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Guest Author - Elizabeth Brennan
If you are a regular walker you might consider starting power walking to increase fitness or lose weight or both or simply to change your routine by making your daily walk a little different. Power walking is an aerobic exercise which conditions the heart and lungs by increasing the intake of oxygen.
Power walking is a term used to describe fast walking. You walk at a brisk pace which is quicker than walking but slower than jogging. It is also called fitness walking, is an alternative to jogging and is easier on the joints as it is a low impact activity. You can walk faster by simply increasing your stride but this is very tiring and is not very productive in the burning of calories.
There is a special technique in power walking but it is easily learned with a little practice. Make sure you are on level ground and that you are wearing a good pair of strong, flexible walking shoes with good arch support. Donít try to power walk in hiking boots! There are two distinct movements involved in power walking, using both the arms and the legs. To get your-self in proper position to begin the walk, stand with head erect and feet together. Keep your chin parallel to the ground and look straight ahead of you. Tighten the muscles of the abdomen and bottom.
Hold your arms close to your body, fists lightly clenched and elbows bent at a ninety degree angle. Look in a mirror to ensure you are getting the right angle. Raise your arms alternately up and down no higher than shoulder height. Holding your hands up and lightly fisted like this prevents hand swelling as you walk. Do not cross your arms over your body or raise them too high. Practise this movement until you are confident that you are getting it right.
Lead off on the heel of your left leg, then roll on to the ball of the foot, toes in the air and follow through on to the heel of your right leg on to the ball of the foot repeating the movement. Walk as if you were trying to walk in a straight line placing the right heel squarely in front of the left toe and vice versa swinging your torso as you do. Practise this, keeping your feet in contact with the ground at all times.
When you can do each movement separately combine the two movements by walking and swinging your arms at the same time. Take normal length strides and walk at a determined pace. Pretend you are late for that important interview!
Your goal should be to power walk for a total of thirty minutes, three or four times a week. However start by alternating power walking and normal walking. Walk first to a count of one hundred, change to power walking for another count of one hundred. Gradually increase the power walking count and decrease the walking count over a period of weeks. Little and often will build endurance and stamina and the faster you walk the more calories you will burn
When you first try power walking you may be a little stiff next day as you are using muscles you do not normally use but this is normal and will decrease as you become fitter.
Enjoy your walking!
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This new vaccine is based upon PowderMed’s proprietary system for delivering DNA vaccines – it is a needle-free injection device that fires gold particles coated with DNA (encoding genes specific to the flu strain) at supersonic speed into the immune cells of the skin. This first-time-in-man clinical trial will examine the ability of a vaccine based upon the Vietnam H5N1 avian influenza strain to protect against a potential pandemic form of flu.
A previous study, conducted by PowderMed in the United States, demonstrated that this vaccine technology was able to produce 100% protective immune responses in adult volunteers to a vaccine which encoded an annual influenza strain [Ref 1]. Using bird flu strains this vaccine has also shown 100% protection in various experimental models.
Dr Beadle, PowderMed’s Chief Medical Officer, stated that “This is an exciting opportunity for PowderMed to conduct the first clinical trial on a vaccine which may have a very important role in the event of a future pandemic. We have selected this particular clinical unit in London to conduct the study because they are currently building up a database of volunteers for future influenza studies. This will allow us to conduct the study and get the results as quickly as possible once we have regulatory approval.” Full details of this clinical study and directions for potential volunteers can be found at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Dr Clive Dix, CEO of PowderMed also added: “Our approach provides a rapid route to vaccine development that can be applied to existing and emerging flu strains including, for example, the threat posed by a pandemic flu strain. DNA vaccines have a huge potential to limit the burden of disease and can be manufactured very rapidly, in large amounts: enough to vaccinate the whole of the UK population twice over (prime and boost) requires just 1Kg of DNA and can be manufactured and available in just three months from the point a strain is identified. We are very excited to see both our annual and pandemic influenza programmes progress through clinical development”.
Christelle Kerouedan | alfa
Modern genetic sequencing tools give clearer picture of how corals are related
17.08.2017 | University of Washington
The irresistible fragrance of dying vinegar flies
16.08.2017 | Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Ökologie
Whether you call it effervescent, fizzy, or sparkling, carbonated water is making a comeback as a beverage. Aside from quenching thirst, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have discovered a new use for these "bubbly" concoctions that will have major impact on the manufacturer of the world's thinnest, flattest, and one most useful materials -- graphene.
As graphene's popularity grows as an advanced "wonder" material, the speed and quality at which it can be manufactured will be paramount. With that in mind,...
Physicists at the University of Bonn have managed to create optical hollows and more complex patterns into which the light of a Bose-Einstein condensate flows. The creation of such highly low-loss structures for light is a prerequisite for complex light circuits, such as for quantum information processing for a new generation of computers. The researchers are now presenting their results in the journal Nature Photonics.
Light particles (photons) occur as tiny, indivisible portions. Many thousands of these light portions can be merged to form a single super-photon if they are...
For the first time, scientists have shown that circular RNA is linked to brain function. When a RNA molecule called Cdr1as was deleted from the genome of mice, the animals had problems filtering out unnecessary information – like patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders.
While hundreds of circular RNAs (circRNAs) are abundant in mammalian brains, one big question has remained unanswered: What are they actually good for? In the...
An experimental small satellite has successfully collected and delivered data on a key measurement for predicting changes in Earth's climate.
The Radiometer Assessment using Vertically Aligned Nanotubes (RAVAN) CubeSat was launched into low-Earth orbit on Nov. 11, 2016, in order to test new...
A study led by scientists of the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD) at the Center for Free-Electron Laser Science in Hamburg presents evidence of the coexistence of superconductivity and “charge-density-waves” in compounds of the poorly-studied family of bismuthates. This observation opens up new perspectives for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity, a topic which is at the core of condensed matter research since more than 30 years. The paper by Nicoletti et al has been published in the PNAS.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, superconductivity had been observed in some metals at temperatures only a few degrees above the absolute zero (minus...
16.08.2017 | Event News
04.08.2017 | Event News
26.07.2017 | Event News
17.08.2017 | Earth Sciences
17.08.2017 | Life Sciences
17.08.2017 | Materials Sciences
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Castles of England/County Durham
|Auckland Castle||Keep and bailey||12–16th century||Rebuilt||
Church of England
|Mostly 16th century, fragments remain of medieval castle, residence of the Bishop of Durham.|
|Barnard Castle||Keep and bailey||11–14th century||Ruins|
|Bishopton Castle||Motte and bailey||12th century||Earthworks||Well-preserved earthworks.|
|Bowes Castle||Keep||12th century||Fragmentary remains||Ruins of keep survive.|
|Brancepeth Castle||Keep and bailey||14–19th century||Reconstructed||Private||Substantial medieval portions including 5 towers incorporated in 19th century rebuilding.|
|Durham Castle||Keep and bailey||11–14th century||Rebuilt||University College, Durham||Much altered during continuous occupation since c.1072.|
|Lambton Castle||Neo-romantic castle||c.1820–8||Intact||Wedding venue / Earl of Durham||Later additions demolished following subsidence.|
|Lumley Castle||Quadrangular castle||c.1392||Intact||Hotel / Earl of Scarbrough||Altered c.1580 and 1721.|
|Mortham Tower||Fortified manor house||14–16th century||Intact||Private||15th century tower, formerly in Yorkshire.|
|Raby Castle||Castle||12–14th century||Intact||
|Altered 18–19th centuries.|
|Staindrop||Tower house||16th century||Restored||Holiday accommodation||Probably built as a hunting lodge for the Neville family of Raby Castle.|
|Scargill Castle||Tower house||13–15th century||Fragment||Private, farm||Amongst farm buildings.|
|Walworth Castle||Sham castle||c.1600||Restored||Hotel||South-west tower and adjoining wall possibly medieval.|
|Witton Castle||Castle||c.1410||Restored||Caravan site||Extended 1790–5. Used as a leisure centre for a caravan site.|
Auckland Castle (also known as Auckland Palace or locally as the Bishop's Castle or Bishop's Palace) is a castle in the town of Bishop Auckland in County Durham.
The castle has been the official residence of the Bishop of Durham since 1832. However, it has been owned by the diocese for more than 800 years, being established as a hunting lodge for the Prince Bishops of Durham. It is more like a Gothic country house than a true castle with a military function. The castle is surrounded by 800 acres of parkland, which was originally used by the Bishops for hunting.
In around 1183 Bishop Pudsey established a manor house on the site. Bishop Bek, who preferred the town as his main residence over Durham Castle due to its proximity to hunting grounds, later converted the manor house into a castle. After the dis-establishment of the Church of England, at the end of the first civil war, Auckland Castle was sold to Sir Arthur Hazelrig, who demolished much of the castle, including the chapel, and built a mansion.
Barnard Castle is a ruined medieval castle situated in the town of the same name in County Durham. A stone castle was built on the site of an earlier defended position from around 1095 to 1125 by Guy de Balliol. Between 1125 and 1185 his nephew Bernard de Balliol and his son Bernard II extended the building. In 1216 the castle was besieged by Alexander II of Scotland. It was still held by the Balliol family although its ownership was disputed by the Bishops of Durham. When John Balliol was deposed as King of Scotland in 1296 the castle was passed to the Bishop of Durham. Around 1300 Edward I granted it to the Earl of Warwick. In 1477 during the Wars of the Roses, Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III) took possession of the castle, which became one of his favourite residences.
Over the next two centuries the Nevilles enlarged and improved the estate and created a substantial and impressive castle. However when Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was attainted for his leading role in the Rising of the North the Neville estates were sequestered.
Bishopton Castle was a medieval castle in County Durham. It was built by Roger de Conyers in 1143, in the village of Bishopton, near to the town of Darlington. Constructed in a motte-and-bailey design, the castle had two baileys, rather than the usual one, and originally had two large enclosures beyond the baileys. In the 12th century it was surrounded by a low artificial lake, fed by the brook to the west, and could only be accessed by causeways. De Conyers built the castle during a dispute with William Cumin, who laid claim to be the Bishop of Durham; de Conyers supported Cumin's rival, William of St. Barbara. Historian Lise Hull believes that the licence to crenellate given to de Conyers for his castle may be the first recorded instance of this in England.
Bowes Castle was built on the site of a Roman fort that guarded the Stainforth Pass through the Pennines. The castle was constructed between 1171 and 1174. During its history it was besieged twice, once in 1216 and again in 1322. Shortly after the second siege it was abandoned and fell into ruin.
Brancepeth Castle is in the village of Brancepeth in County Durham]] some five miles south west of the city of Durham.
A succession of buildings has been on the site. The first was a Norman castle built by the Bulmers, which was rebuilt by the Nevilles in the late 14th century. For many years the castle was owned by the Neville family until in 1569 it was confiscated by the Crown following the family's involvement in the Rising of the North.
There have been a number of other owners since that time. In the early 17th century the estate was granted by the Crown to Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, from whom it subsequently confiscated the castle back due to his involvement in a poisoning scandal. In 1636, three men who had bought the castle from the King's Commissioners in 1633 sold it to Ralph Cole of Newcastle. His grandson, Ralph Cole MP, sold the property in about 1720 to Sir Henry Belaysyse. In 1796 the castle was acquired by the Russells.
The present building is largely a 19th-century restoration carried out in the 1820s by John Matthew Russell and improved in the mid-19th century by architect Anthony Salvin for William Russell, (High Sheriff of Durham in 1841).
Lumley Castle is a 14th century quadrangular castle at Chester-le-Street near to the city of Durham. It is named for its original creator, Sir Ralph Lumley, who converted his family manor house into a castle in 1389 after returning from wars in Scotland. However, after being implicated in a plot to overthrow Henry IV he was imprisoned and ultimately executed, forfeiting his lands to the Earl of Somerset. In 1421 the ownership of the Castle reverted to Sir Ralph Lumley's grandson, Thomas.
Walworth Castle is a 16th century mansion house, built in the style of a medieval castle and situated at Walworth, County Durham near Darlington. It was completed around 1600, probably by Thomas Holt for Thomas Jenison. It stands on the site of a former manor house or castle built in the 12th century by the Hansard family.
The castle is built of partially rendered limestone rubble, and the roof is of Welsh slate. The west tower is older, and has gunloops, narrow trefoil−headed and round−headed windows. It has a main, south−facing building of five bays and three storeys between two four−storey, round, angle towers, with east and west wings on the north side, making up three sides of a square originally open to the north. However a range of early 19th century buildings on the north side of the square now encloses the courtyard.
Some flagstones of unknown date were discovered in situ in the cellar or basement of the castle in 2002. Internal renovation took place in 1740, so that the interior now has important mid−18th century features, such as Palladian plasterwork and Rococo details. In 1864 the main staircase was rebuilt and the west wing was given a new front.
Witton Castle is a much altered 15th century castle, which is the centrepiece of a holiday and caravan country park at Witton le Wear near Bishop Auckland.
Sir Ralph Eure obtained a licence to crenellate his manor house in 1410 and created the castle. The castle was held by Royalist Sir William Darcy during the English Civil War. He compounded for the return of his confiscated estate which was sold by his descendant Henry Darcy to William Cuthbert in 1743. The castle later passed to Hopper but was severely damaged in a fire which in 1796 destroyed most of the castle interior.
In 1816 Sir William Chaytor of Croft Hall, Yorkshire purchased the castle estate for £78,000 and restored the fabric and rebuilt the interior in modern style. The estate was rich in coal and Witton Park colliery was sunk in 1825.
- Brickstock, Richard. (2007) Castle: Fortress, Palace, College. Durham: Jeremy Mills Publishing. ISBN 9781905217243.
- Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. (2005) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. ISBN 9781904768678.
- Hull, Lise E. (2006) Britain's Medieval Castles. Westport: Praeger. ISBN 9780275984144.
- Hull, Lise E. (2009) Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks. Jefferson, US: MacFarland. ISBN 9780786434572.
- Pettifer, Adrian. (2002) English Castles: a Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851157825.
- Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, The David & Charles Book of Castles, David & Charles, 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3
- Hull (2009), p.195.
- Pettifer, p.26.
- Creighton, p.14.
- Pettifer, p.26.
- Hull (2006), p.128.
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Manhattan Transfer (novel)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)|
Manhattan Transfer is a novel by John Dos Passos published in 1925. It focuses on the development of urban life in New York City from the Gilded Age to the Jazz Age as told through a series of overlapping individual stories.
It is considered to be one of Dos Passos' most important works. The book attacks the consumerism and social indifference of contemporary urban life, portraying a Manhattan that is merciless yet teeming with energy and restlessness. The book shows some of Dos Passos' experimental writing techniques and narrative collages that would become more pronounced in his U.S.A. trilogy and other later works. The technique in Manhattan Transfer was inspired in part by James Joyce's Ulysses (1922), T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land, and experiments with film collage by Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein.
Sinclair Lewis described it as "a novel of the very first importance ... The dawn of a whole new school of writing." D.H. Lawrence called it "the best modern book about New York" he had ever read, describing it as "a very complete film ... of the vast loose gang of strivers and winners and losers which seems to be the very pep of New York." In a blurb for a European edition, Ernest Hemingway wrote that, alone among American writers, Dos Passos has "been able to show to Europeans the America they really find when they come here."
- Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
- "Manhattan Transfer: The American Novel as Scrapbook" (Ted Gioia)
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幼児の遊び始めから切り上げまでの過程に関する研究 : 「それなりに」楽しむＡ太の事例から
AREC_39_23.pdf 1.21 MB
The Process of a Child’s Play from Start to Finish: A Case of a Boy who Finds Amusement in his Own Play
Process of a child’s play
Finding some amusement
The purpose of this study was to explore a child’s play process from start to finish as it led to making choices for further play. The target child was a four-year-old boy in kindergarten. We video recorded and took field notes about him during a session in which he was first playing with a top while chatting with other children and his teacher in the main play room. He then switched to jump-roping, which he seemed to enjoy doing by himself. We analyzed the data qualitatively using the Trajectory Equifinality Model(TEM). This model follows the time series in analysis. The results indicated that the recorded process could be broken down into three parts :1) the boy played with only tops during the “exploring stage” ; 2) the boy played with tops while also showing interest in jump-roping in the “mixed play stage” ; 3）the boy decided to end his play with the tops and switch to jump-roping, in the stage we call the “self-directed stage”. We also analyzed the boy’s influence on his own play process, including third stage, in which he seemed to find amusement in his own play.
Copyright (c) 2017 幼年教育研究年報編集委員会
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Part 1 of this article series focused on the broad repertoire of peripheral tissues that express psychedelic target receptors throughout the body. However, given the uniqueness of each structure within the human body, the systems where psychedelics could exert effects call for specific discussions.
A couple of minutes after psychedelic intake, many organs and aspects of behavior are influenced by these powerful molecules. However, no matter the destination, the blood is a road they must travel. Indeed, research indicates that the amount of some classic psychedelics like LSD and psilocin reaches its maximal concentration in plasma within hours after oral ingestion and remains there long enough to interact with blood components.1,2
This means that the blood, the 5 liters of highly adaptive omnipresent circulating fluid-tissue in the human body, is flooded with psychedelics. As the blood is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to all living cells in the body and collecting their waste products, it also makes these external substances available everywhere once they are in plasma. However, even though it’s often seen as an intermediate route for most scientific questions, the blood is filled with cells and structures expressing psychedelic target receptors.3 The immune cells, which represent a large part of blood components, express almost all serotonin receptors, therefore, they are responders to serotonin agonists such as classic psychedelics.
Can the Immune Cell Army Win Fights by Tripping?
The first line of defense of the immune system is composed of innate immune cells such as granulocytes- namely basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.4 Whereas basophils and eosinophils play important roles for host defense against parasites and mediate allergic reactions, neutrophils are the most numerous innate cells patrolling for problems by circulating in the bloodstream. Not much is known about the effects of psychedelics on innate immune cells. However, recent studies have started to describe that selective activation of the 5-HT2A receptor prevents eosinophil recruitment in conditions such as asthma, paving the road to an exciting area for future research.5
Blood monocytes are key players of immune function and develop into macrophages and dendritic cells.4 Macrophages patrol and respond to problems by their astonishing ability to ingest and degrade infiltrating pathogens and damaged fragments of host tissues. On the other hand, dendritic cells are the professional and most sophisticated antigen-presenting cells in the system. They process large molecules derived from pathogens, damaged host cells, and allergens into easily decipherable fragments that are recognized by lymphocytes.4 The activation of serotonin receptors 5-HT1 and 5-HT7 were demonstrated to regulate the differentiation of monocytes into active dendritic cells with a less reactive profile, suggesting a regulatory role in the inflammatory process mediated by these cells.6 Interestingly, both subtypes of receptors are high-affinity targets for psychedelics such as LSD. 7
The immune cells communicate either by cell-to-cell contacts or through molecules called cytokines.4 These secreted messengers allow the immune cells to talk to each other, orchestrating the immune function. The psychedelics N,N-DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT were demonstrated to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by monocyte-derived dendritic cells through sigma-1 receptor signaling.8 Via this pathway, the communication to T lymphocytes is also inhibited, limiting the immune response cascade. Moreover, the activation of 5-HT2A receptors was also shown to diminish the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.9,10 The extraordinarily potent anti-inflammatory effect of 5-HT2A activation in vascular tissue was demonstrated to prevent the development of atherosclerosis, a human disease affecting blood vasculature with a strong inflammatory component on its pathogenesis.11
Organs involved in lymphocytes’ development and function, such as the spleen and thymus, express 6 out of 13 serotonin receptors subtypes,12 suggesting that these organs could be affected by psychedelics. The number of natural killer cells, a subpopulation of lymphocytes important for antiviral and anticancer mechanisms, is increased after ayahuasca intake and its function was demonstrated to be enhanced after low doses of LSD.13-15 Although the immunomodulatory effect of LSD remains elusive, early studies have already suggested that this molecule interferes with antibody biosynthesis in type B lymphocytes.16
By the end of the 1990s, even the psychedelic-induced mystical experience per se was proposed to boost the immune system.17 Regrettably, nothing has been investigated about this hypothesis until now. Discoveries on this topic would be groundbreaking by adding valuable insights to the ongoing debate on whether or not the subjective experience is necessary for the therapeutic effects of psychedelics – in this case, for immune benefits. Moreover, this could broaden the comprehensive link between the whole-body effects of psychedelic compounds and the perceived well-being regarding the subjective experience.
Psychedelics May Bring Fresh Blood to the Body
A shared feature of both immune cells, red blood cells, and even platelets is that they develop in the red bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis. The formation of red blood cells is impaired in the absence of serotonin signaling in peripheral tissues, suggesting a role for serotonin receptors in the bone marrow.18 Actually, stimulation by serotonin also increases the survival of red blood cells,19 those responsible for delivering oxygen to all organs. This means that when psychedelics bind to these receptors, they could optimize the oxygen delivery to human organs by both promoting formation and maintenance of these cells. This effect could be one of the mechanisms behind a putative overall increased body function during psychedelic experiences.
When something goes wrong and damage occurs to the walls of blood vessels, the activation of serotonin receptors is one of the signals that control platelet activation to allow repair of the vessel injury.20 Even the cells lining the walls of blood vessels themselves are capable of responding to serotonin and, presumably, to psychedelics.21 In fact, at the wound site of a blood vessels’ wall, the serotonin signaling acts as a vasoconstrictor to help contain unnecessary bleeding.20 When refreshing blood cells is not sufficient and the need is for new blood vessels, signaling through serotonin receptors stimulates the formation of both vascular lining and muscular cells through 5-HT2B receptors.22,23 In addition, binding to 5-HT1B receptors was indeed shown to induce the growth of brand new blood vessels from the existing vasculature.23,24
Activation of serotonin receptors also enhances the proliferation and survival of megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow, the cells that give rise to platelets, and later, stimulates the platelet formation.25 Platelets are small cell fragments responsible for forming clots and thus stopping bleeding within the vascular system. As occurs with serotonin binding, it is likely that psychedelics, while in the blood, activate the 5-HT2A receptor on the surface of platelets stimulating their activation.26,27
However, the outcomes of serotonin receptor activation in platelets are debatable regarding cardiovascular function.28 In Part 3 of this series, this topic and research on heart function under psychedelics will be further explored.
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Oil paint is a mixture of color (pigment) and oil (medium). Paints are usually mixed by the artist for each specific project. The mixing of pigment with a medium is the basis of successful oil painting. Oil painting involves the application of the oil paint in layers on a canvas or other surface.
Commonly used mediums are linseed, walnut, and poppy seed oils. Mediums have different properties. Linseed oil dries the most thoroughly so it is frequently used on the bottom layers of oil paintings. Linseed oil tends to yellow color, so it is hard to use with lighter pigments. Poppy seed oil is the least yellowing of the mediums and is also the slowest to dry. It is often used in whites and lighter colors as well as on the top layers of an oil painting.
Oil paint is applied in layers to achieve desired colors and textures. Thicker paints will produce more texture, sometimes revealing brush strokes. Thinner paints are more transparent allowing for the creation of color variations. The layering of oil paint correctly is essential to the process.
The primary principle of oil painting is the rule of “fat over lean.” Leaner paints, paints mixed with lesser amounts of oil, must be applied under fatter paints, pigments mixed with more oil. Leaner paints need to go under fatter paints because they dry faster than those with more medium. The bottom layers of an oil painting need to contain less oil because they will absorb some of the medium of paint layered on top of them. Paints with less oil will dry faster than fat paints. If the top layers of a painting dry before the bottom layers, the paint will crack.
Oil paint does not dry by evaporation like most paints. Oil paint dries by oxidation, which is a much slower drying process. A fresh oil painting will be dry to the touch in about two weeks' time. It will be dry enough to finish with a varnish in about six to twelve months. An oil painting will not be considered finished drying until it is 60 to 80 years old.
Because oil paints remain wet for such a long time, it is possible for an artist to change colors and textures while working on a painting. Entire layers of paint can be removed from a work in progress with a rag and turpentine or alcohol. Once the paint has begun to dry, paint removal may require scraping.
The origin of oil painting dates back to Ancient Roman times. Shields decorated with oil based paint were thought to be more durable than those without.
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A reassessment of the Virgin Islands Typhlops with the description of two new subspecies
- Thomas, Richard
Differences between populations of these Typhlops are frequently reflected in differences in the shape of head scales, particulary the rostral; these differences may be large and obvious or relatively slight. It is treacherously difficult to remember the variation of a large series and compare it with that of another, particulary when the difference involved is a matter of a slight variatipn in curvature or width. I have found certain ratios derived from measurements taken with an ocular micrometer to be of help in quantifying some of these differences.
- Publication Year
- Portal de Revistas UCR
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Google Earth compiles images from various sources, from satellites in geosynchronous orbit (opens in new tab)that snap low-resolution photos from tens of thousands of miles above Earth, to satellites closer to Earth that capture higher-resolution shots, and even aerial photos taken from airplanes, kites, drones and even balloons. Anyone who gets the program has access to the imagery, and archaeologists have made use of this valuable resource.
Google Earth reveals some bizarre locations, including a military aircraft graveyard, an ant polka-dot pattern, enigmatic buildings etched into the Gobi Desert, and even a phantom island in the South Pacific. Check out some of the weirdest ones right here.
This swastika-shaped geoglyph is one of more than 50 that researchers have found in northern Kazakhstan, in Central Asia. While many of the geoglyphs were made of earthen structures, the Swastika sign was made of wood. The geoglyphs appear to be 2,000 years old. Swastikas at the period were prevalent in Europe and Asia and were, of course, unrelated to any political ideologies.
The island in a lake, on an island, in a lake, on an island
Given that it is an island-in-a-lake-on-an-island-in-a-lake-on-an-island, this Google Earth picture is both eye- and mouth-watering. Yes, this picture of a small island in a crater lake on an island named Volcano Island in a lake called Taal Lake(opens in new browser) on the Philippine island of Luzon was taken by Google Earth. This occurrence was reportedly believed to be the biggest of its kind observed by Google Earth for years. But it turns out that honor belongs to a 4-acre piece of ground in northern Canada, where it’s highly unlikely that anyone has ever set foot.
Google Earth has discovered some ancient artwork carved into the surface of the globe, including geometric structures in the form of wheels that may be 8,500 years old, making them older than Peru’s Nazca Lines geoglyphs. Some of these spoked patterns that adorn Jordan’s Azraq Oasis appear to be arranged so that they line up with the winter solstice dawn. Wheel structures, also known as “works of the old men,” have been the subject of an investigation by a group of researchers with the Aerial Photographic Archive for Archaeology in the Middle East (APAAME), using satellite images accessible through Google Earth.
The experts have discovered that the form of the wheels varies, with some having spokes that spread from the center, others having just one or two bars in place of spokes, and still others not at all circular but rather structured like squares, rectangles, or triangles.
The spokes on the wheels in this picture, which are in the Azraq Oasis and may be aligned with the winter solstice dawn, are oriented southeast to northwest.
One of these “wheels” in the Middle East has the appearance of a bull’s-eye, with three triangles facing in the direction of the eye and short stone piles going from the triangles to the wheel. It is described as “a central bull’s-eye tomb with, in this case, three triangles with at least a part of a connecting line of stone heaps running to the center” by David Kennedy of the University of Western Australia(opens in new tab), who also co-directs the project.
This Google Earth picture displays an anomaly that some claim could be a pyramid that hasn’t been unearthed. In the past five years, Google Earth has identified dozens of anomalies in Egypt, but it is unclear whether they are natural characteristics or man-made buildings. Although more excavations are required, the scale and quantity of excavations have been constrained by Egypt’s security and fiscal conditions.
Egypt’s crumbling temples or geographical features?
A Manhattan-sized island in the South Pacific was “undiscovered” in 2012 by a team of Australian experts. North of New Caledonia, an enigmatic location known as Sandy Island had appeared on maps. Even Google Earth displayed it as a dark circle. But instead of firm ground, open ocean was what they discovered when scientists floated there in November 2012.
The researchers provided an explanation for why the fictitious landmass had been depicted on some maps for more than a century, attributing it to some human mistake and a potential pumice raft, in an obituary(opens in new tab) for the island that was released in April 2013.
A large pentagram, approximately 1,200 feet (366 meters) in circumference, has been etched into the Earth’s surface on the wind-swept steppes of central Asia, in a remote region of Kazakhstan. On Google Maps(opens in new page), the online counterpart to the more comprehensive Google Earth, the five-pointed star enclosed in a circle that is situated on the southern side of the Upper Tobol Reservoir is clearly visible.
Numerous online remarks associated the website with underworld dwellers, sects that practice evil, or demon worship. The pentagram is actually the perimeter of a star-shaped park; it is delineated by roads that are now covered in trees, which makes the star shape even more obvious in overhead photographs.
Abandoned launch sites
During a phase of the Cold War, from 1954 to the 1970s, Nike missiles, hypersonic surface-to-air missiles, were stationed ready to fire at close to 300 locations across the United States. Even nuclear weapons were carried by some of those rockets. With the development of long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles(opens in new tab), those weapons were rendered useless. (ICBMs).
In order to prevent the abandoned Nike missile launch sites from disappearing due to redevelopment, natural regrowth, or military repurposing, David Tewksbury, a GIS (geographic information system) expert at Hamilton College in New York, set out to keep a pictorial record of them. He wants to create a georeferenced catalog that anyone can use to look up the locations of Nike missiles in Google Earth.
The Oahu Defense Area in Hawaii, one of those locations, is depicted here in 1968. The location once had open-air missile launchers and embankments separating pairs of launch locations.
A circular gateway leading to a different universe? Maybe a communication from aliens? Or was it a historical memorial to a magical being? Desert Breath is a piece of public art that is situated near the Red Sea’s shoreline in the barren Egyptian desert. The 100,000 square meter (100,000 square foot) piece was made in March 2007 by Danae Stratou, Alexandra Stratou, and Stella Constantinides to honor “the desert as a state of mind, a landscape of the mind,” according to the artists’ website.(opens in new tab).
Riddled with holes
The six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Syria, one of the earliest continuously inhabited regions of the planet, have all been damaged by the civil conflict, which has put hundreds of archaeological sites in danger. Most of this damage has been captured on satellites, with some of the strangest imagery depicting wreckage in Apamea. The entire old Roman city there has been pockmarked with holes excavated by looters since the start of the civil war, according to Google Earth photos.
In 2013, Live Science quoted Emma Cunliffe, an archaeology researcher at Durham University in England who had recently released a report(opens in new tab) detailing the destruction of archaeological sites in Syria. “It looks like the surface of the moon,” she said. “The region that was plundered in eight months, , the looted area exceeded the total excavated area.”
Lake of blood?
A blood-red lake can be found outside of Sadr City, Iraq, at 33.396157° N and 44.486926° E (opens in new browser). The color of this peculiar body of water has no formal reason as of yet.
An unusual polka-dot design near the Grand Canyon’s north rim cinder cone volcano known as Vulcan’s Throne may have a straightforward explanation: ants. Red harvester ants are found in the wilderness surrounding the Grand Canyon, it turns out. (Pogonomyrmex barbatus).
These pesky critters can create nesting mounds spanning some 47 inches (120 centimeters) across and are typically surrounded by bare ground up to 108 square feet (10 square meters), according to physicist Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, a specialist in image processing and satellite imagery analysis at the Politecnico of Torino in Ital. In a scientific article published online on January 11, 2016(opens in new tab), Sparavigna explains her hypothesis; the paper has not yet undergone peer review. The overhead pattern of strewn circles may be caused by the mounds, but Sparavigna notes that ground proof is required.
Island in a lake
A small, four-acre patch of ground in Canada lies at precisely 69.793° N and 108.241° W and is known as the largest “island, in a lake, on an island, in a lake, on an island” in the globe.(opens in new tab). A small lake that is surrounded by a slightly bigger island has a nameless island in the middle of it that is fashioned like a tiny tilde. That is situated inside one of a string of long finger lakes, 75 miles north from Victoria Island’s southern shore, a feature of territory in Northern Canada.
If not for the meticulous trolling of Google Earth by map nerds all over the world, this tiny “sub-sub-sub island” would never have acquired its peculiar designation. Most likely, no person has ever physically entered the area.
U.S. military aircraft are sent to the Davis Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona, to crash-land. Dubbed “the boneyard,” this 2,600-acre cemetery of steel at coordinates 32 08’59.96″ N, 110 50’09.03″W(opens in new tab) is closed to the general public, but Google Earth provides a high-resolution glimpse of what’s inside: virtually every plane the military has flown since World War II — from the B-52 StratoFortress(opens in new tab) to the F-14 Tomcat — in various stages of decay.
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers’ “Learning to Fly” music video features the boneyard at Davis Monthan as the background. The band was seen playing in front of different wrecked planes.
The sand of al Futaisi Island, an island he controls in the Persian Gulf, has been inscribed with the name of Hamad bin Hamdan al Nahyan, a wealthy Sheikh and part of Abu Dhabi’s governing family. The letters HAMAD may be the biggest in the world at half a mile tall and two miles long combined, but they are still visible from orbit.
In contrast to how words inscribed in sand typically behave, these letters are big enough to create rivers that can withstand the advancing tide. In fact, the water can be seen flowing through the letters all the way to the M at the time these satellite images were obtained.
Wild view elephants
Have you ever feared you might never get to see an African elephant group in the wild? Fortunately, satellites photographed a group moving in Chad at coordinates 10.903497 N, 19.93229 E in a few high-resolution photos.(opens in new tab).
Near Mesa Huerfanita, New Mexico, two sizable diamonds encircled by a pair of overlapping circles have been discovered carved onto the arid floor. According to author John Sweeney, the location designates a secret Church of Scientology shelter.
According to their website, Scientology “is a religion that offers a precise path leading to a complete and certain understanding of one’s true spiritual nature and one’s relationship to self, family, groups, Mankind, all life forms, the material universe, the spiritual universe and the Supreme Being,” according to the organization’s website. According to reports, these markings on the desert floor are there to direct these scientologists as they make their way back to Earth after escaping a celestial “Armageddon,” according to the Daily Mail.(opens in new tab). Without a doubt, the emblems will likely remain a mystery.
Recent Google Earth images have shown a variety of enigmatic designs and buildings etched into the Gobi Desert in China. Experts claim that this is a covert military installation, and the buildings are used for a range of operations, including the calibration of surveillance satellites, the testing of radar equipment, and the testing of weaponry.
It is most likely a Yagi antenna array, a device used for weather monitoring and other meteorological research, as it is the most detailed feature, an intricate grid of precisely straight lines that meander back and forth every few hundred feet for 20 miles (33 kilometers).
It isn’t shocking that massive ads have started appearing in distant regions for their watching enjoyment given the number of people who stalk Google Earth in their spare time—a practice known as “mapvertising.” For instance, the biggest Coca-Cola logo in the world is reportedly constructed of 70,000 empty Coca-Cola bottles and can be found in Chile at 18.5292 S and 70.2500 W(opens in new page). In Nevada, at 37.646163° N, 115.750819° W(opens in new browser), just off Extraterrestrial Highway, there used to be an 87,500 square foot image of Colonel Sanders—the KFC logo—but it has since been taken down.
2003 saw the S.S. Jassim, a freight ferry from Bolivia, run aground and sink off the shore of Sudan. Located at 19 38’45.99″N 37 17’42.17E(opens in new tab), it was once one of the biggest shipwrecks visible on Google Earth at 265 feet (81 meters) long, but it now seems to have gone almost entirely.
These lush lips are a hill feature in the Sudanese town of Gharb, which is situated at 12°22’13.32″N and 23°19’20.18″E.
In the midst of a field in Australia, at the coordinates 30°30’38.44″S 115°22’56.03″E, a peculiar triangle dotted with brilliant lights emerged. Ufologists dubbed it a “triangle UFO” captured in the act of floating above Earth when it was first spotted in 2007. It might be an antenna connected to a neighboring remote-controlled wind field, according to other Google Earth users. The antenna most likely received and relayed control signals because it had three pairs of cables creating a triangle and a structure in the center.
Secret military base
An ex-CIA expert claimed on Wired.com(opens in new tab) that he had found “structures” in the desert surrounding Kashgar, a city in China’s isolated Western desert that is a part of the Xinjiang region, sparking controversy over an enigmatic set of satellite photos seen on Google Earth.
Some people believed the structures there belonged to a covert military installation. However, after more research, Stefan Geens, a geospatial writer and engineer who has spent months in that region of China, said the location was probably a part of a significant industrial or economic hub.
Despite the fact that one of the structures in the compound resembled a helicopter testing area, experts said there is no reason to believe it is connected to military operations. Furthermore, the site is not ideal for a secret military base, since it’s relatively close to a major population area and no towers or barriers were spotted, said Stuart Hamilton(opens in new tab), former GIS program director at the Center for Geospatial Analysis at the College of William and Mary, and now a professor at Salisbury University in Maryland.
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Steve Pyne is a fire historian, professor at Arizona State University, and the author of over 20 books, including "Tending Fire: Coping with America's Wildland Fires." We asked him to join the conversation about privatized firefighting raised in this week's segment "Fire, Inc."
The firefight is the great set-piece of American fire management. It seems so obvious: Control the bad fires before you introduce good ones. Seize the battlefield. The drama is overpowering, a moral equivalent of war; exciting, potentially lethal, inextinguishably telegenic. For some seven decades the U.S. threw everything it had into the fight against fire. It won far more battles than it surrendered, and in the end it lost the war.
In truth, fire’s suppression began on the western public lands with overgrazing in the 1870s and the abolition of aboriginal burning. The first stripped out the fine surface fuels that carry fire, and the latter, a source of ignition that had kept fire constantly simmering. Not until the early 20th century did active firefighting become organized. Then, led by the U.S. Forest Service, it scaled up. During the New Deal, a bold “experiment on a continental scale” that aspired to end the fire menace once and for all led to the 1935 10 AM policy, which stipulated a single standard for every fire: control by 10 AM the morning following its report. Destroy every small fire and you prevent all the big ones.
That assault only created an ecological insurgency that has steadily worsened, and over the past couple of decades of western drought has become uncontainable. Like a declaration of martial law, the firefight is a means to put down a temporary bout of environmental unrest; it is not a means by which to govern. The outcome has been more fuels on the land, more savage fires, more damages and dangers, and more expensive efforts at suppression. Agency doubts surfaced during the 1994 season, and became public as the 2000 fires revisited the Northern Rockies and the fire-storied landscapes of the Big Blowup of 1910.
Worse, the suppression strategy has never coped, even intellectually, with the conundrum of the big fire or big fire season. However elaborate, the temporary demands of a major eruption of fires across a region will overwhelm the ability to hit and hold every fire while it is small. Yet once a burn becomes big, the initial-attack strategy behind suppression collapses. Besides, high-intensity fires are exactly what certain biotas crave. At some point, probably when the country has burned through whatever monies it can borrow, the spectacle will lose its attractions, and suppression will become what it should have been from the start: a means to assist the other strategies.
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The Dangers of Window Blind Cord
Over the past few decades, it has become apparent that window blinds can present a serious risk of severe injury and even death. Specifically, the cord attached to the window blind has the potential to strangle people of all ages, including young children.
When parents think about the dangers that their toddlers might have to deal with, they often think about electrical outlets, hot surfaces, and cleaning supplies. Window blind cords are often overlooked; however, these cords are not a recent issue. Over the past several decades, numerous research studies and regulations have been published to warn both window manufacturers and families about the dangers of these cords. A recent study published in the Journal of Pediatrics highlighted the risks of these cords. According to the study:
- Between 1990 to 2015, more than 17,000 children were taken to the emergency room due to injuries related to window blinds.
- This is about 700 children per year or about two kids per day.
- About one child a month was killed by window blind cord strangulation.
The past few decades have seen multiple failed efforts to eliminate the dangers posed by window blind cords. The industry has imposed six different changes to its set of standards to reduce the injuries and deaths caused by these cords. Unfortunately, these have all failed. Furthermore, the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission actually lists window blinds as one of their top hidden dangers in homes in this country. What some people may not know is that technology has been installed to eliminate window blind cords altogether; however, this has not become mainstream.
The manufacturers of window blinds benefit from the continued use of these cords and the lax regulation. The cords are relatively easy to use and inexpensive to manufacture. Therefore, without strict regulation, these cords continue to benefit their bottom line. Installing new technology to replace these window blind cords would be expensive and hurt their profit margin.Specific Examples: The Many Dangers Presented by Window Cords
Children end up in the emergency room every day due to the dangers presented by window blind cords. These preventable injuries and deaths are nothing short of a tragedy. There are several ways that cords can ensnare a child, and it is essential for everyone to be able to spot these dangers.
- Looped Pull Cord: Some pool cords are one continuous loop that can be used to adjust the blinds. The loop at the bottom of the cord presents the perfect place for a child’s neck to become trapped.
- Knotted Cords: Some cords come with a knot at the bottom of them; however, this knot forms the end of a dangerous loop and presents a strangulation hazard.
- Tassel Cords: In tassel cords, multiple cords are joined together to create a single tassel. The bottom of this tassel is still a loop and can choke or strangle a child.
- A Cord Joiner: Some windows have multiple cords that are joined together by a joiner. With the blinds in the “up” position, a loop is present that creates a strangulation risk.
- Blinds Free Fall: When the blinds are all the way up, there is often a locking mechanism in place. A child can hit this lock and disengage that blinds, causing them to fall on the child. If the child's neck is stuck in the cords when the blinds fall, this could end up choking the child.
- Inner Cords: Some window blinds have an inner cord that could be hidden from view. When the inner cord is adjusted, the outer cords could start to rise. This presents a severe strangulation hazard.
Several serious impacts could result from cord entanglements. These include:
- Emotional Impact on Families: Parents shouldn't have to worry that their child could be injured or killed in their own home. When a child needs to go to the emergency room, there is a tremendous feeling of uncertainty and worry regarding the future. This stress can take a severe emotional toll.
- Financial Ramifications: Medical care is expensive. Even for families who have health insurance, there could be a costly deductible or a coinsurance provision. Even a visit to the emergency room could end up costing families thousands of dollars.
- Long-Term Complications: Depending on how long and how tightly the child was strangled, there could be long-term complications that result from this injury. The tight cord could restrict the blood flow to the brain. This could lead to neurological damage that is similar to that of a traumatic brain injury.
The impacts of window blind cord strangulation have not gone unnoticed. Various regulatory agencies have forced companies to take a closer look at their product. There have been many recalls in the recent past, highlighting the severe dangers that these cords present.
Watch the following video for more on why window blind cords continue to be a serious threat to children.Window Blind Recalls: Demonstrating the Dangers
Window blind cord injuries are a serious tragedy and leave many families with scars that will never heal. Innocent children have suffered tremendously at the hands of these simple devices, and many lives are tragically cut short. Furthermore, these injuries are entirely preventable. Despite the advent of new technology and the numerous recalls of window blinds, these dangers continue to exist in the homes of many families. Some of these recalls include:
- Hanover Direct Domestications: Roller blinds that were manufactured by Hanover were recalled in 2010. These blinds lacked a tension device that kept the blinds in place. After being on the market for 14 years and injuring numerous children, these blinds were finally recalled.
- Blind Xpress: These blinds were recalled in 2012. Unfortunately, these blinds were on the market for more than two decades and were finally recalled because the inner cords did not have a stop device. This caused numerous injuries before they were eventually recalled.
These recalls are only two of the dozens of recalls that have taken place over the past few years. These blinds are present in numerous major retailers, including IKEA, Lowes, and Home Depot.Safety Precautions: Preventing Window Blind Cord Injuries
When children are exposed to the dangerous pull cords that come with most windows, strangulation can happen in minutes. Fortunately, there are steps that parents can take to reduce the risk of serious injury and death. To protect their children from these hazards, there are a few tips that parents should keep in mind. These include:
- If possible, retrofit older window blinds with new, cordless technology. Unfortunately, this technology could be hard to find and expensive; however, this could eliminate the strangulation risk posed by window blind cords.
- Make sure that toys, furniture, cribs, and beds are moved away from windows to keep these cords out of reach.
- If there is a tassel attached to the pull cords, try to keep the tassel as short as possible so that it is high off of the ground.
- Anchor the continuous loop cords to the floor or the wall to prevent strangulation.
- All cord stops should be installed properly to prevent the “rise” that could lead to strangulation.
- If there are hidden inner cords, try to adjust the limit to keep these cords away from the reach of children.
- Take steps to eliminate dangling cords that could wrap up a child’s neck.
These safety tips could prevent a child from having to visit the emergency department. For parents whose children have been harmed by these dangerous cords, there are measures available to hold responsible parties accountable.Families Can Hold the Manufacturers of Blind Cords Accountable
With so many measures in place, the manufacturers of these cords should have replaced this technology with a safer alternative. Unfortunately, they have not, and it once again falls on families to force action. Families could be entitled to a significant financial settlement from the manufacturers of window blinds, and these funds could be used to cover:
- Medical Expenses: Visits to the emergency department can be expensive. If the child needs to spend the night in the hospital, visit the intensive care unit, or require surgery, these bills could make it hard for families to make ends meet.
- Lost Wages: If a child faces a long recovery process after this severe injury, some parents might not be able to return to work. The lost income during this time might make it hard for families to put food on the table or pay their rent or mortgage.
- Funeral Expenses: No parent should ever have to bury his or her child. Unfortunately, this could happen following a window blind cord entanglement. Funerals are expensive and can be difficult to pay for when they occur unexpectedly.
- Pain and Suffering: In a lawsuit, damages could also be awarded for pain and suffering. Parents and their children could suffer tremendous physical, emotional, and mental stress following a cord entanglement.
I’m Ed Smith, a Sacramento Products Liability Lawyer. The cords that come attached to window blinds are capable of causing severe injury or even death, particularly to young children. If someone you love has been injured by the window blinds, please reach out to me at (800) 404-5400 or (916) 921-6400 to receive free, friendly legal guidance and advice.
Editor’s Note: This page has been updated for accuracy and relevancy [cha 2.24.21]
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Take a breath, breathe – dogs understand, breathing is communication. Breathing is one of many ways in which dogs communicate with each other. Dogs also observe how humans breathe. By taking the time to learn a little about this natural form of communication, you can increase your understanding of dogs, be more aware of your own state of being, and improve your ability to support / direct your dog.
Think about how we humans react to stimuli – good and bad stress, our breath and breathing patterns are immediately affected. The only time we control our breath and breathing patterns are when we are consciously working to do so. The balance of the time our brain controls our breathing patterns. Your dog hears and observes your breathing to assess how you are really feeling – happy, relaxed, joyful, frustrated, anxious, tense, fearful – all emotions are reflected in how we breath – so too for a dog.
A Few Examples Breathing as Communication
A dog that is very relaxed, having had his/her meal, and exercise may lie down, take a breath and expel that breath as a sigh indicating a relaxed, comfortable satisfied state.
A dog that is anxious will exhibit early warning symptoms of that anxious state – one of those signs is an increase in rate and intensity of breathing which, if not checked, will progress from open-mouth breathing to heavy panting and may also include anxious pacing.
Do you have a dog that exhibits aggressive-reactive behavior? Have you seen your dog go suddenly stock-still? Have you felt the silence, the absence of breath - inhaled or exhaled? That sudden stiffness and absence of breath is a sign that your dog is about to act/react. You have split seconds to provide direction to your dog to de-escalate the situation, and prevent a dog fight. If you are like most people in this situation you won’t realize that you are inadvertently directing the situation to culminate in aggression…
You have probably stopped breathing – you are holding your breath.
Your hands are probably clenched - your mind and body are tense.
Your dog is following your direction.
It’s time to breathe – you have split seconds to start the process of de-escalation, breath. Release the tension.
A dog that is anxious may yawn – you can help calm that dog by yawning and then taking a few dep breaths. Dogs also use yawning as a communication tool to help other dogs calm – you can help calm the pack by taking a few deep breaths, and making sure you release all tension in your own body.
True leadership requires that the person leading be willing, and able to be that thing first that they want the other being (in this case your dog) to be.
A Few Simple Breathing Exercises For You and Your Dog
Start by taking a deep breath. Breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth - close your eyes and think of nothing but that breath while breathing in and out.
Notice how you feel - did you forget about everything else for those split seconds? Did you forget to be worried, did you find peace for a second?
If you did the exercise properly, you attain a state of grounded calm – at least for those seconds you were focused on that deep breath. If you did not then breath again - in through your nose and out through your mouth, this time close your eyes as you breath. Now did you feel grounded?
When you breathe as per my instruction above you are, for those seconds grounded - your own anxiety, anger, frustration, tension, anticipation of ‘bad’ behaviour is forgotten. Everything changes for that second - your body language, your thoughts, your eyes, your face and even your scent may change. Tension is released. In that moment of that breath you become what you want your dog to be - grounded, relaxed, rational, calm and comfortable, confident and logical.
Stand or sit near your dog and breathe as instructed above. While you breathe observe your dog.
Did your dog look at you?
Did your dog's ears move – make sure you observe carefully – the movement of the ears may be very subtle, very slight?
If yes to one or both of the above your dog was listening!
Try doing this when you are at one end of a room and your dog is at the other. See if your dog looks at you or if his/her ears move just the slightest. If your dog is calm your dog will hear you breathe.
Did your dog come to see you when you breathed?
Did you observe your dog relax after you breathed?
If you have a dog that is currently in an anxious state your dog may not 'hear' you the first time you do this. Repeat the exercise, breathe deeply.
Daily Life with Your Dog - Use Breathing to Communicate and Direct
When you are about to give your dog a direction - i.e. 'sit', take a deep breath before you direct your dog with the command 'sit' or before you use a hand signal for sit.
After the command is given take another deep breath.
Don't repeat the command.
Just wait, don't speak - you can take another breath to reinforce and hold the command. By doing so you are exercising patience, self-restraint, self-awareness, self-discipline. You are quite, non-reactive, grounded, attentive, consciously observant and directive.
You are communicating logically.
You are being that thing that you want your dog to be – self-aware, self-disciplined, self-restrained, self-correcting and you are directing using one of the techniques a well-balanced dog use to direct another dog.
Now take this communication skill and apply it to every situation where you currently, or should be directing your dog.
Train yourself to do this consistently in all low-level situations. By doing so you develop a positive, reliable habit – your dog knows that he / she can rely on you, and that there is no need to escalate to more intense behavior. If you do encounter mid to high level situations you can use the same techniques to direct your dog to normalize.
Stay Connected, Cue Your Dog - Breathe
Stay connected with your dog. If your dog has a habit of barking at every sound, at the door bell, at a passerby. If your dog is tense when passing another dog cue your dog to relax before he/she reacts. Take a deep breath so your dog relaxes rather than stiffens.
Timing is everything - to support good timing you need to be a conscious observer. Breathe for your dog - concentrate on your breathing. Force yourself to breathe and clear your mind instead of anticipating and thereby directing your dog to do exactly what you don’t want. Listen to your dog's breathing and watch your dog's ears - if you hear breathing begin to intensify, if you see ears stiffen, it is time for you to take a deep breath, it's time for you to make sure you don't have any tension in your hands, your body, your mind. By doing so you are communicating and directing your dog to calm and still – you are leading by example. And you never said a word - natural wisdom, a dog's way.
Additional Assistance – Holistic Health and Wellness
If you require additional support and guidance, contact me to discuss your requirements. I will determine the appropriate course of action for your situation, and I will provide you with a quotation for cost of services.
I offer holistic services to clients located around the world.
- Holistic Dog Training Services
- Holistic Diet Nutrition Wellness Services
- Unbiased advice regarding Diet, Nutrition, Wellness, Food, Supplementation, etc. - for more information go here>>.
- Holistic Diet Nutrition Wellness Plans - for more information go here>>.
- Please note - I do NOT sell food or supplements. I am not aligned with any companies. I do this so that I can remain 100% objective in selecting, recommending and prescribing the best solutions for my individual clients' situation.
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Full name: kiloampere
Plural form: kiloamperes
Alternate spelling: kiloamps
Category type: electric current
Scale factor: 1000
The SI base unit for electric current is the ampere.
1 ampere is equal to 0.001 kiloampere.
Valid units must be of the electric current type.
You can use this form to select from known units:
I'm feeling lucky, show me some random units
The SI prefix "kilo" represents a factor of 103, or in exponential notation, 1E3.
So 1 kiloampere = 103 ampere.
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- ISBN/SKU: 9781848321366
- Binding: Hardcover
- Era: 19th Century
- Number of Pages: 256
- Subject: Emigration
- Date Available: May 2013
Your tax-deductible gift to the Naval Institute Press underwrites worthy books that might not otherwise be published.
From the early nineteenth century onwards, millions of people left their homes to cross the seas. Some, like the convicts transported from England to Australia, had no choice; others like the indentured Indian and Chinese laborers had almost no alternative; but the vast majority of emigrants were driven to escape war, famine or grinding poverty. Whatever their circumstances and wherever their destination, the one experience they all shared in common was the sea voyage.
This history traces the story of the emigrant, from the decision to emigrate, to the journey to the port and the voyage itself, to arrival in the new world. It describes the differing conditions on board sailing ships and steamers, convict and coolie ships, and the perils of overcrowding, epidemics, fire, shipwreck and even cannibalism. It also investigates the varied receptions emigrants were likely to face.
Kevin Brown is the Curator of the Alexander Fleming Museum at St Mary’s Hospital, Paddington. His previous books include Fighting Fit and Poxed & Scurvied.
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Malcolm Gladwell cracks open a cold one and distills some academic research, as is his wont. This week’s topic: drinking and culture. After discussing the extended example of Bolivians and their norms for drinking 180 proof rum on weekends, he comes to the point that it’s not how much people drink but rather how they drink it that matters.
But wine lovers knew this! Since at least King James and Thomas Jefferson, wine has been seen wine as a drink of moderation, lower in alcohol than spirits and consumed with food. Gladwell cites research from the 1950s that showed that first-generation Italian immigrants in New Haven, CT had very low levels of alcoholism, despite drinking some wine with lunch and dinner. Other immigrant groups and second- and third-generation Italians had different patterns of consumption (less moderation, less with food) and had higher rates of alcoholism.
It’s good to see the topic getting a broad airing–check out the story if you are snowed in somewhere (it’s not available online). Here’s a taste:
The abuse of alcohol has, historically, been thought of as a moral failing. Muslims and Mormons and many kinds of fundamentalist Christians do not drink, because they consider alcohol an invitation to sin. Around the middle of the last century, alcoholism began to be widely considered a disease: it was recognized that some proportion of the population was genetically susceptible to the effects of drinking. Policymakers, meanwhile, have become increasingly interested in using economic and legal tools to control alcohol-related behavior: that’s why the drinking age has been raised from eighteen to twenty-one, why drunk-driving laws have been toughened, and why alcohol is taxed heavily. Today, our approach to the social burden of alcohol is best described as a mixture of all three: we moralize, medicalize, and legalize.
“Drinking Games: How much people drink may matter less than how they drink it.” Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker, Feb 15 & 22, 2010. pp. 70 – 76.
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Awarded as the best online publication by CIDC
What is Site Preparation?
The term “site preparation” describes the actions taken before an engineer begins their work. The site cleared in preparation for the new building is called the old or unfriendly site. Since the land and structures already there are suitable for the construction work that will soon begin there, site preparation is not required.
Before construction, the site must be prepared by demolishing old buildings, clearing building sites, mapping underground services and wires, doing a site survey and layout, and treating termites. To get a construction site ready, blasting, test drilling, landfilling, leveling, earth-moving, excavating, land drainage, and other types of land preparation. Construction Work on preparing the site is important for any project. Before the main building work begins, a construction site needs to be set up.
There may be a lot of obstacles on the construction site, such as old buildings or structures, big trees, sloping ground, loose soil, and underground services. It could cause problems when building. For construction projects to go smoothly, the site must be ready for the building before work can begin.
Types of Site Preparation:
1. Soil Testing and Report investigation:
Fig 1: Soil Testing
Before planning and designing any building project, the soil must be tested. Without knowing the nature of the soil, it is impossible to design anything. Soil geotechnical research is done to learn about soil properties, the different types of soil, and how much weight it can hold. So, the people who design buildings can decide if the soil needs any treatment to make it stronger or not.
In geotechnical reports, which come from soil testing, a lot of information about the right type of foundation for the site, settlements and what to do about them, liquefaction, slope stability, groundwater level, soil bearing capacity, excavation-related dangers, soil strength, soil classification, and more.
This soil investing teaches us a lot about how soil works and how it will act in the future. If the construction site is near an area prone to earthquakes, the geotechnical report should include the tests and suggestions needed.
2. Demolition of Old Building:
Fig 2: Demolition of Old Building
For building site preparation, the old design needs to be torn down. If there is an old design, come up with a plan to crush it with the help of the crush team. You can start building your site once the land has gaped and the base has been checked.
Cracks should be properly repaired, so they don’t damage other building sections. At this stage, a structural engineer or other qualified professional may be needed to watch for any movement or cracking. Systematic planning and work will, without a doubt, help figure out the best ways to find hazards, ensure materials are thrown away safely and meet legal requirements.
3. Underground Utility Mapping:
Fig 3: Underground Utility Mapping
Care must be taken when excavating and preparing a construction site in metropolitan areas close to a telecom service or a railway line to ensure no service lines or underground wires are damaged. Therefore, before beginning any building excavation, it is prudent to undertake an advance survey of underground assets or cables running below the ground.
Communicate with the people in charge of electricity, natural gas, and telephones in your building about your workspace by penning a letter. When they get your letter, they’ll check to see if any subsurface service assets are present at your business. If they discover any wires beneath your work area, they will relocate them to another spot to prevent potential damage.
4. Site Survey and Layout:
It’s time to mark out where the building should go. With clearly marked survey pegs or physical markers, a surveyor can find the boundaries of the new building. Land surveys, which set property lines and figure out the size of a piece of land, are complemented by engineering and informational surveys. The engineering survey ensures the structure is built in the right place and as planned. The second survey helps get information about the area’s topography, drainage, and man-made features.
Fig 4: Sit Survey and Layout
Remember that a construction site changes as the project goes on. A site plan design is important to know where the new building will go, where the access roads for construction vehicles will be, where the storage areas for supplies will be, where the drainage systems will be, etc. Now that you have a map of the site in hand, you know which area needs to be cleared of plants and rocks.
5. Site Clearing:
Fig 5: Site Clearance
To get a construction site ready, everything from the ground up, including any timber, underbrush, trees, and rocks, must be cleared out to within three meters of the intended construction area. If the topsoil is not of sufficient quality for the building, it is dug up and replaced with something more suited. The area needs to be leveled out to look smooth and flat.
6. Site Excavation and Earthwork:
Fig 6: Site Excavation and Earthwork
There are two different ways to excavate. The first is known as bulk excavation. It is digging to make a flat spot for the building. Footing excavation is the second type of excavation. When digging footings, remember that the ground can’t have any mud, loose dirt, or tree roots. You might need to build a level platform if the site is sloped. There are many ways to do this, such as “cut and fill” and “split level.”
In cut-and-fill, you remove dirt from a higher part of the land and put it on a lower part of the site. If the material on the site has been deemed unsuitable for use as fill, you will need to think of other ways to get the job done. A split level is another method that is often used. It is thought to be better for slopes and to keep the ecological balance of the soil.
If the slope is steep, you might need a bulldozer to level the building area, or you could choose a different method that fits the needs of your project. Installing surface drains is a good way to get rid of water on sloped sites. Before digging, it’s important to ensure that the crew and heavy equipment can easily get in and out of the area. Site excavation might be easy in places far from people, but it could be hard and complicated in cities and places with lots of people.
7. Construction Project Site Compaction:
Fig 7: Compaction of Soil
According to the International Building (IBC) Code, the soil near the foundation must be improved to the required rank, which is 90% of approximate dry solidity. Soil compaction at the foundation’s footing is crucial for preventing settlement and pushing back against undesirable occurrences. It was important to reduce the size of the land area by decreasing the earth since the foundation’s base increased the soil’s shear force and made the soil porous and flexible.
Soil can be compacted using various techniques, such as tamping, rolling, and vibration. You can find many tools and machines at construction sites, including smooth wheel rollers, sheep foot rollers, rubber tires, crawlers, and tamping plate compactors.
8. Anti-Termite Treatment:
Termite treatment is essential for building construction. Termites eat wood and other cellulose products, but their main food is wood. Termites can get into walls through holes, cracks in concrete slabs, and spaces in walls or floors. Check the details of nearby sites to show that termite risk management is needed at your site.
Fig 8: Ant-Termite Treatment
9. Start the Construction Process:
After completing all the tasks for preparing the construction site, we can move on to the main building work. Preparing the site is an important job requiring specialized skills to safely and correctly.
Construction Site Checklist:
Site preparation is an important step that requires specialized skills to be done safely and correctly. When the site is set up correctly, everything else is easy. Site preparation will help engineers to dig if a structure has many underground pipes or is built on sewers. It will prevent underground pipes from bursting in the future.
1. Rajibi, Wani. “(DOC) METHODOLOGY OF SITE PREPARATION | Wani Rajibi – Academia.Edu.” (DOC) METHODOLOGY OF SITE PREPARATION | Wani Rajibi – Academia.Edu, www.academia.edu/36567079/METHODOLOGY_OF_SITE_PREPARATION. Accessed 27 Sept. 2022.
2. Asanduff, and sukriti. “Site Preparation of Building Construction Project | Site Preparation Cost.” Asanduff Group, 5 June 2019, www.asanduff.com/site-preparation-building-construction-project.
3. Adam. “Steps in Site Preparation for Construction Projects – Back to Basics.” Back to Basics, 26 Sept. 2019, backtobasics.edu.au/2019/09/steps-in-site-preparation-for-construction-projects.
4. Dobson, Angie. “What Is Site Preparation? 7 Tips to Get You Started.” What Is Site Preparation? 7 Tips to Get You Started., info.fbibuildings.com/blog/site-preparation. Accessed 27 Sept. 2022.
5. “Site Preparation.” Site Preparation – Designing Buildings, www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_preparation. Accessed 27 Sept. 2022. www.asanduff.com/site-preparation-building-construction-project/
6. Homelockers, and View all posts by homelockers ? “Site Preparation: Step By Step Process – Homelockers Construction.” Home Lockers Construction and Development, 16 Aug. 2018, homelockers.com.ph/blog/site-preparation-step-step-process.
If you have a query, you can ask a question here.
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Every 17 seconds, someone is diagnosed with diabetes. Mexican Americans are almost twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to be diagnosed with diabetes by a physician, according to the Office of Minority Health. They have higher rates of end-stage renal disease, caused by diabetes, and they are 50% more likely to die from diabetes as non-Hispanic whites. Diabetes kills more each year than breast cancer and AIDS combined.
Personally, the disease has touched members of our LatinoFoodie family. The pain and anguish to see a loved one lose a leg, die of a heart attack or have a stroke because of diabetes is devastating to say the least. As we enter into the holiday season, many of us will be spending more time in our kitchens making sugar-filled sweets or traditional foods loaded with carbs. We’re going to challenge ourselves to be a little more creative this season by looking for healthier and still delicious choices in our menu planning.
Here are a few tips from the American Diabetes Association and other resources to keep you and your family’s blood sugar in check. Don’t forget to take the pledge on Facebook to help raise money and awareness for diabetes research and education. Together, we can make our community and families healthy.
- Eat smaller portion sizes
- Exercise at least 30 minutes each day
- Fill up on good carbs (fresh vegetables and fruits)
- Substitute sugar in your coffee with Agave syrup or an artificial sweetener
- Eat more legumes and whole wheat grains
- Limit or cut out flour tortillas and anything else that is made with white flour for that matter
- If you are diabetic, check your blood sugar regularly before and after meals to see how your meals are affecting your blood; adjust accordingly
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Even for top-of-the-line museums, historical periods can be extremely difficult to capture, particularly when the intended audience is children. The situation becomes especially thorny when the subject has some degree of sophistication; primitive man is a little easier to introduce to young people than periods studded with great thinkers and events. The medieval period is certainly no snap, but the curators at the Yeshiva University Museum have done a yeoman's job in illustrating the crucial role played by medieval Jewish traders in their current exhibition, Traders on the Sea Routes: 12th Century Trade Between East and West. Nothing works for kids like the hands-on approach; here this not only includes hands-on activities, but role-play involving costumes. Although designed for school groups — meaning that it relies heavily on educational facilitators to tell its story — the exhibition is also open to the general public. The public's version is necessarily scaled down (there's no costumed role-play, and the hands-on activities have to be managed between parent and child). But with such informative wall text, the visit might nevertheless prove a worthwhile one. Traders is a small show. The school group version begins with scale models of two ships typical of the time: a Venetian galley and an Arab dhow. (The 150-foot-long galley carried small bulk such as spices and gems; the 96-foot dhow was a heavier sailing freighter, with deeper holds to carry larger loads). Facilitators provide the exhibition's necessary background information, while advancing the ships manually along a channeled shelf beneath a pair of wall-size maps of medieval trade routes. Across from the ship/map wall, samples of jewels, spices and textiles are displayed in glass cases, providing a context for the exhibition's next step: a medieval Cairo bazaar. The small mock bazaar is installed in an adjacent room, along with a pillowed setting representing the study of Moses Maimonides (who worked in the gem business with his brother David before going into medicine and making his name as a philosopher). There is also a simple re-creation of the Cairo Genizah — a collection of more than 200,000 fragments of Jewish literary text, letters and everyday papers, considered, for various reasons, to be sacred, and which were housed in a special storeroom in Cairo's Ben Ezra Synagogue while awaiting burial. Students, wearing simple costumes, are given pouches and cards supplying them with their own identities. (Example: "I must make enough so that I can buy a house for myself and my dear wife — Ebrahim IBU Ya' QUB al-Udi — Trader in odoriferous wood"). The tables offer gems in their natural and refined states, spices, and samples of various fabrics; young visitors can sample the products, collect them in their pouches, and grind various spices. In the comfy Maimonides' study, they can view excerpts from the philosopher's writings and letters; the Genizah section, meanwhile, offers fragments of sacred documents kids can put together. If inclined, they can also make their own deposit to the Genizah's legendary collection. The exhibition is tailored for students in grades 4-6.
Info: Where: Yeshiva University Museum, 15 West 16th Street (between Fifth and Sixth avenues) When: Through June 2004. Hours: Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Sunday, 11am-5pm How much: Adults, $6; seniors and students, $4; children ages 5-16, $4; under 5, FREE Info: (212) 294-8330; www.yumuseum.org Note: Although Traders on the Sea Routes is designed for school groups, the public can visit the exhibition with curator Michael Cohn on Sunday, November 16, FREE with museum admission. An educational facilitator will also be available to the public during the museum's Hanukkah Winter Spectacular, on December 25, from 11am-5pm. There is a separate charge for this event. — Joe Lugara
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Latvia and Estonia
Trip Start Jul 04, 2007
16Trip End Aug 10, 2007
Map your own trip!
Show trip route
Tallinna replaced the previously used official German name Reval (help·info) (Russian: Ревель) in 1918, when Estonia became independent. In the early 1920s the official spelling of the city name was changed from Tallinna to Tallinn, making the new name notable since Estonian-language place names generally end with a vowel (denoting genitive case)
The German and Swedish name Reval (Latin: Revalia, earlier Swedish language: Räffle) originated from the 13th century Estonian name of the adjacent Estonian county of Rävala. Other known ancient historical names of Tallinn include variations of Estonian Lindanise (see Battle of Lyndanisse), such as Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish, and Ledenets in Old East Slavic. Kesoniemi in Finnish and Kolyvan (Колывань) in Old East Slavic are also other historical names.
Tallinn is situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, in north central Estonia.
The largest lake in Tallinn is Lake Ülemiste (covers 9.6 km²)
A limestone cliff runs through the city. It is exposed, for instance, at Toompea and Lasnamäe. However, Toompea is not a part of the cliff, but a separate hill.
The highest point of Tallinn, at 64 meters above the sea level, is situated in the district of Nõmme, in the south-west of the city.
The length of the coastline is 46 kilometres. It comprises 3 bigger peninsulas: Kopli peninsula, Paljassaare peninsula and Kakumäe peninsula.
Dannebrog falling from the sky in the 1219 Battle of Lyndanisse
The historical Old TownThe southern coast of the Gulf of Finland is thought to have been settled by Finnic-speaking tribes already in the 2nd millennium BC
Supposedly, in 1154 Tallinn was marked on the world map of the Almoravid cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi.
As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and Northern Estonia started in 1219.
Viru Gate, entrance to the Old Town. One of two remaining towers that were once part of a larger gate system built in the 14th century
St. Olav's Church (Oleviste kirik), once the tallest in the world, is still the tallest building in TallinnIn 1285 the city became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League - a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities in Northern Europe. The Danes sold Tallinn along with their other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Medieval Tallinn enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between Western and Northern Europe and Russia
With the start of the Protestant Reformation the German influence became even stronger as the city was converted to Lutheranism. In 1561 Tallinn politically became a dominion of Sweden.
During the Great Northern War the Swedish troops based in Tallinn capitulated to Imperial Russia in 1710, but the local self-government institutions (Magistracy of Reval and Chivalry of Estonia) retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as the Duchy of Estonia. The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialization of the city and the port kept its importance. During the last decades of the century Russification measures became stronger.
On 24 February 1918, the Independence Manifesto was proclaimed in Tallinn, followed by Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia
During the 1980 Summer Olympics a regatta was held at Pirita, north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, like the hotel "Olümpia", the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Center, were built for the Olympics.
In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state was re-established and a period of quick development to a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on August 20, 1991.
Tallinn has historically consisted of three parts:
The Toompea (Domberg) or "Cathedral Hill", which was the seat of the central authority: first the Danish captains, then the komturs of the Teutonic Order, and Swedish and Russian governors. It was until 1877 a separate town (Dom zu Reval), the residence of the aristocracy; it is today the seat of the Estonian government and many embassies and residencies
The Old Town, which is the old Hanseatic town, the "city of the citizens", was not administratively united with Cathedral Hill until the late 19th century. It was the centre of the medieval trade on which it grew prosperous.
The Estonian town forms a crescent to the south of the Old Town, where the Estonians came to settle. It was not until the mid-19th century that ethnic Estonians replaced the local Baltic Germans as the majority amongst the residents of Tallinn.
Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm. The Tallinn Old Town (including Toompea) became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in 1997.
At the end of the 15th century a new 159 m high Gothic spire was built for St. Olav's Church. Between 1549 and 1625 it was the tallest building in the world. After several fires and following rebuilding, its overall height is now 123 m.
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Why Soy-Based Foods Need to be Eliminated for Natural Fertility
Soy is in everything. It’s also heavily sprayed with genetically modified organisms (GMO’s). Like corn, it’s a cheap cash crop. There is nothing cheap about you, so these foods are not recommended. The other thing is that soy is a hormone disruptor for both men and women. Avoid! Avoid! Avoid!
Soybeans contain such strong anti-nutrition factors that we strongly recommend that you check all products you buy for soy additives. Avoid the following soy-based products:
- Soy milk
- Soy-based meat substitute products
There is one exception. That is soy foods fermented using traditional methods. This won’t cause you harm and the first two are actually highly beneficial in this form.
- Organic soy sauce
Unfermented soy products contain phytoestrogens that are harmful to your body. They limit oxygen to your cells. Thousands of studies show the negative health consequences of soy. Dr. Kaayla Daniel’s book The Whole Soy Story highlight many of these, including:
- Digestive distress
- Immune-system breakdown
- Thyroid dysfunction
- Cognitive decline
- Heart disease
- Breast cancer
- Brain damage
- Infant abnormalities
- Thyroid disorders
- Kidney stones
- Immune system impairment
- Severe, potentially fatal, food allergies
- Reproductive disorders and impaired fertility
- Danger during pregnancy and nursing
Did you notice that second to last item in the above list? Yes, I bet you did! Avoid soy as part of your natural fertility program. Consider letting it go permanently except, perhaps, when you’re out for Japanese food at a restaurant. They generally ferment soy properly.
This topic is further expanded in Step 3 of The 8 Steps to Natural Fertility Your Doctor Doesn’t Know About.
You can download your free copy here.
- What Sources of Folic Acid Are Best For Fertility?
- Will A Vegetarian Diet Help You Get Pregnant?
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This report aims to understand digital childhoods, and what can be achieved through the Online Safety Bill to protect children online. The Children’s Commissioner’s Office (CCo) commissioned a survey of 2,005 children aged 8-17 and their parents. This survey is nationally representative of children in England, by age, gender and region. All statistics mentioned in this report are from this survey.
Building on Ofcom’s research into children’s media use and attitudes, this research makes several new contributions including a breakdown of children’s exposure to harmful content by type of content and platform, by FSM eligibility and by use of parental tools as well as a breakdown of the reasons why children don’t report harmful content to social media platforms and the response children receive to reporting harmful content. This report also presents new insights into parents' and children's attitudes to the role of age assurance in protecting children from harm on social media and messaging platforms. The Commissioner also requested information from six major tech firms – Apple, Google, Meta, Snap, TikTok and Twitter – on children’s use of their platforms. The companies have committed to continue sharing this data with the Children’s Commissioner on a six-monthly basis in recognition of her unique role in overseeing children’s rights and views.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://bettercarenetwork.org/library/social-welfare-systems/social-protection-policies-and-programmes/digital-childhoods-a-survey-of-children-and-parents
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Since taking part in a study trip to Tokyo (which prompted me to write another post on Japan and the concept of “civilian power”) over the summer, I’ve been thinking a lot about the role of collective memory in international relations in Asia. In Tokyo, where we spent a week in discussions with policymakers and analysts from all over Asia, we talked a lot about history and the role it plays in tensions between Asian countries. In particular, there is an ongoing dispute between China and Japan over the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the Nanking massacre in 1937. This is particularly important because it plays into the dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku islands, which the Chinese call the Diaoyu. There are also acrimonious disputes between Japan and Korea over issues such as the “comfort women” the Japanese forced into sexual slavery during World War II.
It seems to me that, in trying to understand the relationship between the past and present, the concept of collective memory is particularly useful. The concept was first developed by the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs in 1925 in his book On collective memory, which has since become one of the most important texts in memory studies. According to Halbwachs, memory is not simply given but actively constructed. Thus collective memory is always selective memory, which can be manipulated on the basis of the needs of the present. In this “presentist” view, the past is “useable”. This does not mean trauma is not real, but implies that history is also used and abused. Thus there is always a complicated two-way relationship between past and present: the past informs the present, but is also instrumentalised by it.
What the concept of collective memory means when applied to foreign policy is that while the past can act as a kind of constraint, it can also be mobilised by states in the pursuit of interests – as it seems to be in the context of the unresolved territorial disputes between various Asian countries. But if the past and present interact in this complex way, causality becomes ever harder to establish. Is foreign policy being driven by perceptions of the past? Or are policymakers using those perceptions in order to pursue other economic or strategic interests? Each case is complex. But it strikes me that this relationship between past and present works differently in China than elsewhere in Asia. In particular, it seems to me there are two reasons why a “presentist” view of memory is of particular in helping us understand Chinese foreign policy.
First, as an authoritarian state, China needs to use memory for legitimacy in a different way than democracies. The party-state seems to have begun to use history in the 1980s after it abandoned Communist ideology, the party’s previous source of legitimacy, and opened up the economy, especially to Japan – for example, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was opened in 1985. Since Tiananmen in 1989, the party seems to have intensified this instrumentalisation of memory – for example in 1991 it introduced “patriotic education” based on a nationalist reading of history. According to the historian Zheng Wang, the party decided “to use nationalism and patriotic education in order to strengthen [its] legitimacy as the ruling party and primary source of social cohesion”.
Second, and perhaps even more important, China is unique in that it apparently seeks regional hegemony. In this context, it has territorial claims that go far beyond the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – the piece of international law that covers maritime disputes. In fact, China claims the area enclosed by the “nine-dash line” – in effect the entire South China Sea – and the Senkaku islands in the East China Sea (some in China even claim Okinawa!). China wants these territories for strategic and economic reasons – in other words because of hard interests. But since international law does not sustain these claims, the only basis for them is history. Thus China has a particular geopolitical need to instrumentalise memory that sets it apart from other countries in Asia – both democracies and other authoritarian states.
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https://hanskundnani.com/2015/01/14/memory-and-security-in-asia/
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Contents: Section 1
1. What is Cloud ?
2. What is Cloud Computing ?
What is not Cloud computing ?
4. Concepts associated with Cloud Computing : Utility computing andVirtualization.
5. Architectures and types of Cloud ?
6. What are IaaS , PaaS in Cloud Computing Terminology ?
7. What is SaaS and Is it different from Cloud Computing ?
8. Special Focus on Map Reduce Framework and Cloud Computing .
9. What is out there in IT Industry relating to Cloud Computing ?
Contents: Section 2
1. Study and Hands On Of Amazon EC2 .
2. Study and Hands On Of Google Of App Engine .
3. Study and Hands On Of Open Source IaaS Packages: Eucalyptus , OpenStack.
4. Study and Hands On Of Open Source PaaS Package: AppScale.
5. Demo: Apache Map Reduce.
Click here to Register Online !!
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http://www.cyberjungle.org/2013/
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| 0.72432 | 202 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Amelioration of Mycotoxicosis in Poultry
Buffalo Nutrition Division
ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001 (Haryana)
The term “mycotoxin” is derived from “mykes” meaning fungi and “toxicon” meaning poison which are produced by moulds. There are over 200 species of moulds that produce mycotoxins. Mycotoxins produce a variety of diseases called “mycotoxicosis”. Analysis of animal feed and feed ingredients samples worldwide has indicated that mycotoxins are commonly prevalent in majority of feed ingredients. The research says that in most cases, mycotoxicosis is chronic and caused by low-level ingestion of fungal metabolites, resulting in measurable decline in performance and the occurrence of nonspecific changes, including subcutaneous haemorrhage in birds and immunosuppression.
The analytical data also indicated that mycotoxin contaminated feeds commonly contain more than just a single mycotoxin which could be due to single mould producing more than one mycotoxin on a single commodity, or different moulds producing separate mycotoxins at the same time on a single commodity or different commodities each contaminated with a separate mycotoxin used to prepare a feed. Aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FUM), trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and T-2 toxin are some of the mycotoxins affecting poultry production. Thus, mycotoxins can affect the animals either individually, additively or synergistically in the presence of more than one mycotoxin, and may affect various organs such as gastrointestinal tract, liver, and immune system, essentially resulting in reduced productivity of the birds and mortality in extreme cases.
The economic losses associated with mycotoxins include poor growth, reduced egg production, reduced feed conversion, increased morbidity and mortality, carcass condemnation poor egg shell quality, reduced fertility, leg problems and increased susceptibility to disease. However, the degree of losses depends upon the concentration, type and interaction of mycotoxins as well as the nutritional plane of the birds. It is therefore, imperative to ameliorate the ill effects of mycotoxicosis in various avian species. This communication is based on various experiments carried out by the author.
Detoxification of mycotoxins: When the poultry farmer suspects that feed is contaminated with mycotoxins he can use the mycotoxin detoxifying agents. One way of reducing the mycotoxin exposure to animal is to decrease their bioavailability by including various mycotoxin adsorbing agents in the compound feed. These mycotoxin adsorbing agents are also called binding agents, adsorbents or binders. They should be able to bind the mycotoxins in contaminated feed without dissociating in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. In this way the toxin-adsorbing agent complex passes through the animal and is excreted through faeces, thus, preventing or minimizing mycotoxin exposure of animal. Mycotoxin adsorbing agents such as HSCAS (Hydrated Sodium and Calcium Aluminosilicate), bentonites, montmorillonites, diatomaceous earth, etc. can be used for this purpose. Another way is the degradation of mycotoxins into non-toxic metabolites by the use of biotransforming agents. The use of enzymes that transform mycotoxins is also prevalent. These enzymes are incorporated in to the feed and biotransform mycotoxins in to derived compounds within the animal, which the animal later eliminates through urine and feces. In some cases, these animal derived compounds can be less toxic or not toxic at all, compared to the original mycotoxin.
Detoxification by use of inorganic binders: In the process of understanding impact of aflatoxicosis, it revealed that a dietary concentration of 300 ppb aflatoxin B1 impaired the performance in terms of body weight gain, feed intake, and utilization efficiency of feed, energy and protein, and also suppressed both cell mediated and humoral immunity in broiler chickens during 0-6 weeks of age. Aflatoxicosis resulted in atrophy of bursa of Fabricius, hypertrophy of liver and histopathological changes in liver characterized by marked destruction of hepatic cords, dilatation and congestion of central veins, mild adenomatous necrotic foci and mild to moderate deposition of fats in the hepatic parenchyma. Diatomaceous earth, sodium bentonite and zeolite at 0.5 or 1% level, alone or in combination, were partially efficacious in ameliorating the adverse effects of 300 ppb aflatoxin B1. Among these three binders tested, diatomaceous earth appeared to be the least efficacious in ameliorating aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens.
Addition of diatomaceous earth at 0.2% level to 0.5 and 1.0 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed for 35 days, revealed significant improvement characterized by decreased severity of lesions in lymphoid organs of broiler chickens. Also, addition of 0.2% diatomaceous earth can be effectively used to reduce the histotoxic effects of aflatoxin on lymphoid organs in broiler chickens. Inclusion of activated charcoal (200 ppm) to the 0.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed provided protection against harmful effects of aflatoxin on performance and biochemistry of broiler chickens. Inclusion of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) @ 0.5% to the 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed for 21 days, resulted in lowered aflatoxin residues in livers and kidneys of birds fed AFB1 plus HSCAS when compared with birds fed AFB1 alone. The decrease in the bioavailability of AFB1 caused by the HSCAS reduced aflatoxin residues in liver and kidney, However, addition of HSCAS could not completely prevent the toxic effects of AFB1 in broiler chickens. In another study, HSCAS addition at 0.5 and 1.0% levels to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed moderately ameliorated the negative effects of aflatoxin on performance and biochemical parameters in quails. Inclusion of 0.5% HSCAS to aflatoxin (0.5 and 1.0 ppm) containing feed diminished the effects of aflatoxin on performance, relative organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters associated with 0.5 ppm aflatoxin in turkeys. The addition of 0.5% HSCAS significantly recovered the growth inhibitory effects caused by 2.5 ppm aflatoxin. The increases in relative organ weights and the decreases in serum biochemical values caused by aflatoxin were significantly alleviated to differing degrees by HSCAS and HSCAS was found to be protective against the effects of aflatoxin in young growing broilers.
Addition of HSCAS (Milbond-TX @ 1.0%) to aflatoxin (4.0 ppm) contaminated feed improved the performance, changes in organ weights, serum chemistry changes, and gross pathology observed in chicks fed aflatoxin. HSCAS also effectively reduced the incidence and severity of the hepatic and renal histopathology changes associated with aflatoxicosis. Incorporation of HSCAS and yeast cell wall component with two doses (0.1 and 0.2%) to aflatoxin (1.0 and 2.0 ppm) contaminated feed provided significant improvements by adding of HSCAS and less improvements by yeast cell wall components in performance, biochemistry and histopathology changes associated with aflatoxicosis.
Addition of 1.0% synthetic zeolite to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed significantly diminished the adverse effects of aflatoxin on performance and reduced the incidence and severity of hepatic histopathology lesions caused by aflatoxin in broiler chickens. Supplementation of 0.5% synthetic zeolite to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin containing feed resulted in significantly improved the adverse effects of aflatoxin on performance, hematology and biochemistry in broiler chickens. Inclusion of nanozeolite (0.25- 1.0%) into aflatoxin (500 ppb) contaminated feed significantly diminished the toxic effects of aflatoxin on performance and biochemistry in broiler chickens. Incorporation of sodium bentonite (@ 0.3%) to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet provided significant improvements in liver histopatholgy and biochemistry. Supplementation of natural bentonite (0.3%) to aflatoxin contaminated (30-135 ppb) broiler diet reduced the severity of hepatic histopathology changes associated with aflatoxicosis. Sodium bentonite partially neutralized the effects of 3.0 ppm aflatoxin when included at 0.5% in the diet of broiler chickens. Supplementation of SB at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% levels to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated diet significantly ameliorated the deleterious effect of aflatoxin on humoral immunity. SB also improved the adverse effects of aflatoxin on performance and hematology and carry-over of aflatoxin from feed to eggs. In another study, addition of sodium bentonite at 0.3% level to 5.0 ppm aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet significantly improved the adverse effects of aflatoxin on performance, biochemistry and gross and histopathology of liver.
Supplementation of 2.0% clinoptilolite (CLI) to broiler diet containing 0.5 ppm aflatoxin ameliorated the toxic effect of aflatoxin and CLI provided significant improvement against aflatoxin toxicity in performance, biochemistry and liver histopathology. However, addition of CLI at 2.0% level to layer diet contaminated with 2.5 ppm aflatoxin provided no improvement in egg quality. Addition of CLI at 1.5 and 2.5% levels to broiler diet containing 2.5 ppm aflatoxin provided significant improvement in performance of broilers. Addition of 1.5% CLI also ameliorated the toxic effects of aflatoxin on hematology and biochemistry and reduced the number of affected broilers and the severity of gross and histopathological lesions caused by aflatoxicosis. CLI (1.5%) addition into broiler diet contaminated with lower levels of aflatoxin (50 and 100 ppb) significantly diminished the negative effect of aflatoxin on performance of broilers. Addition of 1.5% CLI also improved the changes in gross and histopathology of target organs and humoral immunity associated with aflatoxicosis. Addition of sodic montmorillonite (@ 0.25 and 0.5%) to aflatoxin (5.0 ppm) contaminated diet provided partial improvements in the biochemical changes associated with aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Inclusion of 0.5% montmorilonite clay into 4.0 ppm aflatoxin contaminated diet provided significant protection on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and the relative organ weight associated with aflatoxicosis in broilers.
Detoxification by use of organic binders: Use of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (at the rate 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%) and their combination ameliorated the effect of aflatoxin partially or completely in dose dependent manner. The 0.2% level of MOS and SC is more effective than 0.05% and 0.1% level in counteracting the 300 ppb of aflatoxin in the feed. Inclusion of 0.1% MOS to 2.0 ppm aflatoxin containing feed significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of aflatoxin on performance of quails. Supplementation of MOS (@ 0.11%) to 2.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed decreased the gastrointestinal absorption of aflatoxin and its level in tissues in laying birds. Incorporation of 0.1% esterified glucomannan (EGM) to feed containing 2 ppm aflatoxin significantly ameliorated the toxic effects of aflatoxin on hematology and biochemistry. Addition of 0.1% EGM also reduced the number of affected broilers and the severity of lesions in the target organs caused by aflatoxin in broiler chickens. Inclusion of EGM at 0.05% and 0.1% levels to aflatoxin (60 and 120 ppb) contaminated diet resulted in significant improvements in performance, histopathology and leg deformity caused by aflatoxicosis. Addition of 0.05% EGM also removed the adverse effects of 100 ppb aflatoxin on serum biochemistry in ducklings. Inclusion of EGM at 0.05 and 0.1% levels to 100 ppb aflatoxin contaminated feed was effective in reduction of AFB1-induced hepatic injury in ducklings. Inclusion of EGM (0.1%), SB (0.5%) and humic acid (0.2-1%) to 254 ppb aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet ameliorated the toxic effect of aflatoxin against humoral immunity. The addition of EGM, SB and humic acid to the aflatoxin contaminated diet ameliorated the negative effects of aflatoxin on ND antibody titers, but humic acid proved to be more efficacious in ameliorating the detrimental effect of aflatoxin on humoral immunity against ND. EGM is effective in counteracting the adverse effects of mycotoxins, including T-2 toxin. Addition of 0.05% EGM to a naturally contaminated feed effectively alleviated the growth depression caused by the contaminated diet. Incorporation of EGM (0.1%) into aflatoxin contaminated (300 ppb) broiler diet significantly decreased the detrimental effects of aflatoxin on performance parameters, biochemistry and organ morphology. Incorporation of EGM at 0.025%, 0.5% and 0.1% level to 300 ppb aflatoxin contaminated feed for 42 days, resulted in partial improvement in feed efficiency in broiler chickens. Dietary EGM reduced cost of feeding. Among the various treatments, 0.1% of EGM addition gave the best results. Addition of EGM (0.1%) and HSCAS (@ 1%) to 2 ppm aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet provided significant improvements in performance and relative organ weights associated with aflatoxicosis. Incorporation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract (SCE) to aflatoxin (1.2 ppm) contaminated broiler diet and drinking water for 28 d, resulted in positive preventive effects on the relative weight of the liver, histopathology, production performance and biochemical parameters. Inclusion of 0.1% yeast cell wall into 250 and 500 ppb aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet was found to be effective in preventing the detrimental effects of aflatoxin on broiler performance. Incorporation of SCE (@ 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 2.5%) in the quail diet containing 0.5 ppm aflatoxin suppressed the aflatoxicosis in quail tissues leading to improvement of growth performances and enhancement of expression levels of neural and gonadal genes. However, supplementation of 0.5% SCE and 0.75% natural zeolite to broiler diet contaminated with 1 ppm aflatoxin showed that addition of 0.75% zeolite did not reduce any of the adverse effects, whereas, supplemention of SCE moderately ameliorated the effects in respect of performance and biochemistry. Addition of SCE at 0.2% level to 2 ppm aflatoxin contaminated quail diet significantly recovered the deleterious effects of aflatoxin on performance, egg production and egg weight. The addition of 0.2% SCE also provided significant improvements in hatchability and fertility of quails. In another study addition of SCE at 0.1% level to 2 ppm aflatoxin contaminated quail diet significantly reduced the effect of aflatoxin on performance. Addition of SCE at 0.1% level to 100 ppb aflatoxin contaminated quail diet partially ameliorated the ill effects of aflatoxin on performance of quails. Added 0.1% yeast (P. kudriavzevii) to AFB1 (100 ppb) contaminated broiler diet for 21 days, was effective in ameliorating the adverse effects of aflatoxin on production performance of broiler chickens. In another study, incorporation of glucan derived from yeast cell wall (YCW) at 0.2% level into 1.0 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed partially ameliorated the detrimental effects of aflatoxin on performance and egg quality. In one of the studies, experimentally induced ochratoxicosis with 200 ppb ochratoxin resulted in reduced production performance, enlargement of liver, regression of bursa, decreased total protein, haemoglobin and increased level of uric acid, creatinine, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and H/L ratio and immuno-suppression. Inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.1% level to the ochratoxin contaminated diet ameliorated the ill effects of 200 ppb ochratoxin on production performance, relative weight of liver and bursa, serum protein, uric acid, creatinine, haemoglobin, ALP, SGPT, SGOT, H/L ratio and immune response of broiler chickens during 0-6 weeks of age. Also, dietary level of 0.1% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ochratoxin contaminated diet improved the welfare aspects like growth, feed intake, H/L ratio, immunity and health of stressed birds. However, inclusion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0.05 or 0.1%) in basal diet did not prove beneficial. Supplementation of silymarin (is known to have antioxidant) at the rate of 0.05% to 1.5 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed for 60 days in quails, was not able to mitigate the negative effect of aflatoxin on the metabolism and production performance of laying quails.
Detoxification by use of miscellaneous detoxifying agents: During aflatoxicosis the protein level of the new or changed diet should be increased to 25 to 30%. Alternatively 1 to 2 kg methionine and 1.5 kg lysine hydrochloride may be supplemented per ton of feed with normal protein content. Supplementation of DL-Methionine (DLM) at 500 ppm or methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) at 769 ppm level in 500 ppb aflatoxin contaminated diet ameliorated the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in Japanese quails. Both supplementation of DLM at 500 ppm and MHA at 769 ppm level in aflatoxin contaminated diet were equally efficacious in ameliorating the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in growing Japanese quails. Fats and oil are beneficial in reducing aflatoxicosis and improving energy value of feed. Supplementation of selenium @ 2 to 3g, vegetable oil @ 10-20 kg with 300 g Choline chloride and 1 gram of vitamin E per tonne of feed is beneficial. Water-soluble vitamins and vitamin A should be added twice of the amount of required level. Supplementation of ascorbic acid @ 300 mg/kg diet is beneficial to counteract some of the adverse effects (viz. depressed egg production and electrolyte imbalances) of ochratoxin in laying hens under normal as well as elevated ambient temperature, at which ochratoxin is more toxic. Synthetic antioxidant like butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) inclusion in the diet of broiler chickens at 1000 ppm level provided moderate protection against the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. In another study, aflatoxicosis caused by 250 ppb level of dietary aflatoxin resulted in depression of growth, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency; enlargement of liver, regression of bursa, decreased total protein, cholesterol, uric acid, and increased level of SGPT and SGOT activity. Inclusion of choline to the 250 ppb aflatoxin contaminated feed partially ameliorated the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis on production performance, organ weights and blood biochemistry in broiler chickens. Herbal mixture containing Acacia catechu 25%, Phylanthus niruri 40%, Andrographis paniculata 25% and base material 10% @ 0.5 to 0.75 kg per ton reduces the effect of aflatoxicosis. Supplementation of vitamin A (15.000 IU) to 100 ppb aflatoxin contaminated feed partially decreased the negative effects of aflatoxin on performance, biochemistry and pathology in quails. Addition of conjugated linoleic acid at 0.2 and 0.4% levels to aflatoxin (200 and 300 ppb) contaminated feed resulted in partial improvement in performance and biochemical parameters. CLA also diminished the detrimental effects of aflatoxin on liver pathology in broilers. Inclusion of 0.35% humic acid and 0.35% dried brewer yeast into aflatoxin (1 and 2 ppm) containing feed provided partial improvement in performance, hematology and biochemistry associated with aflatoxin toxicity in broiler chickens. Humic acid was found to be more efficacious than brewer yeast in ameliorating the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Incorporation of Ca propionate at 0.25 and 0.5% levels to 100 ppb aflatoxin contaminated diet appeared to be effective in reducing toxicity of aflatoxin on performance and hepatic enzyme activities in broilers. Supplementation of Curcuma longa at 1% level to the 1 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed for 42 d, partially reversed the oxidative stress in broiler chickens. However, C. longa significantly improved the antioxidant status in induced aflatoxicosis and partially protected against the cytotoxic effects of AFB1 in broiler chickens. Turmeric powder (0.5%) and HSCAS (0.5%) to 1 ppm aflatoxin contaminated broiler diet and the adsorbents demonstrated protective action in the deleterious effect of aflatoxin on performance, biochemistry, antioxidant functions and histopathology. Ammonia treatment to broiler diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm aflatoxin provided significant improvements in performance and hematology of broiler chickens. Addition of Na-selenite @ 0.4 ppm into the 300 ppb aflatoxin contaminated feed for 21 days, could effectively inhibit AFB1– induced apoptosis and cell cycle blockage in renal cells of broiler chickens. EGM prevented the Fusarium mycotoxin-induced alterations in haematology, serum chemistry and biliary IgA concentration. However, addition of 0.5% zeolite in the diet did not diminish the adverse effects of T-2 toxin and DAS on performance of broilers. The ill effects of 1.0 ppm DAS on feed intake and body weight were counteracted by dietary supplementation of 0.75 or 1.5 g/kg of the Eubacterium-based product. Supplementation of additional zinc at 40 ppm diet (total 80mg/kg diet) to the aflatoxin contaminated diet ameliorated the ill effects of 250 ppb aflatoxin on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, relative weight of liver, spleen and bursa, blood protein and uric acid, haemoglobin, SGPT, SGOT, H/L ratio and immune response of broiler chickens during 0-6 weeks of age. Addition of methionine 0.1% above the NRC recommendation in starting (total 0.6% Met) and finishing diet (total 0.48% Met) in the aflatoxin contaminated diet improved the production performance, relative weight of liver, spleen and bursa, blood biochemical and haematological parameters and immune response during 0-6 weeks age of broiler chickens in experimentally induced with aflatoxicosis (250 ppb). Dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid (AA) at 250 and 500 ppm; and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at 1000 and 2000 ppm levels provided partial amelioration of aflatoxicosis caused by 1 ppm total aflatoxin in broiler chickens. BHA was more efficacious than AA in ameliorating the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Also, inclusion of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 1000 ppm level in the 1 ppm aflatoxin contaminated feed provided moderate protection against the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. In another study, addition of vitamin E (200 mg/kg) to the ochratoxin contaminated diet improved the production performance, relative weight of liver and bursa, blood biochemical, haematological parameters and immune response during 0-6 weeks age of broiler chickens in experimentally induced ochratoxicosis caused by 200 ppb of dietary ochratoxin. Supplementation of 200 mg/kg vitamin E above the requirement of birds during ochratoxicosis resulted in welfare of birds. However, supplementation of vitamin E (100 or 200 mg/kg) in basal diet did not prove beneficial. Ochratoxin in feed increased the requirement of dietary vitamin E. In another study, Ochratoxin contamination at the rate of 150 ppb in the feed impaired the production performance assessed through body weight gain, feed intake, feed utilization efficiency and survivability in broiler chicken during 0-6 weeks of age. Experimentally induced ochratoxicosis with 150 ppb ochratoxin level resulted in increased relative weight of liver, decreased relative weight of bursa, thymus, decreased total protein, cholesterol, haemoglobin and increased uric acid, creatinine, ALP, SGOT, SGPT level and H/L ratio in blood. Induced ochratoxicosis resulted in suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immunity during 0-6 weeks of age in broiler chickens. Ochratoxicosis resulted in severe outer tubular degeneration with rupture of basement membrane, heterophils infiltration with MNCs infiltration, focal severe necrosis of tubular epithelium, hyperplasia of tubular epithelium and interstitial inflammation in kidney. Liver sample showed cell necrosis, mild to moderate fatty changes, vacuolar change in hepatocytes, and some area fibrosed and some amount of glycogen infiltration in hepatocytes. Inclusion of S. cerevisiae at 0.1% level along with 100 mg vit.E per kg diet or S. cerevisiae at 0.075% level along with 200 mg vit.E per kg diet to the ochratoxin (150 ppb) contaminated feed ameliorated the adverse effects of ochratoxicosis during 0-6 weeks of age in broiler chickens. The feed-cost per unit gain reduced on supplementation of S. cerevisiae at 0.1% level along with 100 mg vit.E per kg ochratoxin contaminated diet but could not be compensated due to additional cost of additives. Another study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and their interaction in terms of genes expression, gut health, patho-physiology and growth performance; and to evaluate the efficacy of MOS and butyric acid salt, and their combination in combating toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in broiler chickens. Dietary addition of both AFB1 and OTA affected overall performance, relative organ weight, blood-biochemicals, cellular architecture of liver, intestine and kidney, gut morphometry and immunity of broiler chickens. OTA was more toxic than AFB1 as assessed through growth performance (BWG, FI and FCR), immunity and gut morphometry. Synergistic relation existed between OTA and AFB1 when both mycotoxins were given simultaneously in the diet of broiler chickens. The relative expression of gene EH was decreased in AFB1, OTA and their combination however expression was less pronounced for OTA. Genes for growth IGF-1 was down regulated in all toxin fed groups but more pronounced for OTA. Addition of AFB1, OTA and their combination had no effect on ornithine decarboxylase gene which was responsible for cell proliferation (carcinogenesis). MOS at both levels (0.15 and 0.3%), and NaB at 500 mg/kg diet was proved beneficial in reducing both AFB1 and OTA toxicity partially, while the combination of 0.3% MOS+500 mg/kg NaB was effective in counteracting their toxic effect maximally, as accessed through growth, immunity and gut morphometry. There was progressive improvement in genes linked with growth (IGF) and antioxidant property (GST) and inflammation related genes (IL-10 and TLR-2) were not stimulated due to dietary supplementation of MOS. Combination of 0.3% MOS+500 mg/kg NaB in diet is beneficial to counteract the ill effects of both aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A rather using MOS or NaB alone in 300 ppb AFB1+250 ppb OTA contaminated feed in broiler chickens.
Processing of contaminated feeds for aflatoxin inactivation: The physical and chemical treatments, found useful for inactivation of aflatoxins in contaminated feeds or ingredients includes:
i. Raising the moisture levels up to 20% and autoclaving at 5 PSI for one hour followed by drying in an oven at 80°C with or without addition of sodium hydroxide (15 g per kg).
ii. Agitation of feed with Ca (OH)2 @ 2% followed by addition of formaldehyde at 15% moisture followed by autoclaving at 15 PSI for half an hour and drying.
iii. Ensiling after addition of liquor ammonia (6%, v/w) at 20% moisture for 20 days followed by drying at 35°C in an oven. However, the feasibility of such processing methods has not reached to the farmers’ door. Moreover, such processing methods may not be suitable for poultry feeds. Therefore, the best way of using contaminated feeds are accurate estimation of contents for different mycotoxins for the determination of the safe incorporation of such feeds in compounded feeds.
Formulation of Mycotoxin binders: Based on a decade’s intensive research efforts on management of mycotoxicosis in poultry, two mycotoxin binders namely Mycodetox B1 and Mycodetox B2 were formulated. The Mycodetox B1 contained sodium bentonite (20.69%), zeolite (27.59%), activated charcoal (6.90%) mannan oligosaccharide (13.79%), methionine (17.24%), butylated hydroxytoluene (3.35%) and choline (10.34%). The Mycodetox B2 formulated consisted of sodium bentonite (30.30%), zeolite (30.30%), MOS (15.15%), methionine (18.94%), butylated hydroxyanisole (3.74%) and Zinc (1.52%). Mycodetox B1 at the rate of 145 and Mycodetox B2 at the rate of 132g per quintal of feed were added. Both the binders were tested in various avian species for their efficacy in ameliorating mycotoxicosis and were able to completely ameliorate the mycotoxicosis. Both the binders were equally efficacious in ameliorating mycotoxicosis in poultry.
Thus, various mycotoxin detoxifying agents are used to ameliorate mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxin detoxifying agents such as zeolite, activated charcoal, sodium bentonite, mannan oligosaccharides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methionine, choline, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and zinc can be effectively used in combating deleterious effects of mycotoxicosis in poultry. In literature these detoxifying agents have been named as mycotoxin enterosorbents, binders, sequestrants, adsorbents, toxin sorbents, mycotoxin degrading agents etc. The two mycotoxin binders namely, Mycodetox B1 and Mycodetox B2 formulated based on a decade’s research and tested in various avian species completely ameliorated the ill effects of mycotoxicosis in poultry.
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<urn:uuid:e2472c50-434b-450e-a2d1-edacd9b61a95>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://thepoultrypunch.com/2020/03/amelioration-of-mycotoxicosis-in-poultry/
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en
| 0.922887 | 6,920 | 3.125 | 3 |
Sidonglobophobia is the fear of cotton balls. It is also called Bambakophobia where Bambaki stands for cotton in Greek while phobos means deep dread or fear.
‘Normal’ people might laugh at those who are afraid of cotton balls. However for a Sidonglobophobic individual, this phobia can actually ruin one’s life. People afraid of cotton balls simply cannot open their own mail, medicine bottles or even use a Q-tip. They tend to start crying or experience a full blown panic attack at the sight or image of cotton balls. Many are afraid of the sound made by cotton or plastic foams that are used for wrapping delicate or fragile items. Sidonglobophobia is a sensory phobia affecting a handful of people around the world. It is believed that Michael Jackson had suffered from Sidonglobophobia.
Let us study Sidonglobophobia or the fear of cotton balls in detail.
Causes of fear of cotton balls
Most sufferers of Sidonglobophobia have been afraid of cotton balls or plastic foams for as long as they can remember. However, experts agree that, like other phobias, this fear mostly develops in the childhood owing to some negative or traumatic experience that is remotely connected to cotton balls.
Cotton balls often resemble eggs of creatures like lizards, cockroaches and other creepy crawlers such as snakes etc. To a child’s imaginative mind, they might indicate impending danger. Their mind then recalls this fear response each time they encounter cotton balls, plastic foams or other stressful situations.
For unknown reasons, the fear of cotton balls is prevalent in the islands of the South pacific where many natives are known to suffer from it. Thanks to globalization, cotton balls have reached in many remote places through packaged deliveries of popular American products.
It is not known which, but certain part of the brain might be responsible for the phobia.
Symptoms of Sidonglobophobia
As in case of other sensory phobias, the fear of cotton balls also produces a plethora of physical and mental symptoms.
Physical symptoms include:
- Crying, screaming hysterically, trying to flee from the place
- Refusal to open medicine bottles, packaged mail or touch a Q-tip. Some even refuse to wear certain types of cotton clothes
- Hyperventilating, breathing rapidly or having an elevated heart rate.
- Getting nauseous
- Goosebumps, disgust response
- Full blown panic or anxiety attack
Mental symptoms include:
- Thoughts of death or dying
- Constant movie like images of cotton balls everywhere replay in the phobic’s mind
Treating the fear of cotton balls phobia
Hypnotism is known to treat the fear of cotton balls. This therapy can get to the root of the phobia and helps the sufferer rationalize the fear.
Gradual exposure or desensitization therapy is also proven to help Sidonglobophobic individuals. However, this treatment should be carried out only under expert supervision and in gradual steps, which includes showing images of cotton balls or plastic foams to the phobic until he can progress to touching them without having a panic attack. Friends and family members must also be sensitive to the fear of the suffering individual. Phobias are serious and one should support the sufferers rather than laughing or teasing them about it.
Self help books, online support communities and forums, psychiatric help, meditation and positive visualization are some other forms of overcoming Sidonglobophobia. As a last resort, brain surgery or drugs and medication may be used to overcome the fear of cotton balls phobia.
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<urn:uuid:27579e51-0bfb-4835-a6f1-053b7da5fde5>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.fearof.net/fear-of-cotton-balls-phobia-sidonglobophobia/?replytocom=70660
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00217.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939451 | 756 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Synchronised swimming grew as a sport from ornamental swimming and theatrical water ballets of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. In the early days, male swimmers performed round-dances in the water as a swimming art form, decorated with garlands or Chinese lanterns. In 1891, the Royal Life Saving Society of Great Britain (RLSS) published a handbook for swimmers encouraging “ornamental swimming” or “scientific swimming”.
The sport developed from life saving and swimming techniques and the first contests, held in 1891 in Berlin and 1892 in London, were for men. However, artistic swimming became accepted as better suited to women because they were more buoyant, especially in the legs, and able to better make pictures with their bodies on the surface of the water.
Australian Annette Kellerman (p37) was described as the first under-water ballerina when she performed in a glass tank at the New York Hippodrome in 1907. A group of women opened the German national swimming championships in Leipzig in 1921 with an exhibition of figure swimming but the main impulse came from Canada. In 1924, in a world first, the Quebec provincial championship for figure and stroke competition, limited to women, was held in Montreal, with the figures taken from the scientific swimming section of the RLSS handbook. Top Canadian diver and water polo player Margaret (Peg) Sellers played a pioneering role and, two years later, won the first official national championship in performing figures and strokes.
The sport had also caught on in the United States, where Katherine (Kay) Curtis, who had already experimented with water stunts as a student at the University of Wisconsin, started a water ballet club at the University of Chicago in 1923. At about the same time, Gertrude Goss introduced rhythmic swimming at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where she was an associate professor. Curtis took a shoal of 60 swimmers dubbed the Modern Mermaids to perform in the lagoon at the 1934 World Fair in Chicago. It was there that the term “synchronised swimming” was first introduced to a big audience by the announcer, Norman Ross, Olympic freestyle champion in the 400m and 1,500m in 1920 (p72). The popularity of water ballet soared to its theatrical zenith with film star Esther Williams, a US freestyle champion who performed at the San Francisco World Fair in 1940 – the year the first synchronised swimming competition was held in the United States. “Aquacades” also involved the likes of Johnny Weissmuller (p74), Buster Crabbe (p84) and Eleanor Holm. Williams went on to make a succession of hugely popular “aqua musicals”, exposing a burgeoning sport to the world. In Europe, the German Kaethe Jacobi introduced competition in floating patterns with her Isar-Nixen (Isar Mermaids) in Munich in 1934.
Meanwhile, the sport that became known as synchronised swimming grew increasingly technical and athletic, with music accompanying the routines. Synchronised swimming sought a place in the Olympics and featured as a demonstration sport from 1952 to 1968. The sport joined the FINA stable with the 1952 adoption of rules in accordance with proposals from Canada, the USA and Argentina, countries where ‘ornamental’ and ‘figure’ swimming had caught the public’s imagination. However, a 1952 Peruvian proposal to ask the IOC for Olympic status was rejected.
The United States and Canada also demonstrated the sport at the first Pan-American Games in Buenos Aires in 1951 and synchronised swimming celebrated its first official international competition appearance at the next Pan-American Games in Mexico in 1955. It featured solo, duet and team events, and the US swept all three titles. Marion Kane played a major role as founder and coach of the San Francisco Merionettes and as a promoter of the sport in its bid for a place on the world stage. The sport received further recognition in 1967 when Pam Morris of the Merionettes, the nation’s first triple champion in 1965, became the first synchronised swimmer to be inducted in the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
Synchronised swimming entered global competition, with the United States, Canada and Japan competing at the inaugural FINA World Championships in Belgrade in 1973. It finally took its place as a full Olympic sport in 1984 at the Los Angeles Games.
The pages of this section are extract from the FINA Centenary Book, by Craig Lord, published in 2008 for the occasion of the 100 Years of FINA. If you are interessted in the historical backgroud of aquatic sports, you can acquire this book in our shop (>> GO TO SHOP )
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<urn:uuid:136ca065-f001-491b-91de-b1a6d5ced3ee>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=908&Itemid=572
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663637.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00386-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.969962 | 986 | 3 | 3 |
The clinical spectrum of respiratory syncytial virus disease in The Gambia
UNSPECIFIED. (1998) The clinical spectrum of respiratory syncytial virus disease in The Gambia. PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL, 17 (3). pp. 224-230. ISSN 0891-3668Full text not available from this repository.
Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a well-recognized cause of lower respiratory tract infections in early childhood in industrialized countries, but less is known about RSV infection in developing countries. Methods. Four outbreaks of RSV infection that occurred between 1993 and 1996 in The Gambia, West Africa, were studied, RSV was sought by immunofluorescent staining of nasopharyngeal aspirate samples among young children who presented with respiratory infections at three hospitals in the Western Region of the country. Results. Five hundred seventy-four children with RSV infection were identified. The median ages of children seen in 1993 through 1996 were 3, 7, 8 and 5 months, respectively. Sixty-two percent of children <6 months old were boys. Thirteen children (2.4%) had conditions considered to increase the risk of severe RSV infection. On physical examination crepitations were heard in 80% of the children admitted to hospital, whereas wheezes were heard in only 39%. Eighty (16%) children received oxygen because of hypoxemia. Nine of 255 blood cultures (3.5%) were positive: 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae; 2 Haemophilus influenzae type b; 2 Staphylococcus aureus; and 1 Enterobacter agglomerans. Thirteen children died (2.4%), During the 4 study years 90, 25, 75 and 95% of isolates typed were RSV Subgroup A, respectively. Conclusions. RSV is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children in The Gambia, causing epidemics of bronchiolitis. It poses a significant burden on the health system, especially through the demand for supplementary oxygen. The clinical spectrum of RSV disease in The Gambia is similar to that seen in developed countries; concomitant bacterial infections are uncommon.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QR Microbiology > QR180 Immunology
Q Science > QR Microbiology > QR355 Virology
R Medicine > RJ Pediatrics
|Journal or Publication Title:||PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL|
|Publisher:||LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS|
|Number of Pages:||7|
|Page Range:||pp. 224-230|
Actions (login required)
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<urn:uuid:1ed82244-5c7a-4d20-9755-f131a7bb5d22>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/15938/
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| 0.9054 | 585 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The current study compares simultaneous vs. successive bilingualism through a mixed-method research design with four four-year-old Korean-English bilingual children who were born and raised in the USA. Two simultaneous bilinguals were exposed to Korean and English from birth, whereas two successive bilinguals were exposed to Korean from birth, but to English between 18 and 24 months. Three direct assessment tasks (i.e. narrative, vocabulary, and syntax tasks) were used to assess children's multiple language domains in both Korean and English. A caregiver report supplemented direct testing. Findings indicate the simultaneous bilinguals often performed better in English than in Korean, whereas the successive bilinguals often scored higher in Korean than in English, but with some exceptions. For instance, one simultaneous bilingual demonstrated high Korean grammar performance even superior to successive bilinguals. Results suggest that simultaneous bilinguals do not necessarily differ from successive bilinguals solely due to the timing of language exposure; this could be due to varied language experiences. Furthermore, children's varying performances on each task indicate that bilinguals' language subskills develop differently, sometimes referred to as bilingual profile effects. Findings have implications for defining simultaneous vs. successive bilingual acquisition, challenging views that age of exposure alone differentiates bilingual children significantly.
Early Childhood Education
Dual Language Programs
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<urn:uuid:e3dd224f-5430-4c9f-a491-0f83f80abcef>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://ncela.ed.gov/resources/journal-simultaneous-vs-successive-bilingualism-among-preschool-aged-children-a-study-of
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00790.warc.gz
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en
| 0.924569 | 312 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. site (aka Metachem), a 65-acre site in New Castle County, DE, was used to make chlorinated benzene compounds from 1966 to 2002. In the 1980s, over 574,000 gallons of chlorobenzenes and related chemicals spilled on the Site, contaminating the groundwater, soil, sediments, surface water, and nearby wetlands. In 2002, the Site's owner declared bankruptcy and abruptly closed the facility, leaving an additional 40 million pounds of chlorobenzenes and related chemicals in insecure tanks, pipelines, process vessels, and treatment systems. The State issued and maintains a fish consumption advisory for PCBs and dioxin on nearby Red Lion Creek.
Current Site Status and Cleanup Actions to Date
- EPA developed innovative plans for consolidating and separating the chemicals, and determining which materials had to be handled as waste, products or recyclables. It then returned over 8.4 million pounds of chemicals to commerce, saving approximately $11.1 million in disposal costs and properly disposed of over 1.4 million pounds of waste chemicals.
- EPA is studying the nature and extent of contamination in the chemical plant and other areas not previously investigated by EPA.
- In 1995, EPA issued its first cleanup plan for the Site.
- In May of 1996, EPA issued Standard Chlorine a Unilateral Order for implementation of a portion of the work outlined in the March 1995 Record of Decision (ROD).
- Since 2002, EPA's Superfund Removal program and the State of Delaware emergency response personnel have worked to stabilize the Site and reduce the threat posed by the hazardous materials remaining on-site.
- In 2005, EPA published an amended cleanup plan. The new plan includes incinerating (PDF) (521 K, 2 pp) 1.3 million gallons of bulk liquid chemicals in a permitted, off-site facility. $6.26 million in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2005 Remedial Action Funding was approved for this liquid chemical disposal and physical disposal will begin early in 2006.
- In September 2005, EPA completed the design of an underground barrier around the source of groundwater contamination to prevent further contamination of nearby wetlands and Red Lion Creek. $4.2 million in FY05 Remedial Action Funding was approved for this project and physical construction will begin in early 2006.
- EPA continues to monitor the Site to ensure there is no immediate threat to human health or the environment, other than those currently being addressed by EPA's Superfund Removal program, pending the start of long-term cleanup work.
Current Funding Status
- EPA has provided more than $42 million for site stabilization and soil and groundwater cleanup actions at the Site, including a total of $10.26 million in Remedial Action funding in FY05.
- EPA's Superfund Removal program is addressing the Site's immediate threats to human health and the environment.
For more information on the projects at this site, please read the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Fact Sheet on the Region 3 Superfund Web site.
- EPA has provided more than $42 million for site stabilization and soil and groundwater cleanup actions at the Site.
- Returned over 8.4 million pounds of chemicals to commerce, saving approximately $11.1 million in disposal costs. Properly disposed of over 1.4 million pounds of waste chemicals.
- Arranged for the sale of most on-site structures and equipment, contingent upon its removal from the Site by the buyer. Approximately 20% of the plant facilities have been removed so far and work is ongoing.
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<urn:uuid:6bd7efcf-93cb-4296-a297-b810ff47a502>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.epa.gov/superfund/accomp/factsheets05/standard.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997904391.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025824-00024-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.93803 | 739 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Includes one Saint Chamond tank.
Weighing in at 23 tones, the Saint Chamond was armed with a full size 75mm gun located in the front of the vehicle, with four Hotchkiss machine-guns located on the sides. The eight man crew had to squeeze into the hull of the tank which was only a little bigger than the six-man CA.1. While its power plant could move the vehicle at 12 kph, its extended overhanging front hull tended to drive into the ground leaving the Saint Chamond bogged down in the rough terrain of the front lines. France produced about 400 of the Saint Chamond tanks during the war and used them alongside their other designs until the armistice in 1918.
From 1917 to 1918 the Char Saint-Chamond participated in 375 different actions, and at the end of the war only 72 of the original 400 were still left in service. Despite design flaws, the French heavy tanks gave good support to the Poilu on the attack.
Designed by Evan Allen
Painted by Aaron Mathie
The Saint Chamond Tank
The Saint Chamond tank in Great War
Unit cards for the Saint Chamond Tank are contained in the Great War French Unit Card pack (GFR901)…
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<urn:uuid:50392bcc-2043-493c-b758-d32a1d19d780>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://greatwar.flamesofwar.com/387/saint-chamond-tank-gfr100/?mode=grid
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347398233.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528061845-20200528091845-00303.warc.gz
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| 0.967477 | 259 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Nursery web spiders have bodies similar to those of other spiders. They have a combined head and thorax region called the cephalothorax, and an unsegmented abdomen region. The cephalothorax and the abdomen are joined by the pedicel, which is narrow and allows for flexibility. The cephalothorax has a hard covering called the carapace for protection. The abdomen is usually sac-like and contains the heart, midgut, silk glands, respiratory and reproductive systems. Spiders also have six pairs of appendages: eight legs, two palps (the male's palps bearing a copulatory organ) and a pair of jaws (chelicerae).
Male nursery web spiders are 9 to 15 mm long and the females are usually 12 to 15 mm long. Both males and females are yellowish-brown in color and sometimes have a light to dark brown band down the middle of the back. A narrow white border is present around the abdomen. These large spiders greatly resemble wolf spiders and are usually mistaken for them.
Nursery web spiders have eight eyes which are arranged in two rows. The front row has a straight line of four eyes, and the back row has the remaining four eyes in a U shape. There are three claws on each tarsus (part of an arthropod leg immediately distal to the tibia, usually divided into a number of segments or tarsomeres). (Leftwitch, 1976; Milne and Milne, 1980; O'Toole, 1986)
The first step in the reproduction of nursery web spiders is courtship. Male spiders usually court a female by offering her a "nuptial gift." The male captures a fly or some other insect and spins a cocoon around it, then offers it to the female. This offering can last for quite some time and is often repeated. Some females, however, are not ready to mate and threaten their suitors. Females unwilling to mate chase their suitors away. When a nuptual gift is accepted, the male completes copulation. He often takes the nuptial gift back from the female.
Mating occurs in mid-June to mid-July. When a female is ready to lay her eggs, she uses her cheliceres and maxillipeds (grasping mouthparts) to transfer eggs into a cocoon under her abdomen. She carries this sac underneath her body with her fangs (cheliceres) until hatching time approaches. The female then builds another cocoon where she feels it will be safe for the spiderlings. She lashes surrounding leaves together forming a kind of "nursery web" for which the species is named. The female stays there, watching over her brood of pulli (first stage larvae), until they have completed their first larval molt.
Spiderlings molt several times. When a spider molts, a new larger skin replaces the skin that has grown too tight. The spiderlings are ready to leave the nursury after the first molt and the female is free to go. (Grzimek, 1972; Milne and Milne, 1980; Pfeffer, 1989)
Female nursery web spiders provide a great deal of parental care to their offspring. They first spin a cocoon for the eggs, and carry that sac safely under their abdomens until it is time for the young to hatch. Then, females construct their nursery web in which the young spiderlings live. Until the time of the first molt, the young are protected by the mother. Males are not known to share a role in parental care in this species. (Grzimek, 1972; Milne and Milne, 1980; Pfeffer, 1989)
Nursery web spider females do not usually kill or eat their male suitors, but males don't take a chance on it. Some have been known to spin a web around the females like a rope in order to keep a safe distance. However, a female can break the silk quite easily when mating is done.
When (Milne and Milne, 1980)is being chased by a predator, it will run away. The escape can be spectacular if the spider happens to run straight for a pond or lake. Nursery web speiders have been known to run over the water if pursued, and will sometimes even dive underwater to escape.
Home range size for this species has not been reported.
Communication in this species has not been well-studied. During mating, the offering of a nuptual gift implies some visual communication, although some tactile information may be used in assessing a nuptual gift also.
is not the type of spider that builds a web and waits for insects to land and get tangled in it. It is an active hunter which wanders over vegetation looking for small insects to catch. Nursery web spiders have been known to occasionally capture larger insects and tadpoles.
While hunting, nursery web spiders slowly makes their way among the grassy stalks and leaves, where they wait for insects like gnats and mosquitoes to come within reach of their cheliceres (clawlike pincers). The venom of nursery web spiders is not very strong, and it could not kill something bigger than a fish, but a single bite is usually enough to pierce the body wall of an insect and kill it instantly. These spiders inject digestive juices into their prey, liquifying the internal organs of the prey. This then allows the spiders to ingest the resulting soup. (Milne and Milne, 1980; Pfeffer, 1989)
Hunting wasps, including Sceleriphon and species of the Pompilidae, are probably the most frequent predators of nursery web spiders. There are other species of parasitic wasps that prey specifically on the embryos or various larval stages of . As is generally the case with spiders, cannibalism is quite prevelant too. It is likely that small mammals, birds, and amphibians could prey upon . When pursued by predators, these spiders run away. (Milne and Milne, 1980; Pfeffer, 1989)
It is likely that these spiders have some impact on insect populations.
There is no specific economic importance for this particular species, but like all spiders they help in keeping the insect population in check.
Nursery web spiders are not harmful to humans. Their bite can not kill anything bigger than a small fish. (Pfeffer, 1989)
Nursery web spiders are common in many parts of their range. They are not a particular conservation concern. (Milne and Milne, 1980)
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Cristy Torres (author), Southwestern University, Stephanie Fabritius (editor), Southwestern University.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
an animal that mainly eats meat
animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
breeding is confined to a particular season
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
Living on the ground.
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
uses sight to communicate
young are relatively well-developed when born
Grzimek, D. 1972. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. New York: Van Nosrand Reinhold Company.
Leftwitch, A. 1976. A Dictionary of Entomology. New York: Crane and Russak Company,Inc..
Milne, L., M. Milne. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. New York: Chanticleir Press.
O'Toole, C. 1986. The Encyclopedia of Insects. New York: Facts on File Inc..
Pfeffer, P. 1989. Predators and Predation. New York: Facts on File Inc..
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<urn:uuid:5b93bf66-e72b-4e40-b320-3ce7f36e51d1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pisaurina_mira/
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| 0.94025 | 2,035 | 3.5625 | 4 |
This story by Monica Evans originally appeared on Mongabay. It is republished here with permission.
The traditional Māori concept of ra’ui – an ancient Polynesian form of resource management – is helping rejuvenate areas in the Cook Islands
On March 1, 2000, traditional Māori elders gathered with family, community members and government officials on the white-sand shore of Aro’a Lagoon to pray, make speeches, and formally place the water body under the protection of a ra’ui mutu kore — a permanent ban on fishing. Just as they were declaring the ra’ui, a pair of snow-white kākāia, or love terns, flew close overhead: a sign, according to local lore, that the ceremony was blessed from above.
It was certainly timely from a conservation perspective. Overfishing had seriously depleted Aro’a’s marine life, said Liz Raizis, a keen snorkeller and co-owner of the Rarotongan Beach Resort and Lagoonarium that backs onto the lagoon, located on the western side of Rarotonga, the largest and most populated of the Cook Islands. Once the ra’ui was established, populations grew rapidly: Raizis estimates that the number of fish doubled after just one year. Now, nearly 20 years later, she guesses there’s around 100 times more fish life, with new species appearing every year. The coral is regenerating too, bucking the trend of coral retreat around the island and across the globe.
The unwritten rules of ra’ui
Ra’ui is an ancient Polynesian form of resource management. In the Cook Islands, the ui ariki (paramount chiefs) and aronga mana (other traditional leaders) hold inherited rights to manage defined areas of land and sea, with the mandate to ensure the ongoing wellbeing of their people and the health of the place they call home.
These leaders traditionally impose ra’ui on defined areas to ensure the health of key populations, such as coconut crabs (Birgus latro), parrotfish (Chlorurus frontalis) and giant clams (Tridacna gigas), all popular foods among locals. A ra’ui might ban the harvest of all species or just some of them, and it can be temporary or permanent — sometimes ra’ui are lifted just for one day, then reimposed. When a resource is placed under ra’ui, it becomes tapu (sacred, prohibited). In ancient times, breaking a ra’ui was punishable by death or banishment.
“You put it in place, you impose the tapu on it, and then that area doesn’t belong to you anymore,” said Puna Rakanui, spokesperson for the House of Ariki, the Cook Islands’ parliamentary body of paramount chiefs. “It goes back to the deities. Give it to them, let them do what they want with it. Give time. And then they will return it to us, so we can reclaim it.”
While death sentences are no longer an option, Rakanui said that “the mana [authority, spiritual power] of the ra’ui is still very very strong” on the more isolated of the country’s 13 inhabited islands. “Because they see the value in it.”
He recalled a recent visit to Pukapuka, an atoll that sits about 1,140 kilometres northwest of Rarotonga and has just 444 inhabitants. There, he had the opportunity to camp out on an islet that was under a strictly observed ra’ui. “That night I went out for a walk with one of the island dignitaries,” he said. “And in this plantation of puraka [swamp taro, Cyrtosperma merkusii], we shine the torch underneath and we see coconut crabs — in their hundreds! You never see that scene today in the rest of the Cook Islands.”
Traditional ra’ui are not written down, Rakanui said, though sometimes a visual symbol, such as a coconut leaf tied around a tree, demarcates the protected area. “It’s just word, from the aronga mana to the people: there’s a ra’ui over here, nobody is to touch anything. And nobody does!” In Pukapuka, Rakanui stayed right on the boundary of a ra’ui. “If you see a coconut crab crawling [into the ra’ui area], you don’t go and collect it,” he said.
Ra’ui are often imposed for short periods, for example as a way to build up stocks for a big event. On Rakanui’s home island of Atiu, the community is currently planning for a big gathering in October, when almost 1000 guests will congregate. “For occasions like that, they will put a ra’ui,” he said. “Then during the time of that event they will lift it, and people will go and harvest, to support the event.”
The method is also commonly-used in the aftermath of natural disasters like cyclones. “The aronga mana will quickly move in and say, ‘OK, these are the things that we must put ra’ui on,’” Rakanui said. “This part of the island you can harvest; anything on the ground, you can collect. The rest of it you leave, because we need something to support us all later.”
Loss, revival and decline
While the power of ra’ui remains strong in the outer Cook Islands, where local tradition often trumps national decree, the system fell into disuse on Rarotonga half a century ago, as colonial structures and mindsets took hold. In 1888, Britain claimed the Cook Islands as a protectorate, and in 1901 annexed them to New Zealand, its colony at the time. Under the Cook Islands Act of 1915, the colonial government claimed ownership of the lagoon waters that encircle each island from the high-tide mark outward to the protective ring of coral reef, thus formally erasing indigenous rights to manage them. But in practice the ui ariki maintained much of their power over the following decades.
The Cook Islands gained self-governance in 1965, and the following year the prime minister, Albert Henry, created the House of Ariki. In 1972, his party also created the Koutu Nui, a similar statutory body to represent the aronga mana. The intention of integrating these traditional structures into the government was to lend legitimacy to the new nation, but it was also widely criticised for disempowering the ariki and aronga mana: corralling them into a colonial structure where they enjoyed plenty of dignity, but no authority. The dominance of Western-style governance grew, and by the 1970s, the ra’ui system was defunct on Rarotonga.
However, in the late 1980s, both the Koutu Nui and the government’s tourism planners became interested in bringing back the practice of ra’ui, both to protect marine life and to attract tourists. In 1998, the Koutu Nui formally revived the pratice, giving local chiefs the power to impose and lift ra’ui in areas within their traditional jurisdictions. The chiefs established four no-take areas around Rarotonga, to which they added Aro’a Lagoon two years later.
Technically, the government still owns these areas. “But they’re very sympathetic to the way that [the traditional bodies] are doing our work now,” Rakanui said. “So they’ve been willing to work together with us.” Local and central government representatives hoped to enact the ra’ui system into law. However, the members of the Koutu Nui felt people were more likely to honour the protections if they remained under traditional mandates, so ra’ui stayed under their auspices and as such are not legally binding.
Backed by powerful traditional leadership and a strong program educating locals about each ra’ui, the protections proved extremely successful — at least initially. When various ra’ui were lifted for defined periods after several years, the boost to local marine life was obvious, Rakanui said. “The mullets that used to come in!” he exclaimed. “They were breeding all over the place, in their hundreds and thousands; the parrotfish were breeding all over!”
Marine scientist Jacqueline Evans agreed. “It was really successful in terms of the marine resources,” she said. “We noticed the invertebrates, all the shellfish and everything had increased significantly after a couple of years. So it was working!”
Inspired by this success, other communities around the island established more ra’ui, building the total number to 12 in the early 2000s. But since the enthusiastic implementation two decades ago, “most of the ra’ui in Rarotonga have collapsed,” Rakanui said. “It’s been really sad.”
He said the pressure to make an income in an increasingly money-driven economy has contributed to the change. “People are wanting to get out there, get what they want, and sell it.”
If a ra’ui is breached and there are no visible consequences, people begin to lose faith in the system, Evans said. “As soon as they see someone fishing there, they’re like, ‘Oh, that’s not working. I might as well fish there too’.”
Changes in leadership and a lapse in the education program also contributed to the demise of some ra’ui. “There are ra’ui on Rarotonga where a single community leader has passed away and the ra’ui has been plundered within weeks,” Raizis said.
“The traditional leaders do still have a bit of pull,” said Maria Tuoro, project coordinator for Ridge2Reef, an international conservation program that operates out of the environment ministry, “but over the years I’ve seen that power less and less. Everyone knows the benefits of [ra’ui], but often people are so busy that no one cares — and there’s no enforcement, either.”
“Now everybody’s doing everything that they want,” Rakanui said. “We’ve been encouraging them not to harvest, but there’s no law to stop them.” In 2015, locals and tourists were outraged when a group of young locals spearfished and killed an ancient, tame and much-beloved moray eel affectionately known as Roger, within a ra’ui area of Muri Lagoon. “But they couldn’t do anything,” Rakanui said, “because [from a legal standpoint] the water is free for all!”
Concerned about the ra’ui collapses, the Ministry of Marine Resources (MMR) drafted a regulation for ra’ui in 2011, but the House of Ariki refused it. While there are obvious benefits to regulation in the current context, many ui ariki are concerned about ceding too much power to the government. The draft regulations, for example, would have required the MMR’s permission to put a ra’ui in place — a move they saw as undermining the authority of local chiefs to make those decisions independently. What’s more, many ui ariki are reluctant to punish their people in courts of law, preferring practices such as making the infractions public and temporarily confiscating people’s fishing gear.
A win-win situation
The Aro’a Lagoon ra’ui has made it through the past 20 years relatively unscathed; it’s considered the best-respected on the island. Why is it working so well where others have failed?
Raizis said the time spent on building broad-based consensus with a wide range of people in the community has been crucial to the ra’ui’s success. The landowners are strong and proactive managers; the Rarotongan Beach Resort, which fronts the entire ra’ui area, actively supports protection efforts; and local schools are heavily involved.
“Education is key for the long-term sustainability of any community-based marine sanctuary,” Raizis said. Many fisherpeople were not initially supportive of the ra’ui, but “they’ve become among the strongest supporters,” she said. “Fish breed and grow and then move into other parts of the lagoon where fishing is allowed, thus improving the odds of a catch in the surrounding lagoons.”
It’s uncommon these days for people to break the ra’ui: those who do are usually overseas workers and tourists who are unaware of it, or visiting Cook Islanders who live elsewhere. Because the resort has watchpeople employed throughout the day and night, the area is well-monitored, which likely puts off many would-be fishers.
“There was one occasion where Cook Islanders returning for Christmas holidays pressured the local chiefs to open the ra’ui for one day,” Raizis said. “It was a complete disaster for Aro’a Lagoon, with large numbers of people from all over the island — locals and tourists — descending on the reserve with spear guns, nets and so on, trampling all over the coral and taking away fish and other marine life by the sack and truckload,” she said. “It was sobering just how much damage could be done in just one day: it took years for the ra’ui to recover. Thankfully, it has never happened again.”
In 2017, the government passed the historic Marae Moana Act designating the country’s entire exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as a mixed-use marine protected area — currently the largest in the world. Traditional leaders were involved in the project’s development from the outset, and the legislation was intended to provide support for local ra’ui, within a broader context of marine management across the EEZ. The extensive consultation process has already raised the public’s level of awareness of marine conservation issues, and boosted the Cook Islands’ “green” reputation among many tourists.
Travel Tou Ariki, president of the House of Ariki, is cautiously optimistic that the growth in awareness will help reinvigorate ra’ui across Rarotonga. “We are now at the moment waiting to reap the benefits” of helping to create Marae Moana, he said. “Our ancestors, they always say ‘you protect, and then you harvest’. Just two words, but there’s a lot of meaning in it. If you don’t protect, then you can’t harvest. You got nothing!”
Monica Evans is a freelance writer based in Aotearoa New Zealand who specialises in environmental and community development issues. She has a master’s degree in development studies from Victoria University of Wellington. Find her at www.monicaevans.org.
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THE PURPOSE of this paper is to review the causes of violence and the various ways in which violence might be prevented or reduced. In doing this the theories of violence will be considered under three major categories: (1) aggression as an inherent part of human nature, (2) violence as a consequence of social learning, and (3) violence as a consequence of frustration and other situational factors. Recommendations as to the prevention of violence will be made explicit, and the feasibility and possible secondary consequences of such recommendations will be considered.
The Crisis of Violence.—Before continuing, several overriding questions must be dealt with: First, why control violence? After all, man has found it to be functional, as a means of adapting to his environment, throughout the ages. In regard to this question, a value judgment is being made—that maintenance of
Ilfeld FW. Overview of the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1969;20(6):675–689. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740180059006
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Putting his life at risk, St. Francis boldly approached the Sultan of Egypt to plead for peace.
In the midst of the Crusades, the Sultan of Egypt Malek al-Kamil (nephew of Saladin) declared that anyone who delivered him the head of a Christian would be rewarded with a Byzantine gold piece. Fighting had been fierce and the Sultan wanted to put a definitive end to the conflict. By August 1219 his armies succeeded in defending the stronghold of Damietta, killing about 5,000 crusaders in the process.
Then came St. Francis of Assisi.
St. Francis and Br. Illuminatus boldly went across the battle lines unarmed and were quickly captured by the Sultan’s army and badly beaten. However, the soldiers spared their lives and brought them before the Sultan.
St. Bonaventure described the encounter, writing, “The sultan asked them by whom and why and in what capacity they had been sent, and how they got there; but Francis replied that they had been sent by God, not by men, to show him and his subjects the way of salvation and proclaim the truth of the Gospel message. When the sultan saw his enthusiasm and courage, he listened to him willingly and pressed him to stay with him.” It is said that Francis greeted the Sultan with the greeting, “May the Lord give you peace,” similar to the traditional Muslim greeting of, “Assalam o alaikum” or “Peace be upon you.” This surprised the Sultan who was quickly enraptured by Francis’ holiness.
Francis proceeded to preach the Gospel to the Sultan in such a way that al-Kamil was not offended and did not end Francis’ life immediately for blasphemy. The Sultan could see the love that flowed from Francis and was astonished by his boldness. They spoke together of the spiritual life and reflected on each other’s traditions.
The two friars stayed in the Muslim camp for several days and departed on peaceful terms. Before they left al-Kamil wanted to give Francis lavish gifts, but Francis refused according to his vow of poverty. This too left al-Kamil speechless as he was not aware of a man who refused earthly honors. Francis eventually accepted the single gift of an ivory horn that is currently on display in Assisi.
The encounter changed al-Kamil, who gave safe passage to St. Francis and his companions and began to treat Christian prisoners of war with surprising kindness. The Sultan proceeded to negotiate for peace with the crusaders, asking them to leave Egypt, but the efforts ultimately failed. By 1221 al-Kamil offered peace again, which was refused, and he consequently opened the floodgates of the Nile to further deter them. The crusaders then agreed to an 8-year peace agreement.
This historic event recently inspired a documentary-drama called “The Sultan and the Saint,” where the story of St. Francis’ encounter is dramatized. It features the narration of Academy Award winner Jeremy Irons and commentary by various historians and authors. Screenings of the movie are being organized across the country, with the goal of the project to “attract and encourage an audience of many different backgrounds, particularly Muslims and Christians, to watch the film together in a spirit of dialogue, just as Saint Francis and Sultan al-Kamil engaged and shared peacefully and respectfully.”
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Question: Why is Passover, the exodus from Egyptian slavery, reminiscent of being born anew? The story starts with the tale of Moses’ birth and ends with the plagues of Egypt, which are similar to contractions during birth. After this, they cross the Final Sea, as if being born into a new world.
Answer: New life is conceived and cooked inside of the giant pot called Egypt. It becomes formed out of our discernments and attempts to understand how to cope with our egoistic nature.
Eventually, we realize that we are incapable of resisting our egoism and have no choice but to run away from it, that is, to rise above it. This requires qualitative changes: replacing all of our habits, forms of relationships, and the previous upbringing, which we received in Babylon.
When we start to unite using Abraham’s method, we acquire new habits, a new attitude to each other, and a new outlook on life, perceiving everything through glasses of unity.
This signifies a new birth because I turn into a new person, one who has learned to look at himself, his family, his nation, the world, and all of life only through our unity.
If I then meet my previous self, the way I was before I went through upbringing according to Abraham’s method and united with others, then it would be two different people who don’t understand each other. One of them is a slave and the other is a free man, independent of his egoistic nature. That’s because he has acquired a new nature—the nature of love instead of the nature of hate.
From KabTV’s “A New Life” 3/22/15
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Only lower organisms seem able to prosper via evolutionary strategies that involve some combination of agelessness, radical transformation of body structure, and hyperefficient regeneration. The candidates for truly immortal animals are few and far between: species such as Turritopsis dohrnii, a tiny jellyfish that runs its development cycle in reverse rather than age and die, and hydra, which might achieve immortality through exceedingly effective always-on tissue regeneration. Strategies of this nature can work because these are comparatively simple organisms, lacking the specialization and complexity of higher animals such as we mammals. Gaining a complex neural network and brain seems to go hand in hand with losing exceptional regenerative capabilities - which seems reasonable, although it is still an open question as to exactly why this is the case.
One thing to consider as a result is that while studying these apparently immortal species might teach us interesting things about biology, it probably won't result in anything of practical use in medicine in the near term. Bear in mind that it will be a long haul to mine useful medical applications from the far better funded and more advanced study of long-lived mammals such as naked mole rats and whales, which are very close relatives to us in comparison to jellyfish and hydra. But the biochemistry that keeps a hydra going is more likely to result in destruction and cancer than benefits if implemented in a human: many of our structures, especially those in the brain, need to be around for the long-term, not constantly replaced with new tissue, or discarded in the course of a radical change of body structure.
Here researchers make an early and speculative hypothesis on the role of FOXO in the move from simple, highly regenerative organisms to complex, less regenerative organisms. FOXO genes (the O category of the forkhead box family) have been studied for some years by researchers seeking to understand and catalog the means by which metabolism determines longevity. Like many other longevity-related genes they influence broad collections of central and important processes related to genetic transcription, cell proliferation, and stress tolerance. There is no simple set of dots to join between point A and point B: these are networks of interlinked feedback loops.
In this paper we contrast the simple role of FOXO in the seemingly non-aging Hydra with its more diversified function in multicellular eukaryotes that manifest aging and limited life spans. From this comparison we develop the concept that, whilst once devoted to life-prolonging cell-renewal (in Hydra), evolutionary accumulation of coupled functionality in FOXO has since 'distracted' it from this role. Seen in this light, aging may not be the direct cost of competing functions, such as reproduction or growth, but the result of a shift in emphasis in a protein, which is accompanied by advantages such as greater organismal complexity and adaptability, but also disadvantages such as reduced regeneration capacity. Studying the role of FOXO in non-aging organisms might, therefore, illuminate the path to extend life span in aging organisms.
Understanding aging and how it affects an organism's lifespan is a fundamental problem in biology. A hallmark of aging is stem cell senescence, the decline of functionality, and number of somatic stem cells, resulting in an impaired regenerative capacity and reduced tissue function. In addition, aging is characterized by profound remodeling of the immune system and a quantitative decline of adequate immune responses, a phenomenon referred to as immune-senescence. Yet, what is causing stem cell and immune-senescence?
This review discusses experimental studies of potentially immortal Hydra which have made contributions to answering this question. Hydra transcription factor FoxO has been shown to modulate both stem cell proliferation and innate immunity, lending strong support to a role of FoxO as critical rate-of-aging regulator from Hydra to human. Constructing a model of how FoxO responds to diverse environmental factors provides a framework for how stem cell factors might contribute to aging.
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Courtesy Mark RyanOver the past couple years, Science Buzz has posted several stories (here and here) about the humongous patches of garbage and plastic debris found floating in the world's oceans. It's a serious problem and one that should raise red flags for anyone concerned with the Earth's environment. But even more troubling is the recent news that plastic particles have now been found in all five of the Great Lakes lining the border of the USA and Canada. Unlike the large globs of plastic clogging areas of the ocean, the plastics polluting the Great Lakes are microscopic particles detectable only in a microscope. But they're no less disturbing.
A team of researchers led by Dr. Sherri “Sam” Mason, professor of chemistry at SUNY-Fredonia has been gathering water samples and reported finding high concentrations of plastic particles in the chain of freshwater lakes. One of the researchers involved is environmental chemist Lorena Rios-Mendoza from University of Wisconsin-Superior. Both she and Mason have studied the Great Trash Island (aka Trashlantis) in the Pacific Ocean but has now turned their attention to the Great Lakes.
Most of the plastic found in the water is visible only under a microscope, but has been found in all five of the Great Lakes, both in the water column, and in lake sediment. The amount of micro-plastic varies between lakes with Lake Erie - the shallowest and smallest by water volume - containing the largest ratio and Lake Superior - the largest and most voluminous - a much smaller ratio. But it doesn't matter; the point is that we're polluting some of our important sources of fresh water with plastic.
It's thought that cosmetics with could one of the sources, since the industry relies heavily on using micro-beads in its products. These tiny plastic particles used on our faces, skin, and teeth, eventually get washed off into the water supply where they're too small to get filtered out. But cosmetics certainly aren't the only source.
Courtesy tedxgp2Think of the ungodly amount of plastic material we use and discard every year. Surprisingly, only about five percent of the bags, bottles, cups, electronics, etc. get recycled; most plastic trash ends up in landfills where it slowly degrades and eventually finds its way into the world's favorite garbage dump: the oceans.
“We have no idea how long some of these plastics stay in the ocean, could be more than 40 years,” Rios-Mendoza said. She also worries if organic toxins in the water can attach themselves to the tiny plastic particles, and end up in the food chain. In this regard, Rios-Mendoza has been sampling Great Lake fish to see if such toxic particles are present in their guts.
It's important to remember that only 3 percent of the world's water is freshwater and the five Great Lakes - Superior, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Erie - together contain 20 percent of that freshwater. That's a large portion of a relatively scarce and essential life ingredient. Last fall, I posted an interesting graphic that illustrates nicely Earth's total water supply versus fresh water and puts things in perspective.
Courtesy Mark RyanRios-Mendoza and Mason have been collaborating with a research and education group called 5Gyres Institute that monitors and studies garbage patches found in five subtropical gyres in the world's oceans. Rio-Mendoza presented a preliminary study of their work on the Great Lakes at a recent meeting of the American Chemical Society. The team's future studies involve pinpointing the sources of plastic pollution and acquiring a better understanding of how plastics degrade in the environment.
"We all need to become aware of how much plastic we use in our lives and avoid using single-use products. Don’t buy water in plastic bottles or cosmetic products with micro beads. Bring re-usable bags to the store with you. Simple things like this make a big difference, but it’s also important to keep talking about this issue and raising awareness about how it affects the Great Lakes and the world’s oceans.” --- Dr. Sherri Mason“
By the way, here in Minnesota, and situated at the western tip of Lake Superior, the city of Duluth was recently proclaimed to have the best tasting drinking water in the state. By best-tasting, I'm assuming they mean it has no taste whatsoever since water is described as a colorless, tasteless liquid. Whatever the case, I always thought Duluth's drinking water was the best while growing up there (my grandparents lived in a Twin Cities' suburb and I never liked the taste of their softener-treated water).
In another water-related story, it's estimated that life on Earth can survive for at least another 1.75 billion years until we move out of the habitable zone and our oceans (and other water sources) will evaporate in the increased heat. So it's probably best that we take care of what water we have - it needs to sustain us for a long time.
Courtesy ap2il via FlickrOne of the strangest creatures to emerge from the famed Burgess Shale in the mountains of British Columbia, is the rightly named Hallucigenia, a strange spiky, wormlike creature that once scuttled across the Cambrian sea bottom more than 500 million years ago. Originally considered a totally unique (and baffling) creature, Hallucigenia has now been linked to other similar-aged wormlike creatures found around the world.
Hallucigenia first came to light in 1909 after Charles Doolitle Walcott, an expert in trilobites and secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, discovered a Lagerstätte in the mountains of British Columbia that was unlike any other found before.
Courtesy Mark RyanLocated in Yoho National Park on a steep slope between Mount Field and Wapta peak above the railroad town of Field, B.C., Walcott's quarry produced some of the strangest creatures - many of them soft-bodied and rarely found in the fossil record. The rock section, previously known as the Stephens Formation became known as the Burgess Shale, after nearby Burgess Pass. In the years following the discovery, Walcott and other scientists studied the strange fossils in an effort to decipher them and the environment in which they had lived and died.
Because of the high degree of preservation, the creatures that made the fossils were most likely buried suddenly in some sort of giant underwater mudslide that quickly entombed an entire marine community in an anoxic environment where decomposition was stifled. A perfect environment for preserving the soft-bodied tissue.
Courtesy Mark RyanSome of the Burgess Shale denizens appeared to be of completely new and unknown phyla with bizarre and unfamiliar body plans and no known descendents in the modern age. Hallucigenia certainly led the pack in this department. The tiny strangely constructed worm was only about an inch in length and confounded Walcott and other scientists for more than a century. They couldn''t even say for sure which side was up or down. Early Hallucigenia fossils showed a row of seven tentacles along one side. The opposite side contained seven sets of stiff spikes that were interpreted to be legs. A truly bizarre, aptly named freak-show creature that would be right at home in your average nightmare.
New evidence can often turn an old idea on its ear - or in this case, on its back. Recent scrutiny of newer, better-defined Hallucigenia fossils has revealed another set of "tentacles", leading scientist to realize they had Hallucigenia all flipped around. What they once thought was its top side was actually its bottom. Its dorsal "tentacles" were actually its legs. And its spiky "legs" belonged on its back, probably to serve as protection against predators.
This information along with a new study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B now places Hallucigenia within a group of other worm-like creatures whose fossils are found around the world, including China, Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. It also links it to a living group - Onychophora - the velvet worms that mostly inhabit the tropical forests of the Southern Hemisphere.
"They may not be exactly the same species, but they are all probably related to the same group of worm-like creature that we call lobopods," said Dr. Jean-Bernard Caron, curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum and the study's lead researcher. Caron is an expert in Burgess Shale fossils and his study of Hallucigenia and other fossils from the formation continues to glean new knowledge about the strange creatures that existed in the so-called Cambrian Explosion. Check out Caron's Burgess Shale website. It's full of great information about the quarry and the incredible fossils found there.
Courtesy Mark RyanWalcott's Burgess Shale quarry has been designated a World Heritage site. The only way to visit it (or the fossil fields on nearby Mt. Stephen) is through guided hikes led by either Parks Canada or The Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation. The 10 hour round-trip hike (rated moderate to difficult) takes participants up 2500 feet in elevation to Mt. Fields and requires reservations and a deposit. Fossil collecting is prohibited but the views are said to be spectacular.
SOURCE and LINKS
The Province story
The Burgess Shale at Smithsonian website
Dr. Caron's Burgess Shale website
Parks Canada Burgess Shale info
A long-buried, underwater forest of Cypress trees was recently discovered in the Gulf of Mexico. The forest, estimated to be about 50,000 years old, was once buried under tons of sediment, heading toward possible fossilization, until the natural forces (most likely 2005's Hurricane Katrina) riled up the Gulf Coast waters and uncovered it again. Hundreds of stumps and fallen logs - some huge - covering 1.3 square kilometers can now be seen in 60 feet of water, 10 miles off the coast of Alabama. The Cypress forest once populated the area around the Mobile-Tensaw Delta when the Gulf's coastline was farther south, and the water level was 120 feet lower than it is today. As the climate began to warm, rising sea levels eventually drowned the forest. The trees all died but oxidation and decomposition were halted as a constant rain of delta silt covered the forest for thousands of years. When cut, the well-preserved wood still smells as fresh as living Cypress, but now that the forest has been uncovered again, wood-boring marine animals are back at work tearing it down.
Courtesy Mark RyanI've had the great fortune of being able to volunteer in the paleontology lab at the Science Museum of Minnesota. I'm in my fourth month there and it's been a real blast. My first project was preparing (cleaning) the skull of a small oreodont collected from the White River Formation in Wyoming. This is the same formation exposed in the fossil-rich South Dakota Badlands. By cleaning, I mean removing all the rock (matrix) in which the skull is encased. I've also helped patch up the casts of a couple of lambeosaurus skulls, and spent a few days puzzling over a crocodile skull reduced to about 1000 pieces.
Courtesy Mark RyanAt the moment, preparators been working on the remains of a 52 million year-old gar collected from the Green River Formation in southwestern Wyoming. Most of the work is being done by the more experienced volunteers in the lab but I've been able to help a little, taking my turn with the air scribe to reveal some caudal scales in their rocky grave. This particular specimen, an ancient member of Lepisosteus, was collected in Lincoln County, Wyoming. It's fascinating work uncovering something that last saw sunlight more than 50 million years ago. Now, at least, its remains can bask in the glare of the paleo lab's artificial lights.
Courtesy Mark RyanFifty some million years ago, the gar lived in a large body of water known as Fossil Lake, one of three intermountain lakes that existed at different times in a sub-tropical environment in that part of Wyoming. The intermountain basin in and around the lake teemed with both floral and faunal life that over about 4000 years lived and died and were fossilized forming one of the great Lagerstätten in the world. The surrounding mountains were composed mainly of limestone, and the rivers and streams eroding those mountains carried high levels of calcite (CaC3) into the lake, resulting in a high sedimentation rate that added to the ideal fossilization environment.
Most of the fossils coming out of the Fossil Lake strata have been fossilized by a process called permineralization, where mineral-rich water permeates all the spaces and pores in the skeleton and the minerals (in this case calcite) crystallize out of the water replacing bone material down to the cellular level. Some carbonization is also involved. This process depletes the remains of volatiles and is caused by the heat and pressure of sediment compression, which also crushes and flattens the fossils, and tends to color them either brown or black.
Courtesy Mark RyanThat's very apparent with our gar. Although only portions of the fish's remains have been exhumed (its head and tail) the fossil is already providing some information about what followed the gar's death (taphonomy). Lepisosteus favored the shallow, swampy edges of Fossil Lake and when it died it probably floated on the surface for a while giving bacteria time to enter its mouth and gills and begin their decomposition work before the corpse was buried beneath sediments.
We can deduce this scenario by the manner the remains are preserved. The bones of the gar's skull and jaws are scattered and jumbled in a mish-mash of bones and scales. The head appears to have been blown apart, and that's probably what happened. As the microbes feasted on the fish's head, they released gases inside the corpse which built up, and bloated the gar to a point where it burst from the internal pressure. The mandibles, the cranium, and other bones broke apart before settling to the bottom and are disarticulated. The very end of the tail, however, shows no such disruption. The rays of the caudal fins looking almost as fresh as they did when the gar died half a million centuries ago.
Courtesy Mark RyanThe scales of its mid-section are beginning to come to light. These diamond-shaped structures were covered with ganoin, an enamel-like tissue containing less than five percent organic material. The mineralized tissue gave Lepisosteus a very tough, predator-resistant exterior when it was alive but not so resistant to the bacteria that attacked the gar from the inside after it died. Preliminary work of the mid-section is showing signs of decomposition there but further work required.
One of the major experts on the fossils found in the Green River Formation is Lance Grande, a graduate of the University of Minnesota (and elsewhere) who has been working at Chicago's Field Museum for the past few decades. In the early '80s, Dr. Grande wrote a hefty bulletin titled Paleontology of the Green River Formation for the Wyoming Geological Survey, and has now come out with a new book titled The Lost World of Fossil Lake: Snapshots from Deep Time. In a recent television interview, Dr. Grande talked about his book and about the fossils found in the Green River Formation.
Hundreds of thousands of finely preserved fossils from Fossil Lake deposits can be found in museum displays and on rock shop shelves world-wide. The best fossils were buried quickly and preserved in near pristine condition. Many of these come from what used to be the deep center of the lake where conditions were probably anoxic and burial fairly swift. At times during Fossil Lake's history events like seasonal algal blooms or rapid turnovers of the water column occurred and caused massive die-offs of fishes. Other fish, like our gar, probably just died a regular death.
Courtesy Mark RyanEvery fossil tells a story, and our gar is no exception. Back in the Eocene epoch it lived for a short time in the then subtropic environment of southwest Wyoming, doing what gars do before it finally died along the shores of Fossil Lake. After it was buried, it was fossilized, dug up, and transferred to the collections vault of the Science Museum of Minnesota. A few months ago, it was retrieved from the vault and brought into the paleo lab where it's been worked on each week by several people. Whatever the gar was thinking when it was alive back in the late Eocene, you can be sure it was unaware that its post-mortem life would provide hours of detailed work, study and fascination for another curious life-form 52 million years later.
SOURCES AND LINKS
I had an interesting discussion related to the many and dramatic ways a person would perish when exposed to the vacuum of space recently. We discussed the many dramatic and horrific things that would happen. Blood boiling, eyes popping out... Turns out to be a lot less dramatic. Here is what NASA has to say about what happens to the body when exposed to the vacuum of space.
If you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, something scuba divers have to watch out for when ascending, and you'll have eardrum trouble if your Eustachian tubes are badly plugged up, but theory predicts -- and experiments confirm -- that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness.
Various minor problems (sunburn, possibly "the bends", certainly some [mild, reversible, painless] swelling of skin and underlying tissue) start after ten seconds or so. At some point you lose consciousness from lack of oxygen. Injuries accumulate. After perhaps one or two minutes, you're dying. The limits are not really known.
You do not explode and your blood does not boil because of the containing effect of your skin and circulatory system. You do not instantly freeze because, although the space environment is typically very cold, heat does not transfer away from a body quickly. Loss of consciousness occurs only after the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood. If your skin is exposed to direct sunlight without any protection from its intense ultraviolet radiation, you can get a very bad sunburn.
At NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center (now renamed Johnson Space Center) we had a test subject accidentally exposed to a near vacuum (less than 1 psi) in an incident involving a leaking space suit in a vacuum chamber back in '65. He remained conscious for about 14 seconds, which is about the time it takes for O2 deprived blood to go from the lungs to the brain. The suit probably did not reach a hard vacuum, and we began repressurizing the chamber within 15 seconds. The subject regained consciousness at around 15,000 feet equivalent altitude. The subject later reported that he could feel and hear the air leaking out, and his last conscious memory was of the water on his tongue beginning to boil.
So, bad things clearly happen. Just not the very dramatic bad things I, and lots of others, had previously imagined.
How much of terrestrial plant and animal life can humanity safely consume without seriously damaging the live-support systems of our planet? It has been challenging to answer that question because of the difficulty of measuring how much biomass is produced annually on land and how much of this yearly production humans co-opt.
Huge regional variability exists in terrestrial productivity from year to year because of heat, cold, floods and droughts but what is striking from recent reviews of more than 30 years of satellite imagery is how little global variability there is annually. Each year, terrestrial plants fix about 53.6 petagrams of biomass – a gigantic quantity but what matters is not so much the size of annual biomass production but rather that it seems to vary by only about two percent per year.
Recent estimates from satellite imagery indicate that humans now appropriate 38 percent of all terrestrial biomass generated annually. That would seem to leave 62 percent on the table for expanded human consumption but the vast majority of this biomass appears to be not harvestable because it includes root growth below ground and biomass production on lands in parks or wilderness areas that are either protected or inaccessible.
It appears likely that the upper limit for how much of terrestrial biomass that humans can co-opt annually is only about ten percent more for a total of 48 percent. Current land use patterns and projections that the global human population may reach nine billion by 2050 suggest that this 48 percent of all available terrestrial biomass may be reached within the next few decades.
Courtesy NASA (via Zonu.com)Back in 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were making their historic moonwalk, I remember thinking to myself, what would happen if some kind of malfunction on the Lunar Module prevented them from blasting off the Moon's surface back to the Command and Service Module? They would most certainly die, there's no doubt about that, because NASA had no rescue plan in place. But what about Michael Collins, the Command Module pilot who was orbiting the Moon in the mother ship? He was waiting to take his fellow crew members home to Earth. If they didn't show up, he'd be in for a pretty lonely and agonizing three-day trip across the quarter-million miles of empty space back to Earth. I wondered what that would have been like.
Fortunately, Apollo 11 was a tremendous success and all three astronauts made it back safely, as did the 18 Apollo astronauts who followed in their footsteps (including the ill-fated Apollo 13 astronauts), so the tragic scenario never played out.
Courtesy NASABut what would that have been like? Astronaut Al Worden probably came closest to experiencing the profound loneliness of isolation in ourter space, when he was piloting the Command Module for the Apollo 15 mission. While his crew mates were busy walking (and driving!) on the Moon's surface, Worden was circling overhead - all by himself - for 3 days. At times, when his craft disappeared behind the far side of the Moon, he had no communications with anyone - not even Mission Control - and was thousands of miles away from his colleagues, and hundreds of thousands of miles away from any other human beings. He holds the record for being the "most isolated human being" ever.
You might think it must have been an anxious time for the solo astronaut, but his story, which can be found here, might just surprise you.
Courtesy NOAANitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants. So how can nitrogen limit plant growth, given that nitrogen comprises 79 percent of the atmosphere? But atmospheric nitrogen is composed of molecules consisting of two atoms of nitrogen and this form of nitrogen cannot be used by plants.
Farmers have for centuries spread animal manure on fields or plowed under leguminous crops (such as alfalfa which has microbial communities living on its roots that fix nitrogen) to add useful, reactive forms of nitrogen to soils. German ingenuity in the early 20th century invented an industrial process that made it possible for the first time to manufacture plant-usable forms of nitrogen, which made possible the artificial fertilizing of crops.
Manmade production of ammonia and nitrate fertilizers has exploded in recent decades and now vastly exceeds the amount of atmospheric nitrogen converted into reactive nitrogen by microbial organisms around the world. At the same time, the burning of ever-increasing quantities of coal, oil and natural gas converts some atmospheric nitrogen into oxides of nitrogen (NOx). NOx emissions can both increase crop growth and diminish it because NOx gases help catalyze the formation of ground-level ozone and this gas is toxic to plant life.
The huge increases of human-produced forms of nitrogen that are applied to croplands and that are released into the atmosphere and eventually settle out have many unintended consequences. In particular, excess nitrogen washes off of agricultural and urban landscapes and is accelerating the destructive growth of algae in lakes, rivers and coastal estuaries around the world.
The connections between manmade carbon dioxide emissions and climate change are quite worrying and receive much scientific and media attention. Nitrogen pollution receives much less notice but is a dramatic example of how human activities now dominate many of the chemical, physical and biological processes that make this plant so amenable to human life.
Courtesy Mark RyanI recently attended a geology seminar sponsored by the Geological Society of Minnesota. The event took place at Macalester College in St. Paul, and was led by Jeff Thole, laboratory supervisor and instructor in the college's Geology Department. Jeff is extremely knowledgeable and enthusiastic about geology, and in the course of cramming a semester's worth of geology into the two hour lab, he mentioned that he had in his office one of the oldest rocks in the world: a nice chunk of Acasta gneiss. After finishing his talk about the rock cycle, and as everyone began examining the variety of rock types spread out on lab tables in several rooms, Jeff brought out the chunk of ancient gneiss for everyone to see.
Found on an island in the extreme and very isolated northern regions of Canada's Northwest Territories, the Acasta gneiss has been radiometrically dated to be upwards to 4.03 billion years old! That's a number that's not very easy to comprehend. The Earth itself is estimated to be just a half-billion years older, so the Acasta gneiss (pronounced nice) is some of the very earliest crustal rock still existing on Earth's ever-changing surface. For a rock unit to withstand 4 billion years of the rock cycle - where the forces of erosion and plate tectonics are constantly at work wearing down, reworking and remelting rocks - that's quite a feat if you think about it.
To give you a better idea of the vast amount of time we're talking about here, let's first reduce it to a more comprehendible time-frame. If you were able to take a single photograph of the Earth each year for those 4 billion years (4,000,000,000 photos) and then made a time-lapse video of all those photos (at 30 frames/photos per second), and started watching the video today, it would take you more than 4 years of constant, around-the-clock viewing to watch it from start to finish. You'd still be watching it in 2017, when non-avian dinosaurs suddenly go extinct about three-and-a-half weeks before the end of the video. We modern humans wouldn't appear for the first time until sometime in the show's last couple hours.
Courtesy D-Maps.comBut back to the rock itself. The ancient gneiss is named after the Acasta River, located east of Great Bear Lake, where the outcrop was first found in the 1980s. The exposure is about 300 kilometers (180 miles) from Yellowknife, so the only practical way to get there is by float plane.
Composed mostly of the minerals quartz and feldspar, the Acasta gneiss was formed during the Hadean, the earliest eon in Earth's history. Its composition leads geologists to surmise that it was probably formed from highly metamorphosed granite subjected to unimaginable heat and pressure. The exact origin of that granite is unknown, but its presence indicates continental crust (and surface water) were probably already present in those very ancient times.
AGE BEFORE BEAUTY
Courtesy Mark RyanIt may interest you to know that Minnesota has its own ancient gneisses exposed in outcrops in the Minnesota River Valley. The most well-known is the gneiss that's quarried around the town of Morton, Minnesota. At nearly 3.6 billion years old, Morton gneiss is not quite as ancient as the Acasta rock but what it lacks in age it makes up for in beauty. Known in the construction trade as Rainbow Granite, polished panels of the banded and severely swirled Archean-aged-aged migmatitic gneiss can be found decorating building facades throughout the country.
TECTONIC VS MARKET FORCES
An enterprising miner from Yellowknife has filed a claim on the Acasta gneiss site, and has been trying to market the ancient rock. This doesn't set well with many in the geological community, who think the rare outcrop should be preserved for scientific study. They also say the prospector could be misrepresenting the public since not all the rock in the exposure dates back to 4 billion years, and it's very expensive to validate the age of any one piece.
THE DATING GAME
So how exactly has the Acasta gneiss been dated so precisely? Zircon crystals found in the rock's mineral structure trap uranium in their lattices when they form and can act as timekeepers through measuring the decay of the uranium into lead. The half-life of uranium is a known number (4.47 billion years for U-238; 704 million years for U-235), so measuring the ratio between number of parent atoms (uranium) to the number of daughter atoms (lead) allows for a very precise estimation of age. But even zircon crystals aren't immune from 4 billion years of exposure to the elements. Things like naturally occurring radiation can damage or alter them and thus skew the measurements. But by using an instrument called the Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (aka SHRIMP) researchers are able to focus a beam of oxygen ions on a tiny unaffected segment of the zircon' s surface, remove atoms from it, and then analyze their isotopic composition. The SHRIMP was developed at Australian National University.
Jeff Thole's sample was given to him by a geologist from the Geological Survey of Canada, which purchased a SHRIMP and used it to date the Acasta rocks. It should be noted that an older Canadian rock unit supposedly exists in the greenstone belt east of Hudson Bay, but there's still some contention regarding this, since the method of radiometric dating isn't the same that was used to date Acasta samples.
Whether the Acasta gneiss is the remaining crust of a protocontinent that existed when the Earth was still a relatively young, hot mass of accreted material remains a mystery at this point, but scientist named the time the Hadean for good reason: back then it must have been literally Hell on Earth.
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That eighteenth-century British curmudgeon Dr. Samuel Johnson once remarked, “I would rather see a portrait of a dog that I know than all the allegorical paintings they can show me in the world.” A hundred years later an American who shared this sentiment, Cassius Marcellus Coolidge (1844 1934), began painting the daily lile of some very humanoid canines, an artistic subspecialty that was preceded by a string of careers. In the upstate New York town of Antwerp, Coolidge worked, almost simultaneously, as a druggist, painter of street signs and house numbers, and founder of the first newspaper and earliest bank all within the years between 1868 and 1872. It was after a trip to Europe in 1873 that he turned up in Rochester, New York, as the portraitist ol dogs whose life-style mirrored the successful middle-class humans of his time. Coolidge’s first customers were cigar companies, who printed copies of his paintings for giveaways. His fortunes rose when he signed a contract with the printers Brown & Bigclow, who turned out hundreds ol thousands of copies ol his dog-genre subjects as advertising posters, calendars, and prints.
Coolidge’s poker-faced style is still engaging today. His dogs fit with amazing ease into such human male phenomena as the all-night card game, the commuter train, and the ball park. His details of expression, clothing, and furniture are precise. Uncannily, the earnest animals resemble people we all know, causing distinctions of race, breed, and color to vanish and evoking the sentiment on an old Maryland gravestone: MAJOR Born a Dog Died a Gentleman
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What are advanced medical therapies?
Advanced medical therapies are used when standard medicines are not effective. Many are in the form of an infusion connected to a pump device that continuously releases a steady flow of medicine into the body. This allows symptoms to be controlled over a longer period of time than standard medicines.
find out more
Please don't hesitate to get in touch with our team to find out more about our services and care.
What are they used to treat?
Advanced medical therapies are usually recommended if the effects of standard medicines are wearing off more quickly than they used to. Most patients will have tried multiple different medicines and/or patches before infusion therapies are considered.
An example of an advanced medical therapy for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is an infusion called Duodopa (a levodopa and carbidopa combination). Parkinson’s disease occurs when the part of the brain that produces a chemical messenger called ‘dopamine’ deteriorates. This can cause symptoms like stiffness, involuntary shaking (tremor) and slow movements.
Although there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, medicines can improve symptoms by increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain. Initially, the benefits of these medicines will last throughout the day, however over time their effects can start to wear off more quickly.
Duodopa provides a constant flow of medicine through the day. It allows symptoms to remain consistently well controlled and reduces the number of tablets that need to be taken.
Advanced medical therapies are also used in people who develop involuntary movements called dyskinesias. These patients can benefit from having a steady flow of medicine that is spread out over a long period of time.
What do they involve?
Duodopa, and some other infusion therapies, are delivered via a tube that is directly inserted into the gut (small intestine). A small procedure is required to insert the tube.
Alternatively, infusion therapies may be delivered via a small needle placed underneath the skin. A small pump is then attached to the infusion to allow regulation of the medicine. The medicine usually comes in the form of a small cassette that is connected to the pump.
What are the risks?
The side effects of advanced medical therapies like Duodopa are the same as those of the regular medicines for Parkinson’s disease. These side effects include:
- Low blood pressure
There are also some small risks that are unique to this type of medication delivery system. These include:
- Infection or inflammation at the site where the tube enters the body
- Clogging of the tube, which can cause reduced absorption of the medicine
- Leaks in the connectors and leaks of gastric fluid
- Bleeding and stomach aches, specifically during tube placement.
If oral medication for Parkinson’s disease causes side effects in a patient, they are likely to also experience the same side effects with the infusion therapy.
How effective are they?
Research has shown that advanced medical therapies like Duodopa can improve movement in people with Parkinson’s disease. This can improve quality of life and reduce the anxiety of both patients and their caregivers. The infusions also showed reduced fluctuations in symptoms that are seen in advanced Parkinson’s disease.
Why choose The London Clinic?
The London Clinic differs from other private hospitals. As a charity, we believe in bringing the most expert care to every patient. We offer cutting-edge technology and a unique multidisciplinary team approach, with leading specialists in Parkinson’s disease and clinical support teams that are second to none.
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Physical therapy is an important aspect of someone’s life. Whether dealing with injuries or mental health dysfunction, your physical health keeps you on the run. Seeking out physical therapy can benefit your mental health and as well as physical health. As a starter, you will also find emotional and encouraging support from your physical therapist along with the prescribed exercises.
Moreover, the prescribed exercises are specially designed to hit the triggers that improve mental health associated with anxiety, depression, and despair. You can see quick results by performing appropriate workouts and understanding how they are helpful to your body. Your social well-being and everyday physical activities get improved. You might find it hard to believe that your regular exercise can lead to long and healthy life keeping your heart and mind young as ever.
Let’s discuss how these physical therapists are being potentially helpful in your life.
Physical Therapy and Your Mood
Commonly, people suffer severe mental health issues after an accident or trauma, thus seeking medical help and psychological help as well. However, very few people know that their mental health can be treated without attending tens of sessions to a psychologist every week. They visit any renowned physical therapy doctor and end up securing their mental health in a good way.
P5 performance therapy center encourages such people to help themselves improve their energy and well-being without facing any hassle. They should have a clear decision.
Physical therapy improves functional mobility that leaves a positive impact on the body’s biochemistry. When you exercise, there is a hormone called serotonin that controls your emotions, increases and boosts the body’s endorphin levels. The end result is that your sleeping patterns enhance, regulate your mood, and prevent damage risk to the brain.
Physical Therapy for Depression
Depression is common and has been there for ages. People nowadays find psychological help more often than they were in past years. There are medicines, and psychotherapies available to catch up with depression. However, not everyone finds the best treatment and gets past their trauma for life. Exercise and physical therapy, on the other hand, gives you a feeling of achievement which leads to enhancing positive self-beliefs and protecting you from negative self-recognition.
Moreover, visiting a place where people get together for an activity that boosts your energy also increases your social connection and improves your health. Along with proper support from peers and family, this sense of achievement and activity interventions demonstrate a positive impact on individuals’ mental health than taking antidepressants all the time.
How to Consume 45 Minutes of Physical Therapy to Help with Anxiety
No matter how much time you spend thinking about how to overcome your mental health issues, you will only end up feeling unfulfilled. You know that exercise is restorative and you can give it a try to understand the depth of how much it is beneficial. However, the question here is that how ample time you should give to gain the results? The answer is pretty simple. There is no way that you can measure the dosage of your activity.
No physical therapy center suggests you do excess and gain more. You have an adequate number of minutes and steps per week. The recommended dosage is three times per week and a 45 to 60 minutes session each time. In almost 10 to 14 weeks, you would see the results.
In the end, it all depends on how you perceive it. Sometimes, your current depression doesn’t allow you to see positivity rather, it transforms you into a negative self-observer. Physical therapy is way much better than having a prescribed load of medicines or long-term psychological sessions.
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Can Raccoon be spelled with one C?
The raccoon ( or US: ( listen), Procyon lotor), sometimes spelled racoon , also known as the common raccoon , North American raccoon , or northern raccoon , is a medium-sized mammal native to North America.
How do you spell raccoon in Canada?
Raccoons are the largest of their family, Procyonidae, which consists of medium-sized mammals native to the Americas. This family includes coatis, kinkajous, olingos, olinguitos, ringtails and cacomistles, but the raccoon is the only member found in Canada .
What does the word racoon mean?
1a : a small nocturnal carnivore (Procyon lotor) of North America that is chiefly gray, has a black mask and bushy ringed tail, lives chiefly in trees, and has a varied diet including small animals, fruits, and nuts. b : the pelt of this animal. 2 : any of several animals resembling or related to the raccoon .
What is the origin of the word raccoon?
“ Raccoon ” comes from the Algoniquan/Powhatan word arahkunem, meaning “he scratches with the hands,” which was first clumsily adapted by English colonists including John Smith.
Can racoon be pets?
Raccoons are wild animals, not pets , and even “tamed” are extremely high maintenance and require an experienced, knowledgeable guardian. Even several generations of captive bred raccoons still exhibit all of their wild instincts throughout their lives. It’s illegal in certain states in keep raccoons as pets .
Do raccoons fight to the death?
Do raccoons fight to the death ? Raccoons fight to the death if necessary. Raccoons know if their opponent is large and more dominating than them and if the smaller raccoon does not retreat from the situation and continues to fight the racoons will fight to the death .
Do raccoons eat cats?
On rare occasions, hungry raccoons have also been known to prey on kittens and small cats , as well as on other relatively small animals, when there are no other sources of food available.
Can a raccoon impregnate a cat?
Male raccoons , especially tame ones, will voluntarily mate with cats . But mating between wild coons and female cats also occurs. Under such circumstances, the baby coons would probably become imprinted on cats , so that they would be sexually attracted to cats when they reached maturity.
Do raccoons attack humans?
Most raccoons will never attack humans unless they severely feel threatened. It is not likely that a raccoon will attack you, and if it does it could very likely have a disease making it more aggressive (so get checked ASAP)!
What does raccoon mean in Native American?
The Meaning of the Raccoon Symbol to Native Americans Abenaki mythology tells of a foolish, but benign, trickster raccoon called Azeban who is always looking for food. In other tribes the raccoon symbolizes curiosity, adaptability and resourcefulness.
Are racoons smart?
Raccoons are generally thought of as a mischievous, somewhat irritating neighborhood pest. However, in recent years, scientists have discovered that raccoons are incredibly intelligent and are continuing to adapt and evolve their intelligence alongside humans.
What is Racoon in Latin?
The raccoon’s scientific name, Procyon lotor, is neo- Latin , meaning “before-dog washer”, with lotor Latin for “washer” and Procyon Latinized Greek from προ-, “before” and κύων, “dog”.
What is a group of raccoons called?
A group of raccoon is formally known as a gaze or a nursery. Raccoons have somewhat complex social dynamics. Although many people assume that raccoons
What is the difference between Raccoon and racoon?
As nouns the difference between raccoon and racoon is that raccoon is a nocturnal omnivore native to north america, typically with a mixture of gray, brown, and black fur, a mask-like marking around the eyes and a striped tail; (taxlink) while racoon is ( raccoon ).
What kind of animals are raccoons?
Procyon is a genus of nocturnal mammals , comprising three species commonly known as raccoons, in the family Procyonidae . The most familiar species, the common raccoon (P. lotor ), is often known simply as “the” raccoon, as the two other raccoon species in the genus are native only to the tropics and less well known.
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nurturing the young with schema step education.
Consistent, nurturing relationships are essential for intellectual and social development.
Although consistent nurturing relationships with significant adults are taken for granted by most of us as a necessity for babies and young children, we often do not put this commonly held belief into practice.
Supportive, warm, nurturing emotional interactions with infants and young children help the central nervous system grow appropriately. Listening to the human voice, for example, helps babies learn to distinguish sounds and develop language. Exchanging gestures helps babies learn to perceive and respond to emotional cues and form a sense of self.
Bonding Builds Skills
The ICAN Nurture Principles
Nurturing emotional relationships are the most crucial primary foundation for both intellectual and social growth. At the most basic level, relationships foster warmth, intimacy, and pleasure; furnish security, physical safety, and protection from illness and injury; and supply basic needs for nutrition and housing. The "regulatory" aspects of relationships (for example, protection of children from over- or understimulation) help children stay calm and alert for new learning.
When there are secure, empathetic, nurturing relationships, children learn to be intimate and empathetic, and eventually to communicate their feelings, reflect on their own wishes, and develop their own relationships.
Relationships also teach children which behaviors are appropriate and which are not. As children's behavior becomes more complex in the second year of life, they learn from their caregivers' facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and words what kinds of behavior lead to approval or disapproval. Patterns are built up through the give-and-take between children and caregivers. Along with behavior, however, emotions, wishes, and self-image are also coming into being. The emotional tone and subtle interactions in relationships are vital to who we are and what we leant.
Developing Cognitive Skills
Relationships enable a child to learn to think. In his interactions, the child goes from desiring Mom and grabbing her, to saying "Mom" and looking lovingly. He goes from "acting out" his desires or wishes to picturing them in his mind and labeling them with a word. This transformation is the beginning of using symbols for thinking.
Pretend play involving human dramas—such as dolls hugging or fighting—helps the child learn to connect an image to a wish and then use this image to think, "If I'm nice to Mom, she will let me stay up late." Figuring out the motives of a character in a story as well as the difference between 10 cookies and three cookies will depend on this capacity.
We have come to understand that emotional interactions are the foundation of most of a child's intellectual abilities, including creativity and abstract thinking skills. Emotions are actually the internal architects of our minds. They tell us how and what to think, what to say and when to say it, and what to do. We "know" things through our emotional interactions and then apply that knowledge to the cognitive world.
The difference between children who can regulate their moods, emotions, and behaviors and children who can't-children for whom the slightest frustration feels catastrophic, whose anger is enormous and explosive-lies in die degree to which the child masters the capacity for rapid exchange of emotions and gestures. When a child is capable of rapid interactions with his parents or another important caregiver, he is able to negotiate how he feels. If he is annoyed, he can make an annoying look or hand gesture. His father may come back with a gesture indicating "I understand," or "OK, I'll get the food more quickly." Whatever the response is, if it is responsive to his signal, he is getting some immediate feedback that can modulate his own response. We now have a fine-tuned system rather than an extreme one. The child doesn't have to have a tantrum to register his annoyance; he can do it with just a little glance and a little annoyed look.
Interactive emotional relationships are important for many of our essential intellectual and social skills. The notion that relationships are essential for regulating our behavior and moods and feelings, as well as for intellectual development, is one that needs greater emphasis as we think about the kinds of settings we want for young children.
ICAN Schema Step Education
ICAN embodies the nurture principles through our program packs
ICAN Nurture programs allow all students to thrive in school that require hard and deliberate work.
At ICAN we nurture our students in a variety of ways. Here are some examples of what you will see at our school.
T R I N I T Y
Science is one of the oldest and most important academic disciplines, and covers a wide variety of subjects. It is also one of the fundamental parts of the term STEM, used to refer to science, technology, engineering and mathematics. In ICAN, Science Trilogy helps student's understanding of the world around us. Everything we know about the universe, from how trees reproduce to what an atom is made up of, is the result of scientific research and experiment. If you want to shape the world around you, help make scientific advances that benefit mankind, and prepare for a successful career, enrolling in ICAN's Science Trilogy will be highly valuable.
Another popular ICAN program, Social Trinity is the interdisciplinary study of geography, history, and philosophy along with other disciplines in the social sciences and humanities in which students develop the content, concepts, skills, and dispositions necessary to be informed and engaged citizens in the contemporary world. By providing relevant information and knowledge, skills and attitudes, the study of Social Trinity prepares students to grow up as active, responsible, and reflective members of society. It also teaches them to address societal and global concerns using literature, technology and other identifiable community resources.
PRINTER AND DESIGN
TO TERRIFIC SCIENCE
ICAN believes that when students become active through interaction with their teachers, it encourages good behavior and discipline. 3D printing promotes students achievements and prepares them for the college education. That's why ICAN is banking on this idea for past few months.
As flying drones take their place in education, ICAN makes sure it catches up. Drones in schools expose students to potential jobs in the fast-growing drone industry or a broader career in aviation. Besides becoming a pilot, they could look at jobs in programming, design, engineering, mechanics and data analysis.
Another ICAN offering is in the field of multimedia. Studying advanced multimedia will help students to face the challenge of keeping pace with the latest trends and technologies. The offering aims to prepare students for work in media-related industries, and train them to critically analyze the ways in which the media reflects, represents and influences the world.
CAN Academy thinks about the future. We would like to contribute to space exploration by equipping young minds the core knowledge they need to become successful in this path. One way is through Math. Astronauts use math in order to make precise mathematical calculations, from how the spacecraft leaves Earth's atmosphere to how the astronauts pilot the craft. Designers use math to calculate distance, speed, velocity, and their own safety when creating space-faring vehicles.
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34. Spout or Finial: Lion’s Head
|Dimensions||Height: 19.5 mm; width: 17 mm; depth: 20 mm; Diameter of through-bore: 6.5 mm; Weight: 3.1 g|
–1976, Gordon McLendon (Dallas, TX), donated to the J. Paul Getty Museum, 1976.
The object is intact, in very good condition, with minimal cracking and crazing overall. There are minute chips in the mane on the right side and behind the right eye, and more degraded small areas on the lower right side of the head, marked by a lighter yellow-ocher alteration area. In ambient light, the object is dull brown; illuminated by transmitted light, it is ruby colored. No inclusions are evident.
This amber is worked in the shape of the head and neck of a ferocious lion. The head is almost perfectly square. In frontal view, the object is tubular. In profile, the face tapers toward the nose and chin. The supraorbital areas are plastically modeled, with fine ridges carved to represent the eyelids. The eye sockets are deep, hollow, and asymmetrical: the right one is higher and more circular than the left one, which is amygdaloidal in form. The sockets may originally have held inlaid eyes (ivory and amber?).
The snout slopes down to a step above the short, rounded nose. The nares and nostrils are detailed with fine horizontal grooves. Two additional horizontal engraved lines, wrinkles, cross the bridge of the snout just above the nose. Four engraved diagonal lines rise from each side of the upper lip, wrinkling the lion’s muzzle. The philtrum is indented. The mouth of the lion is a large, hollow cavity. The lips are drawn back tightly and undercut to reveal the gums; a full set of incisors and matched small teeth rim the mouth. Below are flaps of the jaw, marked with two incised lines on each side at the front. The end of the tongue protrudes and is slightly transluscent.
The back of the head, which is beveled, is larger in circumference than the mane. The mane is a raised collar. On the upper part of the head, the hanks of hair are rendered as long pinnate lobes, with shorter triangular fillers. On the underside, the mane is not detailed. The lion’s large ears commence at the back of the mane, lying flat to the head and pointing straight backward.
There are many tool marks. Incision lines mark the wrinkles of the muzzle and the nose and the details of the mouth. Abrasion is evident on the back of the head and around the lower edge of the collar. Faint drill marks remain inside the bore.
The style (and form) of the lion of 76.AO.81 is not closely paralleled by any other lion’s head. However, an amber lion pendant in London (British Museum 64), of unknown provenance, bears a familial resemblance. Both look as if they would mew rather than roar. The similarities are most obvious in profile or top view. The rendering of both animals is schematic, and they seem tame. They have simplified ruffs, flat muzzles, and wooden mandibles, and the eyes are crudely modeled bulges.
There is one other figured amber with a through-bore, a stylized head of a ram in the Getty collection (
Cat. no. 53, cat. no. 53). Both lions’ and rams’ heads may have served similar purposes. Perhaps they served as the tiny inset spout of a small vessel, as a decoration on a small container, or as the finial bead of a necklace or other item of adornment. The faïence feline-head amulets on an Eighteenth Dynasty string of beads in New York are one prototype for the last.1 An object in the Norbert Schimmel collection, a unique Egyptian blue (light) finial of a lion’s head holding in its open jaws a Negro head, provides another idea. If reconstructed on this model, the Getty lion’s mouth may have held a human leg or head, part of an animal, or small prey. Greek models for such a use are the incorporated animal protome spouts on terracotta and metal vessels, the earliest dating to the seventh century B.C. The lion’s-head spouts on three gold rhyta from the fourth-to-third-century B.C. Panagyurishte Treasure (Bulgaria) are a later model for such a hypothetical use.2
The lions of 76.AO.81 and the London pendant (BM 64) fit in well with the group of Late Archaic–period Etruscan lions, small gold heads, and various objects of bronze brought together by W. L. Brown.3 As he showed, these lions show strong stylistic relationships to earlier Etruscan lions and Greek models from both Ionia and Magna Graecia. The closest among them are the gold lions’ heads and a bronze lion once on the Rome art market. They have a comparable form of the mane and the lower face, including the semicircular flaps, and deep-set eyes. A bronze head in Boston from Orvieto has a similar disposition of the teeth and lower jaw (including the lower flaps), and the lion’s head of a lacunaria in Perugia from Castel San Mariano has a remarkably similar profile and the same short face, set-in eyes, and small tongue.4 76.AO.81 is also effectively compared in type to the heads of the lions and chimeras on a group of Late Archaic Etruscan gold fibulae.
The distinctive physiognomic elements of the bronze comparisons place 76.AO.81 near to Perugia. The style of the pendant also shows a connection to Cerveteri and Vulci, the locations where the gold pendants are thought to have been made.
Whether 76.AO.81 was an ornament finial or a tiny spout, the lion’s head would have played its traditional roles in protection and the aversion of danger. If liquid poured from its mouth, such a use would relate it to the popular lion’s-head waterspouts on sacred (and secular) buildings5 and to fountain heads.
- New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1926 26.7.1364. These are pictured in Citation: Roehrig, C. H., ed. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. With R. Dreyfus and C. A. Keller. New York, 2005., p. 203, no. 122. ↩
- Plovdiv, Archaeological Museum 3200–3202: Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians, Treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria, exh. cat., ed. I. Marazov (New York, 1998), p. 142, nos. 68–70. ↩
- Citation: Brown, W. L. The Etruscan Lion. Oxford, 1960., chap. 5. ↩
- Perugia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell’Umbria 1390: Citation: Brown, W. L. The Etruscan Lion. Oxford, 1960., p. 101, pl. XLI. ↩
- For discussion of the historical and typological background of lion’s-head waterspouts in Italy, with a succinct analysis of the two diverse traditions there, Etrusco-Italic and Magna Graecian Sicilian, and with a study of their relationships to earlier and contemporary examples, see P. Pensabene, Terracotte del Museo Nazionale Romano I: Gocciolatoi e protomi da sime (Rome, 1999), pp. 19–24. ↩
- Brown 1960
- Brown, W. L. The Etruscan Lion. Oxford, 1960.
- Hatshepsut 2005
- Roehrig, C. H., ed. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. With R. Dreyfus and C. A. Keller. New York, 2005.
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When we use the term jazz, we are talking about an approach to music that is exciting and creative – one that relies on improvisation and spontaneity. American in its origins, today jazz is played throughout the world in performances that celebrate both the history of this rich music as well as its immediacy.
The jazz musician might begin with a well-known melody and then interpret it according to his or her own personality and musical training. In every instance, improvisation is a key element of jazz.
The second major element of jazz is rhythm. Early jazz often served as dance music, but even as the music and performances grew increasingly complex and abstract, its strong rhythm continued to pull in the listener.
A blending of two musical traditions, African and European, contributed to the development of jazz.
He goes on to explain how that blending developed and how jazz is an expression of the American experience of African and European cultures together. I have listened to jazz with great appreciation for the last 20 years or so, and I never knew a lot of what is contained in this volume. I wish this book came with a CD of jazz to listen to while exploring the poems and the historic information. I have a sound track in my head but I would appreciate the real thing too.
The body of the book is a series of poems focusing on the different styles of jazz (blues, be bop, rag time, fusion, etc.) and the major instruments (horn, piano, sax, drums…). Black experience and emotion shout off the pages. The illustrations, done by Meyers’ son Christopher, move with the passion and color of the music. Bold color and contrast of light and shadow bring out the emotion and hint at the drama of the music. My favorite lines come from the poem "Twenty-finger Jack”:
Well, the walls are shaking,
And the ceiling’s coming down
‘Cause twenty-finger Jack
Has just come back to town
The keyboard’s jumping,
And the music’s going round
If he had any sense,
He left it in the lost-and-found
Here he go
Be ba boodie, be ba boodie, boo
Be ba boodie, be be be be, boodie, boo
At the back of the book are a glossary and a timeline of jazz development. For music students this book would be an excellent resource. For all music lovers and for all Americans it is a beautiful tour of one aspect of our national treasury.
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Clusters of Millions of “Tiny” (Earth moon-size) Magnet Spheres of Spinning Plasma on the Undulating Surface produce “Nanoflares” and deep Crevasses “Spots”, as inner Sphere Clusters of larger Individually Spinning Magnets interact with each others Flux.
Once one starts to look, there seems to be no end to Turing patterns: their forms can be seen in weather systems, the distribution of vegetation across landscapes and even the constellations of galaxies https://t.co/iPd6cAbcXjpic.twitter.com/cp7zod52lg
How does that explain the mechanics of WHY they are in motion?
What if “a Body in Motion produces a Gravity Field” ala Einstein, and not by having a static mass, per Newton’s “Universal Gravitation”?
Could there be some other reason for the variations in their orbits (magnetic permeability perhaps)?
Luke 22:19-20 And when He had taken some bread and given thanks, He broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is My body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.” 20 In the same way, after supper He took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for you.
Joshua 10:13 So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation avenged themselves of their enemies. Is it not written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stopped in the middle of the sky and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day.
Hebrews 12:2 Therefore, since we have so great a cloud of witnesses surrounding us, let us also lay aside every encumbrance and the sin which so easily entangles us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, 2 fixing our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who for the joy set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God.
Premise: Gravitational Motion (Gravity Bubbles of SpaceTime moving in Spiral Curvilinear direction) causes Falling Bodies to Spin.
Luke 12:27-28 “Consider the lilies, how they grow: they neither toil nor spin; but I tell you, not even Solomon in all his glory clothed himself like one of these. 28 But if God so clothes the grass in the field, which is alive today and tomorrow is thrown into the furnace, how much more will He clothe you? You men of little faith!”
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Your DNA is a small part of what makes you, you. It plays a role in the way you look and can help determine where in the world your ancestors may have lived.
But as unique as your individual DNA is, it can help reveal more details about your ancestors when viewed with traditional family tree data. Not only could this combined picture mean connecting with living relatives, but it also allows you to see where your family came from in recent more history.
You can now start exploring the history of your DNA in our new AncestryDNA experience, Genetic Communities, now available to new and existing AncestryDNA users.
Existing customers don’t need to take the test again to see their Genetic Communities, but before you jump into the experience and start exploring the history of your family within the UK and Ireland, let’s learn a bit more about how Genetic Communities works and what there is to explore.
What are Genetic Communities?
What do you get when you combine three million AncestryDNA samples with our 80 million family trees? You get a whole lot of new information about your ancestors.
By analysing the DNA connections between individuals and data from family trees, our science team were able to identify groups of people who are connected to each other through their DNA. What we call, Genetic Communities.
Once Genetic Communities are identified, you can start to see where the ancestors of the people with this DNA moved around the world and the migration patterns they followed to get there. Together with Ancestry’s family tree data, we can build out a much wider picture of why these migrations happened, taking into consideration historical impacts of politics, famine, war, and immigration.
Want even more detail on this science? You can learn more about it here.
How is this different to the Ethnicity Estimate?
Good question. Your ethnicity estimate shows where your DNA came from hundreds to thousands of years ago, calculated by comparing your DNA to a reference panel of people with deep roots in each of those regions. Think of this like an older picture of where you are from.
Genetic Communities reveal a much more recent picture. They are groups of AncestryDNA members who are connected because they share fairly recent ancestors who came from the same region or culture, determined by their DNA matches. For many of us, that may mean discovering links to Genetic Communities within the UK and Ireland.
Exploring Genetic Communities in the UK and Ireland
Our science team have identified dozens of Genetic Communities within Britain and Ireland.
These branches include Southern English, Northern English, Scots, English Midlanders, The Welsh & English West Midlanders, Ulster Irish, Connacht Irish and Munster Irish. These branches are then broken down even further into specific Genetic Communities for those regions.
By exploring your Genetic Communities, you can get a view on not only where in the UK or Ireland your family came from, but the social, political or environmental impacts that may have motivated or forced your ancestors and relatives to move around the UK or to other parts of the world. Even if you know this information through your own family history research, it’s amazing to see this confirmed through the genetic migrations visualized in the Genetic Communities feature.
For example, one of my Genetic Communities is Scots. Having built out my family tree, I already know that I have Scottish ancestors on my father’s side (explains the love of whisky and penchant for tartan…) and that they immigrated to Brisbane, Australia in 1885.
By moving through the story of this community, I can read about the many external forces that impacted my ancestors in this area – from the displacement of the Highland Clearances in the early 1800s to the poverty of the Scottish Potato Famine – until we reach the late 1800s and the Australian Gold Rush that inevitably drew my great great grandfather, and many other Scots, down to Queensland, Australia in search of better fortune.
It’s one thing to know this through my family’s own lore and research, but quite another to see it reflected in my Genetic Communities.
Will Genetic Communities change over time?
We like to think of our DNA as fixed and unchangeable, and it is, but the truth is, the more samples we receive, the more data our science team have to explore and the more refined Genetic Communities will become.
As more people take the AncestryDNA test over time, we may be able to uncover more Genetic Communities or refine the Genetic Communities you currently have. You may not currently have any Genetic Communities or your connection level to your communities is low. This might mean connecting you to different Genetic Communities or improving your connection levels in the future.
So what are you waiting for? Head to your AncestryDNA account to start exploring or learn more about your Genetic Communities here.
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[Economist David Rosnick's research] found that dialing back the amount of time the average person works by 0.5 percent per year would mean a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. If you work 40 hours a week, that would mean shaving about 12 minutes off the average work week per year. Working one minute less per month seems pretty doable. Basically, we’re using a whole lot more of everything when we’re working–electricity, gasoline, heating, air conditioning, etc. Leisure is requires less greenhouse-gas-producing activity.
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Christmas is very important to the people of Malta and its sister Island of Gozo. Most people on Malta are Catholics and go to a Midnight Mass Service. Usually the churches are full with people . Christmas in Malta
In Maltese Happy Christmas is 'Il-Milied it-Tajjeb'.
The Churches are decorated with lights and cribs, 'Presepju'. The cribs are decorated with figurines, called 'pasturi' representing Joseph, Mary, Jesus in a manger, donkey, cow, angels, and shepherds. The figure of the baby Jesus is put on the main altar at midnight on Christmas night. At epiphany it is traditional to put the three figures of the Magi in the crib.
This photos shows some students during Christmas midnight mass.
Cribs were first introduced into Malta from Italy by rich noblemen. They were not popular at first. The first true Maltese crib is believed to have been made in Malta in 1617 and was displayed in the Domenican Friars Church in Rabat. In St Peter's Monastery in Mdina, there is a crib dating back to 1670. This is treasured and looked after by the Benedictine Nuns who live in the monastery. History of Cribs in Malta
By the early to mid 20th century, cribs were thought of as old fashioned and not very popular anymore. To stop the decline of Christmas, in 1907, a priest called George Preca founded a children's charity and society called 'MUSEUM'. In 1921 he started a tradition of having a Christmas Eve procession with a life size figure of the Baby Jesus being carried at the head of the procession.
In those days, street lighting was very poor in Malta and so many people brought lanterns with them to help them see their way during the procession and to shed light on the statue of Baby Jesus carried shoulder-high by four boys. At sunset on Christmas Eve in 1921, Fra Diegu Street in the town of Hamrun was crowded with children and adults ready to take part in the first procession.
It is traditional to sow wheat, grain and canary seed, 'gulbiena', on cotton buds in flat pans five weeks before Christmas. These are left in dark corners in the house until the seeds produce white grass-like shoots. The pans with the fully-grown shoots are then used to decorate the crib or the statue of Baby Jesus. Sow wheat, grain and canary seed
One Maltese Christmas tradition is the 'Priedka tat-Tifel' which means 'the preaching of the child'. A boy or a girl, normally aged 7 to 10 years old, does the preaching of the sermon at the midnight mass instead of the priest! The Children learn the sermon by heart and start learning it four or five weeks before they preach on Christmas Eve. The parents, especially, are also very excited and nervous about the performance as they would have helped the children to learn the sermon. The boy or girl tells the story of the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem and is encouraged to give their sermon a personal delivery which will touch the hearts of the church-goers. Priedka tat-tifel
George Sapiano delivered the first known Christmas Eve sermon by an altar boy in 1883, in the parish church of Luqa. It has also become common for local churches to organise a mini-pageant with children dressed up as shepherds, Joseph and Mary carrying a baby doll (representing Jesus) acting out the story of the Nativity. This re-enactment starts at 11pm and is followed by High Mass at midnight. Midnight Mass
A popular Maltese carol is 'ninni la tibkix izjed'. It means 'sleep and cry no more' and was written by the Jesuit Priest, Fr. Andrew Schembri (1774-1862) from Luqa for Maltese migrants in Tunis. Ninni La Tibkix Izjed
At Schools Schools in Malta often hold a Christmas concert. Most of the children take part. It consists of Christmas Carols, plays with a Christmas theme, mimes and poetry recitals etc. It is enjoyed by the children and teachers alike. Christmas parties are also often held in each class. Sometimes the children bring over food which their parents prepare at home and which is shared with every one in their class. Gifts are exchanged and sometimes money is collected which is then given to charity.
Today the traditional Maltese menu has made way for Christmas Turkey, Christmas Cakes, Christmas Puddings and Mince Pies, all inherited during 164 years of British rule (1800 - 1964) in Malta. Italian Panetone has also become a Christmas favourite. Christmas Food in Malta
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NASA Program Costs:
Space Missions Require Substantially More Funding Than Initially Estimated
NSIAD-93-97: Published: Dec 31, 1992. Publicly Released: Feb 4, 1993.
- Full Report:
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) historical experience at estimating space program costs.
GAO found that: (1) 25 of the 29 programs reviewed required more funding than initially estimated; (2) the median estimate change for all programs was a 77-percent increase in space program costs; (3) general reasons given for differences in initial and current estimates included insufficient definition studies, program and funding instability, overoptimism by program officials, and unrealistic contractor estimates; (4) specific reasons for changes in estimates included program redesigns, technical complexities, budget constraints, incomplete estimates, shuttle launch delays, and inflationary effects; and (5) the content and schedule of many programs changed substantially between the initial and current cost estimates.
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The Afghan New Year, also known as Nowruz in Afghanistan, marks the arrival of spring and the first day of the year on Afghan’s official calendar. The day falls on the spring or vernal equinox (usually between March 18th to March 20). The Afghan New Year marks a wide range of celebrations and cultural events in Afghanistan.
The Afghan New Year holds great importance for Afghanis, and they consider the day of Nowruz as a symbol of new and fresh life. The beautiful flowers and different plants begin to bloom during this time. Every year, there are cultural events and grand Nowruz celebrations throughout Afghanistan.
This article here sheds on the Afghan New Year, or Nowruz in Afghanistan, or whatever you call it. From what is Afghan New Year to how it is celebrated to its customs and traditions in Afghanistan, this blog post here covers all you need to know about the Afghan New Year. Want to know when is Afghan New Year? We’ve shared that as well.
- 1 Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): What is it?
- 2 Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): When it is celebrated?
- 3 Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): How it is celebrated?
- 4 Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): Wishes, Messages, and Greetings
- 5 Afghan New Year (Nauruz Afghanistan) – Quick Facts
Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): What is it?
In spite of over years of bitter warfare, the Afghans remain proud of their cultures, traditions, and ancient civilization. This pride is shown most drastically in the festivals encompassing the Nawruz or the Afghan New Year on the spring equinox.
Nawruz is a Persian festival which is celebrated by a vast majority of people in Afghanistan. Nawruz marks the first day of Hamal (Farvardin), the first month of the Afghani solar year.
The Afghan New Year is celebrated in Afghanistan with special ceremonies and cultural events in which thousands of people energetically welcome the beginning of a new year with feasting, dancing, singing, and picnics.
Afghan New Year is all about welcoming New Year, celebrating the arrival of spring, enjoying the rebirth and revival of nature, and forgetting all the past misfortunes and starting a fresh new life.
Also Read: What is Persian New Year or Nowruz?
Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): When it is celebrated?
The Afghan New Year or Nauruz in Afghanistan is celebrated at the exact moment of spring or vernal equinox. The equinox usually occurs between March 19th and March 21st. An equinox happens when the sun crosses the celestial equator; day and night are of about equivalent length at all latitude.
As per the Afghan calendar, called Hejri Shamsi, Nowruz falls on the first day of the first month of Hamal. The day is a national holiday in Afghanistan and marked with grand celebrations throughout the country.
Thursday, March 20, 2020 marks: Afghan New Year – Nauruz in Afghanistan – Nowruz 1399
Also Read: Norooz Time & Date
- Afghan New Year 2019: Thursday, 21 March
- Afghan New Year 2020: Friday, 20 March
- Afghan New Year 2021: Sunday, 21 March
- Afghan New Year 2022: Monday, 21 March
- Afghan New Year 2023: Tuesday, 21 March
- Afghan New Year 2024: Wednesday, 20 March
- Afghan New Year 2025: Friday, 21 March
Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): How it is celebrated?
The Afghan New Year is celebrated with great enthusiasm, zeal, and fervor. As this day approaches on March 21st, there’s warmth and excitement in the overall environment of the country.
The celebrations for Nowruz in Afghanistan, starting in early March or at least two weeks before the actual date with a thorough house cleaning, known as khane tekani. Dirty rugs are washed, the walls are painted new, windows and curtains are cleaned, and old furniture is repaired. Cleaning your house well before celebrating Nowruz, is a common new year tradition in Afghanistan and Iran.
This is followed by kharid-e-Nowruz (Nauruz shopping), in which all family members purchase new outfits for themselves. Some women of the household also sew new clothes for their little ones. A few days before Nowruz holiday, many Afghans head to the banks to acquire shiny coins and crisp banknotes to present as eidi (gift) to the children in the family.
In Afghanistan, an important custom on Afghan New Year is preparing Haft-Mewa which means, seven fruits. It is a blend of seven sorts of dried fruits soaked in water for a couple of nights and afterward separated on the New year’s day. The dry fruit includes walnuts, almonds, dates, raisins, pistachio, and prune. After being combined and soaked for a night or two the fruits are served alongside their tasty syrup on the day of Nowruz. Welcoming guests with a tasty treat of Haft-Mewa is a common Afghan New Year tradition.
In addition, the local bakeries prepare a unique sort of biscuit, called kulcha-e-Nowrozi, which is just baked at this time and surprisingly it sells like hotcakes in Afghanistan. Another conventional dish is māhī wa jelabī (fried fish and jalebi) and it is the prominent dish for picnics.
In Afghanistan, it is a typical customer for a fiance’s family to offer presents to or prepare special dishes for fiance’s family on events, for example, the two Eids and in Nauruz.
On Afghan New Year, Numerous Afghan families go north to the region of Balkh, where they partake in the various bright merriments in the wonderful and antiquated city of Mazar-e-Sharif, home to the acclaimed blue mosque of Afghanistan.
Afghanis head to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend Nauruz festivities such as Guli Surkh Festival (red Tulip flowers festival) and Jahenda Bala (religious ceremony performed in the Blue Mosque of Mazar). Mazar-i-Sharif holds the biggest Nauruz gathering where up to 300,000 Afghanis participate in the festivities, along with high-profile government officials and ministers.
On Afghan New Year, Buzkashi tournaments are held in Kabul and northern cities of Afghanistan. Hundreds of people take part in Buzkashi (a sport in which horse-mounted players try to place a goat carcass in a goal).
Afghanistan is still fundamentally an agricultural nation and Afghan New Year is regularly alluded to as the (Jashn-e Dehqan), the Festival of Farmers. Farmers walk through the city squares and streets as an indication of encouragement for farming productions. They celebrate the end of the winter season because the end of winter means more agricultural activities for farmers.
There are numerous celebrations commending spring and the forthcoming harvest. Families go on picnics to appreciate the greenery and flowers. They also go to places of worship to pray to God for the well being of their families and a happy new year. Obviously, kite flying, a national side interest in Afghanistan, is at the focal point of every one of these excursions.
Also Read: How Nowruz is celebrated?
Afghan New Year (Nowruz in Afghanistan): Wishes, Messages, and Greetings
As we usher in the Afghan New Year, our social media and mobile inbox will be overwhelmed with Afghan New Year wishes from family, companions, and partners.
Here are some beautiful Afghan New Year wishes, greetings, and messages that you can share with your loved ones this Nowruz in Afghanistan. Let’s share the joy with others this holiday season and celebrate Afghan New Year in style!
- New is the year, new are the expectations, new are the goals, new are the spirits, and new are my warm wishes only for you. Have a promising and happy Afghan New Year!
- New Expectations, New Designs, New Endeavors, New Emotions, New Duty. Welcome, with a new Frame of mind. Happy Afghan New Year!
- Wishing you a happy Nowruz season and continued achievement in the new year. Happy Nawruz Afghanistan!
- Wishing all my loved ones a happy Afghan New Year loaded with harmony, laughter, prosperity, and wellbeing.
- Every one of the stars wishes you a cheerful New Year, even the sun is more brilliant to guide you, have no fear. Happy Nawruz Afghanistan!
Also Read: Happy Nowruz Mubarak Best Wishes & Messages
Afghan New Year (Nauruz Afghanistan) – Quick Facts
The Afghan New Year, otherwise called Nowruz in Afghanistan, denotes the entry of spring and the first day of the year on Afghan’s official calendar. The day falls on the spring or vernal equinox (typically between March 19th to March 21st). The Afghan New Year points a wide scope of festivities and cultural events in Afghanistan.
Date: Thursday, 20 March 2020
Time: Nowruz 2020 Time in Afghanistan – 02:28:27 AM (Kabul)
Significance: Afghan New Year; the celebration of the new year and the start of spring
Also called: Nauruz in Afghanistan
Observances: Exchanging greetings, leaping over fires, lighting fires, setting Haft-seen, feasting, dancing, playing buzkashi sport
Also Read: Newroz in Kurdistan
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Cavities begin with one particular species of bacteria, called S. mutans. These spiral-shaped pathogens metabolize sugar when it is introduced into the mouth from eating sweets or fermentable carbohydrates like white bread. Acid formation is the result of the combination of S. mutans and sugar. This acid attacks tooth enamel, wearing away at your tooth’s defenses against bacteria. As cavities form, the infection spreads inward toward the inner structures of the tooth. Travelling through the microscopic tubes of the soft layer of dentin, the bacteria infect the tooth pulp.
The Dangers of Tooth Decay
The pulp center is a vital part of the tooth. Connected to the tooth roots through root canals, the pulp holds the tooth’s nerves, living tissues, and blood vessels. When infected, the damaged tooth’s nerves send pain signals to the brain. An internally infected tooth can produce toothache with chewing pressure as well as temperature sensitivity. While this is a common symptom of an infected root canal, not all tooth decay has noticeable signs.
Detecting Dental Caries Early
Because tooth decay does not guarantee warning signs, dental checkups are imperative for detecting cavities before they lead to much larger dental health issues like an abscessed tooth, or jawbone deterioration. Our Livonia dentist, Dr. James Stewart, employs innovative technology for seeking out even the smallest amounts of tooth decay present. DIAGNOdent, a cavity detection device, measures the wavelengths of healthy teeth against a tooth with suspected dental caries. This exposes even the earliest signs of cavities, so that Dr. Stewart can address tooth decay with the most conservative fillings possible and prevent further oral health problems.
Preventive Dentistry in Livonia
Our Livonia dentist, Dr. Stewart, can help you maintain optimal oral health with a dental examination. You can schedule a dental checkup by calling our Livonia dental office at (734) 425-4400. We serve patients from Novi, Farmington Hills, Plymouth, Dearborn, and the surrounding areas.
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India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It has a population of over 1.2 billion, making it the second most populous country in the world. It has 23 official languages, including Hindi and English, which are used by the government for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a de jure priority. India also has the largest number of English speakers in the world. Its capital is New Delhi and its largest city is Mumbai.
India was home to the ancient Indus Valley civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, which helped to shape its cultural diversity. Four world religions - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism - originated in the country. India was gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British in the 18th century and was part of the British Empire until it gained independence in 1947.
The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing, and the tenth largest in the world. India is also armed with nuclear weapons and has the third largest standing armed forces in the world. It is governed by a democratic republic, with the President as the head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government.
Corporal punishment in India
Spanking in India
Spanking and other methods of corporal punishment of children are common in India. Spankings are often refered to as "beatings" in Indian English, but this word does not generally carry the negative connotations that the term "beating" does in other countries.
In Indian schools, corporal punishment is usually given with a cane. There is no national prohibition in law of corporal punishment in schools, but certain states have passed laws banning school corporal punishment: Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh (2002), Tamil Nadu (2003), West Bengal (2004, in state schools), Chandigarh (in the 1990s), Delhi (2003), Goa. However these laws are insufficiently enforced and in Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, corporal punishment is still quite frequent.
Indian spanking art and films
There is little or no Indian spanking art, literature or fetish films known to exist so far. However, in mainstream films playful scenes of men spanking (fully clothed) women occur in romantic comedies including Shandaar (1990, video clip: Sevenload), Judwaa (1997) and Yamadonga (2007, video clip at Sevenload) and in dramas such as Aap Ki Khatir (1977, video clip: Dailymotion) and Sapne Sajan Ke (1992, video clip: YouTube).
See also
- View the spanking scene from Aap Ki Khatir at Dailymotion
- Corporal Punishments in Day Boardings Schools In Assam
- Corporal Punishment in Chennai schools - A study (on the Internet Archive)
|This page uses content from India. The list of authors can be seen in the . As with Spanking_Art, the text of Wikipedia is available under a copyleft license, the Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike license.. The original article was at|
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People who have post
traumatic stress disorder needs a lot of attention in terms of cognitive
behavioral treatment. People who have this disorder may be in temporarily
stress and anxiety because they think our world is no longer a safe place.
People who have PTSD can be to mindful which can lessen the activation of the
fight or flight response. (Youngdiggers, n.d.)
behavior is evolving from time to time. (Grohol, 2012). Another term for the fight or flight response is “acute stress
response”. It is also stated that when a person perceived threats or
danger, the sympathetic nervous system will generally discharge and will
eventually lead to fighting or fleeing. It is a physiological response that
occurs when a person is in danger (Cannon,
1929). As what (Bloom, 1999) says that whenever we are exposed to a lot of danger the more we
become sensitive which allows our mind to form connections that can trigger
when we are in a dangerous situation. Physical, cognitive and emotional
response can get sensitive that triggers when a person is mostly exposed to
of the heart rate, the blood pressure, and the breathing rate is caused by the
adrenaline which is released in the process of sympathetic nervous system.
Which enable us to fight or flight when we are in danger and when the threat is
already gone our body returns to its normal function, too much chronic stress
can damage our body (Yourhomones, n.d & Youngdiggers, n.d).
further explain, we can’t understand more about what happens in fight or flight
response syndrome if we don’t discuss what is fear and anxiety and their
difference. Anxiety is a fear and it is
also a nervousness towards an event like riding a zip line and you think about
the possible things that may happen to you. While, fear is something that you
are afraid of (Tull, 2017).
However, when we experience fear and anxiety it
does not always occur in situation when we are in immediate danger because all of our
attention are focused on impermanent survival in the present time (Bloom, 1999). Therefore, fight or
flight can also become an anxiety disorder because the fight or flight system
activates even though there is no danger or threat. (Calmclinic, n.d)
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Stress and the butterfly effect
Beetles, proteins, and a Fulbright take biologist Elizabeth Dahlhoff to Finland.
For beetles in the Sierra Nevada and butterflies in Finland alike, when it comes to climate, there’s a shared message: A change is gonna come. To survive, these insects will have to either adapt, move to a more favorable locale, or face extinction. Unraveling how this happens is the source of a Fulbright Fellowship for Professor of Biology Elizabeth Dahlhoff this fall.
Dahlhoff has spent much of the past 15 years studying willow beetles in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. About five years after she and fellow biologist Nathan Rank reported that a particular gene appeared to be under natural selection in response to environmental change in these beetles, she discovered that a research group in Finland studying a butterfly known as the Glanville fritillary was citing their work. The reason: Though separated by 5,000 miles, Finnish butterfly populations also showed changes in this same gene.
The gene in question codes for an enzyme critical for energy metabolism during activities such as eating and mating. And changes in gene frequency were directly related to shifts in environmental temperature. One special insight the butterflies offer: Finnish researchers know exactly when the evolutionary changes in this gene started taking place.
“Butterflies colonized the Aland Island, off the southwest coast of Finland, in the 1970s, but are now extinct on the mainland due to habitat loss,” Dahlhoff says. Because of the isolated location, scientists can tell when the butterflies began to adapt to unique climate conditions there.
For the 2011–12 academic year, Dahlhoff will join the Metapopulation Research Group at the University of Helsinki, collaborating on research that should benefit biologists—and butterflies and beetles—on both sides of the pond.
There are the sanctuaries built for worship—and that carry beauty and grace for all to see. Then there are the improvised places of faith, perhaps more subtle in how they speak to the wonder worked there.
With the way things have gone recently in Congress, looking to the heavens for some help and guidance might seem like a very good idea. In fact, that’s what Pat Conroy, S.J., M.Div. ’83 is there to do.
Who published the one book on government in 2013 that conservative firebrand Newt Gingrich told all true believers that they should read? Well, the author is now lieutenant governor of California. Before that, he was mayor of San Francisco. That’s right: It’s Gavin Newsom ’89.
Women’s soccer wins the West Coast Conference championship.
The White House has brought on SCU’s Colleen Chien, a leading expert in patent law, as senior advisor.
George Souliotes went to prison for three life sentences after he was convicted of arson and murder. Twenty years later, he’s out—after the Northern California Innocence Project proved he didn’t do it.
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The 2030 Agenda recognizes that the eradication of poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the biggest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. With the pandemic, this issue came up even more.
In this process, important problems and changes occurred in many areas from access to food to education. Well;
- What is Deep Poverty?
- What does the Deep Poverty Network do?
- What are the examples of positive change in this period of increasing despair?
- What can we do to permanently eradicate Deep Poverty?
Our Sustainability Agenda program, where we seek answers to these questions and more with Hacer Foggo from Deep Poverty Network, is on our Youtube channel on Thursday, October 22 at 19.30.
We expect you all to this conversation.
You can watch our previous Sustainability Agenda publications in the video below.
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A common way to measure energy intensity is to look at the ratio of energy production and use to GDP. This is a better measure than per capita energy use because energy use is affected, to a large degree, by per capita income. Measuring energy production and use per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) controls for the effect of country income.
To measure energy intensity, we use a country’s primary energy supply per unit of GDP. Primary energy supply refers to all energy produced within a nation in its raw form—crude oil, coal, hydro, raw natural gas, etc. Primary energy supply measures energy before it is transformed into the fuels we use (crude oil vs. gasoline, coal vs. electricity, etc.) and therefore includes energy used in conversions from one form to another (in power generation, for example). It also reflects all energy production, including energy that is supplied to export markets. But it does not include energy imported from other nations.
Increasing energy efficiency and reducing energy intensity should be a policy goal for Canada and its peer countries as a way to mitigate climate change and conserve energy. For a sustainable energy future, Canada must encourage economic activity and GDP growth that does not rely on increased energy consumption.
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Jury systems, Lay participation in law, Mixed tribunals, Collaborative courts
Civil Procedure | Comparative and Foreign Law | Courts | Criminal Procedure | Litigation
United States scholarship on lay participation revolves around one predominant form of lay participation, the jury (Hans & Vidmar forthcoming 2004). However, in the legal systems of many countries, laypeople participate as decision makers in other ways. Laypersons serve as judges (Provine 1986), magistrates (Diamond 1993), and private prosecutors (Perez Gil 2003). Lay and law-trained judges may also decide cases together in mixed tribunals (Kutnjak Ivkovi6 2003; Machura 2003; Vidmar 2002). Although diverse in structure, these methods share with the jury a set of animating ideas about lay involvement in legal decision making.
Many of these ideas appear to be quite compelling. But despite an extensive body of scholarship on the functioning of the jury system, there is limited scholarly work on how alternative methods of using laypersons in legal decision making operate in practice. There is even less on the political and social impact of lay participation. Whether diverse forms of lay participation promote or undermine democratic elements in law is a critically important yet unanswered question. All three articles in the special issue, and the discussant's commentary, address these important subjects, promising to further our understanding about the benefits and the limitations of lay involvement in the legal system.
Hans, Valerie P., "Lay Participation in Legal Decision Making: Introduction to Law & Policy Special Issue" (2003). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. 312.
Published in: Law & Policy, vol. 25, no. 2 (April 2003).
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Capturing the Home Front by Dorothea Lange
A new exhibition now open at the Australian National Maritime Museum reveals some of iconic moments of World War II as captured by renowned photographer, Dorothea Lange.
Capturing the Home Front is open now until 16 February 2020, and features work by Lange, on loan from the Museum of Contemporary Photography in Chicago, and photographs by Toyo Miyatake, a Japanese American internee and professional photographer from Los Angeles who smuggled a lens into Manzanar (one of ten American concentration camps, where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II from December 1942 to 1945) and built a camera to capture camp life.
Considered an icon of documentary photography, Dorothea Lange established her reputation as a documentarian when she was commissioned by the American government to capture and reveal the devastation wrought on Americans by The Great Depression.
During World War II, Lange was commissioned by the US Office of War Information to photograph America’s factories, shipyards, and farms as the nation went to war. Her unvarnished depictions of the forced internment of Japanese Americans from coastal California to inland camps in 1942 were considered too realistic and raw for public consumption, and Ansel Adams was commissioned to document the desolate camp at Manzanar in a better light.
Complementing the American content are reproductions from Australian collections of the evocative work of Sam Hood, William Cranstone, Jim Fitzpatrick, and Hedley Cullen who documented wartime industry, Japanese internment, family and country life on our side of the Pacific.
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320 likes | 658 Vues
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR. What is??. Is the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance. OB CORE TOPICS :. Motivation Leader Behavior and Power Interpersonal communication Group structure and processes.
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Is the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance.
OB CORE TOPICS: • Motivation • Leader Behavior and Power • Interpersonal communication • Group structure and processes
Personality, emotions and values • Attitude development and perception • Change Process • Conflict and Negotiation • Work Design
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OB • Responding to Economic Pressure • Responding to Globalization • Managing Workforce Diversity
Stimulating Innovation and Change • Helping Employees Balance Work life Conflict
WORKFORCE DIVERSITY • Acknowledges a workforce of women and men, many racial and ethnic groups, individuals with a variety of physical or physiological abilities and people who differ in age and sexual orientation
MAJOR WORKFORCE DIVERSITY CATEGORIES • Gender • Race • National Origin • Age
Disability • Domestic Partners • Religion
SELF CONCEPT • Refers to an individual’s self beliefs and self evaluation. It is “Who am I?” and “how do I feel about myself”.
SELF ENHANCEMENT A persons inherent motivation to have a positive self concept and to have others perceive him/her favorably such as, being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical and important
DIMENSIONS OF SELF EVALUATION • Self esteem- the extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves.
Self efficacy- refers to a persons belief that he or she can successfully complete a task
Locus of Control- persons general beliefs about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY • A theory stating that people define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment.
Is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us
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The Origins of Cult-Favorite Fast Food Restaurants: White Castle
The man who launched this "royal" house was first to make burgers respectable. Seriously.
The original success of White Castle was in its marketing. Ingram did not invent the hamburger, rather he introduced it to Americans at a cheap price and targeted it to specific segments of the population. This has not changed in 90 years.
Before 1921, the hamburger was an undesirable product, sold from unseemly street carts and lunch counters. With a restaurateur named J. Walter Anderson, Ingram, a former real-estate and insurance agent, spent $700 in opening the first White Castle in Wichita, Kansas. It is said that Anderson invented the hamburger bun there, standardizing and streamlining its production like Henry Ford had done for automobiles.Their kitchen was in the front of the place, answering Americans’ concerns about meat safety.
The frozen hamburger patties of today were not then used. The first White Castle boasted twice daily deliveries of fresh beef. Anderson cooked the small, square burgers in large quantities on a hot grill, topped with fresh, thinly shredded onions. A pickle was inserted at the end. Contrary to the popular belief that the McDonald brothers were first to apply the assembly line method to burger-making, Anderson and Ingram brought the forces of modern life into the food industry. They devised a uniform system so that customers could expect the same burger every time.
That first White Castle store sold hamburgers in large quantities at five cents each. Ingram told his customers to “buy’em by the sack,” introducing both the food and the take-out format that became synonymous with fast food, according to author David Gerard Hogan in Selling’em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (New York University Press, 1997).
The two men branded the hamburger as something dignified, beginning with the name White Castle. As food magazine Saveur put it, “[T]he business’s name suggested purity and nobility, and the company promoted such airs by hiring a spokesperson to persuade women’s groups that White Castle hamburgers were wholesome fare, ideal for family meals.”
Like the way its burger was cooked, Ingram channeled that sameness and mechanization into other parts of the White Castle brand. In the early 1930s, he created a subsidiary company that manufactured paper hats, and another one that manufactured the prefabricated steel frame structures and porcelain enamel interior and exterior panels that made up every White Castle.
Americans followed Ingram’s advice in droves. They craved more hamburgers. White Castle moved into Omaha, Nebraska, in 1923, and by the end of the decade had branched into every major Midwestern city and New York and New Jersey. In 1933, Ingram bought out Anderson, and a year later he moved its headquarters to Columbus, Ohio.
Countless imitators popped up everywhere, identical to White Castle in product, architecture, and even name; white porcelain restaurants like White Tower, White Clock, Royal Castle, or White Palace. Thousands of restaurants across the United States began selling a replica of the White Castle burger. The fast-food industry was officially born, and as a country we have been forced to deal with its consequences, many of them damaging to our health and diet, ever since.
Ingram steadfastly refused to franchise White Castle. He wanted to personally oversee every location. As a result, White Castle’s empire never grew beyond the scale of a mostly regional operation, unlike McDonald’s (MCD). Billy Ingram died in 1966, and his son and grandson would follow as president. The company remains privately held, so financial information is hard to come by. But with about 420 stores, the company not too long ago trailed only McDonald’s in sales revenue per store.
The gloss of those early White Castle locations has worn off over the years. Its lowbrow profile, according to author David Gerard Hogan, is in part because Ingram focused on selling to the urban working class, which then became the urban underclass.
It’s known now for its all-night hours and cheapness, and in popular culture, its desirability for stoners (immortalized in the film Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle) and drinkers at the end of a long session. Everybody knows that a “crave case” of sliders is a perfect end to the night, and with that successful marketing, Billy Ingram would likely be proud.
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In the late 1890’s and early 1900’s, St. Pierre, Martinique was known as the “Paris of the West Indies”. It was renown for its red-tiled cottage, beautiful tropical plants and charming streets. Although most of the population of 20,000 were native Martiniquans, most of the wealthy were Creoles or French colonial officials. The only thing marring this paradise was the volcano looming over its picturesque streets. Citizens of the area were so use to the volcanic activity on the ‘bald mountain’, that no one took it seriously when the fresh steaming vent-holes and earth tremors stared during April 1902.
On April 23, 1902, minor explosions began at the summit of the volcano. By early May, ash began to rain down continuously, and the nauseating stench of sulfur filled the air. The homes on the mountainside were made uninhabitable. Even worse, more than 100 snakes slithered down and invaded the mulatto quarter of St Pierre. The 6-ft long serpents killed 50 people, mostly children, and many animals. There are reports of horses, pigs and dogs screaming as red ants and foot long centipedes crawled up their legs and bit them.
Things came to a head when on May 5, a landslide of boiling mud and water from the Etang Sec crater lake spilled into the River Blanche. Near the mouth of the river, 23 workman were killed in a rum distillery. This was followed by a tsunami that killed hundreds.
This naturally caused concern in the town, and many wanted to leave for Fort-de-France, Martinique’s second most important city. Unfortunately, this all coincided with a national election and public officials wanted to keep people in town to cast their ballots. They convened a committee to assess the danger, with the only scientist involved being a high school science teacher. The report they sent to Governor Louis Mouttet said “there is nothing in the activity of Mt. Pelée that warrants a departure from St. Pierre.” It concluded that “the safety of St. Pierre is completely assured.” On the assurance of that report, people from the countryside flocked into St. Pierre for safety. They could not have been more wrong.
Three days later, May 8, Mt Pelee finally exploded, sending a murderous avalanche of white-hot lava straight toward the town. Within three minutes, St Pierre was completely obliterated. There was a V shaped notched cut through the cliffs surrounding the summit crater. This acted as a gun sight pointing down at the town sending super-heated gas, ash and rock down at more than 100 miles per hour. The on slot was enough to move a three ton statue sixteen meters from its base, and blow one meter thick masonry walls to smithereens. It continued down to the shore and hit the ships in the harbor with hurricane force, capsizing several ships killing their crews. The heat set rum warehouses and distilleries ablaze and sent rivers of flaming liquid through the streets.
Of its 30,000 population, there were only two people survived. Louis-Auguste Cyparis survived because he was in a poorly ventilated, dungeon-like jail cell. Léon Compère-Léandre lived on the edge of the city and escaped with severe burns. Havivra Da Ifrile, a young girl, reportedly escaped with injuries during the eruption by taking a small boat to a cave down shore, and was later found adrift two miles from the island, unconscious. The event marked the only major volcanic disaster in the history of France and its overseas territories.
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Chapter 4 Nominal and Effective Interest Rates CE 314 Engineering Economy
Interest is quoted on the basis of: 1. Quotation using a Nominal Interest Rate 2. Quoting an Effective Periodic Interest Rate Nominal and Effective Interest rates are commonly quoted in business, finance, and engineering economic decision-making. Each type must be understood in order to solve various problems where interest is stated in various ways.
Interest rates can be quoted in many ways: Interest equals “6% per 6-months” Interest is “12%” (12% per what?) Interest is 1% per month “Interest is “12.5% per year, compounded monthly” Interest is 12% APR You must “decipher” the various ways to state interest and to do calculations.
A Nominal Interest Rate, r, is an interest Rate that does not include any consideration of the compounding of interest. Nominal Interest Rates r = (interest rate per period)(No. of Periods) 1.5% per month for 12 months Same as (1.5%)(12 months) = 18%/year 1.5% per 6 months Same as (1.5%)(6 months) = 9% per 6 months or semiannual period
A nominal rate (as quoted) does not reference the frequency of compounding per se. Nominal rates can be misleading. Which led to “The untruth in lending law”… An alternative way to quote interest rates? A true Effective Interest Rate must then applied…
When quoted, an Effective interest rate is a true, periodic interest rate. It is a rate that applies for a stated period of time. It is conventional to use the year as the time standard. The EIR is often referred to as the Effective Annual Interest Rate (EAIR). Effective Interest Rates
Quote: “12 percent compounded monthly” is translated as: 12% is the nominal rate “compounded monthly” conveys the frequency of the compounding throughout the year For this quote there are 12 compounding periods within a year. Effective Interest Rates
r% per time period, compounded ‘m’ times a year. ‘m’ denotes the number of times per year that interest is compounded. 18% per year, compounded monthly r = 18 % per year (same as nominal interest rate) m = 12 interest periods per year Effective Interest Rates What is the effective annual interest rate (EAIR)? It must be larger than 18% per year!
Effective Interest Rates Effective rate per CP = r% per time period t = r m compounding periods per t m Where: Compounding Period (CP) is the time unit used to determine the effect of interest. It is determined by the compounding term in the interest rate statement. If not stated, assume one year. Time Period (t) is the basic time unit of the interest rate. The time unit is typically one year but can be other time periods, such as months, quarters, semiannual periods, etc. If not stated, assume one year. 6% per year compounded monthly is equivalent to 6%/12 = 0.50% per month. r = 6%. m = 12.
Effective Interest Rates a)r/m = 9%/4 = 2.25% per quarter b)r/m = 9%/12 = 0.75% per month c)r/m = 4.5%/26 = 0.173% per week 1 26
Effective Interest Rates All the interest formulas, factors, tabulated values, and spreadsheet relations must have the effective interest rate to properly account for the time value of money. The Effective interest rate is the actual rate that applies for a stated period of time. The compounding of interest during the time period of the corresponding nominal rate is accounted for by the effective interest rate i a, but any time basis can be used. The terms APR and APY are used in many individual financial situations. The annual percentage rate (APR) refers to the nominal rate and the annual percentage yield (APY) is used in lieu of effective interest rate.
Effective Annual Interest Rates i a = (1 + i) m – 1 where: m = number of compounding periods per year i = effective interest rate per compounding period (CP) = r/m r = nominal interest rate per year i a = effective interest rate per year
Effective Annual Interest Rates Example: 12% per year compounded monthly r = 12% per year m = 12 months per year i = r/m = 12/12 = 1 i a = (1 + i) m – 1 i a = (1 +.01) 12 – 1 = 12.683% per year
Equivalence Example: You borrow $10,000 at an interest rate of 12% per year compounded monthly. How much do you owe after 5 years? F = P (F/P, i, 5) 1)i a = 12.683% per year compounded yearly F = $10,000 (1.12683) 5 = $18,167
Therefore we can conclude that 1% per month compounded monthly for 60 months is equivalent to 12% per year compounded monthly for 5 years. Both statements imply effective interest rates! Equivalence Or 1% per month for 5(12) = 60 months 2)i a = r/m = 12%/12 = 1 % per month compounded monthly F = $10,000 (1.01) 60 = $18,167
Effective Annual Interest Rates for various Nominal Interest Rates
Nominal Annual Rate r% per year = (i% per CP)(number of CPs per year) = (i)(m) Example: i = 1.5% per month compounded monthly m = 12 months r = 1.5%(12) = 18% per year (but not compounded monthly!) i a = (1 + 0.18/12) 12 – 1 = 19.56% per year compounded yearly i a = 1.5% per month compounded monthly
Effective Interest Rates for any Time Period In many loan transactions or personal financial decisions the compounding period (CP) may not be the same as the payment period (PP). When this occurs the effective interest rate is typically expressed over the same time period as the payments. Example: Bank pays 4% per year compounded quarterly and deposits are made every month. CP = 4 times per year PP = 12 times per year PP refers to the deposits and withdrawals by an individual not a lending institution. CP refers to the compounding of interest by the lending institution.
Effective Interest Rates for any Time Period Effective i = (1 + r/m) m – 1 where: r = nominal interest rate per payment period (PP) m = number of compounding periods per payment period (CP per PP) PP CP Payments every 6 months, with interest compounded every quarter CP
Equivalence Procedures Single Payments (P,F) when PP > or = to CP Method 1: Determine the effective interest rate over the compounding period CP, and set n equal to the number of compounding periods between P and F. P = F (P/F, effective i% per CP, total number of periods n) F = P (F/P, effective i% per CP, total number of periods n)
Equivalence Procedures P = F (P/F, effective i% per CP, total number of periods n) F = P (F/P, effective i% per CP, total number of periods n) Example: i = 6% per year compounded semiannually $2,000 F = ? $1,000 Payments are on a yearly basis. Interest compounded twice a year. Therefore, PP > CP. Effective i% per CP = r/m = 6%/2 = 3% per 6 months Total number of periods = m(n) = 2(4) = 8 semiannual periods F = $2,000(F/P, 3%, 8) + $1,000 (F/P, 3%, 4) 123
Equivalence Procedures F = $2,000(F/P, 3%, 8) + $1,000 (F/P, 3%, 4) Please note that the interest rate is quoted over a 6-month period which corresponds with the total number of 6-month periods. F = $2,000(1.2668) + $1,000(1.1255) F = $3,659
Equivalence Procedures Method 2: Determine the effective interest rate for the time period t of the nominal rate, and set n equal to the total number of periods using this same time period. Example: i = 6% per year compounded semiannually Effective i% per year = ( 1 + 0.06/2) 2 – 1 = 6.09% per year F = $2,000(F/P, 6.09%, 4) + $1,000 (F/P, 6.09%, 2) F = $2,000(1.0609) 4 + $1,000(1.0609) 2 F = $3,659 ($3,659 from Method 1) Method 1 is preferred over Method 2 since tables are easier to use.
Equivalence Procedures Series (A,G and g) when PP = CP Determine the effective interest rate over the compounding period CP or PP, and set n equal to the number of compounding periods or payment periods between P and F. P = A(P/A, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) F = A(F/A, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) P = G(P/G, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) F = G(F/G, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) P = g(P/g, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) F = g(F/g, effective i% per CP or PP, total number of periods n) See example worked in last class meeting.
Equivalence Procedures Series (A,G and g) when PP > CP Find the effective i per payment period and determine n as the toal number of payment periods. Example: $1,000 is deposited every 6-months for the next 2 years. The account pays 8% per year compounded quarterly. How much money will be in the account when then last deposit is made? A = $1,000 per 6-months F = ? XXXX X denotes where compounding of interest is taking place. 1 2 years
Equivalence Procedures Payments are biannually. Interest is compounded quarterly. Therefore PP > CP and the effective interest rate must be expressed over the same time period as the payments! Effective i% = (1 + r/m) m – 1 r = nominal interest rate per payment period (PP) = 8%/2 = 4% per 6- months m = number of compounding periods per payment period (CP per PP) m = 2 Effective i% = (1 + 0.04/2) 2 – 1 = 4.04% per 6-months m(number of years) = 2(2) = 4 6-month periods F = A (F/A, 4.04%,4) F = $1,000 ((1.0404) 4 – 1)(0.0404) = $4,249 When PP > CP and you are dealing with series factors, this is the only approach, which will result in the correct amount!
Equivalence Procedures Single Payments (P,F) and Series Amounts (A, G, g) when PP < CP: Bank Policy: 1)Interest is not paid between compounding periods. Many banks operate in this fashion. 2)Interest is paid or charged between compounding periods. For a no-interperiod-interest policy, deposits are all regarded as deposited at the end of the compounding period, and withdrawals are all regarded as withdrawn at the beginning.
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Carers are people who provide unpaid care and support to family members and friends who have a disability, mental illness, a serious long-term illness, a terminal illness, an alcohol or other drug issue or who are frail aged. Carers help and support the person they care for with daily activities, emotional, social and financial support. Carers of NDIS participants, most likely care for someone with a significant and permanent disability who is under the age of 65 years.
It is important for carers to understand and be prepared for the NDIS. Participants of the scheme, are now offered choice and control over the way they purchase and receive their support needs, through individual packages of support. This is different to the previous block funded model, where service providers tendered for government funding to help groups of people.
The NDIS recognises that Carers play an important role in supporting a person with disability, and the wellbeing of the family is taken into account when putting together a plan for participants. Carers can support the person they care for prepare for the NDIS by ensuring:
- The person they care for is supported to access the NDIS
- The person they care for receives support that is reasonable and necessary, and right for their situation
- You, as the carer of a person with disability who is eligible for the NDIS, receives the appropriate amount of support to continue in your role as someone's primary carer.
The NDIS funds ‘reasonable and necessary’ supports that help a person with disability to reach their goals and increase their social and economic participation. The types of services vary depending on each individual’s needs.
For a support to be deemed ‘reasonable and necessary’ it must:
- Be related to the participant’s disability
- Be likely to be effective and beneficial to the participant
- Take into account informal supports provided by families, carers and the community
The NDIS does not fund services such as education, income support, housing, employment, public transport or health services because these types of services are referred to as ‘mainstream services.’ However, the NDIS will support people with disability to connect to these types of services.
Please follow the link to understand how the NDIS works with other mainstream services: https://www.ndis.gov.au/document/how-ndis-works-other-mainstrea.html
Carers cannot join themselves unless they too meet the NDIS eligibility requirements of having a permanent and significant disability, please see the NDIS Access Checklist below. However, in a caring capacity, they can benefit from the supports the person with disability receives, both directly and indirectly.
Please follow the below links for NDIS information on:
Families and Carers: https://www.ndis.gov.au/families-carers.html
NDIS Access Checklist: https://www.ndis.gov.au/ndis-access-checklist.html
Yes, there are a range of supports available to carers including respite support, counselling, education and training, peer support and advocacy. For information call the National Carer Advisory Line on 1800 242 636
If the NDIA determines a person with disability to be ineligible to participate in the scheme, that person cannot receive funded supports through the NDIS. However, the person with disability or their carer can contact the NDIS for support through the Information, linkages and capacity (ILC) building programme for referral and other support options.
Please follow this link to NDIS information on continuity of support: https://www.ndis.gov.au/people-disability/continuity-support.html
If you disagree with an NDIS decision regarding your eligibility, you can request an internal review. This can simply be stated to the NDIA or you can complete their respective form.
Being advised you are not eligible, may be due to a mistake in completing the access request form by either yourself, the GP or specialist(s). Requesting an internal review is an important consideration where you believe you or the person you care for, meets the criteria to become a participant of the scheme. You may wish to seek advocacy in your state or territory to support you through this process.
NDIA Internal review process: https://www.ndis.gov.au/participants/reasonable-and-necessary-supports/decision-review.html
A person with disability or their nominee, who is not satisfied with a decision made by the NDIA can apply to have their case looked at again. This application needs to be made within three months of the initial decision. If the person is still not happy with the decision after the review, they can then apply to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
The administrative appeals tribunal: https://www.ndis.gov.au/about/contact-us/feedback-complaints/appeals-tribunal.html
This is the role of the Local Area Coordinators and Early Childhood Early Intervention access partners who have partnered with the NDIA. These models of support are currently being rolled across Australia in stages. Please refer to the NDIS in your area or call the NDIA 1800 800 110 for more information on when these models are operational in your region.
The NDIS may also pay for supports to build the capacity of the person with disability to use mainstream services. For example, training people with disability on how to use public transport. Please contact the NDIA on 1800 800 110 for more information.
The NDIS has Operational Guidelines to assist the NDIA in making decisions or recommendations about people with disability, their families and carers. These Guidelines are based on the NDIS Act. The NDIS Rules and Guidelines also refer to the ways that carers can be involved in the assessment and planning process.
Some of these guidelines refer directly to carers for example The Planning and Assessment Operational Guidelines state that ‘the role of families and carers should be considered and respected.’
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Carbohydrate is the nutrient that has the biggest impact on blood glucose levels.
For people with type 2 diabetes, it’s important to know the carbs in all the food and drink you eat to keep blood glucose levels under control. This is because diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot use glucose properly. Blood glucose levels that are often high can eventually lead to diabetes complications such as heart disease, eye and kidney problems and foot amputation.
= 5g of sugar =
Which foods contain carbs?
The first step is to familiarise yourself with foods that do and don’t contain carbs, as some foods have none (e.g. meat and fish), some have small amount of carbs (e.g. most vegetables), and others have high amounts (e.g. bread, pasta, rice and potatoes).
It is also important to note that not all carbs are the same. Some carbs contain higher amounts of vitamins, minerals and fibre, therefore the quality of carbs is important for the overall balance of your diet.
The amount of carbs is determined not only by the type of food, but also the portion size. For example, a small portion of rice may contain 10g carbs, which then is broken down into glucose in the bloodstream and creates a small rise in your blood glucose level.
However, a large portion of rice may contain 90g carbs. This is broken down into much more glucose in the bloodstream, and results in a significantly higher rise in your blood glucose level.
People with type 2 diabetes on a flexible insulin regimen may find that matching their insulin dose to carbohydrate consumed improves their blood glucose levels. Your healthcare team will be able to provide you with the appropriate advice on which treatment is best for you.
Therefore, you may wish to learn how to accurately count the amount of carbs in the food and drink you consume. See the carb counting page for more information and tips about this.
When considering a low-carb diet as an option, people with diabetes should be aware of possible side effects such as the risk of hypoglycemia, and should get support to reduce this risk if on insulin or medicines such as Gliclazide or Repaglinide. Seek advice from your Health Care professional for further information about monitoring and adjustments to medication as required.
Join others and come along to learn more
Carbs and cals book
This visual book contains 1,700 food photos, showing the fibre content for each portion to help you achieve your 30g fibre each day, as well as carbs, calories and other nutrients
Carbs and cals app
This visual app is perfect for those counting calories, monitoring carbs, boosting fibre, looking to improve portion control or lose weight.
World foods book
If you’re from an African, Arabic, Caribbean or South Asian background, this book helps you understand the carbs in the food you eat. Its visual style makes it easy to select portion sizes.
Free diabetes PDFs
Download 8 free info sheets for diabetes, including: Basics to carb counting; Calculating carbs in a recipe; Carb counting quiz; Carbs in alcohol; Ways to count carbs.
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- William J Mann, Jr, MD
William J Mann, Jr, MD
- Section Editor — Gynecologic Surgery
- Clinical Professor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Vaginoscopy refers to use of an instrument, other than a speculum, to visualize the vaginal canal. It is used most often for examination of children. The clinician should choose an instrument that will not damage the hymen or lower genital tract of the unestrogenized child. The anatomic integrity of the child's hymenal tissue is important from a cultural and forensic point of view: families often need to be assured the child will remain virginal; anatomic disruptions of the hymenal tissues are used as forensic evidence of childhood sexual abuse.
Informed consent for vaginoscopy should also include: removal of a foreign object, biopsy of abnormal-appearing findings, rectovaginal examination, and possible needle drainage (if a cyst is found). Prior to insertion of any instrument into the vaginal introitus, the anatomic features of the hymen should be documented and the amount of estrogen effect on the child's tissues should be assessed. (See "The pediatric physical examination: The perineum", section on 'Females' and "Gynecologic examination of the newborn and child", section on 'Evaluation of the hymen'.)
Hymenal tissue with a high estrogen effect (newborns and peripubertal children) is better able to tolerate iatrogenic stretch without tearing than tissue with a very low estrogen effect (children three to eight years of age) . A pediatric vaginal speculum should not be used in routine examination of the prepubertal child's vagina because there is a risk of traumatizing the hymen and vaginal walls, even if the child is under general anesthesia.
Vaginoscopy with an irrigating endoscope can be performed in the office or as an examination under anesthesia (see below). The site is determined by the child's ability to comply with instructions. Topical anesthetic is applied to the vulva approximately five minutes before inserting the vaginoscope ; the author uses a 2 percent preparation of viscous lidocaine. The author is more comfortable using a flexible irrigating endoscope for office procedures due to concern about inadvertent patient movement that might result in accidental injury. Patient compliance can be improved when the child is informed that she will be able to see what the doctor sees inside her body. A flexible scope can be bent toward the patient so she can visualize her lower genital tract or a video attachment with a monitor can be used.
Historically, a popular technique for examination of a child's vagina involved the Cameron-Myers vaginoscope, which has interchangeable distal tubular structures of 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 cm diameters (picture 1) [2,3]. This instrument was a modification of a veterinary otoscope [4,5]. The Killian nasal speculum has also been used for pediatric vaginoscopy . Use of these instruments allows detection of large lesions and those that are a different color than the vaginal walls. However, if the lesion is accompanied by copious mucus or debris or is very small, detecting it with these instruments is difficult.
- Yordan EE, Yordan RA. The hymen and tanner staging of the breast. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1992; 5:76.
- Capraro VJ. Gynecologic examination in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 1972; 19:511.
- Droegemueller W. Pediatric gynecology. In: Comprehensive Gynecology, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR Jr, Stenchever MA (Eds), CV Mosby, St. Louis 1987.
- Billmire ME, Farrell MK, Dine MS. A simplified procedure for pediatric vaginal examination: use of veterinary otoscope specula. Pediatrics 1980; 65:823.
- Brenner PF. Infancy and childhood. In: Gynecology and Obstetrics: The Health Care of Women, Romney SL, Gray MJ, Little AB et al (Eds), McGraw-Hill, New York 1981.
- Laufer MR. Gynecologic Pain: Dysmenorrhea, Acute and Chronic Pelvic Pain, Endometriosis, and Premenstrual Syndrome. In: Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 6th ed, Emans SJ, Laufer MR (Eds), Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2012. p.238.
- Pokorny SF. The genital examination of the infant through adolescence. In: Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goldfarb AA (Ed), Current Science, 1993. p.753.
- Pokorny SF. Pediatric gynecology. In: Office Gynecology, Stenchever MA (Ed), Mosby-Year, St. Louis 1992.
- Bacskó G. [Use of the hysteroscope in pediatric gynecology for diagnosis of vaginal hemorrhage and injury]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1993; 115:129.
- Pokorny SF. Long-term intravaginal presence of foreign bodies in children. A preliminary study. J Reprod Med 1994; 39:931.
- Pokorny SF, Pokorny WJ, Kramer W. Acute genital injury in the prepubertal girl. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166:1461.
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AUDIENCE QUESTION: I wonder if you were mentoring a young composer, what would be essential for them to focus on, to really tune the ears?
ALBERTO GRAU: The first thing would be that he has to focus on the choir that he is going to write for. This is very important because a composer should write for the interpreter, whoever the interpreter is. In Venezuela, we have many children’s choirs, and one can write for pre-school choirs to the Dale Warland Singers. So it is very important for the composer to focus on the choir for which he is composing. The second thing is that the pupil should work a lot.
CHRISTIAN GRASES [INTERPRETER]: I can tell you that he gives us a lot of work.
ALBERTO GRAU: The composer should pick a good poem and stick to it, but it is very important for the people to feel compassion for what the music can give back after he is done working on it. And the last thing would be to be very critical with oneís self.
CHRISTIAN GRASES [INTERPRETER]: I can tell you that he is very tough on himself and on us. I am a pupil of his. He shows us how to be really critical with ourselves and our work.
JORGE C"RDOBA: It is very important to analyze the great composers. I agree with Alberto about all the preparation. I emphasize that analysis is very important, and I was so amazed at how much fun it was to analyze works. After all of these things are in yourself, then approach the music from your heart, so your feelings can come through. After you have analyzed and after you have worked a lot, then you have to take all these studies of counterpoint apart and you have write from your heart.
STEPHEN PAULUS: I would say that young composers should listen like crazy to music, and find out what is working and what isn’t, and why. Write every day. It is no different from being a gymnast; develop that facility if possible, something related to composing. Older composers should listen like crazy, and write every day. It is the same. The other tricky thing I heard in a quote heard down the table here is to become self-critical, and wean from the teacher or mentor. My teacher, Paul Fetler, never said, “this is good…this is bad.” He always said, “Well, let’s see…Let’s look at the alto line. Are you pleased with what you have written?” And I would, being young, say, “Oh, very pleased.” Instead of pointing out that I had written 28 bars without a rest, and all altos have to breathe, just like woodwind instruments. And he would say, “Well, is there anything you would change?” And I would say, “Not a thing!” “Well if there was one thing possibly that you might want to consider changing,” and by this time behind me all the graduate students were laughing, because they could see as plain as day that I hadn’t allowed them time to breathe. But if he had said, “Give the singers a chance to breathe,” no—he used the Socratic method and finally got it out of me, “That’s right! I need to give them a chance to breathe.” That is a great skill that needs to be developed as soon as possible. Come back to a piece; I still do this to this day. The more time after I have written a piece, to put it on the shelf—even if it is for one night, hopefully it is a week, sometimes a month—suddenly some of the world’s greatest ideas suddenly become very mediocre after you have had a chance to let the work sizzle a bit; That chord isn’t zippy enough, or that chord doesn’t have the right punch.” You can improve a piece so much, even before you get to the premiere. Much better than at the second rehearsal.
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|Working With Audio Signals|
For most of the past century, working with audio signals was a very straightforward process. The audio information was converted to electrical signals in the form of a varying voltage between the two conductors in a pair (balanced) or between a conductor and the ground reference (unbalanced). The bandwidth, frequency response, distortion and noise requirements of audio circuits were all well-defined. Interconnecting audio equipment was a simple matter of matching impedance and levels, usually accomplished with simple circuits of passive devices.
The conversion to digital signal formats changed all of that. Beginning in 1985 with the publication of the first standards for what became known and AES/EBU digital audio, system designers were faced with an ever-growing number of complications. Digital audio consists of packets of data, each packet representing a voltage level derived by “sampling” the analog voltage of the input signal at a specific rate and converting that value to a digital value. At the decoder, these samples are sequentially converted back to their analog value, and the analog signal (or a reasonable facsimile thereof) is reconstructed. Because it is always preferable to avoid unnecessary decode-recode steps along the way, system designers needed to find ways of working with these digital signals in their native form. This is where the complications started to arise.
The first complication came with the need to switch between two signals or to mix two signals together. In the analog world, this was simple. A basic relay could do the switching, and a very simple circuit could do the mixing by adding the two signals together in a variable ratio. In the digital world, it became necessary to ensure first that the two signals were encoded at the same sample rate (several different rates are used), and then that they were synchronous with each other. Switching between two signals that are not locked to the same reference makes it impossible to switch on the boundary between the samples. The outcome is an invalid sample at the switch point, which results in a pop or click at the output device when the signal is decoded.
Even with timing problems taken care of, noise at the switch point remained a common issue. This was due to the fact that the digital audio signal is constructed of discrete samples. When a switch takes place, there is often an instantaneous difference in the values represented by the samples immediately preceding and immediately following the switch. When the signal is converted back to analog, this discontinuity cannot be tracked by the analog circuitry and the speaker that is presenting the audio. The result is noise at the switch point. This noise can be prevented through adjustment of the samples before and after the switch point so that the two signals are at similar levels when the switch takes place. This is often called a “soft” switch and is quite commonly used, but it is a long way from the relay described earlier.
After a few years, system designers finally had a full toolkit for implementing practical, reliable and cost-effective digital audio systems. Then the complications started all over again. The challenge this time was called “embedded audio.” When the Serial Digital Video signal format was standardized, there were provisions made for carrying “ancillary data” in the spaces where no active video was present. When this data came in the form of digital audio information, it was referred to as “embedded audio.” The advantages of combining audio and video signals into one transport layer are obvious. System complexity and cost can be reduced considerably by eliminating the need for audio cabling, patch panels, and distribution and monitoring equipment.
The price of this improvement is increased complexity in the video system, or reduced flexibility in handling the audio once it is multiplexed into the video stream. Consider the common problem of recorded material with audio tracks assigned to the wrong positions. In a separate audio system, it is easy to repatch the audio lines to the correct pattern and proceed.
Performing the same operation on material with embedded audio requires that the serial data be decoded, the audio data extracted and processed and then the resulting material re-encoded back to SDI for use in the system. The difference in cost is considerable and must be taken into account when designing a system that depends on embedded audio transport rather than traditional separate audio system design.
|Tags: utah scientific | iss053 | audio signals | aes | ebu | Scott Bosen|
|Submitted by Scott Bosen||Read this article in the tv-bay digital magazine|
|What are these?|
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| 0.962381 | 928 | 3.84375 | 4 |
When China reduced people in poverty by 220 million between 1978 and 2004, the world applauded this as the greatest poverty reduction in history. Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz and all other poverty specialists cheered.
India has just reduced its number of poor from 407 million to 269 million, a fall of 138 million in seven years between 2004-05 and 2011-12. This is faster than China’s poverty reduction rate at a comparable stage of development, though for a much shorter period. Are the China-cheerers hailing India for doing even better?
No, many who hailed China are today rubbishing the Indian achievement as meaningless or statistically fudged. This includes the left, many NGOs and some TV anchors. The double standard is startling.
The Tendulkar Committee determined India’s poverty definition. The Tendulkar poverty line in 2011-12 came to Rs 4,000 per rural and Rs 5,000 per urban family of five. Critics say this is ridiculously low. But it is roughly equal to the World Bank’s well-established poverty line of $1.25 per day in Purchasing Power Parity terms (which translates into around 50 cents/day in current dollars). This is used by over 100 countries, by the United Nations and many other international agencies. When the whole world uses this standard, why call it statistical fudge?
When China claimed to have lifted 220 million people out of poverty, guess what its poverty line was? Just $85 per year, or $0.24 per day! Whatever statistical adjustments you make for comparability, it was far lower than today’s Tendulkar line. Did today’s critics of the Tendulkar line castigate China for fudging? No, they sang China’s praises.
The World Bank actually has two lines — $1.25 denoting extreme poverty, and $2 denoting moderate poverty. India can also adopt two lines, the Tendulkar line for extreme poverty and a new Rangarajan line for moderate poverty, at around $2/day.
But this will in no way diminish the great achievement of slashing the number of those historically called poor — we can call them the “extreme poor”— by 138 million in seven years. Allowing for rising population in this period, the number saved from extreme poverty is even higher at 180 million.
Given our rising GDP and expectations, we can rename the Tendulkar line as our extreme poverty line. But to condemn it as statistical fudge is ridiculous. The $1.25 line is a world standard, even if it is below the Arnab Goswami line or Sitaram Yechhury line. Indian critics may not accept it, but the world will.
There is, of course, the separate issue of who should be entitled to various government subsidies, including food subsidies. Economists talk of targeting subsidies at those below the Tendulkar line. But for politicians, the aim of subsidies is to win votes. And clearly you win more votes by extending subsidies to two-thirds of the population, rather than the poorest one-third.
This spread of subsidies to those above the extreme poverty line was once called “leakages to the non-poor.” But it is considered good politics even if it is bad economics. This explains why the government chose to cover 67% of the population in the Food Security Bill, even though the poverty ratio at the time was 30%.
However, critics quickly exposed this as a double standard. They asked, if your Food Security Bill views two-thirds of the people as needy, how could you have a poverty line saying only one third are poor? The government found it difficult to say this was good politics even if it was bad economics. Instead, it appointed the Rangarajan Committee to devise a higher poverty line. This line will almost certainly be around the moderate poverty line ($ 2/day in PPP terms) of the World Bank.
Many critics and TV anchors will cheer at the prospect of freebies to two-thirds of the population. Yet here lie the seeds of fiscal disaster. India is poor because it has spent too much on ill-targeted subsidies, leaving too little for infrastructure and effective education that will raise incomes permanently. Total subsidies (mostly non-merit subsidies) exploded in the 1980s, reaching 14.5 % of GDP, almost as much as all central and state tax revenue. This ended in a fiscal and balance of payments crisis in 1991.
The risk of a new poverty line of $2/day is that it will create political demands for more freebies to twothird of the population. That will further erode limited funds for productive spending.
In theory we can limit subsidies to the poorest and cut out unworthy subsidies. In practice, the combined pressure of vote banks and TV anchors threatens to raise subsidies beyond all prudent limits. There lie the seeds of another 1991-style disaster.
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Networkingitimes | Dating & Chat | Email
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Alzheimer’s disease, which affects 5 million Americans, offers a powerful lesson on the limits of Western medicine. New technologies are allowing researchers to screen for genetic mutations, monitor real-time brain activity, and develop drugs from both biological and chemical materials. Yet the causes of Alzheimer’s disease remain a mystery, and drugs that seemed promising in early development have so far failed to slow the ravaging effects of the disease in real patients.
An emerging angle of research, highlighted in an annual summary of progress against the disease put out by the National Institutes of Health, shifts the focus away from amyloid beta and tau proteins in the brain and toward a better understood pair of biological actors: glucose and insulin. If the research ultimately proves that their interaction plays a role in causing Alzheimer’s disease, it would give doctors a clue about how to treat it.
The research began with the observation that diabetics have a greater risk of dementia than the general population.
And a University of Washington study published last year in the New England Journal of Medicine found that in diabetics and non-diabetics alike, higher average blood sugar levels were linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, which is the most common type of dementia.
Those risky higher glucose levels are caused by a combination of poor diet, insufficient exercise, and an individual's metabolism. The findings line up with existing research that says exercise reduces the risk of dementia.
“In terms of data on what works with dementia prevention, we have a lot more data about calories out than we do calories in. There are many studies that suggest that exercise is good for cognitive function; there are very few studies based on caloric reduction. This seems to be further evidence consistent with the idea that moving your body more is a good idea,” lead researcher Dr. Paul Crane told Healthline.
Could Lower Blood Sugar Help Prevent Alzheimer's?
The hypothesis that high glucose levels might drive Alzheimer’s disease looks particularly promising in light of a growing understanding that patients start to amass the disease’s hallmark amyloid beta deposits in the brain years before they show symptoms of memory loss.
Insulin, which regulates glucose in the body, also plays a part in regulating amyloid beta.
“We believe insulin resistance starts in midlife, and this is a period in which many people begin to experience obesity and body weight gain and other metabolic changes,” Suzanne Craft, a co-author of the study now at Wake Forest University, explained in an HBO video on Alzheimer’s disease. “Simultaneously we believe beta amyloid is increasing, in large part because of these changes in insulin resistance and insulin, and as a result, we see symptoms begin to occur, problems with memory, which worsen over time until a person might be well on their way to developing Alzheimer’s disease.”
Lower blood sugar over the long term could slow amyloid beta deposits and reduce an individuals’ risk of dementia. Craft has shown that patients who eat a diet lower in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates can reduce the amount of amyloid beta in their spinal fluid in just four weeks.
Insulin Inhaler a Promising Treatment
Craft has investigated, in a series of studies, giving patients insulin in a nasal inhaler that sends the hormone directly to the brain. The brain has a number of insulin receptors, including in areas that play an important role in memory. The method doesn’t rely on patients to follow medical advice to eat well and exercise, since many patients resist efforts to change their lifestyle habits.
Amazingly, with just a few weeks or months of the inhaler therapy, patients in the studies have shown cognitive improvement. In various trials of the method, Craft has worked with diabetics and non-diabetics, patients with mild cognitive impairment and those with full-blown dementia.
“One of the most exciting things about our work, I think, is the prospect that it offers for preventing or delaying dementia,” Craft said. “Estimates are that if you delay the onset just five years, you’ll reduce half of all the cases.”
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A majority of the school districts and charter schools responding to a state survey indicated they’ve got the technology to offer computer-based testing for the new Common Core standards. But the one-third to 40 percent of districts that said they have only some or little confidence they can pull it off could signal trouble complying with a new state law requiring all districts to give the Common Core math or English language arts field test six months from now.
That testing requirement, stipulated under the recently signed Assembly Bill 484 – which says that the field, or practice, test be given instead of state tests required under federal law – is also putting the state in conflict with U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan.
The number of districts and charter schools not capable of giving the Common Core tests could be larger, since only about two-thirds of districts responded to the state survey, which was taken between June and September. However, the charters and districts that responded enroll 87 percent of the state’s students and include the 25 largest districts, the state Department of Education said in a memo released Wednesday. And seven out of eight districts also indicated they plan to use some of the one-time money they’re receiving for Common Core implementation to fill in gaps in technology necessary to offer the online tests. The Legislature approved $1.25 billion for Common Core and left it to districts to decide how to spend their share of it over the next two years.
The field test next spring is intended to help a federally funded state collaborative creating the assessment, called the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, choose the test questions and determine the preliminary grading scale for the official Common Core tests. Those tests will be first given to the two dozen states in the consortium, including California, in spring 2015. Districts that can’t administer the assessments by computer will be able to give the paper-and-pencil version for up to three years.
The field tests will afford districts a run-through on giving computer-based assessments, so that they can work out technical kinks a year ahead of time. Teachers will see the kinds of questions that will be on the formal test.
Results from the survey indicate that the biggest hurdle many districts anticipate is human, not technological. While 70 percent of respondents expressed confidence they have the Internet bandwidth required and 58 percent said they have computers that meet the test specs, only 46 percent expressed complete or considerable confidence they have adequate support personnel to handle the testing and 20 percent expressed little confidence. Many districts cut back on tech support during the recession and remain understaffed. Most districts acknowledged they need additional peripheral equipment, such as headsets and keyboards.
“The big takeaway for us, affirming what we’ve been hearing in conversations with districts, is the issue about having staff on the ground,” said Deb Sigman, deputy state superintendent of public instruction and a member of the Smarter Balanced executive committee. “We’re worried that districts have had cutbacks.”
Sigman said that, in response to the survey, the Department of Education plans to use savings from not administering state assessments to start a help desk for districts’ testing issues and will offer more training for district personnel. The department will bring a plan to the State Board of Education at its meeting next month.
The survey didn’t deal with the question of whether students, particularly in elementary school, will be competent enough to take a computer-based test. They will need keyboarding skills and familiarity with computers for the tests to accurately reflect their knowledge of Common Core standards.
The field test will be given between early March and early June 2014. Two-thirds of the 880 districts and charter schools expressed solid confidence in their ability to give the test during that 12-week window, and only 8 percent had little confidence they could meet the deadline. But that time frame may shrink considerably a year later, when the actual test is first given. A standard test period is five weeks, to preserve test security and to reduce advantages to districts that give the test after additional weeks of instruction. But a tighter window would pose additional equipment and capacity challenges for some schools and districts.
The Smarter Balanced tests will be given to all students in grades 3 through 8 and grade 11.
AB 484 mandates that districts offer either the math or English language arts Common Core field test – not both – to all students. Sigman said that the survey results validated the Legislature’s judgment not to overstress districts by requiring that both field tests be given. But that decision also put the state at odds with Duncan. He had indicated a willingness to grant states a one-year waiver from federal testing requirements if each student took both the English language arts and math tests. Duncan could fine the state $16.5 million – 1 percent of Title I money coming to California used to operate the state Department of Education – or potentially more for being out of compliance.
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A dependant (British English) is a person who relies on another as a primary source of income. For example, minors (children who are under the age of majority) are dependants of their parents or legal guardians. A common-law spouse who is financially supported by their partner may also be included in this definition. In some jurisdictions, supporting a dependant may enable the provider to claim a tax deduction.
Bring your family to abroad on a dependent family visa. Whether you have a child or spouse living abroad whom you want to join you or you are coming to work or study temporarily in abroad - your family is eligible for a dependent visa.
Child Visa :
Children in abroad, permanent residents and eligible for citizens may immigrate to abroad to join their parents. Only children under the age of 25 are eligible. These children may become permanent residents on the Child Visa.
The parent sponsor must promise to be responsible for the child. He must promise to provide financial support, including accommodation, for at least the first two years of the child's stay in abroad.
Stepchildren and adopted children are also eligible for a Child Visa/
Dependent Student Visa
If you are going to abroad to study, you may bring your dependant family members with you. You can either include them on your original student visa application or you can apply for them to join you after you have started your course. Spouses, partners and unmarried children under the age of 18 are eligible for dependent visas.
If you are including your dependent family members in your original student visa application, then you must include all members of your family, Application for a student visa.
Dependent Work Visa :
If you are going to abroad on a worker visa, your dependent family members are eligible to join you on dependent visas.
If you are going to abroad on temporary worker visa, only your spouse or partner and any unmarried children under the age of 18 are eligible for dependent family visas.
If you are coming to abroad on a migrant worker or business visa, any dependent family members are eligible to join you including
- • Spouse or Partner
- • Any children under the age of 25.
- • Aged dependent relatives such as parents or grandparents.
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The process of reading has enormous health and wellness benefits for children, and adults alike. Reading is a way to calm and relax the body, while stimulating the mind with creativity, enjoyment and the ability to build on knowledge and understanding.
Education Advisor, Natasha Perrins, spoke to us about the benefits of reading.
“Children learn to speak through exposure to spoken language. Therefore, reading to children from an early age is central to this development as they actively listen, and process information being shared with them and develop their own capacity to communicate verbally and non-verbally for a range of purposes”, Natasha said.
Natasha shared some of the learning benefits through reading aloud and exploring written texts:
- Oral language and communication skills are enhanced as words are explored visually and audibly. Increasing listening, memory and vocabulary skills
- Enjoyable way to introduce new concepts including colours, shapes, letters, numbers and animals.
- Phonetical awareness promoting Early literacy and pre-writing skills
- Through the process of reading and exploring texts (words & illustrations) children development an understanding of words and the associated feeling. This awareness is important for social and emotional development. This is especially enriched through the way the reader incorporates and adapts sounds, rhythm, rhyme, pitch and tone.
- Broadens the child’s understanding of the world as different genres can be explored, fiction and non-fiction. Sparking creativity, imagination, discovery and curiosity.
- Promotes positive relationships and increased connection between the child and adult.
Natasha’s Top Tips for reading with children:
- It’s ok to be creative! Books can be read in several ways - it’s the engagement and interaction during this process where the learning is enriched. Conversational Reading is one of the key areas in the Abecedarian Approach, with the focus on children being an active participant in the story telling allowing the context to be taken in a direction meaningful to them and what they are learning. Watch ‘See Show Say Learning Approach’ video for a visual representation of Conversational Reading in action.
- Experiment with facial expressions, tone and pitch while reading stories to evoke sensory perceptions, emotions and enjoyment.
- Explore different types of texts (fiction and non-fiction) and their purposes. Through exposure to different types of texts it provides children opportunities to make connections between what is real and what is not. The skill to research is an important one and a lifelong learning skill we endeavour to promote, as they make connections between ideas and reality. This is relevant to the teaching of Dr B Fitzgerald - ‘we first learn to read, then we read to learn’.
- Pause or close the book mid-way through the story and invite the child to predict what happens next and tell their own version.
- Talk about who the author is, and the formatting of a story where the title begins and where the text begins on each page. Pointing to the words as you read is another way to reinforce this concept of how to read the text purposefully.
Natasha’s Suggested Stories
- Where’s Spot by Eric Hill – this is an example of an interactive text as pop ups are involved. This encourages enjoyable interactions and curiosity as the child and adult make discoveries within the story. The text itself is quite basic allowing for the illustrations to give meaning to these words, as well as providing a great opportunity to discuss the illustrations and be creative in storytelling.
- We’re going on a Bear Hunt by Michael Rosen and Helen Oxenbury – a story that is hard to not read without enthusiasm. It involves repetition, rhythm and action that can be transformed into an acted-out story. Currently a lot of communities have adopted a bear hunt discovery for families to engage with while walking with their children.
- The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle – incorporates patterns and sequencing – days of the week, counting, types of fruit and foods, life cycle of a caterpillar.
Visit the Lifelong Learning Centres YouTube channel to view some of our experienced educators reading their favourite books.
Copyright Affinity Education Group. Any copying or reproduction is prohibited pursuant to the Copyright Act.
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The training will teach you everything you need to know to be prepared in the event of a disaster. You should also make sure to place heavy or large objects on lower shelves. • Disasters disrupt … Earthquake hits all of a sudden and affects thousands of people. Beware of secondary effects. The need to prepare is real. Preparation is the best way to stay safe so come up with a plan and stick to it if a major earthquake occurs. Take your disaster supplies kit with you. Strengthen the areas of connection between beams, posts, joists, and plates using “T” and “L” straps, mending plates, joist hangers, twin post caps, and nails and lap screws.
These include landslides, saturated sandy soils becoming soft and unstable, flooding of low-lying areas and tsunamis washing over coastlines. It is also important to assess your surroundings after an earthquake. More than 3000 people died. It’s important to be prepared for an earthquake no matter where you live.
They should be ready to evacuate their homes and take refuge in public shelters and know how to care for their basic medical needs. 183 views Assemble an earthquake kit . You are less likely to be injured if you stay where you are. Check for injuries and hazards, then help others. However, you can also go through the important tips given below to prepare for an earthquake in advance. If you are inside, stay inside. Preparing for an earthquake largely revolves around … Identify potential hazards in each room, including windows and other glass items, unanchored bookcases, furniture that can topple, items on shelves, and areas that could be blocked by falling debris. Assemble an emergency supply kit for your home. This might mean going over one particular area many times, in an effort to get it “right”. People on beaches or in low coastal areas, such as estuaries and rivers, need to be aware that a tsunami could arrive within minutes of a severe earthquake – and the danger period can continue for many hours. With advanced preparations, you can reduce the risk involved with the earthquake. Check your chimney or roof for loose tiles and bricks that could fall in an earthquake. Be prepared to move with your shelter if the shaking shifts it around. Earthquakes can occur anywhere in the world, and they can affect all types of people. CDC twenty four seven. The following safety precautions take into consideration: a. A good training course will teach you how to administer first aid so you will be able to keep all members of your group healthy and mobile. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake interrupted several decades of seismic tranquility in the San Francisco Bay Area. We all must get better prepared for major earthquakes, and practice how to protect ourselves when they happen. 604.232.3473 Why is an earthquake kit important? By planning and practicing what to do if an earthquake strikes, you and your loved ones can learn to react correctly and automatically when the shaking begins. Identify poisons, solvents, or toxic materials in breakable containers and move these containers to a safe, well-ventilated storage area. From cuts and scrapes to broken bones, anything can happen. Minimize financial hardship by organizing important documents, strengthening your property, and considering insurance. If recent history has proven anything, it's that a natural disaster can happen at any time. These include states along the west coast, in the south, and in the central United States. Your water source could also become contaminated so you won't be able to drink water from the tap. People get hurt during earthquakes. Look for small fires, broken glass, spilled liquids, or anything else that might result in further injury. Sturdy shoes that can provide protection from broken glass, nails, and other debris, Gloves (heavy and durable for cleaning up debris), Fire extinguisher (multipurpose, dry chemical type), A whistle or other signaling device carried in your purse or backpack. Or place screws on both sides, top, and bottom of the frame and screw these into the studs. Health and Safety Concerns for All Disasters, American Red Cross Earthquake Safetyexternal icon, FEMA’s Earthquake Safety Checklist pdf icon[PDF – 3.5 MB]external icon, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A second or two later, you may feel shaking and find it difficult to stand up or move from one room to another. Why is San Andres Fault important? So, it’s important to prepare yourself for any scenario and keep an earthquake survival kit at home, in the car, and at your workplace. In order to minimize the impact that earthquakes can have it is most important that safety precautions are observed and adhered to. Have at least $200 of cash on hand at all times. While enough preparation can prevent accidents from happening, earthquakes, on the other hand, is unpredictable. Learn more: Preparedness Information - Earthquake Hazards Program One important way to prepare for a temblor is to try to make your home as safe as possible. It could take hours, or even … While very strong or intense earthquakes are rare, less powerful earthquakes can also be dangerous. It only lasted for forty-two seconds, but the resulting fires burned for days. It caused damage throughout the region and was a wakeup call to prepare for potentially even more damaging future quakes. Use Velcro®-type fastenings to secure some items to their shelves. That is why it’s also best to prepare for the worst – an accident. Be prepared to introduce yourself, describing your position at the school and your role in the school’s earthquake planning efforts related to mitigation, preparedness, response, and/or recovery. Take a few minutes with your family to discuss a home evacuation plan. Mark where your emergency supply kit (including food, water, first aid) and fire extinguishers are located. You should also make a list of important information (like telephone numbers of emergency contacts, insurance information, and important medical information) and gather any important documents (like medical documents, birth certificates, and passports). Keep them away from your water storage and out of reach of children and pets. Welcome to the Earthquake Safety for Schools course. If you do not properly secure your home or office after the earthquake, you could get hurt by falling items. You may first be jarred by a violent jolt. Earthquake Preparedness Authorities are ready to help if the “big one” happens, so why do you need to be prepared? There are many places in the United States, called “fault zones,” that are at risk for serious earthquakes. Email Us. Stock up on emergency supplies that can be used after an earthquake. By planning and practicing what to do if an … Being fully prepared for an accident means being financially capable when the need arises. During an earthquake, most deaths and injuries are caused by collapsing building materials and heavy falling objects, such as bookcases, cabinets, and heating units.
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Heather honey has a high reputation. It’s a strong one, the love-or-hate type. Heather honey benefits for health are connected mainly to its high antioxidant activity. In Great Britain, it is highly-prized by connoisseurs and known as the “Rolls Royce” of honey.
Heather honey is one of those things that you either hate or adore!
Heather, on its botanical name Calluna vulgaris, is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the family Ericaceae. The name Calluna, comes from the Greek kallunein, which means “beautify, sweep clean”, as traditionally these plants were used to make brooms.
It is a low-growing perennial shrub that grows to 20 to 50 centimetres (7.9 to 19.7 in) tall, on dry acidic soils in open sunny areas and in moderate shade.
There are other plants that can be called heather and they both give us honey:
– Calluna vulgaris which means common calluna, common heather, aka ling. It is differentiated from Erica by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five. Calluna has small scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs. It flowers in late summer and these are usually mauve, sometimes white.
– Erica spp also gives a very appreciated honey. It has leaves that are larger and in whorls of 3-4,or 5.
How can we differentiate them:
If we need to do that, their blossom time is the best to tell us which is which. Erica makese flowers in spring, heather in late summer. For bees, these flowers are the last they can find to make honey.
In Britain, on August 12 (known as “the Glorious Twelfth”) beekeepers move their hives into moors to coincide with the blossoming of the heather. At this date, another popular tradition, the Grouse hunting season, also starts.
The heather flowers will have nectar only for 4 or 6 days during the entire season, so for beekeepers it’s important not to miss them.
Common Heather, Ling, Calluga, Scotch, Summer or Autumn Heather
Where do we find it?
Calluna vulgaris (heather) is widely distributed in the Northern and Western countries of Europe, in its most heathland and moorland, especially in Scotland, Wales and Northern England. It represents one of the most important resources for honey production in the late summer.
What is calluna good for:
It is an important food source for various sheep and deer, which can graze the tips of the plants when snow covers low-growing vegetation. It lasts that long. In the past, heather was used to dye wool yellow and to tan leather, or to make brooms.
Ling Heather is a symbol of Scotland and is considered to bring good luck.
It is also one of the national flowers of Norway.
How is heather honey?
Color: brown-reddish amber to dark amber
Intensity of odour: medium to strong
Flavor: woody, floral – fresh fruit, warm
Intensity of aroma: strong
Crystallisation rate: moderate. It often forms big rounded crystals; when liquid, the typical gel consistency is one
of the diagnostic characteristics.
Pollen percent: often under the 45% limit. (could be because of the specific extraction technique)
Fructose content: high, around 40% (others like it: thyme, chestnut, acacia, tupelo). In Spain even 43.3±2.0 g/100 g
Glucose content: 31% – 32.5%
Sucrose: 0.59 g/100 g (Poland) to 0.16 g/100 g(Spain)
Fructose/Glucose ratio: 1.40±0.07
Glycemic index (GI): between 49 and 55
Electrical conductivity: 0.50-0.81mS/cm, one of the highest among nectar honeys, apart from chestnut honey.
Content of total protein: high
Phenolic content: high
Diastase: 24.4 DN (in Poland) to 51.9±14.7 DN (in Spain)
Invertase: 120.5 U/kg
Proline: 506.1 mg/kg
Acidity level: high
Free acidity (meq/kg): 22.7 (Poland) to 42.3 (Spain)
Moisture content: high, around 22% (The European Directive allows a water content of up to 23 g/100 g and includes this honey in a group whose electrical conductivity may go beyond the 0.8 mS/cm limit.)
Specific characteristic: very high thixotropy – meaning it turns into gel, when at rest.
Heather honey has an unusual texture, due to its thixotropic characteristic, being a jelly until stirred, when it becomes a syrup like other honey, and turning again to a jelly.
Both heather (Calluna vulgaris) and manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys are described as thixotropic. This means that they are gel-like (extremely viscous) when standing still, but they can turn liquid when agitated or stirred.
The viscosity of heather honey is so high that makes the extraction of the honey from the comb very difficult. That’s why, this honey is extracted by pressure (instead of centrifugation), which destroys the combs.
Thixotropy is explained by the presence of colloidal proteins.
Antibacterial potency, type of antibacterial activity: low to high, undetermined type.
Antioxidant power: high
Dark honeys are always powerful antioxidants. Here are the most important: Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.), Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens), Heather (Caluna vulgaris, Erica umbellata), Honeydew (all types of honeydew honeys), Manuka (Leptospermum Scoparium), Strawberry tree honey (Arbutus menziesii), Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), Tualang (Koompassia excelsa), Ceratonia, Peppermint.
The herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Other types of heather honey
There are other honeys obtained from Erica species also belonging the heather honey family. These are generally multifloral honeys derived from plants such blueberries, rhododendrons, strawberry, cranberries.
White Erica honey: Made from Erica arborea, harvested in May, mainly in Spain, France, Italy and North Africa. It is dark colored with hues of orange and turns light brown upon crystallization. It has an aroma of cocoa and caramel and a strong taste that is sweet and slightly bitter. It crystallizes fast into crystals with smooth texture. To enjoy its sharp taste it should be taken with mildly flavored foods.
In Scotland white heather is considered to bring luck, sprigs of it are often sold as a charm and worked into bridal bouquets.
Bell Heather honey: made from Erica cinerrea, harvested in the end of August, in Europe, Germany, Norway, Italy and Portugal. It’s dark brown in color and gets crystallized gradually. It has a strong smell and woody taste, minty and slightly bitter.
Snow Heather honey: Snow heather is an amber colored honey that turns yellow upon crystallization. It is found in Central Europe and blooms from January to April. It’s a honey from snow heather, with a strong pungent aroma of caramel, flowers and dry fruits.
Autumn Heather honey: made from Erica Manipuliflora. It’s an autumn heather species, which gives a dark honey that crystallizes in 2 or 3 months and gets a lighter color. It contains high amounts of trace minerals and is mildly sweet in taste. Different from the other heather honeys is its high amount of pollen, Which makes it a best remedy for hay fever and prostrate infections.
Heather honey has a high antimicrobial activity
According to new reasearch published in “Scottish heather honey is best for beating bacteria” by express.co.uk, Scottish heather honey is even more effective for treating infections than its New Zealand-based cousin manuka. (Seems like our researchers are doing their best to dethrone manuka as being the best!)
The study was made at Glasgow University’s School of Veterinary Medicine, which found that the honey from the Inverness area, effectively kills the strains of bacteria that cause MRSA and three other types of bacteria at concentrations of two per cent.
Dr Patrick Pollock, an equine surgeon who conducted the research, said the new findings suggest that the honey could be used for treating humans and animals. heather honey helps to promote healing, cleans the wound and keeps it infection-free. The type of antibacterial property seems to given by hydrogen peroxide activity.
Heather honey has a very high antioxidant activity
In the study “Nutritional value and antioxidant activity of honeys produced in a European Atlantic area”, published on ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, heather honey had the highest phenolic content, whereas honeydew and chestnut honeys had the highest flavonoid contents. Also the results showed that heather, polyfloral, blackberry, and eucalyptus honeys had the highest carbohydrate contents, whereas honeydew and chestnut honeys had the lowest.
The high amount of antioxidants of heather honey help in removal of free radicals produced as a result of metabolic reactions and interactions with external pollutants. Removal of these free radicals prevents aging and also improves the overall health.
Where can we find it?
My first recommendation will always be your locals. Make sure it’s raw, that’s important, but considering its different characteristic that of being in a jelly form, sets it apart and makes it easy to distinguish.
Americans, and not only, can find it on Amazon.com, here is an example of a highly ranked heather honey: Mellis Honey Scottish
In the UK it is also easy to find on Amazon.co.uk, here is some Pure Scottish Heather Honey.
How to enjoy heather honey:
Not in tea. It might taste too strong.
· The strong unique flavor and consistency of heather honey makes delicious dishes. It amazing with (Greek) yogurt or with ice-creams or pancakes. A real heather honey has small air bubbles trapped in it. On top of your ice-cream it will shine in the light!
· Gives coffee a strong smoky taste and can even join strong cheese.
· It was also once used in to make mead (link to the article “What is mead”).
· The popular Scottish liquor Drambuie uses heather honey as one of its contents in addition to malt whiskey, spices and herbs.
· You can try it on gingerbread! The spicy flavor of this honey enhances the flavor of your favorite gingerbread and may turn into a habit for you. As I said, you will either love or hate this honey.
References and picture credit:
– “CallunaVulgaris” by Aqwis (Aqwis) – Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons;
– “Calluna-vulgaris-closup” by Pmg – Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons;
– “Erica herbacea0” by Kurt Stüber – caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/mavica/index.html part of www.biolib.de. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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6 Ways to Help Children Cope with Changes
Written by: Megan Dell
In many ways, the South Carolina Family Court is responsible for legally changing the shapes of families. After a divorce, a family may be divided into two households, but an adoption may make a family complete under one roof. Today, a variety of types of families exist, and transitions between them occur.
In South Carolina, children’s participation in the legal process is usually very limited, despite the Family Court’s decisions having wide-ranging impacts for their lives. Helping children cope with changes to their family structure can be challenging, but it is an important for their adjustment and teaching them to be resilient.
Here are some useful tips for helping children cope with these kinds of changes:
1. Give your children advanced warning
Use age-appropriate terms to explain the changes that can be expected, and ask children for input when you can. For example, when explaining that a family will begin living in two different households, a parent could ask the child how he wants to decorate his room in the new house. Reading your child books about the upcoming change can help start these conversations. Check out our list of book suggestions here.
2. Maintain as much consistency as possible for the children’s sake
Changes are easier to manage when they do not all occur at once. When making big changes, such as adopting another child, keep other parts of your children’s lives the same to best help them cope with change.
3. Answer children’s questions with positivity
Depending on a child’s age, she may ask a lot of questions about what will be changing. Do your best to answer them all in a way that focuses on the positive aspects of the change, even if she asks the same question many times.
4. Accept children’s need to grieve
Most people do not enjoy change because it is uncomfortable, and that is true for children too! Anticipate that your child may grieve the way his life used to be, and be prepared to listen and remind him of the positive aspects of your family’s new normal.
5. Expect some regression in children’s behavior
During times of change, children’s behavior may regress, and they may resume behaviors they previously outgrew. It’s important to be patient with these regressions, as a children will take their cues from you.
6. Spend extra time with your children
During stress, a little extra attention can be a tremendous help for children coping with family changes. Give your child a little more undivided attention, and use that time to engage in activities she chooses. Extra attention and patience from you demonstrates that, despite big changes in life, your love for your child remains constant.
If you are struggling with how to manage changes in your family caused by your South Carolina Family Court case, contact Dell Family Law to schedule a consultation so we can help.
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Taboo, the polynesian word for a forbidden practice, has become part of the English lexicon. Are taboos ignorant superstitions, do they contain adaptive wisdom, or are they a mixture of both? Joseph Henrich and his colleagues are addressing this question for food taboos and other cultural practices on the island of Fiji. Their work is an intoxicating blend of anthropology, psychology, and biology from a unified evolutionary perspective. What they have discovered for one kind of taboo on a single island says much about our general capacity to learn and transmit behavioral practices, which are often–but not always–adaptive.
Joseph Henrich is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Culture, Cognition, and Coevolution, Departments of Psychology and Economics, at the University of British Columbia. Visit his website to learn more about his work and his numerous academic publications.
Books by Joseph Henrich:
Why Humans Cooperate (with Natalie Henrich)
Foundations of Human Sociology: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence in Fifteen Small-Scale Societies (with Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, and Herbert Gintis.
I personally come from a society that deeply appreciates the concept of taboos. Growing up, children are taught several taboos, which are essentially sets of beliefs, that these are believed to be so important and imperative in life.
When I look at most of the taboos that i was taught as a kid, i am amazed to recognize their true implications. Most of them, probably 90% have a factual implication. For instance kids are not supposed to sit on grinding stones, which i think is rather unhealthy…etc
Conclusively, i assert that taboos, probably like religion are a product of evolution and most of them were quite essential in the times they were invented. They are also still very applicable in many African societies.
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And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the
Which seems as if it was done in one day, even on the same day they passed over Jordan, and came to Gilgal; though Bishop Usher
that they abode in their places in the camp till they were whole:
till the wound made by circumcision was healed; now as it was on the tenth day they passed over Jordan, and came to Gilgal, where they were circumcised, there were three entire days between that and the fourteenth, when they kept the passover; during which time they kept within their tents in the camp, being unfit to move from thence, for on the third day of circumcision they were usually sore, ( Genesis 34:25 ) ; but being well on the fourth, were able to attend the passover. As the providence of God greatly appeared in favour of Israel, by causing a dread to fall on their enemies, that they durst not sally out of the city and attack them; so it showed great faith in Joshua, and the Israelites, to administer circumcision at this time, just as they were landed in an enemy's country; and when the waters of Jordan were returned, and there was no going back, and if they could, as they were not in a condition to fight, so not to flee.
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There is no single solution to climate change, and the most effective approach will likely involve a combination of different strategies. However, reducing greenhouse gas emissions is widely considered to be the most important step we can take to address climate change. This can be achieved through a variety of measures, including:
There are many technologies that could potentially help address some of the environmental challenges facing the planet. Some examples include:
Did you enjoy this article?
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Santec started developing optical components using the MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology in 2002. The first product developed was a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) that is now widely used in telecommunications systems. The initial design was established in close collaboration with the Fujita-Toshiyoshi Laboratory at the University of Tokyo. Prototypes were made at the university laboratories and the technology was then transferred by Santec to a MEMS foundry for mass production.
What’s MEMS ?
MEMS devices are very small mechanical components that are electronically driven. They contain moving parts which are typically between 1 and 100 micrometers in size. A variety of materials can be used but most commonly the devices are made of silicon. This is then patterned and etched using similar technology to the technology developed for the microelectronics industry. In contrast to conventional machining processes, such as drilling and milling, the highly precise semiconductor process can produce reliable devices, in large volumes at very low cost.
MEMS technology was originally developed in the late 1980’s and can be found in a wide range of commonly used products. MEMS is widely used in flow sensors and for the accelerometers used in automobile airbags and TV games that detect motion. Miniature microphones used in PCs and mobile phones are also made using MEMS.
Adjustment of optical power is one of the basic functions required in a modern telecommunications system. It can be likened to changing the resistance in an electrical circuit. This function has traditionally been achieved using a mechanical component called a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA). Santec has used MEMS technology to create a mirror that tilts when an electrical voltage is applied. The degree of tilt determines the amount of light transmitted by the component. Santec’s unique design, using an asymmetrically driven parallel plate tilt-mirror created a component with a simple design that is extremely stable and reliable in operation. This design has been mass produced and has been installed by our customers in telecommunication systems all over the world.
Recently, we have also been applying our MEMS technology to create components for medical imaging applications. Fig.3 shows the design of our endoscope probe that uses a MEMS scanning mirror to scan a laser beam and capture an image. Combined with Santec’s OCT technology this device is being applied to gastrointestinal and urological imaging as an alternative to biopsies in the detection of cancer and other diseases.
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Resources for educators
Animal science is a STEM discipline that helps prepare students for high-level science and math courses. Animal science is also a great way to bring biology, nutrition and genetics research to life!
AnimalSmart.org has resources you can share with any age group.
For elementary school educators:
Visit the Kids' Zone
Join the Jr. Animal Scientist program
For junior high educators:
Plan a field trip!
For high school educators:
Animal science teaching plans
Use Animal Frontiers for in-class research
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From the 1986 Canadian Maths Olympiad:
A, B and C are the participants in a Mathlon – an athletics competition made up of several events. In each event x points are awarded for finishing 1st, y points for finishing 2nd, and z points for finishing 3rd, where x>y>z are positive integers. In the end, A scored 22 points, and B and C each scored 9 points. B won the 100 metres. How many events were there in total, and who finished second in the high jump?
I was immediately intrigued by this problem the first time I read it; on the face of it, it doesn’t seem like we have enough information to solve it. Of course, that’s where all the fun is…
Okay, 40 points are handed out in total, so the number of points per event must be a factor of 40. Since and , the number of points per event is at least 6. This leaves 8, 10 and 20 as our only options (we cannot have 40 points per event since we know there were at least two events). So the number of different events is 5, 4 or 2.
Suppose there were only 2 events, with 20 points per event. 7 points to a winner leaves at most 6 points for 2nd and at most 5 for 3rd, which is less than 20 in total. So the winner of an event must receive at least 8 points. But B won an event, yet only ended up with 9 points in total. Thus a win must be worth exactly 8 points. So there is no way A could amass 22 points with just two events.
Suppose there were only 4 events, with 10 points per event. B won an event and ended on 9 points, so in this case a win must be worth at most 6 points. This leaves possible points per event as (6,3,1), (5,4,1) or (5,3,2). But again, this makes it impossible for A to amass 22 points.
Therefore, there must have been exactly five events, with 8 points per event. B won an event and ended on 9 points, so the winner must receive at most 5 points. This leaves possible points per event as (5,2,1) or (4,3,1). Since A accumulated 22 points, the points distribution per event can only be (5,2,1). So A finished 2nd in the 100 metres, and won every other event. B won the 100 metres, and came last in every other event. Hence C finished last in the 100 metres, and finished 2nd in every other event, including the high jump.
I actually solved this problem with a friend in a restaurant; we managed to talk it through without having to write anything down, which can’t be said for lots of interesting puzzles. This is definitely one I will be sharing with other keen problem solvers.
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| 0.979308 | 610 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Phoney Air War in France
"Hitler has lost his best chance"
27 January 1940
After war was declared in September 1939, eight months passed before any major fighting occurred in France. This period of inactivity was known as the 'Phoney War' in Britain and the Sitzkreig' ('Sitting War') in Germany.
The British Air Forces in France consisted of two separate formations. The Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) went to France to support the British and French Armies. Bomber Command formed the Advanced Air Striking Forces (AASF) to operate from airfields in France.
With RAF light and medium bombers based in France this brought them within range of German industry. However its ten squadrons of Battles and two of Hurricanes were held back from this strategic aim and instead spent the first few months largely supplementing the work of the Air Component.
The war in the air began slowly. Aerial reconnaissance and fighter patrols resulted in a number of aircraft being shot down but neither side carried out any bombing for fear of reprisals. Fog and snow kept many aircraft grounded during the winter. March and April saw the increase in aerial combat.
The 'Phoney War' offered both sides a breathing space in which to prepare their land and air forces for the approaching onslaught of the spring. It also gave both sides the opportunity to assess their opponents' capabilities.
Fairey Battles represented the RAF's best light bomber at the time. Sadly they were obsolescent and in 1939/40 were woefully inadequate.
Gloster Gladiator pilots of 615 Squadron pictured at Vitry-en-Artois in early January 1940. © AHB
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/history-of-the-battle-of-britain/phoney-air-war-in-france.aspx
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| 0.977142 | 346 | 3.125 | 3 |
You probably won’t be surprised to hear that Americans waste a lot of food. After all we’re talking here about one of the most wasteful nations on Earth. What might surprise you is that many Americans also feel guilty about it. A new Shelton Group’s survey (Eco Pulse) found that 39 percent of Americans feel guilty about wasting food. Not only that, but apparently of all the “un-green” things that Americans could feel guilty about – not recycling, forgetting to bring reusable bags to the store, leaving the lights on when leaving a room – wasting food is ranked number one.
This is a fascinating finding. First, it gets you wondering why Americans feel guilty about wasting food more than they feel about wasting water (27 percent), not recycling things (21 percent), or not making energy-efficient home improvements (10 percent). Second, while Americans might feel guilty about wasting food, they only waste more – Americans’ per capita food waste has double since 1974, Jonathan Bloom writes in his book American Wasteland: How America Throws Away Nearly Half of Its Food (and What We Can Do About It). It might be some sort of a vicious cycle, where more waste generates more guilt, but then what does it say about guilt? Can it actually be translated into a corrective action of some sort?
Suzanne Shelton, founder and CEO of Shelton Group, which conducted the survey, believes it’s no accident that wasting food is the number one eco-guilt. “This is an issue that gets right to the core of who we are as Americans. We were all taught to waste not, want not, and trained that wasting food equals being a bad person,” she said. This is certainly possible, assuming that these beliefs are not strong enough to change our behavior, but still get us to feel guilty about it.
My guesstimation is that there is also a visibility factor that gets people to feel guiltier about wasting food. When you throw away food, you actually see the food that is going to the garbage can (if you don’t compost) and it might be easier to connect it subconsciously with waste of money or being wasteful in general, which in return generates a feeling of guilt. These elements are probably weaker when it comes to wasting water (27 percent feel guilty about it) or electricity (22 percent), or not bringing reusable bags to the store (20 percent).
What about the environmental impact of wasting food – does it have an impact on the level of people’s guilt? I really doubt it. First, most people are probably not aware of the environmental consequences of food waste. Second, most people don’t think about the end life of thrown away food. According to Tensie Whelan, President of Rainforest Alliance, the Kellogg Foundation found that consumers think about food as arriving from the retailer to their fridge to their plate. There’s no before or after. Combine these two and you can understand why a survey conducted in the UK on food waste found that only 20 percent of those who said they care about it mentioned the environmental impact as a reason, compared to 68 percent who mentioned the waste of money as a reason. 36 percent, by the way, said they care about food waste because it makes them feel guilty.
One of the interesting questions here is if this finding actually matters, or in other words would the fact that Americans feel guiltier about food waste can lead them to be less wasteful? To figure it out, we also need to look at the reasons why 25 percent of the food Americans bring into their homes isn’t used. Jonathan Bloom, who provides this figure, explains that there are two main reasons. “Number one, people are busier these days with the advent of the two-working-parent family or more single-parent families. There isn’t as much time to convert the entire chicken into soup stock and create a whole other meal out of it, or things like that to repurpose leftovers into other meals. Consequently, there’s been a tremendous emphasis on convenience rather than using all of what we have,” he says. Number two, food has become even cheaper, he adds – it’s actually less than 10 percent of household spending nowadays.
So can guilt overcome substantial factors such as busy schedule and the relatively inexpensiveness of food wasting? Frankly, I don’t think so. Not only that guilt doesn’t seem to be a strong driver of behavior change, but it also looks like the problem here is more complicated. Unlike energy or water waste that can be addressed specifically with effective behavior change strategies, food waste is a part of a larger problem. Without looking into the big picture of how Americans produce and consume food, I’m not sure if you can effectively solve food waste, with or without guilt.
After all, there’s no shortage in great ideas on how to easily reduce food waste (check here and here), but without addressing the whole system, it’s like putting a band-aid instead of getting a surgery done. If America wants to reduce food waste, it needs to start making real changes in its food system, rather than feeling guilty all the way to garbage can.
Raz Godelnik is the co-founder of Eco-Libris, a green company working to green up the book industry in the digital age. He is an adjunct faculty at the University of Delaware’s Business School, CUNY SPS and the New School, teaching courses in green business, sustainable design and new product development.
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“We have evidence on Mars of two big nuclear explosion at two sites
and if you look at the map, those sites are directly upwind of Cydonia Mensae and Galaxias Chaos — meaning they were targeted on those areas.”
- John E. Brandenburg, Ph.D., Morningstar Applied Physics
August 26, 2016 Madison, Wisconsin - In 2015, a newly published book by plasma physicist John Brandenburg, Ph.D., was entitled,“Death On Mars: The Discovery of A Planetary Nuclear Massacre.” Sixty-three-year-old John Brandenburg received his Ph.D. in Theoretical Plasma Physics at the University of California-Davis extension campus at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California in 1981. His Ph.D. thesis was about magnetic confinement of plasmas for controlled nuclear fusion. For his book, he analyzed United States 1976 Viking spacecraft data about the Martian atmosphere as well as two Viking images of the so-called “Face on Mars,” that stares upward from a Martian highland in the northern hemisphere called Cydonia Mensae.
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© 1998 - 2020 by Linda Moulton Howe.
All Rights Reserved.
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| 0.936944 | 282 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Posted by: heringermr
N 37° 53.166 W 121° 16.198
10S E 652132 N 4194589
Quick Description: California Historical Landmark #668
Location: California, United States
Date Posted: 9/22/2008 1:35:13 PM
Waymark Code: WM4R3T
Here was the terminus of the Oregon-California Trail used from about 1832 to 1845 by the French-Canadian trappers employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. Every year Michel La Framboise, among others, met fur hunters camped with their families here. In 1844 Charles M. Weber and William Gulnac promoted the first white settlers' colony on Rancho del Campo de los Franceses, which included French Camp and the site of Stockton.
Marker Number: 668.00
Marker Name: FRENCH CAMP
Has Official CA Plaque: yes
Marker Dedication Date: 06/06/1959
On Elm St at French Camp School, French Camp
Website: Not listed
Feel free to post a picture of you at the landmark site, but a photo is not required to log a visit.
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| 0.847253 | 249 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Online learning and traditional education are two popular methods of acquiring knowledge and skills. With the advancement of technology, online learning has gained significant popularity in recent years. However, traditional education still holds its ground as the conventional method of learning. Both approaches have their own set of pros and cons, and it is important to understand them before making a decision. In this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of online learning and traditional education, providing valuable insights based on research and examples.
Flexibility and Convenience
One of the key advantages of online learning is the flexibility it offers. Students can access course materials and lectures at their own convenience, allowing them to study at their own pace. This is particularly beneficial for individuals who have other commitments such as work or family responsibilities. Online learning eliminates the need for commuting to a physical location, saving time and money.
On the other hand, traditional education follows a fixed schedule and requires students to attend classes at specific times. This lack of flexibility can be challenging for individuals with busy schedules or those who live in remote areas. However, some students thrive in a structured environment and prefer the routine that traditional education provides.
Interaction and Engagement
One of the criticisms often associated with online learning is the lack of face-to-face interaction. In a traditional classroom setting, students have the opportunity to engage in discussions, ask questions, and receive immediate feedback from their peers and instructors. This interaction fosters a sense of community and enhances the learning experience.
However, online learning platforms have evolved to address this concern. Many online courses now incorporate discussion forums, video conferences, and virtual group projects to promote interaction among students. While it may not replicate the same level of engagement as traditional education, these tools provide opportunities for collaboration and networking.
Cost and Accessibility
Cost is a significant factor to consider when choosing between online learning and traditional education. Online courses are often more affordable compared to traditional education, as they eliminate expenses such as commuting, accommodation, and textbooks. Additionally, online courses may offer financial aid options or scholarships specifically designed for distance learners.
Traditional education, on the other hand, can be more expensive due to tuition fees, accommodation costs, and other miscellaneous expenses. However, traditional education provides access to resources such as libraries, laboratories, and specialized equipment that may not be readily available in an online learning environment.
Quality of Education
The quality of education is a crucial aspect to consider when deciding between online learning and traditional education. Traditional education is often associated with well-established institutions that have a long history of delivering high-quality education. These institutions have experienced faculty members, rigorous curriculum, and a reputation that is recognized by employers.
Online learning has also made significant strides in terms of quality. Many reputable universities and educational platforms offer online courses that are on par with their traditional counterparts. These courses are often taught by experienced instructors and provide the same level of academic rigor. However, it is important to research and choose accredited online programs to ensure the quality of education.
Technology and Skills Development
Online learning requires students to be proficient in using technology and navigating online platforms. This provides an opportunity for individuals to develop digital literacy skills, which are increasingly important in today’s digital age. By engaging with online learning platforms, students can enhance their technological skills, such as using learning management systems, collaborating on virtual platforms, and conducting online research.
Traditional education, on the other hand, may not place as much emphasis on technology skills. However, it provides opportunities for hands-on learning and practical experiences that may be lacking in online learning. For example, science students may have access to laboratories and equipment, while art students can benefit from studio spaces and face-to-face critiques.
Both online learning and traditional education have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Online learning offers flexibility and convenience, while traditional education provides face-to-face interaction and access to physical resources. The choice between the two ultimately depends on individual preferences, learning styles, and circumstances.
It is important to consider factors such as flexibility, interaction, cost, quality of education, and technology skills development when making a decision. Online learning has made significant advancements in recent years, providing high-quality education that is accessible to a wide range of individuals. However, traditional education still holds its ground as a reliable and well-established method of learning.
Ultimately, the key is to find a learning method that aligns with your goals, preferences, and circumstances. Whether you choose online learning or traditional education, the most important aspect is to be proactive and committed to your learning journey. With the right mindset and dedication, both methods can lead to successful educational outcomes.
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https://schoolsift.com/online-learning-vs-traditional-education-pros-and-cons/
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| 0.960313 | 948 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Researchers seek to improve the lot of livestock in transit
By Andy Collings
LIVESTOCK transport remains a contentious issue; where animals are taken, how long they are in transit and the conditions in which they travel.
While the first two have become political issues, the latter is being investigated by Silsoe Research Institute.
"The aim of the research is to understand how air moves around and within a transporter as it is driven along the road, and find a system which can maintain a suitable environment," explains project leader, Peter Kettlewell.
But just what a suitable environment is has yet to be defined. Parallel research at Edinburghs Roslin Institute is striving to ascertain what temperature and humidity is best suited to a particular class of livestock.
Meanwhile, Mr Kettlewells research hopes to provide the mechanical means of achieving a specified environment once it has been defined.
Test bed for the project is an articulated lorry, the trailer supplied by transporter maker, Houghtons Parkhouse Coachwork.
Deemed to be a widely used type of transporter, the only concession for the project is that panels are bolted rather than welded to the main frame. This allows sections to be removed or replaced if the research demands it.
"The first point to note when a lorry is travelling along the road is that air flows in from the back and travels forwards," says Mr Kettlewell. "A situation not widely appreciated."
Complex air flow
In fact the flow of air around a lorry on the move is a complex subject. To help glean a greater understanding pressure sensors have been fitted at intervals along the sides of the transporter.
"A moving transporters side panels have low pressure at the front and high pressure at the rear, hence the flow of air into the vehicle from the back," he explains.
But just how much air, its velocity and distribution within the container are questions which need to be answered. And, more importantly, how these factors can be changed or manipulated.
One idea has been presented by the transporters manufacturer Michael Houghton, who has fitted a row of vertical louvres to a length of ventilation grill. This experimental grill section is capable of pivoting open or closing flat and is one way the flow of air into the vehicle can be altered.
"We use a sonic anemometer to detect and measure air velocities at different points within the container," explains Mr Kettlewell. "And we are certainly looking very closely at Mr Houghtons idea."
Other information is collected from a sensor fitted above the tractor unit cab which records the airspeed over the moving vehicle.
"It is important we glean as much information as we can. It is only then we shall be able to make positive recommendations concerning the way air flow can be controlled and the environment managed."
MAFF is funding this SRI research to the tune of £640,000 over four years.
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http://www.fwi.co.uk/news/researchers-seek-to-improve-the-lot-of-livestock-in-transit.htm
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| 0.951368 | 601 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Paul Marks reports on the plan to use composite materials for the bulk of the external components in commercial airliners. I wonder if lightning strikes might present a risk to such aircraft (28 May, p 21).
Conventional metal-skin aircraft seldom suffer any significant lightning damage. The discharge passes through the skin, leaving only small burn pits on exit and entry. The passenger compartment is protected by the Faraday cage effect.
Is it not possible that composite materials such as fibreglass could suffer more serious damage due to their high electrical resistance? A fibreglass glider was blasted out of the skies over the UK in April 1999 by such a strike - the event is described in detail in a document on the UK Air Accident Investigation Bureau website (www.aaib.dft.gov.uk/cms_resources/dft_avsafety_pdf_500699.pdf).
Given that most commercial airliners will be struck by lightning during their lifetime, will the new composite material designs ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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| 0.9252 | 230 | 3.09375 | 3 |
It may be only 48 years since women were allowed to officially run the Comrades Marathon but female trailblazers have been part and parcel of the world’s greatest footrace since its origins.
24 May 2023 marks a centenary of women’s participation in The Ultimate Human Race. Frances Hayward was the first woman to have unofficially completed the Comrades Marathon in 1923, during a time when the race was only open to white men.
Frances Elizabeth Hayward was born on the 14 August 1891 in Wiltshire, England. Her father was part of a fairly affluent woolen mill-owning family and she grew up in a large English home and received a good education.
From a young age, Frances showed a desire for independence, strong character and fortitude. At the age of 20, she worked as a church embroideress at the County Home in Stafford. While being an embroideress during the early 1900s was a respectable job for a lady, working at the country home would have been considered scandalous for her station as it was a home designed to reform women who had served time in prison and had no family support or work experience.
In a very bold move, on the 3 January 1914, she departed from Southampton for Cape Town, South Africa on The Galician, Union Castle Mail Steamship Company. During this period, it was highly unusual for a woman to travel alone, yet she was undeterred and the excitement of the colonies drew her to South Africa.
She found herself restless in Cape Town and wanted to travel and see more of South Africa. So in September 1921 and now qualified as a clerk, she boarded a steamer headed for Natal and travelled alone to Durban. She got a position as a typist and, living free of the usual restrictions her class would have held her to in England, enjoyed living a single, independent life.
INTRIGUED BY THE COMRADES MARATHON
At the age of 30, the intrigue of the Comrades Marathon had caught her attention and she sent a letter to Vic Clapham and applied to run in the 1923 race. Her entry left Clapham and the Athletics Association in a state of confusion as they had never had a woman applying to enter any male athletics events before. After considerable debate, they refused to accept her entry. She sent an immediate response to the association and Vic that she was undaunted by their decision and would therefore run unofficially.
So, on only the third running of the race in 1923, she lined up outside the Pietermaritzburg City Hall with the 68 men who were competing that year. Dressed in a dark green gym suit and leather-soled plimsoles, she started her journey along the road to Durban. Despite the general consensus that the distance would be too great for a woman, she was well supported by her fellow competitors and spectators alike.
Frances crossed the line in 11:35:00, in what would have been 28th position in a field of 30 finishers that year. The Natal Witness reported "Miss Hayward made a steady pace, dropping to a walk on the hills, and, at Thornybush, was last but one, a good mile behind the others. She looked cheerful and fit, having previously announced her intention of making Drummond by 11am.
Miss Frances Hayward, got to Drummond in 11:14, not far astern of her intended schedule.” The article ended with "another signal of women's emancipation from the thraldom of good-natured disdain in which mere man has held her." She had achieved what she set out to do - to be the first woman to attempt the race; and "to shock everybody."
She stated, “I should have been content if I had beaten just one man!” She beat two who finished and 38 who dropped out.
Her run was not officially recognised due to the rejection of her entry, and she received no silver medal (as all finishers were awarded silver during the 1920s), but the citizens of Durban were so impressed by her performance that they pooled together and presented her with a silver tea set and silver rose bowl as congratulations.
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| 0.98665 | 872 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|Click here to view the framework.
Environmental health in a community results from many interconnected factors. The complex nature of a community environmental health issue will be better understood after a systematic “mapping” process.
Mapping clarifies the connections between the health of the community and the health of the environment. It shows the relationships between environmental conditions, the public policies or personal behaviors that influence the conditions, the characteristics of populations most affected by exposure and the dynamics of their exposure, and the health and quality-of-life outcomes that result from exposure.
In the framework, environmental health status is described by linking contributing factors – public policy decisions and personal behaviors – with exposure factors that describe how and where affected populations are exposed to environmental agents and the public health protection factors that are implemented by individuals or communities and reflect the collective capacity to address environmental health issues.
The framework allows users to begin with community-identified environmental health concerns, map out the components of the issue, and ultimately generate a list of indicators to move the process from theory to action (in Task 7).
The value of the framework lies in the analysis that occurs in considering the many dimensions of each environmental health issue. Working with the framework will help the assessment team identify and describe why people care about an issue, the linkages between issues of concern, relevant contributors, and opportunities for intervention.
To use the framework, select one issue of concern to the community. Then, map out the reasons why the community cares about that issue. Some potential questions to consider are:
- Why is this important?
- Why do citizens care about this issue?
- Are they concerned about health impacts and particular populations or environmental endpoints?
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http://www.naccho.org/topics/environmental/PACE-EH/resources/onlinemodule/module2/mod2t6.cfm
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| 0.929341 | 344 | 3.125 | 3 |
As in cloud technology, virtualization plays an important role to make things easy and efficiently done, virtualization also need to be done at the OS level also. With the technique of virtualized OS, nothing is required to be pre-installed or permanently loaded on the local storage device. Everything runs from network using a virtual; simulation & that virtual disk is a disk-image (file) that remotely stored on a server i.e. Storage Area Network (SAN) or Non-Volatile Attached Storage (NAS).
Defining Operating System Virtualization
It is also called OS-level virtualization is a type of virtualization technology which work on OS layer. Here the kernel of an OS allows more than one isolated user-space instances to exist. Such instances are called containers/software containers or virtualization engines. In other words, OS kernel will run a single operating system & provide that operating system's functionality to replicate on each of the isolated partitions.
Uses of OS Virtualization
- Used for virtual hosting environment.
- Used for securely allocation of finite hardware resources among a large number of distrusting users.
- System administrator uses it to integrate server hardware by moving services on separate hosts.
- To improvised security by separating several applications to several containers.
- These forms of virtualization don't require hardware to work efficiently.
How OS Virtualization Works
The steps for how these virtualization works are listed below:
- Connect to OS Virtualization Server
- Connect to virtual disk
- Then connect this virtual disk to the client
- OS is streamed to the client
- If further additional streaming is required, it is done
General Types of OS Virtualization
Linux OS Virtualization
To virtualized Linux systems, VMware workstation software is used. To install any software virtually, users need VMware software to install first.
To create a virtual machine for Linux OS the steps to be followed are:
- Double click the VMware to run
- Click on "create new Virtual Machine"
- A window pops up, choose "custom" option and then click Next
- The next window appears, 'VM Hardware Compatibility window'; Click on Next button
- In the guest OS window pane - choose ISO image from the disk or any drive. Browse your ISO image & click Next
- A new window pops up waiting for username, password & confirm password to be feed in and then click Next
- In the processor configuration information, select your precise number of processor per core. If you want to keep the default setting > just ignore selecting and press Next
- The next window pops up to let user set memory limits. Put the value and click Next
- Next window let users set the disk size; then press Next
- In specify disk file window user can specify the disk file; then click Next
- In the last pop up window, click Finish.
- Now user will see a VMware screen then the OS's installation screen. And the installation will get started.
Windows OS Virtualization
Users need to install VMware first to install windows OS virtually.
After installing such virtualization software the steps to install a new OS are:
- Click on "create new Virtual Machine"
- Browse the OS that is to be installed, and click Next
- Give the product key if required; and click Next
- In the 'New Virtual Machine Wizard' window; click Next
- Give it a name & location and click Next
- The next step will create disk and the user can see the 1st Window screen.
- Select the version & OS architecture (64 bits or 86 bits)
- The Installation will be done
Advantages of OS Virtualization
- OS virtualization usually imposes little or no overhead.
- OS Virtualization is capable of live migration
- It can also use dynamic load balancing of containers between nodes and a cluster.
- The file level copy-on-write (CoW) mechanism is possible on OS virtualization which makes easier to back up files, more space-efficient and simpler to cache than the block-level copy-on-write schemes.
Virtual Disks in OS Virtualization
The client will be connected via the network to the virtual disk & will boot the OS installed on virtual disk. Two types of virtual disks are there for implementation.
- Private Virtual Disk: is used by one client only like that of a local hard disk. Users can save information on the virtual disk based on the rights assigned. So as the client restart the system, the settings are retained just like working with physical local hard disk.
- Shared/Common Virtual Disk: It is used by multiple clients at the same time. The changes are saved in a special cache & these caches gets cleaned as the user restarts or shutdowns the system. In other words, when a client is booting up, it will use the default configuration available on the virtual disk.
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Zebrafish have become a widely used model organism to investigate the mechanisms that underlie developmental biology and to study human disease pathology due to their considerable degree of genetic conservation with humans. Chemical genetics entails testing the effect that small molecules have on a biological process and is becoming a popular translational research method to identify therapeutic compounds. Zebrafish are specifically appealing to use for chemical genetics because of their ability to produce large clutches of transparent embryos, which are externally fertilized. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos can be easily drug treated by the simple addition of a compound to the embryo media. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH), mRNA expression can be clearly visualized within zebrafish embryos. Together, using chemical genetics and WISH, the zebrafish becomes a potent whole organism context in which to determine the cellular and physiological effects of small molecules. Innovative advances have been made in technologies that utilize machine-based screening procedures, however for many labs such options are not accessible or remain cost-prohibitive. The protocol described here explains how to execute a manual high-throughput chemical genetic screen that requires basic resources and can be accomplished by a single individual or small team in an efficient period of time. Thus, this protocol provides a feasible strategy that can be implemented by research groups to perform chemical genetics in zebrafish, which can be useful for gaining fundamental insights into developmental processes, disease mechanisms, and to identify novel compounds and signaling pathways that have medically relevant applications.
20 Related JoVE Articles!
Laser Ablation of the Zebrafish Pronephros to Study Renal Epithelial Regeneration
Institutions: University of Notre Dame .
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in renal failure1
. AKI can be caused by a number of factors including ischemia, drug-based toxicity, or obstructive injury1
. This results in an inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. While AKI has been observed for decades, effective clinical therapies have yet to be developed. Intriguingly, some patients with AKI recover renal functions over time, a mysterious phenomenon that has been only rudimentally characterized1,2
. Research using mammalian models of AKI has shown that ischemic or nephrotoxin-injured kidneys experience epithelial cell death in nephron tubules1,2
, the functional units of the kidney that are made up of a series of specialized regions (segments) of epithelial cell types3
. Within nephrons, epithelial cell death is highest in proximal tubule cells. There is evidence that suggests cell destruction is followed by dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration of surrounding epithelial cells, which can regenerate the nephron entirely1,2
. However, there are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration, ranging from the signals that modulate these events to reasons for the wide variation of abilities among humans to regenerate injured kidneys.
The larval zebrafish provides an excellent model to study kidney epithelial regeneration as its pronephric kidney is comprised of nephrons that are conserved with higher vertebrates including mammals4,5
. The nephrons of zebrafish larvae can be visualized with fluorescence techniques because of the relative transparency of the young zebrafish6
. This provides a unique opportunity to image cell and molecular changes in real-time, in contrast to mammalian models where nephrons are inaccessible because the kidneys are structurally complex systems internalized within the animal. Recent studies have employed the aminoglycoside gentamicin as a toxic causative agent for study of AKI and subsequent renal failure: gentamicin and other antibiotics have been shown to cause AKI in humans, and researchers have formulated methods to use this agent to trigger kidney damage in zebrafish7,8
. However, the effects of aminoglycoside toxicity in zebrafish larvae are catastrophic and lethal, which presents a difficulty when studying epithelial regeneration and function over time. Our method presents the use of targeted cell ablation as a novel tool for the study of epithelial injury in zebrafish. Laser ablation gives researchers the ability to induce cell death in a limited population of cells. Varying areas of cells can be targeted based on morphological location, function, or even expression of a particular cellular phenotype. Thus, laser ablation will increase the specificity of what researchers can study, and can be a powerful new approach to shed light on the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration. This protocol can be broadly applied to target cell populations in other organs in the zebrafish embryo to study injury and regeneration in any number of contexts of interest.
Developmental Biology, Issue 54, kidney, zebrafish, regeneration, epithelium, acute kidney injury, ablation
Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines
Institutions: Pace University, University of California, San Diego, Braunschweig University of Technology.
electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific regions of developing embryos, including those of C. elegans
, chick, Xenopus
, zebrafish, and mouse 1
. In zebrafish, in vivo
electroporation has been shown to have excellent spatial and temporal resolution for the delivery of these reagents 2-7
. The temporal resolution of this method is important because it allows for incorporation of these reagents at specific stages in development. Furthermore, because expression from electroporated vectors occurs within 6 hours 7
, this method is more timely than transgenic approaches. While the spatial resolution can be extremely precise when targeting a single cell 2, 6
, it is often preferable to incorporate reagents into a specific cell population within a tissue or structure. When targeting multiple cells, in vivo
electroporation is efficient for delivery to a specific region of the embryo; however, particularly within the developing nervous system, it is difficult to target specific cell types solely through spatially discrete electroporation. Alternatively, enhancer trap transgenic lines offer excellent cell type-specific expression of transgenes 8
. Here we describe an approach that combines transgenic Gal4-based enhancer trap lines 8
with spatially discrete in vivo
electroporation 7, 9
to specifically target developing neurons of the zebrafish olfactory bulb. The Et(zic4:Gal4TA4,UAS:mCherry)hzm5
(formerly GA80_9) enhancer trap line previously described 8
, displays targeted transgenic expression of mCherry mediated by a zebrafish optimized Gal4 (KalTA4) transcriptional activator in multiple regions of the developing brain including hindbrain, cerebellum, forebrain, and the olfactory bulb. To target GFP expression specifically to the olfactory bulb, a plasmid with the coding sequence of GFP under control of multiple Gal4 binding sites (UAS) was electroporated into the anterior end of the forebrain at 24-28 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Although this method incorporates plasmid DNA into multiple regions of the forebrain, GFP expression is only induced in cells transgenically expressing the KalTA4 transcription factor. Thus, by using the GA080_9 transgenic line, this approach led to GFP expression exclusively in the developing olfactory bulb. GFP expressing cells targeted through this approach showed typical axonal projections, as previously described for mitral cells of the olfactory bulb 10
. This method could also be used for targeted delivery of other reagents including short-hairpin RNA interference expression plasmids, which would provide a method for spatially and temporally discrete loss-of-function analysis.
Neuroscience, Issue 54, electroporation, zebrafish, olfactory bulb, Gal4 enhancer trap
Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: School of Medicine, Deakin University.
A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these relationships will help to understand the underlying etiology for a range of diseases linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as diabetes and obesity. Recent advances in instrumentation, has enabled the monitoring of distinct parameters of mitochondrial function in cell lines or tissue explants. Here we present a method for a rapid and sensitive analysis of mitochondrial function parameters in vivo
during zebrafish embryonic development using the Seahorse bioscience XF 24 extracellular flux analyser. This protocol utilizes the Islet Capture microplates where a single embryo is placed in each well, allowing measurement of bioenergetics, including: (i) basal respiration; (ii) basal mitochondrial respiration (iii) mitochondrial respiration due to ATP turnover; (iv) mitochondrial uncoupled respiration or proton leak and (iv) maximum respiration. Using this approach embryonic zebrafish respiration parameters can be compared between wild type and genetically altered embryos (mutant, gene over-expression or gene knockdown) or those manipulated pharmacologically. It is anticipated that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with new tools to analyse the genetic basis of metabolic disorders in vivo
in this relevant vertebrate animal model.
Developmental Biology, Issue 71, Genetics, Biochemistry, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Physiology, Embryology, Metabolism, Metabolomics, metabolic profile, respiration, mitochondria, ATP, development, Oil Red O staining, zebrafish, Danio rerio, animal model
Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages
Institutions: University of Alabama at Birmingham, INRA UR1067, INRA UR1037.
Due to the inherent difficulty and time involved with studying the myogenic program in vivo
, primary culture systems derived from the resident adult stem cells of skeletal muscle, the myogenic precursor cells (MPCs), have proven indispensible to our understanding of mammalian skeletal muscle development and growth. Particularly among the basal taxa of Vertebrata,
however, data are limited describing the molecular mechanisms controlling the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of MPCs. Of particular interest are potential mechanisms that underlie the ability of basal vertebrates to undergo considerable postlarval skeletal myofiber hyperplasia (i.e.
teleost fish) and full regeneration following appendage loss (i.e.
urodele amphibians). Additionally, the use of cultured myoblasts could aid in the understanding of regeneration and the recapitulation of the myogenic program and the differences between them. To this end, we describe in detail a robust and efficient protocol (and variations therein) for isolating and maintaining MPCs and their progeny, myoblasts and immature myotubes, in cell culture as a platform for understanding the evolution of the myogenic program, beginning with the more basal vertebrates. Capitalizing on the model organism status of the zebrafish (Danio rerio
), we report on the application of this protocol to small fishes of the cyprinid clade Danioninae
. In tandem, this protocol can be utilized to realize a broader comparative approach by isolating MPCs from the Mexican axolotl (Ambystomamexicanum
) and even laboratory rodents. This protocol is now widely used in studying myogenesis in several fish species, including rainbow trout, salmon, and sea bream1-4
Basic Protocol, Issue 86, myogenesis, zebrafish, myoblast, cell culture, giant danio, moustached danio, myotubes, proliferation, differentiation, Danioninae, axolotl
Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: University of Torino, Vesalius Research Center, VIB.
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo
system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo
oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo
: i) a “whole embryo ROS-detection method” for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a “single-cell ROS detection method” for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.
Developmental Biology, Issue 89, Danio rerio, zebrafish embryos, endothelial cells, redox state analysis, oxidative stress detection, in vivo ROS measurements, FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter), molecular probes
Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure
Institutions: Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2
. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8
. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.
Medicine, Issue 61, Zebrafish, fetal alcohol exposure, Danio rerio, development, mRNA expression, morpholino, ethanol exposure
Using an Automated 3D-tracking System to Record Individual and Shoals of Adult Zebrafish
Like many aquatic animals, zebrafish (Danio rerio
) moves in a 3D space. It is thus preferable to use a 3D recording system to study its behavior. The presented automatic video tracking system accomplishes this by using a mirror system and a calibration procedure that corrects for the considerable error introduced by the transition of light from water to air. With this system it is possible to record both single and groups of adult zebrafish. Before use, the system has to be calibrated. The system consists of three modules: Recording, Path Reconstruction, and Data Processing. The step-by-step protocols for calibration and using the three modules are presented. Depending on the experimental setup, the system can be used for testing neophobia, white aversion, social cohesion, motor impairments, novel object exploration etc
. It is especially promising as a first-step tool to study the effects of drugs or mutations on basic behavioral patterns. The system provides information about vertical and horizontal distribution of the zebrafish, about the xyz-components of kinematic parameters (such as locomotion, velocity, acceleration, and turning angle) and it provides the data necessary to calculate parameters for social cohesions when testing shoals.
Behavior, Issue 82, neuroscience, Zebrafish, Danio rerio, anxiety, Shoaling, Pharmacology, 3D-tracking, MK801
Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis
Institutions: Concordia University.
This protocol describes the use of fluorescence microscopy to image dividing cells within developing Caenorhabditis elegans
embryos. In particular, this protocol focuses on how to image dividing neuroblasts, which are found underneath the epidermal cells and may be important for epidermal morphogenesis. Tissue formation is crucial for metazoan development and relies on external cues from neighboring tissues. C. elegans
is an excellent model organism to study tissue morphogenesis in vivo
due to its transparency and simple organization, making its tissues easy to study via microscopy. Ventral enclosure is the process where the ventral surface of the embryo is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells. This event is thought to be facilitated by the underlying neuroblasts, which provide chemical guidance cues to mediate migration of the overlying epithelial cells. However, the neuroblasts are highly proliferative and also may act as a mechanical substrate for the ventral epidermal cells. Studies using this experimental protocol could uncover the importance of intercellular communication during tissue formation, and could be used to reveal the roles of genes involved in cell division within developing tissues.
Neuroscience, Issue 85, C. elegans, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, neuroblasts, anillin, microscopy, cell division
Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model congenital abnormalities. During the first day of life, the zebrafish embryo progresses through many developmental stages including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, segmentation, and the organogenesis of structures such as the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The anatomy of a young zebrafish embryo presents several challenges for the visualization and analysis of the tissues involved in many of these events because the embryo develops in association with a round yolk mass. Thus, for accurate analysis and imaging of experimental phenotypes in fixed embryonic specimens between the tailbud and 20 somite stage (10 and 19 hours post fertilization (hpf), respectively), such as those stained using whole mount in situ
hybridization (WISH), it is often desirable to remove the embryo from the yolk ball and to position it flat on a glass slide. However, performing a flat mount procedure can be tedious. Therefore, successful and efficient flat mount preparation is greatly facilitated through the visual demonstration of the dissection technique, and also helped by using reagents that assist in optimal tissue handling. Here, we provide our WISH protocol for one or two-color detection of gene expression in the zebrafish embryo, and demonstrate how the flat mounting procedure can be performed on this example of a stained fixed specimen. This flat mounting protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many embryonic structures that emerge during early zebrafish development, and can be implemented in conjunction with other staining methods performed on fixed embryo samples.
Developmental Biology, Issue 89, animals, vertebrates, fishes, zebrafish, growth and development, morphogenesis, embryonic and fetal development, organogenesis, natural science disciplines, embryo, whole mount in situ hybridization, flat mount, deyolking, imaging
Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling.
Cellular Biology, Issue 90,
zebrafish; kidney; nephron; nephrology; renal; regeneration; proximal tubule; distal tubule; segment; mesonephros; physiology; acute kidney injury (AKI)
In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
Institutions: Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center.
Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo
complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio
) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo,
and can be genetically manipulated.1
These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.
Molecular Biology, Issue 78, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, Bioengineering, Genomics, Medical, zebrafish, in vivo, morpholino, human disease modeling, transcription, PCR, mRNA, DNA, Danio rerio, animal model
Production of Haploid Zebrafish Embryos by In Vitro Fertilization
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish has become a mainstream vertebrate model that is relevant for many disciplines of scientific study. Zebrafish are especially well suited for forward genetic analysis of developmental processes due to their external fertilization, embryonic size, rapid ontogeny, and optical clarity – a constellation of traits that enable the direct observation of events ranging from gastrulation to organogenesis with a basic stereomicroscope. Further, zebrafish embryos can survive for several days in the haploid state. The production of haploid embryos in vitro
is a powerful tool for mutational analysis, as it enables the identification of recessive mutant alleles present in first generation (F1) female carriers following mutagenesis in the parental (P) generation. This approach eliminates the necessity to raise multiple generations (F2, F3, etc.
) which involves breeding of mutant families, thus saving the researcher time along with reducing the needs for zebrafish colony space, labor, and the husbandry costs. Although zebrafish have been used to conduct forward screens for the past several decades, there has been a steady expansion of transgenic and genome editing tools. These tools now offer a plethora of ways to create nuanced assays for next generation screens that can be used to further dissect the gene regulatory networks that drive vertebrate ontogeny. Here, we describe how to prepare haploid zebrafish embryos. This protocol can be implemented for novel future haploid screens, such as in enhancer and suppressor screens, to address the mechanisms of development for a broad number of processes and tissues that form during early embryonic stages.
Developmental Biology, Issue 89, zebrafish, haploid, in vitro fertilization, forward genetic screen, saturation, recessive mutation, mutagenesis
Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
Institutions: University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center.
Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). At the most severe end of the spectrum is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, and neurobehavioral deficits. Studies with animal models, including rodents, have elucidated many molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of FASDs. Ethanol administration to pregnant rodents has been used to model human exposure during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Third trimester ethanol consumption in humans has been modeled using neonatal rodents. However, few rodent studies have characterized the effect of ethanol exposure during the equivalent to all three trimesters of human pregnancy, a pattern of exposure that is common in pregnant women. Here, we show how to build vapor chambers from readily obtainable materials that can each accommodate up to six standard mouse cages. We describe a vapor chamber paradigm that can be used to model exposure to ethanol, with minimal handling, during all three trimesters. Our studies demonstrate that pregnant dams developed significant metabolic tolerance to ethanol. However, neonatal mice did not develop metabolic tolerance and the number of fetuses, fetus weight, placenta weight, number of pups/litter, number of dead pups/litter, and pup weight were not significantly affected by ethanol exposure. An important advantage of this paradigm is its applicability to studies with genetically-modified mice. Additionally, this paradigm minimizes handling of animals, a major confound in fetal alcohol research.
Medicine, Issue 89, fetal, ethanol, exposure, paradigm, vapor, development, alcoholism, teratogenic, animal, mouse, model
High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry
Institutions: Medical College of Wisconsin, Stanford University School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Hong Kong University, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin.
There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle “in a dish” for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.
Cellular Biology, Issue 91, human induced pluripotent stem cell, flow cytometry, directed differentiation, cardiomyocyte, IRX4, TNNI3, TNNT2, MCL2v, MLC2a
Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster
Institutions: Princeton University.
The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood. One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins. Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity. In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining. In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS. Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS. If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle. We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides. We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS. The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.
Developmental Biology, Issue 1, Drosophila, fly, CNS, larvae
BioMEMS: Forging New Collaborations Between Biologists and Engineers
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI).
This video describes the fabrication and use of a microfluidic device to culture central nervous system (CNS) neurons. This device is compatible with live-cell optical microscopy (DIC and phase contrast), as well as confocal and two photon microscopy approaches. This method uses precision-molded polymer parts to create miniature multi-compartment cell culture with fluidic isolation. The compartments are made of tiny channels with dimensions that are large enough to culture neurons in well-controlled fluidic microenvironments. Neurons can be cultured for 2-3 weeks within the device, after which they can be fixed and stained for immunocytochemistry. Axonal and somal compartments can be maintained fluidically isolated from each other by using a small hydrostatic pressure difference; this feature can be used to localize soluble insults to one compartment for up to 20 h after each medium change. Fluidic isolation enables collection of pure axonal fraction and biochemical analysis by PCR. The microfluidic device provides a highly adaptable platform for neuroscience research and may find applications in modeling CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
Neuroscience, Issue 9, Microfluidics, Bioengineering, Neuron
Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos
Institutions: SUNY-University at Buffalo.
embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the procedure for the visualization of Drosophila
embryonic nervous system using antibodies to neuronal proteins. Since the entire embryonic peripheral nervous and central nervous systems are well characterized at the level of individual cells (Dambly-Chaudière et al.
, 1986; Bodmer et al.
, 1987; Bodmer et al.
, 1989), any aberrations to these systems can be easily identified using antibodies to different neuronal proteins. The developing embryos are collected at certain times to ensure that the embryos are in the proper developmental stages for visualization. After collection, the outer layers of the embryo, the chorion membrane and the vitelline envelope that surrounds the embryo, are removed before fixation. Embryos are then incubated with neuronal antibodies and visualized using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Embryos at stages 12-17 are visualized to access the embryonic nervous system. At stage 12 the CNS germ band starts shortening and by stage 15 the definitive pattern of the commissure has been achieved. By stage 17 the CNS contracts and the PNS is fully developed (Campos-Ortega et al.
1985). Thus changes in the pattern of the PNS and CNS can be easily observed during these developmental stages.
Neuroscience, Issue 46, Drosophila neurobiology, Embryo, Immuno Fluorescence
A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies
Institutions: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.
Neuroscience, Issue 48, Drosophila, behavior, alcohol, addiction
Transplantation of GFP-expressing Blastomeres for Live Imaging of Retinal and Brain Development in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh.
Cells change extensively in their locations and property during embryogenesis. These changes are regulated by the interactions between the cells and their environment. Chimeric embryos, which are composed of cells of different genetic background, are great tools to study the cell-cell interactions mediated by genes of interest. The embryonic transparency of zebrafish at early developmental stages permits direct visualization of the morphogenesis of tissues and organs at the cellular level. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to generate chimeric retinas and brains in zebrafish embryos and to perform live imaging of the donor cells. The protocol covers the preparation of transplantation needles, the transplantation of GFP-expressing donor blastomeres to GFP-negative hosts, and the examination of donor cell behavior under live confocal microscopy. With slight modifications, this protocol can also be used to study the embryonic development of other tissues and organs in zebrafish. The advantages of using GFP to label donor cells are also discussed.
Developmental Biology, Issue 41, transformation, fluorescence donor fish, live imaging, zebrafish, blastomeres, embryo, GFP
Isolation of Mononuclear Cells from the Central Nervous System of Rats with EAE
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Whether studying an autoimmune disease directed to the central nervous system (CNS), such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, 1), or the immune response to an infection of the CNS, such as poliomyelitis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, or neurosyphilis, it is often necessary to isolate the CNS-infiltrating immune cells.
In this video-protocol we demonstrate how to isolate mononuclear cells (MNCs) from the CNS of a rat with EAE. The first step of this procedure requires a cardiac perfusion of the rodent with a saline solution to ensure that no blood remains in the blood vessels irrigating the CNS. Any blood contamination will artificially increase the number of apparent CNS-infiltrating MNCs and may alter the apparent composition of the immune infiltrate. We then demonstrate how to remove the brain and spinal cord of the rat for subsequent dilaceration to prepare a single-cell suspension. This suspension is separated on a two-layer Percoll gradient to isolate the MNCs. After washing, these cells are then ready to undergo any required procedure.
Mononuclear cells isolated using this procedure are viable and can be used for electrophysiology, flow cytometry (FACS), or biochemistry. If the technique is performed under sterile conditions (using sterile instruments in a tissue culture hood) the cells can also be grown in tissue culture medium. A given cell population can be further purified using either magnetic separation procedures or a FACS.
Neuroscience, Issue 10, Immunology, brain, spinal cord, lymphocyte, infiltrate, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CNS, inflammation, mouse
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The U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sojourner Truth.
(Photo: US Postal Service)
On Feb. 4, 1986, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring abolitionist and women’s rights activist Sojourner Truth as part of its Black Heritage series.
Sojourner Truth was born Isabella Baumfree in 1797 on the Hardenbergh plantation in upstate New York. In 1826, Truth managed to escape to freedom and became known as a fearless advocate for enslaved African-Americans and women.
She is best known for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech that challenged gender and racial inequalities. During the Civil War, Truth became involved in the war effort by recruiting Black troops for the Union Army. After the war, she tried unsuccessfully to secure land grants from the federal government for former slaves.
BET National News - Keep up to date with breaking news stories from around the nation, including headlines from the hip hop and entertainment world. Click here to subscribe to our newsletter.
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- Historic Sites
At the eastern end of Perdido Key is an area once used by the U.S. Army to defend Pensacola Bay. A three-tiered fort with a detached water battery called Fort McRee was built there between 1834 and 1839. During the Civil War, the fort was heavily damaged in a massive artillery exchange between Confederate forces at McRee and Barrancas, and Union forces at Fort Pickens and onboard the ships Niagara and Richmond in November 1861. Coastal erosion crumbled the foundations afterward, and by the 1906 Hurricane destroyed Fort McRee. All that was left was a single arch that eventually eroded away. The end of the island was still called Fort McRee, and concrete Coast Artillery batteries were built there in 1899, 1900 and 1942. Battery 233 was the last built and remains today. Access is by 4x4 vehicle or by foot.
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Web Author's Guide
This page is an introduction to Color Theory, but anticipates some facts mentioned there. It also assumes that you know that there are only 212 Web-Safe Colors you can use, and have been warned about the hazards of the Windows Color Picker chart.
Beyond the question of what's available, and how it can be safely coded for your Web page, which are subjects that lend themselves to precise statement, there are some useful general rules of experience. Those rules are often violated, but usually with bad results. Our formulation of them is divided into five topics:
Area Effect / Backgrounds / Colors Per Se / Dark Context / Eye Contrasts
Area Effect. The "same" color looks darker on a large object than on a small one. The bigger the object, the more oppressive a dark color will appear. Walls need to be a tint of your theme color, not the color itself. You love a color on a favorite painting, but painting your whole house that color usually gives a monstrous result. Not only is the effect of the same color in large areas heavier, but the color value itself can appear different. A careful designer might compensate for the Area effect (though it may be hard to do within the list of Web-safe colors). Alternatively, if you want a "thematic" color to be recognizable throughout your site without fine-tuning, avoid displaying it on objects which differ greatly in size.
Backgrounds For Text. The effect of a surrounding white or other light background on colored text is to drain the text of its color. Colored text looks thinner, and (see the preceding note) may also appear a slightly different color, than the same color applied to areas. The desired color identity between text and object can be restored by putting the text in bold, which in effect makes the letters of the text into areas. But that treatment isn't always appropriate. Our suggestion is to avoid using any but the simplest and strongest colors (basic red FF0000; basic blue 0000FF) for consecutive text that you wish to highlight with color. Red and blue are both available as named colors from the Colors part of the Styles (or equivalent) menu in your Internet home page program. No other named colors on that list, and few enough unnamed colors on the full Color Tables, work well for the purpose. Bear in mind also that basic blue is the default color for hyperlinks on Internet pages. So if you have lots of links, you are already using lots of blue, and blue thus loses its distinctiveness as a highlighting signal. Red is pretty screamy in large quantities. We tend to go with the third or darker red option, maroon 990000. This is why.
Colors Per Se. The familiar rule is that "warm" colors (reds, oranges, browns) are cozy, whereas "cool" colors (greens, blues, purples) either repel or create a feeling of distance. The other way of saying this is that "warm" colors can be too energetic, whereas "cool" colors (especially blues) properly handled can give a restful impression. Also, however your personal tastes may run, pastels tend to remind people of the covers of romance novels, and thus to convey an air of unseriousness. And many people have a bad reaction to colors in the red-purple zone of the spectrum (including named Magenta on the color menu). Before adopting a thematic color for your scholarly web site, ask yourself whether you have ever seen it on the cover of a scholarly journal, or as the theme color of a university home page. If the answer is No (or Yes, but it looked icky), you should reconsider the whole matter.
Actors and stage professionals know, and respect, the characterization power of certain colored spotlights. Ponder, for instance, the technical color name "bastard yellow."
A further complication in color choice questions has to do with viewer screens. All of these are some shade of blue (probably chosen because of its "restful" quality). The lighter shades of blue let you imagine you are on a white page (the eye adjusts); the darker ones give a strongly blue cast. Color designs based on high-key (pale neutral) colors can look very sophisticated against a light blue (functionally white) screen, but will look simply awful against a more strongly blue screen. Our experiment with a vanilla-colored thematic element on this web site, years ago, because of this blue effect. Rather than have our sophisticated redesign appear vomititious to half the viewers in the world, we went back to stronger colors. The moral is that some finesses just don't work. Don't spend time on something subtle, without checking how it looks out there in the world.
Dark Context. Museums long ago found that a dark context can dramatically highlight a light colored object. But drama itself is wearisome if pressed too hard, or sustained too long. Notice, at your favorite museum, that the immediate background of the object (the case in which it is displayed), even in galleries with dark walls, tends to be light or neutral. The dark gallery highlights the case, but then it is the light case background (or the light mat of a framed picture) that suitably displays the object. The general rule is that light backgrounds are better. Light objects highlighted against dark backgrounds are wearing. Humans are day animals, and our visual apparatus wasn't set up for it. The work of Joseph Albers shows what distortions in perception arise when a light area is framed by a dark area.
Also, text in light colors on a dark background is extremely fatiguing for the eye to resolve (in print no less than on screen). That arrangement will work for a button or label, if the letters are thick enough. But it is strongly counterindicated for consecutive text. Many designers like light-on-dark because of its seeming impact. But it is a design error in all cases where it is expected that the text will be read.
Eye Contrasts. As noted in our more technical Color page, the eye "sees" more red contrasts than green contrasts, and to the eye, the tables in the HTML repertoire or any other color atlas are heavy on greens and stingy with reds (we here allude to a famous verse by Li Ching-jau). The only reds on any of the tables are those on the Red = FF table. Bear in mind, in using adjacent colors from the charts, that neighboring shades of green may look the same to the viewer, whereas all reds (always excepting those in the lower right corner of the table) will appear well contrasted.
In all honesty, we have to close on a sober note: Despite your best efforts, people can set their browsers to render colors (like the color of active links) any way they choose. Your design decisions will be simply overridden in those cases. The viewer who wishes to do so has the last word.
16 Dec 2001 / Contact The Project / Exit to Reference Page
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I am wondering today where the term “kite” came from. Everybody who works in jails or prisons is familiar with “kite,” which in jails and prisons refers to a written request for something.
Inmates can “kite” for anything, but those of us in the medical departments deal with medical kites, as in: Inmate: “I need to see the doctor. I’m sick.” Deputy: “Well, fill out a kite then.” Or “I’m sending your kite back to you because you forgot to sign and date it.” “Kite” can be a noun (“Fill out this kite.”) or a verb (“I kited medical but I haven’t seen the doctor yet.”)
This term seems to be universal. Correctional personnel all over the country are familiar with it, whether jails or prisons, state or federal, adult or juvenile. I have yet to meet someone in the correctional field who does not know what a “kite” is. It also is commonly used. Not a day goes by that we don’t hear this term bandied about.
Yet I cannot find this definition of “kite” listed in any dictionary. I checked several. Even the dictionaries devoted to slang, like The Online Slang Dictionary or the Slang Dictionary don’t list the term “kite.” How can a slang term be so common in jails and prisons yet be unknown to linguists?
So where did the term “kite” come from? I have heard two explanations. Some inmates believe that the term “kite” implies that we don’t care about them, as in: Inmate: “I’m sick. I need to see the doctor.” Deputy: “Oh, go fly a kite.” Although many inmates believe this, I myself don’t think this is where the term comes from.
“Kite” probably came instead from the prison practice of communicating with another inmate in the next cell or even many cells away. The inmate folds up a note and ties it to a long piece of string. He then swings the note attached to the string underneath his cell door and into the cell of his friend. Since the folded up note attached to a piece of string resembled a kite, it was called a “kite,” and the term “kite” then became a universal prison term for any written communication, including requests for medical care.
This explanation of the term makes sense to me, so I tend to believe it. But is it true?
Can anyone out there shed some light on this subject? Where did the term “kite” originate?
Before begging work at the Ada County Jail I spent a number of years working at the Idaho Maximum Security Institution. At their facility the inmates referred to these type’s of requests as “kites.” In a sense it probably is staff that also perpetuates the lingo as well.
BTW I estimate it took me approx. 6 hours alone just to triage, schedule, and follow up on all those requests that day!
How far we’ve come, eh Mike?
2. kite – get credit or money by using a bad check; “The businessman kited millions of dollars”
obtain – come into possession of; “How did you obtain the visa?”
I read somewhere that kites have been used as distress signals for forts, ships, etc.
I guess then it makes sense. A corrections kite is used to obtain relief from some kind 🙂
I like it Sherri! Thanks for the input. (I have to admit that I did not think to actually look in the dictionary for a definition of “kite!”)
Try Urban Dictionary! This was the first definition for “kite” on their site.
Thanks! This is one online slang dictionary that I did not check. It says Kite: “Correspondence received while incarcerated” and then gives an example of an inmate receiving a letter. That is close, but not quite, the same thing as sending in a request for medical care. Thanks for looking that up!
I’ve heard some talk about the word kite being used interchangeably with a derogatory slang term for a Jewish person (kike). Somewhere I read about Nazi’s using human skin as a kite- the flying type. For that reason I prefer staff to use the word “request”. Maybe skinheads just can’t get outsmart spellcheck, but as Michael said, staff probably perpetuates the lingo by either supporting it, or choosing to not use slang themselves.
Thanks! I agree with you that medical professionals should use proper medical terminology; in this case “Medical Request” instead of “Medical Kite.” At the Ada Co. Jail, we use the acronym IRF that stands for “Internal Request Form.”
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as a surreptitious communication between prisoners, first used in 1864. In those days, prisoners in ‘penitentiaries’ were supposed to be penitent (not allowed to speak). They passed messages written on small pieces of paper to each other. The paper available to them was Kite (brand) cigarette rolling papers. Kite tobacco and papers continue to be available on the internet. The information on Kite papers is not in the OED. Not sure where I learned that piece.
I agree that there are better terms to use for a request for care.
Fantastic, Bob! I get excited about this sort of linguistic sleuthing; I don’t know why. This is now the single best explanation I have heard for the term Kite. BTW, I punched “kite rolling tobacco” into my search engine and sure enough, I can purchase Kite Brand rolling papers–if I want to write authentic old “kites” to my colleagues. Hmm, not a bad idea . . .
Golden! My linguistics degree is a mere Bachelor’s, but I know good research methods when I see them. … Et voilà!
Hmm. In our facility, I have never heard that term!
Our medical requests (and all requests) are called “cop-outs.”
I have no idea why.
I don’t even really like it…it kind of sounds like a derogatory term in re: to requesting medical care.
But that’s what they are called.
On the paper, it says, “Request for Medical Care.”
It would be tough to break the habit, since everybody knows what a cop-out is. I’m sure if I said, “Put in a request for medical care,” I would get many raised eyebrows and inmates wondering what in the heck I’m talking about!
I do both legal and medical interpreting in my community for a number of years. The first time I came across this term “kite” was during a phone interpreting session last week. It was in a conversation between a detained person and a legal representative. It puzzled me about how the term gained its entry into the prison community. Glad to gain some insights from the posts here. Thank you all.
I never heard of ‘kite’ until I read this blog post. Neither has my LVN. We’re in Southeast Texas so we’re thinking this is a Northern thing.
“Kite” is used as an inmate communication here in Northwest Louiusuana—just a few miles from the Texas line.
At my institution we use the word kite for as a request form ( probation and parole kites ) or P&P kites and also case worker kites. Also for passing information as ” someone flew me a kite and told me where there was a shank.
This may come from a variation on the common English expression, “to fly a kite”, meaning “to make a suggestion in order to guage the response” before committing to a course of action. The OED suggests that it comes from the practice of putting up a kite to see which way the wind is blowing at altitude. I remember that, in the Royal Navy, “to fly a kite” also meant, by extension, “to make a request that you had little expectation of having accepted”. If medical requests in your prison service used to be regularly turned down, then they might also have been associated with “kite-flying”?
By the way, I notice a citation in the OED entry has this:
This is the British foreign secretary refering to just such a request or suggestion by the King of Sweden that he might be awarded a high British honour (Knight of the Garter). You could think of your inmates as “flying a kite at you” when they make a request!
I’ve been told that the word kite goes back to the old High-walled prison days, where the only communication with the outside world or family was to literally fly a kite over the wall with a note attached. Not sure how accurate the information is but, it seems probable.
Thank you for the insight. I have a son incarecerated. I was told he needed to ask the deputy for a kite although she spelled it kiyte. I was confused. This forum sheds light on what I really needed to know. Thanks again.
It is known over the world as a naval distress signal. Emergency kites are sold on the internet. I guess in the old days they used them as distress signals at forts and such. It is a call for help. Kind of a desperate one, I would imagine, hence the term “go fly a kite” as in good luck with that. lol
The Oxford English Dictionary cites 1859 for the first use of this term in prison, meaning an illicit communication. Somewhere else, I read that it referred to cigarette papers associated with Kite (brand) tobacco. This is credible, as Kite cigarette rolling tobacco remains on the market. Sorry I didn’t write down the source for that.
In my current facility our Medical Requests are NEMR or Non Emergent Medical Request Forms. I had always known them as kites in previous facilities where I had worked.
Good topic. We will gradually sift comments for additions to the file /akiteis.html
where collections of definitions for “kite” is center of attention.
Some speculation: Prisoners in early centuries were chosen to be lifted up in a kite to make observations of the enemy. They did not want to risk the lives of regular soldiers. The select prisoners took a big risk being kited; their life depended on being a part of successful kite.
Interesting observation, Joe! Thank you.
“Kite” originated from inmates yelling through the bars at the “guard!” In an attempt to get something. The correctional officer would reply “…go fly a kite”. Inmate’s eventually figured out that they had a better chance at getting a response when they’d write their request down.
It came from a union prison named camp Douglas during the civil war. Confederate prisoners would fly kits with messages on them. This is also where dead line came from. It was a line for hanging and drying laundry from one side. But if you crossed it you were shot.
I had not heard that one. Do you have a reference?
It was on a history channel show. Sorry but I don’t remember the name of the program. But the program was on camp Douglas.
My mother whose name was Mary Kite worked at a
Jail in Lincoln Nebraska as a guard. In 1986 she received a
$50.00 check for her idea of calling the request forms to see a case manager a lawyer or Doctor
A kite request. The inmates would always request to see my mom
As she went from Lt to a case manager. That’s how I understand it went
In Lincoln Nebraska.
I am familiar with the term but in the Midwest both federal and state I hear HSR or MSR. Health Service Request or Medical Service Request the two are used interchangeably. It may be a regional issue as inmates will always ask for HSR or MSR but occasionally I will hear a request for a kite to be sent.
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So happy to have found this site!
Just starting working Correctional medical records and drowning in Kites. Non stop work and 12 hours has never gone by so quickly. Love the job and all the of staff are so amazing.
Wonderful to have you, Kathy. It’s a calling, that’s for sure!
I think if a term is understood by the parties being served and not patently offensive, then it is an okay term. Obtaining understanding in communication is paramount particularly in the population we serve where many patients haven’t had long educational histories so if “kite” is a term our population perfectly understands, then the goal is achieved. the history of the term is interesting. It is a term I’ve heard my entire correctional medicine career.
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Schwassmann-Wachmann3 Comet: Fragment B photographed during its passing in 2006. We can observe up to 73 fragments. Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Weaver (JHU/APL), M. Mutchler and Z. Levay (STScl)
In 1883, on the 12th and 13th of August, Mexican astronomer Jose A. y Bonilla observed several objects passing in front of the solar disk. In 1886 in the L'Astronomie magazine, he reported his observations without providing a hypothesis explaining the registered phenomena. Our objective in this work is to interpret, with current knowledge, what he observed in Zacatecas.
Our working hypothesis is that what Bonilla observed in 1883 was a highly fragmented comet, in an approach almost flush to the Earth's surface. The fragmentation of the comet's nucleus is a phenomenon known since the XIX century. Using the results reported by Bonilla, we can estimate the distance at which the objects approach to the Earth's surface, their size, their mass and total mass of the comet before fragmentation.
According to our calculations, the distance at which the objects passed over the Earth's surface, was between 538 km and 8,062 km, the width of the objects was between 46 m and 795 m and its length between 68 m and 1,022 m, the object's mass was between 5.58e8 kg and 2.5e12 kg. Finally, the mass of the original comet, before fragmentation, was between 1.83e12 and 8.19e15 kg, i.e., between 2e-3 and 8.19 times the mass of Halley Comet.
Hector Javier Durand Manterola, Maria de la Paz Ramos Lara, Guadalupe Cordero (Submitted on 12 Oct 2011)
Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:1110.2798 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:1110.2798v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
From: Hector Javier Durand-Manterola [view email]
[v1] Wed, 12 Oct 2011 21:01:12 GMT (454kb)
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This workshop is for teachers currently working (or considering working) in remote community schools. It addresses the use of Talk for Writing for both fiction and non-fiction and covers the following areas with specific reference to the unique educational needs of these students:
• Planning, both for a unit of work, based on instructional needs of students, and at a whole-school level;
• The “Three I’s” – Imitation, Innovation and Invention – which are the basis of the Talk for Writing approach and which allow students to move from dependence to independence in their writing in a systematic, scaffolded way;
• Providing effective feedback to students in order to promote skill development;
• Accurate assessment of writing, in order to track student progress and guide teaching goals; and
• Development of grammatical skills, with a focus on functional application of grammar in writing, through ‘warm-up’ games selected to meet specific instructional needs of students.
This workshop is suitable for primary school teachers. We also offer a Talk for Writing Early Years workshop for Kindergarten and Pre-Primary teachers.
Presenter: Peta Collins (Primary and Secondary Trainer)
Peta is an educational and developmental psychologist. She was first introduced to Talk for Writing when attending the conferences presented by Pie Corbett during his visit to Perth, and was impressed by the way the approach is able to address the learning needs of all students: from students at educational risk, through to students requiring educational extension and challenge. She has been closely involved in the development of DSF’s Talk for Writing workshops, at both primary and secondary level, and has benefitted from the invaluable support and expertise of Dean Thompson and Maria Richards during their visits to Australia. Peta also uses Talk for Writing, at primary and secondary level, in individual and small-group tuition with students who are experiencing literacy learning difficulties.
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Shuttle flights are gone 'til November
At the earliest
No new Shuttle missions will blast off until November at the earliest, NASA has said, as it scrubbed a flight scheduled to depart in late September this year.
The space agency is unwilling to risk new flights until it has nailed down the cause of the falling debris during the launch of the shuttle Discovery, the BBC reports.
NASA spent more than two-and-a-half years trying to solve the problem of foam falling from external fuel tanks, after the disastrous loss of Columbia in March 2003. Since then, the agency has spent more than a billion dollars on various safety improvements, and had thought that it had solved the problem of falling debris.
The chunk of foam that fell from Discovery was not much smaller than the piece that fatally wounded Columbia. Fortunately, it did not hit the shuttle as it fell.
NASA says it cannot see an immediate or obvious solution to the problem. "It's an extremely difficult engineering problem to solve," NASA investigator Bill Gerstenmaier said, in a media teleconference.
"Frankly, even the next time we fly the tank, I would expect to see a little bit of foam loss somewhere," he added.
The next shuttle scheduled to launch was Atlantis, which had been pencilled in for a 22 September lift-off. Its mission would have been similar to Discovery's: to test new in-orbit inspection and repair systems, and to ferry equipment to the International Space Station.
Get the latest from NASA about the Return to Flight project here. ®
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With hundreds of kilometers of coastline winding along the deep blue waters of the Mediterranean, interspersed with picturesque villages and lively towns, Croatia has become a popular tourist destination. Politically too, Croatia has made significant advances since the Balkan wars of the 1990s left much of the land in shatters, the recent accession to the European Union being the pinnacle of its political success. Developments in the past few weeks, however, suggest a more ugly side of the country and have sparked a heated debate in the national media: Is a modern form of fascism taking roots in Croatia?
Two incidents, in particular, have fuelled the debate. In November, after Croatia defeated Iceland in a World Cup qualifying game, national player Josip Šimunić took to the microphone and shouted the fascist slogan “Za dom spremni” (Ready for the Homeland) to the Croatians in the audience, many of whom enthusiastically responded, “Ready!” The slogan gained notoriety during the Second World War, when the fascist Ustaša movement, collaborating with Nazi Germany, propagated a racially “pure” Greater Croatia and killed thousands of local Serbs, Jews, and Roma.
The second incident came only a few days after Šimunić’s fascist slur. In a controversial referendum on December 1, 2013, Croatians voted to change the definition of marriage in the constitution to apply exclusively to “a living union of a woman and a man,” making same-sex marriage illegal. Croatia is not the only European country to ban gay marriage. However, it is worrisome that a single extremely conservative group with the support of the Catholic Church was able to gather over 700,000 signatures to organize a referendum targeting a minority group. This discriminatory referendum sets a worrisome precedent. Rumors are that nationalists are planning a new referendum curtailing the right of the Serb minority in the country to use its own language and Cyrillic lettering.
Renowned Croatian writer Dubrovka Ugrešić views the recent developments as a symptom of a deeper ideological shift within Croatian society. For her, the “fascization” of Croatia started twenty years ago and was propelled by all levels of society. It is fuelled by the overlap of Catholic faith and nationalist identity. Catholicism and Croatian nationalism are closely intertwined, and the superiority of the Croat people is often linked to the idea of religious supremacy. With regards to the referendum, Ugrešić therefore posits: “How do we expect a different vote from young Croats who grew up in an environment where hatred towards Serbs, gypsies, ‘the Orthodox,’ ‘the Balkan,’ women, Blacks, Jews and foreigners was encouraged or even rewarded as good behavior?”
While Ugrešić is dead-on with regards to several aspects of her analysis, one has to caution against an over-generalization of Croat society. Bob Dylan’s recent comment in which he compares Croats to Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan is severely misplaced. With regards to the referendum, many Croats stood up against the initiative and the current center-left government pledged that it would pass a law allowing civil partnerships for gay people (even though this can only be a small comfort). Similarly, the openly critical discussion in the media is proof that “fascism” in its classical meaning is the wrong description of the phenomenon.
Nonetheless, the extreme nationalist tendencies in large parts of the Croatian population have to be taken seriously. The self-elevation of a group over other groups, the discourse of “We” against “Them” coupled with economic problems can quickly spark greater divisions and incite hatred. Historically, it should be clear what this can lead to.
It is therefore high time for many Croatians to accept that nationalism is not a way out of current economic problems and that it does not strengthen the society. Nationalism has never solved the economic or political problems the countries of the Western Balkans faced. Quite to the contrary, it has often been the root of them. In order to advance and to become economically and politically healthy in the long term, Croatian society has to foster inclusion instead of exclusion and equality instead of misguided ideas of superiority and national pride.
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<urn:uuid:a068b5fa-c0e0-4368-9f4c-89ca28480cab>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.fletcherforum.org/2013/12/19/dedic-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997865523.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025745-00038-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958682 | 883 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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