterprise. It was established by one Charles COULTER soon after 1812, and was operated by him for many years. John BALPH purchased it from him and conducted the business in all its branches until his death. The building is still standing in a dilapidated condition. The village received its name from the fact that a cluster of mechanics located there about the same time. The tannery formerly owned by Alexander BALPH, now a resident of Newcastle, and now owned and conducted by James MAXWELL, still does a good business.
The first marriage which occurred within the bounds of this township was that of David STUDEBAKER and Catharine MICHAELS.
The first frame house built in this township was erected by a minister -- Rev. William WOODS -- who preached just across the line in Lawrence County, but resided in this township. It was raised on the farm settled by John PISOR, son of Jacob PISOR, one of the early explorers of this portion of the county.
William JACK built the first brick house in 1827. The bricks were burned on the farm now owned by George C. DRAKE. Benjamin JACK planted the first orchard in this township in 1798. Some of the trees are yet standing and bear fruit.
Alexander MCBRIDE is credited with having erected the first flouring-mill in this section in the year 1827. It was a frame structure, and had two run of common stone. It is authoritatively stated that this mill did a flourishing business for twenty-five years before it was abandoned.
The first road laid out through this township was the Pittsburgh, leading from the pike near North Liberty, and intersecting the Mercer road at Portersville. A later road was opened up, leading from Newcastle to the mouth of Scrubgrass, and passing through the northern part of the township. The Newcastle & Great Western road passes through the central part of the township.
When Worth became a township, her first important duty was to put into operation legislative provisions, with reference to the establishment of schools and their successful operation, and election of officers for the maintenance of good government.
To this end an election was held at the house of William HUMPHREY, which was a central location. The officers elected were: William MOORE and Isaac DOUBLE for Justices of the Peace; School Directors, John TEBAY, B. F. ELLIOTT, John WIMER, John C. MCNEES, George BOOK and William HUMPHREY. The present officers are S. H. MOORE and John HUMPHREY, [pg. 354]Justices; School Directors, W. P. ELLIOTT, James MOORE, Milo ELDER, James PISOR, Vancourt VOSLER, and John REICHERT; Constable and Assessor, James MCCLYMONDS; Road Commissioners, Thomas CLARK, Zebulon COOPER and John S. BROWN; Township Auditors, James MAXWELL and Joseph BARRON; Overseers of the Poor, David STUDEBAKER and J. N. GLENN.
The class of people who first penetrated the wilds of this section of the county, and settled within the present boundaries of this township, were men of robust constitution, principally of Scotch-Irish extraction, and nearly all hailed either from the eastern part of the State, or what is now Westmoreland County. We have authentic data showing that certain individuals explored the territory comprised within the limits of this township, and made settlement, or rather "squatted," on lands as early 1790.
Those persons who came in nearly at the same time and made settlements soon after the country west of the Alleghanies [sic] was thrown open for settlement, were Benjamin JACK, James, John and William MCNEES, brothers; Thomas HUMPHREY, Charles MARTIN and Charles COULTER. Some few came in a few years previous. The Cornplanter Indians (a band of Delawares) occupied this territory, and besides gratifying their proclivities for hunting and fishing, they cultivated large fields of corn. This is evident from the fact that when the first settlers came in, they were amazed to find something like twenty acres of land cleared, and the corn rows were plainly discernible. This field borders on Slippery Rock, and now forms a part of B. F. ELLIOTT's farm. It is to this day call the "Indian field."
Arrow-heads, darts and steel tomahawks were found in great abundance, and presenting the appearance of having been used only a short time prior to their discovery. These tomahawks are represented to have been hatchet-shaped -- very similar to hatchets of the present day, with the exception of the blade being narrower. Contiguous to the field referred to, and originally belonging to the same tract of land, is another field in the possession of William PISOR, which, from time immemorial, has been known as the Indian graveyard. It is believed that here the red men buried their dead, and there is very strong evidence to support this theory. There are trees in close proximity to this field of a great age, which bear the same peculiar marks, and some of the oldest descendants of early settlers say that their ancestors frequently alluded to the fact of trees, which led to this place from all directions, being blazed in a significant manner, and that they observed this field marked in various places with piles of stone in the shape of mounds. In later years excavations have been made and bones found.
About the year 1790, a party of twelve persons, buoyant with life and exhuberant [sic] health, left Westmoreland County, in the neighborhood of Greensburg, on a hunting expedition, and for the purpose of exploring the extreme western part of the county (for Westmoreland at that time extended as far as Erie.) When they arrived at LOGAN's ferry, which was between Freeport and Pittsburgh, they were advised of the hostilities of the Indians against pale-faced invaders in the northern sections of the county, and great depredations which it was alleged they were committing, and they at once became terrified, and all of the party, with two exceptions, refused to proceed further. Of course the story was a canard, for at that time no white men had ventured into their midst, and at this particular epoch in their history they were quiet and disposed to be peaceable. David STUDEBAKER and Abraham SCHNEIDER - for these were the two exceptions - came on and passed through where Butler now stands. It was almost dark when they arrived at what is known as the "old fair ground," about one mile west of town. There they built a fire, cooked some venison which they procured on the way, and after partaking of their frugal meal, they wrapped about them their blankets and laid down to sleep. The following morning they pushed on through the bewildering forests, until they finally reached the territory included within the bounds of this township. They had walked that day a distance of twenty miles, and when they reached the banks of Slippery Rock it was again almost night, and they found themselves completely exhausted from hunger and travel. They were not dissatisfied, however, with what their companions thought a perilous undertaking, but they concluded they had reached a country plentifully supplied with game, and were highly elated over their successful adventure. They could see wolves prowling around at not a great distance, and could hear the distant bark of others. As for bears and deer, the forests were alive with them. They began at once to make preparations for supper, simple as it might be, for their stock of provisions, very limited at first, was already about exhausted. Hardly had they kindled their fire, when a company of redskins came suddenly upon them. They had been out upon the chase, and were returning to their wigwam with their spoils. They expressed their surprise at seeing these pale-faced adventurers, by indiscribable [sic] sounds. Dropping their game, which was deer dissected into quarters, they at once entered into conversation with the hunters, asking them various questions as to where they came from and what their business was. When they were informed by SCHNEIDER and STUDEBAKER, that their mission was simply to see the country and to shoot the deer and bear, they [pg. 355]became very social and friendly towards them, inviting them to go with them to their encampment which was just one mile and a half north of what is now Mechanicsburg. They accepted the hospitality and repaired to their wigwams, where they met at least a dozen more of their race. It need scarcely be observed, that they, too, were greatly surprised to see white men. At first, they imagined they were captives, but when it was explained by one who seemed to be a recognized leader, that the white men were hunters, and friendly to them, they seemed pleased, and shook hands with them. The squaws prepared them a supper, which consisted of baked corn-meal, venison and wild honey. Soon after their supper was ended, the Indian who seemed to be the spokesman, took them to another wigwam near by, and pointed them to a place where they could retire to sleep. SCHNEIDER was fearful that something might befall them while they slept, but young STUDEBAKER felt assured by their kindly disposition and treatment that all was right. Moreover, he knew something of the nature of the Indians, from his father who had been a captive for nine years. The simple record of his experience is this: He with his sister -a young lady - was captured by Indians in Cumberland County in 1755, when eleven years of age. They both were with them for nine years, roving around over Western Pennsylvania and the eastern part of Ohio. Miss STUDEBAKER became quite a favorite with them, and was treated with all the courtesy and civility possible. She was said to be a fine looking young woman, and by her gentle deportment won the high regard of the entire tribe. She, in turn, grew to like her manner of life, and after a time, began to like this primitive mode of life and the society of the aborigines. Shortly before her brother's release, when riding through the woods upon her Indian pony, she was thrown suddenly from him, and striking her head against a log, she was killed instantly. Her brother was liberated at a place called by the Indians Moosh-king-oong, which in our vernacular is Muskingum, a river in the southeastern part of Ohio. This liberation took place in 1764. When thirty-four years of age, he did valiant service as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. It is said by him -- and truthfully, we believe -- that he not only frequently conversed with Washington, but was an intimate friend of his. He knew nothing of the death of his little sister until he obtained his liberation, and his sorrow for her early demise was no ordinary grief.
David, his son, with his companion, SCHNEIDER, built a cabin where George ARMSTRONG now lives, on the very spot which serves as his garden. They spent all of their time from September to Christmas with the Indians, hunting and exploring the country. They then went back to Greensburg to meet their kindred, and relate to them their interesting encounters and adventures. Three years later, David STUDEBAKER returned to this place, bringing with him a little sister to keep house. They at once sought out the cabin which he and his friend SCHNEIDER had erected and there they took up their abode. David liked the country, and determined to make his future home here, but his little sister became very much dissatisfied with her position -- lonely indeed it must have been -- and was constantly in fear of the Indians, for the first stories related to her were about their treachery and cold-blooded murders. No wonder, then, in this mental condition, she pleaded to be taken to her home. Her brother cheerfully yielded to her request, and brought back with him an older sister. They squatted upon the land referred to, and proceeded at once to level the forests and cultivate the soil. Thirty years after his first visit to this part of the country, when he was fifty years of age, David STUDEBAKER came to his son David's place, and settled with him. Here he spent the remainder of his life. David married Catherine MICHAELS, of Harlansburg; Joseph died in 1815, aged seventy years. Henry STUDEBAKER, son of David and grandson of Joseph, is still living in this township with his son John, who was born here.
William ELLIOTT, another very early pioneer, was a surveyor. He came from what is now Wilkensburg, in the year 1793, to take up land. With him came John DENNISON, John ELLIOTT and one or two others.
In order to secure a large amount of land, Mr. ELLIOTT laid off tracts of 400 acres, and located parties upon them to hold possession for him, giving them in due course of time a certain number of acres according to agreement. Before the county was organized, William ELLIOTT was the owner of 1,400 acres of land in this township. He held the office of Justice of Peace, in 1798, when this county still belonged to Allegheny. Mr. ELLIOTT's wife was Agnes PERRY. They were married in 1799. Of six children, there are three living, viz., James P.; B. F. ELLIOTT, residing in this township; and Cyrus, who resides at Great Belt.
William ELLIOTT assisted David DOUGAL, who died a few years ago, in laying off Butler Borough.
David ARMSTRONG, with his son, George, and daughter, Rebecca, came here about 1794 from Westmoreland County. They accomplished their journey on horseback, bringing with them in this way as many household implements as was possible. It was impossible to travel with wagons, for at that time there were no roads -- the only avenues were bridle-paths. They lived for a short time in a tent or sort of [pg. 356]wigwam until they had constructed a cabin. In the fall of that year, David ARMSTRONG and his daughter returned to Westmoreland County after the remainder of the family, consisting of the mother and five children, whose names were Archibald, Thomas, Roland, Polly and David. Anna, Samuel and Elizabeth were born here. Elizabeth, or as she is more familiarly known as "Aunt Betsey," is the only one of this family now living. Her age is seventy-seven years. George, the oldest of the family, settled near Centreville, and died there. His wife's maiden name was Elizabeth MCCUNE. Archibald resided for many years in what is now Slippery Rock Township. He subsequently moved into Lawrence County, where, in 1869, he died, aged eighty-four years. Thomas lived and died on the farm where his father built his cabin. Roland learned the tanning business with his uncle, Roland HARRIS, in Path Valley. He and James MCCUNE established a tannery in Lawrence County, and he subsequently sold his interest to MCCUNE and went to Ohio, where he pursued his occupation only a short time. He finally located permanently in Pittsburgh, at which place he died soon after the war of the rebellion. The major portion of his family were reared in Pittsburgh. Polly was the wife of Alexander MCBRIDE, who was favorably known by not a few persons throughout the county. David and Samuel were both stone-masons. The former died near Mechanicsburg, and the latter in Mahoning County, Ohio. All these boys, in their youth, particularly George, mingled a great deal with the Indians, entering the chase with them, and becoming much attached to their customs and manner of life. George ARMSTRONG, who resides at the ancestral home where the red man was a constant visitor, is a son of Thomas and grandson of David ARMSTRONG. Thomas MCCUNE came from Lawrence County, in 1868, and now resides with him.
In the fall of the year 1795, Jacob and John PISOR, with Henry STINETORF, came from what is now Fayette County, formerly Westmoreland, and settled each a tract of 400 acres of land surveyed by William ELLIOTT, to whom we have already referred. They immediately built cabin, cleared off a small portion of their land for wheat, sowed it and then returned to their former homes to complete arrangements for bringing back with them their families, which they did in the spring of 1796. In the same year, the parents and two brothers and a sister of Jacob and John PISOR followed them to their new homes. Jacob had settled in what is now the northern part of the township, and John in the western part. Frederick, the father of these children, was wakened from his sleep one night shortly after his arrival by the squealing of their young pigs which he had brought with him on horseback, and which they had confined in a log pen near the house. He hastily rose, went out to the pen with his dog, and discovered a large bear in the pen, chewing at one of the pigs' ears. The bear turned on him, and after a short combat hied himself away to the woods. Occurrences such as this, however, were numerous. The farm on which Adam PISOR now resides was the home of his grandfather, Frederick PISOR. Frederick PISOR's children were John, Jacob, George, Adam, and Nancy. John PISOR, the son of Jacob, was the first white child born on the banks of Slippery Rock . Thomas CROSS, with his father, Samuel, and two brothers, David and William, emigrated to this township from Adams County in 1795. They settled along Wolf Creek, on a 400-acre tract. Thomas was a Revolutionary soldier, and was in the battle of Lexington. A few years after locating here, Thomas married Margaret PORTER. He died in 1850. The other brothers also married and resided on the original settlement until their deaths, which transpired soon after the close of the war. Samuel CROSS, son of Thomas, and grandson of Samuel, was born here in 1809, and is living on the old settlement with his son, M. A. CROSS.
William MCCONNELL resided at Dennistown previous to the year 1796. In that year, he and his parents located in this township, bringing their goods on horseback from the place before mentioned. They settled a large tract of land, and met with greater success in pioneer life than they had anticipated. The father of William MCCONNELL died in 1830, and his mother three years later. William married Eleanor KELLY, from east of the mountains. Of their three children, Daniel is the only one living. He occupies the pioneer home. His father died in 1871.
Jonathan KELLY came from Path Valley, east of the mountains, and settled near the center of the township on a tract of land of the usual number of acres in 1796. His outfit for aggressive and progressive work was an ax, a gun and a bushel of corn meal. Without delay, he reared a cabin, cleared a potato patch, and then went to Fort Pitt to work at his trade, blacksmithing during the winter. When he returned in the spring, he found his cabin occupied by Benjamin JACK. Of course, he immediately proceeded to convince Mr. JACK that he was occupying his mansion. His argument did not at once carry with it the force of conviction, and it was some time before Mr. JACK was willing to believe that this unexpected claimant was the rightful owner, and held a pre-emptory claim. But finally, everything, was adjusted amicably. Jonathan KELLEY married Nancy TAYLO [sic], in this county. Their children, Jonathan, John, Silas, Rebecca (TAYLOR), Hiram, Eliza (STILLWAGON) and Amaziah. Rebecca, Eliza and Amaziah [pg. 357] are living. John lived on a part of the tract settled by his father. He was the father of six children, all now living. Amaziah occupies the old homestead. His father was an 1812 soldier.
Charles COULTER, a soldier of 1812, was an early settler in Worth Township. He came from Westmoreland County at the age of twenty-one, and lived to be eighty-nine. From this township he moved to Slippery Rock; his children were George Washington, Mary (CHRISTIE), Isaac, Charles, John W., William, Eliza (COULTER), Hannah (ATKINSON) and Margaret ELLIOTT. [sic-no parentheses] Four are living -- Mary, William, Eliza and Hannah. Washington kept the brick hotel in Centreville a number of years; then went to Clarion county, where he was a merchant, and afterward a hotel- keeper; Isaac died in Centreville.
Andrew DOUGLAS and his brothers Edward and James came to this county in 1798. Andrew married Mary KELLEY, daughter of Joseph KELLEY, an early settler in the eastern part of Worth Township, where he died in 1852. Names of his children -- Thomas, Joseph, Andrew and Samuel, Elsa (HUMPHREY), Margaret (ALLISON), Mary (MORROW), Ellen (DOUGLAS) and Rebecca (DOUBLE). Still living -- Joseph, Andrew, Samuel and Ellen.
Thomas CLARK, Sr., was a Revolutionary soldier; he enlisted in 1777, and remained in service until the close of the war. He came to Butler County in 1797, with his two sons; he purchased lands in this township from the Trustees of the Western Academy, who owned quite an extensive tract in the same neighborhood. Here he built a cabin, and began the erection of a permanent home; his wife was Esther JOHNSON, of Westmoreland County. They obtained their provisions in Allegheny County, and meat was gotten from the woods. Mr. CLARK often remarked that the lean part of the deer and turkey was bread, and the fat part meat. He died at the forks of the Youghiougheny in 1842, in his ninety-fifth year, and was interred in the McKeesport Cemetery with military honors. Often during his life, he related to his children pleasing converasations which he had had with George WASHINGTON, then commander-in-chief of the American forces. For some years previous, there was only one Revolutionary soldier besides him living in Allegheny County; these two old veterans met once a year for many years, in Pittsburgh, to receive their pensions. Mrs. CLARK died in the year 1819. Their family consisted of ten children. Unity Baptist Church of Harlansburg was organized at their residence in September 17, 1808. Andrew, the oldest son of Mr. CLARK, was born in 1786, came to this township with him; he studied for the ministry and was ordained in 1813; was installed in Providence Church, Beaver County, in 1814, and his death occurred in 1825. He was twice married, and his oldest child is still living in Trumbull county, Ohio, aged seventy-five years. The youngest daughter, Rebecca JACKSON, is living in Westmoreland County, at Mount Pleasant; of Thomas, the yougest [sic] son, the Baptist Encyclopaedia, says: "Thomas Clark assisted in the organization of the McKeesport Church, Allegheny County, Penn. He was the pioneer Baptist in Iowa, where his house was a meeting place of an infant church, and was also the pioneer Baptist in Eastern California, settling near Bishop's Creek in 1864, where he opened his house for public worship. He died in 1878, November 4.
Thomas CLARK, grandson of Thomas CLARK of Revolutionary fame, lives in this township. We append the following, from the Citizen, of Butler, Penn., as being pertinent to the subject at hand: "A number of friends and acquaintances met at the residence of M. Thomas CLARK, Worth Township, this county, on November 17, 1881. The occasion of this social gathering was in honor of a great-grandson of Mr. CLARK, who is the fifth generation living. There were present the five generations -- a very unusual gathering. Mr. And Mrs. CLARK have a grand-daughter married to W. J. MOORE, whose first-born son has living all four grandparents, six great-grandparents, and one great-great-grandmother. At this social gathering there were present the parents, all the grandparents, two great-grandparents and the great-great-grandmother, together with a number of other relatives and friends."
As nearly as can be ascertained, Christopher WIMER came into the present boundaries of this township in the year 1798. His settlement was made in the northern portion of Worth. He was the father of seven children -- Samuel, John, Peter, Jonathan, William, Isaac and Rebecca, who became the wife of Thomas KELLY, one of the pioneers of the township. John married Nancy COULTER, of Venango County. He located in the southwestern part of the township. He had seven children, viz., Mary S. (who died when eighteen years old); Isaac F., who resides in Brady Township; Jonathan, living in this township; Nancy (who died when eleven or twelve years of age); Nancy R., who became the wife of Cyrus ALBEN, and died in 1865; John and Samuel, who reside here on the same farm. Jefferson WIMER, living in close proximity to John and Samuel, and a cousin of theirs, is the son of Jonathan WIMER, who died in 1881.
In 1801, Isaac M. CORNELIUS came from Chester County, and settled on Hog-back Ridge. He moved his family here with a cart drawn by a yoke of oxen and one horse. The family of twelve children all reached mature years -- John, James, Jesse, Isaac, Samuel, Sarah (MOORE), Catharine (ADAMS), Jane [pg. 358] (MCCLYMONDS), Elizabeth (COULTER), Mary (COVERT), Margaret (DANIELS) and Nancy (MCCLYMONDS). All are now dead. James was in the war of 1812. Jesse, the longest survivor, died in 1881, aged eighty-three.
Joseph KELLY emigrated from Perry County in 1798, and located on a large tract of land which had been taken up for settlement by his brother Jonathan one year previous. Joseph's special purpose in coming into this part of the country was to hold his brother's claim, while he pursued his occupation as a blacksmith. There was great demand for work in his line for miles around. His chief work was sharpening mattocks and coulters for plows. His brother received half his interest in the 400 acres of land, for helping to improve it. Their first crop was potatoes and turnips. Their provisions they obtained in Pittsburgh. Joseph KELLY died in 1828. His wife was a New Jersey lady named Else LACEY. They had a family of ten children -- seven boys and three girls -- Joseph, Thomas, Aaron and Abner lived in this county. The other boys were somewhat of a roving disposition. They all lived, however, to be quite old. Thomas, the father of Thomas L., who resides on the old homestead, died in 1863, aged seventy-six years. Thomas L. KELLY married Sarah HOGUE.
Samuel WIMER lived in Lancaster previous to 1798, but in that year he and his father started on horseback for this county. They located on a farm in this township purchased from William ELLIOTT, a surveyor and land agent. The place is now occupied by the widow of John PISOR. The father of Samuel WIMER worked at blacksmithing. Samuel married Elizabeth HINES. Their children were Samuel (who was killed by the falling of a heavy rail from a fence upon him), Samuel, Mary Jane (now Mrs. Dr. ABERNETHY, of Mechanicsburg), Abner, and George (who reside near the Mercer and Lawrence County lines). Their father was a soldier in the war of 1812. His wife is still living, at the age of ninety-three years.
William MCNEES with his family -- James, John and William, all grown to manhood -- became residents of this township in 1798. They came from what was known as Black Lick, Westmoreland County. His wife was the first person interred in the Plain Grove Cemetery. Mrs. A. A. MCNEES, living on a farm in the northwestern part of the township, is the widow of William MCNEES, who is the grandson of this venerable pioneer.
In 1810, Robert GLENN with his family of five boys and three girls, came from Spruce Creek Valley, Center County. John, Mary, Andrew, Robert, Catharine, William, Margaret and Archie constituted the family. Their means of travel were four horses and wagon. After their arrival they located on a farm purchased from a man named HOCKENBERRY, or rather it was a settler's right to 150 acres. Of their children, Archie is the only one living, John married Elleanor NEWELL, both are dead, Mrs. NEWELL died in 1839, and her husband in 1864. Their children are John N. GLENN and Martha, now Mrs. John MCCLYMONDS, living in Muddy Creek Township. John resides on a farm in the eastern part of the township. Mary became the wife of John GILFILLAN, and resided in Lawrence County until her death. Andrew married Annie AIKEN, of Lawrence County. John A. Glenn is living on the old homestead of his grandfather. His wife was Elizabeth MCDEVITT. Robert's death occurred in 1875. Catharine became Mrs. James HUMPHREY; she died about 1820. William learned the trade of cabinet- making in Mercer, and for several years worked in Lawrence County. He afterward moved into this township, his wife was Elleanor CHRISTY. Margaret became the wife of Mr. John CHRISTY; both are long since dead. John CHRISTY was a farmer for a few years near Portersville; tiring of this, he established a general store at North Liberty. He prosecuted the mercantile business at the latter place for a few years; he died in Newcastle. Archie moved to Lawrence County after his marriage to Susan CHRISTY.
Alexander MCBRIDE was a native of the Emerald Isle. He emigrated when eighteen years old, in 1820. He located along Slippery Rock Creek, and for many years he devoted his time to school teaching. He bore the appellation of the "Irish Schoolmaster." The first grist mill erected and operated within the present limits of this township was erected and run by Mr. MCBRIDE. Soon after he got the grist mill in operation, he attached a saw mill, and in connection with the mill operated it for years -- until 1850. He was a prominent man in the township in educational matters and in business enterprises. He filled the office of Justice of the Peace for several terms. He died in 1879 leaving a family of eight children, viz.: Rebecca J., who is Mrs. Amaziah KELLY of this township; Alexander, a resident of Harlansburg; Thomas, living in Newcastle; Mrs. Samuel GILL, of Muddy Creek; William, of this place; Robert, a citizen of Lawrence County; and Samuel J., of the same place; George D., of Gallipolis, Ohio. William MCBRIDE, before mentioned, enlisted as a soldier in Company "I," One Hundred and Third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served during the entire war. His wife was Elizabeth TAYLOR, daughter of George TAYLOR, who became a resident of this township in 1830.
James MCLURE located near Mechanicsburg in 1830, having purchased land from James MCNEESE. [pg. 359] He came from Westmoreland County with his wife and four children -- Hiram, Martha, Cyrus and Catharine. Five more children were added to this family after living here. H. W. MCLURE, one of the sons, resides on a farm in the southern part of the township, which was formerly owned by George VOGEN. John HUMPHREY was born and raised on the farm he now occupies and owns. The place is part of the old homestead which was settled by his grandfather, HUMPHREY, who emigrated from County Tyrone, Ireland. It was devised to William HUMPHREY, father of John HUMPHREY, in 1839. At his death, which occurred in 1864, it was willed to John. Very indifferent buildings were on it at that time, but only a short time elapsed when the "old tenements" gave place to the present elegant residence and large and substantial barn. As a rule, Mr. HUMPHREY's occupation has been that of a farmer, although he learned the trade of a carpenter when quite a young man, and worked at it for a few years. In 1856, he married Miss Lydia STUDEBAKER, daughter of Henry STUDEBAKER of this township. His wife died 1879.
Mr. John HUMPHREY has been a very prominent man in both education and politics since he reached his majority. Has been an acting Justice of the Peace for fourteen consecutive years. Has been connected with the schools, both as teacher and Director, for several years, at different periods. In 1879, he filled the office of Deputy Sheriff of this county, during the time William HOFFMAN was High Sheriff, and recently he has been engaged in the banking business in Portersville. Hon. James HUMPHREY, brother of John, resides in this township.
Jacob FISHER, who died in September, 1880, at the age of eighty years, had resided on a farm in the southern part of the township, on which he located in 1832. George W. FISHER, with his mother, resides in this township.
John G. REICHART was a tailor. In 1834, he came from Beaver County, and found his way into Worth Township, where he located permanently. He did tailoring for the whole country around, within a radius of six miles. In 1838, he married Mary Ann MCNEESE, daughter of William MCNEESE, a pioneer of this township. He purchased the farm he still resides upon from his benefactor -- William JACK. Their family numbered seven children. Jacob was their firstborn. William S. belonged to the One Hundred and Eighty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was killed at Cold Harbor, June 3 1864, and his record tells the story of patriotism and bravery. Catherine became the wife of George W. GIBBONS.
Nicholas KAUFMAN came to this township from Germany, and settled on the farm where he now resides in 1845. He has three sons and one daughter living in this county.
John DOMBART was a native of Germany. When he emigrated to this country, he first located in Adams Township in 1847. He was a member of Company "E," Seventy- eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. After the close of the war, he lived a short time in Jackson Township, then moved to this township.
Alexander MCCOY came in 1848. He emigrated from county of Down, Ireland, and soon after arriving in this country he purchased an improved farm from Judge WILKINS, of Pittsburgh. Previous to his settling here, he resided in Allegheny County. All of his family except one were born in that county. He died in 1869. His two sons -- W. W. and Hugh MCCOY, and his daughter Mary, reside on the farm. W. W. McCOY served as County Auditor from 1875 to 1878.
James MCGOWAN was born in this county in 1817, within the bounds of Muddy Creek Township. He located in this township in 1850. He purchased his land from the BOOKs -- George and William -- and a quantity also from Samuel RIDDLE. James MCGOWAN married Annie WILSON, of Lawrence County. They have eight children grown to maturity, viz.: Mrs. James WIMER, Burton, Alexander, Hadessa, widow of Joseph BOYD; Mrs. Samuel PARKER, Wilmina, Levi and Martha.
About 1820, George TAYLOR, at the age of twenty-one, came to this township from Ireland. He was married in this county to Rebecca KELLY, who is still living. Mr. TAYLOR died in 1862. Names of children: Thomas (deceased), William, Eliza (MCBRIDE), Angeline (deceased), Silas (deceased), Margaret (KIESTER), deceased, Sarah (KIESTER), Thomas and George.
Horatio D. PAYNE became a resident of this township the year it was organized, 1854. His former home was in Vermont. Immediately after coming to Worth, he resided with his father and mother in Lawrence County. The farm he now owns was purchased from John BOOK.
Mr. James MAXWELL also came to this township when it was yet in its infancy. In 1851, he married Susan DODDS. She died in 1857. He subsequently married Mary BALPH, daughter of John BALPH, who at one time owned and operated the woolen mill of this place. They have five living children. John MAXWELL, who practices medicine in Scioto, Ohio, and Mrs. GALL, living in Adams County, Ohio, are children of Mr. MAXWELL's first wife. Maud, Adda, Bell and Anna Flora, are the children of the present wife. Mr. MAXWELL, with others, answered his [pg. 360] country's call for men, and in 1862 enlisted in company "F," commanded by Capt. BRECKENRIDGE, and served for one year. In 1864, he re-enlisted in Company "B," and remained in service until the close of the war. He was in the battles of Antietam and Chancellorsville.
Mr. S. H. MOORE was reared and married in Muddy Creek, but located in this township in 1856, on a farm purchased from Michael STIENTORF.
Archibald DICKEY located on a farm in 1854, purchased from the heirs of Daniel CROSS. Mrs. DICKEY, whose maiden name was Jane CROSS, was born and died on this farm. The parents of Mr. DICKEY are both dead.
Two years after the organization of this township John PISOR purchased a farm in its northwestern part from John HAYS, and moved on it. He was married twice. His first wife, who died in 1858, was Jane COOPER. Mr. PISOR died in 1876. His widow, formerly Mary Jane EMERY, resides on the farm with her son, J. B. PISOR. Five children of this family died within fifteen months from the first death.
Mr. Cyrus ALBEN resided in Prospect until the year 1855, when he moved here and located on a farm formerly owned by Alexander WILSON, and from whom he purchased it. He has made several improvements upon his place since he assumed charged of it. He was a carpenter by trade, and gave his entire attention to this branch of industry before he came to this township. His son, John and Isaac, are both farmers, one in Brady and the other in this township.
The farm owned by Jacob MCCRACKEN was probably among the earliest settled in the township. He purchased it from John STEWART, in 1855. Previous to this he resided in Lawrence County, not more than eighty rods from his present site. His wife's maiden name was Huldah SHAFFER.
Zebulon COOPER purchased a farm from John T. MCNEESE, of 160 acres, and settled upon it in the year 1857.
Andrew DRAWBAUGH came from Perry County in 1866. The farm he resides on was formerly owned by Hampson DEAN.
Mr. W. P. ELLIOTT was born in this township. Mr. PERRY is a grandson of William ELLIOTT, one of the first settlers in this township. Mr. ELLIOTT was united in marriage to Clarissa KELLY, sister of Mrs. Benjamin JACK, of Butler.
Mr. James C. MCCLYMONDS is a son of John MCCLYMONDS, of Muddy Creek Township, whose history appears in that township. Mr. James MCCLYMONDS is living on a farm formerly owned by James CLEELAND. He located upon it in 1870.
William H. GALLAHER commenced the business of farming for himself, in 1870, on a farm given to him by his father shortly before his death. A little later he added thirty acres more to his farm, which he purchased from his mother, it being part of the old homestead. Mr. GALLAHER married Ellen MCCULLOUGH, daughter of Thomas MCCULLOUGH, of Muddy Creek Township.
Robert H. Young came from Lawrence County and located upon a farm purchased from William HOGUE, in 1870. He married Mary A. MCELWAIN.
Joseph P. HOCKENBERRY was born in this township, in 1852, andwhen about twenty years of age, or in 1872, his father presented him with the fine farm he now owns and cultivates. His father, Joseph, was quite an early settler.
Joseph GRAHAM, with his brother James, came to this township from Brady, in 1881. The farm they are located upon was purchased by them from Eleanor HINES.
James M. MARSHALL came into this township in 1873, and for several years followed the honorable occupation of teaching school, and during vacations pursued farming. Previous to locating here, he lived in Prospect where he was engaged in the mercantile business. He was at one time elected County Superintendent of Schools of this county, but on account of some technicality was superseded by David MCKEE shortly after his election. He was regarded, however, as a good teacher, and remained in this profession for ten years. He abandoned his profession to engage in the banking business at Portersville, which business he is at present engaged in. His wife is a daughter of John RIDDLE, of Portersville.
It is always a pleasure to trace back the history of early schools in a township or county, and to record their gradual progress, and make honorable mention of those who were the warm friends and hearty supporters of education. For we firmly believe that those who make provision for the development of the intellectual and moral faculties of the rising generation, and those who devote their lives to the honorable occupation of training the youth of our country for lives of future usefulness, are alike public benefactors, and deserve more applause than the victorious General fresh from the slaughter of uncounted hosts, though upon him the greater meed of praise is generally bestowed. The early history of the schools of this township is not enveloped in that quiet obscurity which invests the ancient records of many other townships, but we have sufficient data to trace it from its very inception to the present time. The early settlers had broad and generous views with reference to the education of their offspring, and, therefore, the church and the schoolhouse -- rude [pg. 361] though they were -- were built almost simultaneous with their cabins, or as soon thereafter as practicable. Previous to the war of 1812, a rude log house was erected by the voluntary contribution of settlers, in the western part of the township, on what is known as the PISOR farm. This house (if house it might be called) had an earthen floor, a thatched roof, and was minus a chimney. It was built of round logs, and the interstices between them were closed with mud and leaves mixed. The windows were paper. The teacher of this school was Robert MARCUS, a young unmarried man, from Mercer, Penn. He was of delicate constitution, and died before his term of one year was finished. His school consisted of twenty-five pupils, whom he taxed $6 apiece for the term. He was said to be a good man and a successful teacher. He was succeeded by John MITCHELL, a Mercer County man, who was quite a prodigy in arithmetic. It is related that on a certain occasion, some engineers who were locating a canal between Pittsburgh and Erie, became terribly puzzled in a calculation pertaining to their work. They were informed of the "schoolmaster's" natural ability and genius for figures and advised to go and see him. They smiled at the idea of a pedagogue enlightening them in the profound mysteries of their abstruse calculations, but they finally were persuaded to go and see him. They found him in a clearing, burning brush. Informing him of their arithmetical perplexity, they awaited, with some curiosity and no little incredulity, an answer. He took their paper upon which they had been figuring, examined it scrupulously, and at once pointed out to them their wrong premises and finally, with seeming ease, worked the question for them much to their astonishment. In other branches, however, Mr. MITCHELL was rather deficient. About the same time this school was opened, another was taught on the MCNEES farm. These schools remained in operation for several years, when better buildings were constructed and more of them throughout the township, or within the territory now forming the township of Worth. Itinerant teachers, and generally good ones, too, taught in these schools till the common-school system came into operation, which was in 1836.
The law establishing free schools did not at the beginning meet with much encouragement among the masses, but rather with general disapproval and with violent opposition from not a few. This was not because they did not appreciate educational advantages, but because it was something new, in the first place, and secondly , because the thought of paying by taxation for the education of other children besides their own did not seem to be palatable. The opposition, however, continued for a few years; the good and permanent effect of the common-school law was soon felt and recognized as a blessing. The improvement in the schools was so great that those who formerly opposed to the law became its ardent friends.
There are at present eight schools in the township, and all of the buildings are entirely new excepting three, and are all well furnished. The majority of the houses built in 1854 cost $300 apiece, but the later buildings which displaced them were erected at a cost of $750.
The first public schoolhouses were built by SHANOR and John A. MOORE; and the first public teachers were David EMORY, William E. TAYLOR, William P. MCCOY, John HUMPHREY and Robert PEEBLES. At present, in attendance there are about 425 pupils. The people of Worth Township generally are very warm friends of popular education, and cheerfully foster and encourage every measure looking toward its advancement.
Among the first Baptists here were Robert HAMPSON and his wife Mary; they, in union with a few others, commenced a meeting of prayer, and says one: In these meetings, John ORLTON united in the spirit of Jacob, when he said to the angel, "I will not let thee go except thou bless me." Thomas DANIELS and his son, Daniel DANIELS, were the first ministers who preached here. The church was constituted November the 15th, 1841, by Rees DAVIS, Thomas DANIELS and Daniel DANIELS; in number there were seven. [pg. 362] At this meeting, thirteen were baptized, making twenty in all. Daniel DANIELS was elected their first pastor in 1841, continuing until 1843. Samuel FURMAN in 1844, continuing until 1848. G. T. DINSMORE supply six months; Samuel STOUGHTON in 1850, remained until 1852; David PHILIPS in 1853, remained until 1854; John TREVITT in 1856. He is the present pastor.
In 1842, William COOPER received license to preach, and in the same year Daniel DANIELS was ordained. The Deacons were William EMERY, Robert HAMPSON, Samuel PENCE, Harlan VOGAN and Thomas CLARK.
During the pastorate of Daniel DANIELS, a very large and substantial brick church was erected; it is situated in a beautiful forest grove three miles south of east from Harlansburg, and four miles from Portersville. Their present number is 165 members. In 1863, Rev. John TREVITT resigned his pastorate, and Rev. D. L. CLOUSE accepted the charge, and was installed the same year. His ministry covered a period of seven years. Rev. HOUSTON, the present minister, was settled in 1860. In 1881, $1,100 were expended in renovating and repairing the church -- both inside and out. A good Sabbath school is connected with the church, the Superintendant of which is William STUDEBAKER.
The first Elders were Messrs. John MOORE, David CROSS, John CORNELIUS and William BRANDON. A call was made out for Alexander MURRAY in 1810. He was installed by the Presbytery of Chartiers, which then embraced all the seceder churches west of the Alleghany [sic] Mountains. Mr. MURRAY at the same time accepted calls from Eight Tracts (now Mountville), Neshanock and Newcastle. This congregation erected their first house of worship in 1811. It stood nearly in front of the schoolhouse. It was built of hewed logs, and seated with benches. For heating purposes, they scooped out a hole in the ground, in which they burned charcoal. The house soon became too small, and it was enlarged by taking out the west end and attaching a frame. It was accidently [sic] burned while workmen were engaged getting out lumber for the present building. The present house was built in the fall of 1838. Rev. MURRAY retained charge of this congregation and Mountville until the time of his death, which occurred in June, 1846, at the age of seventy-three. He had been pastor of these congregations thirty-six years. During this time he was but twice incapacitated for filling his appointments. His remains lie in Mountville Cemetery. Rev. J. D. WOLF accepted a call and ministered to this people until 1854 -- six years. In 1857, Rev. RANKIN was installed pastor, and was released by Presbytery in 1861. Rev. ATKINS then acted as stated supply for six months.
Rev. Newton BROWN, the present pastor, was ordained and installed in June, 1866. There have, therefore, been but four pastors of this congregation during its existence of seventy-four years. The present membership of this congregation is eighty-four.
Mr. MCNEES was married three times. February 24, 1842, he wedded Elizabeth VOGAN, of this county. Mrs. MCNEES died February 22, 1843. His second marriage was November 12, 1845, with Eleanor J. BEATTY, of Beaver County. She died May 18, 1854. Of this union, two children were born -- Margaret M., now the wife of Hugh MOORE, of Lawrence County, and Eliza J., who died March 20, 1849, at the age of eleven months.
November 6, 1855, Mr. MCNEES married Susannah ARMSTRONG, who is still living, and the mother of six children -- Elizabeth E., Robert W., Addison A., Rose E., Fannie V. and Mary F. All are living and at home, except Robert Walker, who died October 4, 1873, aged 15 years. He was a lad of bright promise, and greatly beloved.
John C. MCNEES died November 25, 1873, in the sixty-first year of his age. He was of pious connection -- his grandfather, William MCNEES, having been one of the first Elders of the Plain Grove Presbyterian Church. Mr. MCNEES was himself a member of the same church for more than thirty years, and an Elder about twenty-two years. As husband, father, friend, neighbor and citizen, he was much beloved and respected. He was kind, affectionate and gentle, and led a pure, blameless, Christian life. All of his family are Presbyterians. His widow and surviving children reside upon the homestead, which is part of the farm formerly belonging to his father.
Mrs. MCNEES is the daughter of Thomas ARMSTRONG, who was a member of one of the oldest families in Butler County, and spent all his days in this county. He was married, November 18, 1825, to Frances DRAKE, a native of Washington County. Mr. ARMSTRONG died April 3, 1860, at the age of seventy-three; Mrs. ARMSTRONG died October 3, 1875, aged seventy-five years. Both were members of the Presbyterian Church. They reared a family of twelve children, seven of whom are living -- David H., Mercer County; Samuel, Kansas; James, deceased; Susannah (MCNEES), Worth Township; Sarah A., deceased; George W., Worth Township, on the old farm; Rebecca (MCCUNE), Lawrence County; Archibald, deceased; Thomas, deceased; Alexander W., deceased; Francis J. (QUAKENBUSH), Kansas, and Mary A. (WIBLE), Kansas.
Thomas ARMSTRONG, Jr., served three years in the army, in Company F, One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, and was killed at the battle of the Wilderness May 12, 1864. Alexander W. was also in the army, in the nine months' service. He died March 28, 1865, from the effects of disease contracted in the service.
[End of Chapter 38--Worth Township: History of Butler County, Pennsylvania. With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of some of its Prominent Men and Pioneers. Waterman, Watkins, & Co., Chicago, 1883.]
37--Muddy Creek Township
Chapter 39--Brady Township
1883 Butler County History Contents
Butler County Pennsylvania USGenWeb Homepage
Edited 30 Nov 1999, 15:58
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Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 11 inches tall, 464 pages. Bibliography, index. Includes several black and white illustrations, plus a few color plates. Also includes maps and a detailed chronology. Excerpt from the preface: We undertook, in the centennial year of Krakatau's 1883 eruption, a harder look at this classic benchmark event in the history of volcanology. Like most linguistically crippled, English-speaking geologists, our knowledge of Krakatau came from the obligatory descriptions in textbooks, supplemented by a few scattered papers and the famous Royal Society report of 1888. The latter, while containing many marvelous eyewitness accounts of distant effects, carried no first-person reports of the eruption. In hopes of finding more information, we visited the Royal Society and, with their generous permission and help, photographed many hundreds of newspaper clippings letters, and reports from their archives. Some of this material appears in Part II of this book, but it has been supplemented by library research here, particularly at the Library of Congress, National Archives, U.S. Geological Survey, and our own Smithsonian Library. As we learned more about the eruption, we soon recognized the importance of the monograph published by Verbeek in 1885. This impressively scholarly and timely work is filled with valuable information, but only Verbeek's short preliminary report, translated in Nature in mid-1884, seems to have been read by most English-speaking writers. We therefore set about obtaining the translations from this important monograph that appear in Part II of this books. Finally, we recognized that most readers would be interested in subsequent attempts to explain the various phenomena observed. Many of these accounts are out of print, or otherwise difficult to obtain, so we have selected several interpretive accounts and reprinted them as Part IV of this book.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Smithsonian, 1984. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0874748410
Book Description Smithsonian, 1984. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Never used!. Bookseller Inventory # P110874748410
Book Description Smithsonian. PAPERBACK. Book Condition: New. 0874748410 New Condition. Bookseller Inventory # NEW7.0466527
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Moon Light World Map
The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases.
The white dot symbolizes the position of the Moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun.
View Day and Night Map
- The bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on Saturday, June 29, 2013 at 16:00:00 UTC.
- The Sun's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Sun will be at its zenith (directly overhead) in relation to an observer.
- The Moon's position is marked with this symbol: . At this location, the Moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. Note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the Moon.
Fraction of moon illuminated: 56%
Position of the Moon
On Saturday, June 29, 2013 at 16:00:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at these coordinates:
|Latitude: ||3° 54' ||North|
|Longitude: ||158° 08' ||West|
The ground speed of the movement is currently 448.15 meters/second, 1613.3 km/hour, 1002.5 miles/hour or 871.1 knots.The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above:
|Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total|
|1 minute||0° 14' 31.5"||16.71 mi||west||0° 00' 11.0"||0.21 mi||north||16.71 mi|
|1 hour||14° 31' 31.3"||1002.48 mi||west||0° 11' 05.6"||12.70 mi||north||1002.44 mi|
|24 hours||11° 17' 53.2"||779.75 mi||east||4° 15' 22.0"||292.48 mi||north||830.28 mi|
Locations with the moon near zenith
The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky.
|Kiritimati||Sun 6:00 AM||242 km||150 miles||131 nm|| SSE|
|Honolulu||Sat 6:00 AM||1927 km||1197 miles||1040 nm|| N|
|Fakaofo||Sun 5:00 AM||2065 km||1283 miles||1115 nm|| SW|
|Baker Island||Sat 4:00 AM||2080 km||1293 miles||1123 nm|| W|
|Apia||Sun 5:00 AM||2472 km||1536 miles||1335 nm|| SW|
|Papeete||Sat 6:00 AM||2551 km||1585 miles||1377 nm|| SSE|
|Rarotonga||Sat 6:00 AM||2786 km||1731 miles||1504 nm|| S|
|Alofi||Sat 5:00 AM||2848 km||1769 miles||1538 nm|| SSW|
|Funafuti||Sun 4:00 AM||2864 km||1780 miles||1547 nm|| WSW|
|Tarawa||Sun 4:00 AM||3221 km||2001 miles||1739 nm|| W|
Related time zone tools
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In a collection of brilliant essays ranging over a number of disciplines, Hume reflects on the key aspect of the state - why people obey:
Nothing appears more surprizing to those, who consider human affairs with a philosophical eye, than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few; and the implicit submission, with which men resign their own sentiments and passions to those of their rulers. When we enquire by what means this wonder is effected, we shall find, that, as Force is always on the side of the governed, the governors have nothing to support them but opinion. It is therefore, on opinion only that government is founded; and this maxim extends to the most despotic and most military governments, as well as to the most free and most popular. The soldan of Egypt, or the emperor of Rome, might drive his harmless subjects, like brute beasts, against their sentiments and inclination: But he must, at least, have led his mamalukes, or prætorian bands, like men, by their opinion.
About this Quotation:
If Edmund Burke pondered over one of the key questions of political theory, “who quards us from the guardians?”, David Hume was pondering an equally difficult problem: “why is it so easy for the few in power to govern the many?” His answer was that “opinion”, or the beliefs the many hold about the legitimacy of those who rule, keeps the many from throwing off their rulers. This means that minimal force is required by the rulers to keep the many in line.
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It is extremely interesting to look at the role played by the national newspapers in the five months leading up to Palmer’s trial. All news came from London even the news printed in local papers. They appear to have tried Palmer and found him guilty well before his actual trial. The newspapers in the Mid Nineteenth Century had far more freedom to report on cases before trial than they do today and really ‘did a hatchet job’ on Palmer. Some examples of articles written months before his trial in May 1856 are given below:
The Rugeley number of the Illustrated Times 2nd January 1856 published a damaging fifteen page supplement that had statements from most of the key witnesses. It said this of William Palmer.
Palmer is spoken of as displaying at this period peculiarly fascinating manners when in the society of women. This is not at all unlikely; for he appears to be one of those individuals who make up for their want of brilliant parts by the assumption of a certain superficial amiability, which causes them to be regarded as universal favourites by their own, as well as by the opposite sex.
Later in life, Palmer still preserved his agreeable manners. He was always popular with the poor, and liked by the public generally. Since he has become a betting man he has never shown himself secretive of sporting news of value, and he has seemed always glad to put money in the way of poor men eager for the excitement, sans the risk of betting. These qualities obtained for him considerable influence in his own town, and in the sporting circles of the midland and northern counties. He was, moreover, what has been called a liberal man. Ask the servants at the various hotel she frequented within thirty miles of his native town, and they will invariably speak of him as “a nice, pleasant sort of gentleman.” But he was never respected. Latterly, his companions have been of low class, and he only differed from them in his temperate habits and equable tact of manner.
Even vague compliments are tainted by criticism.
The Illustrated London Times 19th January 1856 painted an unflattering picture of, and presumed the guilt of, William Palmer.
William Palmer was popular with the poor and with the public generally; for he had a pleasant manner, was never secretive of sporting news of value, and always glad to put money in the way of poor men eager for the excitement sans the risk of betting. He thus obtained considerable influence in the town and in the sporting circles of the midland and northern counties. But he was never respected. Although young (about thirty-four), he has lived apparently an indefatigably mischievous life, and his character was tolerably well understood as a man who “would not stick at a trifle.” His companions were of a low class, and he only differed from them in his temperate habits and equable tact of manner. His wife was greatly beloved as a gentle, amiable, extremely feminine women; and his notorious unfaithfulness to her, his prolonged absences from her, and the extreme solitude in which she was left in that hideous house in that hideous town, induced dislike of him, originating in pity for her. Now that all the dreadful story is divulged, the daring character of the man is well understood. His attempt to bribe the postboy to smash the jars containing the viscera of Cooke, as these jars were being carried to the station for transmission to London – his taking from the telegraph-office the copy of the message – his hint to the weak postmaster to open and read a letter – his reckless misrepresentation to the insurance offices of the social position of Bates, his stable help – his attempt to seduce his maid servant the very night of his wife’s death – all these facts are sufficiently suggestive. But stories of that character have been rife for years about him. The day his wife died it was whispered by two or three persons in Rugeley that she had not been properly treated by him. We may infer from Cooke’s dying hints that sporting men had “queer” ideas about the “Doctor;” and when the insurance-offices began to make inquiries so long ago as September – that is, long before Cooke’s death – they, of course, were influenced by the common talk about Palmer. If it should be proved in the end that he is one of the greatest of villains, it will also be ascertained that he was one of clumsiest. There is none of the heroic finesse of the historical poisoner about him, His utmost art was to keep out of the way of vulgar arsenic and palpable prussic acid. If he selected refined agents of murder, his process was of the coarsest kind. That he attempted and did so much is accepted as proof of his ability. Of his infamous audacity there can be no question; but what the case proves is the stupidity and timidity of those around him in not sooner dragging him to justice. The utmost that he succeeded in, as a matter of management in his career, was in withholding from the mass of people in Rugeley and Stafford any ground for believing in “motive” for crime. No one knew up to the last moment that he was heavily in debt. When his wife died people said that he must lose money by it, as the annuity left her by her father died with her. He had a large stud of horses; and had among his own neighbours the reputation of being a successful betting man, while it was seen and known that he was not extravagant. It is now perceived that he was from the first, and continuously, in difficulties. In physique he presented none of the points of a man of finesse, either for a “book” for a “poison.” He was clumsily built, with a course red face. This figure and complexion, with the accompaniments in both cases of thin fair hair and sandy whiskers, have suggested the statement that “Palmer is the image of Manning.” In strong, selfish, sensual natures there is probably a general resemblance. But Palmer looks, we are assured, more “gentlemanly” than Manning did.
Three months before the trial ‘The Rugeley Number of the Illustrated Times’ dated February 2nd 1856 was feeding the country lurid details in words and pictures of the case.
Under the heading THE RUGELEY TRAGEDIES an article started:
If any readers should think a justification necessary of the course we have this day adopted in making familiar to the public eye the various scenes connected with that fearful series of tragedies which, within the past few weeks, have sent a thrill of horror throughout the land – if they think we are to blame for having transferred to our columns these speaking likenesses of that hitherto obscure circle of individuals, whose names have been on the lips of almost every man, woman and child in the three kingdoms since intelligence of these tragedies became bruited abroad – to them we reply, that we conceive in what we have this day done we have only fulfilled the office that devolves upon us as the conductors of an illustrated journal. We cannot agree with that squeamishness which allows long wordy descriptions of places and individuals to be perfectly admissible and which refuses to tolerate those productions of the pencil, the skilfully indicated lines of which are more suggestive than columns and columns of the best written descriptions. Does even one of our readers believe that “The Times,” or any other of the Morning Journals, would not readily avail themselves of the means which we posses and make use of were it only possible to adapt them to the exigencies of a daily newspaper?
The labour that we have been for weeks engaged in, and the results of which are now before the reader, was not entered upon with the idea of pandering to a mere vulgar curiosity. Our object was to lay bare a great social vice, which is gnawing away at the very core of society, and which every day shows to be rapidly on the increase – namely, the fearful amount of gambling in human life for the sake of pecuniary gain. Any one who scans these columns with attention, will approve the spirit in which we have performed our task.
There follows fifteen full pages devoted just to the Palmer case and using such phrases as ‘If public rumour be worthy of credit’ , ‘Rumour goes on to say that ..’ virtually accuses Palmer of being a mass murderer before he was even tried for one murder.
In an earlier edition of The Illustrated London News dated January 19th 1856 we find assumptions of his guilt before a trial:
The first time that the finger began to be pointed at the house of Wm. Palmer was four or five years ago, when a man of the name of Bladen, a brewer’s collector, and a defaulter in his accounts (which is significant in a friend of Palmer’s), on a visit to Palmer, fell ill at Rugeley, was treated by Palmer, and died after a few days sufferings. But no one knew a motive, and no one spoke above a whisper.
The whisper was again heard on his wife’s death …….
Later in the same article it says:
“If one were now to believe all the stories of gentlemen who had drank their liquor in Palmer’s company of late years it would be demonstrated that he was hankering after murder day and night.”
And later still the article says:
“Yet in the assizes in March, the counsel for the prisoner will doubtless, as a desperate resource, suggest the insanity of Palmer. “
The newspapers controlled from London had decided upon his guilt way before a trial. Were the newspapers politically motivated? Did someone in high office want Palmer found guilty and did the publicity surrounding the trial take publicity and attention away from some near rebellious unrest in the country at the time?
See also How Trials Differed from Today web page – the Contempt of Court Act 1981.
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Basic plotting tutorial
it is a good idea to add these lines to the top of your m-files
close all % close all figure windows that are open clear all % clear all the variables currently stored in memory clc % clear the commands in the command window % Plotting functions in Matlab % This m-file describes some very basic ways to plot functions in Matlab.
you can quickly plot a function of one variable with the ezplot command.
ezplot('x^3 - x^2 +x -1') xlabel('x') ylabel('f(x)')
if you try to plot another function, you will see the first function disappear. We have to tell Matlab what do with the hold command
figure hold on ezplot('x^3 - x^2 + x -1') ezplot('-x^3 + x^2 - x + 1') hold off % Note that you cannot easily tell which graph is which because the two % lines are the same color. Lets change the color and style of the first % plot to be red and dashed, and add a legend so we can see which line is % which. We do that by saving a reference to each figure in a variable so % we can use the set function to modify each graph. figure hold on h1 = ezplot('x^3 - x^2 + x -1'); h2 = ezplot('-x^3 + x^2 - x + 1'); hold off set(h1,'color','r','linestyle','--') legend('function 1','function2')
strings are not always convenient to plot, especially if there are a lot of numbers in the equations, or if there are multiple variables. Let's plot the van der Waal's equation of state to show this.
where a and b are constants. This equation cannot be plotted as a string like we did in the examples above. Instead, we need to define a function. Our goal is to find where this function is equal to zero. We can do that graphically.
% numerical values of the constants a = 3.49e4; b = 1.45; p = 679.7; T = 683; n = 1.136; R = 10.73; % we define a function handle that is f(V) f = @(V) V.^3 - (p*n*b+n*R*T)/p*V.^2 + n^2*a/p*V - n^3*a*b/p; figure ezplot(f) %the large scale of the y-axis makes it difficult to see where the function %is equal to zero, so we change the limits of each axis. xlim([2 6]) ylim([-5 5]) xlabel('Volume') ylabel('f(V)')
%it appears that f(V) = 0 around V=5 f(4.9) f(5.1)
ans = -0.4486 ans = 0.0145
we can add these two points to the figure with the plot command. Here we add them as red circles.
hold on plot(4.9,f(4.9),'ro') plot(5.1,f(5.1),'ro') hold off % The zero is definitely between V=4.9 and V = 5.1 because f changes sign % between these two points.
%alternatively, we could tell ezplot to plot f from x=4 to x=6 like this figure ezplot(f,[4 6])
% categories: Basic Matlab, Plotting % post_id = 625; %delete this line to force new post;
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AIM’s Plastics Bootcamp provides course attendees with the introductory, core information they need to understand the basics of each function of the plastic injection molding industry and what it takes to make a plastic injection molded part.
Take one, two, or all five course modules to give your brain a quality workout, improve your decision making, and enhance your knowledge of the injection molding industry.
Plastics Bootcamp is broken up into five modules:
Each module is four hours and runs from 1pm-5pm (EST) daily in English.
Attendees will be given an overview of the four key disciplines of the injection molding process: plastic materials, mold design, injection molding, and part design. In addition, we introduce the practical use of mold filling simulation.
The Plastic Materials module is designed to give students an overview of various plastic material characteristics.
This module begins by explaining the differences between amorphous and semi-crystalline material classifications, including shrink and warp differences. Students then learn various terms related to and methods used to study and describe how these materials are characterized for rheology.
Finally, the course transitions from conventional rheology into understanding plastic flow inside of an injection mold.
• Amorphous materials and properties
• Semi-crystalline materials and properties
• Video of crystallinity
• Classifications of shrinkage
• Effect of fibers
• Measuring viscosity
• Shear effect on viscosity
• Temperature effect on viscosity
• Melt Flow Index versus capillary rheometers
• Flow classifications
• How plastic flows in a mold
The Mold Design module gives students an overview of injection molds, including mold terminology and design considerations.
The course begins by explaining the differences between 2-plate and 3-plate molds, and then transitions into considerations for each of the 5 systems of the mold: ejection, venting, structural, melt delivery, and cooling.
Students will then experience a virtual mold tour, including videos of a complete mold disassembly and reassembly while interacting live with the instructor.
• 2-plate vs. 3-plate molds
• Understanding the 5 systems of the mold
• Parting line considerations
• Hot and cold runner systems
• Importance of cooling
• Types of cooling channel layouts
• Virtual lab: mold tour (4 different molds with videos and images)
The Injection Molding module is designed to give students an overview of the injection molding process.
We kickoff the course by defining processing terms, along with types of molding machines and their common components. After that, we discuss strategies for developing and troubleshooting a molding process, including explanations of common molding defects. Students will then participate in an interactive process development exercise from AIM’s molding lab.
• Molding machine types
• Common components of molding machines
• Injection screw designs
• Intensification ratio
• Introduction to Fill Time Scan
• Introduction to Pack Time Scan
• Common molding defects
• Strategies for resolving molding defects
• Virtual lab: process development
The Part Design module is designed to give students an overview of strategies and challenges facing plastic part design.
The course begins by discussing various part design guidelines and their effect, both good and bad, on the plastic part. The course also provides an introduction to material properties and their influence on the part design, such as the material modulus, and stress / strain considerations.
• Rib design considerations
• Bosses and gussets
• Effect of draft
• Considerations for living hinges
• Orientation effects on part strength
• Strategies for dealing with undercuts
• Part designs that create warp issues
The Simulation Analysis module of our Plastics Bootcamp is designed to give students a basic understanding of simulation and how it is used in the injection molding industry.
We begin with an overview of terminology and different mesh types used in the simulation program (Autodesk Moldflow). After that, we dive into common uses and outputs so the you can better understand the capabilities and limitations of mold filling simulation.
• Simulation history in the industry
• Midplane, Dual Domain, and 3D mesh types
• Nodes and types of elements
• Filling and packing considerations
• Process development strategies
• Using simulation to design cooling channels
• Troubleshooting plastic part warp
How long is the Plastics Bootcamp?
Each module is four hours (1pm-5pm EST daily) and the entire bootcamp runs for five days.
Who should attend the Plastics Bootcamp?
This is an ideal course for anyone looking to gain a well-rounded view of the injection molding industry overall, including: new hires, non-plastics engineers entering into the plastics industry, or non-technical personnel such as sales, marketing, and finance. Please note all classes are in English.
How much is it?
Take just one module: $400
Take two, three, or four modules: $350 each
*Keep scrolling for the discount code
Take all five: $1,500 total ($300 each)
*Keep scrolling for the discount code
Each module includes a hard copy workbook, and they will be mailed to you (in the U.S., Canada, & Mexico) so you can take and keep your notes. Books will ship within one business day after payment has been received. Due to the nature of shipments at the present time, we can not guarantee all books will arrive prior to the class. If you register fewer than seven days from the course start date then your book may not arrive in time for the class.
*Discount codes for multiple courses:
For two-four classes use coupon code: BootcampBundle
For all five use: GimmeAll5
How do I register?
Review the course dates in the table below, and click on the Purchase button to begin the registration process.
*Please note that the Plastics Bootcamp is presented in English only. Students should be fluent in understanding, reading, and writing English in order to attend.
Plastics Bootcamp course module dates
*Prior to registering, please make sure you are able to meet AIM’s technical requirements for online courses.
For two-four modules, use coupon code: BootcampBundle
For all five modules, use: GimmeAll5
|Jun 22 - 22, 2020||Online, Anywhere||$400.00 (USD)|
|Jun 23 - 23, 2020||Online, Anywhere||$400.00 (USD)|
|Jun 24 - 24, 2020||Online, Anywhere||$400.00 (USD)|
|Jun 25 - 25, 2020||Online, Anywhere||$400.00 (USD)|
|Jun 26 - 26, 2020||Online, Anywhere||$400.00 (USD)|
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COVID-19 increased public trust in science, new survey shows
A survey of over 2000 British adults has found that public trust in science, particularly genetics, increased significantly during the pandemic. However, those with extremely negative attitudes towards science tend to have high self-belief in their own understanding despite low textbook knowledge.
The COVID-19 pandemic saw the public profile of science increase to an unprecedented level. This was particularly true for genetics, thanks to the prominence of PCR testing and the development of COVID-19 vaccines. But did this extraordinary level of coverage lead to any long-term changes in how people feel about science and genetics?
In a study funded by the Genetics Society, researchers from the Universities of Aberdeen, Bath, Cambridge, Oxford, and UCL commissioned a survey of over 2000 randomly selected British adults through the public polling company Kantar Public. The results have been published this week as a report ‘COVID-19 and the Public Perception of Genetics.’
- As a baseline, most people were trusting of genetic technologies before the pandemic. Nearly half (45%) reported they trusted these to work for the societal good. 37% were neutral on this question, while 18% said they did not, and only very few (1-2%) were strongly distrusting.
- More than a third of the respondents said that their trust in science increased during the pandemic.
- In particular, attitudes to genetics have become more positive. When asked if their trust in genetics had gone up during the pandemic, four times more people said their trust had increased than those who reported that it had gone down.
- As a control, the same increase in trust was not seen for sciences that were not involved in the pandemic (for instance geology).
- Nearly half (44%) of the UK public would like to hear more about science in the media. In contrast, less than 10% thought that there is too much coverage of the science in the media.
The survey also investigated how well people who have strong attitudes towards science actually understand it. Previous studies indicate that individuals that are negative towards science tend to have relatively low textbook knowledge but strong self-belief in their understanding.
With this insight as a foundation, the team sought to find out whether high self-belief underpinned all strong attitudes. Survey participants were asked to rate their understanding of scientific terms, and the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with attitudinal statements such as “Many claims about the benefits of modern genetic science are greatly exaggerated.” Their textbook knowledge of science was also tested using true/false questions.
- People with extreme attitudes towards science – both strongly supportive and strongly anti-science – have very high self-belief in their own understanding, while those with neutral attitudes do not.
- People with the most negative attitudes towards science tend also not to have high textbook knowledge.
- By contrast, those who are more accepting of science both believe they understand it and scored well on the textbook fact (true/false) questions.
According to the research team, these results make sense: to hold a strong opinion you need to firmly believe in the correctness of your understanding of the basic facts.
Professor Woollard added: ‘Traditionally, it was thought that what mattered most for scientific literacy was increasing scientific knowledge. Therefore, science communication focused on passing information from scientists to the public., These results, however, suggest that this approach may not be successful and may in some cases backfire. Working to address the discrepancies between what people know and what they believe they know may be a better strategy.’
A descriptive report with all the answers from the questionnaire is now available on the Genetics Society website, along with the technical report containing details on the panel sample and questionnaire.
A research paper “People with more extreme attitudes towards science have self-confidence in their understanding of science, even if this is not justified” has been published in PLOS Biology.
The Genetics Society, established 1919, is one of the world’s oldest societies devoted to the study of genetics and to the public understanding of genetics. It is an independent and unaffiliated charity.
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Shadows of Erasc
Races and Culture
This page is a quick primer on the race relations that move Erasc. These relationships have become increasingly important as nations have solidified and have come to have their own armies, goals and rivalries. That being said, the traits listed below for each of the races are generalizations only. Like many stereotypes they may have a substantial grain of truth for many of that race, but it hardly means that every Dragonborn is honorable or that every Dwarf is stolid and grumpy.
Dragonborn: The Dragonborn are a people without a home. Their ancient lands, called Drek’Thaman, are said to lie to the North of the Wall of Ages. This loss of homeland pains them as a race, and it is seldom that one sits down to drink with a Dragonborn and does not hear something of the wonders of this lost nation, despite the fact that it had fallen when the grandsires of any modern Dragonkin were whelps. Despite the loss of their lands, there is still a predominant culture of honor that is maintained for the orphans of Drek’Thaman. This desire to serve with honor and loss of anyone to serve has led most Dragonborn to take up the role of mercenaries (albeit ones very specific about the work they will take). They are frequently found as guards and members of militia throughout the civilized world. They are most common in the Borderlands to the North and in the Human lands of Haldor. They tend to get along well with Humans and Eladrin, but their strongest relationship is to Hammerfast, the nation of the Dwarves. This is hardly a surprise given the strong component of honor in both cultures. Dragonborn get along poorly with many Tieflings and Halflings, seeing both as too willing to compromise honor for profit. Those who admire the Dragonborn see the as honorable consummate warriors. Those who do not see them as hidebound, easily manipulated and temperamental when perceiving a sleight of their honor. Most Dragonborn revere Aderam, Nelmindos or Timurgh.
Dwarves: The Dwarves have a long a storied history, one they will tell you about at great length given the opportunity. The story goes that in the early days, the first creations of the great Demiurge, the consummate builder, was the building of the Dwarves from the very rock of Erasc. Whether true or not, it is the keystone of the Dwarven culture’s dedication to their mountains and their consummate craftsmanship. The Dwarven nations live in the nation of Hammerfast, which lies to the East of the Human nations, to the North of the Elven nation of Synira. The Dwarves are divided into Clans, who each have their own specialties in crafting. They are ruled by The High King Ragabash Proudbeard, though he was elected by and is answerable to the Clan Leaders. The Clan is the most important unit of Dwarven society and a Clanless Dwarf is seen as incomplete. The Clans have their own rivalries and will even go to war at times, though this war is a contracted affair run by specific rules, with specific winning conditions. The Dwarves get along well with the Human nation of Haldor and many Dragonborn. Their relationship with other races tends to be strained at best, but their relationship to Eladrin and Elves is especially rocky due to these races’ assertions of being the firstborn of the Gods as well as their perceived flightiness. Admirers of the Dwarves praise their toughness, their resolve and their peerless craftsmanship. Their critics will point out their stubbornness, tactlessness and their tendency to dwell in the past rather than the present. Dwarves most often worship Melora or Aderam, but almost universally see The Demiurge as their patron.
Eladrin: The Eladrin are the nobility of the Fey nation of Synira, located far in the temperate south. They claim their birthright by a deep and profound connection to the underlying magic of the world. With it, they shape powerful rituals and tame the very land to their whim. Within their courts are consummate swordsmen, masterful generals, treacherous courtesans and far more besides. They are ruled by the Summer Queen Elyssandra. She has ruled over 500 years and still bears the flawless beauty of her race. It is said (never within Synira and never loudly) that her timelessness for even one of a timeless race stems from a pact with ancient Fey powers which may undermine the very fabric of civilization. The Eladrin deal well with Halflings and Tieflings who can supply them with objects of beauty or knowledge. They get along poorly with Humans and Dwarves who tend to find them haughty and self-important. Their relationship with the Elves is both one of understanding and one which is becoming increasingly fractious as more and more Elves chafe under the “Nobility” of the Eladrin. The positive side of the Eladrin is found in the beauty of their works, their rich body of knowledge and their measured long-view approach. Taken to their extremes, these become a superficial concern with the aesthetic, an unhealthy focus on knowledge that might be better left unknown and apathy and stagnation in the face of a lifespan of many centuries.The Eladrin treasure beauty and knowledge above all things, and thus most often worship Sune and Ioun though they are frequently adherents of Nelmindos as well.
Elves: The Elves are the craftsmen, merchants and common folk of Synira. They are known to be emotional, especially in relation to nature. This has led to a widespread disease or perhaps it is just an unmitigated sadness at the loss of the wild places, which has been called The Melancholy. Elves have been committing suicide or just wasting away. Many of those that don’t fall immediately prey to this ailment have headed North to the Borderlands in droves to try to find a cure in the remaining wild places. The Elves that remain are somewhat offput at the lack of action by the Eladrin nobles. The Elves get along well with Halflings, and some Humans. They tend to get along less well with Dragonborn, Dwarves and Tieflings who they see as unreasonably serious about unimportant matter. The positive traits of Elves are seen as a strong spirituality, a oneness with nature and a genuineness of emotion. Some see them instead as over contemplative, more concerned with trees than thinking beings and crippled by lack of control of their emotions.
Half-Elves: Half-elves are solely from unions of Elves and Humans. No documented cases of Eladrin breeding successfully with Humans exist. Most Half-Elves end up with their Human parent both for political as well pragmatic reasons. No Elven parent wants to watch their child grow old and die as they do not even seem to age. Also, Eladrin see these individuals as evidence of indiscretions of their subjects and a Half-Elf living in Synira can expect an unpleasant life, overall. Many still experience their share of discrimination in the more liberal human nations. There is no real Half-Elf culture. Many of them merely use the human culture that they were raised in. Some still retain some Elven traditions, but this is rare. The strengths and weaknesses of Half-Elves stem from their dual parentage which both gives them their exotic nature, variety, and their persecution complex. Half-Elves tend to worship the God that most reflects their profession or beliefs.
Humans: Humans have come to
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Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920
Biography of Nellie Healy O'Hara, 1866-1928
By Jennifer Coggins, archivist
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Nellie Healy O'Hara was born July 26, 1866 in Albany, New York. She spent her childhood in Kentucky, where her family moved shortly after she was born. She taught in the Cincinnati public schools before moving with her husband, J.B. O'Hara, to Palm Beach, Florida in 1911. J.B. O'Hara was a linotype operator in Cincinnati, then secretary of the West Palm Beach Board of Trade. He was active in the International Typographical Union and secretary of the Palm Beach County Fair Association.
Nellie Healy O'Hara was involved with a number of organizations, including the Catholic Daughters of America, the Women's Auxiliary of the International Typographical Union, the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), the West Palm Beach Business and Professional Woman's Club, and the Greater Palm Beach Woman's Athletic Club. She was Chair of the Girl Scout Council, Vice President of the Palm Beach County Fair Association, and Secretary of the Palm Beach County Welfare Association. She was a leader in efforts to establish the County Home for Children of Palm Beach, and was active in the Democratic Party.
In 1917, she was interviewed by the Palm Beach Post in support of women carrying home their own purchases from stores rather than having items delivered to their homes. She touted this as a way to save money and to "release able-bodied men for the army or for more important places in the industrial world" in war time. The following fall, she spent two weeks at a war college at the Florida State College for Women in Tallahassee (now Florida State University). The program, attended by over 375 women from around the state, focused on how home demonstration activities (education in household management and skills) could be used to support the war effort.
From 1918 to 1920, she was president of the Palm Beach Woman's Club, then chaired the club's Civics Committee. She also served as Vice President, then as Press Chair, of the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs.
She was the founder of the Civil League of Women at Palm Beach, which became the Palm Beach County League of Women Voters, the first League of Women Voters in the state of Florida. She helped start similar organizations throughout the state, and from 1921 to 1926 served as the first president of the Florida League of Women Voters. In October 1920, she advocated Palm Beach Post on behalf of the League, emphasizing that it is a non-partisan organization.
Nellie Healy O'Hara died on December 5, 1928 at age 62.
Altman, Burt. "Florida State College for Women/Florida State University School of Home Economics Florida Extension Services Collection, 1937-1969 [Finding Aid]," Florida State University. Accessed 21 November 2017. http://fsuarchon.fcla.edu/?p=collections/findingaid&id=3844&q=&rootcontentid=134915.
"Mrs. J.B. O'Hara Says 'Carry it Home'," Palm Beach Post, 22 September 1917.
"Florida Deaths, 1877-1939," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FPZN-SRH : 24 December 2014), Nellie Healy O'Hara, 05 Dec 1928; citing Palm Beach, Palm Beach, Florida, reference 20020; FHL microfilm 2,135,289.
Scrapbook, courtesy of the Historical Society of Palm Beach County.
"United States Census, 1870," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MX7P-BHN : 12 April 2016), Ellen Healy in household of Henry Healy, Kentucky, United States; citing p. 113, family 892, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 545,952.
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HAMILTON, Ohio — Fairwood Elementary's new MindPeace room is helping students get control of their emotions before situations escalate. The room features the sounds of a rainforest, dim lighting and comfy chairs — quite a change from the principal's office.
"Kids will usually hold something," said Fairwood Elementary principal Matthew Crapo. "So they can hold the breathing ball. Work on their breathing. Breathing in and out."
The room opened two months ago. When teachers notice students becoming emotional or disruptive, the students can be sent to the MindPeace room before they get into a fight or lose control of their emotions.
“Discipline or consequences are reactionary," Crapo said. "So a child gets in a fistfight, our response is an out-of-school suspension. That’s reactionary. This room is 100% proactive.”
Students are walked through specific activities designed to help them recognize, understand and control their emotions by trained staff members.
"It's not just a room filled with stuff," Crapo said. "Everyone that goes there has been trained. The adults and the students."
The students' emotions and activities in the room are tracked, and that data is collected to prove the level of the room's effectiveness.
"This really isn't a break from class, because it's all data-tracked," Crapo said. "We know how long they're in there. We know what they're doing in there. We know what the emotion is when they walk in, and we know what the emotion is when they leave."
Crapo said disciplinary referrals and suspensions have dropped since the school opened the MindPeace room.
In the 2017-18 year, the school saw 162 suspension days in the first semester alone.
In 2018-19, that dropped to 140 days for the entire year.
The amount of collective referred time, which is 15 minutes of time out of classroom fell from 1,123 (42.5 days of school) in 2017-18 to 482 (19 days of school) in 2019-20.
"It gets the kids' mind off of whatever they're here for," Crapo said. "They're now concentrating on the movement."
The data collected in the room is tracked by a local company.
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discovery of new metallurgical processes, or of new mineral deposits. It is, to be sure, a common saying, that the price of money is steadily diminishing, and fast enough for the depreciation of value of coin to be very perceptible in the course of a generation; but by going back to the cause of this phenomenon, as we have shown how to do in this chapter, it is plain that the relative change is chiefly due to an absolute upward movement of the prices of most of the articles which go directly for the needs or pleasures of mankind, an ascending movement produced by the increase in population and by the progressive developments of industry and labour. Sufficient explanations on this doctrinal point can be found in the writings of most modem economists.
Finally, in what follows, it will be the more legitimate to neglect the absolute variations which affect the value of the monetary metals, as we do not have numerical applications directly in view. If the theory were sufficiently developed, and the data sufficiently accurate, it would be easy to go from the value of an article in terms of a fictitious and invariable modulus, to its monetary value. If the value of an article, in terms of this fictitious modulus, was , at a time when that of the monetary metal was , and if at another time these quantities had taken other values, and , it is evident that the monetary value of the article would have varied in the ratio of
If the absolute value of the monetary metals during long periods only suffers slow variations, which are hardly per-
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- Peach Baskets
Basketball was invented in 1891, when there were peach baskets instead of nets at either end. This also meant that the ball had to be retrieved each time a player threw it in.
However, to speed things up, a hole was made in the bottom of the basket, which enabled the ball to be pushed out. This was still too slow though, so in 1906, the baskets were finally ditched and metal hoops were introduced. 30 years later and basketball was to make its first official appearance at the Olympic Games, which were held in Berlin.
- American Domination
So, the men’s basketball competition kicked off in 1936, and they soon started to dominate the game. In fact, they dominated so much that they were to go undefeated during their next 62 Olympic matches, when they finally came up short against the USSR in 1972.
On the women’s side, the Soviet Union controlled the sport following its introduction in 1976. However, between 1984 and 2008 the American team won gold in every Games, aside from one.
- How the game works
A game is split into four, 10-minute periods, and points are essentially awarded depending on the distance you throw the ball from. Each country will bring a squad of 12 players, but only five are allowed on the court in any one time.
- Basketball in London
Nearly 300 players will descend on London this summer in the search for Olympic basketball gold. 12 men’s and 12 women’s teams will be divided into two groups, where they will play each other. The top four sides from each group will then progress to the next stage, which adopts a knock-out format.
The Basketball Arena in the Olympic Park will play host to all of the preliminary games and the women’s quarter-final matches. The remaining games – the men’s quarter finals along with all the semi-finals and medal games – will be held at the North Greenwich Arena (aka the O2).
- Local Hopefuls
Chicago Bulls’ Luol Deng has caught the eye in the NBA, while two players who play in Spain – Joel Freeland and Rob Archiebald will want to help Team GB get as far as possible.
Look out for: Yao Ming.
Although he’s now retired, the former Chinese player may well be wandering around to see how his country get on. And at 7 ft 6 in, he should stand out from others.
Not to be confused with: handball, or peach baskets (see above).
Useless but informative fact: 300 basketballs have been set aside for use in London. That’s nearly one per player (288).
Basketball in two words: slam dunk (when a player jumps in the air and forces the ball downwards into the net.
The Olympics Basketball competitions will be taking place between Saturday 28 July and Sunday 12 August.
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Prior to 1924, the Cape Fear Township had three separate schools. Acorn Branch, Castle Hayne, and Wrightsboro. The third school, Wrightsboro was a two room school which was build adjacent to the Wrightsboro Baptist Church. The land for the school, which was donated by Mr. Moses Horne, was located on Rock Road, which is now Castle Hayne Road. The name Rock Road, was so named because it was unpaved and made with rock marl. Wood fires kept classes warm, oil lamps supplied the light, water was drawn from a hand pump in the yard, and two outside buildings served as restrooms.There were two teachers and two rooms in this school. One for grades one through four, and one for grades five through eight. There was no bus service at this time, so students walked four to six miles to and from school every day.
A few years prior to 1924 the Acorn Branch School was closed and those students were transferred to the Wrightsboro School, which now had two teachers and ninety students. In 1924, the New Hanover County Board of Education purchased three acres of land from Mr. Horne and erected a one-story brick building. At this time the Castle Hayne school was consolidated with the Wrightsboro school, now having five teachers and one hundred fifty-five students. By 1930, Wrightsboro had eight teachers all of whom were single and were paid $70 a month for eight months.
In 1939, the second story was added to Wrightsboro, and the cafeteria was built in 1953. In 1963, six additional classrooms were built behind the first building and six more classrooms were added in 1968. Wrightsboro school continued to serve students in grades one through eight until 1952 when the seventh and eighth grades were transferred to Chestnut Street Junior High School (now Annie H. Snipes). In 1971, Wrightsboro began serving only grades one through four, and the first kindergarten class was added in 1973. In 1982, the fifth and sixth graders returned to Wrightsboro making it the fifth largest elementary school in New Hanover County.
In 1997, a new fifteen room addition was opened which also included a new cafeteria. The old 1924 building was renovated with the auditorium converted into a modern library. The old cafeteria was converted into a multipurpose room. The 1924 building was again renovated in 2009, when Wrightsboro celebrated its 100 year anniversary. In 2012 the two back buildings were renovated. Wrightsboro currently serves kindergarten through fifth grade and has an enrollment of approximately 600 students.
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Bubble Wrap – If you are someone who is running an eCommerce business or someone who is planning to start one, you know how vital packaging materials are, and how they affect your business in a significant way.
One of the most beneficial packaging material is the bubble wrap. It is commonly used for a wide range of advantages it offers. Bubble wraps are light in weight yet strong, so they provide a cushioning effect. And so they protect the item from bruising and other damages during transit and rough handling in the warehouses.
Apart from its uses in packaging, many of us love popping the bubble’s on it. It is a great way to relieve stress. According to a survey conducted by bubble wrap makers in 2012, it is said that one minute of popping bubble wrap provides the same stress relief as a 30-minute massage session would.
But how were bubble wraps invented? And how is it manufactured? To get to know more pieces of information on this topic, keep reading this article.
How Was Bubble Wrap Invented?
Would you be surprised to know that bubble wraps were not invented with packaging in mind? Yes, that’s true. Originally bubble wraps were designed to be textured wallpaper.
In 1957, a US engineer named Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes, who was a Swiss chemist got together to produce a unique type of wall decoration. A three-dimensional tactile wallpaper, which would be easy to clean and attractive. So for the very first time, in Hawthrone, New Jersy they put two pieces of plastic shower curtain through a heat sealing machine, and it resulted in a plastic sheet with air bubbles trapped inside it. But this textured plastic sheet was not accepted well in the market as most of the people didn’t like it as a wall decoration. Therefore, the idea to sell wallpaper failed.
Then they started thinking of using it for other applications, and they both started a company named ‘Sealed Air Corporation’ with the brand name as Bubble Wrap, and it is a registered trademark brand. During this time, they applied for several patents on equipment and the process required to manufacture this bubble wrap.
And eventually, they identified that these plastic sheets were lightweight and with good insulation properties, so they tried to market these plastic sheets as greenhouse insulations. But even there it didn’t work.
Finally, after three years, in 1959, one of the marketing person from the company named Frederick Bowers got an idea to use this as a packaging material. But they were wondering for which product they should use it on. Simultaneously, at the same time, IBM launched its 1401 variable of wall length computer. So Frederick went to IBM and pitched the idea of using bubble wrap as a packaging material for safe transportation. And IBM liked it, and thus IBM turned out to be Bubble Wraps’ first large consumer. Therefore it is appropriate to say that the bubble wraps created a great revolution in shipping and e-commerce industry.
How Is Bubble Wrap Manufactured?
The process of manufacturing bubble wrap starts from tiny resins and ends in huge rolls of bubble wraps. How does all this happen? Here is the entire process in steps:-
It first starts with different types of resins. The tiny polyethylene (plastic) resin are in the form of beads, and they are only about the size of pea gravel. Resins come in pellets, and each one of them has different properties. The nylon gives it strength, and the flex resin provides the material with an adhesive that is needed to make the bubble.
The pellets of resins are vacuumed into the extruder. Which is a long cylinder with a screw inside that runs in its entire length.
Heated bands heat the extruder for temperatures between 450 and 512 degrees. The heating process happens before the resin comes in. And then the screw turns inside the barrel causing added heat, and so it melts the incoming resin into a liquid. And then the liquid is squeezed outside the cylinder. Therefore it forms two stacked sheets of plastic film.
And then there is a drum with holes punched into it. So one layer of the film is wound around this drum and suction is applied to it. Therefore one web of the film is drawn into the holes which form the shape of the bubbles. Generally, the diameter of the bubble is from 6 mm to 25 mm.
Later the second film is laminated over the previous film, to trap the air inside the bubbles.
Finally, we receive the finished bubble wrap sheets which are 48 inches long and then are cut in length and width; it is also perforated every 12 inches to make it easy for consumers when they use it.
And then quality checks are done, rolled and packed, ready to be sent to the warehouses so that you can buy it from the site you agree.
How Can The Manufactured Bubble Wrap Be Used?
The most commonly asked question about bubble wraps is ” should the bubble be inside or outside?”. The answer is, for maximum efficiency you have to place the bubbles inside, that is close to the item so that you get an added cushioning effect. Instead, if the bubbles are placed outward, it may pop during transportation, increasing the risk of product damage.
The best part of bubble wraps is that they are available in many forms, as bubble bags, bubble wrap sheets, a bubble mailer and so forth. Bubble bags are very comfortable to use and easy to pack as they are like pockets. And sometimes it also comes with adhesives on one side to the contents in place.
Moreover, bubble wraps are also available in a wide variety of configurations such as cohesive, adhesive, volatile corrosion inhibitor and antistatic. Each one serves different purposes and is made distinctive by the use of different colours. For example, antistatic bubble wraps always come in pink colour, whereas volatile corrosion inhibitors are blue.
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MONTANA. Yellowstone National Park Rangers
captured at least 178 bison this morning in the Stephens
Creek bison trap on Yellowstone's northern boundary.
According to the Park Service (NPS), the number of buffalo
captured may go up to 200 today, the full capacity of
the trap. The NPS plans to send all the captured bison
to slaughter without testing for brucellosis and without
cooperation from Montana.
Most of the bison had been grazing north of Gardiner
inside Yellowstone National Park. The Park Service initially
captured 105 bison then later in the morning another
73 bison were hazed from the Church Universal and Triumphant's
Royal Teton Ranch and captured in the Stephens Creek
In 1999 more than 13 million tax dollars were given
to the Church in exchange for land and conservation
easements aimed at providing habitat for the Yellowstone
bison and other wildlife. The Church's refusal to give
up cattle operations on the Ranch has negated any benefits
of the land deal and to date the lands remain off-limits
According to the terms of the Interagency Bison Management
Plan (IBMP), all bison captured before the late winter/early
spring population count is conducted are supposed to
be tested for antibodies to brucellosis or held in the
trap and released in the spring. The provisions of the
IBMP clearly state, "The agencies will test all
captured bison, send seropositives to slaughter, and
temporarily hold up to 125 seronegative bison at the
Stephens Creek capture facility…If the late-winter/early-spring
bison population is above the 3,000 target, specific
management actions may be undertaken at the Stephens
Creek capture facility or outside the Park in the western
boundary area to reduce its size." Sending bison
to slaughter without testing violates the Plan because
the late-winter, early-spring count has yet to be conducted.
The Park Service says that filling the Stephens Creek
trap now would severely limit their bison management
options for later in the winter, which is why they intend
to send all the captured buffalo to slaughter, without
testing or holding the bison until spring, as the Park
Service has done in the past.
"Sending these bison to slaughter without testing
before the late-winter/early-spring bison counts are
conducted clearly violates the Interagency Bison Management
Plan," said Josh Osher of BFC. "These safeguards
were put in place so the government's actions would
not compound potential natural winter kill. By sending
these bison to slaughter without testing in order to
free up the capture facility for more of the same, the
National Park Service could be responsible for a devastating
population crash in America's last wild herd of bison."
The Park's decision to capture today led to a rift with
the state of Montana. According to Governor Schweitzer's
office, the state will not participate in the capture
operation. Governor Schweitzer's spokesperson Mike Volesky
said, "Any time we're in the midst of hunting no
state agents will be involved in capture, testing, or
transport of bison to slaughter." Volesky went
on to say, "These are park bison and the park is
going to do what the park is going to do with them."
The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks announced
yesterday that they will suspend Montana's bison hunt
along the Park's western boundary beginning today, 1/2
hour after sunset. The Montana Department of Livestock
(DOL) plans to resume hazing operations as soon as Thursday.
"In this power play between the National Park Service
and the State of Montana, the only loser will be the
bison," said Dan Brister, Project Director for
the Buffalo Field Campaign. "The Park Service is
entrusted with protecting America's national treasures.
Instead the agency is flexing political muscle by killing
the bison it is supposed to safeguard."
Al Nash, Chief of Public Relations for Yellowstone National
Park told representatives of Buffalo Field Campaign
that the Park Service has conducted nine hazing operations,
in which they force wild migrating buffalo off of their
critical winter range habitat in order to protect Montana's
"Yellowstone used to be a wildlife sanctuary. Under
the watch of Superintendent Suzanne Lewis it has been
transformed into a buffalo slaughter facility set up
to do the bidding of Montana's livestock industry,"
said Mike Mease, Campaign Coordinator and cofounder
of the Buffalo Field Campaign.
State and Federal agencies participating in the Interagency
Bison Management Plan justify Montana's lack of bison
tolerance on the unfounded fear that bison may transmit
brucellosis, a European livestock disease, to cattle.
Bulls, yearlings and non-pregnant females pose no risk
of transmitting the bacteria. There has never been a
documented case of wild bison transmitting brucellosis
"The Park Service is working with its neighbors
to protect Montana's brucellosis-free status; the only
option available is to capture and send the bison to
slaughter," said Yellowstone National Park spokesperson
In the past ten years Montana and the U.S. Government
have killed 2,479 wild Yellowstone bison, more than
half of the existing herd.
"The Park Service claims that they are 'managing
for a wild population of bison,' but when an agency
impedes natural migration, advocates for a state's livestock
industry over protecting wildlife, and captures and
slaughters buffalo, that can hardly be considered doing
anything but the bidding of Montana's livestock industry,"
said BFC's Stephany Seay.
The bison that inhabit the Yellowstone region are the
last wild, genetically pure, unfenced bison left in
the country. They are the only bison to have continuously
occupied their native range and they are the last bison
to follow their natural instinct to migrate. Like other
wild ungulates, bison move to lower elevations outside
the park in response to the region's harsh winters.
Yet, unlike other wild ungulates, wild bison are not
allowed to leave Yellowstone National Park and are subject
to hazing, capture, and slaughter when they do.
Buffalo Field Campaign is the only group working in
the field, everyday, to stop the slaughter of the wild
Yellowstone buffalo. Volunteers defend the buffalo on
their native habitat and advocate for their protection.
BFC video footage and photos are available upon request
and may be viewed at http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org.
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Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)
To achieve the highest level of accuracy, IMUs for airborne mapping sensors should be rigidly mounted as close to the sensor reference point as possible. The image above shows an IMU (the cylindrical silver-colored object) mounted on an airborne mapping camera on a NOAA aircraft.
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are used in precision navigation of airborne vehicles. IMU technology has been developed and advanced primarily for military applications (e.g., missile guidance) and the space program. This discussion, however, focuses on an important civilian application of IMUs: the direct georeferencing of airborne mapping data, such as aerial photography or airborne lidar data.
An IMU uses three gyroscopes ("gyros") and three accelerometers, orthogonally-mounted on an airborne mapping sensor (e.g., camera or lidar system), to measure the current rotation and acceleration. These measurements are summed to determine the change from the initial position of the aircraft.
The problem, however, is that accumulating measurements leads to errors that grow with time. Because an IMU is continually adding detected changes to the current position, any error in the measurement is accumulated, leading to an ever-increasing error between what the IMU thinks the position is and the actual position. To solve this problem, global positioning system (GPS) technology is used to provide updates to the IMU.
A technique called "Kalman filtering" is used to combine the information from the GPS and IMU, to obtain statistically optimal estimates of the three-dimensional position and angular orientation of the airborne mapping sensor. Using these data and simple geometrical relationships, scientists can determine the coordinates of the remotely sensed data in the mapping coordinate frame. This process of directly relating the remotely sensed data to the Earth is referred to as "direct georeferencing."
Abdullah, Q.A. (2004). Photogrammetric Platforms. In J.C. McGlone (Ed.), Manual of Photogrammetry, Fifth Edition (pp. 705-717). American Society of Photogrammetry, Bethesa, MD.
Mostafa, M.M.R. & Hutton, J. (2001). Direct Positioning and Orientation Systems: How Do They Work? What is The Attainable Accuracy? Proceedings, American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Annual Conference, April 23 - 27, St. Louis, MO.
Wikipedia. (2006). Inertial Measurement Unit. Retrieved July 14, 2006, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Measurement_Unit.
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| 0.875314 | 560 | 3.625 | 4 |
Making Garden Signs
In the Life Lab Garden Classroom, we consider a good sign to be one that
you don't have to repair year after year … unless, of course, you want
sign making to be a project for your students year after year.
If making signs year after year, or having the flexibility of changing signs often is desirable, consider making blank signs with chalkboard paint (available at hardware stores). Paint on a smooth surface of wood or plexiglass. You can use chalk paint pens if you want the sign lettering to last longer than normal chalk.
By labeling the plants in their garden, kids learn about them and make
the connections between the foods they eat and the plants growing
in the garden. Adults also learn a lot from garden signs. Here in the
Garden Classroom, parents, teachers, and others often say, "Wow I never
knew artichokes could get that big," or "Kohlrabi sure is crazy looking!"
Labeling herbs often encourages folks to smell them, as if they were just
checking to make sure that the mint smells minty. Interpretive signs can
also enrich the educational potential of your garden.
Where you put your signs matters. Signs that face the sun will fade much
faster than those turned away from the sun. Is your sign post in an area
that is often wet? If so, consider rot resistant posts like plastic lumber
or metal. Setting wooden posts in concrete can extend the life of a
post considerably. And, of course, your target audience is an important
factor. Make sure to install your signs at kids' eye level so they can read
Signs don't have to cost much, and most can be made with reused materials, as you can see in the photo gallery of school garden signs from across the nation.
If you are looking for more professional signs, check out our garden sign designs. These can be ordered on metal or vinyl.
Here are some of our favorite garden signs in the gallery:
- Redwood Elementary in Ft. Bragg has individual letter stakes. Kids find each letter and stake in the word.
- At the Garden of Eating, an Early Childhood Education Center in Novato, laminated velcro signs have pictographs instructing kids what they can eat or do with the plants.
- In Life Lab's Garden Classroom, we have a Tree o' Tunes sign that we painting onto a discarded piece of plexiglass. It lasted for ten years. The post made from branches added a nice touch.
One last sign resource we like is Never Tear paper. You can print
or photocopy onto this plastic-like paper, which is much more fade
resistant that normal paper that has been laminated. If you have
digital images that you want made into signs, it is a good way to go.
Staples sells this product and, wouldn't you know, there is a site called
Captain Planet Learning Garden has educaitonal garden signs to download and print.
The Garden Signs Album is one of our many school garden photo galleries.
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Traditionally, sapphire symbolizes nobility, truth, sincerity, and faithfulness. It has decorated the robes of royalty and clergy members for centuries. Its extraordinary color is the standard against which other blue gems—from topaz to tanzanite—are measured.
For centuries, sapphire has been associated with royalty and romance. The association was reinforced in 1981, when Britain’s Prince Charles gave a blue sapphire engagement ring to Lady Diana Spencer. Until her death in 1997, Princess Di, as she was known, charmed and captivated the world. Her sapphire ring helped link modern events with history and fairy tales.
In ancient Greece and Rome, kings and queens were convinced that blue sapphires protected their owners from envy and harm. During the Middle Ages, the clergy wore blue sapphires to symbolize Heaven, and ordinary folks thought the gem attracted heavenly blessings. In other times and places, people instilled sapphires with the power to guard chastity, make peace between enemies, influence spirits, and reveal the secrets of oracles.
In folklore, history, art, and consumer awareness, sapphire has always been associated with the color blue. Its name comes from the Greek word sappheiros, which probably referred to lapis lazuli. Most jewelry customers think all sapphires are blue, and when gem and jewelry professionals use the word “sapphire” alone, they normally mean “blue sapphire.”
A special orangy pink sapphire color is called padparadscha, which means “lotus flower” in Sinhalese, the language spoken in Sri Lanka. Stones from Sri Lanka were initially the only ones labeled with this marketable name. There’s no telling how many padparadschas have been sifted from Sri Lankan river gravel throughout history. Sri Lankans have a special affection for the color that’s traditionally been linked with their country.
Blue sapphire belongs to the mineral species corundum. It can be a pure blue but ranges from greenish blue to violetish blue. The name “sapphire” can also apply to any corundum that’s not red and doesn’t qualify as ruby, another corundum variety.
Besides blue sapphire and ruby, the corundum family also includes so-called “fancy sapphires.” They come in violet, green, yellow, orange, pink, purple, and intermediate hues. There are also “parti-colored” sapphires that show combinations of different colors. Some stones exhibit the phenomenon known as color change, most often going from blue in daylight or fluorescent lighting to purple under incandescent light. Sapphires can even be gray, black, or brown.
Fancy sapphires are generally less available than blue ones, and some colors are scarce, especially in very small or very large sizes. Still, fancy sapphires create a rainbow of options for people who like the romance associated with this gem, but who also want something out of the ordinary.
The mineral corundum is composed only of aluminum and oxygen, and it requires a growth environment that’s free of silicon. However, silicon is a very common element, making natural corundum relatively uncommon. In its purest state, corundum is actually colorless. Colorless sapphires were once popular diamond imitations, and they’ve staged a comeback as accent stones in recent years.
But colorless corundum is rare. Most corundum contains color-causing trace elements. When the trace elements are iron and titanium, the corundum is blue sapphire. Only a few hundredths of a percent of iron and titanium can cause the color, and the more iron the corundum contains, the darker the blue. Chromium can cause the red color of ruby or the pink of pink sapphire.
In the 1990s, discoveries in East Africa and Madagascar brought fancy sapphires widespread recognition. The new sources supplemented production from traditional ones like Sri Lanka and Madagascar and increased the availability of yellows, oranges, pinks, and purples.
The colors attracted jewelry designers who wanted to move away from traditional hues of red, blue, and green. Now, contemporary designers arrange fancy sapphires in stunning rainbow suites.
Corundum can show a phenomenon called asterism, or the star effect. This phenomenon usually appears as a six-ray star pattern across a cabochon-cut stone’s curved surface. The star effect can be seen in ruby or any color of sapphire, and it arises from white light reflecting from numerous tiny, oriented needle-like inclusions.
Besides fancy sapphire and star corundum, there’s another interesting variety: color-change sapphire. These fascinating stones change color under different lighting. Their presence adds a special dimension to the already amazing corundum family of gems.
Both blue and fancy sapphires come from a variety of exotic sources including Madagascar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Australia.
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| 0.925308 | 1,085 | 3.125 | 3 |
Immunity is our protection from most of the diseases and we need to keep it strong.
Immune system protects us from all diseases – from colds, flus, colds and cancer. Due to the normal functioning immune system, our body deals with food poisoning, allergies and control slows the aging process. A healthy immune system functions in perfect balance. It destroys bacteria and removes damaged tissue.
Spring should not be the season of strict diets but oh healthy eating. Specialists recommend giving up dieting and starting eating healthy in order to keep our immunity strong. One of the most important ingredients of this hard work is antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and activate immune system protection. Flavonoids are also importa,nt, they have strong anticancer effect. You can find them in peanuts, tomatoes and legumes.
Cabbage, green salads, broccoli is full of minerals, which are another important part of maintaining strong immunity. Trace minerals zinc and selenium are extremely important. Zink is found in cereals, eggs, cheese, nuts, seafood. Rich in selenium are whole grain bread, liver, seafood, and kidney.
You can also take natural immunomodulators as Echinacea and ginseng which can protect you from many diseases.
Besides vitamins and minerals the body needs exercise. This is because exercise increases the flow of immune cells throughout the body and stimulates circulation.
Positive thinking and maintaining an active social life is very important to build a strong immune system. Yoga and meditation and stress relief help faster recovery of the body.
Sleep and exposure to sunlight are also important to build immunity.
What weakens the immune system?
There are several factors that weaken our immune system, and they are:
insufficient physical activity;
lack of vitamins and minerals in the body;
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| 0.927199 | 379 | 3.234375 | 3 |
BG Chap 17 - Three ways of austerity
In order to explain austerity in the three modes, Kṛṣṇa first speaks of the three types of austerity – of body, words and mind. Austerity of the body consists of worship of the devas such as Vasu and Rudra; of the dvijas, the best among the brāhmaṇas; of the gurus, such as mother, father and teacher; and of the learned, who know the Vedas. The sequence is from superior to inferior. Austerity of the body also consists of cleanliness, both internal and external; sincerity in carrying out what is prescribed, and avoid what is forbidden; celibacy, which is sex life according to scriptural injunctions; and non violence.
Austerity of speech is speech which does not disturb others or which cause fear in others; which is true and based on authoritative sources; which is pleasing and beneficial to the hearer; and as well as regularly reciting the Vedas.
Austerity of the mind consists of tranquility, without getting agitated from remembrance of sense objects; without cruelty, desiring everyone’s happiness; gravity or silence, which means to always think of self realization; controlling the mind by withdrawing it from sense objects; and non duplicity – free from deceit in dealings with others.
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| 0.962201 | 278 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle to the heel bone. The calf muscle is actually two muscles, the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle. The soleus lies underneath the gastrocnemius.
The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body. It allows you to rise up on your toes and push off while walking or running.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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| 0.859216 | 128 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Acquisition of Florida Power and Light Company Lands in the East Everglades Expansion Area will have a number of opportunities for the public and partner agencies to learn about the proposal and comment on this project. Below is the current estimated project schedule.
Step 1. Initiate project - January 2011
Did You Know?
Over forty species of mammals inhabit Everglades National Park. Though they often utilize drier habitats, many are also adapted to the semi-aquatic habitats of the Everglades. White-tailed Deer can often be seen wading through the sawgrass prairies.
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| 0.928513 | 118 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The concept of grid-by-design has become very popular in web design but it isn’t new in any way. In fact the bees, the bridge builders, chess masters etc. have known the secret of the grid for centuries. Using grids in web design makes the website look well structured and balanced even if the pages are busy with many elements. Also for the developer grids are useful and helps maintaining the pages easier. Grid in web design is basically a style in which a website is divided into different grids i.e. vertical and horizontal lines so that you can position different design elements efficiently and effortlessly. There are several CSS grid and responsive layout frameworks and solutions you can use to build your own grid based websites, but you will probably need the inspirational collection below. website templates with responsive layouts also typically have been designed using grids to adapt to smaller view ports, know as responsive grids. Same is true for magazine themes to make it possible to have the many content areas in the layout. In this article I have collected 40 examples of websites that use some form of grid styled layout.
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http://www.tripwiremagazine.com/2012/11/grid-style-in-web-design.html
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| 0.962797 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Public ignorance is an inherent threat to democracy. It breeds superstition, prejudice, and error; and it prevents both a clear-eyed understanding of the world and the formulation of wise policies to adapt to that world.
Plato believed it was more than a threat: He thought it characterized democracies, and would lead them inevitably into anarchy and ultimately tyranny. But the liberal democracies of the modern era, grudgingly extending suffrage, have extended public education in parallel, in the hope of cultivating an informed citizenry. Yet today, given the persistence and severity of public ignorance, the ideal of an enlightened electorate seems a fading wish at best, a cruel folly at worst.
Unfortunately, our current civic problem cuts even deeper: We are witnessing the rise of a culture of ignorance. It is particularly insidious because it hijacks certain democratic values. To begin to understand this culture and its effects, it is helpful to identify the ways it differs from simple ignorance.
Perhaps the most noticeable aspect of a culture of ignorance is the extent of willful ignorance. Ignorance that is willful may involve resistance to learning, denial of relevant facts, the ignoring of relevant evidence, and suppression of information. Such ignorance is usually maintained in order to protect a prior belief or value—a sense of self, an ideology, a religious doctrine, or some other cherished cognitive commitment. False knowledge often bolsters one’s will in maintaining a closed mind; but of course, it is only ignorance in elaborate disguise.
When the willfully ignorant are cornered by mounting evidence, they assert their individual right to believe whatever they choose to believe. This is a hollow and silly claim. Beliefs are factive; they aspire to truth. Moreover, beliefs affect attitudes, decisions, and actions. As the Victorian mathematical philosopher William K. Clifford remarked, “No one man’s belief is in any case a private matter which concerns him alone.” He proposed “an ethic of belief” and championed our responsibility to respect evidence for and against our beliefs. Though his standard of evidence may have been too stringent, we can agree that claiming the right to believe “whatever” exploits the democratic respect for individual rights by foregoing individual responsibilities.
A related characteristic is the rejection of expertise. Liberal democratic theory and practice have always elevated individual autonomy and independence, rejecting authority and dependency. They therefore have had difficulties with any relationship that yields individual autonomy—which seems to be involved in consulting an expert. It is true that the place of expertise in a democracy remains contested: We may yield to the expertise of the physician, pilot, or engineer (albeit uneasily); but we may be skeptical of the expertise of the economist, climate scientist, or critic.
Our ambivalence regarding expertise has increasingly come to be a rejection. The rise of social media has certainly contributed to this trend. Who needs a qualified film or restaurant critic when one can find websites that provide thousands of audience or diner ratings? But the implications go far beyond aesthetics: As a senior minister famously said during the recent Brexit campaign, “Britain has had enough of experts.” Among at least a significant portion of the population, this attitude has led to a rejection of the traditional sources and certifiers of knowledge—universities, science, established journalism. As this attitude engulfs public life, it undermines the fragile but vital distinction between knowledge and belief, between informed judgment and unreflective opinion.
This epistemic populism seems radically democratic, but that image is an illusion. Democracy is, as John Dewey described, a moral climate in which each person may contribute to the construction of knowledge; but it doesn’t imply that each person possesses the truth. Moreover, one need not yield political authority to experts; it is epistemic authority—the authority of knowledge, skill, experience, and judgment—that is carried by experts.
At some point, the “wisdom of crowds” becomes the celebration of ignorance. Conspiracy theories, wild speculations and accusations, nutty claims, “alternate facts,” and pronouncements that are far afield from one’s knowledge—all these claim time or space on a par with accurate and important information. The politician who is ignorant of politics, the law, and history is seen as the person who will “get things done.” Some public figures wear their ignorance as a badge of honor. Let’s be clear: Ignorance is not stupidity, though I admit it is sometimes difficult to tell them apart in practice. And stupidity is likely to produce ignorance across a broad front. But one can be ignorant without being stupid.
Underlying all of these factors is the loss of respect for the truth. No doubt, many things have contributed: the venality of some experts, the public disagreement among experts, the continual revising of expert advice, and the often-unwarranted movement by social scientists from the descriptive to the normative, from facts to pronouncements. Religious fundamentalism, which stretches credibility, is another precipitating factor. The postmodernist deconstruction of ideals like truth, rationality, and objectivity, also contributed to this loss—though I doubt that postmodernist treatises were widely read among conspiracy theorists, religious fundamentalists, or climate change deniers.
The irony is that these folks believe they are holding the truth. Indeed, I am not suggesting that we need to claim we possess the Truth, firmly and finally; in fact, I believe those who make that claim actually disrespect the truth. Rather, we need to keep the ideal of truth to guide our inquiries, to aspire to greater truth. Not all opinions or interpretations are equally worthy. The concept of truth is required to separate knowledge from opinion; those who give up on truth, those for whom truth doesn’t matter, are—as the contemporary philosopher Harry Frankfurt said—left with bullshit.
There are signs of hope. Many young people have a naturally skeptical, even cynical, attitude regarding information sources. There is a surge of interest in investigative journalism in various forms. The teaching of critical thinking has broadened to include information literacy: Many colleges now provide ways to learn the skills of evaluating informational sources and content, including statistical integrity. Scholars are giving new attention to epistemic virtues, capacities and traits that enhance the acquisition of knowledge. There is excited talk among feminist and educational philosophers of “an epistemology and pedagogy of resistance” that confronts willful ignorance and the “epistemic injustice” of systematically discrediting certain voices.
The danger, and by the same token, the hope lies in this truth: In the end, ignorance will lead to error. Serious mistakes and their consequences may be required before there is momentum sufficient to roll back this culture.
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<urn:uuid:7131f3bf-6cb8-4f45-9549-05576b9b29c4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2017/11/14/american-populism-shouldnt-embrace-ignorance/ideas/essay/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809419.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125051513-20171125071513-00784.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952601 | 1,381 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Lincoln's concern was to save the Union, not to save or destroy slavery. Lincoln would save the Union the shortest way he could under the Constitution and by using extra constitutional means.
Many people believed that the Civil War was fought on the basis of morals and ethics rather than keeping the Union intact. In truth, Lincoln waged war on secession and nation slavery, his first priority was saving the United States of America. Abraham Lincoln said "what I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save this Union" (Voices of America, p. 138). On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation where he freed all slaves in the rebellious states. Lincoln knew this would play a heavy psychological and economical toll on the South, all of which would be an advantage for the Union. Lincoln showed great determination on not allowing secession to occur, the controversial issue of slavery would not stand in the way.
Lincoln would save the Union at any cost, towards slavery. In August, 1862 Lincoln wrote a letter to Horace Greeley, an editor of the New York Tribune, who published an open letter insisting President Lincoln free the slaves immediately. In Lincoln's reply he wrote "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also so that" (Voices of America, p.138). Lincoln objective was to save the Union, not to either save or destroy slavery.
Lincoln's letter regarding the Union and slavery basically stated that he believed that the Union could be saved without destroying slavery. Lincoln believed if what he was doing hurts the cause he would do less and if it helped the cause he would do more. As soon as Lincoln discovered an error, he tried to correct it as soon as possible and he adopted new views as fast as they appeared to be true.
Even though his main priority was to save the Union, he had to put fourth something to calm the northern anti-slavery forces. Lincoln used his constitutional powers to issue the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in the rebellious states. He did not issue it on the border states which were still part of the Union but had slaves. He did this to keep the border states from succeeding from the Union. The border states were very important assets to the success of winning the war do to their location and population. Lincoln also suspended the habeas corpus. By doing this, he defied a ruling by the chief justice that stated that only Congress could suspend the habeas corpus based on the Constitution. Lincoln did this so that anti-Unionists could be arrested and not be tried in court. Suspending the habeas corpus is an example of how Lincoln used extra constitutional powers to rescue the Union.
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and issued the Emancipation Proclamation to re-unite the country the shortest way possible. He had to use extra constitutional powers to do this and be successful. Not concerning with slavery, he saved the Union any way he could.
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<urn:uuid:f2f26744-4d87-43b4-bf61-38d8a78404bc>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/nhhs/html/union.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535745.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00464-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.976481 | 653 | 3.734375 | 4 |
djbdns is a collection of Domain Name System tools. Security is one of the primary motivations for the development of djbdns. Every step of the design and implementation has been carefully evaluated from a security perspective. The djbdns package has been structured to minimize the complexity of security-critical code. dnscache is immune to cache poisoning. It is advisable to use the package as a secure alternative to BIND.
DNRD is a proxy DNS daemon. It supports several forward servers for redundancy and/or load-balancing. DNS queries for specific domains can be forwarded to a specific group of DNS servers (with redundancy and load balancing) for that domain. It is very useful in VPN and dialup environments but can also be used as a DNS cache or ad-blocker for networks and workstations.
dnsjava is an implementation of the DNS protocol in Java. It supports all of the common record types. dnsjava provides both high and low level access to the resolver. The high level functions perform queries for records of a given name, type, and class, and return an array of records. A cache is used to reduce the number of queries sent. The low level functions allow direct manipulation of dns messages and records, as well as allowing additional resolver properties to be set. A 'dig' clone, dynamic update program, and basic server are also included. Extensions to the DNS protocol are supported as well (DNSSEC, TSIG, EDNS0).
Dnsmasq is a lightweight, easy to configure DNS forwarder and DHCP server. It is designed to provide DNS and (optionally) DHCP to a small network. It can serve the names of local machines which are not in the global DNS. The DHCP server integrates with the DNS server and allows machines with DHCP-allocated addresses to appear in the DNS with names configured either in each host or in a central configuration file. Dnsmasq supports static and dynamic DHCP leases and BOOTP/TFTP for network booting of diskless machines.
GnuDIP is a application designed to allow an ISP to publish a DNS hostname for a customer without having to assign a static IP address. Customers can maintain the address information via a CGI on the ISP's website. For those who are familiar with the dyn.ml.org part this is a simple replacement package.
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<urn:uuid:bfe7e37b-821b-4c76-819f-4d51426b7c85>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://freecode.com/tags/dns?page=2&with=&without=
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en
| 0.923021 | 487 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Malabsorption involves problems with the body's ability to take in nutrients from food.
Causes of Malabsorption
Many diseases can cause malabsorption. Most often, malabsorption involves problems absorbing certain sugars, fats, proteins, or vitamins. It can also involve an overall problem with absorbing food.
Some of the causes of malabsorption include:
- AIDS and HIV
- Biliary atresia
- Celiac disease
- Certain medications (cholestyramine, tetracycline, some antacids, some medications used to treat obesity, colchicine, acarbose, phenytoin)
- Certain types of cancer (lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, gastrinomas)
- Certain types of surgery (gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy, surgical treatments for obesity, partial or complete removal of the ileum)
- Chronic liver disease
- Cow's milk protein intolerance
- Crohn's disease
- Damage from radiation treatments
- Parasite infection, including Giardia lamblia
- Soy milk protein intolerance
- Whipple's disease
Vitamin B12 malabsorption may be due to:
- Bloating, cramping, and gas
- Bulky stools
- Chronic diarrhea (may not occur with vitamin malabsorption)
- Failure to thrive
- Fatty stools (steatorrhea)
- Muscle wasting
- Weight loss
Malabsorption can affect growth and development. It also can lead to some illnesses.
Tests and Exams
Your doctor or nurse will do an exam. Tests that may be done include:
- Blood and urine tests
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Hydrogen breath test
- Schilling test for vitamin B12 deficiency
- Secretin stimulation test
- Small bowel biopsy
- Stool culture or culture of small intestine aspirate
- Stool fat testing (See: Quantitative stool fat test)
- X-rays of the small bowel or other imaging tests
Treatment of Malabsorption
You may need to take extra vitamins and nutrients.
The outlook depends on what is causing the malabsorption.
Long-term malabsorption can result in:
When to Contact a Health Professional
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of malabsorption.
Prevention of Malabsorption
Prevention depends on the condition causing malabsorption.
Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 142.
Hogenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 101.
|Review Date: 8/11/2014
Reviewed By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Frankford-Torresdale Hospital, Aria Health System, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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<urn:uuid:7a5ad20f-d349-4287-9ab8-39b5f3c54924>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.drugs.com/enc/malabsorption.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321938.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627221726-20170628001726-00055.warc.gz
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en
| 0.799243 | 716 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Peter Wittgenstein came from an aristocratic family of Prussian origin. He was born on 5 January, 1769, and at the age of 21 enlisted as a sergeant on 1 April, 1781, in the Life Guard Semeyonovsk Regiment. He was an excellent and courageous horseman who fought in the Russo-Polish War in 1794, during which time he was awarded the Order of St George, 4th Class and the golden cross. He also fought in the Persian Campaign in 1796, in which he was mentioned in dispatches for delivering the keys of the city of Derbent to St Petersburg. On 9 February, 1798, Wittgenstein was made colonel, before becoming commander of the Akhtyrsk Hussar Regiment the following year on 5 May. He was then promoted to major general in June and went on to command the Mariupol Hussar Regiment on 1 July, 1799. He took part in both the 1805 Campaign against Napoleon and in the Russo-Turkish War from 1806. He fought in the battles of Amstetten, Wischau and Austerlitz, earning various decorations along the way. He also commanded a corps in southern Finland from 1808-1811.
Yet it was in the Campaign of 1812 that Wittgenstein was able to really stand out. He commanded the First Russian Corps whose function was to block the route to St Petersburg. He was known as the "saviour of St Petersburg" since he defeated general Oudinot and his army at Polotsk in August and November 1812. He also fought at Wilkomir, Klyastitsy, Kokhanovichi, Chashniki, Smolani and at the Berezina. He was equally popular among Russian society and his own troops, whose morale he uplifted through his constant offensive actions that imposed his will on the enemy. However Wittgenstein was to make some mistakes during Napoleon's crossing of the Berezina which allowed Napoleon to rescue most of his forces, though the majority of the blame for the Russian fiasco was laid at Chichagov's door. In the 1813 Campaign Wittgenstein assumed overall command of the Russian Army on the 25 April on the death of Kutuzov. He soon proved incompetent in this position, failing to prevent the twin defeats at Lutzen and Bautzen in May. After his subsequent resignation, he was replaced by Mikhail Barclay de Tolly. He took part in several battles later on in 1813 (notably at Dresden and Leipzig), but was wounded at Bar-sur-Aube in 1814. After 1815 he was to see action in the Russo-Turkish War 1828-1829 where he was commander in chief. Finally retiring for health reasons in 1829, he lived a further ten years in retirement before dying in Lvov on 11 June 1843 whilst on a journey taken for health reasons.
Alexander Mikaberidze, The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792-1815, New York: Savas Beatie, 2005, pp. 445-447 Dominic Lieven, Russia against Napoleon, London: Penguin Books, 2009 Dictionnaire Napoléon, Paris: Fayard, 1987, vol. 2, p. 973
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<urn:uuid:03d942bb-d585-446d-a147-d62e3b3d7e69>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.napoleon.org/en/reading_room/biographies/files/481495.asp
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826259.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00309-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.983655 | 681 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Quest for the Irish Celt is the fascinating story of Harvard University's five-year archaeological research programme in Ireland during the 1930s to determine the racial and cultural heritage of the Irish people. The programme involved country-wide excavations and the examination of prehistoric skulls by physical anthropologists, and was complemented by the physical examinations of thousands of Irish people from across the country; measuring skulls, nose-shape and grade of hair colour.
The Harvard scientists' mission was to determine who the Celts were, what was their racial type, and what element in the present-day population represented the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of the island. Though the Harvard Mission was hugely influential, there were theories of eugenics involved that would shock the modern reader. The main adviser for the archaeology was Adolf Mahr, Nazi and Director of the National Museum (1934-39). The overall project was managed by Earnest A. Hooton, famed Harvard anthropologist, whose theories regarding biological heritage would now be readily condemned for their racism.
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<urn:uuid:ecf74ef5-defd-4f21-8f8f-dec59facab93>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://theirishbookshop.com/products/the-quest-for-the-irish-celt
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00235.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971884 | 209 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Archive for the ‘O’Connell SuperTruck’ tag
When it came rumbling onto the showfield Saturday morning, everybody stopped. Big, solid-tired trucks are nothing new for the AACA’s Eastern Division National Fall Meet show, better known as Hershey, but this unannounced hulk, carrying enough equipment on its back to pave its own road and wearing wheels that looked like they came off a circus wagon, was unlike anything even the most seasoned collector car veterans in attendance had seen.
Fittingly, it’s called the SuperTruck. A product of the O’Connell Motor Truck Company of Waukegan, Illinois, which was founded in 1917, the SuperTruck boasted an unusual feature called Two-Way Drive that allowed the driver to operate the vehicle facing either forward or backward – certainly beneficial when trying to wrangle behemoth three-ton trucks into construction sites sans power steering. Two-Way Drive was apparently the invention of one Linton G. Bartlett of Waukegan, a bicycle shop owner and inventor who also patented a hybrid gas-electric truck in 1940 and wheels that would allow a truck to drive on both road and rail in 1931; Bartlett assigned at least a couple of his patents to O’Connell, leading us to believe that he may have worked for the company.
According to Albert Mroz’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Trucks and Commercial Vehicles, O’Connell built SuperTrucks on chassis from 2-1/2 tons up to 7-1/2 tons from 1919 to 1936. Donated to the AACA Museum by Judith Stager of Ridgeway, Pennsylvania, the 1923 SuperTruck in attendance at Hershey is a 3-1/2-ton Model 70D fitted with a dump bed and accessorized with a cement mixer and Air Machine. Powering the beast is a Wisconsin 28.9hp four-cylinder gas engine.
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<urn:uuid:86f6e6c5-e3bf-4d41-bedf-761fdba013ab>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/tag/oconnell-supertruck/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999662979/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060742-00015-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.957035 | 406 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Wieviel künstliche Intelligenz gibt es eigentlich schon in nicht-autonomen Fahrzeugen? Schauen wir es uns an.
While most of the attention has been on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving, AI will penetrate far deeper into the car. These overlooked areas offer fertile ground for incumbents and startups alike. Where is the fertile ground for these features? And where is the opportunity for startups?
Inside the cabin
Inward-facing AI cameras can be used to prevent accidents before they occur. These are currently widely deployed in commercial vehicles and trucks to monitor drivers to detect inebriation, distraction, drowsiness and fatigue to alert the driver. ADAS, inward-facing cameras and coaching have shown to drastically decrease insurance costs for commercial vehicle fleets.
The same technology is beginning to penetrate personal vehicles to monitor driver-related behavior for safety purposes. AI-powered cameras also can identify when children and pets are left in the vehicle to prevent heat-related deaths (on average, 37 children die from heat-related vehicle deaths in the U.S. each year).
Autonomous ridesharing will need to detect passenger occupancy and seat belt engagement, so that an autonomous vehicle can ensure passengers are safely on board a vehicle before driving off. They’ll also need to identify that items such as purses or cellphones are not left in the vehicle upon departure.
AI also can help reduce crash severity in the event of an accident. Computer vision and sensor fusion will detect whether seat belts are fastened and estimate body size to calibrate airbag deployment. Real-time passenger tracking and calibration of airbags and other safety features will become a critical design consideration for the cabin of the future.
Beyond safety, AI also will improve the user experience. Vehicles as a consumer product have lagged far behind laptops, tablets, TVs and mobile phones. Gesture recognition and natural language processing make perfect sense in the vehicle, and will make it easier for drivers and passengers to adjust driving settings, control the stereo and navigate.
Under the hood
AI also can be used to help diagnose and even predict maintenance events. Currently, vehicle sensors produce a huge amount of data, but only spit out simple codes that a mechanic can use for diagnosis. Machine learning may be able to make sense of widely disparate signals from all the various sensors for predictive maintenance and to prevent mechanical issues. This type of technology will be increasingly valuable for autonomous vehicles, which will not have access to hands-on interaction and interpretation.
AI also can be used to detect software anomalies and cybersecurity attacks. Whether the anomaly is malicious or just buggy code, it may have the same effect. Vehicles will need to identify problems quickly before they can propagate on the network.
Cars as mobile probes
In addition to providing ADAS and self-driving features, AI can be deployed on vision systems (e.g. cameras, radar, lidar) to turn the vehicle into a mobile probe. AI can be used to create high-definition maps that can be used for vehicle localization, identifying road locations and facades of addresses to supplement in-dash navigation systems, monitoring traffic and pedestrian movements and monitoring crime, as well as a variety of new emerging use cases.
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<urn:uuid:8fa67389-3f62-4786-9d5f-a0916062ce51>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://dasdigitaleauto.de/connected-car-welche-kuenstliche-intelligenz-gibt-es-bereits-in-nicht-autonomen-fahrzeugen/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00311.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920423 | 673 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Summary: This messages talks about how from time to time will express anger towards God. How does God respond to our emotion of anger, and what did God show Jonah, when Jonah was angry. This and more is what this final message talks about, enjoy!
Title: When We Are Angry With God
Text: Jonah 4:1-11
- Have you ever been angry with God before?
- We all have and expressed our displeasure for being in a situation that God could get us out of.
- Jonah, was angry with God because he believed that God would move powerfully in his situation.
- So a question that comes to mind is why would Jonah be angry with God?
- When God used Jonah so powerfully, why did Jonah act in anger towards God?
- He knew God would deliver the people of Nineveh and for some reason that angered him.
- Those feelings made him leave for Tarshish instead of Nineveh.
- Now we know it’s not wrong to express our feelings towards God, because God knows how we feel.
- It only becomes a problem when we start acting out how we feel, and Jonah gives us that example when he flees to Tarshish in anger.
- Then he gets angry with God for forgiving Nineveh when he obeys God and pronounces God’s message to the people.
- We need to continue to obey God, even when we don’t understand what God is doing.
- We need to continue to be faithful with God and trust in Him, understanding that He has everything under control.
- What do we learn about God when Jonah was angry?
Point 1: We Learn That God Is All Powerful (vs 1-3)
I read about a small Oklahoma town that had two churches and one distillery. Members of both churches complained that the distillery was giving the community a bad imagine. And to make matters worse the owner of the distillery was an out spoken atheist. He didn’t believe in God one bit. The church people had tried unsuccessfully for years to shut down the distillery. So finally they decided to hold a joint Saturday night prayer meeting. They were going to ask God to intervene and settle the matter.
The church folks gathered on Saturday night and there was a horrible thunderstorm raging outside and to the delight of the church members lightening hit that old brewery and it burned to the ground.
The next morning the sermons in both churches was on the power of prayer.
But the insurance adjusters promptly notified the distillery owner that they were not going to pay for the damages because the fire was an act of God and that was an exclusion in the policy.
The distillery owner was furious and he sued both churches claiming that they had conspired with God to destroy his business. But the churches denied that they had anything to do with the cause of the fire.
The presiding judge opened the trial with theses words: “ I find one thing in this cause most perplexing-we have a situation here where the plaintiff, an atheist is professing his belief in the power of prayer, and the defendants all faithful church members are denying the very same power.”
- Verse 2 is the key verse for this first point
- It’s one thing to be angry at God when things don’t go right, but to be angry because there is revival and we see the compassion and mercy of God in action is another.
- Jonah is angry with God not because He was doing powerful things, but because Jonah is not committed to God’s plan for mercy.
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<urn:uuid:c86e8088-9fe6-4870-a782-be6d5c5d531e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/when-we-are-angry-with-god-dana-visneskie-sermon-on-jonah-78733
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00050.warc.gz
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en
| 0.972097 | 747 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Y Treigladur - by D. Geraint Lewis
Regular price £8.99
This easy to use check-list of Welsh mutations, gives a very concise alphabetical list of words that cause a mutation, summary of the main rules of mutation, and explanations of the grammatical terms used. An essential item for those studying Welsh - for learners, improvers or first language speakers. A very useful item to have in your library.
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<urn:uuid:0e87a5c2-f7e3-4429-b4d6-7d5ee3c83b0e>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://shop.library.wales/products/y-treigladur-by-d-geraint-lewis
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948673.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327154814-20230327184814-00191.warc.gz
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en
| 0.898066 | 104 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gardening: A Heart-Healthy Activity
Help Your Heart
Mother's Day is a wonderful time to get out in the garden and start planting your favorite flowers.
Although gardening may not come to mind as a calorie-burning task, spending an hour or more in the garden can be a great way to relax while fitting in some physical activity. A 150-pound person can burn around 324 calories during an hour of gardening.
"Gardening can be very therapeutic," said Vonda Shaw, manager of the UW Health Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation Clinic. "Many people really enjoy cultivating and helping something to live and grow."
While a brisk walk or other form of exercise is still an important part of a heart healthy lifestyle, gardening can contribute in important ways. Digging, weeding or squatting down in the garden for several hours, as well as lifting plants can all help to bring your heart rate up.
The physical benefits can be great, but the emotional and mental benefits may be even better. So enjoy spring and encourage the women in your life to spend some time outside nurturing plants and flowers.
"Gardening really provides a wonderful opportunity for someone to get out and enjoy something they love," said Shaw.
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<urn:uuid:fee18456-f6b4-44bb-891c-ef8e9483c97f>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.uwhealth.org/go-red/gardening-a-heart-healthy-activity/26872
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en
| 0.942816 | 253 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Participation in sports can strengthen the body's cardiovascular system, improve stamina, and provide a sense of physical well-being. However, sports canalso result in injury. Sports medicine concerns itself with preparing athletes to compete at an optimal level while avoiding injury, and with managing anyinjuries that do occur. Sports medicine practitioners can be both physiciansand paramedical staff. In some cases, they are involved in developing helmets and other protective gear for athletes.
One of the earliest practitioners of sports medicine was the Greek physicianHerodicus, who developed therapeutic diets and exercise regimes for athletesin the 5th century B.C. The first team physician was Galen, who in 157 trained and treated gladiators competing in public games. Despite these early examples, sports medicine did not come into its own until the 20thcentury. The first textbook on the subject was published in 1910, and the term "sports medicine" was coined in 1928, when 33 team physicians attending theWinter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, met to establish the International Assembly on Sports Medicine. The practice of "doping"--trying to improve performance with drugs or other substances--was first reported in 1939, and the use of anabolic steroids to improve muscle mass and performance was first reported among Russian athletes in 1954. Athletes from numerous other nationsquickly adopted the practice. The sports drink Gatorade was first used in 1965, in a test on the University of Florida football team, which achieved a winning season.
Performance in many sports has improved dramatically during the 20th century;however, the extent to which sports medicine has contributed to those improvements is subject to debate. In many cases, improved techniques and trainingmethods were developed by the athletes themselves, with physiologists and other experts studying the developments after the fact. However, some improvements are directly attributable to sports medicine, including the benefits of carbohydrate-rich diets and proper fluid balance, which were discovered in basic research during the 1930s and 1940s.
Roger Bannister, the first human to run a sub-four-minute mile, was a medicalstudent who studied the mechanics of running and developed a scientific training program. Bannister nonetheless seriously underestimated the capabilitiesof the human body. He believed that breaking the four-minute barrier would consume an athlete's oxygen reserve several yards before the finish line, andthat he would have to complete the race in a semiconscious state. However, when Sebastian Coe ran the same distance in 3:49 in 1979, he was described as looking "almost relaxed" and "hardly gasping." It is clear that the barriers to improved athletic performance are sometimes psychological.
Some of the principal advances made by sports medicine have been in the treatment of acute sports injuries. For example, techniques developed to treat shoulder problems including dislocations and problems with the rotator cuff andacromioclavicular joint proved so successful in athletes that they are now employed in mainstream medical practice.
Some injuries result from overuse and can be prevented by adjusting the athlete's training schedule or correcting bad technique. If no changes are made, permanent injury may follow, forcing retirement from the activity. Sometimes,rule changes can help. For example, junior baseball players in the United States may now make only a limited number of pitches per season, to prevent an overuse condition known as "Little Leaguer's elbow."
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in a variety of performance "enhancers" said to make athletes stronger, bigger, or faster.
Anabolic steroids, now disallowed in many sports, have been used by weight lifters and track-and-field athletes. They are similar to the natural hormone testosterone and can increase the size and strength of muscles. However, steroids also have serious side effects including heart disease, liver cancer or other liver damage, which far exceed any benefits obtained. It is worthwhile to observe that world records in the shot put were relatively stagnant duringthe late 1960s and 1970s, a period when many shot putters are believed to have used steroids. Similarly, growth hormone is believed both ineffective and dangerous, and is not permitted in many sports.
In 1999, Mark McGwire of the St. Louis Cardinals hit a record 70 home runs while using the supplements androstenedione and creatine. However, research results reported that same year found that androstenedione did not increase strength, but might instead promote heart disease, cancer, and enlarged breasts.Studies of athletes taking creatine have been inconclusive; some show minor improvements, others a detrimental effect. Long-term effects of the supplementare unknown.
Other so-called "enhancers" considered ineffective include ginseng, amino acids, coenzyme Q10, protein, and chromium picolinate.
One substance that may actually work is caffeine. Two cups of coffee taken before exercise has been shown to improve endurance. This effect does not occurduring hot weather, and caffeine can be dangerous to persons who have heartdisease.
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How Frontotemporal Dementia Can Cause Dementia
Non-Alzheimer's Causes of Dementia : Page 5
4. Frontotemporal dementia
What it is: Frontotemporal dementia is associated with rare diseases or disorders that affect the frontal lobe or front of the temporal lobes of the brain. Pick's disease is one example. Pick's involves abnormal deposits of the tau protein in the brain (called Pick bodies). Damage to the frontal and temporal lobes affects personality, memory, and behavior.
How the symptoms compare to Alzheimer's: Frontotemporal dementia is associated with impaired judgment, changes in personality, mood swings, problems with language, and a decreased interest in activities that were once enjoyed. Symptoms can occur suddenly.
Though frontotemporal dementia is a progressive disease, personality and behavioral symptoms tend to occur early on, whereas disorientation (getting lost) tends to occur late. (It's typically reversed in Alzheimer's.) Semantic memory (memory of the meaning of words and objects) is more affected than episodic (time related) memory.
Uninhibited or inappropriate behavior is common in people with frontotemporal dementia. They may demonstrate a marked lack of empathy, acting without regard to what other people think or feel.
How it's diagnosed and treated: In addition to the findings of a full medical exam, a brain scan may show evidence of atrophy (deterioration) of the frontal or temporal lobes. There are no medical treatments available, so the emphasis is on managing symptoms for better quality of life.
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Guides and Meeting Reports
- Academic Detailing to Enhance Overdose Prevention: An Implementation Guide for Organization [PDF]
This resource provides organizations (i.e., state and local health departments, communities, and program implementors) with a guide that can assist with planning, implementing and evaluating academic detailing programs (a one-on-one educational method where trained educators deliver evidence-based and tailor messages to encourage behavior changes among clinicians) to support their overdose prevention efforts.
- Linking People with Opioids Use Disorder to Medication Treatment: A Technical Package for Policy, Programs, and Practice [PDF]
This resource offers guidance for developing and implementing effective linkage to care strategies for health care professionals and community leaders who are working to increase access and linkage to medications for opioid use disorder.
- Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing Opioid Overdose: What’s Working in the United States [PDF]
This resource consolidates the best evidence currently available for implementing overdose prevention strategies with demonstrated feasibility in the United States. It offers community leaders, local and regional organizers, non-profit groups, law enforcement, public health, and members of the public relevant research and examples of use in the field.
- Prescription Drug Overdose Data & Statistics Guide: CDC WONDER Multiple Causes of Death Dataset [PDF]
This guide provides an overview of the steps to query Multiple Causes of Death data in CDC WONDER. CDC WONDER (Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) is a data system that provides public-use data sets about mortality (deaths), cancer incidence, HIV and AIDS, tuberculosis, vaccinations, natality (births), census data and many other health outcomes. Multiple Causes of Death (MCOD) mortality data are based on death certificates for U.S. residents. Each death certificate contains underlying cause and up to twenty multiple causes of death and demographic data.
- From Epi to Policy: Prescription Drug Overdose: State Health Department Training and Technical Assistance Meeting [PDF]
This report was prepared to summarize a meeting of health officials from 15 states funded to receive training on how to take what we know about the epidemic of Prescription Drug Overdose and turn it into effective action. The meeting sought to combine CDC’s research and epidemiology on prescription drug overdose with real-world discussions of the challenges and successes states have faced in confronting the epidemic. (Atlanta, Georgia, April 22-23, 2013)
- Patient Review and Restriction Programs: Lessons learned from state Medicaid programs [PDF]
This report is a summary of an expert meeting to examine current practices of Patient Review and Restriction (PRR) programs and share insights about the operation of such programs to prevent prescription drug abuse, diversion, and overdose. (CDC Expert Panel Meeting Report, Atlanta, Georgia, August 27-28, 2012)
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The evolution of war and peace in animal societies
Dr. Faye Thompson
University of Exeter
In nature, conflict and cooperation arise at every level of biological complexity, among teams of genes, cells and individuals, and also among societies. Understanding why groups fight and how conflict between groups can be resolved is an outstanding scientific and societal challenge. Here I discuss our research on two very different species that we are using to uncover the factors that drive war and those that promote peace: the banded mongoose, a highly cooperative mammal that engages in aggressive gang warfare, and the Pacific dampwood termite which exhibits a full spectrum of intergroup relationships, from lethal fighting to peaceful fusion. Our work has revealed intriguing patterns of aggression and cooperation across these taxa that can help us to shed light on the evolutionary causes and consequences of war and peace.
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Overview of the PLTW Program
Project Lead The Way is one of the most ambitious and fastest growing school initiatives in the United States. PLTW is a non-profit organization that partners higher education institutions like WPI with secondary education schools and the private sector to deliver and implement an intensive pre-engineering curriculum to high school and middle school students. Combined with college preparatory mathematics and science courses, the four year high school curriculum provides students with a solid foundation for further study of engineering at a two or four year institution. The program also provides the opportunity for high school students to earn college credit for their PLTW coursework. Learn more about earning college credit from WPI in Information for Students & Parents.
The PLTW curriculum employs teamwork and problem solving, through which students develop a broad-based understanding of modern technology and of the scientific and engineering design processes.
The high school Engineering curriculum is comprised of a sequence of fundamental and specialization year-long courses, including:
- Introduction to Engineering Design (IED) - required course
- Principles of Engineering (POE) - required course
- Aerospace Engineering (AE)
- Biotechnical Engineering (BE)
- Civil Engineering & Architecture (CEA)
- Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
- Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSE)
- Digital Electronics (DE)
- Engineering Design & Development (EDD) capstone course
PLTW high schools offer at least 3 of these courses so that a graduating senior in the program has had the opportunity to take a sequence of courses. PLTW also offers high school programs in Biomedical Science and Computer Science, visit PLTW Programs for details.
At the middle school level, 45-day units cover fundamental engineering principles and make connections between engineering and science. A school offers at least 2 of the following units:
- Design & Modeling - required unit
- Automation & Robotics - required unit
- Energy & the Environment
- Flight & Space
- Green Architecture
- Magic of Electrons
- Medical Detectives
- Science of Technology
PLTW also offers the Launch curriculum for grades K-5.
Role of WPI in PLTW
In 2004, WPI became the Massachusetts Affiliate University for Project Lead The Way. Unique to the PLTW program and key to its success is its partnering aspect between secondary schools and higher education institutions. As the Massachusetts Affiliate for PLTW, our role includes:
- Helping districts and schools learn more about PLTW
- Working with schools to evaluate current lab facilities and plans for implementation
- Hosting two-week, intensive Summer Training Institutes for teachers
- Holding annual guidance counselor conferences
- Conducting school certification visits for high schools committed to implementing at least 4 courses
- Offering undergraduate credit to students in PLTW-certified high schools
Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks
Finding a curriculum that aligns well to the Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks can be challenging for a Massachusetts school. We are in the process of determining that alignment for the PLTW program. Feel free to contact Terry Adams for available documentation.
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Positive Discipline in the Classroom (developed by Jane Nelsen and Lynn Lott) is a research-based classroom management program that empowers teachers with skills to build their students’ sense of community, prepare them for successful living, and increase academic achievement. Experiential learning methods give you skills to help students practice better cooperation, social skills, self-direction, responsibility, and mutual respect in the classroom. Attend the 2-Day Training or bring the training to your school. Positive Discipline in the Classroom materials go hand in hand with the Positive Discipline parent education program that can be taught at your school to increase the parent-school connection.
Teaching Parenting the Positive Discipline Way (developed by Lynn Lott and Jane Nelsen) provides a step-by-step approach to starting and leading experientially based parenting groups. This program stands alone or offers significant enhancement to any program; it emphasizes experiential activities that reach the heart to inspire deeper understanding and change. Parents love the Parents Helping Parents Problem-Solving Steps because this process provides a fun and effective way for them to get specific help with real problems.
Applied in the family setting, Positive Discipline teaches important social and life skills, in a manner that is respectful to both the adults and children - raising young people to be responsible, respectful and resourceful members of their community. Children who grow up in Positive Discipline homes have a sense of connection to their community (home, school), feel their input is regarded as meaningful and are less likely to engage in "mis" behavior. To be successful members of the community children need to be taught the necessary social skills. Positive Discipline is based on the understanding that discipline must be taught and that discipline teaches. Family Meetings are a key component of the Positive Discipline home.
Likewise, applied in the school setting, Positive Discipline educates teachers about the importance of belonging and significance, respect for all people, encouragement, strategies for reducing misbehavior, and the development of problem solving and communication skills for students and staff. One key component is regularly scheduled Class Meetings which provide a problem solving forum and reduce the number of interruptions to teaching time. Positive Discipline materials provide teachers with specific lessons to use with children from preschool to high school age to teach healthy self-discipline. Teachers report they enjoy teaching more because Positive Discipline promotes better discipline in their classrooms and more cooperation among students, thereby providing more teaching time.
Child Care Centers, After School Programs and other community agencies also benefit from the use of the same Positive Discipline approaches. A wide range of books and manuals addressing child development, Positive Discipline principles and special family situations is available. Typical book titles include Positive Discipline for Preschoolers, Positive Discipline for Teenagers, Positive Discipline in the Classroom, and Positive Discipline: A Teacher’s A to Z Guide.
Positive Discipline UK provides training for trainers who educate parents (including foster parents and house parents for residential settings), teachers, administrators and other helping professionals. All the work is based upon Adlerian/Dreikursian principles for issues relating to parenting, guidance, discipline, relationships, communication skills, and team building.
Specific target groups for workshops or trainings include, but are not limited to:
• Parents, grandparents, foster parents and other family caregivers
• Parent educators
• Teachers and school administrators for preschool through grade12
• Child-care providers
• Therapists, counselors, social workers
• Community organizations
• Communities of faith
• Corporate trainers
Trainings or workshops are offered by Certified Positive Discipline Associates, primarily in a two-day, experiential, format in various locations around the world.. Training is also provided upon request to an entire school or agency staff. A fourteen hour program format is available specifically for educating parents and/or teachers.
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It sounds like an interview question for a job interview or a creative writing assignment. Someone may answer flying cars, robots, or living in space. Those would be far-off ideas at one point, but how far-off are they?
When discussing technology, the topic of augmented reality may come up. But is that something exclusive to the future?
Many people already don’t trust billionaires. One of them is the likes of Elon Musk. The creation of Neuralink sealed that distrust. If you don’t know what Neuralink is, it is a device that, once implanted into the human brain, would allow a computer to translate a person’s thoughts into action. The implanting of this chip means that tasks we do now, such as typing, hitting buttons, or even operating a mouse, will ultimately be completed through the recipient’s thoughts. If you think this is bizarre, remember that this is the same man who has done more for electric cars than anyone else and shoots rockets into space on a somewhat regular basis. It’s also not so strange when you remember implanting chips into people is already happening.
Gone are the days of worrying about the robot serving you sushi developing autonomy and taking over the world. Now people are implanting microchips into their hands. Microchips were initially implanted into humans in 1998 and have grown in popularity in recent years. British-Polish firm, Walletmor, has sold over 500 chips already. Whether you’re paying for coffee in Rio or groceries down the street, this chip the size of a grain of rice that doesn’t require a power source has you covered. While this seems Orwellian at best, a 2021 research of over 4000 people in the UK and EU indicated that 51% would consider this chip. However, security concerns appear to be an element in this consideration. While these chips may contain the same technology we use in our everyday lives, there’s quite a difference between having this technology in your pocket in your phone versus in your body.
However, there is the undeniable privilege that I am writing this as an able-bodied person. Steven Northam, the founder of UK firm BioTeq, has also been making implanted chips since 2017. However, his microchips are aimed at people with disabilities who can use the chips to automatically open doors. Not every building is accessible and this could help many people. While one would think it would be easier to just make sure buildings are accessible instead of just chipping people with the same technology as animals–some would call it dehumanizing, especially to a population that already faces that issue of being dehumanized or infantilized–the argument cannot be ignored.
There is also the destruction of work. Not only are people becoming what they like to call “biohackers” by adding microchips into themselves, but we have already begun to see the line blur between machine and person. Robot sushi restaurants are fun but where did the previous waiter go? Self-checkout is fast but what happened to all the cashiers that used to stand there? Why raise wages to a livable amount when corporations can just install a couple of machines? New technologies have also given companies more tools to manage and monitor their workforce, not always for the better. Elon Musk has said in the past that he thinks that “humans are overrated” in response to an article he was a part of; we cannot deny the maliciousness behind more surveillance from companies who don’t care about their workers. It is all about companies keeping tight control over their workers. Employers are all the same: they want to maximize the value of work they get while minimizing the cost of labour. Technology allows them to do just that and, because of monitoring, workers are finding themselves working more for less pay due to fear. These effects are even worse for gig workers. While they are allowed to form unions to protect themselves, they still find themselves doing their jobs without typical labour protections. When you take this surveillance into account, robots aren’t just taking jobs, they’re making jobs worse.
The biggest example of this is Amazon: the corporate poster child for efficiency at the expense of workers. Countless reports have been made about Amazon’s drivers having to consent to be watched by AI, and warehouse workers not moving fast enough being fired. These robots aren’t just watching, either, they’re also picking up some of the work. This leads to dangerous situations that can result in fatalities. Amazon factory workers are wearing hi-tech belts to stop robots from killing them. These are machines carrying up to 340kg of weight on them, making them fatal to people. While they were kept separate, if one broke down, someone would have to go in and fix it, putting themself at risk. These new belts send signals to the robots, forcing themes to change their floor plan and not hit anyone. Vice president of robotics at Amazon said “[this allows the robots to] detect the human from farther away and smartly update its travel plan to steer clear without the need for the associate to explicitly mark out those zones.”
To say the problem is technology erases the true issue: managers and corporate structures behind this technology who view workers as a cost to be cut instead of people and resources.
This technology is also making its way into our food resources. The future of food seems to be leaning towards more plant-based options. However, with catastrophic climate change occurring hundreds of years before academics and scientists predicted, and food insecurity, there is no doubt that changes in how and what we eat will occur. Experts predict that the global population will reach 10 billion by 2050–less than 30 years away. However, there just isn’t enough agricultural land to keep up. And the agricultural land we do have is being bought up by Bill Gates.
Yes, Melinda and Bill Gates are the largest owners of farmland in the United States. Investing in farmland isn’t new, but it also isn’t common. Investing in farmland isn’t the only new influence on our diet and food supply either. The new way to improve milk production? Bring cows into the metaverse. Cows are misled into believing they are in an ideal farm rather than a cage using virtual reality. VR has proved to improve the cow’s mood and achieve the goal of increased milk output, but at what cost? What about the ethical dilemma of employing this technology to deceive animals to serve humans better? Furthermore, unlike humans, there is no definite way to quantify the influence that this technology has on animals—especially those jolted back into their unfavourable reality once the set is removed. While this is better than the Tender Is The Flesh alternative, we are still seeing a rise in the removal of life from food before the animal is even dead. So far removed from life, these animals have become play things to toy with and manipulate. These animals have become the equivalent of that one kid in Toy Story who would rip the head off his sisters’ Barbies to experiment on other toys. So long as people get their desired result, ethics need not matter.
To an unquestionable extent, technology has removed the human part of daily operations. We’ve done everything from introducing them into our systems to utilizing them against other living creatures for our benefit. It starts a conversation about where we’re headed and the ethics of technological advancements. With technology evolving every day, becoming more personal in each stage, it is diminishing the human aspect of humanity in an attempt to make a creature more Human™ than human. At the rate that technology is going, we may find ourselves living in a situation where the human body can be modified to the extent of ghosts in the shell. Technological corporations have created and sold an augmented way of life, confusing the line between reality and fiction; diminishing flaws within real life and replacing them with a riskless computer program. At the rate that the world is heading there is a chance of living through a world of blurred lines, and a world more real than real; a hyperreality as fake as modern life itself. That’s the trajectory of 10 years in the future.
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Can virtual reality improve the lives of seniors? Transporting elderly people to Paris, Egypt or outer space using virtual reality could be the key to improving their emotional well-being.
A group of seniors from a residential home in the US got the chance of a lifetime to explore the International Space Station last week.
They were taking part in a Stanford University study researching the potential for virtual reality (VR) to improve the emotional well-being of elderly people.
The study is also hoping to ascertain whether VR experiences can strengthen residents’ relationships with staff as well as help them become more receptive to new technologies.
Stanford’s Virtual Human Interaction lab is working with the John Knox Village community, giving them access to the headsets that will allow them to take virtual tours of Paris,
Egypt and other landmarks - as well as sky dive, hike or attend a car rally.
So far, the response has been enthusiastic with seniors embracing the new horizons virtual reality has afforded them.
"It brings us together. It also stimulates the adrenaline, stimulates the heart, it stimulates your whole body,” explained Anne Selby, a nursing home resident at John Knox Village in Florida.
“I mean you're immersed in an experience if you let yourself do that. And I've got a very vivid imagination so it's pretty easy for me to do that. And like I said, it connects people".
For more on this story, watch the video in the media player above.
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Ballet is a type of dance. It is only done by dancers who have had special training. The dancers are employed by a dance company, and they perform in theatres. The first reference to ballet is found in a work of Domenico da Piacenza, who lived in the early 14th century.
Ballet involves the creation of the dance itself, often a type of imaginary story. The story is told with the help of dance and mime. The creation of dance is called choreography. The choreography is learnt by the dancers under the supervision of a trainer, called a ballet master or mistress. Ballet is always performed to music, and in many cases the music was specially composed for a particular ballet. Ballet is a major part of theatre, and a popular example is The Nutcracker.
History[change | edit source]
Early stages[change | edit source]
Ballet grew out of Renaissance spectacles which, rather like big pop music events today, used every type of performance art. These Italian ballets were further developed in France. Le Ballet Comique de la Reine (The Queen's Ballet Comedy) was performed in Paris in 1581. It was staged by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, a violinist and dancing master at the court of Catherine de Medici. It was danced by amateurs in a hall. The royal family were watching at one end and the others in galleries on three sides. Poetry and songs came with the dances.
The basis of classical ballet was formed in the Court of Louis XIV in France, in the 17th century.p40 Even his title (the 'Sun King') came from a role he danced in a ballet. Louis founded the first ballet company, the Ballet de l'Opera de Paris. Many of the ballets presented at his court were created by the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully and the choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Also during this time, the playwright Molière invented the comedie-ballet.
Modern technique begins[change | edit source]
In the early 19th century ballet technique was codified (sorted out and written down) by Carlo Blasis (1797–1878) of Naples. His dance classes, four hours long, were famous for being the toughest training there was at that time. 'Romantic ballet' flourished in France in the first half of the 19th century.
Ballet with a more athletic style was developed in Imperial Russia of the late 19th century. This company performed in the Mariinsky Theatre at St. Petersburg. The three famous Tchaikovsky ballets, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker, date from that time. The next stage was the Diaghilev ballet. Diageilev was a great impresario (showman). In 1909 he founded Les Ballets Russes de Sergei Diaghilev, considered by many to be the greatest ballet company of all time.
- "Its success was so extraordinary, its ballets so revolutionary, and its artists so electrifying that its appearance in Paris before the First World War sparked an international ballet boom".p47
His dancers included the legendary Nijinsky and the Imperial primaballerina Karsavina; also Pavlova, Danilova and Spessivtseva. His choreographers included Fokine, Massine and Balanchine; his composers included Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Ravel and Debussy; his set designers included Picasso, Cezanne, Matisse, Utrillo, Bakst and Braque; and the ballets created changed the course of ballet history.
Later in the 20th century, permanent ballet companies were set up in English-speaking countries. The Royal Ballet in London was started, and in New York a company called the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was founded (1938–1962).
Technique[change | edit source]
Technique is the physical ability to perform whatever steps a dance may need. Specific methods for refining technique are named after the ballet master or mistress who started them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.
Other websites[change | edit source]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ballet|
References[change | edit source]
- "Dancing Online, History of Ballet". ccs.neu.edu. http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/yiannis/dance/history.html. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- Crane, Debra & Mackrell, Judith 2000. The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Anderson, Jack. "In quest of that singular quality known as style," New York Times. September 2, 1990; retrieved 2011-12-29.
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Vegetation gives off heatresulting in this circular snowmelt pattern. Ground heat flux is the energy delivered to the snowpack from the soil below by conduction. Radiation inputs to the snowpack include net shortwave solar radiation including visible and ultraviolet light and longwave infrared radiation. Net shortwave radiation is the difference in energy received from the sun and that reflected by the snowpack because of the snowpack albedo.
Thank you for your input. Safety Issues The investigator should be reminded to use matches safely. Once a match is used it should be discarded properly. If the investigator blows out a match and throws it in the trash, there is a danger that it might not be totally extinguished. To reduce this risk wet the used match head thoroughly with water than discard.
Material Availability The materials required for this project are readily available. Approximate Time Required to Complete the Project 2 Days This project focuses on the production of oxygen by plants during the photosynthesis process.
The research aspect of this science fair project is to assess how light intensity affects the rate at which photosynthesis occurs and the rate of oxygen production.
The project investigator will place a sprig of elodea underwater plant under a clear funnel then fill a test tube with water and it placed on top of the funnel. This entire setup will be placed in a larger container of water.
A light source will be placed at different distances from the test plant.
The gas given off in the form of bubbles will be collected in the test tube and tested for the presence of oxygen. From the observations and tests made a data table will be generated and results displayed in the form of a graph.
Elodea water plantlight source 40 Watt bulb and sockettest tube or long slider empty bottledistilled water, tape, baking soda, a clear plastic funnel, thin piece of wood, metric ruler, and long stick matches.
With the possible exception of the elodea plant and a test tube, all the other items can be purchased from the local supermarket, hardware, homebuilding or big box retail Wal-Mart, Target, etc store.
The elodea underwater plants can be purchased from a pet supply store, and a test tube can be borrowed from a high school science teacher or found in a toy chemistry set.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy in sunlight to synthesize material from air and water for growth. Photosynthesis is the building up of sugar molecules using carbon dioxide and water as the raw materials.
The energy for the process comes from light and a green pigment called chlorophyll which allows the plant to transfer the energy from light to sugar.
The chemical equation for this process is shown below.
This test plant setup See Figure 1 is placed in room with no light and then it will be exposed to light with varying degrees of intensity based on distance. While exposed, the plants will produce a gas which is collected in an inverted test tube.
Labs. Have students do this "Observing Mitosis Lab" using prepared slides of onion (Allium) root tips. Another good "Stages of Mitosis" lab using onion root tip grupobittia.com the "Modeling Meiosis" Lab using modeling clay of different colors to repesent the grupobittia.comte mitosis and meiosis in an imaginary animal called a Frimpanzee. Essay Writing Service. Get started with the best Essay Writing Service around. Simply send us your essay question, and we'll locate an expertly qualified writer to create an answer like no other. Find and save ideas about Photosynthesis activities on Pinterest. | See more ideas about Plant science, Plant experiments and Simple science projects. Education. This activity package contains 5 documents as 20 Slide PowerPoint Presentation on Photosynthesis.
Figure 1 After enough gas has been produced and collected, the test tube will be removed, and inverted, and a glowing piece of wood is inserted into the tube. The wood should burn more rapidly in the oxygen gas in the test tube than in the air.
The behavior of the glowing piece of wood will show that the gas produced by the plants is oxygen. The fact that no gas was produced while the setup was kept in the dark showed that light was the cause of the production of oxygen.
The increases in bubbling gas production as the light source is moved closer to the plants indicate that the rate of oxygen production by the photosynthesis is affected by the intensity of the light source.
Digital photos can be taken during the experimenting process andthe following websites offer down loadable images that can be used on the display board:Engaging multimedia resources to teach about viruses, the immune systems, and infectious disease.
Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight into chemical energy. There are two types of photosynthetic processes: oxygenic. Photosynthesis & Respiration What is Photosynthesis?
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction. It is the most . Photosynthesis Grade 3 The student will: Learn what photosynthesis is and how it helps plants.
Learn what a plant needs for photosynthesis. What is photosynthesis? Plants make their own food. This process is called photosynthesis. Where does photosynthesis occur? Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of a plant. Document presentation . Sep 18, · PhotosynthesisThe Value of PhotosynthesisThe importance of photosynthesis on Earth is it keeps everything alive.
It creates food for itself, it is food for other living things, and they are food for other living things. It also gives out oxygen to grupobittia.com Takes EnergyDuring photosynthesis, there is an energy transformation.
It is . Science Lessons in Animation Cartoon videos for ks 1, ks2, ks3, ks4, ks5, ks6, ks7, k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7, grade1, grade2, grade3, grade4, grade5, grade6, grade7.
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The Research and Educational Center of Biomedical Engineering was established in December 2020.
The global challenge facing the REC Bioengineering is to close the gap between the need and the availability of medical supplies based on the advanced development of bioengineering and biomaterial science to improve the quality of human life.
The strategic goal is to create scientific and technological foundations for the development of biomedical engineering and biomaterial science, involving the introduction of bioengineering technologies, the integrated use of renewable raw materials and bio-waste, the expansion of the range of biomedical products and the development of new materials for medical devices with enhanced characteristics through the use of new effects and technological methods of formation at various dimensional levels of architecture, given the structural features of biological objects.
- Conducting problem-oriented research and development of technologies in the fields of tissue engineering, biomaterial science, cellular and proteomic technologies, genetic engineering, bioprinting of tissues and organs.
- Development of theoretical and engineering solutions for the creation of biomaterials and a wide range of devices for medicine.
- Conducting fundamental research in the field of biomaterial science, bioengineering and genetic engineering, cell technologies.
- Implementation of educational programs in the field of biotechnology and medical materials.
- Creation of educational courses on modern methods of research and development of medical devices in the field of biotechnology and medical materials.
- Expansion of the capabilities of NUST MISIS in the most relevant fields of knowledge through research work of students, postgraduates and young scientists at the modern scientific level.
The main directions of research:
- Tissue engineering;
- 3D bioprinting;
- Cellular and proteomic technologies;
- Genetic engineering;
- Intelligent biomaterials and devices;
- The use of renewable raw materials and bio-waste.
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The First Babies Conceived With A Sperm-Injecting Robot Have Been Born
Experts say the cutting-edge procedure could significantly lower the cost of In vitro fertilisation (IVF) in the future.
In a ground-breaking development, the first-ever babies conceived with a sperm-injecting robot have been born. According to MIT's Technology Review, a team of engineers from Barcelona, Spain used a robotic needle to insert sperm cells into eggs at the New Hope Fertility Center in New York City. The procedure resulted in two healthy embryos and ultimately two baby girls.
As per the report, one of the engineers working on the world's first insemination robot didn't have much experience in the field of fertility medicine.
''One of the engineers, with no real experience in fertility medicine, used a Sony PlayStation 5 controller to position a robotic needle. Eyeing a human egg through a camera, it then moved forward on its own, penetrating the egg and dropping off a single sperm cell,'' the report says.
The resulting healthy embryos have led to the birth of two baby girls, who are the first people born after fertilisation by a robot, the MIT Technology Review stated.
Experts say the cutting-edge procedure could significantly lower the cost of In vitro fertilisation (IVF).
The startup company that developed the robot, Overture Life, said its device is an initial step toward automating IVF, potentially making the procedure less expensive and far more common.
Currently, IVF labs require expensive and trained embryologists who handle eggs and sperm using ultra-thin hollow needles under a microscope. The procedure is delicate, lengthy, and labour-intensive. Around 5,00,000 children are born through IVF each year, but many people don't have access to fertility medicine or can't afford it.
''The technology could one day eliminate the need for patients to visit a fertility clinic, where a single attempt at getting pregnant can cost $20,000 in the US'', said Santiago Munne, chief geneticist of Overture Life, which developed the sperm robot.
''Think of a box where sperm and eggs go in, and an embryo comes out five days later,'' he added.
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In several articles we have shown how the world changed from the 1970s with the breakdown of the old Bretton-Woods system. For example, in China’s unfortunate dependence on the Eurodollar expansion we showed how economies like Japan and China boomed on the back of what appeared to be real demand for their products, but was nothing more than an un-backed expansion of the world reserve currency; which promptly collapsed when further ‘dollar’ expansion came to an abrupt halt, either as a result of political intervention (Plaza Accord) or because of too much capital consumption and subsequent financial crisis (Lehman).
In Goebbelnomics – paper propaganda we showed how today’s monetary masters and their henchmen tries to condition the broad masses of people to spend and borrow money in a fallacious belief that an ever increasing level of spending – i.e. increased velocity of money – can maintain an economic perma-boom and by extension abolish the dreaded business cycle.
We will change tack a bit from here and now show how exponentially issuance of ‘dollars’ structurally changed the US economy itself and why it will eventually end in tears.
Source: US Census, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Bawerk.net
In the early 1800s most people in the US were unsurprisingly working in primary, or agricultural, occupations. Almost 90 per cent of all workers were employed in this line of work, while only a tiny fraction worked in manufacturing and service based industries.
The reason was simply because agricultural output could scantily support more than the family working on the farm, producing very limited surplus to support other parts of the economic structure. However, as increased productivity in farming, first through opening up the western frontier and mechanization and later through crop yield improvements, surpluses grew and thus freeing up resources to be allocated to other sectors.
Source: Meiburg and Brandt “Agricultural Productivity in the US 1870 – 1960“, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Bawerk.net
A relatively free and unhampered market meant workers got the right incentives to find different work than farming as a better life could be had by shifting from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors. In addition, change was slower, so shifts were to a larger extent allowed through generational leaps rather than costly individual reallocation.
As more capital and labour found its way into manufacturing its productivity grew and could in turn support more service workers by freeing up resources through new innovations permitting production for the masses. Henry Ford’s assembly lines spewing out Model-Ts come to mind. From 1800 to the 1970s the share of manufacturing and service employment grew more or less in tandem as a manufacturing worker could more easily support more service sector workers.
From the 1970s on the other hand the share of manufacturing employment in the labour force started to diverge from that of service sector jobs.
If manufacturing output witnessed a sudden surge in productivity akin to that of bushel per acre in the agricultural sector from about 1940 we could conclude that this was a sustainable trend. But that is not what happened. On the contrary, from the 1970s US labour productivity growth slowed down considerably and the hyped productivity “surge” in the 1990s only helped slow the downward trend which actually accelerated its downward slide after the brief Clintonian hiatus.
Source; Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Bawerk.net
So no, manufacturing productivity cannot explain the diverging trend in employment from the 1970s, but the rapid expansion of ‘dollar’ issuance can.
Instead of relying on increased productivity domestically, Americans exorbitant privilege made sure they could consume tradable goods from vassal states such as Germany, Japan and South Korea more or less for free.
When the Chinese voluntarily entered the scheme of getting paid in non-redeemable claims to non-existent US manufacturing output the edifice took on a whole new dimension. The paradox of accepting these claims is so absurd simply because had China and the vassal states not accepted them, they would continue to be money good; securely backed by a healthy manufacturing base. It wasn’t until the Americans were free to issue unlimited amounts of ‘dollars’ that these claims lost their soundness in a rambunctious belief in the never-ending global supremacy of US manufacturing.
Now the damage is done. The gross misallocations that have plagued the world economy for well over four decades cannot be corrected without a cataclysmic event that will dramatically change living standards as the US realign their manufacturing and service sectors. But it cannot continue indefinitely either. Something will have to give.
Needless to say, when it does “give” it will obviously have worldwide consequences. The major exporting nations will understand that they are overexposed to manufacturing to the same extent that the US is overexposed to service sector industries. Further down the value chain commodity producers will see less demand for their produce as manufacturing powerhouses falters.
The best case scenario is that this process will be orderly with capital and labour reallocations steady over several years, if not decades. A more likely scenario is that it happens more sudden in a global depression where all forms of general government balance sheet expansion becomes counterproductive as people loses confidence in both central banks and various fiscal regimes.
Next week, in the second episode, we will show how this has affected the US worker more specifically.
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As a minority in Congress, women have had little say or the power to make a difference. But the 113th Congress is now being served by 20 female senators and 82 female representatives. Can these powerful women of the 113th Congress change U.S. politics?
The majority of the American public expects hope and change for their votes, compared to the unproductive and 'naysaying operations of the previous terms of a confrontational Congress. The U.S. Embassy reports, “What I find is, with all due deference to our male colleagues, that women's styles tend to be more collaborative,” Senator Susan Collins (Republican from Maine) told ABC News’ Diane Sawyer.
“I can tell you this is a can-do crowd," said Senator Barbara Mikulski (Democrat from Maryland) of the Democratic and Republican women senators after their swearing-in. "We are today ready to be a force in American politics."
This change may be difficult at best, especially when the 20 female senators in the House face 233 of the same testosterone-driven male House Representatives. In other words, the House itself has not changed so much, when 19 of the open positions were filled with the same ‘good ol’ white boys who voted unanimously against equal pay for men and women in the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, the first bill signed into law by President Barack Obama.
Second-term Senator Claire McCaskill, Democrat from Missouri, agrees that women have a long way to go in order to make a difference within politics. She feels that the same number of women in the Senate should represent women's population percentage, which has not happened yet. But others are more positive.
The Hispanic Business states that according to Ruth Mandel, from the Center for American Women and Politics, the ranks of women in Congress will make a huge difference in things like the "Violence Against Women Act," crafted by Biden in 1994. It successfully dealt with the investigation and prosecution of domestic and sexual abuse, until it ran into a dead end with the 112th Congress.
"I can't say because the women are there that we won't go over the next fiscal cliff," Mandel said, "but women have a historic opportunity to become a formidable force for no-nonsense problem solving and leadership."
A large number of women are now the primary breadwinners of their families for many reasons, with approximately 60% of women as undergraduate and graduate students. Women now play a huge role in reshaping the country's economy, politics and the world; they helped place President Obama in for a second term and helped vote a large number of women into office.
At no other time in history have women been more suited for presidency of the United States. In 2016, five women are considered qualified to run, according to Yahoo! News.
The current favorite for the 2016 Democratic nomination is a woman, and there are at least four other potential candidates in both parties.
Prospective candidates are Hillary Clinton; Senator Elizabeth Warren; the former Secretary of State in the Bush administration, Condoleezza Rice; Sarah Palin; and Susanna Martinez, the current governor of New Mexico.
In 1864, Republican President Abraham Lincoln chose Democrat Andrew Johnson to replace Hannibal Hamlin as Vice President. Therefore, depending on how things go in the next four years, there may be a female president and female vice-president in 2016, regardless of the party. Clinton could run with Michelle Obama by her side, or Elizabeth Warren.
The hope and change President Obama has ran on for two terms is now beginning to see daylight ... through women in politics.
This opinion article was written by an independent writer. The opinions and views expressed herein are those of the author and are not necessarily intended to reflect those of DigitalJournal.com
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Rates need to be high enough to maximize plant growth and also ensure good protein assimilation in both grain and silage crops.
However, too much nitrogen can encourage excessive leaf growth, increasing the proportion of leaf and stem to grain. As a result, the starch content of corn silage can be reduced and corn yields can also suffer.
Uptake of phosphorus from the soil continues after the grains begin to develop and, at maturity, 70% of the phosphorus in the plant is in the grain. Here it has a direct effect on grain corn protein. At later stages of growth, phosphorus boosts the development of grain and accelerates crop maturity.
Potassium nutrition increases crude protein content of forage corn. There is evidence that boron increases the starch content of forage corn, increasing forage corn energy.
There is evidence that boron increases the yield and starch content of forage corn. Foliar applications made at the V5 or V6 stage, when there is significant leaf cover, will improve yields in deficient crops.
Zinc is an essential component of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and protein production. Therefore, a low zinc supply reduces growth and starch content of corn.
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|<- Previous||Contents||Next ->|
Tutorial on REST: Getting Started:
Background: REST services are a kind of web services which use http protocol behind the scenes. Geeks familiar with SOAP based web services must be thinking, Is this really possible (if they don't already know about REST architecture yet)? Yes, REST services uses HTTP architecture to get the work done and same way ColdFusion10 has beautifully used its component(cfc) to publish the REST services and cfhttp tags to consume them. For more information on REST architecture please go through this link.
Note - for simpler understanding, throughout the tutorial I will consider that ColdFusion is installed at "C:\ColdFusion10\" with webroot at "C:\ColdFusion10\cfusion\wwwroot\" and is running on port "8500".
- After installing ColdFusion10 and setting the webroot(either through standalone or using webserver like IIS or Apache), first step required to setup REST is write a REST enabled cfc in some folder in webroot.
- Create a directory named "restApp" in webroot of ColdFusion. You can name this directory whatever you want to as this is just for your reference.
- Create a cfc named as "studentHandler.cfc". You can name this cfc as anything you want. Your REST service users will not use this name untill and unless you are mentioning "restpath" at component level in your cfc. I will come to this point later
For those who prefers to stay independent of Administrator
- Just call this function from any cfm.
- First argument to "restInitApplication" function is the absolute path where you have placed your REST component(studentHandler.cfc) and second argument is the name from which you will publish your REST application. You can give your relevant Organization name in second argument.
- If you didn't got any error after running this funtion, it means your application is registered successfully. That's it, first REST application published.
For those who prefers to use ColdFusion Administrator page (http://127.0.0.1/8500/CFIDE/administrator/index.cfm)
- After saving this file go to Administrator --> REST services page
- In Path text box give the absolute path till directory "restApp". In this example it will be "C:\ColdFusion10\cfusion\wwwroot\restApp"
- In mapping text box give some logical name for the REST application you going to create, let's say "IIT". You can give your relevant Organization name. This name will be used by users in the URL
- Hit register, and there you go. First REST application published.
Behind the scenes/tricks:
(these are quick tricks to know, but will covered in later parts of tutorial)
- When you hit 'restInitApplication()' function, ColdFusion registers your application. You can also see that application later on in Administrator REST Services page.
- When you create a REST enabled component in your webroot and register that folder, ColdFusion consider that folder as one REST application.
- As many resources(cfc or functions in cfc) as you want, can be created in one application but the only thing is that restpath for these resources should not conflict with each other.
- Nested REST applications are not allowed.
- You can keep your application outside webroot too. For this you need to add a mapping for a directory in Administrator and then you can register this directory using absolute path or mapping(the name with which you added a mapping), both will work.
- Application names are case-INsensitive.
- Calling restInitApplication() for already registered application actually REFRESH that application.
- Calling restInitApplication() with different mapping name(second attribute) will update the registered application with absolute path(first argument), with new name.
- If you want to skip giving application mapping name, you can use 'default' feature, you can set an application as default and while consuming you can call a resource without giving mapping name in URL. Keep checking this area for this point. I will write separate post for this.
- While registering an application, if application mapping name is not given, then it picks the same in the directory's(one you are trying to register) Application.cfc(this.name).
As you saw it was damn easy to publish a REST service but consuming is a lot Easier than that. All you need to do is hit this URL: http://127.0.0.1:8500/rest/IIT/student
I hope you got the response as "foo", because this is what we returned from studentHandler.cfc in function "getMethod".
How URL works:
- http://127.0.0.1:8500/ - This is a equivalent to protocol://ip:port of your server in which the REST resource is present.
- /rest/ - This string 'rest' in URL is necessary to tell ColdFusion that this is a REST call. You can change this 'rest' in server.xml
- /IIT/ - this is the mapping_name from which you registered your REST application.
- /student/ - This is the restpath of the resource you defined in studentHandler.cfc
Consuming in cfm:
- For consuming REST services in cfm file you need to call the above URL using cfhttp tag.
- Run the code given below.
- Just take care that the method in cfhttp call should be 'get', as it has to match the 'httpmethod' given in cfc.
How this works
- By looking at the URL, ColdFusion gets to know that this is a REST call and it also gets to know that for which application this call has been made because of the mapping name present in URL('IIT' in this example)
- Once we know that which application it is, we can easily get to know that which resource(cfc) has been called, because a cfc has a restpath which has to be unique for every appliction and this restpath is also included in URL('student' in this example)
- Once we get to know that which cfc has been called, we match the httpmethod of cffunction with the method of the request(cfhttp). In this example for both of them we mentioned 'GET'. So by calling a get request on this resource we hit the function whose httpmethod is 'get'.
- Once we know which cffunction to call, its very easy to return the response.
- There is also a possibility to have more than one function in same resource with different httpmethod, So it's quite possible that on calling same URL with get request you might hit one function whereas calling 'put' you might hit another. Details about this will be covered later.
Note:Application name(mapping name from which you registered your REST app) is case IN-sensitive.
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Posted on 11/17/2014 at 08:07 AM by Liz Determan
In the book, the Truth about Education, Diane Marie wrote, “One of the most distressing characteristics of education reformers is that they are hyper-focused on how students perform, but they ignore how students learn.”
Play is fundamental mode of learning for young children. Play serves very different functions than it does for adults. For children it is a way to learn about self and the world through self-created experiences. That is why child-initiated play is SO IMPORTANT and why it should NEVER BE REPLACED by adult-organized sports and academic activities disguised as “games.”
When we appreciate the importance of play in a child’s learning, we will give children the time and opportunity to engage in the self-initiated play that is the surest way for them to fully realize all of their intellectual, emotional and social potential.
“Nothing lights up a child’s brain like play.” Unfortunately play is seriously endangered in today’s schools. Even though, studies show that play-based early education produces better results in reading and math, social and emotional adjustment, creativity, intelligence, oral expression and “industry”, policymakers and school administrators continue to push early academics. Short-term gains are made in scores but long-term research indicates that these gains fade away.
The message is clear: PLAY WORKS. And don’t let anyone tell you differently.
*quotes in the BLOG are from The Wisdom of Play: How children Learn to Make Sense of the World, a publication from Community Playthings.
Go to www.communityplaythings.com/resources for more information.
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Iniese Umah MA 284 Prof Gavilanez Search Engine Introduction: Mat-lab is an application package that uses Numerical methods and technique to solve arithmetic and logical operations. The Numerical method greatly expands the type of problems one can address. Mat-lab is capable of handling large systems of equations, nonlinearities, and complicated geometries that are not uncommon in engineering and science and that are impossible to solve analytically with standard calculus. For one to be able to use Mat-lab to solve systems of equation requires some knowledge from linear algebra, and other engineering courses. The purpose of this project was to implement data search using important concept from linear algebra. Analysis: First I created a random matrix A 50 * 900 . Then I used the mat-lab command “vertcat” to create a 200 by 900 matrix. I define a vector X , vector X is the first column of A. I then found the cosine of the angle between X and columns of A, using the dot product formula. The result was 900
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This note was uploaded on 09/04/2011 for the course MA 284 taught by Professor Choy during the Spring '11 term at Montgomery College.
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Last December physicists working on fusion claimed a breakthrough. A team at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California announced it had extracted more energy from a controlled nuclear fusion reaction than had been used to trigger it. It was a global first and a significant step for physics—but very far from enabling practical exploitation of fusion as an energy source. The high-profile announcement elicited a familiar pattern of responses to fusion research: acclaim from boosters of the technology and dismissals from skeptics, who complain that scientists continually promise that fusion is just 20 years away (or 30 or 50, take your pick).
These fervent reactions reflect the high stakes for fusion. The world is increasingly desperate for an abundant source of clean energy that can mitigate the climate crisis created by burning fossil fuels. Nuclear fusion—the merging of light atomic nuclei—has the potential to produce energy with near-zero carbon emissions, without creating the dangerous radioactive waste associated with today's nuclear fission reactors, which split the very heavy nuclei of radioactive elements. Physicists have been studying fusion power since the 1950s, but turning it into a practical energy source has remained frustratingly elusive. Will it ever be a significant source of power for our energy-hungry planet—and if so, will it arrive in time to save Earth from meltdown?
To read more, click here.
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Clitoris - Wikipedia
The clitoris (i / ˈ k l ɪ t ər ᵻ s / or i / k l ᵻ ˈ t ɔər ᵻ s /) is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris - More from this site
13 Things You Should Be Doing to Her Clitoris - Men's Health
Sex experts share tricks on stimulating a woman’s clitoris, using not just your tongue but also fingers, teeth, lips, and even sex toys.
http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/13-things-you-should-do-to-her-clitoris - More from this site
What Is a Clitoris? What Role Does It Play?
The clitoris is a structure about the size of a pea located at the top of a woman's vulva, above the urethral opening. The Clitoris and Its Place within the Vulva
https://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-clitoris-and-what-does-the-clitoris-do-3157061 - More from this site
Clitoris and Clitoral Anatomy - A Guide to Sexuality and ...
The clitoris is both an external and internal sexual organ, and is thought to be the part of the body that is most densely packed with nerve endings, and is sometimes ...
http://sexuality.about.com/od/femalesexualanatomy/a/Clitoris.htm - More from this site
Where is the clitoris? | Go Ask Alice!
Hi Alice, I have a stupid question. Where is the clitoris located exactly in the female's genitalia? If it differs per woman, what is the easiest way to locate it?
http://mobile.goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/where-clitoris - More from this site
Understanding The Clitoris - AskMen
Myth: The Clitoris Is Hard To Find. Before you can determine how to make her reach climax via the clitoris, you should really know what the clitoris is, where it’s ...
http://www.askmen.com/dating/love_tip_200/204_love_tip.html - More from this site
clitoris | anatomy | Britannica.com
Clitoris, female erogenous organ capable of erection under sexual stimulation. A female homologue of the male penis, the clitoris develops (as does the penis) from ...
https://www.britannica.com/science/clitoris - More from this site
9 Interesting Things You May Not Know About the Clitoris ...
It's Bigger Than You Think. Did you know that Marie Bonaparte—great-grandniece to the Napoleon Bonaparte— had her clitoris surgically moved?
http://www.alternet.org/9-interesting-things-you-may-not-know-about-clitoris - More from this site
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With rising cases of the COVID-19 virus prompting mass school closures around the world, the Piper team is keenly aware of the impact on millions of children who are out of school.
To help you navigate home learning, we’ve compiled some of our favorite resources that cover everything from simple STEAM activities and free lessons to daily schedules, virtual museum tours, and how to Skype a Scientist.
Tips for Implementing Home Learning
Effectively implementing a satellite classroom can be daunting. Here are some of our favorite general resources for online teaching and learning, ranging from the general (be present) to the more specific (school closure checklist, student instructions for using Zoom).
- Lessons from the Field: Remote Learning Guidance from the CA Dept of Education
- The Coronavirus Update – Advice for Teaching and Learning Online from the New York Times
- The EduBlogger: Resources For Teaching Online Due To School Closures
- ISTE: 10 strategies for online learning during a coronavirus outbreak
- EdWeek: 6 Lessons Learned About Remote Learning During the Coronavirus
- Julie Smith, the Techie Teacher: Zoom Directions for Students
- Teaching Remotely for Grades K-12 | Free Resources and Strategies from Scholastic
- Standards-aligned lessons for grades PK-12 from PBS LearningMedia’s NOVA
- Teach from Home: tools for families, schools, and teachers from Google
- Top Tips to #KeepKidsTechSafe During Shelter in Place
- “Burnt Out on Home Schooling? How to get through the rest of the year.”
Maintaining a Routine
The benefits of maintaining a routine for children have been well-documented – structure provides children with a sense of safety and reduces stress and behavioral issues by setting clear expectations, allowing for better learning outcomes.
While educators are well-versed in the necessity of routine to manage classrooms full of students, those implementing home learning can reap the same benefits. Here are some great schedules that can inspire your home learning daily routine:
- Piper's Home Learning Schedule Template
- Khan Academy daily schedule for home learning during school closures
- Learning from Home: Schedule and Resources for ADHD Children
- How to Create the Perfect Study Environment for Online Learning – Purdue University Global
STEAM Learning at Home
As a STEAM education company, we’re passionate about providing students with enriching STEAM/STEM learning opportunities that foster problem-solving, creativity, and critical thinking while also developing Computer Science understanding.
Below we’ve compiled resources for at home learning, including our favorite Piper STEAM Projects from the archives, as well as sharing the Piper Educator’s Guide as an additional resource for extended learning with the Piper Computer Kit.
- Girls Who Code At Home Activities
- Coding Activities from TechGirlz
- Teachable Moments from NASA’s Jet Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- 77 Simple STEM Activities for Families from Chris Woods, dailySTEM
- Skype a Scientist For Families
- Piper Educator’s Guide
- “How to Easily Add At-Home STEM Activities”
Piper STEAM Projects:
- Rock Out With Binary Hero!
- Create a Spooky Candle Flame
- Speak Machine Code with Binary!
- Create a 5-Button Synthesizer!
- Goldilocks Machine (uses Piper Sensor Explorer)
- Ultrasonic Drum (uses Piper Sensor Explorer)
- #OutOfThisWorld 3 Part Project Series:
Virtual Field Trips
You can still explore, even while social distancing. Many zoos, aquariums, museums, and galleries around the world are offering live feeds, virtual tours, and even “home safaris” so that you can explore their offerings from home.
Check out Vermeer’s masterpieces at Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum, watch the penguins at Chicago’s Shedd Aquarium, or explore the Smithsonian’s millions of historical artifacts.
- Smithsonian Distance Learning Resources for Grades PK-12
- 12 Famous Museums and Galleries that Offer Virtual Tours
- Zoos and Aquariums offering live feeds, virtual tours, and “home safaris” from the New York Times
Parenting Resources for COVID-19
We understand the unique challenges of parenting during this time, so here are some resources we found to be helpful:
- How to Talk with Kids About COVID-19 - Stanford Children's
- Wash Your Hands for Grandma
- 11 Questions Parents May Have About Coronavirus
The Digital Divide and School Closures
We recognize that one of the greatest barriers to home learning is the digital divide. Millions of students in the U.S. do not have access to digital connectivity outside of school, which presents a huge challenge in successfully implementing home learning during school closures.
School districts across the country are implementing programs to provide as many students as possible with access to remote learning tools, and we wanted to highlight those we’ve heard about.
- How learning will change across California’s K-12 schools amid coronavirus closures
- Schedule of standards-aligned public tv programming in state of CA, standards-aligned created by LAUSD (Grades PK–12)
- Newark students will get laptops, free internet during school closure
- New York City Public Schools providing remote learning devices for students
- Free Internet for Students: 7 Providers Offering Free Support
We’ll be updating this post regularly with new resources in the coming weeks. Feel free to share your favorites for this list. If you know of programs/initiatives working to provide students with access to home learning tools, please share them with us via email at [email protected] or on social media (@StartWithPiper).
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This test makes images that show activity in body tissues. A substance that gives off a tiny amount of radiation is put into your body. This substance goes to the part of your body that is most active. A machine can then detect where that substance is. PET can be done for many body parts, including:
- Whole body
PET Scans of the Brain
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
The Purpose of a PET Scan
A PET scan may be done for a number of reasons, including:
- Looking for tumors or assessing tumor level of activity after treatment
- Assessing causes of memory disorders
- Finding the cause of seizures and helping to find treatments
- Assessing brain metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
- Looking for heart disease
Prior to a PET Scan
Check with your doctor about your current medications. Make sure to let your doctor know about any allergies or unrelated illnesses you may have, or if you are pregnant. Some people have a bad reaction to the contrast dye, allergic reactions or kidney problems. Also:
- Wear comfortable clothes.
- Do not eat or drink anything, except water, for at least four hours before the scan.
Description of a PET Scan
You will be given a radioactive substance through an injection. It will travel through your blood to the area of the body being studied. It takes 30-90 minutes for the substance to be absorbed by the tissue. When the substance has been absorbed, the scan can take place.
You will lie on a table and be moved into a machine that looks like a large, square doughnut. This machine detects and records the energy levels from the substance that was injected earlier. The images are viewed on a computer monitor. The scan lasts about 30-45 minutes. You may be asked to perform specific tasks before or during the test. For example, during a heart PET scan, you may be asked to walk on a treadmill.
Except for the pinprick from the injection, a PET scan is a painless procedure. People who are uncomfortable in closed or tight spaces may have some anxiety.
After the test, drink plenty of fluids to help the radioactive substance pass from your body.
PET Scan Results
The images will show activity levels as different colors or degrees of brightness. A radiologist will review the images and send the results to your doctor. It may take a few days for your doctor to receive the report.
When to Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if you have any unusual symptoms such as a rash, itching or difficulty breathing. These symptoms may mean that you're having an allergic reaction to the radioactive substance.
Content was created using EBSCO’s Health Library. Edits to original content made by Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
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Scientists in a New Jersey laboratory say they are close to a major breakthrough in the field of fusion that they predict will soon allow for an unlimited source of the cheapest, cleanest and safest energy ever.
Researchers at Lawrenceville Plasma Physics in Middlesex, NJ have published the results of their recent work in the Physics of Plasmas journal last week, and expect one of their next rounds of testing to finally tackle an issue of energy procurement that would rival anything already available. In their latest breakthrough, fusion researchers at the lab say that they’ve successfully heated and confined an ionized gas at record temperatures which would be high enough to allow for the nuclear fusion of certain elements, including hydrogen and boron. Those elements double as aneutronic fuels — that is, they produce no neutrons during the fusion process — and could thus be quickly converted to electricity without using the expensive and dangerous conversion measures currently available. Scientists say they believe they are close to a breakthrough that will allow them to harness energy from the elements and thus work with an energy source more marketable than anything now available.
According to the scientists, they have identified and emulated two of the three conditions necessary to show energy production with aneutronic fuels. Eric Lerner, a chief scientist for Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, says that figuring out the temperature and confinement necessary for the fusion have been established in their research, and that once the team can determine the necessary conditions for the third variable — density — they will be able to harness energy from plasma.
“We are still far from having sufficient density in the tiny hot regions to get net energy, but that is our next goal,” Lerner says in a press release on the research.
To RT, fellow Lawrenceville researcher Derek Shannon adds, “We are working on the third criterion, density, now, with the goal of demonstrating full scientific feasibility this year.” Shannon also predicts that the research coming out of the New Jersey lab could put the groups as far as decade ahead of competing projects that aim to introduce manageable fusion fuels.
Shannon also believes that by successfully harnessing aneutronic fuels into energy, dangerous and dirty nuclear energy could soon be a thing of the past. Lawrenceville is also in the midst of a Fusion for Peace campaign, and claim that “aneutronic nuclear energy itself could be the path to nuclear disarmament.”
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There are actually two different kinds of leg length discrepancies, congenital and acquired. Congenital implies that you are born with it. One leg is structurally shorter than the other. As a result of developmental periods of aging, the brain senses the stride pattern and identifies some difference. The human body typically adapts by tilting one shoulder over to the "short" side. A difference of less than a quarter inch is not very uncommon, doesn't need Shoe Lifts to compensate and normally won't have a serious effect over a lifetime.
Leg length inequality goes mainly undiscovered on a daily basis, however this issue is easily fixed, and can reduce a number of incidents of upper back pain.
Therapy for leg length inequality commonly consists of Shoe Lifts. Many are low cost, typically costing below twenty dollars, compared to a custom orthotic of $200 if not more. When the amount of leg length inequality begins to exceed half an inch, a whole sole lift is generally the better choice than a heel lift. This prevents the foot from being unnecessarily stressed in an abnormal position.
Chronic back pain is easily the most widespread health problem afflicting people today. Over 80 million people suffer from back pain at some stage in their life. It is a problem which costs companies huge amounts of money yearly because of time lost and production. New and better treatment methods are continually sought after in the hope of lowering economic influence this issue causes.
Men and women from all corners of the earth suffer from foot ache as a result of leg length discrepancy. In these situations Shoe Lifts are usually of worthwhile. The lifts are capable of easing any pain in the feet. Shoe Lifts are recommended by numerous experienced orthopaedic practitioners".
To be able to support the human body in a well balanced fashion, your feet have a vital task to play. Irrespective of that, it's often the most neglected region in the human body. Many people have flat-feet which means there is unequal force exerted on the feet. This causes other parts of the body like knees, ankles and backs to be affected too. Shoe Lifts ensure that the right posture and balance are restored.
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First, we will look upon the different types of data types and variables that are present in Python.
Here is a brief list ( we will look in detail at each one later on)-
- Numbers – Integers and Floats
Integers and Floats are self-explanatory – They are variables containing integer and float values.
Strings denote a group of characters (it’s just a list of characters).
List is kind of a dynamic array; you can manipulate it, decrease and increase it’s size using it’s various methods (Mutable; we will see what this word means).
Tuples are lists that cannot be altered.
Dictionaries contain key-value pairs – we can quickly grab objects without needing to know it’s index locations.
sets are an unordered collection of unique elements.
Confused? Don’t be! As I said before, we are going to go in depth of each data type.
Python – A dynamic language
Python is a dynamic language, which means that the variable (name) is bound only to an object and not a type.
So, if a variable initially stored integers, we can also store strings or lists or any other data type in it, and our program will still work without throwing any error.
So, we do not need to declare the type of variable beforehand; it changes dynamically every time we reassign it.
However, there will be times when we want our variable to be or become a specific data type, and during such times we do ‘Casting’.
What is Casting, you ask? Well, casting can be thought of as turning one object of a type to some other object of a different type.
Mainly, we use the following three things (called constructor functions, this comes under Object Oriented Programming and you don’t have to worry about it for now)-
- int() – Used to cast a variable of float type or string type containing numbers into a int type. It will round up the float value and represent the string value as it is.
- float() – Used to cast a variable of int type or string type containing numbers into a float type.
- str() – Used to cast a variable of int type or float type into a string type.
Variable naming rules:
There are some rules that must be followed while naming a variable in Python. They are listed below –
- The variable name must begin with an alphabet (lower or upper case) or an underscore ( _ ).
- We cannot use keywords as variable names. To list the keywords in Python, import the keyword module and run the command keyword.kwlist in the Python terminal.
- The variable names are case sensitive, so be careful.
That’s it folks! In the next tutorial, we will look at the output and input functions, and see how to open python files in the terminal.
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Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Education
At Parkside we aim to deliver a broad, rich and innovative curriculum that is owned by, and distinctive to our school and its community. It is made up, in part, of the statutory National Curriculum, which provides an outline of core knowledge. However the National Curriculum is just one element in the education of our children, enhanced by wider learning opportunities to inspire, challenge and prepare them for the future.
We strive to promote the pupils’ spiritual, moral social and cultural (SMSC) development. Promoting fundamental British values is part of this. While there are many aspects of our school life and community that contribute to our SMSC provision, our ethos is at the heart and underpins the promotion of SMSC. Furthermore our school curriculum makes a positive contribution to many aspects of the childrens’ SMSC development, with the specific subjects of PSHE, Citizenship and RE making a unique contribution.
What is SMSC?
- explore beliefs and experience
- respect faiths, feelings and values
- enjoy learning about oneself, others and the surrounding world
- develop self-knowledge, self-esteem and self-confidence
- use imagination and creativity
- show initiative.
- recognise right and wrong
- respect the basis on which the law is made and applied in England
- accept responsibility for behaviour
- understand consequences
- investigate moral and ethical issues
- offer reasoned views.
- appreciate diverse viewpoints
- participate, volunteer and cooperate
- resolve conflict
- engage with the 'British values'
- understand how to contribute positively to the lives of those living and working in the locality of the school and society more widely.
- appreciate cultural influences
- appreciate the role of Britain's parliamentary system
- acquire a broad general knowledge of and respect for public institutions and services in England
- participate in culture opportunities
- understand, accept, respect and celebrate diversity
- acquire an appreciation of and respect for own and other cultures
- further tolerance and harmony between different cultural traditions.
What are the British values?
- Democracy (showing respect for democracy and support for participation in the democratic process)
- The rule of law
- Individual liberty
- Mutual respect
- Tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs (and all protected characteristics set out in the Equality Act 2010)
Examples of how SMSC is reinforced/embedded at Parkside:
- Class charters - rights and responsibilities that go with
- School council - elections, pupil voice
- suggestions for improvement box
- Classroom/school/playground rules
- Visitors to School - including local businesses, emergency services, theatre groups, local churches
- School trips - Residentials, Local churches, Safety in Action Day, Connect with the Countryside ...
- Provision of a safe and secure environment with clear boundaries so children can feel supported to make choices
- E-safety lessons and parental advice
- Cycling proficiency
- Extra curricular clubs and activities
- Buddies making younger members of a community welcome
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Fawn and White Runner Duck Hatching Eggs
Fawn and Whites Ducks are one of the more common types of standard runner ducks. Like other breeds, these birds were originally bred to be superior egg producing birds. Consequently, they are a very high energy bird, which as also had many other benefits. For example, Fawn and White Indian Runner Ducks are excellent foragers. They will constantly search your lawn, garden, or fields for pest and weeds to consume, acting as a natural and environmental alternative to pesticides and herbicides. Our Fawn and White Indian Runner Duck Hatching Eggs let you hatch your very own of these birds!
While the Fawn and White Runner is active and mobile, it is not capable of prolonged flight. They have a very strong flock mentality, which can sometimes cause larger groups of Fawn and White Runner ducks to act in a frenzied manner if they are startled. This provides for an entertaining yet sensitive and emotional pet.
Like other Runner hens, the Fawn and White Runner hen can compete with the most effective egg laying hens, yielding between 100 and 300 eggs per year.
Fawn and White Runners are very similar to the Penciled Indian Runner Duck. However, Fawn and White Runners are generally a bit lighter in their brown hues. Also, Penciled Indian Runners may have some black spots on their backs and flanks, while these birds will not.
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Unraveling the Mysteries of the Icelandic Lichen: A Closer Look at Its Medicinal Properties".
Welcome to a fascinating journey into the enchanting world of Icelandic lichens.
Nestled in the majestic landscapes of Iceland, this unassuming organism contains an infinity of medicinal properties just waiting to be discovered.
Join us on an exploration to unravel the mysteries surrounding this ancient wonder.
The Iceland lichen, scientifically known as Cetraria islandica, has been revered for centuries for its healing abilities.
From its traditional use by the Vikings to its modern applications, this hardy plant has fascinated researchers and healers.
If you dive into the depths of its composition, you will discover a treasure trove of bioactive compounds that offer a myriad of health benefits.
From boosting the immune system to relieving respiratory ailments, the potential of Icelandic lichen is amazing. In this article, we'll delve into the scientific studies, historical anecdotes, and cultural significance that make Icelandic lichen such a truly remarkable medicinal marvel.
So get ready to be hypnotized by the secrets hidden in the emerald hues of Icelandic lichen and to discover the power it has to transform lives.
Introduction to Icelandic lichens
Icelandic lichens are unique organisms that grow in one of the most inhospitable regions on the planet.
But what is a lichen and how does it grow in Iceland?
A lichen is a symbiosis between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.
This mutualistic relationship allows them to survive in extreme environments such as Iceland, where climatic conditions are characterized by strong winds, cold temperatures and low nutrient availability.
Lichens are capable of synthesizing chemical compounds that protect them from adverse conditions and allow them to thrive in hostile environments.
But what makes Icelandic lichens so special?
Iceland offers a unique environment characterized by pure air, uncontaminated soil and crystal clear waters, providing plants with an ideal habitat to grow and develop
History of Icelandic lichen in traditional medicine
The history of Icelandic lichen in traditional medicine goes back centuries.
The Vikings, ancient inhabitants of Iceland, used it for its healing properties.
Icelandic lichen was used to treat respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal ailments, and even wounds.
This plant was so precious that the Vikings considered it a gift from the gods and also used it for ritual and spiritual purposes.
Over the centuries, the Icelandic lichen has maintained its reputation as a natural remedy, even if with the advance of modern medicine it has been partly forgotten.
However, in recent decades, interest in the Icelandic lichen's medicinal properties has revived, prompting researchers to further investigate its therapeutic potential.
Chemical composition of the Icelandic lichen and its medicinal properties
Icelandic lichen is a veritable mine of bioactive compounds.
Its chemical composition includes humic acids, lytic acids, polysaccharides, antioxidants and numerous other components.
These compounds are responsible for the medicinal properties of the Icelandic lichen.
Humic acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, thus helping to support the immune system and reduce the risk of chronic disease.
Lithic acids, on the other hand, have demonstrated antimicrobial properties, making them effective in treating bacterial and fungal infections.
The polysaccharides present in Icelandic lichen have powerful immunomodulatory effects, capable of stimulating the body's immune response and protecting it from disease.
These are just a few examples of the medicinal properties of the Icelandic lichen, which make it a real health treasure.
Health benefits of Icelandic lichen
The health benefits of Icelandic lichen are many and range from improved immune function to the relief of respiratory ailments.
One of the main benefits of consuming Icelandic lichen is its effect on the immune system.
The bioactive compounds found in Icelandic lichen can stimulate the production of antibodies, thereby enhancing the immune system's response to infection.
Additionally, Icelandic lichen has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, which can help relieve the symptoms of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Some studies have also highlighted the potential of Icelandic lichen in the treatment of respiratory ailments such as asthma and bronchitis, thanks to its expectorant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Besides that, Icelandic lichen can be used as a dietary supplement to enhance absorption of nutrients and promote good digestion.
These are just a few of the countless health benefits that Icelandic lichen can offer.
Studies and scientific research on the Icelandic lichen
In recent decades, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to explore the therapeutic properties of the Icelandic lichen.
These studies confirmed the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the Icelandic lichen.
For example, research has shown that Icelandic lichen has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including those resistant to antibiotics.
Other studies have highlighted the effect of Icelandic lichen on reducing inflammation and suppressing inflammatory and autoimmune responses.
Research on the Icelandic lichen is still ongoing and promises to reveal further secrets and therapeutic potential hidden in this extraordinary plant.
Common uses of Icelandic lichen in modern medicine
Icelandic lichen has been used in modern medicine for a number of ailments and conditions.
One of its most common uses is as a dietary supplement to strengthen the immune system and promote overall health.
Icelandic lichen is also used to treat respiratory infections, such as coughs and colds, due to its expectorant and antibacterial properties.
Additionally, Icelandic lichen has been used to treat gastrointestinal ailments such as dyspepsia and indigestion.
Some Icelandic lichen products are also available as creams and ointments to treat skin disorders such as eczema and psoriasis.
However, it is important to point out that the use of Icelandic lichen for therapeutic purposes should always be supervised by a qualified health professional.
Potential future applications of Icelandic lichen
The potential future applications of Icelandic lichen are promising.
Research continues to reveal new uses and benefits for this amazing plant.
For example, some studies have suggested the potential of Icelandic lichen in the treatment of diabetes, thanks to its hypoglycemic properties.
Other studies are exploring Icelandic lichen's role in cancer prevention and treatment, thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Furthermore, Icelandic lichen could be used as an ingredient in skin and hair care products, thanks to its moisturizing and soothing properties.
These are just some of the potential future applications of the Icelandic lichen, which could revolutionize the field of natural medicine.
Harvesting and sustainable practices for Icelandic lichen
Collecting Icelandic lichen requires special care and respect for the environment.
To ensure the sustainability of the harvest, it is essential to follow responsible practices.
Collection of Icelandic lichen should be limited to the quantities needed, avoiding over-cultivation and damage to lichen populations.
Additionally, it is important to harvest Icelandic lichen sustainably, leaving enough for future reproduction and growth.
Some local communities in Iceland have adopted sustainable harvesting practices, promoting the conservation of Icelandic lichen and its responsible use.
Sustainability is essential to preserve this natural wonder for future generations and ensure it can continue to deliver its health benefits.
Conclusions: The promising future of Icelandic lichen in medicine
In conclusion, the Icelandic lichen is an extraordinary plant that hides a treasure trove of medicinal properties.
From its millenary uses in traditional medicine to recent scientific studies, the Icelandic lichen continues to amaze and fascinate.
Its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties make it a precious ally for health.
However, it is important to remember that the use of Icelandic lichen for therapeutic purposes should always be supervised by a qualified health professional.
Furthermore, the collection of Icelandic lichen should be done in a sustainable way, to ensure the conservation of this natural wonder.
The future of the Icelandic lichen in medicine is promising, and will continue to be the subject of research and discovery.
So, immerse yourself in the fascinating world of Icelandic lichen and discover its secrets that could change your life.
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Introduction to APIs in Google
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are software programs that give developers access to computing resources and data. Companies from many different fields offer publicly available APIs so that developers can integrate specialized tools, services, or libraries with their own applications and codebase.
This lab will teach you about the architecture and basic functioning of APIs. This will be supplemented with hands-on practice, where you will configure and run Cloud Storage API methods in Google Cloud Shell. After taking this lab you will understand key principles of API communication, architecture, and authentication. You will also gain practical experience with APIs, which you can apply to future labs or projects.
In this lab, you will learn about:
- Google APIs
- API architecture
- HTTP protocol and methods
- REST (Representational State Transfer) and RESTful APIs
- API authentication services
Join Qwiklabs to read the rest of this lab...and more!
- Get temporary access to the Google Cloud Console.
- Over 200 labs from beginner to advanced levels.
- Bite-sized so you can learn at your own pace.
Create a bucket with the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API
Upload a file using the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API
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Dr Richard Graham and Dr Elly Hanson explain how to teach your children about healthier night-time routines at a younger age to prepare them for later life.
Most of us will have hated bedtime as children, when we had to leave our parents or some exciting event to get the sleep we needed. But as adults, we now know we really do need sleep. It’s important for learning and behaviour, growth and mental wellbeing. A lack of sleep can affect growth, and when a sleep problem is resolved, a growth spurt can occur.
What can you do?
X Avoid high stimulation activities such as TV, video games or social media for at least an hour before bedtime.
✓Establish a regular evening routine, reading to younger children or encouraging them to read.
X No caffeine or fizzy drinks during the evening.
✓Listen to relaxing music and have them take a bath or shower before bed.
Dr Richard Graham is a Consultant Psychiatrist with an expertise in technology addiction
Adolescents have a different sleep/wake cycle to younger children and adults, preferring later bedtimes and wake times. However, if scrolling through phones or watching videos at night, the light from these devices can disrupt the body’s natural wind-down to sleep, creating bodily confusion about whether it is night or day.
What can you do?
X Let teens lie in as much as possible – but avoid a huge difference between weekdays and weekends. ✓Later evenings should be spent in lower light, avoiding devices as much as possible closer to bedtimes. X Devices should be kept out of bedrooms at night.
✓Speak to like-minded parents in your child’s social circles to agree a rough consensus around bedtime rules – this can help to avoid frustration and arguments.
Dr Elly Hanson is a Clinical Psychologist with expertise in children, young people and digital technology.
This article was originally written in partnership with Parent Zone.
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Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of inflammation that targets the arteries, veins and capillaries of vital organs. The organs usually affected are the kidneys and the respiratory system, including the lungs, trachea, nose and sinuses. Wegener's granulomatosis may be fatal without treatment, but treatment is usually successful in controlling the disease.
Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of inflammation that targets the arteries, veins and capillaries of vital organs within the body. The two organs that it mainly targets are the kidneys and the respiratory system, including the lungs, trachea, nose and sinuses.
There is no cure, but appropriate treatment is usually successful in controlling the inflammatory process and allows good health to be restored.
Inflammation (redness, heat and swelling) of blood vessels is called vasculitis. Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of vasculitis. If only the blood vessels of the respiratory system are affected, the disease is known as 'limited Wegener's granulomatosis'.
Wegener's granulomatosis may be fatal without prompt medical treatment. This is because the inflammation within the walls of blood vessels reduces the blood's ability to flow through the vessels and carry oxygen, which impairs the functioning of the associated organs. In severe cases, tissue death (necrosis) can occur.
Men and women of any age can be affected, although it is uncommon in children.
Symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis
The symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis depend on which blood vessels are affected, but may include:
- unexplained weight loss
- recurrent fever
- night sweats
- persistent cough
- painful joints
- painful muscles
- chronic runny nose
- sinusitis (sinus inflammation, blockage and pain)
- nasal passage ulcers
- hole (perforation) in the tissue that separates the nostrils (septum)
- traces of blood in nasal mucus, sputum or urinechest discomfort.
Other areas of the body may be affected
While Wegener's granulomatosis tends to target the blood vessels of the kidneys and respiratory system, other areas of the body may be affected by inflammation too. Wegener's granulomatosis may cause:
- eye problems such as conjunctivitis, scleritis or vision changes, including double vision
- nerve pain or dysfunction
- middle ear blockage, pain and hearing loss
- skin lesions that tend to look like purple or red blister-like lumps
- skin ulcers (localised areas of tissue loss)
- joint pain.
Cause of Wegener's granulomatosis
The cause for Wegener's granulomatosis is unknown. Since inflammation is usually the result of immune system activity, researchers believe the cause may be that the immune system cells begin to attack the blood vessel walls in the body. However, the cause of the immune system attack is not clear.
Diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis
Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid serious and potentially life-threatening complications. However, the signs and symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis are very common to other diseases. Diagnosis relies partly on testing to exclude other possible causes of the signs and symptoms.
Tests used in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis may include:
- medical history
- physical examination
- urine tests that check for unusual signs such as the presence of red blood cells or proteins
- x-ray examinations of the chest, sinus cavities or both
- general blood tests to check for anaemia and inflammation
- kidney scans
- a specific blood test to check for Wegener's granulomatosis – this test looks for unusually high levels of the immune system cell known as 'antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies' (ANCA), which may indicate Wegener's granulomatosis
- biopsy – this is the definitive test and involves taking a small sample of suspect tissue for laboratory examination – the positive finding of a granuloma (area of inflammatory damage) indicates Wegener's granulomatosis.
Treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis
With appropriate treatment, the outlook is good for people with Wegener's granulomatosis. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation within the blood vessels, which prevents further damage to associated organs and reduces the risk of complications.
Prescription medications that inhibit the action of the immune system are commonly used. Generally, the person is advised to have an ANCA blood test every six weeks to help monitor the success of treatment.
These medications may include:
- corticosteroids – steroid drugs such as cortisone are used in relatively high doses for the first few months, then gradually reduced as the inflammation reduces
- antibiotics – these may be helpful in cases of limited Wegener's granulomatosis
- cytotoxic drugs – such as cyclophosphamide, which suppress the activity of the immune system and greatly extend the person's potential lifespan. The dose may depend on various factors including the person's age and blood test results. Cytotoxic drugs may be prescribed for up to one year after remission
- other drugs – such as methotrexate, azathioprine or intravenous (given through a vein) immunoglobulin therapy to reduce the risk of flare-ups once the inflammatory process has been controlled.
Side effects of treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis
While taking medication, a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis needs careful and regular medical monitoring to maintain the best possible health. This is because the treatment may cause a wide range of unwanted side effects, including:
- mouth ulcers
- hair loss
- oedema (fluid retention)
- unwanted weight gain
- increased susceptibility to infection
- cystitis (bladder inflammation)
- easily broken bones
- cognitive changes such as mood swings
- cancer of the bladder.
Long-term outlook for Wegener's granulomatosis
There is no cure for Wegener's granulomatosis, but the long-term outlook, with appropriate medical treatment, is very good. In many cases, prompt treatment can bring about a remission, which means the person has no signs or symptoms of the disease.
Relapses may occur after the end of medical treatment. In most cases, relapses occur some two years after treatment is stopped. Regular check-ups are important.
Where to get help
- Your doctor
- Kidney Health Information Service Tel. 1800 4 KIDNEY (543 639), or TTY users phone 1800 555 677 then ask for 1800 454 363
Things to remember
- Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of inflammation that targets the arteries, veins and capillaries of the kidneys and the respiratory system, including the lungs, trachea, nose and sinuses.
- Wegener's granulomatosis may be fatal without prompt medical treatment.
- In many cases, prompt treatment can bring about a remission, which means the patient has no signs or symptoms of disease.
You might also be interested in:
Want to know more?
Go to More information for support groups, related links and references.
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:
(Logo links to further information)
Kidney Foundation of Australia
Last reviewed: June 2013
Content on this website is provided for education and information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. Content has been prepared for Victorian residents and wider Australian audiences, and was accurate at the time of publication. Readers should note that, over time, currency and completeness of the information may change. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.
Content on this website is provided for education and information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your qualified health professional. Content has been prepared for Victorian residence and wider Australian audiences, and was accurate at the time of publication. Readers should note that over time currency and completeness of the information may change. All users are urged to always seek advice from a qualified health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.
For the latest updates and more information, visit www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
Copyight © 1999/2014 State of Victoria. Reproduced from the Better Health Channel (www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au) at no cost with permission of the Victorian Minister for Health. Unauthorised reproduction and other uses comprised in the copyright are prohibited without permission.
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