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Subluxation is a term used by some chiropractors to describe a dysfunction involving the vertebral joints when such joints are out of their normal position. But how does a joint get out of its normal position? Usually, the culprit is some sort of trauma but not necessarily at the level of a high fall or a major car accident (although these trauma do cause problems).
For many patients, a trip and tumble that causes a slight sprain to the ligaments in the spine can set the stage for a problem years later if the sprain just slightly alters joint function in that area of the neck or back. In response, the body adapts its movements to compensate for the abnormal motion. Then years later, a simple sneeze or lifting with bad form is all that’s needed to trigger an episode of back pain.
The adjustments performed by doctors of chiropractic are intended to help align the spine and make the movements of spine symmetrical from side to side. This tends to reduce the tension on the surrounding ligaments and muscles, resulting in pain relief.
When your spine moves normally, you may have less pain when you exercise or move the spine in a stressful way. For many, just working without constant pain can be a real lifesaver. Many patients find their moods improve and they cannot wait to return to the sports or hobbies they once enjoyed.
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| 0.9421 | 279 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
(in Latin America) a man of mixed race, especially one having Spanish and indigenous descent.
- ‘On the other hand, it is important to keep in mind that Mexican-Americans are mestizas and mestizos, victims of various colonization processes.’
- ‘About 90 percent of the people are mestizos, people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.’
- ‘Among mestizos (persons of mixed blood) and other indigenous peoples, weddings are lavish affairs.’
- ‘But they allowed justified resentment at past treatment by the mestizo (mixed race Spanish speaking) section of the masses to divert them from pushing forward the struggle against the common enemy.’
- ‘Ladinos are usually mestizos, people of mixed Amerindian and European descent.’
Spanish, ‘mixed’, based on Latin mixtus.
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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| 0.890931 | 237 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Food and food security have been common topics on the international stage in recent years, and for good reason! The Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations estimate that there are 805 million hungry people in the world, 60% of whom are women. Furthermore, every year, close to 5 million children under the age of 5 die of causes related to malnutrition.
For these reasons, the United Nations decided to prioritize the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger by 2015 as part of the Millennium Development Goals.
Despite this international commitment, however, in Guatemala over the past 20 years “the proportion of the population living with hunger has increased by 80%, from about 17% in 1991, to 30.5% in 2012” (1).
So I (Jillian Severinski, an intern with the School Health and Nutrition program) have been trying to figure out why, in a country where every vista is green and overflowing with flora, hunger has expanded in the last two decades, and have found a few principal reasons.
One factor is the volatility of international coffee prices, which have risen exponentially in the last 10 years. Nearly 80% of the world’s coffee farmers are small-scale producers, who make less than US $1 per pound of coffee harvested. So, when production costs increase, these farmers can barely make a profit.
This has been a major issue in Guatemala where in 2011, the average production costs skyrocketed to US $1.42 per pound, one of the highest rates in all coffee-producing countries (2)! These fluctuations are hard to anticipate and push many rural Guatemalans into poverty and frequently, into hunger.
Another reason is the disintegration of the traditional producer- consumer relationship. You would think that most farmers in Guatemala have enough land to sell their harvests to local markets, but that is not the case. In Sololá, where Pueblo a Pueblo’s offices are located, approximately 80% of population owns land, but not enough to sell crops for profit.
Due to a myriad of factors including lack of access to land ownership, unfavorable rainfall, and poor crop yields, in 2012 94% of rural vendors in local markets reported selling produce that they had purchased from a third-party (3). The lack of income from one’s own labor increases the amount of hunger in rural Guatemala.
A final factor that affects malnutrition is the rise of environmental hazards that threaten local food security. Near Lake Atitlan, Hurricanes Mitch and Stan, which hit in 1998 and 2005 respectively, caused severe crop damages and food shortages. Currently, the region is facing another crisis in the form of a coffee fungus called Roya. Roya has been widespread in Guatemala, destroying huge swaths of the total coffee harvest and affecting many small family farmers.
These three reasons, among many others, help to answer the question of why hunger has been increasing instead of decreasing in Guatemala.
Here at Pueblo a Pueblo, we are trying to alleviate some of the effects of hunger by delivering daily nutritious meals in local schools, teaching children to grow their own vegetables, and working with farmers to supplement their income from coffee harvests. We hope that by working with communities to develop long-term solutions to support child education, health, and food security, we can change the trajectory of hunger in Guatemala.
To learn more about World Food Day, follow the link: http://www.worldfooddayusa.org/
To learn more about our programs, visit: http://www.puebloapueblo.org/programs.html
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Each child paints their hands green and handprints them onto a sheet of paper.
Apon drying the teacher/or children write their names onto both handprints. The handprints are then cut around. Using a display board the teacher pins the handprints upside down to form a Christmas tree. Brown paper can then be cut (fringed) to form the tree trunk.
This is very effective if the children have also cut out star shapes and glued glitter to them (In session 1). One star can be placed at the top of the tree, and the other stars can be displayed all around the tree. The children love that they have created their own classroom Christmas tree 'together'
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The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order. When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance, two more orders were added to the canon: the Tuscan order and the Composite order. The Corinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornate of the orders. This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.
The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although the style had its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (c. 2 AD). It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée, Nîmes and at the comparable Temple of Augustus and Livia at Vienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona (both of the reign of Trajan, 98-117 AD), the Column of Phocas (re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek (c. 150 AD).
The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket. Its earliest use can be traced back to the Late Classical Period (430-323 BC). The earliest Corinthian capital was found in Bassae, dated at 427 BC.
Proportion is a defining characteristic of the Corinthian order: the "coherent integration of dimensions and ratios in accordance with the principles of symmetria" are noted by Mark Wilson Jones, who finds that the ratio of total column height to column-shaft height is in a 6:5 ratio, so that, secondarily, the full height of column with capital is often a multiple of 6 Roman feet while the column height itself is a multiple of 5. In its proportions, the Corinthian column is similar to the Ionic column, though it is more slender, and stands apart by its distinctive carved capital. The abacus upon the capital has concave sides to conform to the outscrolling corners of the capital, and it may have a rosette at the center of each side. Corinthian columns were erected on the top level of the Roman Colosseum, holding up the least weight, and also having the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Their height to width ratio is about 10:1.
One variant is the Tivoli order, found at the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli. The Tivoli order's Corintinan capital has two rows of acanthus leaves and its abacus is decorated with oversize fleurons in the form of hibiscus flowers with pronounced spiral pistils. The column flutes have flat tops. The frieze exhibits fruit swags suspended between bucrania. Above each swag is a rosette. The cornice does not have modillions.
Indo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, and usually combine Hellenistic and Indian elements. These capitals are typically dated to the 1st centuries of our era, and constitute important elements of Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.
The classical design was often adapted, usually taking a more elongated form, and sometimes being combined with scrolls, generally within the context of Buddhist stupas and temples. Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, usually as central figures surrounded, and often in the shade, of the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs.
During the first flush of the Italian Renaissance, the Florentine architectural theorist Francesco di Giorgio expressed the human analogies that writers who followed Vitruvius often associated with the human form, in squared drawings he made of the Corinthian capital overlaid with human heads, to show the proportions common to both.
The Corinthian architrave is divided in two or three sections, which may be equal, or may bear interesting proportional relationships, to one with another. Above the plain, unadorned architrave lies the frieze, which may be richly carved with a continuous design or left plain, as at the U.S. Capitol extension. At the Capitol the proportions of architrave to frieze are exactly 1:1. Above that, the profiles of the cornice mouldings are like those of the Ionic order. If the cornice is very deep, it may be supported by brackets or modillions, which are ornamental brackets used in a series under a cornice.
The Corinthian column is almost always fluted, and the flutes of a Corinthian column may be enriched. They may be filleted, with rods nestled within the hollow flutes, or stop-fluted, with the rods rising a third of the way, to where the entasis begins. In French, these are called chandelles and sometimes terminate in carved wisps of flame, or with bellflowers. Alternatively, beading or chains of husks may take the place of the fillets in the fluting, Corinthian being the most flexible of the orders, with more opportunities for variation.
Elaborating upon an offhand remark when Vitruvius accounted for the origin of its acanthus capital, it became a commonplace to identify the Corinthian column with the slender figure of a young girl; in this mode the classifying French painter Nicolas Poussin wrote to his friend Fréart de Chantelou in 1642:
The beautiful girls whom you will have seen in Nîmes will not, I am sure, have delighted your spirit any less than the beautiful columns of Maison Carrée for the one is no more than an old copy of the other.
Sir William Chambers expressed the conventional comparison with the Doric order:
The proportions of the orders were by the ancients formed on those of the human body, and consequently, it could not be their intention to make a Corithian column, which, as Vitruvius observes, is to represent the delicacy of a young girl, as thick and much taller than a Doric one, which is designed to represent the bulk and vigour of a muscular full grown man.
The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia, c. 450-420 BC. It is not part of the order of the temple itself, which has a Doric colonnade surrounding the temple and an Ionic order within the cella enclosure. A single Corinthian column stands free, centered within the cella. This is a mysterious feature, and archaeologists debate what this shows: some state that it is simply an example of a votive column. A few examples of Corinthian columns in Greece during the next century are all used inside temples. A more famous example, and the first documented use of the Corinthian order on the exterior of a structure, is the circular Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, erected c. 334 BC.
A Corinthian capital carefully buried in antiquity in the foundations of the circular tholos at Epidaurus was recovered during modern archaeological campaigns. Its enigmatic presence and preservation have been explained as a sculptor's model for stonemasons to follow in erecting the temple dedicated to Asclepius. The architectural design of the building was credited in antiquity to the sculptor Polykleitos the Younger, son of the Classical Greek sculptor Polykleitos the Elder. The temple was erected in the 4th century BC. These capitals, in one of the most-visited sacred sites of Greece, influenced later Hellenistic and Roman designs for the Corinthian order. The concave sides of the abacus meet at a sharp keel edge, easily damaged, which in later and post-Renaissance practice has generally been replaced by a canted corner. Behind the scrolls the spreading cylindrical form of the central shaft is plainly visible.
Much later, the Roman writer Vitruvius (c. 75 BC - c. 15 BC) related that the Corinthian order had been invented by Callimachus, a Greek architect and sculptor who was inspired by the sight of a votive basket that had been left on the grave of a young girl. A few of her toys were in it, and a square tile had been placed over the basket, to protect them from the weather. An acanthus plant had grown through the woven basket, mixing its spiny, deeply cut leaves with the weave of the basket.
Claude Perrault incorporated a vignette epitomizing the Callimachus tale in his illustration of the Corinthian order for his translation of Vitruvius, published in Paris, 1684. Perrault demonstrates in his engraving how the proportions of the carved capital could be adjusted according to demands of the design, without offending. The texture and outline of Perrault's leaves is dry and tight compared to their 19th-century naturalism at the U.S. Capitol. A Corinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at a Corinthian capital to see the Ionic volutes ("helices"), at the corners, perhaps reduced in size and importance, scrolling out above the two ranks of stylized acanthus leaves and stalks ("cauliculi" or caulicoles), eight in all, and to notice that smaller volutes scroll inwards to meet each other on each side. The leaves may be quite stiff, schematic and dry, or they may be extravagantly drilled and undercut, naturalistic and spiky. In Late Antique and Byzantine practice, the leaves may be blown sideways, as if by the wind of Faith. Unlike the Doric and Ionic column capitals, a Corinthian capital has no neck beneath it, just a ring-like astragal molding or a banding that forms the base of the capital, recalling the base of the legendary basket.
Most buildings (and most clients) are satisfied with just two orders. When orders are superposed one above another, as they are at the Colosseum, the natural progression is from sturdiest and plainest (Doric) at the bottom, to slenderest and richest (Corinthian) at the top. The Colosseum's topmost tier has an unusual order that came to be known as the Composite order during the 16th century. The mid-16th-century Italians, especially Sebastiano Serlio and Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, who established a canonic version of the orders, thought they detected a "Composite order", combining the volutes of the Ionic with the foliage of the Corinthian, but in Roman practice volutes were almost always present.
In Romanesque and Gothic architecture, where the Classical system had been replaced by a new aesthetic composed of arched vaults springing from columns, the Corinthian capital was still retained. It might be severely plain, as in the typical Cistercian architecture, which encouraged no distraction from liturgy and ascetic contemplation, or in other contexts it could be treated to numerous fanciful variations, even on the capitals of a series of columns or colonettes within the same system.
During the 16th century, a sequence of engravings of the orders in architectural treatises helped standardize their details within rigid limits: Sebastiano Serlio; the Regola delli cinque ordini of Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507-1573); I quattro libri dell'architettura of Andrea Palladio, and Vincenzo Scamozzi's L'idea dell'architettura universale, were followed in the 17th century by French treatises with further refined engraved models, such as Perrault's.
Library of Hadrian (Athens)
Corinthian pilaster capital in the Cathédrale Saint-Louis des Invalides (Paris)
Pair of Corinthian capitals in the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul, at the Greenwich Hospital (London)
Festive Corinthian capitals on the richly-appointed General Post Office, in New York (McKim, Mead, and White, 1913)
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It’s time to put up hay on the Stevenson farm, which got me wondering how did 18th century farmers, like George Washington, cut and store their hay without tractors and balers? While throwing hay bales up in a loft is hard work, it’s easy to forget the convenience of modern day farm equipment. Our hay shows up at the farm nicely stacked on a flatbed trailer.
Washington’s hay had to be cut by hand with a scythe and then loaded loosely into wagons.
Compacted into bales held together by twine, our hay fits nicely in a hayloft.
Washington’s hay would have just been piled up in hay mows or hay ricks. It took bigger barns to store Washington’s hay, some of these barns were round and used for wheat threshing as well as hay storage.
Putting up hay is hard, but much easier and more efficient than it was two-hundred years ago. At least this is what I tell my boys when they complain about stacking hay up in our loft!
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| 0.960131 | 228 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Contact the program coordinator to discuss possible 2, 3, and 4-year course sequences.
A multi-dimensional and multimedia approach to children’s and adolescent’s literature with extensive reading, critical examination, selection, and evaluation. Emphasis will be on: children’s and adolescents’ books and story presentation strategies as related to the children’s needs and interests at various age levels; historic trends; research; and the influence and utilization of literature upon the academic, social, and emotional growth of the child and adolescent.
The place of language in culture; linguistics and psycholinguistics as academic disciplines; examination of concepts significant for the reading program; analysis of American English; implications of cultural, linguistic, and psycholinguistic data for instructional practice and for selection of instructional materials.
A study of the purposes, specialized reading skills, reading materials, and modes of inquiry specific to the content areas; application of these specialized skills to the specific reading task.
This course explores the implications of research in reading on instructional materials, classroom procedures and best practices. It is an advanced study of effective literacy instructional techniques, assessments, curricular materials and literate classroom environments. Relationships between reading and the use of collaborative, authentic reading learning experiences within an inquiry oriented curriculum are examined in depth.
The purpose of this course is to provide students with an in depth examination of current research and methods used in reading, writing and language arts instruction. It explores theories of how to teach the writing process and examines the connection between reading and writing performance in literacy development. This course also explores and examines skills that support writing processes and identifies effective strategies for cross curricular integration of creative and informational writing.
SPED 624 or SPED 501
SPED 624: An intensive overview of the field of learning disabilities: definition, characteristics, assessment, subtypes of, and major educational approaches for teaching. Current research in both cognition and brain physiology will be explored.
SPED 501: An introduction to the field of special education, focusing on the characteristics and educational needs of students with disabilities. The course covers etiology and behavioral manifestations of a wide variety of disabling conditions and introduces current approaches to the education of students with these disabilities. Included is up-to-date information on federal and state laws which affect programs for children with disabilities and key issues in special education today.
The purpose of this course is to explore the fundamental bases for making informed decisions about emergent and early reading instruction. These decisions are necessarily buttressed by complex cultural and social issues that influence the way teachers of young children approach every aspect of literacy development (e.g. how play space encourages and supports literacy development, types of shared book experiences, and quality and number of children’s trade books). Special attention will be given to theories, concepts, principles, and research in sociolinguistics, anthropology, and multicultural education that inform teachers of young children at risk for school failure due to economic circumstances.
A course which examines basic research design, library and computer search strategies, and certain statistical concepts. Emphasis is on understanding and interpreting research studies.
Investigation of formal and informal diagnostic methods and materials for testing reading achievement; critical appraisal of these methods and materials based on psychological and linguistic principles; use of the results of both formal and informal assessment to identify reading difficulties; corrective techniques appropriate for meeting these difficulties determined. Case studies required.
An advanced course where knowledge of diagnosis and instruction is refined, applied and extended as students work in a practicum setting. The student will employ various assessment procedures to develop and implement corrective instruction with direct supervision in the field placement. Case studies required.
This course is designed for the reading specialist in the classroom or remedial program and for the future administrator responsible for the implementation of developmental and remedial reading programs. It prepares participants to act within the school-based reading program in the areas of curriculum, methodology, development, organization and supervision of literacy programs K-12.
Every candidate for a graduate degree must take a comprehensive examination which requires the candidate to synthesize and apply knowledge acquired throughout the program.
Expectations for STUDENTS
In addition to the TCNJ expectations for graduate students, candidates in the reading specialist program are expected to:
- Maintain the appropriate level of grades in courses:
- Maintain a minimum average grade of a B in all course work
- Earn a B+ or better in each practicum. Students who are unable to complete all required practicums will not be recommended by The College of New Jersey for State Certification as a Reading Specialist
- Complete coursework in a timely manner:
- An incomplete in prerequisite coursework is resolved before admission is possible to successive courses
- If two incompletes appear on a record, these need to be resolved before registration is permitted in further coursework
- Follow principles of ethical and professional conduct which include:
- Meeting responsibilities and deadlines in a timely manner. Students are expected to fulfill class requirements on time, to demonstrate a good attendance record in all classes, and to submit all assignments by the deadlines required by instructors.
- Respecting student confidentiality. Candidates are expected to maintain the confidentiality of any student with whom they are working in a practicum setting. This includes keeping all students’ identity anonymous during classroom conversations, consultations with faculty, and in clinical reading reports.
- Demonstrating ability to collaborate professionally and respectfully with all peers and faculty.
- Sharing knowledge and experiences openly and actively through collaborative and interactive seminars.
Eligibility for Graduation
- Satisfactory completion of courses
- A minimum of 27 graduate semester hours earned at TCNJ
- A minimum total of 33 graduate semester hours
- A cumulative GPA of 3.0
- Successful completion of the Reading Specialist Praxis II
- Completion of all departmental requirements/prerequisites which includes the successful completion of a Comprehensive Exam
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| 0.917811 | 1,203 | 2.859375 | 3 |
||HDSB - M. M. Robinson High School - Burlington
||Intermediate 9/10 - Grade 10
||Group 2 - Engineering and Computing I
||The purpose of this project is to design an efficient and environmentally friendly wind turbine for residential use based upon design efficiencies developed for jet engines. The extensive research put into jet engines will be effectively used in the design of this wind turbine. Jet Ahead will lead the way towards efficient wind turbine designs for a greener future.
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| 0.823859 | 99 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Summary: The article is an overview of an empirical study, conducted in 2012-2013, of social distance between various ethnic groups in the Sverdlovsk District (oblast), Russia. Using an adapted form of the Bogardus scale we analyzed attitudes toward major ethnic groups in the region through the generational prism of local children and their parents. The personal migration experiences of respondents and the age of schoolchildren are seen as important and differentiating features in people’s attitudes toward ethnic minorities.
Keywords: migration, migrant children in school, experience of migration
Резюме (Константин Кузмин. Лариса Петрова, Дмитрий Попов: Миграция и социальная дистанция: как уральские школьники и их родители воспринимают разные этнические группы): Статья представляет собой обзор результатов эмпирического исследования, проведенного в 2012-2013 гг в Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области (Россия). Используя адаптированную форму шкалы Богардуса, измерено отношение к основным этническим группам в регионе (включая мигрантов) в поколениях детей и родителей, представляющих местное сообщество. Личный опыт миграции респондентов и возраст школьников – наиболее важные дифференцирующие признаки отношения к этническим меньшинствам.
Ключевые слова: миграция, дети-мигранты в школе, опыт миграции
Zusammenfassung (Konstantin Kuzmin, Larisa Petrova, Dmitry Popov: Migration und SozialeDistanz: Unterschiedliche Wahrnehmungen ethnischer Gruppen durch Schüler und deren Eltern im Ural): Der Artikel bietet einen Überblick über eine empirische Studie zur sozialen Distanz zwischen unterschiedlichen ethnischen Gruppen, die von 2012 bis 2013 im Gebiet Sverdlovsk (Russland) durchgeführt wurde. Unter Nutzung einer adaptierten Form der Bogardus-Skala wurden in dieser generationenvergleichenden Studie die Verhaltensweisen der ortsansässigen Kinder und ihrer Eltern gegenüber größeren ethnischen Gruppen analysiert. Die persönlichen Migrationserfahrungen der Befragten und das Alter der Schüler werden als wichtige und differenzierende Merkmale in den menschlichen Verhaltensweisen gegenüber ethnischen Minderheiten betrachtet.
Schlüsselwörter: Migration, Kindermigranten in der Schule, Migrationserfahrung
In today’s Russia, xenophobia is one of the most pressing social problems. Xenophobia has special status in cities with large flows of migration, such as Yekaterinburg, with 1.4 million inhabitants, and the Sverdlovsk region with 4.3 million people. In this paper, pupils and their parents became an object of study of their installations on to interactions with people of different ethnic groups. We focus on these two groups due to the special role that families play in the formation of children’s tolerant attitudes, and the small potential of institutional influence on family interaction between parents and children. The social background of our research was the active involvement of migrants from Asian countries in the socio-economic life of the Urals. There were areas of employment primarily represented by migrants such as public transport, cleaning of the territories and facilities, retail trade, etc. It is essential to examine these trends when studying the interactions (or social distance) among pupils, whose “adult” life will be accompanied by multi-ethnic contact in different environments due to the large number of labor migrants in the population.
Effective interactions between migrants and members of the hosting community are possible through the development of attitudes that foster shorter social distance between different ethnic groups. There are many problems and points of view considered in modern scientific literature (Oberdiek, 2001; Salter, 2007; Köchler, 1995). Moreover, it is particularly important to study social distancing among schoolchildren since they, more than others, have a relatively limited yet modern experience of interacting with migrants. Yekaterinburg has high rates of labor migration from the main donor countries of Central Asia. In addition, the city has a large proportion of migrant children in educational institutions. This situation forms special social conditions for the analysis, planning, and implementation of policies related to the interactions between migrant children and children from the local community. We consider the influence of parents as one of the factors that form the installation on the interaction in a multi-ethnic society. Parents compete primarily with the media. However, we believe that everyday context and discussion of family relationships (cue, casual conversations, the naming of the migrant groups, assessing the interaction of domestic situations, etc.) play a more important role than the controlled flow of information (TV, news, websites) and the uncontrolled flow (the blogosphere). Methodological installation in this project is a big part of family interactions for the formation of social distance concerning migrants. The hypothesis of the effects of competition is not tested in this project. Needless to say, parents play a crucial role in the formation of attitudes toward and practices of these interactions. However, current Russian sociological studies are silent about the interactions between migrant children and children from local communities. Yet, today’s schoolchildren will, in a few years, encounter a dramatic decrease in Russia’s population and will therefore, in the near future, witness increasing migration flows. Our survey of schoolchildren and their parents conducted in 2012-2013 in the Sverdlovsk region was motivated by this very problem
Using an adapted form of the Bogardus scale (Bogardus 1926) we analyzed attitudes toward major ethnic groups in the region through the generational prism of local children and their parents. Using adapted methods based on his scale is common (Escalona 2011; Ethington 1997). The concept of social distance was introduced by the American sociologist E.S. Bogardus in the beginning of the twentieth century and describes the closeness or detachment of social or ethnic communities, groups, and individuals. The scale of social distance estimates the degree of social and psychological acceptance of other people, so the scale is also often called the scale of social tolerance. The scale is used to measure social distances associated with racial or national origins; with age and gender differences; and with professional, religious, and other indicators. It is also used to measure the generational distance between children and their parents. The Social Distance Scale indicates the degree of psychological closeness between people and this closeness enables comfortable interaction between people. In our study the Bogardus scale is used to estimate the social distance between members of different ethnic groups in the region (Bogardus 1926).
In the survey, we ask our respondents to mark their attitudes toward particular ethnic groups through a series of dichotomous questions. Our questionnaire for parents is slightly different in wording from the school children’s questionnaire due to the need to reflect meaningfully on the variety of interactions between migrants and the local community. Here is the list of questions, which reflect a greater degree of intimacy of interaction as one progresses through the questionnaire:
- “I agree to live in the same city, town with …”
- “I agree to live in the same building, on the same floor with …”
- “I agree to work together with …” (for parents) and “to study in the same school with …” (for schoolchildren)
- “I agree for my child to study in the same school, class with…” (for parents) and “to study in the same class with …” (for schoolchildren)
- “I agree for my child to be friends with …” (for parents) and “to sit next to in a classroom …” (for schoolchildren)
- “I agree for my child to marry …” (for parents) and “to be friends with …” (for schoolchildren)
Choosing and defining ethnic groups to assess was foremost in our research strategy. We created a list of ethnic groups for our respondents that (a) was plausible for our respondents to estimate, (b) reflected the reality of the migration situation in Yekaterinburg and the region, and (c) reflected not only the ethnic diversity of social interactions, but also indicated cultural differences.
As a result we suggested the following set:
- Azeris – describes a group of traditional migrants to the Urals (following the old Soviet patterns).
- Russian – describes the dominant ethnic group in the Urals (a kind of control group for evaluation).
- Kyrgyz – describes a major migration flow in Yekaterinburg and the region. This group presents considerable cultural differences when compared to the local population such as significantly different culinary traditions, typically Mongoloid appearance, and a “clan” mode of existence, which particularly affects the adoption of this group in multifamily apartment buildings in the megalopolis.
- Tatars – describes an ethnic group in the Ural region that belongs to another religious affiliation (Muslim).
- Moldovans – represents a minor flow of migration to the Urals. This group is associated with the stereotype of being European and is distinguished from the migration flow from Asia.
- Tajiks – describes the largest wave of migrants. This group is associated in the public mind with a prior image or stereotype (that they look dirty, smell bad, speak Russian badly, and are sheepish within the local community).
These classifications are not unique, but have regional specification when compared to similar studies (Arutynyan/Drobijeva/Kuznecov 2007).
The “Soviet” model of migration means movement of different ethnic groups within the country. This migration is much smaller when compared to today’s situation of socio-economic differentiation between the Soviet republics and the current states (the former Soviet republics). Furthermore, the ideology of friendly “Soviet people” does not suggest possible racist attitudes. Of course, there was xenophobia in the Soviet Union, but the modern Russian scale of this phenomenon is much more.
We should mention that, aside from criticism within the professional community, such categorization of ethnic groups was criticized by some of the respondents. For example, one parent accused the team of researchers of “being racist” and of “inciting hatred” among children. In our case, there was not concern about the formation of negative stereotypes, because radical formulations in the classical Bogardus scale were removed from the children’s questionnaire. The above-mentioned parent asked the principal to stop the survey. After his request, the already completed questionnaires were seized and destroyed. This is only one example of such a sensitive response to the research topic.
The Description of Data
The population of the Sverdlovsk region is approximately 4.3 million people, of which 1.4 million (32.2%) live in the city of Yekaterinburg. The most common ethnic groups in the Sverdlovsk Region are Russians with 90%, Tatars with 3.5%, and Ukrainians with 1% (National census 2010). The ethnic composition of our sample is almost identical to the composition of the population of the Sverdlovsk region and minor differences do not exceed the error of representativeness: Russians (90%), Tatars (3%), and Ukrainians (2%). This allows us to extrapolate results from our sample to the age group of people from 30 to 48 years old in the region as a whole. It is also clear that the dominant, in a quantitative sense, Russian ethnic group “dominates” the data set. Additionally, if we consider the social and economic characteristics of Yekaterinburg and the region, it might represent a metropolitan area and the region in the Russian Federation.
We surveyed 1342 people: 828 schoolchildren and 514 parents. The survey involved schoolchildren enrolled in grades 6-11. The average age of schoolchildren respondents was 14-15 years. Gender differences: 46% girls and 54% boys.
Among parents, 26% were men and 74% were women. The specific features of the survey caused this gender shift in the adult population of the sample. The survey was conducted in schools in the Sverdlovsk region. After the schoolchildren completed the questionnaire, they were requested to give a questionnaire to their parents and ask them to fill it out. It is known that Russian mothers have more of the responsibility for the upbringing and education of their children. Despite the fact that boys were asked to give the questionnaire to their mothers and girls were asked to give it to their fathers (to avoid gender asymmetry), the majority of parents who responded turned out to be women. We also encountered certain methodological difficulties throughout our research. The achieved sample of schoolchildren was 86%. We assume that this percentage represents the average attendance of children in classroom. However, only 54% of parents took part in the survey. This, of course, indicates limitations in the process of extrapolation of the research data. We assume that the most responsible and reliable parents answered the survey questions, and perhaps those were also people who had a particular experiential affinity with the research problem.
Migration Experience Among Schoolchildren and their Parents
We began our research with several hypotheses related to the factors responsible for creating different social distances between various ethnic groups. We were especially interested in the role of migration, at the level of personal experience, in dealing with potential migrants. The extrapolation of personal experience can serve, in our opinion, as a key criterion in evaluating a particular ethnic group. For instance, one out of six schoolchildren, interviewed in the schools of Yekaterinburg, experienced migration in his or her lifetime because he or she was born outside of Yekaterinburg in one of the satellite settlements of the Sverdlovsk region, or in towns or villages outside of the Sverdlovsk region. In general, about a quarter of the schoolchildren surveyed in the Sverdlovsk region had experienced migration to some degree because the place of the survey did not coincide with the place of their birth. Approximately 12% of the schoolchildren replied in the survey that their families had migrated to the Sverdlovsk region from other regions. Half of the surveyed schoolchildren had experienced interactions with migrants, from other countries outside the Russian Federation, with whom they studied in the same class or school. About 6% of the respondents were themselves migrants from the countries of the former Soviet Union.
It is clear that parents had a richer experience of interaction with migrants and other ethnic groups. Only 53% of the surveyed parents were natives to the Sverdlovsk region. This indicates that nearly half of the adult population in the Sverdlovsk region had experienced migration to a certain degree in their lives. About 28% of the surveyed parents migrated to the Sverdlovsk region from another region, and about a third of these migrants (8.2% of all the parents) moved to the Sverdlovsk region from one of the former Soviet republics.
Most of the parents (75%) had interacted with people who arrived in Russia from abroad. The most common types of these experiences are listed below:
- Working collaboratively with – 64% had experienced this type of interaction (half of all the respondents)
- Living in the same building, on the same floor with – 39% had experienced this type of interaction (one third of all the respondents)
Less common, yet representative types of interactions were also:
- contact with a friend who arrived in Russia from abroad, situational interactions in a public place, or interaction in the workplace – 4% of the respondents;
- contact with relatives from abroad (spouse or spouse’s relatives) – 3% of the respondents;
- studying at school, college, in professional courses with – 2% of the respondents.
Russians about themselves
As we have already indicated, the majority of the respondents identified themselves ethnically as Russians. The dominance of the opinions of this particular ethnic group explains, for instance, why the attitude toward the Russian ethnic group is more positive than the attitude toward other ethnicities (see Table 1 and 2). Therefore 99% of the respondents claimed that they would agree to live in the same settlement with a Russian person. At the same time intolerant statements were characteristic of the dwellers of Yekaterinburg (here 98%). Among the inhabitants of the Sverdlovsk region, 100% of the respondents were willing to live in the same settlement with a Russian person. This could be explained by the characteristics of the infrastructure of a megalopolis such as Yekaterinburg. The population of the city is approximately 1.5 million people, which makes Yekaterinburg one of the most densely populated cities in Russia. This, in turn, creates difficulties in terms of public transport, lack of job opportunities, etc. This situation, in short, opens a window for negative attitudes toward people coming to the city and for the perception of newcomers as competitors.
Table 1: Social distance in the responses of parents
|I agree to live in the same city, town with||53%||99%||59%||78%||65%||51%|
|I agree to live in the same building, on the same floor with||46%||99%||48%||73%||58%||40%|
|I agree to work together with||48%||99%||49%||72%||56%||44%|
|I agree for my child to study in the same school, class with||55%||99%||54%||77%||63%||48%|
|I agree for my child to be friends with||47%||99%||48%||70%||57%||41%|
|I agree for my child to marry||16%||97%||18%||32%||28%||14%|
Table 2: Social distance in the responses of schoolchildren
|I agree to live in the same city, town with||50%||99%||45%||58%||57%||37%|
|I agree to live in the same building, on the same floor with||38%||99%||36%||49%||48%||28%|
|I agree to study in the same school with||49%||99%||44%||54%||52%||35%|
|I agree to study in the same class with||40%||99%||35%||47%||44%||26%|
|I agree to sit next to in a classroom||29%||98%||26%||39%||35%||20%|
|I agree to be friends with||36%||97%||31%||45%||40%||25%|
Pupils experienced much less institutional interaction with members of other ethnic groups, and they extrapolated from their personal experience in order to understand their institutional interactions. Probably, public tolerance of migrants will increase as far as entry into a variety of institutional interactions. The low level of social acceptance is partly due to the current system of education. The former Soviet system aimed at the formation of internationalism but it withdrew from school textbooks. And now the idea of inter-ethnic tolerance is not so common in textbooks. In contemporary Russia, there is a problem with national identification because ethnicity is the basis of an emerging “new” identity.
The majority of the respondents agreed to work collaboratively with members of other ethnic groups regardless of any factors except education. Thus, reluctance to work with members of the dominant Russian ethnic group was recorded mainly among respondents with a higher education.
Surveyed parents agreed to allow their children to attend the same school or to be friends with Russians. No social or demographic differences affected this opinion. Most respondents also agreed to allow their child to marry a Russian. In the context of other received answers, this response was expected. In general, the relatively close social distance toward the Russian ethnic group can be explained, above all, by the quantitative dominance of this group in the Sverdlovsk region. Among the surveyed schoolchildren, this social distance is even than their parents, and generally ranges from 96% to 99% of positive responses.
Social distance in the generational context
The large amount of data and the relative novelty of our research approach (we have no other data derived from colleagues with comparable methodology) have sometimes put us in a difficult situation. Not all the results are easy to interpret. We will continue this work and we will also use an alternative research strategy—qualitative methods. The overall perception of social distance is almost identical among representatives of different generations and can therefore be represented as three levels of social distance:
1. Tatars and Moldovans. This level can be characterized as cultural affinity. In particular, among the generation of adults the nature of the attitude toward the Tatars and the Moldovans is a certain cultural acceptance of these ethnic groups. The maximum permissible intimacy is expressed in the agreement to a marriage of his or her child with a representative of these ethnicities (in 30% of cases). This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that Tatars are one of the indigenous ethnic groups in the Sverdlovsk region, and the Moldovans are perceived as representatives of European culture. This perception determines a more positive attitude toward the Moldovans. The core values of Europe are the values of liberalism, civil society, lawful state, market economy, and quality of life. In usual mind Europe is not perceived geopolitically but purely geographically.
2. Kyrgyz and Azeris. These ethnic groups could be characterized as institutionally acceptable. Respondents are ready to accept these groups as an objective given reality. They are ready to collaborate with them at work and live with them in the same city or village. Yet, the level of cultural penetration here is slightly lower. We associate this increasing social distance with the raising levels of nationalism in Russia and the very cruel attitudes toward ethnic groups from Asia and the Caucasus, incited by the new flows of labor migrants from these regions.
3. Tajiks. This is the most distant ethnic group. These people experience rejection not only culturally and personally, but also at the level of structural relationships. In particular, only half of the surveyed parents agreed to live with this ethnic group in the same city and among schoolchildren, only one out of three respondents agreed to do so. This phenomenon can be attributed to the effect of the double turnover of common stereotypes. Russians stereotypically imagine the Tajiks as a group with almost no social or cultural significance, and as a consequence, they prefer not to interact with them. For example, Tajiks carry out most construction and repair work but customers, individuals, and businesses try to find a broker (preferably a Russian foreman) when recruiting Tajiks. These stereotypes account for the wide social distance between Russians and Tajiks and enhance the stereotype responsible for this distance in the first place. Because of this large social distance, the Tajik ethnic group is sufficiently cut off from and rejected by the dominant ethnic group in the region. As the study of the Tajik ethnic group in Yekaterinburg demonstrates, both the labor migrants and the local community often seek to enclose their existence through ghettoization. As a policy measure to regulate the relationships between migrants and the local community, there is a proposal to allow guest workers to settle outside the city in a town not far from Yekaterinburg.
In the opinions of children and adults, social distance differs depending on the level of intimacy of the social interaction evaluated with the question. Thus, parents have demonstrated that social distance is greater when the social interaction is less “social” (more private). For instance, interactions such as residence in the same city, teamwork, etc., are perceived as the norm, while more personal contacts are evaluated with a smaller degree of proximity.
Schoolchildren assessed this differently. Because of the lack of a rich experience in dealing with other cultures and nationalities in institutional settings, schoolchildren extrapolated their experience of interpersonal communication onto the interactions with other ethnic groups. For example, while parents’ attitudes toward the Tajiks ranged from 51% to 14% of positive responses (from less personal to more personal interactions), schoolchildren’s responses decreased from 37% to 24% in more personal questions.
Another important factor was peer pressure and the prestige of a child in the eyes of his or her classmates. We believe that this is why the subjective willingness to make friends with children from other cultures or nationalities was often perceived more positively than the wish to sit next to this child in a classroom. Viewing the significance of the social distance to the “Other,” schoolchildren feared that sitting next to the “Other” could potentially exclude him or her from the community of peers in school.
Migrants and the assessment of social distance
As we noted earlier, one of the key factors in assessing social distance between the representatives of various ethnic groups is the subjective experience of migration. Almost half of the parental respondents had experienced migration, while among schoolchildren one in four had.
As noted above, Tatars and Moldovans have the shortest social distance from Russians. Everyday interactions (with the Tatars) and the perception of another ethnic group as complementary (Moldovans are seen as Europeans) are responsible for this short social distance. The current research data in Russia show that migrants tend to positively evaluate prospects for cooperation with representatives from their own religious affiliation, and then with their own ethnic group (Solodova 2011). For example, in evaluating social distance from the Moldovans, civil identity is prevalent among respondents and is based on shared history, religion, frequency of contact, etc. The assessment of Moldovans as Europeans creates the possibility for a closer distance with the Russians and is a clear cognitive and behavioral stereotype.
Teenagers do not draw from their own migration experience when evaluating the Tatars and Moldovans, whereas the parental generation tends to evaluate these groups more positively if they have experienced migration themselves (the difference is 3-4% for the Tatars, and about 7% for the Moldovans).
The groups of Azeri and Kyrgyz are the second closest group. It should be noted that the Kyrghyz is perceived as a more distant group. The interactions, on a personal and private level, are assessed as negative (an average of 4% of the schoolchildren and 10% of the parents). Schoolchildren differ in their perception of the Azeri and the Kirghiz. Schoolchildren with previous migration experience assessed these groups more positively (6-8% more positive responses to the Azeri group and 2-4% improvement rates for the Kirghiz). The responses of the participants revealed that the most distant or even excluded ethnic group was the Tajiks. This is particularly evident in the responses of schoolchildren. Less than a quarter of the respondents were willing to interact with the Tajiks privately, and only about a third of the respondents agreed to have institutional relations with them. Unlike the children, parents expressed more tolerant attitudes toward this group.
In our analysis we differentiated between the schoolchildren in middle school (grades 6-9) and the schoolchildren in high school (grades 10-11). The principal difference between these two groups was due to the difference in possible life trajectories in the near future, since those who graduated from high school were faced with educational and professional choices. Academic and work environments of potential intensification of the interactions with migrants.
The social attitude toward the ethnic group of Tatars varied markedly and depended on a child’s grade in school. High school schoolchildren were more tolerant of the Tatars than the middle school children, specifically with regard to the private nature of the interaction (e.g., friendships or sitting next to a person). Almost 50% of high school students assessed private interactions with the Tatars positively and the difference in positive responses, when compared to the middle school students’ responses, was about 20%. Similarly, less positive responses toward the Moldovans were observed among middle school students. The difference in positive responses, when compared to high school students, was about 20%. The difference between high school and middle school students’ attitudes toward the Azeri were less significant, yet still about 15%. The difference in the attitudes toward the representatives of the Asian countries were 10% or less among schoolchildren of different grades. For example, consider differences in responses to questions regarding the private nature of interactions with the Kyrgyz and Tajiks.
|Middle School (% of positive responses)||High school (% of positive responses)||The difference in responses in %|
|I agree to sit in a classroom next to a Kyrgyz||18||34||16|
|I agree to be friends with a Kyrgyz||27||36||9|
|I agree to sit in a classroom next to a Tajik||15||26||12|
|I agree to be friends with a Tajik||23||27||4|
There are certain trends in the assessment of social distance. In particular, there was a difference of about 20% between the middle and high school students’ evaluations of public interactions with other ethnic groups. High school students were more tolerant in their assessments. In our opinion, this tolerance is partly due to prior life experience and partly due to a more realistic assessment of the prospects for interaction with other cultures and ethnic groups in their adult lives. Moreover, a strong indicator of social distance is the gradual change in the evaluation of private interactions. When the total distance increased and the number of positive responses decreased, the difference in responses between middle and high school students also declined from 20% to 9% and, in with regard to the attitudes toward Tajiks, to 4%.
1. In the responses of schoolchildren, social distance has a more personal nature because of the children’s lack of institutional communication practices. In the context of parental responses, in which the social distance increases as the interactions become more private, we estimate that in the future, the current generation of schoolchildren will be more tolerant to other cultures and nationalities, especially if the interpersonal interactions remain the same and the level of institutional interaction rises.
2. In the everyday perceptions of the inhabitants of the Sverdlovsk region, there is a clear identification of the various ethnic groups, which can be expressed through the following levels of territorial assessment:
“One of ours” – residents of the region, city, and country whose culture is acceptable and understandable and with whom private relations are welcome (Russians, Tatars)
“The West” – representatives of the countries of western and eastern Europe, sometimes incomprehensible, but acceptable as fellow citizens, neighbors, and work colleagues. Such a perception allows for close relationships (Moldovans).
“The South West” – representatives of these groups are treated with tolerance. Yet tensions rise when relations with these groups become more intimate. Schoolchildren are more likely to consider the members of these groups to be representatives of the West (the Azeris).
“The South East” – the representatives of these cultures and ethnic groups are assessed with the largest social distance and treated with a very suspicious attitude. This attitude is further intensified by the objectively low social status of migrants from Central Asia. However, it is impossible to determine whether the large social distance caused the low social status of these groups or vice versa.
3. The experience of migration (even at the regional level, from a town or village to a large city) has the most significant impact on the demonstrated social distance. Reducing social distance is more clearly associated with the parents’ experiences, rather than with the experiences of schoolchildren. However, the subjective experience of being the “Other” and being “Alien” leads students to reconsider some of their attitudes and to rethink a variety of ethnic and cultural prejudices, which they inherited from their parents.
- Arutynyan, U. / Drobijeva, L. / Kuznecov, I. (2007): Immigrants from Transcaucasia in Moscow – who are they? In: Population and Society. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0271/tema05.php.
- Bogardus, E.S. (1926): Social Distance in the City. In: Proceedings and Publications of the American Sociological Society. 20, pp. 40-46.
- Ethington, P.J. (1997): The Intellectual Construction of “Social Distance”: Toward a Recovery of Georg Simmel’s Social Geometry. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography. In: http://cybergeo.revues.org/227; DOI: 10.4000/cybergeo.
- Escalona, J. & Reynolds, A (Eds.): Scale Change in the Early Middle Ages: Exploring Landscape, Local Society and the World Beyond. Turnhout: Brespols (Belgium)
- Köchler, H. (1995): The Concept of the Nation and the Question of Nationalism. The Traditional ›Nation State‹ versus a Multicultural ›Community State‹. In: Dunne, M. / Bonazzi, T. (eds.): Citizenship and Rights in Multicultural Societies. Keele: Keele University Press, etc.
- National census in 2002: http://www.perepis2002.ru.
- Oberdiek, H. (2001): Tolerance: between forebearance and acceptance. Lanham (USA): Rowman and Littlefield.
- Salter, F. (2007): On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration. New Brunswick (U.S.A.) and London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers.
- Solodova, G.S. (2011): The integration of Muslim migrants into Russian society. In: Socis, 2011. Vol № 4.
About the Authors
Prof. Dr. Konstantin Kuzmin: Head of the department of social work of the Ural State Medical University (Russia), contact: [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Larisa Petrova: Associate Professor of Sociology and Political Science USPU (Russia), contact: [email protected]
Dr. Dmitriy Popov: Sociologist, independent researcher, Yekaterinburg, (Russia), contact: [email protected]
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This anthology surveys the development and theology of the liturgical year in the order of its historical evolution: "From Sabbath to Sunday"; "From Passover to Pascha" (Lent, Holy Week, Easter, and Pentecost); and "From Pascha to Parousia" (Epiphany, Christmas, and Advent). In addition, introductory essays on the meaning of the liturgical year and a short concluding section on the sanctoral cycle ("From Parousia to Persons") are also provided.
While written as a companion to standard works in the field, beginning with graduate students in liturgy and seminarians, this book is intended for allpastors, liturgists, catechists, religious educatorswho seek to live according to the Church's theology of time as it is reflected in its calendar of feasts and seasons.
Through feast and fast, through festival and preparation, the liturgical year celebrates the presence of the already crucified and risen Christ among us today. Between Memory and Hope shows that to live between past and future, between memory and hope, is to remember Christ's passion as we encounter his presence among us now and as we await his coming again in glory.
Articles and their contributors are "The Liturgical Year: Studies, Prospects, Reflections," by Robert F. Taft, SJ; "Liturgical Time in the Ancient Church: The State of Research," by Thomas J. Talley; "Day of the Lord: Day of Mystery," by H. Boone Porter; "Sunday: The Heart of the Liturgical Year," by Mark Searle; "The Frequency of the Celebration of the Eucharist Throughout History," by Robert F. Taft, SJ; "History and Eschatology in the Primitive Pascha," by Thomas J. Talley; "The Origins of Easter," by Paul F. Bradshaw; "The Three Days and the Forty Days," by Patrick Regan, OSB; "The Veneration of the Cross," by Patrick Regan, OSB; "Holy Week in the Byzantine Tradition," by Robert F. Taft, SJ; "The Origin of Lent at Alexandria," by Thomas J. Talley; "Preparation for Pascha? Lent in Christian Antiquity," by Maxwell E. Johnson; "The Fifty Days and the Fiftieth Day," by Patrick Regan, OSB; "Making the Most of Trinity Sunday," by Catherine Mowry LaCugna; "Constantine and Christmas," by Thomas J. Talley; "The Origins of Christmas: The State of the Question," by Susan K. Roll; "The Appearance of the Light at the Baptism of Jesus and the Origins of the Feast of Epiphany," by Gabriele Winkler; "The Origins and Evolution of Advent," by Martin J. Connell; "On Feasting the Saints," by John F. Baldovin, SJ; "The Marian Liturgical Tradition," by Kilian McDonnell, OSB; "Forgetting and Remembering the Saints," by James F. White; "The One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary: A Lutheran Reflection," by Maxwell E. Johnson; and "The Liturgical Year: Calendar for a Just Community," by John F. Baldovin, SJ.
Maxwell E. Johnson, PhD, is an ordained pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and associate professor of liturgy at the University of Notre Dame. His articles have appeared frequently in Worship. He is the author of Living Water, Sealing Spirit and The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation published by The Liturgical Press.
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When Alexander III (1249-1286) tragically fell of his horse and was killed at Kinghorn in 1286, events were set in motion that would prove a watershed in Scottish History and destroy the hitherto friendly relations between Scotland and England and lead to centuries of mistrust and enmity that still exist today.
Alexander's only heir was his grand-daughter - Margaret the Maid of Norway, a girl of only about 6 or 7 years of age, (She was the Daughter of King Eric II of Norway and Margaret, daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland, who died in childbirth). Tragically on her way to Scotland from Norway to claim the throne, the young Margaret died. This threw the whole Scottish succession into turmoil. To find a successor to the throne, they had to go back to the Line of William I (William the Lion, King of Scots 1165-1214) and particularly to his brother - Prince David, Earl of Huntingdon.
Brother to King William I (the Lion) (1144-1219) He gained the title Earl of Huntingdon in 1165 when his brother ascended the throne and passed the title to him. The Huntingdon title had come from Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, who married David I of Scotland in 1112 and had subsequently been passed down through the Scottish Royal line to David.
David, Earl of Huntingdon was an influential Scottish Prince, friend of King Richard the Lionheart, it is said that he carried one of the great Ceremonial Swords at Richard's coronation in Westminster Abbey in July 1189. Also, as some early historians claim he accompanied King Richard on the third crusade to the Holy Land, whether or not David, Earl of Huntingdon did, is a matter of dispute. The early Dundee legend has it that David, on his return from the Holy Land was ship-wrecked of the coast of Egypt, taken prisoner by the Turks and sold as a slave to a Venetian merchant and carried to Constantinople, on discovering David's high rank, the merchant gave him his liberty and the means to get him home. After many adventures including another ship-wreck of the coast of Norway - in the midst of the Tempest, vowed to build a church to the honour of the Virgin Mary if he returned safely to his home country - he at last arrives in the Tay, beside Dundee at the rock near to St Nicholas Chapel, in gratitude he called Dundee - 'Deidonum' - God's Gift.
In 1190 William I King of Scots, granted his Brother, David, superiority over Dundee and its Harbour, possibly as a wedding gift in 1190, or maybe in return for helping his Brother keep the peace in Eastern Scotland, Earl David was also granted extensive estates on both sides of the Tay, - Dundee, the 'Royal' shire of Longforgan, extensive areas of the Carse of Gowrie and parts of North Fife including Lindores. He also had many other estates in both England and Scotland.
In 1190 he endowed Lindores Abbey at Newburgh and also in his own town of Dundee (Meo Burgi de Dundie) he endowed and dedicated a new Church to the Virgin Mary - St Mary's in the Fields. Through Earl David's patronage the burgh prospered, the town had a rich agricultural hinterland which attracted traders to its markets, the harbour was improved and this allowed the Dundee Fleet to expand thus encouraging merchant adventurers to settle in the town and trade with England, Scandinavia, the Low Countries and the Baltic.
Dundee is mentioned in one of the earliest trade documents between England and Scotland, signed by King John of England in 1190, this allowed Dundee ships exemption from harbour dues at English ports (including those held in France), with the exception of London.
It is therefore from David, Earl of Huntingdon's line that the two main claimants of the throne of Scotland, after the death of the Maid of Norway, come from - Baliol and Bruce.
Earl David had seven children, the two who were most involved with the succession being: -
It is said that both these daughters of David, Earl of Huntingdon were born in Dundee.
Dundee and its lands were inherited by both Margaret and Isobel. Therefore Dundee came under the superiority of both the Baliol and Bruce families.
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Monthly Archives: November 2012
Making movies always engages students and now using iMovies pre set Movie trailer templates students find it easier and even more engaging to produce an outstanding movie trailer. iMovie allows students to easily create a Hollywood-style movie trailer.
Students can choose from 12 trailers with stunning graphics and original scores by some of the world’s top film composers. They can also customise film studio logos, cast names and credits in outline view, add and adjust videos and photos in Storyboard view and add existing content from your library, or record new footage straight into the trailer
Students can produce a movie trailer to demonstrate their learning or share the knowledge they acquired during the lesson. The movie trailers can easily be shared with the world via YouTube from within the iMovie app.
Due to the limitations within the templates students must be concise with there information and carefully select the appropriate footage or pictures they wish to include. This avoids students sitting in front of a camera reading a passage they have copied from a book. The movie trailers are also an excellent way to introduce a topic, promote your faculty or promote an after school club.
BrainPOP UK Featured Movie app is an excellent app that allows students to learn independently in a classroom environment as well as on the move.
Students can download the app on their iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch and learn something new every day for free.
Students can watch a different animated movie each day, then o test their knowledge they can take an interactive quiz. This is an excellent resource for a tutor time activity as well as topical videos that may be linked to your particular subject area. The subjects Science, Humanities, English, Maths, Arts, PSHE & Citizenship, and Design & Technology. Site subscribers can log in and access all BrainPOP content directly from the app. A free trial can be obtained from www.brainpop.co.uk.
Recently I used the BrainPOP app to encourage students to learn independently from the teacher with great outcomes. Students where motivated to learn as they were in control. The element of choice motivated students to learn in a variety of ways. Students enjoyed the short animated movies and all feedback was very positive. Students felt that they learn better from using the app and that they found it easier to use than YouTube and BBC Bitesize because the way that the app was set out and the quality of the videos and quizzes. The multiple choice quizzes provide a competitive twist to AfL and all students enjoyed taking part.
Students also felt that they learnt more Keywords and the correct spelling of these important ‘Keywords’ as the videos have subtitles which helped lower ability students with their literacy along with helping them determine the important information from the video.
This can also be used an excellent way as a whole class with ‘Keyword Video Bingo’ either at the start or the end. Students write down a list of words that they expect to be in the video. While he video is playing students listen out for their keywords.This could either be used to assess their prior knowledge or AfL at the end of the lesson.
Overall an amazing resource that should be used by students of all ages and across all subject areas. Although the free trail will not last forever the pricing is very reasonable and would be well worth considering purchasing as a whole school and allowing to learn when ever they want to and using both desktop computers and mobile devices.
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The UN calls for greater government intervention to moderate the severe, unavoidable economic swings and inequalities brought about by increasing globalization. More here from the Washington Post:
Pointing to food riots in dozens of poor countries whipsawed by soaring prices for wheat and other staples, and to the rising income inequality that has become a too-common feature of economies in the developed world, the report says that no one is immune from the sometimes cruel consequences of global economic forces. But governments should do more, both individually and collectively, to protect people from their harshest impacts, it says.
The U.N.'s 2008 World Economic and Social Survey calls for greater regulation of international capital flows, more generous foreign aid and perhaps the guarantee of a minimum income to the world's poorest residents. Domestically, countries should do more to cushion their citizens against economic changes that have left them less secure. In poor countries, the insecurity can take the form of hunger and food shortages; in developed nations it often means stagnating wages and growing income inequality.
"Markets cannot be left to their own devices in respect of delivering appropriate and desired levels of economic security," the report says.
Global competition, which erodes the security of businesses, unstable capital flows, which crimp investment and growth, and food shortages are sometimes viewed as beyond the ability of governments to control. But the report says that is the wrong response. What is needed, it says, is "more active policy responses to help communities better manage these new risks."
The U.N. report calls for a range of interventions to provide support, including greater public investment in agriculture for poor countries and "a better balance of economic and social policies." It also said that even during economic booms governments should remain mindful of the downturns that can strike quickly, and set aside money to deal with them
Markets are good (probably the best system we can have) but we need to realize that it is imperfect and while it takes on the path to perfection, many more lives might be ruined if not intervened by the government or some other powerful bodies. Download the full report here (Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity).
Some useful figures from the report:
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During the last Ice Age the northern Channel Islands were part of one vast island geologists call Santarosae. Sea level was then much lower, and large areas of today’s sea bed were dry. The northern islands were then linked together, though probably not connected to the mainland. Later, when the great continental ice sheets melted, the islands were separated.
During the Pleistocene era, a dwarf species of mammoth roamed Santarosae, and pine and Cypress forests stood on several islands. Today, the fossilized remains of dwarf mammoths on San Miguel and Santa Rosa, and the forests of brittle sand castings known as caliche (pronounced kah-lee-chee), that are found on San Miguel remind us that the Islands were very different long ago. Some plants and animals have developed special adaptations over time to cope with the isolated environment—others remain unchanged. The giant coreopsis is found on all five park islands and on the coastal mainland. Its more common name, "tree sunflower", suggests its size and trunk-like stem. Its bright yellow blossoms are sometimes visible from the mainland during the winter and spring.
The introduction of non-native plants and animals to an island ecosystem can devastate native species. One such exotic is a tenacious South African species of iceplant which found its way to Santa Barbara Island before 1900. Highly salt tolerant, it thrives in arid soil by capturing moisture from sea breezes. It subsequently leaches salt into the soil, producing concentrations of salt that few native plants can tolerate. Today, the iceplant spreads its thick mats over much of the island. Introduced livestock, food animals, and pets have similar impacts on island environments. Escalating feral sheep, hog, cat, and rabbit populations led to damage to—and sometimes elimination of—native plants and animals. The National Park Service seeks to restore those native populations where possible.
The closest island to the mainland, Anacapa lies 18 kilometers (11 miles) southwest of Oxnard, and 22 kilometers (14 miles) from Ventura. Almost 8 kilometers (5 miles) long its total land area is but 290 hectares (about one square mile). Anacapa is composed of three small inlets inaccessible from each other except by boat. For much of the year, Anacapa looks brown and lifeless. With winter rains, its plants emerge from summer’s dormancy and turn green. Sea mammals are often seen around Anacapa's shores. January through March is whale watch season and migrating whales can be seen in the waters near Anacapa. Western gulls, cormorants, black oyster-catchers, and endangered brown pelicans may be seen year round. West Anacapa's slopes are the primary West Coast nesting site for the brown pelican. To protect the pelican rookery, West Anacapa is a Research Natural Area closed to the public. Except at Frenchy’s Cove, no landings are permitted on West Anacapa without written permission from the park superintendent.
Santa Cruz Island
Largest and most diverse of the islands within the park boundary, Santa Cruz Island is about 39 kilometers (24 miles) long. Its land area is about 249 square kilometers (96 square miles). The central valley's north slope is a rugged ridge; the south slope is an older and more weathered ridge. At 730 meters (2,400 feet), the highest of all Channel Islands mountains is found here. Santa Cruz Island's 124-kilometer (77-mile) varied coastline has steep cliffs, gigantic sea caves, and coves and sandy beaches. The shoreline cliffs, beaches offshore rocks, and tide-pools provide important breeding habitat for colonies of nesting sea birds and diverse plants and animals. The varied topography and ample freshwater support a remarkable array of flora and fauna—more than 600 plant species, 140 land bird species, and a small distinctive group of other land animals. Of the 85 plant species endemic to the Channel Islands, nine occur only on Santa Cruz. The Santa Cruz Island ironwood, the island oak, the island fox, scrub jay, and other distinctive plant and animal species have adapted to the island's unique environment. To biologists, Santa Cruz is specially significant for its diversity of habitat, greater than any other of the Channel Islands.
Chumash Indians inhabited Santa Cruz Island for more than 6,000 years. When Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo arrived in 1542, as many as 2,000 Chumash Indians probably lived there. Ranching began on the island in 1839, with a Mexican land grant to Andres Castillero. Since that time the entire island has been privately owned. In 1988 the Nature Conservancy acquired the western nine-tenths of the island, managed as the Santa Cruz Island Preserve. A permit is required from the Nature Conservancy to visit and land on the preserve.
The National Park Service administers the east end of the island as the newest addition to Channel Islands National Park. Favorite visitor activities include hiking, camping, kayaking, searching for the elusive Santa Cruz Island scrub jay, swimming, exploring the island and just getting away from the hustle and bustle of the mainland. The NPS Santa Cruz Island page has addition information.
Santa Rosa Island
The second largest park island is Santa Rosa. Nearly 24 kilometers (15 miles) long and 16 kilometers (10 miles) wide, its 22,250 hectares (53.000 acres) exhibit remarkable contrasts. Cliffs on the northeastern shore rival those of Santa Cruz Island. High mountains with deeply cut canyons give way to gentle rolling hills and flat marine terraces. Vast grasslands blanket about 85 percent of the island, yet columnar volcanic formations, extensive fossil beds, and highly colored hill slopes are visible. Rocky terraces on the west end provide superb habitat for intertidal organisms, including astounding concentrations of black abalone. Harbor seals haul out and breed on the island's sandy beaches. On the eastern tip of the island, a unique coastal marsh is among the most extensive freshwater habitats found on any of the Channel Islands. The entire island is surrounded by expanses of kelp beds. Consequently, its surrounding waters serve as an invaluable nursery for the sea life that feeds larger marine mammals and the sea birds that breed along the coastal shores and offshore rocks of all the Channel Islands. Beneath Santa Rosa's non-native grasslands are the remains of a rich cultural heritage. More than 180 largely undisturbed archeological sites have been mapped. These include several associated with early man's presence in North America. Chumash Indian villages and historic-era camps of early explorers and fur hunters are evident. Some historians think Santa Rosa may be Cabrillo's final resting place.
In the 1840s and 1850s, Santa Rosa was a cattle rancheria. After the cattle industry of old Spanish California collapsed in the 1860s, sheep were brought to Santa Rosa and soon became its economic mainstay. Sheep grazing continued into the early 20th century, but when the island was sold to Vail & Vickers Company in 1902, the sheep were removed and cattle reintroduced. Though the impacts of introduced grains, insects, sheep, pigs, deer, elk, and cattle were severe, examples of Sand Rosa's native plant communities survive. These tend to be restricted to rocky canyons and upper slopes. Native and endemic plants include the tree poppy, island manzanita, and an endemic sage. Native Island Oaks grow on protected slopes, and two groves of Torrey pine are visible near Bechers Bay. More than 195 bird species are found on Santa Rosa. With its extensive grasslands, the island supports large populations of European starlings, homed-larks, meadow larks, house finches, and song sparrows. Shore birds and waterfowl favor the brackish habitat found on Santa Rosa's eastern tip. This marsh and the island's running streams and springs provide habitat for tree frogs and Pacific slender salamanders.
Other terrestrial animals include the gopher snake, deer mouse, and two species of lizard. The island fox may be frequently seen. The endemic spotted skunk— found only on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands— is only rarely observed.
San Miguel Island
Wind and weather sweep across the North Pacific to batter the shores of the westernmost of the northern islands. This creates a harsh and profoundly beautiful environment. San Miguel is about 13 kilometers (8 miles) long and 6 kilometers (4 miles) wide. It is primarily a plateau 120-150 meters (400-500 feet) in elevation, but two rounded hills emerge from its beautiful, and windswept landscape.
San Miguel boasts outstanding natural and cultural features. Some of the Channel Islands' best examples of caliche are found here. Enormous numbers and a variety of seals and sea lions "haul out" and breed on its isolated shores. The Channel Islands' largest land mammal, the island fox, can be seen on San Miguel. San Miguel's fragile treasures include more than 500 relatively undisturbed archeological sites, some dating back thousands of years. Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo, discoverer of California, is believed to have wintered and died at Cuyler Harbor in 1543. Although his grave has never been found, a monument over-looking Cuyler Harbor was erected in 1937 to commemorate his northern voyage of discovery.
In the 1850s Capt. George Nidever brought sheep, cattle, and horses to San Miguel. An adobe he built may be the earliest structure on any of the Channel Islands. Its remains are barely visible today. In 1930 Herbert and Elizabeth Lester became the Sand's caretakers. The family left the island in 1942 after the suicide of Herbert Lester, who had become known as the "King of San Miguel." From the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s the island was used as a bombing range. Staying on the trail is particularly important on this island because live ordnance is still occasionally uncovered by shifting sands.
For half-day visits to the island, the caliche forest is a popular destination. Once you hike from the beach to the island's top. it is about 5.5-kilometers (3.5-miles) from the ranger station to the caliche forest. Caliche is a mineral sandcasting. As with all park resources, it may not be collected. Take all the pictures you want. The island has been greatly altered by extensive sheep grazing, but you can still see an array of distinctive native plant species. Coreopsis and other flowering plants produce beautiful displays in spring.
If you can spend more time on the island, try to make the 24-kilometer (15-mile) round-trip hike across the island to Point Bennett. With binoculars you may see thousands of breeding seals and sea lions (pinnipeds) from an overlook about 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) from the beach. Depending on the time of the year, the California sea lion, Steller sea lion, northern elephant seal, harbor seal northern fur seal, and the Guadalupe fur seal may be seen at Point Bennett. (All except the Guadalupe fur seal and the Steller sea lion breed on the island.)
Seasoned hikers who make this long, cross-island trip to Point Bennett will never forget seeing one of the world's outstanding wildlife displays.
Santa Barbara Island
Santa Barbara Island lies far south of the other four park islands. Small, about 260 hectares (640 acres), and triangular, its steep cliffs rise to a marine terrace topped by two peaks. The highest point, Signal Peak, is 194 meters (635 feet) in elevation.
Santa Barbara Island was named by Sebastian Vizcaino, who arrived here on December 4, 1602— Saint Barbara's Day. Because of the lack of freshwater, Indians did not reside on the island, but they occasionally stopped off there on journeys to other islands. Not until the 20th century was Santa Barbara Island settled to any extent. During the 1920s, farming, grazing, intentional burying by island residents, and the introduction of rabbits severely damaged the native vegetation. During World War II the U.S. Navy used the island as an early warning outpost, and constructed the Quonset hut now used as the ranger station and visitor center. Though non-native grasses including oats barley, and brome dominate the landscape, with protection and encouragement the native vegetation, is recovering. With the rabbits now removed, stands of giant coreopsis are thriving. In places this sunflower grows up to 3 meters (10 reef) tall. In the spring goldfields blanket the island with tiny, bright yellow flowers.
California sea lions and, in winter, elephant seals breed on the island. Birdwatching is superb. Western gulls nest in abundance, and occasionally brown pelicans nest here too. Land birds, including barn owls, American kestrels, horned larks, and meadowlarks, also nest here. Although not commonly seen, the island deer mouse and the island night lizard, a threatened species, live on the island.
Sand Barbara Island offers 9 kilometers (5.5 miles) of trails to explore. A good place to start is the Canyon View Self-guided Nature Trail near the ranger station and campground. A trail booklet enables you to learn about most of the island' s interesting features readily. Then you can explore the other trails on your own. A Park ranger stationed on the island interprets its features and enforces rules and regulations. There is no telephone, but in emergencies the ranger has radio communications with park headquarters.
A park map is available on the park's map webpage.For information about topographic maps, geologic maps, and geologic data sets, please see the geologic maps page.
A geology photo album for this park can be found here.For information on other photo collections featuring National Park geology, please see the Image Sources page.
Currently, we do not have a listing for a park-specific geoscience book. The park's geology may be described in regional or state geology texts.
Parks and Plates: The Geology of Our National Parks, Monuments & Seashores.
Lillie, Robert J., 2005.
W.W. Norton and Company.
9" x 10.75", paperback, 550 pages, full color throughout
The spectacular geology in our national parks provides the answers to many questions about the Earth. The answers can be appreciated through plate tectonics, an exciting way to understand the ongoing natural processes that sculpt our landscape. Parks and Plates is a visual and scientific voyage of discovery!
Ordering from your National Park Cooperative Associations' bookstores helps to support programs in the parks. Please visit the bookstore locator for park books and much more.
Information about the park's research program is available on the park's research webpage.
For information about permits that are required for conducting geologic research activities in National Parks, see the Permits Information page.
The NPS maintains a searchable data base of research needs that have been identified by parks.
A bibliography of geologic references is being prepared for each park through the Geologic Resources Evaluation Program (GRE). Please see the GRE website for more information and contacts.
NPS Geology and Soils PartnersAssociation of American State Geologists
Geological Society of America
Natural Resource Conservation Service - Soils
U.S. Geological Survey
Parks as Classrooms is the education program of the National Park Service in partnership with the National Park Foundation. It encompasses many different kinds of experiential education programs at national parks throughout the country. Each year park rangers at Channel Islands National Park share the park resources with over 10,000 students in classrooms and nearly again that many at the park visitor’s center.
General information about the park's education and intrepretive programs is available on the park's education webpage.For resources and information on teaching geology using National Park examples, see the Students & Teachers pages.
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PRESIDENT Rodrigo Duterte has received brickbats from various quarters for being unruffled at the report of his defense secretary, Delfin Lorenzana, that Chinese survey ships were spotted last year at Benham Rise, an undersea area off the coast of Aurora that is part of the Philippines’ maritime boundaries. The criticisms hint at a lack of basic understanding of the subject matter.
Benham Rise, a 13-million-hectare region said to be rich in mineral deposits, is not part of the Philippines’ national territorial waters that extend 12 nautical miles from the country’s landmass or baselines. What and where is Benham Rise?
The Philippine claim to Benham Rise goes back to a 2001 workshop led by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority on how the country could comply with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the 1982 treaty that governs the oceans, and which took effect in 1994.
University of the Philippines professors recommended that Benham Rise, an area larger than Luzon island, be included as part of the country’s extended continental shelf prior to a deadline set under UNCLOS. The Philippines brought the matter before the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in 2009, and got the body’s nod in 2012.
Did that make Benham Rise part of Philippine territory? Not so fast. Beyond the 12-nautical-mile territorial sea where the country can undoubtedly exercise sovereignty under UNCLOS, the Philippines can only invoke “sovereign rights” – a lesser right that nevertheless allows the exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of natural resources.
Under UNCLOS, the Philippines has the automatic right to a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea, a fact upheld by the July 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague.
To be able to exercise sovereign rights over Benham Rise, however, the Philippines had to seek approval from the UN to declare the area part of its extended continental shelf, which can reach up to 350 nautical miles from the landmass.
UNCLOS states that a coastal state “exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources…exclusive in the sense that if the coastal State does not explore the continental shelf or exploit its natural resources, no one may undertake these activities without the express consent of the coastal State.”
Filipinos won’t even be able to fish over Benham. Natural resources in the continental shelf means “mineral and other non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species,” meaning clams and shellfish that can hardly move at the bottom of the sea.
Duterte is thus correct not to make a big fuss of Lorenzana’s report, especially as the President has confirmed that Beijing had advised Manila beforehand on the activities of its vessels at the Benham Rise region. China is not even claiming Benham Rise.
In fact, Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio notes that even “if Chinese vessels were looking for submarine passages and parking spaces, that would be part of freedom of navigation and the Philippines has no reason to complain.”
Having said that, Lorenzana’s report merits attention, coming from a senior member of the Cabinet.
As Carpio explains: “If the Chinese vessels were conducting seismic surveys to look for oil, gas and minerals, then they could not do that because UNCLOS has reserved the oil, gas and minerals in the [extended continental shelf]to the Philippines.”
The level-headed response is to exert all efforts to prevent Benham Rise from becoming another flashpoint between Manila and Beijing, not useless hyperventilation.
And before Beijing thinks of claiming Benham Rise, the Philippines should take the steps necessary to prevent a repeat of the previous administration’s monumental blunder of being outwitted and outmaneuvered by China in Panatag (Scarborough) Shoal, if we don’t want to wake up one morning to news that artificial islands have suddenly appeared east of Luzon.
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How to Grow Sweet Chestnuts – A Guide to Growing Sweet Chestnuts
Sweet chestnuts can be grown from seed, but the resulting tree could take as long as 20 years before producing fruit! Much better to buy a grafted bare-rooted tree from a reliable supplier, which should start fruiting much sooner.
Sweet chestnuts have good drought resistance once established.
Growing Sweet Chestnuts
- Bare rooted trees should be planted late autumn–early spring.
- Sweet chestnuts grow best in full sun, in a well-drained fertile, deep soil. The tree will not fruit in shade.
- Always plant your fruit tree so that the grafting union is above the level of the soil.
- Dig a hole large enough to comfortably accommodate the depth and size of the roots and water in well after planting.
- Remove any vegetation around the base of the tree and mulch well, to help keep in the moisture and discourage weeds, etc, growing and competing with the young tree.
- Sweet chestnuts flower June–July, when long catkins (both male and female) appear. The female flowers grow into the spiny green fruit containing one–three edible nuts.
Harvesting Sweet Chestnuts
- Harvest in October. The nuts are ripe when they drop from the trees as the chestnut burrs (the outer spiny skin) burst, but some nuts will need removing from their skin.
- Wearing strong gloves, pull open the burrs and remove the chestuts.
Pests and Problems with Sweet Chestnuts
- Squirrels may strip the bark from the trees as well as eating the nuts.
- Sweet chestnuts have been severly depleted by a fungal disease in recent years. Purchase your tree from a reputable supplier.
Varieties of Sweet Chestnut
- Be sure to buy a sweet (edible) chestnut, rather than a horse chestnut, from a reputable supplier.
- Bear in mind that not all varieties are self-fertile and that most varieties will eventually mature into a very large tree.
- The variety Regal is self-fertile, grows to around 5 m (15 feet) in height after 10 years and produces nuts after two–three years.
- Marigoule is another self-fertile variety and will start to fruit within 2–4 years.
- Chestnuts can be eaten raw but are usually cooked, or roasted before eating. They can also be pickled.
- The cooked nuts can be ground to make flour and be used as a thickener. They are also used in confectionary and puddings for their sweetness. The nuts are delicious roasted.
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Some patients with early stages of mesothelioma can go into remission, according to the American Cancer Society. However, mesothelioma is likely to come back after remission.
Why Mesothelioma is so Difficult to Treat
Mesothelioma is most often caused by exposure to asbestos, naturally occurring fibers that have been widely used in construction materials, vehicle parts, fireproof clothing, and common household items, according to the Mayo Clinic. Many people who came into contact with asbestos at work or at home developed mesothelioma decades later.
Pleural mesothelioma, which affects the lining around the lungs, and peritoneal mesothelioma, which affects the lining in the abdomen, are both difficult to treat. There is often a long period of time between an individual’s exposure to asbestos and the onset of mesothelioma symptoms. By the time a person has symptoms, seeks medical advice, and receives a diagnosis, the mesothelioma often has already reached an advanced stage.
Mesothelioma and other cancers that spread quickly to other parts of the body, or metastasize, are generally difficult to treat and cure. In those cases, treatment options are limited, and doctors instead focus on making patients as comfortable as possible.
However, according to the American Cancer Society, when a patient with peritoneal mesothelioma has surgery to resect most of the cancer, they can have a long remission. When an individual goes into remission, that means that cancerous tumors have been reduced in size or have stopped growing.
If a person with mesothelioma goes into partial remission, that means the tumors have shrunken by at least half. Individuals who go into partial remission often experience significant improvement in their symptoms, even though cancer cells are still present. Those patients may feel better and live longer.
A person who goes into complete remission has no symptoms of mesothelioma. It is rare for a mesothelioma patient to achieve full remission since the cancer spreads quickly and is difficult to treat. If a person achieves complete remission, doctors may not be able to detect any cancer cells, and the individual may feel as though he or she has been cured, but there may still be cancerous cells present in the body, and the mesothelioma may return in the future.
There have been rare cases involving people with mesothelioma who went into spontaneous remission. Their tumors shrank until the patients had no detectable evidence of mesothelioma, although in some cases, the cancer came back later.
When a patient goes into remission, it is possible that the cancer could come back in the same part of the body or in a different area. Most mesothelioma patients who go into partial remission have their cancer spread in the future. If mesothelioma recurs after going into remission, in some cases, it can be treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of therapies.
You May Be Entitled to Financial Compensation for Your Mesothelioma
Being diagnosed with mesothelioma can be devastating. You may be facing chronic pain, difficulty breathing, and other symptoms that make it impossible for you to work and care for your children.
You and your family may be struggling to figure out how to cover the growing stack of medical bills, plus your mortgage, utilities, car loans, credit cards, and other regular expenses. Doctors may have told you that your cancer is already so advanced that it is incurable. You may have been told that you have little time left to live, and you may be worried about your family’s future.
Pintas & Mullins Law Firm may be able to seek a financial award to compensate you for your mesothelioma. Although that will not undo the damage that has already been done or increase your odds of survival, it may give you some peace of mind knowing that your family will be provided for in the future.
For a free legal consultation, call (800) 307-3113
How We May Be Able to Help You
We can work to figure out when and how you were exposed to asbestos. Our firm has worked with other mesothelioma patients and compiled a database containing information on companies that used asbestos in their products. We may be able to use that information to identify the source of your exposure.
Our team may then file a personal injury lawsuit on your behalf to seek compensation for your injuries. Even if the company responsible has declared bankruptcy, we may still be able to obtain a financial award for you. After businesses faced a flood of lawsuits related to mesothelioma, some declared bankruptcy and set up trust funds to compensate other victims who might come forward in the future. We may be able to seek a financial award for you by filing a claim with a mesothelioma trust fund.
You should not let concerns about the cost of hiring an attorney keep you from seeking justice. Pintas & Mullins Law Firm operates on contingency. We only collect a fee if we obtain compensation for a client. Call our office today at (800) 307-3113 to talk to a member of our staff about how we may be able to assist you.
Call or text (800) 307-3113 or complete a Free Case Evaluation form
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Scientists from the University of Tennessee studied circumterrestrial Asteroid 1950 DA and found that the object that rotates so fast that violate the laws of gravity, does not disintegrate thanks to the so called forces of Van der Waals, which previously have not been associated with asteroids, says Nature.
Previous studies have shown that asteroids, which are a cluster of stones, remain intact due to gravity and friction. But the authors of this study concluded that 1950 DA rotates so fast that denies these forces.
There was conducted a study of the thermal images and the asteroid`s movement in orbit, in order to calculate the thermal inertia and the density of the specific weight of the object. The team discovered that there actually is no gravity. In fact, the asteroid is spinning so fast that its equator has negative gravity. If astronauts try to stay on the surface, they will need to use an anchor.
The presence of adhesion forces asteroids was assumed theoretically, but till now the scientists did not succeed to obtain confirmation of this theory.
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Dose limits represent the upper bound limit below which risks from radiation exposure are deemed to be acceptable. Various federal and state regulations establish dose limits for occupational exposures that occur as a result of a person’s employment, and limits for the total exposures received by the public in general.
The classification, “occupational dose”, is the dose received by an individual in a restricted area or in the course of employment in which the individual’s assigned duties involves exposure to radiation and to radioactive material from licensed and unlicensed sources of radiation, whether in the possession of the licensee or other person. It does not include the dose received from background radiation, as a patient from medical practices, from voluntary participation in medical research programs, or as a member of the general public. The individuals subject to the occupational dose classification must closely monitor their degree of radiation exposure using dosimeters. The annual occupational dose limit for adults shall not exceed a total effective dose equivalent of 5 rem (5,000 mrem, 5,000,000 µrem).
Another radiation dose classification, “public dose”, is the dose received by a member of the public from exposure to radiation and to radioactive material released by a licensee, or to another source of radiation either within a licensee’s controlled area or in unrestricted areas. It does not include occupational dose or doses received from background radiation, as a patient from medical practices, or from voluntary participation in medical research programs. The total effective dose equivalent to individual members of the general public from the licensed operations shall not exceed 0.1 rem (100 mrem, 100,000µrem) in a year. A summary of pertinent dose limits is presented in Table 1.
- ↑ US Borders & Customs. http://ecso.swf.usace.army.mil/PublicReview/Port%20of%20LA-LB-CCES%20Draft%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf
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Predict whether or not a flight will be delayed based on airports and weather. Can be built and run in a guest account.
In this experiment, we use historical on-time performance and weather data to predict whether the arrival of a scheduled passenger flight will be delayed by more than 15 minutes. We approach this problem as a classification problem, predicting two classes -- whether the flight will be delayed, or whether it will be on time. Broadly speaking, in machine learning and statistics, classification is the task of identifying the class or category to which a new observation belongs, on the basis of a training set of data containing observations with known categories. Classification is generally a supervised learning problem. Since this is a binary classification task, there are only two classes. To solve this categorization problem, we will build an experiment using Azure ML Studio. In the experiment, we train a model using a large number of examples from historic flight data, along with an outcome measure that indicates the appropriate category or class for each example. The two classes are labeled 1 if a flight was delayed, and labeled 0 if the flight was on time.
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Author: Palshikar L. S.
Hurdle technology is a method of ensuring that pathogens in food products can be eliminated or controlled. This means the food products will be safe for consumption, and their shelf life will be extended. Hurdle in food is defined as the substance or the processing step or various preservation factors, inhibiting the growth of various microorganisms resulting in the death of microorganisms. Hurdle technology usually works by combining more than one approach. These approaches can be thought of as "hurdles" the pathogen has to overcome if it is to remain active in the food. The right combination of hurdles can ensure all pathogens are eliminated or rendered harmless in the final product. It promotes the deliberate combination of existing and novel preservation techniques in order to establish a series hurdle that any microorganisms present should not be able to overcome, therefore bacteria will not multiply. They will remain in lag phase or will die.
Hurdle technology has been defined by Leistner (2000) as an intelligent combination of hurdles which secures the microbial safety and stability as well as the organoleptic and nutritional quality and the economic viability of food products.
"Traditionally, fermented seafood products common in Japan, provide a typical example of hurdle technology. Fermentation of sushi employs hurdles that favour growth of desirable bacteria but inhibit the growth of pathogens. The important hurdles in the early stages of fermentation are salt and vinegar. Raw fish is cured in salt (20â€"30%, w/w) for one month before being desalted and pickled in vinegar. The main target of these hurdles is C. botulinum.
According to the type of pathogens and how risky they are, the intensity of the hurdles can be adjusted individually to meet consumer preferences in an economical way, without compromising the safety of the product.
Potential hurdles for use in preservation of food
Each hurdle aims to eliminate, inactivate or at least inhibit unwanted microorganisms. Common salt or organic acids can be used as hurdles to control microbials in food. Many natural antimicrobials such as nisin, natamycin and other bacteriocins, and essential oils derived from rosemary or thyme, also work well.
|1||Physical||Aseptic packaging, electromagnetic energy (microwave, radio frequency, pulsed magnetic fields, high electric fields), high temperatures ( blanching , pasteurization , sterilization , evaporation , extrusion , baking , frying ), ionizing radiation , low temperature (chilling, freezing), modified atmospheres , packaging films (including active packaging , edible coatings), photodynamic inactivation, ultra-high pressures , ultrasonication, ultraviolet radiation|
|2||Physico-chemical hurdles||Carbon dioxide, ethanol, lactic acid, lactoperoxidase, low pH, low redox potential, low water activity, Maillard reaction products, organic acids, oxygen, ozone, phenols, phosphates, salt, smoking, sodium nitrite/nitrate, sodium or potassium sulphite, spices and herbs, surface treatment agents, glucono-o-lactone, lactoperoxidase and lysozyme.|
|3||Microbially derived hurdles:||Competitive flora, protective cultures, bacteriocins and antibiotics|
Advantages of Hurdle Technology:
The technology leads to the development of high quality food that is shelf stable, with superior quality and with fresh like characters, further more this approach is not single-targeted but multi-targeted. There is every possibility that different hurdles will have an additive or synergistic effect in food. The concept of hurdle technology has proved extensively useful in optimization of traditional foods as well as development of novel products. For securing stable, safe and tasty foods, linkage between hurdle technology (used for food design), the HACCP concept (used for process control) and predictive microbiology (used for process refinement and food safety) is absolutely necessary.
Several methods such as freezing, canning, dehydration, chemical preservation etc. are commonly used for preserving foods. However, all these processes are based on a relatively few parameters or ‘hurdles’, combination of which decisively govern microbial stability and nutritional quality of almost all foods.
There can be significant synergistic effects between hurdles. For example, Gram-positive bacteria include some of the more important spoilage bacteria, such as Clostridium, Bacillus and Listeria. A synergistic enhancement occurs if nisin is used against these bacteria in combination with antioxidants, organic acids or other antimicrobials. Combining antimicrobial hurdles in an intelligent way means other hurdles can be reduced, yet the resulting food can have superior sensory qualities.
1. Principles of Food Processing Dr Shruti Sethi Scientist Division of Post Harvest
About Author / Additional Info:
I am currently working as Assistant Professor at K. K. Wagh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Nashik
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CO2 Output Hits Record High
Around the world, we are emitting more carbon dioxide than ever.
For 2012, according to new projections by the Global Carbon Project, there is likely to be a 2.6 percent rise in global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels compared to the year before. That puts emissions of the gas at 58 percent higher than 1990 levels.
In 2011, China was the biggest producer of CO2, accounting for 28 percent of global emissions, researchers report in the journals Nature Climate Change and Earth System Science Data Discussions. The United States followed with 16 percent, the European Union with 11 percent and India with seven percent. /p>
Regionally, emissions are increasing faster in some places than in others. In 2011, emissions grew in China by nearly 10 percent and in India by more than seven percent.
In the United States and the European Union, on the other hand, emission rates declined by a couple of percentage points.
Still, in emissions-per-person tallies, the United States led the way with more than 17 tons of CO2 released for every American. The European Union came next with just over seven tons per person. China was close behind and India was lowest, with slightly less than two tons emitted per person.
Article continues at Discovery News
Carbon Emissions image via Shutterstock
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To save an image, right click the thumbnail and choose "Save target as..." or "Save link as..."
|Pipsqueaks, slowpokes, and stinkers : celebrating animal underdogs|
Author: Stewart, Melissa
Introduces young readers to a variety of "animal underdogs" and explains how many characteristics we see as weaknesses play a critical role in their survival.
|Accelerated Reader Information:|
Interest Level: LG
Reading Level: 4.40
Points: .5 Quiz: 502367
|Reading Counts Information:|
Interest Level: K-2
Reading Level: 3.40
Points: 1.0 Quiz: 75973
Kirkus Reviews (07/15/18)
Full Text Reviews:
Booklist - 06/01/2018 From “puny peewees” like the Etruscan pygmy shrew to walruses keeping cozy in winter beneath 400 pounds of fat, this gallery of a dozen creatures designated (by the author, at least) as “unsung underdogs” aims to step away from the usual apex predators and photogenic celebrities of the animal kingdom to introduce a humbler clan. With such high-profile examples as the koala, Galápagos tortoise, and okapi included, the premise quickly breaks down. Still, though, in describing how the repulsive stenches produced by the hoatzin and the zorilla work as defensive mechanisms, or explaining that koalas and some other animals sleep most of the time to conserve energy, the point that every animal, no matter how seemingly weak, has “its own special way of surviving” is effectively made. The narrative also offers discussion-encouraging questions, and the lively painted portraits depict the animals fairly realistically, placing them in simplified natural settings, sometimes with a humorous touch. Animal books abound, but for younger readers who can’t get enough of them, this makes an appealing addition. - Copyright 2018 Booklist.
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Using a combination of powerful observatories in space and on the ground, astronomers have observed a violent collision between two galaxy clusters in which so-called normal matter has been wrenched apart from dark matter through a violent collision between two galaxy clusters.
The newly discovered galaxy cluster is called DLSCL J0916.2+2951. It is similar to the Bullet Cluster, the first system in which the separation of dark and normal matter was observed, but with some important differences. The newly discovered system has been nicknamed the "Musket Ball Cluster" because the cluster collision is older and slower than the Bullet Cluster.
Finding another system that is further along in its evolution than the Bullet Cluster gives scientists valuable insight into a different phase of how galaxy clusters - the largest known objects held together by gravity - grow and change after major collisions. Researchers used observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope as well as the Keck, Subaru and Kitt Peak Mayall telescopes to show that hot, X-ray bright gas in the Musket Ball Cluster has been clearly separated from dark matter and galaxies.
In this composite image, the hot gas observed with Chandra is colored red, and the galaxies in the optical image from Hubble appear as mostly white and yellow. The location of the majority of the matter in the cluster (dominated by dark matter) is colored blue. When the red and the blue regions overlap, the result is purple as seen in the image. The matter distribution is determined by using data from Subaru, Hubble and the Mayall telescope that reveal the effects of gravitational lensing, an effect predicted by Einstein where large masses can distort the light from distant objects.
In addition to the Bullet Cluster, five other similar examples of merging clusters with separation between normal and dark matter and varying levels of complexity, have previously been found. In these six systems, the collision is estimated to have occurred between 170 million and 250 million years earlier.
-Megan Watzke, CXC
Please note this is a moderated blog. No pornography, spam, profanity or discriminatory remarks are allowed. No personal attacks are allowed. Users should stay on topic to keep it relevant for the readers.
Read the privacy statement
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TRAINING, EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT - UNIT 1
Irujo (1993:22) lists six expressions current in the United States to refer to programmes available for ESOL teachers or teachers-to-be: professional development, professional growth, teacher preparation, teacher education, L2 teacher development and teacher training. We can view this list in different ways. Irujo herself sees it positively as a 'reflection of the great diversity of what we do', while Marggraf (1993) is quoted as using this list as evidence for her assertion that '"teacher training" is so unsure of itself that it doesn't even have a program rubric.'
As I have made a big issue of the fact that this is not a Teacher Training module, anyone involved obviously has a stake in being clear about how such terms are being used.
The second part of Unit 1, therefore, investigates three of these terms and explains how they are used here. The third part of the unit clarifies the requirements of the assignment. The fourth part of the unit offers some questions for you to consider. These are meant to act as a bridge between these pages and the introduction of the book, Cooperative Development, which makes up the major part of the materials of this module.
Training, education and development
From the range of terms listed by Irujo, we are going to concentrate on three central ones: training, education and development. As with most discussions of terminology in our field, it is important to keep the following ground rules in mind:
1. It is not the case that the world can be divided up into watertight categories, but it can sometimes be helpful to our thinking about the world to talk as if the categories that we impose on it are meaningful.
2. The categories relate to perceptions of experience, not to objectively quantifiable data. That is to say, in most circumstances, programmes for teachers will include elements of all these three categories: training, education and development, in a possibly unpredictable mixture. What is training for me might be educational for you and lead to development for both of us. So, we are not so much trying to put any given programme into a single box, we are rather trying to characterise different strands of intention and experience which are found in the work teachers do which is meant to make them better teachers.
3. While it is valid to get impatient with people who just want to go on about terminology (or jargon if you really don't like it), we should not underestimate the importance of the names we give to what we do. The names often conceal assumptions and attitudes which we are well advised to examine.
Training and education
First of all, when the terms training and education are directly juxtaposed, one potential distinction between them becomes immediately apparent from the everyday meaning of the words themselves. To train is to instil habits or skills, and the word collocates just as happily with dogs and seals as with teachers. To educate, on the other hand, is to guide towards moral and intellectual excellence.
We can find this distinction in Widdowson's (1983:16-20) arguments regarding TESP and language learning in general. Widdowson writes (ibid:19):
' … that the difference between training and education (at least as far as language teaching is concerned) is … that training seeks to impose a conformity to certain established patterns of knowledge and behaviour, usually in order to carry out a set of clearly defined tasks … Education, however, seeks to provide for creativity whereby what is learned is a set of schemata and procedures for adapting them to cope with problems which do not have a ready-made, formulaic solution.'
It is on the basis of this distinction that Widdowson (ibid:23-28) builds his
argument for the importance of what he calls communicative capacity (the creative
ability to exploit resources for meaning) as distinct from the essentially conformist
and codified communicative competence. We shall not pursue the obvious parallels
between teacher training/education and language learning/ teaching here (see
Widdowson 1984, 1990 for explicit views on teacher education), but the very
fact that Widdowson's thinking arises consistently out of an educational perspective
means that much of his writing on ESP and applied linguistics has at least an
oblique relevance to teacher training/education, even when these are not his
We can, of course, concentrate on the positive, and potentially complementary, aspects of both training and education. We might say that well-trained people should be in a position to carry out given procedures, and able to match procedures to situations. Well-educated people should know about a variety of available procedures and be in a position either to choose or adapt the most appropriate. Furthermore, on the basis of a clear understanding of why effective procedures are the way they are, they should be able to create new procedures in order to respond to a new situation.
There is also a sound historical basis for the distinction we have been looking at in the field of general teacher training/education. Britain's teacher training colleges grew out of earlier training schools at which the apprentice teacher was attached to a master teacher who handed on the highly formalised skills designed to foster 'the accumulation of information and the inculcation of habits' (Morrison & McIntyre 1973:60).
Morrison & McIntyre (ibid) then summarise the change in perspective which they saw as having taken place at the time of writing:
'The view has ... increasingly been taken that intellectual competence, human understanding and desirable educational attitudes are more important attributes to be fostered by college education than is the mastery of any teaching skills. Jeffreys (1961) expresses a widely held view when he says that "we think it is more important, in training teachers, to produce well-educated people than to produce technically competent practitioners."'
Note, however, that while insisting on the overriding importance of education,
Jeffreys does not find it incongruous to place this insistence in the context
of teacher training. In other words, in British usage, teacher training has
been the generic term and any debate as to a distinction between, and the relative
importance of, the training and educational aspects of the work has taken place
under the general professional heading of teacher training.
Under this heading, however, the historical trend has certainly been towards the concept of education. Furthermore, the weight of the U.S. American preference for the generic term teacher education has led to a situation in which a majority of practitioners also in Britain have come to be more comfortable with this title for their activities. In what follows, I shall also use education as the generic term. We return to this topic, and to more recent changes in the philosophy of teacher education, in the final unit of the module.
Now, where shall we fit teacher development into this scheme of things? For the time being, my purpose is to separate out the term development from the other two. In order to do so, I want to follow one particular perspective, one which we might think of as the position of the IATEFL Teacher Development Special Interest Group (See if you can find TD SIG Newsletters in a local library or teachers' resource centre.)
This perspective is not couched in terms of training and education, competence and capacity. It suggests that we each have in us the potential to be the best teacher that we can be, but the best teacher that I can be is not to be measured against the best teacher that someone else can be, certainly not in terms of classroom method or methodological theory. What I need to develop is a sense of my strengths and weaknesses, a sense of my self as I work with other people. Through this growing self-awareness, I shall be better able to ask useful questions about learning which will lead me on to an increased awareness of how I can help other people to learn.
This perspective on teacher development also draws in other aspects of the life of the teacher. For example, teaching can be a highly stressful occupation (Barduhn 1989). Some of that stress is generated by my felt need to keep on the mask of expert in the field, expert in organisation, the person ahead of, and separate from the other people in the classroom (and perhaps in the staffroom). My security resides in these forms of expertise and separateness, but they are also the cause of my stress. The only way to escape this type of stress is through the development of a sense of inner security which allows for the development of secure personal relationships with colleagues and learners, and which also encourages non-threatening relationships among learners. With the stress and threat diminished, the learners are better able to apply themselves to learning, and I am better placed to facilitate that learning.
So, at the risk of being simplistic, if teacher training is about competence in the implementation of teaching techniques, and teacher education is about the capacity to choose among various techniques and improvise new ones, teacher development - according to the perspective I have outlined here - has two defining characteristics:
1. It concerns itself with the development of the socially aware individual as a whole-person-who-teaches, as opposed to the acquisition of professional competence and capacity by a teacher, separate from the rest of that person's life.
2. The emphasis here is on the personal motivation of the individual to take responsibility for his or her own self-development. Training and education are what other people can give me; development is what I do about myself.
The influence of such ideas as these has been seen in our teacher education
courses for some time, perhaps most clearly in what is often called a counselling
approach to observation and feedback (e.g. Stones 1984, Handal & Lauvas 1987).
What I want to do here, however, is to establish a distinctive meaning for the
term teacher development. There certainly are ways of helping other people be
in a position to work on their own development, but they are not the major concern
of this module. They are the major concern of the final unit of this module,
when we shall return to this discussion and look at another interpretation of
the training/education/development distinction.
Until then, you are being asked to accept the above definition of teacher development, as being concerned with your own self-motivated investigation of yourself-in-context.
Before we begin that process, however, let us spend a little time looking at the assignment which will provide the data for the assessment of the academic output of your experience during this module.
The assignment is best approached in the light of the objectives set out for the TD option in the Study Companion and the Preface. These are repeated here:
o Participants will come to control a set of interactive skills which will facilitate their ongoing individual development in cooperation with a colleague.
o Participants will gain insight into their own developmental processes and preferences and will thereby be able to evaluate the recommendations made in Cooperative Development and the outcomes achieved.
o Participants will be in a position to make informed decisions about the role of self-development opportunities in teacher training programmes.
The assignment is most likely to relate to the above objectives in one of two
general ways. This is the first:
1. An evaluation of the extent to which the first and second objectives have been achieved. This will be based on participants' own detailed notes of their experiences and reactions, along with other contextual data, and on their reading in the area.
In order to discover whether or not the objectives have been met in your own case, you will need both to document your experiences of the Cooperative Development programme, and to evaluate the programme itself. This may well involve answering such questions as:
o Did I learn this set of interactive skills?
o Did I learn anything else from the process?
o What was the experience like, intellectually, emotionally, socially?
o Are these skills of any use? Some more than others?
o Is the whole CD framework convincing? Is it usable? Can it be improved?
o How do the ideas here relate to the literature?
o What have I learned about myself and/or my teaching?
o Can I see this leading anywhere?
o So what?
Please note that the above questions are given only as examples and they are
not meant to be exhaustive or necessary. As far as evaluation is concerned,
see Lansley (1994) for an altogether negative response to Cooperative Development.
In order to work effectively in this area, you will need to keep up some kind of a log, diary, or other record of your experiences as they are going on (See FND Unit 1 and the accompanying taped interview, also Burke 1995:32). This will provide an invaluable source of data. Easily accessible readings about the keeping and interpretation of EFL teachers' logs and diaries are not difficult to find these days.
See, for example, Bailey (1990), Brock et al (1992), Jarvis (1992), Richards (1992), McDonough (1994) and Numrich (1996). A fuller treatment of the potential depths of organised journalling is Progoff (1975).
Please do not understand that you are required to give a blow-by-blow account of the CD activities which you carried out. The selection of the best focus for your assignment lies in your hands. For example, it may turn out for some people that it is the experience of keeping a log itself which provides the focus of their assignment. In fact, such a piece of work would also have the potential to make a very welcome contribution to the literature, in which the majority of reports come from teacher educators writing about the logs of their course participants. Others may find that the interim teaching outcomes of their developmental process and the new questions which they have come to formulate demand to be the focus of their assignment.
An alternative approach to the assignment might address the third objective above. This would involve:
2. The planning of a programme of facilitated self-development, or the integration of elements of self-development into a larger scheme of teacher training. This would either be implemented and evaluated, or procedures for implementationa and criteria for future evaluation would be made clear.
In other words, you may wish to invest your experiential insights into self-development in your work as a teacher educator. If you do choose to do this, you may either treat your own development and the facilitation of development for others sequentially, or you may begin with your teacher education concerns and draw on the data of your own experience where and when it is of particular relevance.
We shall return to the issue of facilitating development for other people in the last unit of this module. In the meantime, remember that your assignment must also deal with your own personal/professional development as a teacher educator, or as a teacher, but certainly as an ELT professional involved in the type of self-development activity in which you wish to involve other people.
Remember, too, that what you are being asked to produce is an assignment towards the award of a higher academic degree and that it will be assessed according to the general criteria with which you have been issued. I stress these facts because the format of this module is deliberately different from other Aston MSc components. There is a great emphasis in the materials on your own experiential learning. This must not be misunderstood as downgrading the importance of proper reference to the literature in the production of your assignment. One more comment may be appropriate in terms of discourse formality. The addressees of the text Cooperative Development are not necessarily teachers involved in formal programmes of education. Its style is not that of academic discourse and should not be thought of as an appropriate model for the assignment.
None of this means that your assignment needs to be overly-formal, either! The plain truth is that, the more leeway we allow ourselves to investigate areas outside the academic mainstream, the more careful we have to be that no one can accuse us of simply not being serious.
In the context of the general criteria established for the asessment of assignments, an outstanding TD assignment will:
1 operate in a context of authentic TESOL purposes;
2 record and evaluate the writer's experience and outcomes in personal and professional development towards those purposes and in the formulation of new purposes;
3 relate to the literature of personal and professional development so that experience and literature illuminate each other.
While I have done my best to make clear what is required of you, it is always possible that there may be problems of communication, despite my best efforts and your careful reading and discussion. It is also the case that the requirements of this module, as well as being demanding, are meant to be spacious enough to encourage individual interpretation inside their constraints. If anything remains unclear, or if you want to negotiate the terms of your own assignment in advance, please do get in touch.
Some questions for reflection
And after you have reflected on them, please share your reflections with a colleague, preferably the one with whom you intend to cooperate throughout this module.
1. What other definitions or uses of the terms, training, education and development are you familiar with? In what contexts?
2. To what extent do you find it valid to draw parallels between what Widdowson says about training and education in terms of TESP and the use of the terms in connection with courses for teachers?
3. Particularly in the business world, there is a preference for the term English language training and English language trainers, as opposed to teaching and teachers. Do you have any explanation for this? How does it tie in with the argument regarding training and education presented here?
4. Another way of characterising a difference between training and education is to say that the skills connected with competence can be directly taught, while the awareness connected with capacity cannot. Would you go along with that distinction? How does it fit in with what has been said in the unit so far?
5. In terms of the distinctions offered here between training and education, how would you describe the elements of teachers' courses which you have either attended or run?
6. In terms of the characterisation of development given here, what steps would you say that you have taken towards your own self-development as a teacher?
7. How do you feel about these attempts to define and categorise according to a certain use of terminology? Would you agree that, even if the process can be confusing and frustrating, it is worth making the effort to be clear about exactly what we each individually mean by the words, even if we don't agree? Or is this really just shooting the breeze?
Bailey, K. 1990. The use of diary studies in teacher education programmes. In Richards, J. and Nunan, E. (Eds.) 1990 Second Language Teacher Education, Cambridge: C.U.P. Pp. 215-226.
Barduhn, S. 1989. Review of Maslach, C. 1982 Burnout - The Cost of Caring, London: Prentice-Hall, in Teacher Development (IATEFL SIG Newsletter) 11: 2-3.
Brock, M.. Yu, B. and Wong, M. 1992. "Journalling" together: Collaborative diary-keeping and teacher development. In Flowerdew, J., Brock, M. and Hsia, S. (Eds.) 1992. Perspectives on Second Language Teacher Education. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic. Pp. 295-307.
Burke, H. 1995. Discovering and taking action on the 'adult/child persona' conflict within low-level students. In Edge, J. (Ed.) Teacher Development in Action. Aston University: LSU. Pp. 20-36.
Handal, G. & P. Lauvas 1987. Promoting Reflective Teaching: Supervision in Action. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Irujo, S. 1993. Letter to the Editor, TESOL Matters 3/4: 22.
Jarvis, J. 1992. Using diaries for teacher reflection on in-service courses. ELT Journal 46/2: 133-143.
Jeffreys, M. 1961. Revolution in Teacher Training, London: Pitman.
Lansley, C. 1994. Collaborative development: an alternative to phatic discourse and the art of cooperative development. ELT Journal 48/1: 50-56.
Marggraf, M. 1993. RSA - USA? It's here! TESOL Matters 3/2, referred to in Irujo 1993.
Morrison, A. and McIntyre, D. 1973. Teachers & Teaching, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Numrich, C. 1996. On becoming a language teacher: Insights from diary studies. TESOL Quarterly 30/1: 131-151.
Progoff, I. 1975 At a Journal Workshop, N. York: Dialogue House.
Richards, K. 1992 Pepys into a TEFL course. ELT Journal 46/2: 144-152.
Stones, E. 1984 Supervision in Teacher Education. London: Methuen.
Widdowson, H. 1983 Learning Purpose and Language Use. Oxford: O.U.P.
Widdowson, H. 1984 The incentive value of theory in teacher education. ELT Journal 38/2: 86-90.
Widdowson, H. 1990. Pedagogic research and teacher education. In Aspects of Language Teaching, Oxford: O.U.P. Pp. 55-70.
This unit now continues in the form of the book, Cooperative Development.
Long before you have finished your work with Cooperative Development, you should have received the print file which contains the Aston materials with which you can complete the TD module as a whole.
If this is not the case, contact either [email protected] or your Course Tutor.
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How to make cumulative data
For your bar chart race to display correctly, your data needs to be cumulative.
This means that the values in each row will build from left to right, with the next column's raw value being added to the sum in the last column. This can also be described as a sequence of partial sums of a given data set, or adding a summation of data as it grows with time.
If your bars are frantically jumping up and down the screen like in the below example, this is probably because your data isn't cumulative.
Luckily, this can be fixed rather quickly with some spreadsheet magic.
- To get started, open your data in Excel or Google Sheets. We're using the data from the example above, which shows the points of football teams over 12 weeks. This data is in a "wide" format, in which each row contains multiple observations.
- Next, to calculate the cumulative sum for numbers in row 2, we start a new row beneath the table and enter the following formula:
In your running total formula, the first reference should always be an absolute reference with the $ sign ($D$2). Because an absolute reference never changes no matter where the formula moves, it will always refer back to D2. The second reference without the $ sign (D2) is relative and it adjusts based on the relative position of the cell where the formula is copied.
- We can then copy this formula across the entire row. When our sum formula is copied to the next column, it becomes SUM($D$2:E2), and returns the total of values in cells D2 to E2. After that, the formula turns into SUM($D$2:F2), and totals numbers in cells D2 to F2, and so on.
- Repeat the same for the rest of the rows, replacing the first $D$2 with $D$3 all the way down to $D$33, and copy the formula across the rest of the rows to receive the cumulative data for all your rows.
- Copy your data back into Flourish, and enjoy a much smoother Bar chart race experience!
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Dr. Janina Scarlet uses examples from television and movies to connect with students and therapeutic clients. She led a recent WonderCon panel, “The Psychology of Cult TV,” and has spoken on this in interviews including a HuffPost Live session. Today, Dr. Scarlet writes a guest piece for us to talk about some of this work.
What is Superhero Therapy? by Janina Scarlet, PhD
Superhero Therapy is becoming a bit of a buzzword on the Internet and in clinical communities. This concept isn’t entirely new—a number of therapists have in fact been using Superhero Therapy for years. The definition of Superhero Therapy is a bit broad and this post intends to offer some clarification on the matter.
As the concept is fairly new, its exact definition has not yet been established. Generally speaking, in the world of psychology Superhero Therapy can refer to either psychoanalyzing Superheroes or to using Superheroes in therapy in order to facilitate recovery. Both can potentially be helpful and informative: the former by helping us understand our favorite characters (for example through books such as Batman and Psychology: A Dark and Stormy Knight; and The Psychology of Superheroes), the latter by potentially helping us shape our own behavior in order to recover. My work is primarily in the latter.
Several therapists, including myself, have been using Superhero Therapy to treat a variety of disorders, including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is done by incorporating examples from comic books, movies, and TV shows as the means to allow the client to better understand what he or she is experiencing. Often when someone is struggling with a painful experience it might be difficult to make sense of the present situation. In addition, painful emotional experiences, such as depression or trauma, can potentially be alienating, creating false beliefs that we are the only ones going through this or that no one else will understand. Sometimes recognizing that some of our favorite heroes have been through a similar experience can potentially be healing. Research suggests that when we identify that we have gone through a painful experience just as others have (the concept of common humanity), that this can allow us to feel more connected and that connection with others might even inspire physiological changes in the body, such as the release of a hormone, oxytocin, which has been shown to be related to increased feelings of love and compassion, reduced stress, reduced depression and anxiety, and increased lifespan.
Superhero Therapy calls for the integration of examples of heroes relevant to the client, such as Batman, Captain America, Wonder Woman, and others. I typically start the treatment by asking the client whether there are any characters from books, movies, or TV that they like and then work on drawing connections with the client’s current presentation, as well as for setting and implementing treatment goals. Superhero examples can be easily incorporated into nearly every therapy modality, including evidence-based treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Since I primarily use ACT in my work with my clients, I have been using Superhero Therapy with ACT. ACT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on increasing the client’s willingness to mindfully experience thoughts and emotions in order to lead his or her life according to personal values. This is where Superhero examples can be especially useful. For example, after young Bruce Wayne (Batman) suffered a painful loss of his parents, he realized that what he valued most was making Gotham City a safe place. Although it was not an easy journey, he mastered a number of fighting techniques, as well as science skills in order to follow his value. In addition, since the Caped Crusader does not believe in unnecessary violence, he does not use guns or explosives despite the fact that it means that sometimes he gets injured. This example can be used to assist the client in figuring out how he or she can become their own version of a Superhero. For example, if someone wants to help people as Batman does, the therapist can work with the client in identifying ways to follow this intention, such as by volunteering at a homeless shelter or by performing random acts of kindness. When people lead their lives that are in line with their values, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other struggles can sometimes be reduced.
Finally, I would like to point out that Superhero Therapy does not only need to include characters that we traditionally think of as Superheroes. For example, Buffy (The Vampire Slayer) can be used as a powerful example of acceptance of one’s destiny and doing what is right despite how difficult or painful it might be. What are some of your favorite heroes that you identify with? Whom do you relate to or wish to be like?
If you would like to learn more about Superhero Therapy, please feel free to contact Dr. Janina Scarlet via Twitter @shadowquill or via her website at www.shadowquill.com.
Dr. Scarlet discusses the therapeutic value of television for HuffPost Live.
* Psychology of Cult TV: Better Living by "Geeking Out"
* WonderCon: Batman vs. Jason! Kirk vs. Vader! Who vs. Holmes!
* Risk Sessions: Superheroes on the (Steel-Reinforced) Couch
* Legends of the Knight Documentary Explores the Power of Stories
* Superheroes, Supervillains, and Ourselves upon the OCEAN
* Cortex Crusaders Put Comic-Con on the Convention Couch
* Superheroine Recovery: An Interview with Batgirl's Therapist
* Does Iron Man 3's Hero Suffer Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
* WonderCon 2013: Comics and Zombies and Sith! Oh, My!
* Who Are Your Heroes?
* A Dark and Stormy Knight: Why Batman?
* Star Trek: The Mental Frontier
* The Avengers Teach Psychology: Class Assemble!
You can follow me on Twitter as @Superherologist or find me on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/BatmanBelfry. I'd love to hear from you!
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Browse our veterinary-reviewed Dog and Cat Illness Guide to learn more about pet health. Always talk to your veterinarian if you have a concern about your pet's symptoms or health.
Pet Assure allows pet owners to save on their pet's veterinary care, even pre-existing conditions. Click here to learn more.
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is an infection that leads to problems in the bladder and urethra. Left untreated, FLUTD can lead to acute renal failure, which is failure of the kidney.
FLUTD is a common disease in adult cats. Adult males are more prone to it because they have a longer and narrower urethra, and are more susceptible to blockages.
The cause of FLUTD is usually unknown. Some sources of infection may include:
- Bacterial, fungal, and viral infection
- Bladder stones
- Poor diet
- Inadequate water intake
- Urinary pH
- High mineral intake
A cat with Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease may have some or all of these signs:
- Bloody urine
- Straining or inability to urinate; vocalization during urinating attempts
- Urinating in unusual places outside of the litter box: most often on cool surfaces
- Urinary blockage: almost exclusively a male cat problem
- Licking the urinary opening: usually due to pain
- Frequent bathroom trips with little urine
As time passes, the bladder fills up with urine and causes painful bladder expansion, due to pressure. Kidney failure can follow within hours. Your cat may show the following signs as the infection progresses:
- Distressed, and may howl or cry out in pain
- Seeking seclusion
- Stopping ofeating and drinking
- Unconsciousness as poisons build up in the bloodstream
If you notice ANY of the above-mentioned signs, CALL YOUR VETERINARIAN IMMEDIATELY. Untreated FLUTF is usually fatal.
If you are not sure if your cat is able to urinate, assume that there is an emergency and call your veterinarian's office right away.
Your veterinarian can diagnose your cat in a number of ways:
- Check forsigns
- Physical exam: applying light pressure on the bladder and assessing your cat's reaction
- Blood tests
Most veterinarians will recommend the following treatments for cats with lower urinary tract disease:
- Prescribed diet: wet food and increased water intake
- Surgery: for cats that are prone to recurrences
Water is the most important part of a cat's diet and is the best preventative of FLUTD. Diets low in magnesium and urine acidifiers may be helpful.
For long-term management of FLUTD, make sure your cat gets plenty of water to drink.
After treatment and recovery, you should still check your cat regularly for urinary problems. Urinary tract disorders have a high rate of recurrence.
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The climate and readily available natural resources determined building styles and construction techniques in ancient Mesopotamia. These factors not only influenced the appearance of buildings and how they were decorated but also their survival in our archaeological records.
The geography of each area and the natural resources found there affected the ways that people lived. Northern Mesopotamia is made up of hills and plains. The land is quite fertile due to seasonal rains, and the rivers and streams flowing from the mountains. Early settlers farmed the land and used timber, metals and stone from the mountains nearby.
The civilized life that emerged at Sumer was shaped by two conflicting factors: the unpredictability of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which at any time could unleash devastating floods that wiped out entire peoples, and the extreme fecundity of the river valleys, caused by centuries-old deposits of soil.
Thus, while the river valleys of southern Mesopotamia attracted migrations of neighboring peoples and made possible, for the first time in history, the growing of surplus food, the volatility of the rivers necessitated a form of collective management to protect the marshy, low-lying land from flooding.
This area is called the fertile crescent. The total precipitation is indirectly known from the deposit of organic material in the sediments on the sea floor in the Gulf of Persia, from radiocarbon dates in lake sediments. The ratio of the Oxygen-18 isotope in lake sediments is an indicator of the total lake volume of water. There is no systematical trend (e.g. it is not getting dryer and dryer) in the last 5000 years (historical times), but there are three large scale dry periods effecting the entire Near East: 3200-2900, 2350-2000 and around 1300 BCE.
Aside from the fertile soil and the rivers, however, Mesopotamia had few natural resources. Lacking wood, for example, the Mesopotamians built their dwellings out of mud brick, one resource that was plentiful. Such bricks were also used to build defensive walls around the city-states, which had no other means of protection. What the Mesopotamians lacked in natural resources they could trade for; throughout Southwest Asia, they traded figs, dates, grain, and other crops for items such as gold, ivory, and other precious stones.
The Sumerians made their clothing by using the natural resources that were available to them. Clothing was made from wool or flax which Sumerians could raise and harvest. (Flax is a plant with blue flowers. The stems of these plants are used to make the clothing.)
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Today we have considered what makes writing effective.
We did a think, pair, share routine to brainstorm the different things we can do to make our own writing interesting. These are our ideas:
Carefully select descriptive language
Have a good structure to our thoughts
Make our writing suit our audience
Use a captivating title that engages the reader
Include some figurative language and rhetorical questions.
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The more you think about what she’s saying, the more shockingly unthinkable it seems: can we now really see what an eye sees without us needing its brain in order to see it?
Maybe we were simply so captivated by talk of a prosthetic eye that we failed to grasp the more profound implications of being able to decode the very signal which underlies vision itself
Those questions that he asked gave some insight into the extent to which this modest professor seemed to be regarding (what was unquestionably the most mind-boggling aspect of her achievements) as being either comparatively unremarkable, or at least not worthy of any special fuss! We can read a code?
To be fair, quite a broad swathe of the technology and science press did cover the story, but I’m still not entirely convinced that they fully appreciated the scale of the advance that it represents.
Here’s an extract from a news release about her work:
Artificial Retina More Capable of Restoring Normal Vision
Researchers have developed an artificial retina that has the capacity to reproduce normal vision in mice.
“Not only is it necessary to stimulate large numbers of cells, but they also have to be stimulated with the right code — the code the retina sends to the brain. Incorporating the code jumped the system’s performance up to normal levels — that is, there was enough information to reconstruct faces, newsprint, landscapes, essentially anything”
While other prosthetic strategies mainly increase the number of electrodes in an eye to capture more information, this study concentrated on incorporating the eye’s neural “code” that converts pictures into signals the brain can understand. The research was presented at Neuroscience 2010, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience and the world’s largest source of emerging news about brain science and health.
Using mice as subjects, the authors built two prosthetic systems: one with the code, one without. The researchers found the device with the code reconstructed more details.
Degenerative diseases of the retina — nerve cells in the eye that send visual information to the brain — have caused more than 25 million people worldwide to become partially or totally blind. Although medicine may slow degeneration, there is no known cure. Existing retinal prosthetic devices restore partial vision; however, the sight is limited. Efforts to improve the devices have so far largely focused on increasing the number of cells that are re-activated in the damaged retina.
Next, the authors plan to coordinate with other researchers who are already working with prosthetics on human participants.
Research was supported by the National Eye Institute.
Sheila Nirenberg is Associate Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at Weill Cornell Medical College and Associate Professor of Computational Neuroscience in Computational Biomedicine at Weill Cornell Medical College.
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Posted on 05 May 2011.
Plant a tree, save the world. Photo by S. Read.
By Sarah Read
Everyone can make a difference. That’s what students from Greenville Michigan Inclusive Connection for HomeLearners have learned while studying issues of conservation and the environment over the last several weeks surrounding Earth Day. G-MICH, a local homeschool support group and learning cooperative, has recently hosted various Earth Day projects, including cool crafts from recyclables, a field trip to a recycling facility, as well as planting large linden trees donated by an area nursery. “It’s never too early to ‘Go Green’” shared one homeschool mom. “I want my kids to respect the planet they will some day be leaving to their own children.”
Posted in News
Posted on 17 February 2011.
Homeschoolers learn how to identify birds and give three cheers for feeding their outdoor feathered friends during national bird feeding month and in preparation for the nationwide Great Backyard Bird Count.
The Great Backyard Bird Count begins this weekend
By Sarah Read
The Great Backyard Bird Count, an annual four-day event that, “engages bird watchers of all ages in counting birds to create a real-time snapshot of where the birds are across the continent” begins this Friday, February 18 through Monday, February 21. Anyone can participate in the survey, from beginning bird watchers to experts.
Homeschool students from Greenville Michigan Inclusive Connection for HomeLearners prepared for the count last Friday morning at their weekly learning cooperative with a “Get to Know Your Backyard Birds” workshop. They learned tips for identifying birds starting with size, color, markings and song. They were also given complimentary bags of bird seed with guidelines for good feeder locations, along with full-color posters depicting common eastern North American birds donated by Wild Birds Unlimited, located on Northland Drive.
A downy woodpecker is one bird you might see in the Great Backyard Bird Count this weekend. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
“My kids are so excited,” shared Jennifer Vermeulen who is using the opportunity to put up a new feeder. “They can’t wait to count the birds.”
According to the GBBC website, it is free to participate and takes as little as 15 minutes on one day, or you can count for as long as you like each day of the four-day event. Counting helps determine how each species is doing year by year, how weather is affecting flocks and if conservation efforts are needed for a species receiving an alarmingly low count for the year.
February is also national bird feeding month, as it is the toughest time for birds to find food in the wild. For more information about The Great Backyard Bird Count, visit http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc.
Greenville Michigan Inclusive Connection for HomeLearners consists of approximately fifty homeschool families and has weekly co-op classes, monthly field trips, holiday parties, park and sledding days, mom times, community service opportunities, curriculum discussion days and more. To learn more about G-MICH, please visit www.greenvillemichiganhomeschoolers.webs.com
Posted in News
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If you feel that the world of Fair Trade has its very own language – do not worry! With this glossary we would like to guide you through the specific technical terms used by FLOCERT, Fairtrade International and the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO).
The Fair Trade principles (five principles) were developed by Fairtrade International and WFTO (2008) as a common understanding of the basic principles of fair trading. They are defined within the ‘Charter of Fair Trade Principles’ and are approved by the Board of Fairtrade International and the General Assembly of WFTO. To find out more visit Fairtrade or World Fair Trade Organization.
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Among the obscure data sets buried on the state’s data portal is a wonderfully fascinating one: the marriage and divorce rates per 1,000 for the state, from 1958 to 2009 (1962-1964 is based on incomplete data). The divorce and annulment rate beginning its rise in the mid-1960s comes as little surprise; the rise of second-wave feminism (The Feminine Mystique came out in 1963) not only made women more willing, but also able, to get out of unhappy marriages. But it didn’t stop marriages, which climbed until the mid-1970s, about the time the divorce rate peaked as well; both have been in decline since.
This, as you’d expect, is in keeping with national trends (though our divorce rate is a bit lower than the nationwide rate). Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers (two economists, married to each other) explain:
Early in their analysis, Stevenson and Wolfers consider two basic trends in modern marriage and divorce. First, there is the often-cited fact that the marriage rate today is “the lowest in recorded history.” But less discussed, they note, is the fact that the divorce rate today – 3.6 divorces per one thousand couples per year – is at its lowest level since 1970. This rate is going down even when taking into account that there are fewer marriages. “For marriages that occurred in the 1950s through the 1970s, the figures clearly show that the probability of divorce before each anniversary rose for each successive marriage cohort,” they write. “Yet for first marriages that occurred in the 1980s, the proportion that had dissolved by each anniversary was consistently lower and it is lower again for marriages that occurred in the 1990s.”
While not pinpointing a single cause for the decline in the divorce rate, Stevenson and Wolfers observe that overall, the married couples of today look quite different from those of a few decades ago. For example, data from 2000 show that marriage today is less prevalent among young adults but more prevalent among older adults, and that people are waiting longer to get married. In the mid-1950s, for example, the median age of men getting married was 23. Today, it’s 27. Also, people over 65 are just as likely to be married today as people between 16 and 65.
One possible interpretation: people are getting married less often, but as a result, the marriages tend to last.
Photograph: Will Folsom (CC by 2.0)
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A new reader at sustainablog only needs to poke around a little to see that we’re big fans of the clean cook stove concept, and always willing to support social enterprises aiming to bring this simple, transformative technology to the developing world. But, I have to admit that when I first read about the EcoRecho, a stove being built by D&E Green Enterprises in Haiti, I was a bit skeptical. How clean could a charcoal stove be, I wondered? Why not just produce something designed to burn wood?
In an email exchange, Duquesne Fednard, the founder/CEO of D&E, told me he understood my thinking, and even noted that converting wood to charcoal sacrifices 80% of the energy in that wood. In a country like Haiti, though, where the vast majority live in urban or peri-urban areas, access to wood is limited or non-existent: charcoal is the available cooking fuel. His company had even released a wood-burning rocket stove at the same time as the charcoal stove… and they sold 120 times more charcoal stoves. Making more efficient use of charcoal will make the difference in the human and environmental health costs of cooking in Haiti.
The EcoRecho does just that: the stove cuts the amount of charcoal needed to cook a meal in half. That not only creates better indoor air quality for Haitians, but also lightens demands on very tight household budgets – each stove will save a family an average of $150 a year on charcoal. Finally, as a Haitian enterprise, the EcoRecho can create jobs in this very impoverished nation.
Fednard and D&E were ready to roll with a new factory when the earthquake hit in 2010. They’ve been making do in tents since then, but another factory would allow them to increase production and employ more people: the company could create at least 400 new jobs with a new building. D&E is soliciting funds for a factory through Indiegogo: take a few minutes to watch their pitch video, and get a better sense of the difference a donation could make:
Inspired? The consider supporting this project with a few dollars – this simple technology could make a real difference for Haitians.
Image credit: D&E Green Enterprises
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Actinotherapy (Greek, aktis, aktinos—a ray; therapeia—"a healing") is defined by Beckett1 as "the therapeutic use of nonionizing radiations similar to those found in sunlight, but produced by artificial sources, and dealing particularly, on the one hand, with ultraviolet radiations of a wave length less than 3200 Angstrom units, and, on the other hand, with infrared radiations greater than 8000 Angstrom units, up to 40,000 Angstrom units."
The "healing power" of the sun was recognized in ancient times. Some of the highlights in the development of modern actinotherapy1 are the following: 1800: Herschel discovered that at one end of the visible spectrum there were radiations which were not perceptible to the human eye, but which caused an elevation of temperature (infrared rays). 1801: Ritter demonstrated the existence of rays beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum, which could be detected by changes produced in
SULLIVAN M. Actinotherapy: What Are Its Indications in Dermatology? AMA Arch Derm. 1957;76(5):634–647. doi:10.1001/archderm.1957.01550230100015
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Create a personal account or sign in to:
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Of the three primary sources of energy – protein, fat and carbohydrates – carbs are the preferred fuel source for physical activity. However, your body burns both fat and carbohydrates throughout the day, during activity and rest. If carbohydrate stores are depleted, the demand for energy to fuel everyday activities and exercise forces your body to use other fuel sources.
Role of Carbohydrates
When you consume carbohydrates, your body breaks them down into a single sugar called glucose, which enters the bloodstream and travels to muscles and organs that use the glucose for energy. Energy not needed for immediate needs is then stored in your liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen. Because glycogen storage is limited, glucose in excess of your storage capacity gets packaged in triglycerides and stored as fat. Both glycogen stores and fat stores are accessible as energy sources for later.
Typical Energy Sources
Between meals, your body taps into carbohydrates and fat stores for energy. Hormones tell your body when to release triglycerides for use as fuel. However, circulating blood glucose, when available, is a ready source of energy both during rest and physical activity. If you use up available blood glucose, carbohydrates stored as glycogen in the liver are released in order to raise blood glucose levels to meet energy demands. However, glycogen stored in a particular muscle is only available as energy to that muscle.
Fuel for Exercise
Your body typically uses protein for fuel as a last resort. During exercise, as during rest, a combination of fat and carbohydrates generally provide the necessary fuel. The intensity and duration of your exercise sessions affect the percentage of energy used from carbohydrates and fat. At moderate intensity, each provides roughly 50 percent of the calories burned, according to the Colorado State University Extension. However, when you work out at 75 percent to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate, roughly 65 percent of the energy used comes from carbohydrates. The higher the intensity, the more reliant on glycogen stores your body becomes. If you deplete glycogen stores during a workout, fat is the next preferred source, but your performance may suffer.
A low-carbohydrate diet can cause your body to rely more heavily on fat and protein for fuel. Following a low-carbohydrate diet affects the amount of circulating blood glucose available for energy, as well as limits your capacity to store glycogen. Your body then begins to metabolize a higher percentage of fat, but also diverts protein from its role in muscle building and maintenance. Instead, your body begins to break protein down in order to produce glucose. The production of ketone bodies also increases in order to supply energy to organs and cells that are unable to metabolize fats.
- Creatas/Creatas/Getty Images
This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or JillianMichaels.com.
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Catalonia’s ‘Dia de Sant Jordi’, in English Saint George’s Day, is one of the most important festive days that is celebrated in Barcelona, as well as in the rest of the region. A great deal of its charm comes from the fact that it’s not actually a public holiday, but a day on which thousands of Catalan locals go out to walk the streets of the city or town in which they live.
What is celebrated on the ‘Sant Jordi’ festival?
The ‘Dia de Sant Jordi’ commemorates the death of Saint George, which took place in the year 303. Traditionally, since the 15th century, the ‘Sant Jordi day’ is also the Catalan equivalent of St Valentine’s Day; it’s customary to give roses and books as gifts on this day. Until relatively recently the book was an exclusive gift for men, and the rose for the women, but now many young men accompany the rose with a book for their girlfriends. The rose is traditionally red, but that too has gone through a few variations; although the most popular colour is red you will find all sorts of colours on sale.
The tradition of giving a rose comes from the Middle Ages, when a man gave roses to his lovers, whereas the reason for giving a book has its roots in much more recent history. The custom began in 1926, when Vicent Clavel, a writer, journalist and newspaper editor from Valencia who lived in Barcelona, prompted the initiative. From 1930 until this day, the ‘Día de Sant Jordi’ is also celebrated as the International Day of the Book.
During the ‘Sant Jordi day’ many cultural activities are organised for children as well as for adults, including the presence of the authors at book stalls, book signings at the stalls as well as in book shops and libraries, as well as live readings of the books, sometimes by their authors. The cake shops also get involved, as they make the popular ‘Pa de Sant Jordi’, a special bread made with cured sausage (red), and cheese (yellow), representing the colours of the Catalan flag.
The ‘Legend of St Jordi’ tells the story of a dragon that terrorised the town of Montblanc, which is around an hour away from Barcelona. To avoid him doing worse things the inhabitants of the town began to give him food, even resorting to killing their own animals in order to feed him. When they ended up with no more animals to give to the dragon, they decided to organise a sort of random draw into which every member of the town entered, including the King and his own daughter. The person ‘chosen’ was given to the dragon to eat. After some time, the princess was chosen to be given to the dragon. Just as she was about to be eaten by the dragon, a knight appeared on a white horse, and after a tough battle the knight managed to spear the dragon and kill it. From the blood shed by the dragon a rosebush appeared, and from there flowered a rose that the knight gave to the princess.
When is it celebrated?
The Sant Jordi Day is celebrated on 23rd April, which is the date in the year 303 on which Saint George of Cappadocia died. Sant Jordi is considered the patron saint of many places, including England, Bulgaria and Portugal. As far as Spain is concerned, Sant Jordi is the patron saint of both Catalunya and Aragón.
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Emily Lakdawalla • Nov 28, 2007
CRISM spots Phobos and Deimos
These are cool:
CRISM is an imaging spectrometer on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. It's unusually sharp-eyed for this kind of instrument; imaging spectrometers usually sacrifice spatial resolution (producing less detailed images) for spectral resolution (producing more information on how each image pixel appears in different wavelengths of light). A regular camera may get high spatial resolution, but each pixel may contain information on only one or a handful of different wavelengths of light. CRISM does well both spatially and spectrally, getting medium spatial resolution, while every pixel contains up to 544 different data points across the electromagnetic spectrum. The pictures I showed you above are displaying only three of those data points -- that's barely more than half a percent of the full spectral information you can pull out of the data set. What does that spectral information buy you?
For one thing, it can tell you about the surface composition of these moons. Phobos' surface composition has been studied by other spacecraft, notably the Russian Phobos 2. However, this face of Phobos has not been multispectrally imaged before. And Deimos -- the smaller and outer of Mars' two moons -- has never ever been resolved by an instrument capable of spectral mapping. So these data must be exciting to the three scientists who care about Deimos' geology. Actually I'm sure more than three scientists would like to know about Deimos' geology, but it's tough to study a topic without much in the way of useful data; this image suggests that CRISM could help tremendously in advancing that study.
Just for comparison's sake, here's one of the best views of Phobos out there, taken by the HRSC camera on Mars Express. This is an example of an image with fantastic spatial resolution -- there is gorgeous detail visible in all of Phobos' little grooves -- but with virtually no spectral information; HRSC samples a wide band across the electromagnetic spectrum and can tell us if some areas are more reflective overall than other areas, but tells us little about the color of Phobos.
Let's Explore More
Our time to take action for space is now! Give today to have your gift matched up to $75,000.Donate
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Susquehanna County (pop. 43,356) is east of Bradford County. It’s the only Susquehanna County in the U.S.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, coal mining was the major industry in mountainous Susquehanna County. Today, the county is a center of natural gas drilling in the Marcellus Shale.
The county seat of Susquehanna County is the borough of Montrose (pop. 1,617).
The Montrose Theater has been showing movies for more than 90 years.
The community of Susquehanna Depot (pop. 1,643), on the Susquehanna River, was once a center for the construction of railroad locomotives and railroad cars. Its peak population was 3,872 in 1890.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna Depot. He was a philosopher, author, and professor of psychology at Harvard University.
The stone-arch Starrucca Viaduct, near Susquehanna Depot, opened in 1848 and is still in use. It was considered the world’s most expensive railroad bridge at the time of its construction.
Susquehanna County has a community named Hop Bottom (pop. 337). It was named for the hop vines (hops are used for brewing beer) found in the bottom of the valley.
The highest peak in northeastern Pennsylvania’s Endless Mountains is North Knob of Elk Mountain (elev. 2,693 feet). The Elk Mountain Ski Area opened in 1959.
Salt Springs State Park has 500-year-old hemlock trees, three waterfalls, and Penny Rock – into which people hammer pennies for good luck.
NEXT: WAYNE COUNTY
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How to Deign? People often ask this question. “Designers always follow ‘Design Process’!” is also something that we often hear. Designers start from scratch and bring it to blue prints (ready to production files). Be it a student project or a professional project, designers use different methods to understand and explain their concepts. Methodologies and techniques has been varying over time. In digital world we have 3D modeling software where we can turn our ideas to virtual reality from a concept on paper. We as a designers think a lot. We generate ideas. CAD software did changed the design methodology. Now the first thing designers do just after finishing concept sketches is start building 3D model on software. But because of this very change in process, most of the concepts just end-up being a good looking render and often miss out physical validation. We think it imaginary, we sketch it 2D and we design it virtually. In all this process we often forget the most important thing in design process which is building prototypes (mock-ups).
Why to make mock-up?
We as a human tend to understand and feel physical shapes more than anything. Making a quick mock-up will help designers understand and evaluate their concept. Hands-on knowledge, is the best learning method because with persistence one becomes intimately familiar with subject matter. Making and using something usually triggers ideas for how to make it perform better or cost less without sacrificing functionality. Model can be also a very good source to explain your concept.
Old school days
We all have had lectures in our school days where mostly we used to listen, read books and give exams. But remember those weekend activities where we used to make something. Be it a puppet, kaleidoscope, science project or telescope. We used to find best substitutes and make models. The fearlessness of using materials and being able to feel the product was the beauty of the process. Making model was like reliving the inventions itself.
Always Start Small
“Creativity is having ideas without being afraid to fail”
Don’t plan and think much. Sketch your ideas, make proportion and basic detailing right. Making your concept physical in early stage will help you understand and clear about the design next approach. People say making mock-ups and prototype cost you, but you can make it cheaper. Make your first prototype quickly out of whatever materials are at hand. Whether it’s a paper, cardboard model, clay or thermocol, making your idea less abstract will help you improve it.
lt’s always good to fail early stage
“Fail faster to succeed sooner”
Quick mock-ups on a very early stage help you to discover where your concept is going and how it is going to work. It is always better to fail on a very beginning stage than realizing at an end stage. You have always time to step back and rework on concept if problems are found on early stage. When you’re trying new things, failure is inevitable. Accepting that failure is part of the process is key
Make it a topic for discussion!
Discussion is the only way to get ‘Proof of Concept’
Making quick models is an experiment that you are doing. That way, it doesn’t seem so precious that they can’t give you honest feedback. Some problems are so complex or intricate that it’s impossible to simply conceive the right solution. Reducing the scope helps make it more manageable; developing an example of the end solution. Something tangible that others can comment on and augment helps advance the process and enhances collaboration.
To take an idea, implement it, and fail at its inception is only a failure if one doesn’t seek help, ask questions, will not listen or contemplate suggestions, and then takes no action to resolve, improve, or innovate. Hands-on experience is how one integrates knowledge to gain mastery and eventually become an expert.
Showing the possible solution as opposed to talking about it is far more powerful. In most cases they look like a rat’s nest of wires but to the end-user they see the process and end results. They always fine-tune the final solution anyway and it creates a leap over many miss-perceptions from the “talking phase” and creates the “Oh, I get it now!” comments. This process will help you get ‘Proof of concept’
Don’t be afraid to ask for help
“Design can not be done in isolation”
Design cannot be done in isolation. Don’t assume you have to do everything yourself. Just explaining your idea to potential collaborators will help clarify it and asking for assistance invites others to build on your idea.
Digital media has become a powerful tool in recent time, the good news is that it’s getting easier for ordinary folks to make stuff. Handy smartphone apps allow you to shoot and edit videos in a snap. New CAD tools, scanners, and printers, which are this close to becoming widely accessible and affordable. So gather larger audience, initiate discussion, ask question and do a team work.
So are working on a project? Well start building something now! You’ll see the difference. Best of luck!!
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|Guyana, where Jackson was born.|
BY SHONA N. JACKSON
Associate professor of English at Texas A&M University
This book springs from two disavowals and a sense of deep longing. The first disavowal occurred growing up in Guyana where I was born. Many Guyanese, collectively Creoles, are mixed but we are taught to assert our black or Indian (descended) identity to the exclusion of its composite parts—so I was raised to see my self as black despite the obvious Indian and Amerindian (native) ancestry in our family.
The second disavowal occurred after I left Guyana at the age of seven. In my first diaspora home, the U.S. Virgin Islands, identity was articulated in terms of its exclusion and difference from other Caribbean identities, especially those not yoked to U.S. political economy. When I arrived in the continental U.S. in 1989, I realized that although Guyana had taught me to see myself as black, the term African American did not include this child of the Americas.
Black identity in the U.S. was asserted in terms of an African past and not in terms of its cultural multiplicity and connectedness, for example, to Caribbean and Native cultures. Additionally, blackness in the United States has been constructed in large part against whiteness, while in the contemporary Caribbean it was understood in terms of its difference from later arrivants and links to other black cultures. By age 15 I had lived on two continents and two islands and was at home neither in the Caribbean diaspora nor in the black diaspora. So few people even knew about Guyana, much less that it is a mainland country included in the Caribbean/West Indies because of its culture and history, which significantly repeats but substantially differs from those more well-known archipelagic ones such as Jamaica. And those who knew enough not to mishear “Ghana” knew nothing more than Jim Jones, El Dorado, and, the most confidently discharged response from a professor at George Mason (where I was an adjunct): “Yes, there is a species of frogs there that they lick.” I am afraid of frogs.
|Jackson's family home in Guyana.|
“Creole indigeneity” is the term I use to capture these modes of belonging of subalterns that refashion settler power. In the book, I demonstrate how this occurs across political, historical and literary narrative to produce a new social structure and “grammar” of being that can support and reinscribe the post-contact grammars of subaltern settlers whose mode of becoming rests now not on the time of prior origin but on the time of their labor, deeply embedded within modernity. Creole Indigeneity rethinks Enlightenment humanism, as it is adapted by subalterns for their own ontological and political sovereignty. It also achieves a rethinking of the project of postcolonial nationalism in the Caribbean as a nativizing project to institute that new “man,” or in the words of the late Guyanese president Forbes Burnham the “real man,” of the postcolonial humanist project and its inscription of labor as the new time of belonging for non-indigenous arrivants. In this dual critique, the book looks at how blacks and Indians reproduce or rewrite the labor of the formerly enslaved and indentured and utilize it as a legitimating narrative for nation building, belonging, and social being. The book therefore includes two chapters on political discourse that center on Forbes Burnham and Cheddi Jagan. It also engages the Calibanesque literary tradition, which is the site of constant articulation of this belonging in and through labor. It is in this tradition that the grammar of native being for blacks and Indians is articulated and the subaltern subject becomes the sovereign subject within western modernity. Not only have we reached the productive limit of the Caliban tradition which reproduces the conditions for bourgeois humanism—conquest, native displacement, and modern labor—but it leads to a misreading of indigenous writing because it is always viewed through the epistemological strategies of labor.
The most difficult part of this work has been confronting the way in which the reworking of indigeneity for Creole being has and continues to require the subordination and displacement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean. In Guyanese society and politics, they are marginalized by every successive administration. Moreover, while they did not provide labor for the Caribbean Plantation to the extent of blacks and Indians, they are brought into the regime of labor of our discourse and forced to continue to work for creole being, where they serve as the limit of Creole humanity. The displacement of the region’s aboriginal peoples both in cultural discourse and in political economy has become essential for Creole being and sovereignty.
Creole Indigeneity: Between Myth and Nation in the Caribbean and associate professor of English at Texas A&M University.
"Shona Jackson’s Creole Indigeneity breaks open a long-standing conundrum on the relationship between diasporan blacks and the modes of indigeneity with which they are both intersected with and/or located as oppositional to by dominant discourses in the West. Simply put, it is must-reading for all scholars of blackness and the African Diaspora because she does indeed ‘illuminate those interwoven histories beneath the surface’ that inform our broad and deeply complex ancestries."
—Michelle M. Wright, Northwestern University
This content also appears on the First Peoples: New Directions in Indigenous Studies blog.
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Long-Term Food Storage Guidelines
Those that are planning to store food for long-term emergencies know that certain foods do not always stand the test of time. Natural elements such as sunlight, moisture and oxygen can dramatically reduce the lifespan of some of our favorite foods. Therefore, re-packaging food in better quality food liners and eliminating any oxygen present in the package can extend the shelf life of most foods dramatically. When re-packaging foods, using a multi-barrier approach will keep these natural elements out of the container when sealed.
Having a guideline on hand of which foods last longer than others will ensure that your food supply stays within it’s expiration. According to the National Terror Alert website, the following foods can be stored for long-term use.
Guidelines for Food Storage:
Use within 6 months:
- Powdered milk (in box)
- Dried fruit (in metal container)
- Dry, crisp crackers (in metal container)
- Dried potatoes
Use Within 1 year:
- Canned condensed meat and vegetable soups
- Canned fruit, fruit juices and vegetables
- Ready-to-eat cereals and uncooked instant cereals (in metal containers)
- Peanut butter
- Hard candy and canned nuts
- Vegetable oil
May Be Stored Indefinitely (in proper containers and conditions):
- Dried Corn
- Instant coffee, tea and cocoa
- Non carbonated soft drinks
- White rice
- Bouillon products
- Dry pasta
- Powdered milk (in nitrogen packed cans)
Tess Pennington is the author of The Prepper’s Blueprint, a comprehensive guide that uses real-life scenarios to help you prepare for any disaster. Because a crisis rarely stops with a triggering event the aftermath can spiral, having the capacity to cripple our normal ways of life. The well-rounded, multi-layered approach outlined in the Blueprint helps you make sense of a wide array of preparedness concepts through easily digestible action items and supply lists.
Tess is also the author of the highly rated Prepper’s Cookbook, which helps you to create a plan for stocking, organizing and maintaining a proper emergency food supply and includes over 300 recipes for nutritious, delicious, life-saving meals.
Visit her web site at ReadyNutrition.com for an extensive compilation of free information on preparedness, homesteading, and healthy living.
This information has been made available by Ready Nutrition
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Noted for its bizarre hydrocarbon lakes and frozen methane clouds, Saturn's largest moon, Titan, also appears to have widespread drizzles of methane, according to a team of astronomers at the University of California, Berkeley. New near-infrared images from ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile and the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii show for the first time a nearly global cloud cover at high elevations and, dreary as it may seem, a widespread and persistent morning drizzle of methane over the western foothills of Titan's major continent, Xanadu.
In most of the Keck and VLT images, liquid methane clouds and drizzle appear at the morning edge of Titan, the arc of the moon that has just rotated into the light of the sun.
"Titan's topography could be causing this drizzle," said Imke de Pater, member of the team that made the discovery. "The rain could be caused by processes similar to those on Earth: moisture laden clouds pushed upslope by winds condense to form a coastal rain."
Lead author Máté Ádámkovics noted that only areas near Xanadu exhibited morning drizzle, and not always in the same spot. Depending on conditions, the drizzle could hit the ground or turn into a ground mist. The drizzle or mist seems to dissipate after local mid-morning, which, because Titan takes 16 Earth days to rotate once, is about three Earth days after sunrise. "Maybe only Xanadu has misty mornings," he said.
Ádámkovics first saw evidence of widespread, cirrus-like clouds and methane drizzle when analysing data taken on 28 February 2005 from a new instrument on the VLT - the Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (SINFONI). Further images and spectra taken on April 17, 2006, by the OH-Suppressing Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph (OSIRIS) on Keck II confirmed the clouds. Both instruments measure spectra of light at many points in an image rather than averaging over a small aperture or slit. By subtracting light reflected from the surface from the light reflected by the clouds, the researchers were able to obtain images of the clouds covering the entire moon.
Titan, larger than the planet Mercury, is the only moon in the Solar System with a thick atmosphere, which is comprised mostly of nitrogen and resembles Earth's early atmosphere. Previous observations have shown that the entire moon is swathed in a hydrocarbon haze extending as high as 500 kilometres, becoming thinner with height. The south pole area exhibits more haze than elsewhere, with a hood of haze at an altitude between 30 and 50 kilometres.
Because of its extremely cold surface temperature - minus 183 degrees Celsius - trace chemicals such as methane and ethane, which are explosive gases on Earth, exist as liquids or solids on Titan. Some level features on the surface near the poles are thought to be lakes of liquid hydrocarbon analogous to Earth's watery oceans, and presumably these lakes are filled by methane precipitation. ESA's Huygens probe observed features that appear to be controlled by flows down slopes, whether caused by precipitation or springs.
Until now, however, no rain had been observed directly.
"Widespread and persistent drizzle may be the dominant mechanism for returning methane to the surface from the atmosphere and closing the methane cycle, [analogous to Earth's water cycle]", the authors wrote.
Actual clouds on Titan were first imaged in 2001 by de Pater's group and colleagues at Caltech using the Keck II telescope with adaptive optics and confirmed what had been inferred from spectra of Titan's atmosphere. These frozen methane clouds hovered at an elevation of about 30 kilometres around Titan's south pole.
Since then, isolated ethane clouds have been observed at the north pole by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, while both Cassini and Keck photographed methane clouds scattered at mid-southern latitudes. Also in 2005, the ESA Huygens probe, released by Cassini, plummeted through Titan's atmosphere, collecting data on methane relative humidity. These data provided evidence for frozen methane clouds between 25 and 30 kilometres in elevation and liquid methane clouds - with possible drizzle - between 15 and 25 kilometres high. The extent of the clouds detected in the descent area was unclear, however, because "a single weather station like Huygens cannot characterize the meteorology on a planet-wide scale," said co-author Michael H. Wong.
The new images show clearly a widespread cloud cover of frozen methane at a height of 25 to 35 kilometres - "a new type of cloud, a big global cloud of methane," Ádámkovics said - that is consistent with Huygens' measurements, plus liquid methane clouds in the tropopause below 20 kilometres with rain at lower elevations.
"The clouds we see are like cirrus clouds on Earth," Ádámkovics said. "One difference is that the methane droplets are predicted to be at least millimetre-sized on Titan, that is, a thousand times larger than in terrestrial clouds. Since the clouds have about the same moisture content as Earth's clouds, this means the droplets on Titan are much more spread out and have a lower density in the atmosphere, which makes the clouds hard to detect."
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Octopuses inhabit various regions of the ocean, including coral reefs, pelagic waters, and the seabed. Octopuses live in every ocean, and different species have adapted to different marine habitats. As juveniles, common octopuses inhabit shallow tide pools.
The Hawaiian day octopus lives on coral reefs; Argonauts drift in pelagic waters. Abdopus aculeatus mostly lives in near-shore sea-grass beds. Some species are adapted to the cold, ocean depths.
The spoon-armed octopus is found in abyssal plains at depths of 1,000 m. The cirrate species are often free-swimming and live in deep-water habitats. No species are known to live in fresh water.
Most species grow quickly, mature early and are short-lived. Some species live for as little as six months. The giant Pacific octopus, one of the two largest species of octopus, may live for as much as five years.
Install this theme and enjoy HD wallpapers of octopuses every time you open a new tab in Google Chrome.
This new tab extension brings you a large variety of high definition images of octopus. You can launch a slideshow and enjoy an awesome wallpaper animation. You can also shuffle all wallpapers, or only your favorites. We add new pictures regularly. You can customize the background and add up to 20 pictures of your own if you want.
Search the web using Bing or select Google instead. Get quick access to your most visited sites, chrome apps like Gmail, games, or quick reminder with To-Do List right on the extension. Date, time, temperature, weather forecast, and even music can be shown on the octopus new tab if you need. You can enjoy all these features for free!
Octopus New Tab is your gateway to a beautiful journey, where you can personalize everything to your liking and stay on top of things by getting organized and track your to-do list.
Install Octopus New Tab extension in the Chrome Store.
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Another way to say constant rate of change is slope of a linear line.
Notice that in answer (1), while x is getting bigger, so is y — this is a positive slope of 3, and definitely does not match with the -3 we are looking for.
If you graph answer 2, it’s all over the place and doesn’t even have a constant rate of change.
Looking at the graph in answer 3, we can either use rise over run or the slope formula
m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) using two points on the graph (0,3) and (1,1). We can also say “When x goes up by 1, how much does y change?” and here we can see the slope is -2.
For answer 4, we would divide both sides by 2 to get a y= mx + b which would be y = -3x + 5 and here we can see the slope (m) would be -3.
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A gene linked to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addiction might also help you live to be 100.
A study published in the Journal of Neuroscience found that a version of a gene coding for a receptor for the brain chemical dopamine was 66% more common among people who lived to be 90 or older than among a group of younger people who were otherwise similar. The variant leads to a weaker response to the neurotransmitter, lowering the activity of the dopamine system that is responsible for generating feelings of pleasure, desire and reward, as well as for regulating movement.
The study included over 1000 people aged 90 to 109 who lived in the Leisure World retirement community in Laguna Woods, California. They were part of a group of nearly 14,000 highly educated people of mostly European ancestry who were initially studied in 1981.
Not only did the researchers find that the variant was more common among the oldest participants, they also learned that these people were also more physically active than their counterparts who lacked this particular version of the receptor. Having a less effective pleasure-generating dopamine system, the researchers speculate, may cause people to seek greater stimulation, making them more vigorous in the search for greater arousal. Perhaps as a result, these participants were twice as likely to exercise when first surveyed in 1981— and they remained considerably more active than those without the variant when data was collected again in 2003. That, say the researchers, may be the key to their longevity.
When dopamine isn’t regulated properly, it can contribute to a dysfunctional pursuit of good feelings, such as occurs in addictions, or lead to a hyperactive state as in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These conditions are generally associated with an increased risk of early death, rather than longevity, but the latest study suggests that “risk” genes for certain problems in some environments may be beneficial in other situations. It’s not helpful to think of genes as “good” or “bad,” in other words, but instead to consider them as more dynamic.
MORE: How to Live 100 Years
The dopamine variant may be a good example. This gene has been connected to ADHD, which in turn is linked to a 50% increase in the risk of car accidents, for example, as well as similar increases in other risk-taking behaviors that can lead to accidental injury and early death. Studies have also correlated the variant to heightened promiscuity and infidelity, which carry a higher incidence of sexually-transmitted disease.
But if people with this genetic variant make it past the risky years of adolescence and early adulthood, then the positive benefits of being physically active throughout their lifetime may give them some extra years. People with ADHD, for example, are often unable to sit still, and the constant fidgeting and activity may end up having a net positive effect on their ability to avoid chronic diseases associated with being sedentary. Even thrill-seeking behavior often requires physical exertion, so those who survive the potentially dangerous activities of their youth may actually live longer than those who weren’t always in pursuit of the next high.
That theory seems to be supported by the study, since the analysis found that the gene variant increased longevity mainly in women. “This gender difference could reflect potentially negative (and often risky) behaviors associated with [the gene] earlier in life, such as ADHD and drug abuse, which have a significant male bias,” the authors write.
The authors also studied the dopamine variant in rats, and found that the lifespans of animals genetically modified to lack the particular variant were 7-10% shorter than those of normal rats. The reason may have had something to do with their physical activity: the “knockout” rats missing the genetic variant were also less active. And while normal rats live longer if they are provided with more companionship and an environment that offers more opportunity for learning and exploration, the knockout rats didn’t get any benefit from such enrichment.
That suggests that the dopamine variant also depends on some interaction with the environment in which it exists. Previous studies found that the boys who were abused and possessed the variant, for example, were more likely to have conduct disorders, while those with the genetic variant but not abused actually were at lower risk of having behavioral problems than those who didn’t have the variant at all.
Similar yin-yang effects have been seen with genes linked with depression that seem to provide an advantage in some environments, as well as genes linked with autism that appear to be correlate with mathematical and engineering talent. Which argues against selecting traits based purely on their most obvious benefits: most traits, and the genes that are behind them, seem to come in different flavors that confer both benefits and risks.
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It won’t keep the milk cold in the office refrigerator, but University of Cincinnati researchers say their concept for using the sun to light interior spaces is way more efficient than turning solar irradiance into electricity and then using that to power light bulbs.
The researchers call the concept SmartLight, and it’s basically a way to direct the massive amount of sunlight that hits office buildings to where it’s wanted, when it’s wanted.
The heart of the system: “electrofluidic cells” (as the name suggests, these are cells filled with fluid that can be electrically manipulated, and are now used for a wide range of purposes, including displays like E Ink). In the Cincinnati design, a grid of such cells would be powered by embedded photovoltaics, and applied near the top of a window. According to the researchers:
Each tiny cell – only a few millimeters wide – contains fluid with optical properties as good or better than glass. The surface tension of the fluid can be rapidly manipulated into shapes such as lenses or prisms through minimal electrical stimulation – about 10,000 to 100,000 times less power than what’s needed to light a traditional incandescent bulb. In this way, sunlight passing through the cell can be controlled.
With that, light could be programmed to be bounced and focused around a room to fit needs and desires. Even more valuably, perhaps, “Yet another portion of light might be transmitted across the empty, uppermost spaces in a room to an existing or newly installed transom window fitted with its own electrofluidic grid,” the researchers say. “From there, the process could be repeated to enable sunlight to reach the deepest, most ‘light-locked’ areas of any building. And it’s all done without needing to install new wiring, ducts, tubes or cables.
The researchers even have an idea for what to do when the sun’s not shining:
SmartLight can funnel surplus light into a centralized harvesting- and energy-storing hub within the building. The stored energy could then be used to beam electrical lighting back through the building when natural light levels are low. The Smart Light’s grid is so responsive – each cell can switch by the second – it can react dynamically to varying light levels throughout the day, meaning office lighting levels would remain constant during bright mornings spent catching up on email, stormy lunch hours spent eating at your desk, and late nights spent reviewing the budget.
Now, if this sounds a bit pie-in-the-sky and futuristic, it is true that Smart Light needs work. The researchers say “much” but not all of the “science and technology required to make the SmartLight commercially viable already exists,” and that’s what needed now is “enough funding to create a large-scale prototype which could call the attention of government or industry partners interested in bringing SmartLight to market.”
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It is very hard to articulate the premises beneath the religion of technology. The idea of progress is essential to it, of course. But it is not exactly the Enlightenment idea of progress, as expounded by Condorcet for instance. For though this assumed that, with the accumulation of knowledge, men would become superior creatures, it also assumed that this knowledge would be moral and philosophical, not merely technological. In contrast, we do not assert man's necessary goodness but locate the necessity in man's power. We are therefore opposed to any authority, moral, philosophical or political, that would set "arbitrary" limits to the way in which the increase of technological knowledge shapes our world. We are against a "closed society," for an "open" one. Open to what? Well, to perfection perhaps, but to the future certainly. The justification for modernity is to be found in the modern adventure itself.
One of the consequences, however, of living in a world where Flux is king is that it is ever more difficult to have ideas with any sort of purchase on reality. That is, probably, the reason why the modern age has also been the Age of Ideologies. Being incapable of adequate knowledge, we console ourselves with a total knowledge. If we are constantly being moved by forces outside our control, it is a blessing to be informed that they are at least encompassed in our intelligence.
The word "ideology," as we use it today, has an interesting origin. It came into existence in France at the end of the eighteenth century, to signify the study of ideas as entities derived wholly from sense impressions--a belated French variant of British empiricism, though with a barely concealed antireligious bias. Napoleon detested this approach as preparing the way for the subversion of morality, patriotism, and the police; and he heaped scorn upon "ideologues" as irresponsible speculators who were up to no good. Possibly because Napoleon used the word pejoratively, "ideology" later came to be used as a flattering synonym for idealism and the more elevated social sentiments generally. The upshot is the ambiguous term we have now, describing an intellectual enterprise that (a) attempts to give a comprehensive explanation of the past, present, and future of mankind; and (b) incorporates in this explanation an imperative of social transformation.
Ideologies are religions of a sort, but they differ from the older kinds in that they argue from information instead of, ultimately, from ignorance. They do not ask us to trust in an inscrutable Providence, but to accept a reading of events which are happening here and now, in the world about us. It is not knowledge of these events that ideology disseminates, but their "true" meaning which it renders. And therefore ideology presupposes an antecedent "enlightenment"; before it can do its special job of work, facts must be widely available, and curiosity about these facts quickened. Men must be more interested in the news of this world than in the tidings from another. The most obdurate enemy of ideology is illiteracy; which is why all ideological regimes set out to eradicate this, first of all.
The philosophes of the Enlightenment, whatever might be said against them did regard themselves as philosophers--Baconian rather than Aristotelian, to be sure, but philosophers nevertheless. And they looked forward to the day when all men would be philosophers; this was the radical novelty of their undertaking, and this was the root of their zeal for the promotion and circulation of knowledge. What made them, despite themselves, the first ideologists was an event they did not anticipate: the intrusion--overwhelming and transfiguring--into the lives of men and polities of modern scientific technology. This had two extraordinary consequences: (1) The prospect of indefinite material enrichment, of an earthly contentment attainable by all, heightened a quality that all men always possessed but which they had only rarely an opportunity to express. That quality was impatience. (It is the emergence of this quality as a social and political phenomenon that economists call, a bit grandly, "die revolution of rising expectations.") and (2) the world that technology made had so many more people in it, was so complicated in its organization, was above all so protean in its measure, that it was beyond anyone's comprehension. The bridge between (1) and (2) was ideology, which was simultaneously promise and explanation.
Democracy itself is, of course, a perfectly respectable, traditional political idea. But under modern conditions, it too tends to lapse into the ideological. Thus, because we have conceived of democratic government in such a way as to assume that an "informed public opinion" is something in which every citizen ought to have an equal share, we are loath to face the fact that this conception is, under present conditions, absurd. It is not merely that there is so much to know. It is also that we so often don't even know what little we think we do know, and this can hold true for areas of American life in which we are personally involved and for which we may have some kind of personal responsibility.
Daniel Bell's brilliant new book, The End of Ideology (Free Press), addresses itself in a comprehensive way to the problem of the modern world's sophisticated ignorance. One of its chapters is devoted to an analysis of crime statistic show they are collected and calculated, by whom, for what purposes, etc. Reading that chapter is a chastening experience for those of us who have (and who has not?) expressed large opinions on the subject. For it turns out that the statistics are so partial and imperfect that it is impossible to say firmly whether or not crime really has increased in the United States (relative to the growth in population, that is) over the past five decades. Professor Bell's own belief is that it has not. What has happened, he suggests, is that it has only become more pervasive. Formerly restricted to the city slums, crime has "spread" as these slums have spilled over into what were once genteel neighborhoods. The memory that many people cherish today, of a period when it was safe to walk along the streets at night, is not an illusion. Those streets did exist, as for the most part they do not today. But there were other streets along which one never dreamed of walking, of whose existence one might have been unaware, over on the other side of the tracks, or of the park. One's middle-class memory naturally does not include them.
Now, crime is a "newsworthy" subject, and the press, radio, and TV cannot be said to have neglected it. Yet the kind of point Mr. Bell is making is not what they communicate to us. Why not? It is tempting to say accusingly that these mass media underestimate the intelligence of the public, pander to its instincts for the sensational; and there can be no doubt that the melodramatic definition of "news" which is now unassailably orthodox (it is the one that is accepted in all journalism schools) is an unmitigated curse. Yet it will not do simply to call upon the top executives of our mass media to rededicate themselves to the proposition of an "informed public opinion." For the major reason they do not tell us this sort of thing about crime in America is, quite simply, that they do not know it. How should they? True, they can now read it in Mr. Bell's book. But it is a big book (over 400 pages), there are so many books in so many fields, one s time is inevitably limited, one is called on every day to say something, etc., etc. In the end, one must accept these apologies as valid, and realize that people who are busy putting out newspapers do not have the time, the energy, and often the talent to find out the facts about the enormously complicated world we live in.
That reference to talent is not meant invidiously. It is true that the methods of recruiting personnel for the American press are antiquated in the extreme; that a foreign news editor of a major newspaper will in all likelihood not know a single foreign language and be unable to pass a college senior's examination in modern history; that journalistic skill in the abstract (which is the skill of the hack writer) is preferred over any specific competence. But while there is a margin for improvement in these respects, it is not so wide as some think. The ability to discover truth is so rare because the act of discovery is intrinsically so difficult--it requires not merely training and intelligence, but also imagination, insight, and infinite patience. One cannot expect these talents to be widely diffused. Mr. Bell's book demonstrates that they do indeed exist; but his is a rather lonely eminence.
Another chapter in The End of Ideology illustrates this point. It is an account of the situation along New York's waterfront. That this situation is scandalous our press, in collaboration with various Congressional committees, has made known. But a reading of Mr. Bell's chapter makes us realize how badly we have been informed about the roots of this scandal--in history, in economics, in the sociology of the ethnic groups involved. And we are reminded once again that the process of discovering truths about our social world is coming more and more to resemble that of discovering truths about our physical world: it is impossible to know who is capable of disclosing them until after he has done so--because one cannot know what the knowledge of these truths implies and involves until after they have been made known.
The only perceptible result of a grandiloquent emphasis on "informed public opinion" is to encourage reliance on ideology. A man with an ideology can experience the sense of being genuinely well-informed because he reads the newspapers as a way of confirming his beliefs; and newspapers are doubtless useful for this purpose. Sometimes it seems that this kind of ideological opinionatedness is actually what our society means by an "Informed public opinion." How else explain the extraordinary phenomenon of "youth forums"? At these events, young and immature people are positively encouraged to form and express opinions on matters they know nothing, and can know nothing, about. They may drop or revise these opinions as they grow older; but they are all too likely to retain the habit of forming half-baked opinions, and to regard this as an exercise in civic responsibility. Would it not be more desirable to inculcate young people with the sense of the risk, of the presumption, associated with their having opinions at all?
It is Mr. Bell's conviction that American realities have been obscured mainly because the effort has been to conceive of them in European terms. Ours, he points out, is the first society that has "built in" the principle of constant social change, has oriented all our institutions toward the predominance of this principle; whereas in older societies, change is something external and coercive that "happens" to institutions whose assumption is one of permanence, or at least duration. Mr. Bell proves his thesis with wit and vigor, particularly for those European categories that have their provenance in Marxism. But his is not an apologia for "American exceptionalism," for he is well aware that Americans are capable of manufacturing ideologies of their own.
To take one instance: the transformation of American society which we have witnessed during the past three decades is related in our textbooks in entirely mythical terms. The myth, as presented, goes something like this: with the advent of the New Deal, American society amended its individualistic, laisser-faire tradition in the direction of creating a "welfare state"; and this welfare state, by purposeful intervention in the nation's economic life, has brought the business cycle under control as well as producing a fairer (i.e., more equal) distribution of the nation's wealth. It is, understandably, liberal Democrats who are most assiduous in urging this interpretation; but it is by now a non-party affair. There is no question that American society is more prosperous today than it was thirty years ago, and anyone who casts doubt upon the standard explanation might leave the impression of begrudging it--which is the last impression any politician wants to create.
Yet, as Mr. Bell points out, the most important feature of the Big Change we have lived through since the great depression of the 30S is not the social reforms of the New Deal (there were few social reforms to speak of under the "Fair Deal" of President Truman). It is the fantastic growth of the military budget: "Of every dollar spent in I953 by the U. S. Government, eighty-eight cents went for defense and payment of past wars; social security, health and welfare, education, and housing comprised 4 per cent of the budget." In other words, what we like to think of as the "Roosevelt Revolution" can be more accurately described as "The Revolution of World War II." The social reforms of the New Deal were long overdue, but it was not they that released America's frozen productive resources, or made for any purposeful management of the economic system. It was war, and the ensuing struggle for world leadership, which did that.
As for the more equal distribution of wealth, there is little evidence that anything of the sort has taken place. The poor have got richer; but so have the rich. It is true that the working and middle classes now have a larger share of the national income, if not of the national wealth. But this is a normal aspect of prosperity in an industrialized (maybe in any) society, and is nothing but a function of the fact that the rich are, by definition, only a tiny part of the population. The high taxes on large incomes may have some moral and political value, but they have little economic significance. The only class that would suffer if these taxes were reduced would be the tax lawyers.
There is no question that terribly important things have happened to America in recent decades; but "the end of ideology" is not one of them, and Mr. Bell's title is in that respect a little misleading. The feverish urge for material improvement and technological innovation is as prevalent as it ever was; the need for easy explanations of the tangled, incomprehensible reality is as pressing. What has happened is that one particular form of ideology has collapsed. By the "end of ideology," Mr. Bell appears to mean, above all, the collapse of the socialist ideal. And he is quite correct in the emphasis he puts upon this event.
It is not too much to say that the collapse of the socialist ideal is the most striking event in the history of political thought in this century. The process of its deflation has been so intermittent--an irregular series of gasps rather than one instantaneous exhalation--that it is not easy for us to grasp its full significance. Since the death of socialism has not affected our belief in progress, we are tempted to interpret its passing as merely one episode in the interminable education of the human race. Socialism was useful in its time in calling attention to certain unpleasant aspects of modern life; we have absorbed its insights while transcending its dogmatism and naivete--that sort of thing represents the common enlightenment attitude. (The unenlightened are convinced that we have socialism.) But it is not so easy as that. . . .
What this view ignores is that, while we are all as strongly committed as ever to "creating a better world," it was socialism--and socialism alone--which in the past century attempted to offer a full definition of this ideal. It was socialism that proposed a system of controlling modern technology for human purposes, that sustained a vision of the good society and the good life. The socialist critique of capitalist society, cogent enough in many ways, was its least significant aspect. This critique was not a socialist prerogative, and certainly not a socialist monopoly; most of the reforms it advocated were in the end enacted by non-socialists, for non-socialist (if sometimes humane) reasons. There are many former socialists who take satisfaction in the belief that socialism expired because the capitalist parties "stole" essential parts of its program. But this is to fall into the same fallacy as do the inveterate laisser-fairistes--it is to identify the emergence of the "welfare state" (or, as it can be just as properly called, the "managerial state") with the creeping success of socialism. This is itself nothing but a flight into ideology, whether consolatory or alarmist.
Socialism did not succeed; it failed. The socialist impulse was, like all human impulses, a mixed thing. But it was--particularly in its original, pre-Marxian form, which was never quite extinguished--as much a philosophical ideal as an ideology. It set out to master man's fate, not rationalize it. It aimed at a community of virtuous men, whose dominant motive would be compassion and fellow-feeling. Whether or not this ideal is intrinsically utopian--i.e., unsuited to man's fallen nature--is endlessly arguable. But what is absolutely clear is that socialism turned out to be utterly unsuited to the nature of modern man. For, in this nature, concupiscence is stronger than compassion--a concupiscence that is constantly stimulated (even as it is fleetingly satisfied) by the unfolding promise of modern technology to create ever greater wealth. Socialists thought that the "abolition of poverty" would purify and ennoble human nature, and were therefore persuaded that technology worked ineluctably in its favor. They turned out to be wrong. In large areas of the world today, there is wealth enough for people to live full and contented lives in socialist equality and fraternity--if only people wanted to. They do not. What they want is--more. Though what they want more for, they do not know.
Our commitment to a "better world" is intense and unconditional, but it floats uneasily in a void. The President has appointed a committee to compose a memorandum that will define our "national goals" and "national purpose." The radical nature of this action has, surprisingly, gone unremarked: only a couple of decades back it would have been taken for granted that a "national purpose" was the blind sum of individual purposes. The pathetic nature of the President's action has, on the other hand, evoked some tart comment. The goals of life are not something constructed in committee, we know. But we do not know much more than this.
Still, if the modern world is not yet ripe for a political philosophy that will enable it to control the energies it has set loose, it is a good thing for it to be continually chastened by the exposure of its ideological daydreams and nightmares. A true knowledge of facts does not in itself, of course, lead to knowledge of ends. But false knowledge excludes the very possibility of it. The demolition of ideologies, as executed in Bell's work, cannot tell us where we ought to go, as Americans and twentieth-century men. But it does at least help us to keep up with ourselves.
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Q: Can obesity prevent ovulation?
A: The presence of adipose or fat tissue in obese women leads to a decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin, and an increase in androgens (male hormones). This negatively affects the production of follicles in the ovary. In addition, an increased level of male hormones may prevent ovulation and can also lead to menstrual irregularities and amenorrhea.
Obese women are also more likely to be diagnosed with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), and insulin resistance.
If you want to know if you fall into the overweight or obese category, find your BMI (body mass index). An optimal BMI would be between 20 and 25. Obesity also leads to an increase in heart disease and hypertension.
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Swap the stars with the moons, using only knights' moves (as on a
chess board). What is the smallest number of moves possible?
10 space travellers are waiting to board their spaceships. There
are two rows of seats in the waiting room. Using the rules, where
are they all sitting? Can you find all the possible ways?
What is the best way to shunt these carriages so that each train
can continue its journey?
Can you shunt the trucks so that the Cattle truck and the Sheep
truck change places and the Engine is back on the main line?
In a square in which the houses are evenly spaced, numbers 3 and 10
are opposite each other. What is the smallest and what is the
largest possible number of houses in the square?
Hover your mouse over the counters to see which ones will be
removed. Click to remover them. The winner is the last one to
remove a counter. How you can make sure you win?
Here you see the front and back views of a dodecahedron. Each
vertex has been numbered so that the numbers around each pentagonal
face add up to 65. Can you find all the missing numbers?
Take a rectangle of paper and fold it in half, and half again, to
make four smaller rectangles. How many different ways can you fold
What is the greatest number of counters you can place on the grid below without four of them lying at the corners of a square?
In how many ways can you fit two of these yellow triangles
together? Can you predict the number of ways two blue triangles can
be fitted together?
Building up a simple Celtic knot. Try the interactivity or download
the cards or have a go on squared paper.
You have 4 red and 5 blue counters. How many ways can they be
placed on a 3 by 3 grid so that all the rows columns and diagonals
have an even number of red counters?
A dog is looking for a good place to bury his bone. Can you work
out where he started and ended in each case? What possible routes
could he have taken?
A tetromino is made up of four squares joined edge to edge. Can
this tetromino, together with 15 copies of itself, be used to cover
an eight by eight chessboard?
What is the smallest cuboid that you can put in this box so that
you cannot fit another that's the same into it?
How many different ways can you find of fitting five hexagons
together? How will you know you have found all the ways?
How many different cuboids can you make when you use four CDs or
DVDs? How about using five, then six?
How many DIFFERENT quadrilaterals can be made by joining the dots
on the 8-point circle?
How can you arrange the 5 cubes so that you need the smallest number of Brush Loads of paint to cover them? Try with other numbers of cubes as well.
How many different triangles can you make on a circular pegboard that has nine pegs?
This article for teachers describes how modelling number properties
involving multiplication using an array of objects not only allows
children to represent their thinking with concrete materials,. . . .
This 100 square jigsaw is written in code. It starts with 1 and ends with 100. Can you build it up?
A magician took a suit of thirteen cards and held them in his hand
face down. Every card he revealed had the same value as the one he
had just finished spelling. How did this work?
What happens to the area of a square if you double the length of
the sides? Try the same thing with rectangles, diamonds and other
shapes. How do the four smaller ones fit into the larger one?
Cut four triangles from a square as shown in the picture. How many
different shapes can you make by fitting the four triangles back
What shape has Harry drawn on this clock face? Can you find its
area? What is the largest number of square tiles that could cover
Imagine a wheel with different markings painted on it at regular
intervals. Can you predict the colour of the 18th mark? The 100th
What is the total area of the four outside triangles which are
outlined in red in this arrangement of squares inside each other?
One face of a regular tetrahedron is painted blue and each of the
remaining faces are painted using one of the colours red, green or
yellow. How many different possibilities are there?
A toy has a regular tetrahedron, a cube and a base with triangular
and square hollows. If you fit a shape into the correct hollow a
bell rings. How many times does the bell ring in a complete game?
Can you find ways of joining cubes together so that 28 faces are
Is it possible to rearrange the numbers 1,2......12 around a clock
face in such a way that every two numbers in adjacent positions
differ by any of 3, 4 or 5 hours?
Can you see why 2 by 2 could be 5? Can you predict what 2 by 10
Imagine a pyramid which is built in square layers of small cubes. If we number the cubes from the top, starting with 1, can you picture which cubes are directly below this first cube?
Can you predict when you'll be clapping and when you'll be clicking
if you start this rhythm? How about when a friend begins a new
rhythm at the same time?
This challenge involves eight three-cube models made from
interlocking cubes. Investigate different ways of putting the
models together then compare your constructions.
It is possible to dissect any square into smaller squares. What is
the minimum number of squares a 13 by 13 square can be dissected
How can you arrange these 10 matches in four piles so that when you
move one match from three of the piles into the fourth, you end up
with the same arrangement?
Investigate the number of paths you can take from one vertex to
another in these 3D shapes. Is it possible to take an odd number
and an even number of paths to the same vertex?
We start with one yellow cube and build around it to make a 3x3x3
cube with red cubes. Then we build around that red cube with blue
cubes and so on. How many cubes of each colour have we used?
Can you maximise the area available to a grazing goat?
Make a cube out of straws and have a go at this practical
An extension of noughts and crosses in which the grid is enlarged
and the length of the winning line can to altered to 3, 4 or 5.
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the watering can and man in a boat?
A game for 2 players. Given a board of dots in a grid pattern, players take turns drawing a line by connecting 2 adjacent dots. Your goal is to complete more squares than your opponent.
Here are four tiles. They can be arranged in a 2 by 2 square so that this large square has a green edge. If the tiles are moved around, we can make a 2 by 2 square with a blue edge... Now try to. . . .
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the workmen?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outline of Little Ming and Little Fung dancing?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of the candle and sundial?
Can you fit the tangram pieces into the outlines of Mai Ling and Chi Wing?
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All living things are made up of cells.The designs of different types of cells are related to their functions.
Animal cells and plant cells have in common features, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Bacterial and yeast cells have different structures to animal and plant cells. Dissolved substances go in and out of cells by diffusion.
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Membrane Distillation for Desalination and Other Separations
Saketa Yarlagadda, Lucy M. Camacho, Veera G. Gude, Zuojun Wei and Shuguang Deng
Pages 128-158 (31)
Membrane distillation is an emerging membrane technology used for desalination of seawater or brackish water, solution concentration, recovery of volatile compounds from aqueous solutions and other separation and purification processes. Membrane distillation differs from other membrane technologies in that the driving force for separation is the difference in vapor pressure of volatile compound across the membrane, rather than total pressure. The main advantage of membrane distillation over the conventional thermal distillation is that membrane distillation could occur at a much lower temperature than the conventional thermal distillation. The membranes used in membrane distillation are hydrophobic, which allow water vapor to pass through but not liquid solution. The vapor pressure gradient is created by heating the feed solution and cooling/purging the condensate in the permeate side. Therefore, membrane distillation enables separation to occur below the normal boiling point of the feed solution and could utilize low-grade heat from alternative energy sources. The objective of this review is to cover the basic principles and configurations of membrane distillation process, membrane physical characteristics, heat and mass transfer characteristics, and the effect of operating conditions. Also, major applications of this new technology in desalination, food industry and environmental protection, and latest patent developments and future trend in membrane distillation are presented.
Desalination, membranes, membrane distillation, renewable energy, patents, chemical engineering, heat and mass transfer
Chemical Engineering Department, Jett Hall, Room 259, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, MSC 3805, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001.
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Ghats (gŏts) [key] [Hindi, = steps], two mountain ranges of S India, paralleling the coasts of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and forming two sides of the Deccan plateau. Anai Mudi (8,841 ft/2,695 m) is the highest peak in the two ranges, which are joined by the Nilgiri Hills in the south. The Western Ghats, c.1,000 mi (1,600 km) long, extend SE from the Tapti valley, N of Mumbai, to Kanniyakumri (Cape Comorin) at the southern tip of India; a formidable barrier, they have only one major break, the Palghat Gap. The western side of the range, which receives heavy rainfall from moist monsoon winds, has lush tropical vegetation and dense hardwood forests; the eastern side is relatively dry. The Western Ghats are the watershed for S India's main eastward-flowing rivers, the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. Short, steep westward-flowing streams provide hydroelectricity to west-coast cities. The Eastern Ghats, a series of hills c.900 mi (1,450 km) long, extend SW from the Mahanadi valley to the Nilgiri Hills; the highest elevations are at the northern and southern ends. Numerous rivers cut across the Eastern Ghats and are used for hydroelectric-power generation and irrigation. The range has valuable hardwood trees.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Ghats from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: South Asia Physical Geography
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Definition of Gene duplication
Gene duplication: An extra copy of a gene. Gene duplication is a key mechanism in evolution. After a gene is duplicated, the once-identical genes can undergo changes and diverge to create two different genes.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
Medical Dictionary Term:
Find out what women really need.
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A chimp-pig hybrid origin for humans?
Scientists investigate how chemicals evolved into communication signals
Startling genetic similarity in tammar wallabies
A national genome study into island populations of the tammar wallaby has revealed a startling level of genetic similarity between males on Garden Island.
New research reveals Ming the Mollusk actually 100 years older than thought
Clam found to be over 500 years old
Further research following a field trip carried out by Bangor University's School of Ocean Sciences in 2006 has led us to identify the age of a clam more accurately.
First Taiwan-born panda cub to meet public in January
The first Taiwan-born giant panda cub is healthy and set to make her public debut in January, a zoo official said Sunday after panda mania swept the island in recent months.
New study reveals why jellyfish are such efficient swimmers (w/ Video)
Giant squid filmed in Pacific depths, Japan scientists report
Scientists and broadcasters said Monday they have captured footage of an elusive giant squid roaming the depths of the Pacific Ocean, showing it in its natural habitat for the first time ever.
Research finds how diving mammals evolved underwater endurance
Scientists at the University of Liverpool have shed new light on how diving mammals, such as the sperm whale, have evolved to survive for long periods underwater without breathing.
Tasmania home to first alpine sword-sedge
Researchers from the University of New England (Australia) and the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney (Australia), have discovered a high-altitude species of sedge from south-western Tasmania. ...
Vienna zoo names baby panda 'Happy Leopard'
Vienna's new baby panda will be named Fu Bao, or Happy Leopard in Mandarin, the city's Schoenbrunn Zoo announced on Thursday, three months after he was born.
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Hannover vets have taught tracking dogs to detect COVID-19 in saliva samples, Reuters reported. Animals are 94 percent effective. Tracking dogs are already helping to identify infected patients at Helsinki and Santiago de Chile airports.
Three-year-old Belgian Shepherd Dog Filou and one-year-old cocker spaniel Joe Cocker are among the dogs trained to detect “coronavirus smell” from the cells of infected people, reports the agency.
“Through their sense of smell, dogs can really distinguish between infected and uninfected people, and also identify Covid-19 patients, including those who do not show symptoms,” says researcher at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Prof. Holger Volk. She added that studies show that the animals detected the disease with an efficiency of 94 percent.We wrote about it HERE.
Stephan Weil, Prime Minister of Lower Saxony, where Hanover is located, said he was impressed with the first results and called for more research. According to him, tracking dogs could be used to secure mass events, e.g. concerts.
Tracking dogs trained to detect samples of patients infected with the coronavirus have been working since September 2020 at the airport in the Finnish capital, Helsinki; dogs are also used for the same purpose at the airport in the Chilean capital, writes Reuters.
Source: Reuters, Polskiobserwator.de, Afronews.de
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The last years of his life were nothing but a miserable picture of despair, hopes, which burst out from time to time, short – time crushes, flushes of alcoholism, constant changes of accommodation. He declaims his “
Edgar Allan Poe’s biography is full of dramatic events and feelings. A man, who loses his parents in the age of 3, a man, who breaks off an engagement with his Richmond beloved (Regan, R, 2005), a man, who loses financial support from his relatives and takes a decision to go to the army is a man, who creates a fabulous world of sophisticated poetry, a mysterious detective story and a laconic, deep, touching short story.
Poetry always appears as something intimate and personal, it is the highest level of literal creating not only in terms of the content, but also in terms of the formal aspect, which actually determines the harmony of the creation itself, its originality and its level of “sophistication”, so to speak. Poe’s poetry is exceptionally touching and heartfelt, for it is saturated with the author’s conception of poetry and its mission: there is nothing more sophisticated and high-toned than the poem itself, a poem, which is nothing else but a poem, a poem, which is written for the poem. A poem is not only a linguistic reflection of the poetic feeling, but also one of the most delicate means to evoke the same poetic feeling in others.
Still Poe didn’t have an opportunity to give his all to his “passion” – poetry. His poetic heritage is rather poor. The late lyrics by Poe didn’t get any brand-new qualities. The diapason of poetic topics is also rather narrow and traditional: love, loss of the beloved, the ideal’s inaccessibility, the fluidity and mortality of all existing in the world, impossibility to express secret thoughts with words. Regarding romantic imagination as something high – souled and exquisite, he still realizes, that it has not only its limits, but also has a quality of running down. Thus, he pays great attention to the formal aspect of the poem, to its structure, music, rhythmic image of beauty, melody – this is his professional, technical and theoretical definition of poetry.
The Poe’s poem doesn’t actually operate with the idea of plot. The best pieces of his poetry do have a strenuous inner dynamic, as a classical example one should take the “Raven”. Eighteen verses of the poem express a gradual, dramatic realization of the hero’s loss, of despair and pain. Raven becomes a symbol of this pain and grief – “Nevermore…” – his constant caw creates a depressing soundtrack to human mourning.
Poe has worked out a complex of methods, which underlain the basis of detective stories. Though, the author “didn’t contribute much to the construction or the content of the detective story” (Stern, P, 1957, p. 26 ), he gave an impulse to develop the genre of the detective novel – Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, Hammet, Simenon and their heroes came out, so to speak, of Poe’s detective.
Poe’s stories are logically structured, one will not find there neither scenes of violence nor atmosphere of cruelty.
Among Poe’s masterpieces, “The fall of the house of Usher” and “William Wilson” should be specially remarked for the author’s portrait and psychological skill to depict a deep character with morbid sensitivity and sophisticated intellect. The morbid concentration of the main hero in “The fall of the house of Usher” on his own personality, his inner affections, his disgust to the reality lead in the end to his tragic collapse. Some critics notice hidden motives, which give an opportunity to assume, that Roderick Usher becomes a predecessor of Adrian Leverkuehn, T. Mann’s main character of the “Doctor Faustus.”
“William Wilson” represents a specific variation of the split mind theme. In the name of fame and success, the main hero strangles the voice of his best “me”, he doesn’t listen to the whisper of his own conscience. As the opposite good genius tries to restrain the hero from making the next indign step, the hero kills him – in the same way, as Dorian Gray thrusts a knife into his portrait, which became his own conscience.
Undoubtedly, Poe has become a writer of the worldwide. But there are still so many rousing discussions about Poe’s place in the American literature. Some critics accuse him of incapability to depict life in its “brightness” and “happiness”, he is blamed for the lack of these colors in his heritage. Some even wonder why he hasn’t created a book “for millions”. But…did he have to? Those common accusations have really nothing to do with the genius of his poetry – poetry in prose, poetry in his world-perception. Poe’s genius conducts pioneer tragic tradition, which reflected the contradiction between the American dream and its fulfillment in reality.
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Monasticism (from Greek: monachos—a solitary person) is the religious practice of renouncing all worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work. Many religions have monastic elements, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam, Jainism though the expressions differ considerably. Those pursuing a monastic life are usually called monks or brothers (male), and nuns or sisters (female). Both monks and nuns may also be called monastics.
In alphabetic order:
The Sangha, democratic order of Buddhist monks and nuns, was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime of missionary work over 2500 years ago. Established to preserve the doctrine and discipline now known as Buddhism, they are a living example for the laity. A monk, known as a Bhikkhu in Pali, firstly ordains as a Samanera (novice) for a year or until the ripe age of 20. If deemed acceptable and able by the order, he then receives full ordination and now lives by the 227 monastic rules, called the Patimokkha , which are stated in the Tripitaka. Buddhist nuns or Bhikkhuni adhere to 311 rules of discipline. Monastics eat one meal at noon and fast until sunrise the following day. Between midday and the next day, a strict life of celibacy, scripture study, chanting, meditation and occasional cleaning forms most of the duties. It is necessary for not only monks but the laity to practice with intuitive insight, in a state of mindfulness and concentration, here and now, to benefit from the experience. Only then is Enlightenment possible.
The distinction between Sangha and lay persons has always been important and forms the Purisa, Buddhist community. Here, monastics teach and counsel the laity at request while laymen and laywomen offer donations for their future support. This inter-connectedness serves as a marriage and has sustained Buddhism to this day.
The legendary Shaolin monasteries of China are perhaps best known in the Western hemisphere from martial art films. Practicing Ch'an of the Mahayana school, this form of Buddhism spread to Korea and subsequently to Japan where it is now known as Zen. According to legend, their founder is known alternatively as Bodhidharma or Ta Mo.
In Tibet, before the Communist invasion in the late 1940s and early '50s, more than half of the country's male population was ordained. Due to the oppression, and destruction of monasteries and libraries by the Chinese, this is no longer the case - the Chinese have historically justified this by the accusation that the Tibetan monks exploited the poor peasantry of Tibet for their sustenance. Hoping to find religious freedom, many Tibetan monks annually risk crossing the Himalayas, often trying to reach India.
In Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar where the religious prevalence is Theravada, there is a common tradition of short ordination. During a school break, many young men usually ordain for a week or two to earn merit for loved ones and to gain knowledge of the Dharma, Buddhist teaching.
Main article: Christian monasticism
Monasticism in Christianity is a family of similar traditions that began to develop early in the history of the Christian Church, modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals, but not mandated as an institution by the Scriptures.
While most people think of Christian or Catholic monks or nuns as "something to do with living in a monastery", from the Church's point of view the focus has nothing to do with living in a monastery or performing any specific activity, rather the focus is on an ideal called the religious life, also called the state of perfection. This idea is expressed everywhere that the things of God are sought above all other things, as seen for example in the Philokalia, a book of monastic writings. In other words, a monk or nun is a person who has vowed to follow not only the commandments of the Church, but also the counsels (e.g., vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience). The words of Jesus which are the cornerstone for this ideal are "be ye perfect like your heavenly Father is perfect".
Christian cenobitic monasticism as it is mainly known in the West started in Egypt. Originally, all Christian monks were hermits, and especially in the Middle East this continued to be very common until the decline of Syrian Christianity in the late Middle Ages. But not everybody is fit for solitary life, and numerous cases of hermits becoming mentally unstable are reported.
The need for some form of organized spiritual guidance was obvious, and around 300 Saint Anthony the Great started to organize his many followers in what was to become the first Christian monastery. Soon the Egyptian desert abounded with similar institutions.
The idea caught on, and other places followed:
Mar Awgin founded a monastery on Mt. Izla above Nisibis in Mesopotamia (~350), and from this monastery the cenobitic tradition spread in Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia and even India and China.
- St. Sabbas the Sanctified organized the monks of the Judean Desert in a monastery close to Bethlehem (483), and this is considered the mother of all monasteries of the Eastern Orthodox churches.
(Hindu ascetic) are often seen meditating in padmasana
(lotus pose). Used with permission from www.kamat.com
In Hinduism, monastic tradition varies somewhat from sect to sect. Historically this path has been open to males only, but some traditions now accept female renunciates as well. Hindu monks are called Sadhus and in most traditions are easily recognized by their saffron robes. Vaisnava monks shave their heads except for a small patch of hair on the back of the head, while Saivite monks in most traditions let their hair and beard grow uncut.
A Sadhu's vow of renunciation typically forbids him from:
- owning personal property apart from a bowl, a cup, two sets of clothing and medical aides such as eyeglasses;
- having any contact with, looking at, thinking of or even being in the presence of women;
- eating for pleasure;
- possessing or even touching money or valuables in any way, shape or form;
- maintaining personal relationships.
Dervishes -- the name given to initiates of sufi orders -- believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. Many of the dervishes are mendicant ascetics who have taken the vow of poverty. Though some of them are beggars by choice, others work in common professions; Egyptian Qadirites , for example, are fishermen.
There are also various dervish brotherhoods who trace their origins from various Muslim saints and teachers, especially Ali and Abu Bakr. They live in monastic conditions, superficially similar to Christian monk brotherhoods. Various sects and subsects have appeared and disappeared over the centuries.
Whirling dance, which is the practice of the Mevlevi sect in Turkey, is just one of the physical methods to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb) and connection with Allah. Rifgites , also called the howling dervishes, cut themselves with knives, handle red-hot iron and eat hot coals or live serpents, depending on the subsect. Other groups include Bektashites, connected to the janissaries, and Senussi, who are rather orthodox in their beliefs. Other brotherhoods and subgroups chant verses of Koran, play drums or dance vigorously in groups, all according to their specific traditions. Each brotherhoods uses its own garb and methods of acceptance and initiation, which may be rather severe.
Jainism has two branches, each has a slightly different take on monasticism. Digambara monks do not wear clothing; however, they do not consider themselves to be nude -- they are wearing the environment. Digambaras believe that practice represents a refusal to give in to the body's demands for comfort and private property -- only Digambara ascetics are required to forsake clothing . Digambara ascetics have only two possessions: a Censored page feather broom and a water gourd. They also believe that women are unable to obtain moksha. As a result, of the around 6000 Jain nuns, barely 100 are Digambaras. The Shvetambaras are the other main Jainist sect. Svetambaras, unlike Digambaras, neither believe that ascetics must practice nudity, nor do they believe that women are unable to obtain moksha. Shvetambaras are commonly seen wearing face masks so that they do not accidently breath in and kill small creatures.
Monasticism in other religions
Sikhism specifically forbids the practice of monasticism. Hence there are no Sikh monk conclaves or brotherhoods.
Manichaeism had two types of follwers, the auditors, and the elect. The elect lived apart from the auditors to concentrate on reducing the material influences of the world. They did this through strict celibacy, poverty, teaching, and preaching. Therefore the elect were probably at least partially monastic.
Scientology maintains a "fraternal order" called the Sea Organization or just Sea Org. They work only for the Church of Scientology and have signed billion year contracts. Sea Org members live communally with lodging, food, clothing, and medical care provided by the Church.
Yungdrung Bön is believed to have a rich monastic history. Bön monastaries exist today, however, the monks there practice Bön-Buddhism.
- On Monasticism http://www.religiousbook.net/Books/Online_books/Up/Upanishad_5.html
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Long-term use of a class of antihypertensive drugs known as calcium-channel blockers may be putting post menopausal women at greater risk for developing breast cancer, according to a new study by a team of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center scientists led by Christopher Li, M.D., Ph.D.
The study’s key finding from their study of 1,763 women between the ages of 55-74 was that women currently taking calcium-channel blockers who have used them for 10 years or longer had an approximately two and a half times higher risk of breast cancer compared to those who never used such calcium-channel blockers and compared to users of other forms of antihypertensives.
The good news is that the study found that use of other classes of antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, beta blockers and angiotensin-receptor blockers, were not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, even when used long term.
Cause for concern?
Hypertension drugs are one of the most frequently prescribed type of medications and part of the problem is that as it is regarded as a chronic condition, most people with high blood pressure will often stay on the same medication for long periods of time. Calcium-channel blockers function by regulating the influx of calcium into muscle cells, decreasing arterial resistance and heart muscle oxygen demand. Some hypothesize that these drugs may increase cancer risk because they inhibit programmed cell death, or apoptosis, but supporting evidence is lacking.
However, there is now increasing availability of alternative options to manage hypertension and self management is a large part of that. Dr Andrew Weil in particular has emphasized the important role of diet, nutrition and exercise and you will find his article in the list below.
In older women oestrogen dominance and weight gain are the major cause of hypertension and this can result from hormone imbalance with insufficient progesterone present to balance the excess oestrogen. Oestrogen adversely affect cells membranes resulting in sodium and water influx into cells (causing water retention) and loss of potassium and magnesium.
Supplementing with bioidentical natural progesterone helps rebalance hormones and reduce weight as its function as a diuretic means that excess water is excreted and the blood pressure is able to returns to normal.
Although not specifically contraindicated, if you are already taking diuretics or other anti-hypertensive drugs and using Progesterone, it is wise to monitor your blood pressure and discuss your dosage need for such drugs with your doctor in order to prevent low blood pressure.
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An adult skeleton has 206 bones. There are 27 bones in a hand and 26 bones in a foot. How many bones are not in the hands or feet?
Count Juan Toothree is giving a party at his haunted castle. Throughout the evening guests come and go. 10 guests go in. 2 come out. 12 more go in. 3 come out. 6 go in. 8 come out. 10 more go in. 1 comes out. And just before midnight 2 go in and 8 come out. How many guests are at the party at midnight?
After scooping out and carving the Jack O Lantern, the class counted 162 pumpkin seeds. Their teacher roasted the pumpkin seeds for a tasty treat. She wanted to divide the seeds up evenly among all her students. There were 18 students in the class. How many pumpkin seeds did each student get?
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Can you make a catalyst that has the stability and recyclability of a heterogeneous one with the selectivity of a homogeneous one? Rachel Brazil talks to the scientists finding out
Catalysts make modern industrial chemistry possible. They are the mainstay of the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, allowing reactions to occur faster, cheaper and sometimes greener. And they’ve been around a long time: Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius first used the term catalysis in 1836. He used it to describe a wide range of observed phenomena, both homogeneous systems – where the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants – and heterogeneous systems, where the phase differs. Berzelius recognised that common chemical principles were involved, but the two branches of catalysis have developed independently and offer the chemical industry different strengths and weaknesses. Today, chemists are bringing these fields together to get the best of both worlds.
By the 1900s, all catalysts had been defined as substances that accelerate chemical reactions without appearing in the end products, but it later became clear that homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts worked through different mechanisms and this has kept the fields largely distinct. ‘They don’t talk to each other because they developed as totally separate fields,’ says Gabor Somorjai, a veteran of catalysis science at the University of California, Berkeley, in the US. ‘Until recently they were taught separately, used separately and they are served by different literatures.’
One of the earliest examples of heterogeneous catalysis was the observation that red-hot metals such as iron or platinum could catalyse the decomposition of ammonia, recorded in 1813 by French chemist Louis Jacques Thenard. Heterogeneous catalysts, often metals, became widely used in industry, favoured for their easy recovery, so that the expensive catalyst can be removed from the product and re-used.
They don’t talk to each other because they developed as totally separate fields
Gabor Somorjai, UC Berkeley
The first industrial homogeneous catalyst was used as part of the lead chamber process for making sulfuric acid. In 1746, Birmingham-based British industrialist John Roebuck exploited the catalytic effect of nitrogen oxide gases on the reaction between moist sulfur dioxide and air. Homogeneous catalysts based on transition metals are now more common, such as the organorhodium compound used industrially in hydroformylation – the production of aldehydes from alkenes. The metal ions in such systems can catalyse reactions due to their variable oxidation states. Being surrounded by organic ligands also provides a very specific steric environment which will favour a specific product. Changing these ligands allows chemists to tune the catalyst’s selectivity.
‘Generally homogeneous catalysts are very selective but not very active and not very stable, whereas heterogeneous catalysts are pretty active (you can run them at higher temperatures as they are more stable) but not very selective.’ explains Charles Sykes, a surface chemist at Tufts University in Massachusetts, US. One gives you selectivity; the other, activity and ease of separation. But is there a way to combine the approaches? Can hybrid catalysts bridge the heterogeneous–homogeneous gap?
Catalyst in the trees
Attempts to find hybrid systems have had mixed success to date. This often involves ‘heterogenising’ homogeneous catalysts by covalently bonding them onto a porous support material such as silica. They can be directly chemisorbed or bonded to silanol groups via a linker molecule. Former industrial chemist Robert Farrauto is currently at Columbia University in New York, US, and has experience of this approach from his 37 years with the Engelhard Corporation and BASF. ‘We had marginal success, but invariably when you would bond the material, you would lose a bit of your performance because you had lost a degree of freedom with some of the [catalyst] binding sites now bonded to the substrate, rather than to the reactants,’ he explains. ‘In other cases you would also start seeing leaching occurring, and the [catalyst] material would begin to dissolve off the support.’
Today, researchers are trying to do better with various strategies to combine the properties of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts. The goal is a highly reactive, stable catalyst with 100% product selectivity – and all at low cost, of course. And while the objective is shared, the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyst communities are looking at the problem from their different perspectives.
When you bond a homogeneous catalyst to a support, you lose a bit of your performance because you lose a degree of freedom
Robert Farrauto, Columbia University
From the heterogeneous perspective, the objective has been to create smaller and more finely dispersed catalyst particles. Catalysts such as metal nanoparticles can be distributed within a porous support material, and improving their performance is linked to decreasing the nanoparticle size, to give more active catalytic sites. But this competes against the nanoparticles’ tendency to aggregate into clusters, which as well as being less efficient can also increase side reactions. The ultimate aim is to create single-atom catalysts – isolated catalytically active atomic sites dispersed within a support, which might mimic a homogeneous catalyst, providing similar reactivity and product selectivity.
Somorjai and collaborators at Berkeley came up with a new strategy to heterogenise homogeneous catalysts for the formation of cyclopropane from alkenes, which in industry requires a homogeneous catalyst. They have developed dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles immobilised onto mesoporous silica through hydrogen bonding. Dendrimers are tree-shaped branched polymers – in this case polyamidoamine – and they encapsulate gold, platinum, palladium or rhodium nanoparticles. ‘It turned out if I used [dendrimers] to put the 1nm [metal] clusters in, they got stuck in the branches and they stayed put,’ explains Somorjai. The dendrimer protects the clusters from aggregation or leaching. Plus the size of the clusters, generally around 40 atoms, are also small enough to electronically behave like discrete molecules and bind reactants more strongly.
Dendrimers also tune the catalytic properties of the system in a similar manner to the ligands surrounding homogeneous catalyst ions, and seem to provide the kind of chemical selectivity difficult to achieve with most heterogeneous catalysts. This includes stereoselectivity; for example, in the reaction between propargyl pivalate (C8H12O2) and styrene (C6H5CH=CH2), Somorjai used a dendrimer-encapsulated 2nm gold cluster catalyst to achieve a fivefold increase in cis-cyclopropane (over trans) compared to the same reaction with a gold chloride homogeneous catalyst. Smaller dendrimers produced greater steric preferences, due to the increase in the spatial restriction around the gold centres.1
Another ‘halfway house’ approach is to create very dilute alloys that include catalytically active metals. This is the approach being developed by Sykes, in collaboration with colleagues at Tufts and at University College London in the UK. ‘We carefully pick the combinations: for example, platinum and copper, as platinum is very soluble in copper and would rather be surrounded by copper atoms than by platinum atoms, so the thermodynamics give you a “single-atom alloy”,’ he explains. Using scanning probe microscopy, they could visualise individual platinum atoms in the copper bulk.
The idea of using synergistic combinations of an expensive catalytic metal with a cheaper host to, for example, catalyse C–H bond activation or hydrogen dissociation reactions could be a money-saver (platinum costs around $30 per gram (£20) to copper’s one cent). And with platinum there is an added advantage that the alloys are not susceptible to ‘coking’, the deactivation of the catalyst due to side reactions that cause carbon deposition. ‘To break a carbon–carbon bond you need more than one platinum atom, and the fact that there are just single atoms means that you can’t break the bonds – so you don’t get a build-up of coke,’ explains Sykes.2
The alloys can also provide greater chemical selectivity. ‘We have been able to design heterogeneous catalysts with the atomic scale detail that homogeneous catalysts have had for 100 years, so we are now at the point where we can get the best of both worlds,’ says Sykes. Catalysis on metals generally occurs at defect sites in the surface structure, but here the combination of single atom catalytic sites surrounded by weakly binding copper sites provides an environment that can better control the types of reactions occurring.3
A similar approach from the lab of Peter Wasserscheid at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg in Germany uses what they call ‘supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions’. These are droplets of a palladium–gallium alloy, with 50 times more gallium than palladium , supported on macroporous glass. The system was used to catalyse butane dehydrogenation. At the reaction temperature of 450ºC the alloy is a liquid, but the palladium exists on the liquid gallium surface as single isolated atoms that act as catalysts.4
Though heterogeneous catalysis is favoured in industry, it’s not always possible. For example, hydroformylation, the production of aldehydes from alkenes and syngas (hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), is carried out on a million-ton scale worldwide. The reaction – an addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon–carbon double bond – is carried out with a homogeneous rhodium catalyst, as too many side reactions occur with heterogeneous catalysis. ‘Since it was invented in 1938, researchers in industry as well as academia have tried to heterogenise the reaction, but they weren’t successful,’ says Robert Franke from Evonik Performance Materials, based in Marl, Germany. His company is now trying to change that, with their supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) approach.
They have developed a system that uses a rhodium ion catalyst in an ionic liquid, a salt that exists in the liquid phase below 100°C, and in this case an imidazolium cation with a binary amine anion. The ionic liquid is physisorbed as a nanometre-thick layer on a porous support material, retaining catalytic performance when in contact with the gaseous reactants and products. ‘SILP technology is not simply heterogeneous, it is a unification of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis – because inside your support you still have the homogeneous catalyst and I think that is the real great advantage,’ explains Franke. ‘It has exactly the same selectivity that a homogeneous catalyst has.’ For example, using a diphosphite ligand attached to the rhodium catalyst, the SILP approach yielded 99% of the desired n-pentanal product.5
Evonik are testing the system in several mini plants as part of the EU-funded project Romeo. The aim is to reduce the energy consumption of hydroformylation by up to 80%, emissions by up to 90% and build a full-scale plant in the next three years. They still need to increase the lifetime of the catalyst, as currently it becomes deactivated after 3000 hours. Franke says they are looking for a lifetime of at least 8000 hours (around a year).
The electrocatalytic buzz
Away from the petrochemicals industry, catalysts also play a huge role in electochemical reactions. Electrocatalysts are crucial for speeding up the reactions in fuel cells, batteries and solar cells. Yogesh Surendranath, a chemist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US, has developed a method of electrocatalysis that draws from both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. He has bonded catalyst molecules to graphite electrodes using a pyrazine ring, creating a conjugated aromatic linkage between the catalyst metal centre and the electrode surface. The result is a radically different mode of catalysis with significantly higher activity than the equivalent catalysts in solution – a stark contrast to the usual situation, where supported catalysts have inferior performance.
Surendranath has made these graphite-conjugated catalysts with rhenium coordination compounds for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO.6 ‘In principle, any homogeneous catalyst – provided it can be modified in the appropriate way – should be amenable to the chemistry that we’ve developed,’ he says. The conjugation dramatically alters the catalyst’s electrochemical behaviour compared to solution phase or other surface-tethered approaches. ‘Typically, when when people modify an electrode surface with a molecule, they are simply anchoring the molecule to the surface. What we are doing is electronically connecting the molecule in a way that permits strong orbital interactions between the molecule and the electronic band states of the metallic solid,’ explains Surendranath,
Evidence for a different type of catalysis also comes from measurements of the oxidation state of the transition metal ion in the catalyst – it remains unchanged. The catalyst is not behaving like a conventional homogeneous molecular catalyst but more like the metallic active sites exploited in heterogeneous catalysts. ‘We still get single-site activity for the surface sites, but the way in which they do catalysis is very different because of their altered electronic structure,’ says Surendranath. ‘Ours is a hybrid of electronic structures just as much as it is a hybrid of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.’
Combining the properties of tuneable molecular catalysts with the electronic properties of metallic extended solids could be useful outside electrocatalysis alone, Surendranath suggests. ‘We can exploit new mechanisms to do reactions that may otherwise not be possible with a traditional heterogeneous catalyst, or with a molecular catalyst dissolved in solution.’
So which of these approaches is likely to provide the next generation of industrial catalysts? ‘I’m absolutely sure that the future of catalysis will involve catalytic systems which bridge the gap between both technologies,’ says Franke. ‘If it’s SILP or some other kind of technology to heterogenise [homogeneous catalysts], I couldn’t judge.’ Of his own technology, Surendranath says ‘It’s hard to say what the impact will be on an industrial scale. The idea that any given catalyst platform is a panacea in catalysis is definitely not appropriate.’
Somoraji has now turned his attention in another direction – to enzymes, nature’s own catalysts. Isolated enzymes have been used in detergents since 1914 and are widely used in the food and fine chemicals industries. Somoraji is now trying to heterogenise them, while retaining their function. With Berkeley collaborator Matthew Francis, he has used single strands of DNA to immobilise enzymes to a glass surface. Complimentary DNA strands are attached to the glass surface and the enzyme’s N-terminus, allowing the enzyme molecules to be arranged in a particular orientation to retain their catalytic activity.7
For a long time catalysis has relied on serendipity or combinatorial approaches to find new materials, but chemists are now moving towards more rational design principles. ‘It’s really an exciting time right now, because we are understanding active sites with atomic scale resolution and then being able to model them with theory,’ says Skyes. The breakdown of the old heterogeneous and homogeneous divisions may be the result and lead to the development of faster, cheaper and greener hybrid catalysts.
Rachel Brazil is a science writer based in London, UK
1 E Gross et al, Nat. Chem., 2012, 4, 947 (DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1465)
2 M D Marcinkowski et al, Nat. Chem., 2018, 10, 325 (DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2915)
3 G Kyriakou et al. Science, 2012, 335, 1209 (DOI: 10.1126/science.1215864)
4 N Taccardi et al, Nat. Chem., 2017, 9, 862 (DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2822)
5 M Jakuttis et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 4492 (DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007164)
6 M N Jackson et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 1004 (DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10723)
7 K S Palla et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 1967 (DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11716)
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Identifying An Overwhelmed Teenager
All teenagers will experience bouts of overwhelm during their adolescence. The teenage years are filled with challenging lessons, immense physical growth, surging hormones, a newfound need for autonomy and all else needed to assist a young person’s development into adulthood. Societal norms and the subliminal pressures associated with American culture can be severely overwhelming to young people. There are a variety of factors that could contribute to a young person feeling overwhelmed. Some common teenage stressors, according to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry include:
- Schoolwork (i.e. homework, projects, exams, etc.)
- Extracurricular commitments
- Problems with school friends and/ or peers
- Low self-esteem
- Separation or divorce of parents
- Body changes
- Death of a loved one
- Being overscheduled
- Family financial problems
- Switching school
The internal and external pressures placed on adolescents can be crushing. Often teenagers internalize increased stress when encountered with a situation that is perceived as painful, difficult, and/ or dangerous. When teenagers become overloaded with stress it can lead to a multitude of adverse effects.
Every young person is unique and will process and express his or her feelings of overwhelm differently. The specific combination of signs exhibited will differ from teen to teen, as will the duration and severity of signs presented. The American Psychological Association (APA) provides the following examples of common signs an overwhelmed teen may exhibit:
- Sleep disturbances
- Gastrointestinal issues (i.e. diarrhea, stomachaches, nausea, etc.)
- Increased irritability
- Difficulty concentrating
- Dropping grades
- Mood swings
- Problems with friends
- Changes in eating habits
- Increased procrastination
- Verbalize worries regarding friends, school, and/ or other activities
Some teenagers’ express their feelings of overwhelm by becoming socially and emotionally withdrawn. Many young people are forced to navigate the challenges of adolescence using outdated coping mechanisms that are ineffective, which often result in overwhelming emotions.
How To Help
Teenagers enter adolescence with the emotional coping mechanisms discovered in pre-adolescent years. These methods are often quickly found to be ineffective, leaving teens with few, if any useful emotional navigation tools. As a parent there are several tips that can help you help your teen learn to manage his or her stress, so as to reduce or avoid becoming overwhelmed. These can include:
- Learning and modeling your own healthy stress management skills
- Encouraging regular exercise to facilitate the release of endorphins
- Set limits and maintain healthy boundaries
- Help your teenager develop attainable goals
- Be consistent
- Help your teen break down large tasks into manageable steps
- Encourage a sleep routine that accommodates ample sleep
- Help your teen explore and practice different relaxation techniques (i.e. meditation, journaling, listening to music, etc.)
- Facilitate prioritizing healthy and nutritious eating
Learning a variety of different coping mechanisms and various stress management skill can be advantageous for any teen. All humans can benefit from learning a variety of stress management skills, as some previously relied upon tactics may become suddenly useless and ineffective with little warning.
For Information and Support
Seeking help is never easy, but you are not alone! If you or someone you know is in need of mental health treatment, we strongly encourage you to reach out for help as quickly as possible. It is not uncommon for many mental health difficulties to impact a person for the long term. The earlier you seek support, the sooner you and your loved ones can return to happy, healthy and fulfilling lives.
Our admissions team is available to answer any general questions regarding mental health issues, treatment, and/or specific questions about the program at Pacific Teen Treatment and how we might be able to help your family. We can be reached by phone 24/7 at 800-531-5769. You can also contact us via email at [email protected] or through our contact form.
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Model calculations of the age of firn air across the Antarctic continent
Kaspers, K.A.; van de Wal, R.S.W.; van den Broeke, M.R.; Schwander, J.; van Lipzig, N.P.M.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.. 2004 Model calculations of the age of firn air across the Antarctic continent. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4 (5). 1365-1380. 10.5194/acp-4-1365-2004Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
acp-4-1365-2004.pdf - Published Version
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The age of firn air in Antarctica at pore close-off depth is only known for a few specific sites where firn air has been sampled for analyses. We present a model that calculates the age of firn air at pore close-off depth for the entire Antarctic continent. The model basically uses four meteorological parameters as input (surface temperature, pressure, accumulation rate and wind speed). Using parameterisations for surface snow density, pore close-off density and tortuosity, in combination with a density-depth model and data of a regional atmospheric climate model, distribution of pore close-off depth for the entire Antarctic continent is determined. The deepest pore close-off depth was found for the East Antarctic Plateau near 72degrees E, 82degrees S, at 150+/-15m (2sigma). A firn air diffusion model was applied to calculate the age of CO2 at pore close-off depth. The results predict that the oldest firn gas (CO2 age) is located between Dome Fuji, Dome Argos and Vostok at 82degrees E, 83degrees S being 156+/-22 (1sigma) years old with an age distribution of 103 years. At this location an atmospheric trace gas record should be obtained. In this study we show that methyl chloride could be recorded with a predicted length of 187 years (mean age of methyl chloride) as an example for trace gas records at this location. The longest record currently available from firn air is derived at South Pole, being 80 years. Sensitivity tests reveal that the locations with old firn air (East Antarctic Plateau) have an estimated uncertainty (2sigma) for the Modelled mean CO2 age at pore close-off depth of 30% and of about 35% for locations with younger firn air (mean CO2 age typically 40 years). Comparing the modelled age of CO2 at pore close-off depth with directly determined ages at ten sites yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.90 and a slope close to 1, suggesting a high level of confidence for the modelled results in spite of considerable remaining uncertainties.
|Item Type:||Publication - Article|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||10.5194/acp-4-1365-2004|
|Programmes:||BAS Programmes > Antarctic Science in the Global Context (2000-2005) > Signals in Antarctica of Past Global Changes|
|NORA Subject Terms:||Glaciology
|Date made live:||19 Jan 2012 11:40|
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Conservation Equations for Chemical Elements in Fluids with Chemical Reactions
AbstractIt is well known that when chemical reactions occur, the masses of the participating molecules are not conserved, whereas the masses of the nuclei of the chemical elements constituting these same molecules, are conserved. Within the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the first fact is expressed by the differential balance equations, for the densities of the chemically reacting molecules, having a non zero source term. At the same time the conserved quantities like the total mass, charge and energy obey differential conservation equations, i.e with zero source term. In this paper, we show that in fluids with chemical reactions occurring in them, there are additional conserved quantities, namely densities associated to the fact that the masses of the chemical elements are conserved. The corresponding differential conservation equations are derived. The found out conserved densities, one for each involved chemical element are shown to be linear combinations of the densities of those reacting molecules containing the element, weighted with the number of atoms of the element in the species. It is shown that in order to find the conserved densities, it is not necessary to know explicitly the reactions taking place. Some examples are provided. View Full-Text
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Piña, E.; De la Selva, S. Conservation Equations for Chemical Elements in Fluids with Chemical Reactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2002, 3, 76-86.
Piña E, De la Selva S. Conservation Equations for Chemical Elements in Fluids with Chemical Reactions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2002; 3(2):76-86.Chicago/Turabian Style
Piña, E.; De la Selva, S.M.T. 2002. "Conservation Equations for Chemical Elements in Fluids with Chemical Reactions." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3, no. 2: 76-86.
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Tallinn University of Technology's road engineering chair head Ain Kendra said that the current system of road design dates back to the 80s.
In an interview with Eesti Päevaleht today, Kendra said that tires of modern cars have greater pressure, smaller contact area with roads and trucks are heavier, all factors that new roads fail to take into account.
Another problem is a lack of a holistic approach in planning new roads, Kendra said, adding that in other countries, all different types of transport are looked at, for example how the new trains affect the number of cars traveling on certain roads.
Another example, Kendra said, is that when the Lõunakeskus mall in Tartu was opened, traffic volumes doubled on on Riia maantee, which connects the city center with the mall.
Speaking about the nation's road-unfriendly weather, Kendra said that by current standards, water should be diverted from the road from a depth of at least 1.25 meters under the pavement, but many roads fail to do so. Kendra added that recent studies have shown that water as deep as 2-3 meters under the road surface could pose a danger in winter.
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alfredos writes "Physicists and engineers at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory built tracks inside a fusion reactor and ran a toy train for three days to help them with their calibrations. From the article: 'The modified model of a diesel train engine was carrying a small chunk of californium-252, a radioactive element that spews neutrons as it falls apart. “We needed to refine the calibration technique to make sure we are measuring our neutrons as accurately as possible,” said Masa Ono, the project head of the National Spherical Torus Experiment.'"
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The Farhoud of June 1941, in which rioting mobs murdered some 180 of Iraq's Jewish citizens (as well as injuring, raping and pillaging) was premeditated, Salim Fattal's documentary film on the modern history of the Jews of Iraq, The land that devours the inhabitants thereof, clearly reveals.
In the interval between the deposing of Rashid Ali, the pro-Nazi Prime Minister who had seized power in a coup, and the arrival of the pro-British Regent in the Iraqi capital, Muslim houses in Baghdad were daubed 'Muslim', while Jewish homes were marked with the 'Hamsa' (hand). When the Chief Rabbi of Iraq went to the authorities to voice his safety concerns, he was told that the Jews should barricade themselves in their houses with enough food for three days.
Eye-witnesses described how minibuses of Jews were emptied and their passengers slaughtered. The rioting started on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot and went on for two days.
The British army, who were encamped on the outskirts of Baghdad, could have intervened to stop the death and destruction. A Jewish translator working with them was told that the British army had no 'instructions' to intervene. It was only when the rioting began to endanger the established Muslim quarters of Baghdad that the British army swiftly quelled the disturbances.
The dead were buried hurriedly in a mass grave without the usual Jewish mourning practices. The Farhoud had a traumatic effect and marked the beginning of the end of the Jewish commmunity, which traced its history back to 586 BC. Within 10 years all but 6,000 of Iraq's 150,000 Jews had fled.
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Does poor vision limit your daily life?
See how refractive surgery can change your life.
Enjoy Life with Full Vision
If you have a refractive error, such as nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness
(hyperopia), astigmatism or presbyopia, refractive surgery is a method for correcting or
improving your vision.
There are various surgical procedures for correcting or adjusting your eye's focusing
ability by reshaping the cornea, or clear, round dome at the front of your eye. Other
procedures involve implanting a lens inside your eye.
Most commonly for people who are nearsighted, refractive eye laser surgery techniques will reduce the
curvature of a cornea that is too steep so that the eye's focusing power is lessened.
Images that are focused in front of the retina, due to a longer eye or steep corneal
curve, are pushed closer to or directly onto the retina following surgery.
Farsighted people will have refractive surgery procedures that achieve a steeper cornea
to increase the eye's focusing power. Images that are focused beyond the retina, due to
a short eye or flat cornea, will be pulled closer to or directly onto the retina after
Astigmatism can be corrected with refractive surgery techniques that selectively
reshape portions of an irregular cornea to make it smooth and symmetrical. The result is
that images focus clearly on the retina rather than being distorted due to light scattering
through an irregularly shaped cornea.
Want to decrease your dependence on glasses or contact lenses;
Have a stable refractive error (your prescription is not changing);
Accept the inherent risks and potential side effects of the procedure;
Understand that you could still need glasses or contacts after the procedure to achieve your best vision;
Have an appropriate refractive error.
Refractive surgery might be a good option for you if you:
Types of surgery to correct refractive errors include:
LASIK (laser in-situ keratomileusis)
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
Astigmatic keratotomy (AK)
Cataract surgery with Multifocal Intraocular lenses (IOLs)
There is no universally-accepted, best method for correcting refractive errors. The best
option for you should be decided after a thorough examination and discussion with an
ophthalmologist. If you are considering refractive surgery, you and your ophthalmologist can
discuss your lifestyle and vision needs to determine the most appropriate procedure for you.
Eye Surgery Procedures
At Olympia Eye & Laser Centre we offer from refractive surgery, advanced cataract surgery,
pterygium removal, corneal transplant surgery, glaucoma surgery, aesthetics to oculoplastics
and many more.
Excimer Laser (TransPRK)
Phakic Lens Implant
Refractive Lens Exchange
Correction for Distance
and Near Vision
Correction for Astigmatism
YAG laser (after previous cataract procedure)
UV Cross - linking
Intra Corneal Ring Segments
Corneal transplantation: DALK / Endothelial Keratoplasty / Penetrating Keratoplasty
Specialized Contact Lenses
Eye Print PRO / Scleral Contact Lenses
Prosthetic Contact Lenses
Procedures indicated for:
Anti-VEGF injections for macula edema
PRP / Argon laser for retinal neovascularisation
Retinal Detachment Repair
Macular Membrane Peel
Macular Hole Repair
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Continued from Church History: Dark Ages - Part 1
With the conversion of Clovis and the Franks came a significant rise of Christendom - Christianity as the dominating cultural and organizational force of society. Around this time is when a new calendar was created and eventually it replaced the calendar that had been used in the Roman Empire for over a thousand years. This new calendar, instead of counting years from the founding of Rome, counted years from the estimated year of Christ´s birth - and is the calendar we use today.
The fifth and sixth centuries saw the rise of the monasteries. St. Patrick established monasteries all over Ireland. These Irish centers of learning and faith fostered the spread of Christianity not only in Ireland but also eventually to Scotland, Germany, northern France and Switzerland. As mentioned in Part 1 Brigid founded the double monastery at Kildare.
During the time of Clovis´ reign of the Franks in Gaul, Theodoric the Goth ruled Italy. A young man named Benedict was a law student in Rome, but after becoming disgruntled with the sin all around he sought God as others had centuries earlier by retreating to the silence of the desert. After a period of time of living the life of a hermit, monks began to join him as they all wished for a more balanced life in order to combine prayer, work, meditation and service. In 529, Benedict and his monks built a monastery between Rome and Naples - the famous monastery at Monte Cassino. It was at Monte Cassino that Benedict wrote what became the Rule of Saint Benedict. Though some of the points in it came from his own experience having been inspired by the tradition of those before him (like Antony, Jerome and Basil), this Rule is considered the most inspired account of monastic life in the West. Even today Benedict has the title of father of Western monasticism.
In 590 Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great, became bishop of Rome - the pope. As pope he had many roles to fulfill, including that of pastor, theologian, social worker, educator, administrator, builder and farmer. One of his greatest gifts to the church was his emphasis on keeping records (written) of the music used for liturgy. Until that point there was no sheet music and no way to really pass the melodies down from generation to generation. This type of music later evolved into Gregorian chant. Gregory the Great also sent a mission to Britain that was lead by Augustine of Canterbury to help establish some communication with Christians and the tribes of Angles and Saxons that had come from the continent and pushed the Christians westward. The mission arrived in Britain in 597, and was successful in converting the Anglo-Saxons, though it took about a hundred years for the whole country to become Christian.
Peace in Christ,
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Millions of poor homes could soon be brightened by sustainable, safe and inexpensive light bulbs made from one-litre plastic bottles containing purified water, salt and bleach. The MyShelter Foundation hopes to distribute the “solar bottle bulb“, developed by MIT students, to one million homes throughout the Philippines by 2012.
The bottles are sealed within holes cut in the metal roofs of homes, with their lower halves emerging from the ceiling. The clear water disperses light around the room through refraction, salt slows evaporation, and bleach prevents mold growth, allowing each solar bottle bulb to last up to five years.
Even though the solar bottle bulb, equivalent to a 55-watt electric light bulb, only works during daylight hours, it provides a significant benefit to poor people in cities like Manila, whose homes are close together and barely allow in any light. MyShelter is promoting the bulbs (paid for by the city of Manila) through the Isang Litrong Liwanag (“A Liter of Light”) project, and training residents to make and install them.
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In the name of Allah, most Gracious, most Merciful.
Many of you might be familiar with the story of Musa (A.S) and His encounter with Al-Khidr. For anyone who isn’t, watch this space and Insha Allah I will summarise the story at a later time. There were 3 events that took place on this journey, in summary, they were:
- Al-Khidr made a hole in the boat of the men that assisted them to cross the sea
- Al-Khidr killed a child
- Al-Khidr reinforced a broken wall in a town whose people were selfish and inhospitable
I’d like to focus on the 3rd event that took place as there is a great lesson to be learnt. Beneath the wall lay a treasure that belonged to 2 orphans, so in order to protect the treasure from the people of the town, Al-Khidr fixed the wall. It was revealed that the reason he was ordered to fix the wall for the orphans was because their father was a righteous man.
“And as for the wall, it belonged to two orphan boys in the city, and there was beneath it a treasure belonging to them, and their father was a righteous man; so your Lord desired that they should attain their maturity and take out their treasure, a mercy from your Lord, and I did not do it of my own accord. This is the significance of that with which you could not have patience.” (Surah al-Kahf)
Sa`id bin Jubayr narrated from Ibn `Abbas: “They were taken care of because their father was a righteous man, although it is not stated that they themselves were righteous.”
In this is a great lesson for parents today. Uphold the commandments of Allah and Allah will take care of your children whether you are with them or not.
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Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China
Distributed via the CDC Health Alert Network
January 8, 2020, 1615 ET (04:15 PM ET)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is closely monitoring a reported cluster of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE) with possible epidemiologic links to a large wholesale fish and live animal market in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. An outbreak investigation by local officials is ongoing in China; the World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead international public health agency. Currently, there are no known U.S. cases nor have cases been reported in countries other than China. CDC has established an Incident Management Structure to optimize domestic and international coordination if additional public health actions are required.
This HAN Advisory informs state and local health departments and health care providers about this outbreak and requests that health care providers ask patients with severe respiratory disease about travel history to Wuhan City. Wuhan City is a major transportation hub about 700 miles south of Beijing with a population of more than 11 million people.
According to a report from the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, as of January 5, 2020, the national authorities in China have reported 59 patients with PUE to WHO. The patients had symptom onset dates from December 12 through December 29, 2019. Patients involved in the cluster reportedly have had fever, dyspnea, and bilateral lung infiltrates on chest radiograph. Of the 59 cases, seven are critically ill, and the remaining patients are in stable condition. No deaths have been reported and no health care providers have been reported to be ill. The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission has not reported human-to-human transmission.
Reports indicate that some of the patients were vendors at the Wuhan South China Seafood City (South China Seafood Wholesale Market) where, in addition to seafood, chickens, bats, marmots, and other wild animals are sold, suggesting a possible zoonotic origin to the outbreak. The market has been closed for cleaning and disinfection. Local authorities have reported negative laboratory test results for seasonal influenza, avian influenza, adenovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among patients associated with this cluster. Additional laboratory testing is ongoing to determine the source of the outbreak. Health authorities are monitoring more than 150 contacts of patients for illness.
CDC has issued a level 1 travel notice (“practice usual precautions”) for this destination. (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china). On January 5, 2020, WHO posted an update on this situation, including an early risk assessment, which is available at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/external icon.
Recommendations for Health Care Providers
- Providers should consider pneumonia related to the cluster for patients with severe respiratory symptoms who traveled to Wuhan since December 1, 2019 and had onset of illness within two weeks of returning, and who do not have another known diagnosis that would explain their illness. Providers should notify infection control personnel and local and state health departments immediately if any patients meet these criteria. State health departments should notify CDC after identifying a case under investigation by calling CDC’s Emergency Operations Center at (770) 488-7100.
- Multiple respiratory tract specimens should be collected from persons with infections suspected to be associated with this cluster, including nasopharyngeal, nasal, and throat swabs. Patients with severe respiratory disease also should have lower respiratory tract specimens collected, if possible. Consider saving urine, stool, serum, and respiratory pathology specimens if available.
- Although the etiology and transmissibility have yet to be determined, and to date, no human-to-human transmission has been reported and no health care providers have been reported ill, CDC currently recommends a cautious approach to symptomatic patients with a history of travel to Wuhan City. Such patients should be asked to wear a surgical mask as soon as they are identified and be evaluated in a private room with the door closed. Personnel entering the room to evaluate the patient should use contact precautions and wear an N95 disposable facepiece respirator. For patients admitted for inpatient care, contact and airborne isolation precautions, in addition to standard precautions, are recommended until further information becomes available. For additional information see: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/index.html.
This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
For More Information
CDC’s Emergency Operations Center: 770-488-7100
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects people’s health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues; and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships with local, national and international organizations.
Department of Health and Human Services
HAN Message Types
- Health Alert: Conveys the highest level of importance; warrants immediate action or attention.
- Health Advisory: Provides important information for a specific incident or situation; may not require immediate action.
- Health Update: Provides updated information regarding an incident or situation; unlikely to require immediate action.
- Info Service: Provides general information that is not necessarily considered to be of an emergent nature.
This message was distributed to state and local health officers, state and local epidemiologists, state and local laboratory directors, public information officers, HAN coordinators, and clinician organizations.
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Have we humans been getting dumber since we put down the hunting spear and picked up the trowel? Gerald Crabtree, a geneticist at Stanford University, believes so.
In two articles published in the periodical Trends in Genetics, the scientist describes what The Guardian says might be called “a speculative theory of human intelligence.” The theory states that the arrival of agriculture, which enabled an ongoing explosion in the human population, removed environmental pressures that, in a hunting and gathering age, allowed only the smartest and most perceptive humans to live. In the 10,000 years that have passed since the agricultural revolution, populations have slowly accumulated genetic traits that would have led to the deaths of their possessors in prior ages.
Crabtree uses recent genetic studies to estimate that each human living today carries two or more mutations in a suite of 2,000 to 5,000 genes that form the basis of our intelligence. He judges that those mutations arose in the past 3,000 years.
All of this suggests homo sapiens reached their intellectual peak thousands of years ago. “We, as a species, are surprisingly intellectually fragile and perhaps reached a peak 2,000 to 6,000 years ago,” Crabtree writes. “If selection is only slightly relaxed, one would still conclude that nearly all of us are compromised compared to our ancient ancestors of 3,000 to 6,000 years ago.”
Crabtree’s hypothesis could go out the window and modern egos would be spared if other geneticists can show that the kind of evolutionary pressure upon which his theory is based is not necessary to preserve human intelligence.
—Posted by Alexander Reed Kelly.
At the heart of Crabtree’s thinking is a simple idea. In the past, when our ancestors (and those who failed to become our ancestors) faced the harsh realities of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, the punishment for stupidity was more often than not death. And so, Crabtree argues, enormous evolutionary pressure bore down on early humans, selecting out the dimwits, and raising the intellect of the survivors’ descendants. But not so today.
As Crabtree explains in the journal: “A hunter-gatherer who did not correctly conceive a solution to providing food or shelter probably died, along with his or her progeny, whereas a modern Wall Street executive that made a similar conceptual mistake would receive a substantial bonus and be a more attractive mate. Clearly extreme selection is a thing of the past.”
Mohd Khomaini Bin Mohd Sidik (CC BY 2.0)
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From VOA Learning English, welcome to The Making of a Nation, our weekly program of American history for people learning American English. I’m Steve Ember.
During the first half of the 19th
century, leaders of the United States could find no answer to the question of slavery. The dispute grew more threatening after the war with Mexico in 1849.
Northern states refused to permit slavery in the new territories of California and New Mexico. Southern states declared that they had a constitutional right to bring slaves into the new lands. The South was ready to secede – to leave and break up the Union of states.
Then, in 1850, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky offered a compromise to avoid secession, and a likely war between the North and South.
He said the Union was permanent and created for all future Americans. He attacked the South's claim that it had the right to leave. He warned the war that would follow southern secession would be long and bloody.
One week after Senator Clay spoke, Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi explained his position. He did not say much about Clay's proposed compromise.
Davis was sure that no good would result from it, not even from stronger laws on the return of escaped slaves. He said these laws would not be enforced in states where people opposed slavery.
He said that what was needed was a change in the North's policy toward the South. He said the North must recognize the rights of southerners, especially the right to take slave property into U.S. territories.
Davis said Congress had no right to destroy or limit this right. He admitted that the old Missouri Compromise of 1820 had limited the right to take slaves into the territories. He said the 1820 compromise worked -- not because Congress passed it, but because the states agreed to it.
Senator Davis said the North was responsible for the growing split in the country, because the North was trying to get complete control of the South. He said if these efforts were not stopped, the North some day would be powerful enough to change the Constitution and end slavery everywhere. Davis warned the South would never accept this change.
Three weeks later, the Senate heard another southern leader, Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. For years, Calhoun was the voice of the South. He now was 68 years old and a sick man. He spent the last week in February writing what he believed to be the true position of the South. Many Senators understood it would be his last speech.
On Monday, March 4th, the Senate was crowded when Calhoun entered. One by one, friends came to speak to him. The old man's long, gray hair fell to his shoulders. His face was thin and white. But his eyes were bright and his jaw firm. Calhoun was too weak to read his speech. He asked another senator to read it for him.
Calhoun said that for a long time he had believed the dispute over slavery -- if not settled -- would end in disunion. Calhoun said it was clear now to everyone that the Union was breaking apart, that the ties that had held the North and South together were breaking, one by one.
Three churches, once united across the nation, now were split between the North and South. The major political parties, he declared, were divided in the same way. Calhoun said the North was responsible for all this disunity because it had destroyed the political balance between the two parts of the country.
As the population of the North had grown large, he noted, that part of the country seized political and economic control. The North passed tariff bills the South opposed. It had filled most of the offices in the federal government. It closed the new territories to southern slaveholders. And, said Calhoun, it viciously attacked the southern institution of slavery.
The situation was so bad, he said, that the South could not -- with honor and safety -- remain in the Union. "How can the Union be saved?" he asked. "Not by the compromise proposed by the senator from Kentucky. There is but one way. A full and final settlement, with justice, of all the questions disputed by the two sections.
"The South asks for justice, simple justice, and less she ought not to take. She has no compromise to offer but the Constitution, and no concession or surrender to make. She has already surrendered so much that she has little left to surrender."
At the end of Calhoun’s speech to the Senate, southern lawmakers crowded around the old man, congratulating him. But many of them could not agree with his demands and the violence of his words. By now, most southerners believed that Senator Clay's proposals were a reasonable way to settle the difference and protect the Union.
Yet Clay worried that northerners might reject his proposals. Many in the North felt slavery was wrong. They opposed Clay’s compromise because it might permit slavery in New Mexico, and because it called for stronger laws on the return of slaves who had escaped to the North. So Clay asked an important senator from the north to speak in support of his proposals.
Daniel Webster represented the northeastern state of Massachusetts. Senator Webster believed that slavery was evil. Yet he believed that national unity was more important. He did not want the nation to divide. He did not want to see the end of the United States of America.
Webster was 68 years old, as old as Calhoun. Three days after Calhoun’s speech, Webster spoke to the Senate. His voice was weaker now. But his words rang with the same strength as years earlier.
"I speak today," he said, "to save the Union. I speak today out of a concerned and troubled heart. I speak for the return of a spirit of unity. I speak for the return of that general feeling of agreement which makes the blessings of this union so special to us all."
Senator Webster spoke of how he hated slavery. He spoke of his fight against the spread of slavery. But he disagreed with those who wanted laws making slavery illegal in new territories. It would not be wise to pass such laws, he said. They would only make the South angry. They would only push the South away from the Union.
Then Webster spoke about the things the North and South had done to make each other angry.
One, he said, was the failure of the North to return runaway slaves. He said the South had good reason to protest. It was a matter of law. The law was contained in Article Four of the nation’s constitution.
"Every member of every northern legislature," Webster said, "has sworn to support the constitution of the United States. And the constitution says that states must return runaway slaves to their owners. This part of the constitution has as much power as any other part. It must be obeyed."
Next, Webster spoke about Abolition societies. These were organizations that demanded an end to slavery everywhere in the country.
"I do not think that Abolition societies are useful," Webster said. "At the same time, I believe that thousands of their members are honest and good citizens who feel they must do something for liberty. However, their interference with the South has produced trouble."
As an example, Webster spoke about the state of Virginia. Slavery was legal there. Webster noted that public opinion in Virginia had been turning against slavery until Abolitionists angered the people. After that, he said, no one would talk openly against slavery. He said Abolitionists were not ending slavery, but helping it continue.
Then Webster said the North also had a right to protest about some things the South had done. He said the South was wrong to try to take slaves into new American territories. He said attempts to expand slavery violated earlier agreements to limit slavery to areas where it already existed.
Webster said the North also had a right to protest statements by southern leaders about working conditions in the North. Southerners often said that slaves in the South lived better lives than free workers in the North.
Webster appealed to both sides to forgive each other. He urged them to come to an agreement. He said the South could never leave the Union without violence.
Webster said the two sides were joined together socially, economically, culturally, and in many other ways. There was no way to divide them. No Congress, he said, could establish a border between the North and South that either side would accept.
In general, Webster's speech to the Senate was moderate. He wanted to appeal to reason, not emotion. Yet it was difficult for him to be unemotional. His voice rose as he finished.
"Secession." he called out. "Peaceable secession! Your eyes and mine will never see that happen. There can be no such thing as peaceable secession. We live under a great constitution. Is it to be melted away by secession, as the snows of a mountain are melted away under the sun?
"Let us not speak of the possibility of secession. Let us not debate an idea so full of horror. Let us not live with the thought of such darkness. Instead, let us come out into the light of day. Let us enjoy the fresh air of liberty and union."
Northern Abolitionists quickly criticized Daniel Webster's speech. They called him a traitor. But most people of the North accepted Webster's appeal for compromise. His speech cooled the debate that threatened a complete break between the North and South.
Yet the speech was not the end of the debate. The Senate’s final decision on the Compromise of 1850 will be our story next week.
I’m Steve Ember, inviting you to join us next time for The Making of a Nation — American history from VOA Learning English.
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Through learning to create moving images, in concert with a formal analysis of documentary examples, students will gain valuable, versatile skills, and gain literacy in this increasingly important mode of communication.
ONLINE COURSEPRE-RECORDED SESSIONS: Mondays, Wednesdays & Thursdays
At the end of the program, the student should be able to complete all phases of the documentary production process, from idea development, through pre-production and preparation, cinematography, sound and editing.
It is recommended that students have a laptop or smartphone, that enables video and sound conferencing, with a moderate internet connection for this course.
During the course, students will simulate real-life practical situations and get personalized feedback on their work. Written exercises and interactive discussion boards/chats will assist students with their studies. By viewing videos, students can analyze the communication techniques of professionals.
Have questions? See our Frequently Asked Questions
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|• Total||204 km2 (79 sq mi)|
|• Land||204 km2 (79 sq mi)|
|Time zone||Georgian Time (UTC+4)|
kharagauli (Georgian: ხარაგაული) is an administrative center of Kharagauli district in Georgia. It is situated on both banks of Chkherimela river in a narrow and deep gorge, 280-400m above the sea level.
It was founded as a railway station in 1870s, when Poti-Tbilisi permanent way was built. So kharagauli assumed an administrative, later-an economic function.
The most beautiful is its west entrance. In kandeshi rock beautiful and narrow gorge the river Chkherimena flows. The most attractive for foreigners are two big holes on the right bank of the river. Here a primitive man's upper Paleolithic era man's natural shelter is, called "the giant's hole". A bit aloof, on the left bank, there are giants statues, so the place is called "the giants" due to those beautiful holes.
Near the place, up the Chkherimela river gorge there is an old fortress ruins. It is a typical construction of the Middle Ages, mentioned sometimes as Khandi, or kharagauli fortress.
It was in Kharagauli fortress that the king Vakhtang VI got married.
There is a district called "small kharagauli" there, people settled here first, later - on the borough territory. On its mountain there are tombs of 14th - 11th centuries BC. There was a Jesus church, a basilica construction on the cemetery territory, now it is ruined.
Beautiful nature, pleasant people, hospitality tradition become muse for many foreigners. The Georgian "king of poets" Galaction Tabidze dedicated a poem to Kharagauli.
There is a three-story administration building in the center of the borough. There are also culture, household, customized objects, a perfect Regional Studies Museum and a big park on the riverbank. There are three secondary schools in the region, one seminary, two kindergartens, hospital, polyclinic, library, musical school, theatre, count, post office and communication departments, wines, cognac plants. Perfect, ecologically pure cognacs Ubisa and Nunisi are produced there on "kharagauli" spring water. There is also industrial manufacturing and furniture factory.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kharagauli.|
|This Georgia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Wisdom & Wonder: Common Grace in Science & Art, Abraham Kuyper, edited by Jordan J. Ballor and Stephen J. Grabill, Trans. Nelson D. Kloosterman, Christian’s Library Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2011.
Wisdom & Wonder contains a new translation of chapters written originally under the title Common Grace in Science and Art.
Common Grace refers to God’s preservation and self-revelation within the created order, which is imperfectly but universally available. It is revelation by the creation as well as an invitation to study, understand and enjoy the creation. It is “common” because it is not limited to Christian believers.
I’d like to give a brief account of Kuyper’s perspective on Science and Art – though he discusses a number of other topics. Kuyper states that art and science were given their start and patronized by the church and the state. One sees this in any survey of Art History: the earlier the art, the more likely it was part of worship. Art and Science, though birthed by church and state, possess legitimate and independent domains.
First, then, let us emphasize the independent character of science. Before everything else it must be understood that science is a matter that stands on its own and my not be encumbered with any external chains (33).
Science had its origin in the church as it grew out of the universities, which had their birth in the church.
Science has not demanded such independence in overconfidence, but possesses this independence by divine design, so much so that science neglects its divine calling if it permits itself again to become a servant of the state or church. Science is not a branch growing from the trunk of government service, and even less a branch that grows from the root of the church. Science possesses its own root . . . (34)
If, therefore, God’s thinking is primary, and if all of creation is to be understood simply as the outflow of that thinking of God, such that all things have come into existence and continue to exist through the Logos, that is through divine reason, or more particularly, through the Word, then it must be the case that the divine thinking must be embedded in all created things. Thus there can be nothing in the universe that fails to express, to incarnate, the revelation of the thought of God (39).
In this way, then, we obtain three truths that fit together. First, the full and rich clarity of God’s thoughts existed in God from eternity. Second, in the creation God has revealed, embedded and embodied a rich fullness of his thoughts. And third, God created in human beings, as his image-bearers, the capacity to understand, to grasp, to reflect, and to arrange within a totality these thoughts expressed in the creation (41-42).
Art had a similar origin and division from the church. Art does not need to return to the patronage of the church. The Reformation, according to Kuyper, with its restrictions on art in worship, brought about an abrupt separation in Western Europe, especially where the Reformed Churches predominated. This is a good thing. Yet a true artistic vision will be incomplete without the corrective influence of the Holy Spirit and the Scriptures. Art is independent, but needs guidance to find integration
The inspiration for art never belonged to particular grace, but always proceeded from common grace. It is exactly everyday human living that constitutes the broad arena where common grace shines, and simultaneously the arena where art constructs its own temple as well (118).
The separation between church and art, therefore, does not at all bear the character of a complete separation between art and religion. Instead, the bond between both is guaranteed in the ideal character of both, so that if people refuse to permit the refined religious impulse to affect art, that defect belongs not to art as such but to the impiety of those advocates (118-119).
By way of evaluation, I have several comments.
One has to read Kuyper with grace. He made assumptions about non-European cultures and non-Christian religions that could offend our sensibilities. We are all marked by the prejudices and judgments of our town times. Try not get impaled on these thorns.
The independence of Art and Science as domains intended by the Creator and built into the world is a scriptural idea. Kuyper cites passages such as Genesis 1 where God created by the Word. Wisdom Literature sees wisdom imbedded in all things (e.g. Proverbs 3:19-20; Proverbs 8). The wise even seemed to gather wisdom from other places (see Proverbs 22:27ff and the 30 Sayings of the Wise).
One does not need to do Christian science or Christian art to be a faithful Christian in those domains. One needs to do good science or good art. Yet, science and art are powerful tools that come without a clear moral compass or centering integration. A believer ought to do art or science in a way that is truly integrated by means of Special Grace.
Sin’s darkening lies in this, that we lost the gift of grasping the true context, the proper coherence, the systematic integration of all things. Now we view everything only externally, not in its core and essence, each thing individually, but not in their mutual connection and in their origin from God. That connection, that coherence of things in their original connection with God, can be sensed only in our spirit (55).
What I’d like to do is gather a few bible students, some artists and scientists from any field and read and discuss this work together.
From the desk of the editor . . .
Thank-you to David Carlson for his contribution to the Emerging Scholars Network Blog. As you may remember, on Wednesday Dan Jesse (Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Grand Rapids Community College and Kendall College of Art and Design) also posted a review of Wisdom & Wonder: Common Grace in Science & Art. I was going to wait a week to post this review, but I thought that those who follow the blog would enjoy comparing the reviews, adding to the comments, and reading/discussing Wisdom & Wonder with friends sooner rather than later :) To God be glory! ~ Thomas B. Grosh IV, Associate Director of ESN, editor of ESN’s blog and Facebook Wall.
Note to the reader: The Emerging Scholars Network (ESN) continues to encourage those who have read the book “under review” to comment. In addition, we acknowledge that some who have not read the book “under review,” also bring helpful insights to the concepts/data explored in a given book, the writing of a particular author, and/or the understanding of the concepts/data as offered by the reviewer. As such we are open to “civil” on-topic comments from both those who have read and those who have not read the book “under review.”
Deep down ESN longs for our reviews not only to foster dialogue, but also to serve as teasers — providing an opportunity for our readers to discern what books to place in their personal and book discussion group queue. If you have books you desire to review and/or to have reviewed by ESN, please email ESN.
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#TimetoTalk – Feb 6th 2014
Every year in my unit I use a fun creative activity to explore the concept of task analysis, activity analysis and occupational mapping. I call it the monster mash. This year I incorporated #TimetoTalk and we made monsters that either represented how mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety feel, or monsters that might help chase those feelings away.
Here is my monster which represents how depression can feel like a fog around you. The red cheeks are the embarrassment you can feel when sharing experiences of mental ill health and the purple buttons the concept of feeling stared at or observed warily. I briefly shared my own experiences with depression.
On the positive side the purple gems represent the glimmers of hope that we can cling to. Finally the geek badge is shining through the fog because it is no longer something that contributes to depressive feelings. I’m proud of my geek status and taking part in geeky activities helps my mood.
Did you have Time to Talk about mental health today?
Posted on February 6, 2014, in Kirsty rambles on about life, the universe, tv, and everything!, Occupational Therapy and tagged Depression, Mental health, Monster Mash, TimetoTalk. Bookmark the permalink. 4 Comments.
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All about Gout
A gout is a form of arthritis. It is also the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. It causes inflammation in one joint due to the build-up of uric acid in a joint.
Gout starts suddenly. You will feel a lot of swelling and pain in your foot joints, especially your big toe. Some very severe cases of gout can affect several joints at once. It is known as polyarticular gout.
Gout attacks always start in the big toe, and from there, it becomes more chronic and progressive. In women, gout tends to occur after menopause usually.
What causes Gout?
The root cause of gout is high levels of uric acid in your body. Uric acid is a natural substance your body produces from eating foods that contain purines. Your kidneys are the organs that remove this acid from the blood. The acid then filters it out from the body through your urine. In the case of gout, excess uric acid builds up in your joints and forms needle-like crystals. It causes the pain and swelling in your feet. Certain conditions like blood and metabolism disorders or dehydration result in your body producing excess uric acid. Inherited disorders or kidney and thyroid problems make it harder for your body to get rid of the excess uric acid.
What are the risk factors of gout?
- Certain factors increase your risk of developing gout. These include:
- Diet - Eating a diet rich in meat and high in sugar will increase your chances of gout. Drinking alcohol is also another risk factor.
- Family history of gout - Have relatives that suffer from gout will make you more likely to develop the disease.
- Medications - Taking medications such as diuretics and cyclosporine can increase your uric levels.
- Gender - Gout primarily occurs in men than women as women tend to have lower uric acid levels in their bodies. Although, after menopause, women are at a higher risk of having gout. Men develop gout at around the ages of 30 and 50.
- Obesity - People who are overweight have higher levels of uric acid, which will lead to gout.
- Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, kidney disease, thyroid disease, sleep apnea, or diabetes are contributing factors to gout.
What are the symptoms of gout?
There are definite signs and symptoms of gout that always occur suddenly and sometimes at night. These are:
- A warm feeling in the joint
- Intense joint pain - Gout will affect joints in your toes, ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers. The pain is quite severe for the first few hours.
- Swollen joints - There may be inflammation and redness in joints.
- Limited range of motion - You will not be able to move your joints normally.
How do you diagnose gout?
The symptoms of gout are quite similar to the symptoms of arthritis or joint infections. Your doctor will look for three main factors. These are:
- The description and severity of your joint pain
- How swollen and red the area is
- How often you have experienced pain in your joints
You may also have to give a few tests to check for the level of uric acid in your body. A sample of fluid from your joint will show how much uric acid is present. The doctor may also take an X-ray of your joint to inspect it further.
Ayurveda and Gout
Ayurveda is a holistic medicine system from India. It is probably the oldest medical system that is in practice today. It has been there since the Vedic time, which was more than 5000 years ago.
The old texts of Ayurveda have details about the various diseases that affect us during our life. It also advises on the treatment for these conditions.
The fundamental principle in Ayurveda is that we all have three doshas or energy forces within us. These doshas, Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, need to be in balance for you to be healthy. If not, you will have diseases.
In Ayurveda, 'Vata-Rakta Roga' is the name for gout. It gets classified as a Vata disorder. Disturbed Vata combines with impure blood, which then travels to all parts of the body through the blood vessels. It starts accumulating in the joints, causing pain and swelling.
Ayurveda lists a few factors which cause gout. These are
- Incompatible food like eating dairy products and meat together
- Diet with food that is salty, sour, uncooked, alkaline
- Eating before the digestion of the previous meal.
- Sleeping during daytime
- People who do not walk much
Ayurvedic treatment for gout
The main goals of treatment are to:
- Reduce inflammation in your joints
- Prevent the build-up of uric acid
If untreated, gout can damage your joints and can also lead to arthritis in some cases. It will cause chronic pain and limit mobility.
The main treatment methods used in Ayurveda for gout are
- Podikizhi and Ilakizhi - which are massages using herbal powders and herbal leaves
- Dhara - which is pouring medicated oil on the affected area
- Kizhi - massages using medicated rice bag s
- Ksheeravasthi - enema using medicated milk
Your doctor will determine the right treatment plan for you based on your condition and state. It is mandatory to consult your treating doctor and take advice. In most cases, a 21-day treatment in the hospital will give you excellent results.
Diet control is an integral part of the treatment. Your food during this time will be as per the doctor's advice. You will have to maintain a healthy diet after the treatment for you to have the maximum benefit
Other treatments for gout
Some medicines will help relieve the pain like
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
These medicines can lead to some serious side effects as well. So, it is mandatory to have a good discussion with your doctor about them before you start.
You will also have to make some lifestyle changes. Maintaining a healthy weight by participating in regular physical activity can prevent gout attacks. You should eat a healthy diet which is rich with vegetables and whole grains. You should minimize eating purine-rich foods such as red meat, alcohol, seafood, and sugary beverages
Frequently asked questions
Doctors will suggest medicines like corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs for gout. Ayurvedic treatment for gout will also give you very good results. You will need to be in the hospital for about 14-21 days for the treatment
Yes, Ayurveda treatment will give you very good results.
The main goals of treatment are to reduce inflammation in your joints and prevent uric acid build-up. In most cases, a 21 days treatment will give you good results
The build-up of uric acid in your body is the main reason for gout. Food that has high purine content like red meat, some seafood like tuna, and sardines stress, digestive issues can all increase the level of uric acid in your body
The cost of Ayurvedic treatment for gout in India will be between 950 to 3100 USD. You will have to be in the hospital for 14-21 days. The cost includes medicines, doctor fees, and accommodation during the treatment period
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The importance of strong muscles
-Muscles attach to bones and over joints.
- They produce movements and help in joint stability.
- Weak muscles result in a loss of joint stability because the muscles ...
Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones.
We get some of it from food, but most comes from sunlight.
Vitamin D is found in oily fish, such as salmon, mackerel and sardines, eggs, fortified fat spreads...
1- Maintaining good postures:
- Posture refers to the position of the spine and other peripheral joints being in the ideal position.
- A good posture minimizes the amount of stress on the jo...
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A WEP key is a security code, like a password, that is used mainly to protect some wireless networks. The WEP key, which stands for Wired Equivalent Privacy, allows a group of devices connected to one local network to exchange encoded messages with each other securely and privately so that outsiders will not be able to access their messages. For the devices to be able to communicate with each other, they should all have matching WEP keys.
WEP keys are made up of hexadecimal digits that include any numbers from 0 to 9 as well as letters from A to F. These are, however, set by network administrators, so there are endless possibilities for the specific combination of WEP keys.
This is different from a WPA key, which is an improved version of WEP. WPA is now becoming more popular because it has better authentication and encryption features than WEP, and even answers some problems associated with WEP. Nevertheless, WEP is still being used these days.
The length of a WEP key is determined by the type of WEP security or encryption used. For networks using 40-bit and 64-bit WEP, a 10-digit key is necessary. For 104-bit and 128-bit WEP, a 26-digit key is required. For 256-bit WEP, a 58-digit WEP key should be used.
If you have a TalkTalk router and are using a wireless network, it is best if you set a WEP key as this will keep your network secure and protected. However, this key should be entered every time you need to log into your network. This means that it is important for you to keep and remember this key. Since your WEP key protects your network from intruders, there is no easy way to retrieve it from outside the network. So if you forget your WEP key, it can be very troublesome to reset it.
Here are two possible ways to reset your WEP password and key:
• Option 1: Log on to your router configuration settings and change the WEP key from there. To use this method, you need to know the router address and the admin password of your router. This is NOT your Talk Talk broadband password.
• Option 2: Do a hard reset on your router. You can do this by pushing a small button on the router for 10 seconds. After resetting the router, however, all customised settings will be wiped clean, and that of course includes your WEP key. The bad news is that since all settings are lost, you have to configure your router from the beginning and connect it to the broadband service again. This process can take a lot of time.
TalkTalk currently supports the following brands of wireless routers:
1. D-Link Wireless Routers
a. D-Link DSL-2680
b. D-Link DSL-2780
c. D-Link DSL-2640R
d. D-Link DSL-2740R
2. Huawei Wireless Routers
a. Huawei HG521
b. Huawei HG532
c. Huawei HG520b
3. Netgear Wireless Routers
a. Netgear DG834PM
b. Netgear DGN2000
Regardless of which TalkTalk router you are using, set a WEP key once you get your wireless connection up and running. Ho help users create WEP keys that are safe, secure, and effective, some wireless router brands already generates WEP keys out of ordinary passphrases. This is to prevent any problems caused by weak WEP keys created by users.
If you are looking on how to find your TalkTalk WEP router key then visit TheProductSite.com (http://www.theproductsite.com) for expert friendly advice that will explain to you which broadband router is the best for your needs. The Product Site aims to help customers find the best wireless routers for them by offering a needs-oriented shopping experience. The site also offers a range of router articles, tips, blogs and materials to guide shoppers on finding the right type of broadband router and ISP for them for streaming HD media, downloading films or online gaming needs.
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a black day
Meaning | Synonyms
- it is a day on which something terrible has happened
- a day of a bad incident
- a day of grieve
- a day when something disastrous happens to someone
- My grandmother told me that it is a black day tomorrow.
- She grieved for her aunt’s death anniversary. It was her black day.
- It was a black day for girls when the local shopping center closed down.
- When we heard the news that our favorite Teacher had died, the entire school knew it was going to be a black day for all of us.
- Every normal person has a black day at least once in their lifetime.
There are different references available regarding this phrase. In Nepal, a black day is a name given to the anniversary of the declaration of new administrative law. In South Korea, a black day is an unofficial holiday in the month of April for the gathering of the people who are single. In Nigeria black day is a day on which a tanker full of fuel exploded which caused great harm. In Indiana – a Midwestern U.S. state, Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly is a day on which violence broke out amongst the members of the statehouse.
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Beginnings: Pong depended on a game called ‘Tennis for Two’ which was a recreation of a round of tennis on an oscilloscope. Physicist William Higinbotham, the creator, stands out forever as making perhaps the earliest electronic game to utilize a graphical presentation.
The Concept: The game is expected to address a round of Tennis or Table Tennis (Ping Pong). Every player has a bat; the bat can be moved upward. The screen has two flat lines on the top and lower part of the screen. A ball is ‘served’ and moves towards one player – that player should move the bat so the ball hits it. The ball bounce back and moves back the alternate way. Contingent upon where the ball raises a ruckus around town, the ball will move this way and that – would it be a good idea for it hit one of the top or main concerns, then, at that point, it will skip off. The thought is essentially to make the other player miss the ball – hence scoring a point.
Game play: while it sounds absolutely exhausting, the game สล็อตเว็บตรง play is quite habit-forming. It is not difficult to play yet undeniably challenging to dominate, particularly with quicker ball paces, and more intense points of ‘bob’.
Wistfulness: for me this is the dad of computer games. Without Pong you most likely wouldn’t have computer games – it began the frenzy that would proceed develop and turn into an extravagant industry. I will continuously recollect this game!
Beginnings: this game was created by Konami in 1981, and was the primary game to acquaint me with Sega. At the time it was exceptionally novel and presented a recent fad of game.
The Concept: Easy – you need to stroll from one roadside to the next. Stand by a moment – there’s a great deal of traffic; I better evade the traffic. Golly Made it – hold tight, who put that stream there. Better leap on those turtles and logs and get to the opposite side – hold tight that is a crocodile! AHHH! It sounds simple – the vehicles and logs are in even lines, and the heading they move, the quantity of logs and vehicles, and the speed can differ. You need to move you frog up, down left and right, keeping away from the vehicles, bouncing on logs and staying away from frightful animals and return home – do this multiple times and you move to a higher level.
Game Play: Yet another straightforward idea that is incredibly habit-forming. This game depends on timing; you find yourself dinking all through traffic, and some of the time going no place. The illustrations are poor, the sound is horrible, however the adrenalin truly siphons as you attempt to stay away from that extremely quick vehicle, or the snake that is chasing you down!
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Sciatica: Symptoms, Cause, and Treatment
Sciatica is a symptom of pain in the lower back area, caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve.
The sciatic nerve is the longest nerve in a human body, running from the back of the pelvis all the way down both legs.
Sciatica can be a symptom of several other medical conditions rather than a condition on its own, which will be described below.
Symptoms of Sciatica
Sciatica can cause several common symptoms including:
-lower back pain, ranging from very mild to very painful.
-Pain in the buttocks and legs that generally worsens during sitting period
-Weakness, numbness, and tingling sensation on the mentioned areas, especially in the affected leg and can cause difficulty of movements
-Constant pain on one side of the buttocks
Symptoms of sciatica usually affect both legs and buttocks more often than general back pain, the pain can be made worse by sitting for a long period of time, sneezing, and coughing.
Causes of Sciatica:
Sciatica is mainly caused by lower lumbar and lumbosacral spine irritation, which in turn compress and/or irritate the sciatic nerve.
This condition, however, can be caused by other medical conditions such as:
-Lumbar Herniated disc
Spinal discs act as cushions and shock absorbers between each vertebra. When a disc is damaged, it can break open and rupture creating a herniation. Herniated disc is more common for the lower back (lumbar) area rather than upper back or neck.
While a herniated disc won’t cause any pain when there’s no contact with the nerve, sciatica can happen when the herniated disc pressed on the sciatic nerve.
-Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis refers to the narrowing of spaces in the vertebrae (spine), which in turn will cause pressure on the nerves and the spinal cord itself. 75% of spinal stenosis occurs in the lumbar (lower back) area.
When the narrowing creates pressure to the sciatic nerve, sciatica can occur as a symptom.
-Degenerative Disc Disease
Not actually a disease as the name suggest, this condition refers to the degenerative changes on the spinal discs as we age, which can include loss of fluid in discs and tiny breakdown in the outer layer.
More commonly happen in the lower back (lumbar area), it can cause sciatica when the degenerated disc is located near the sciatic nerve.
The slipping of a vertebra caused by a fracture of one or both wing-shaped parts of the bone. When such occurrence happens, the vertebrae can slip backward of forward over the bone below.
Other common cause that may cause sciatica can include:
Pregnancy can put more strain in the lower back area, and in turn, can irritate the sciatic nerve.
Being overweight means more pressure are put on the lower back area, often compressing and irritating the sciatic nerve.
Cramping in lower back or buttocks can cause sciatica.
Being in a bad posture for a prolonged time can strain the lower back muscles and irritate the sciatic nerve.
Treatment of Sciatica
On most cases, no specific treatment is necessary for sciatica. The condition can naturally improve over the period of approximately six weeks.
However, in more severe cases, or when the pain becomes persistent, some methods of treatments are available below:
Some self-treatment to help reduce the sciatica symptoms are as follows:
1. Being Physically Active
Physical exercise will reduce the pain associated with sciatica, as well as strengthen the muscles that support the lower back area.
Bed rest, when prolonged, can be counterproductive for sciatica symptoms, and one should aim to return to being active as soon as possible.
2. Compression Packs
Using hot or cold compression packs depending on preference can reduce the severity of the pain.
When the pain becomes unmanageable, or persistent, painkilling medications such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, amitriptyline, or in more severe cases, morphine, can help reduce the associated pain.
Your general practitioner may refer you to a physiotherapist.
Physiotherapy can strengthen the lower back muscle, improve the flexibility of the spine, as well as improve your posture to reduce further strain on your lumbar.
Usually utilized for severe cases, spinal corticosteroid or local anesthetic as a strong painkiller can be an option.
Surgery is very rarely a necessity for sciatica, however, then the sciatica is a symptom of other, more severe diseases as mentioned before, surgery can be considered.
For example, herniated or slipped disc will sometimes need surgery as a necessary treatment.
Correct diagnostic of the cause is necessary before deciding a surgical option, as surgical procedures will also vary with different causes, such as:
-Laminectomy is often utilized for spinal stenosis, removing the lamina of the vertebrae
-Discectomy is more common for herniated disc, removing the part of herniated disc that pressed the sciatic nerve
-Fusion surgical method is utilized to fuse a slipped vertebra, using a cage (metal or plastic) between the vertebra to support it back to position
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Writing in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, researchers from the Canada have found that consumption of milk and vitamin supplements play the most important role in determining levels of circulating vitamin D in children under the age of six.
Both were better at predicting a child’s vitamin D stores than skin colour or exposure to the sun, said the team led by to Dr Jonathon Maguire from St. Michael's Hospital, Canada.
"Early childhood is a critical stage in human development, so achieving and maintaining optimal vitamin D levels in early childhood may be important to health outcomes in later childhood and adulthood," said Maguire.
"When it comes to maintaining sufficient vitamin D stores in young children, the story is about dietary intake of vitamin D through vitamin D supplementation and cow's milk" he explained.
However, Amy-Jane Valender, scientific and regulatory manager for the British Specialist Nutrition Association warned that the research results come from a study based in Canada, where milk is fortified with vitamin D. As a result she warns that the findings of the study may not be directly applicable to other countries.
“This is not the case in the UK and in many other countries in the EU,” said Valender. “Unfortified cows’ milk is not a good source of vitamin D - it follows that consumption of cows’ milk in these countries is unlikely to benefit vitamin D status.”
Maguire added that he was ‘surprised’ to find that 57% of the children in his study were taking a regular vitamin D supplement.
Low levels of vitamin D deficiency is suggested to be a risk factor for a number of illnesses, including asthma and allergies in children, while severe deficiency can lead to rickets.
Maguire and his team studied vitamin D blood tests of 1,896 health children under 6 years of age as part of the TARGet Kids! Study (The Applied Research Group for Kids!).
The program follows children from birth with the aim of preventing common nutrition problems in the early years and understanding their impact on health and disease later in life.
Analysis showed that the two factors most strongly associated with higher vitamin D stores in children under 6 years of age were taking a daily vitamin D supplement and drinking two cups of cow’s milk a day.
Both of those factors were better at predicting a child's vitamin D stores than skin colour or measures of exposure to the sun, said Maguire.
Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.226
“Modifiable Determinants of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status in Early Childhood”
Authors: Jonathon L. Maguire, Catherine S. Birken, Marina Khovratovich, Julie DeGroot, Sarah Carsley, et al
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Categories: Transportation, Work
Rising Tide: Steamboat Workers on the Connecticut River
by Steve Thornton
From the Mississippi River to the Connecticut River, steamboats played a major role in building 19th-century America. In Hartford, people would wait for the State of New York to pull up to the river landing stocked with goods from other parts of the nation and around the world. Others boarded the Granite State, an excursion boat that toured points on the Hudson River. But the men who made the steamboats of the Hartford Line run—the deck hands, stevedores, and firemen—found little glamour in the work which normally meant 18-hour days, dangerous conditions, and lousy food.
During the Civil War, able-bodied men were being drafted so the demand for steamboat workers was great. Monthly earnings for deckhands were $30, with stevedores (dock workers tasked with the loading and unloading of goods) making $35, and skilled firemen (those in charge of minding the ship’s boiler) taking home $40. After the war ended, however, the labor supply was plentiful and wages were periodically slashed. Over the next 15 years, steamboat workers earned 30% less than they had during the war.
In July of 1879, this pay decline ended. The Connecticut River’s summer level was so low that steamboats from the Long Island Sound could travel no further north than Middletown. William Goodspeed, agent for the Hartford Line, determined that flatboats would have to take the steamboats’ cargo to Hartford. This meant that the freight handlers’ work would double, since they had to unload each steamer and reload onto the flat boats. When the State of New York reached Goodspeed’s Landing, the agent demanded that the workers sign written promises to do the extra duty for the same pay. The boat’s 14 deckhands and four stevedores refused. They picked up their gear and went ashore.
Workers Strike for Higher Wages
Goodspeed responded by advertising for 200 permanent replacements, essentially firing the striking workers. When no one responded to the ad, Goodspeed quickly offered the strikers their old jobs back. They refused until he promised them 10% raises. The firemen, who had apparently not been part of the strike, also won a pay increase.
The strike of the 18 sailors was far-reaching. Goodspeed was soon forced to give pay increases to all the workers on the Hartford Line. And when the workers on the New Haven Line heard about the Hartford action, they demanded and won the raise too.
While all this was taking place, a lone Hartford Line excursion boat was making its way along the southern coast of Long Island and into Lower New York Bay with plans to take its passengers up the Hudson River on a pleasure cruise. When it paused on its journey and docked at Coney Island, the workers heard about the victories. They promptly went on strike to win their fair share, too.
Steve Thornton has been a labor union organizer for 35 years and writes on the history of working people.
This article originally appeared on ShoeLeatherHistoryProject.com
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More moon myths! You guys loved the first edition of Moon Myths, so I am giving you a second post to enjoy. Here are more of the old superstitions surrounding the moon.
- It was believed that a waning moon was bad luck and that it was a horrible time for births and weddings.
- It was also thought that anything cut during the waning moon wouldn’t grow again, including hair and fingernails.
- In spite of all the bad luck people thought the waning moon caused, they did believe it was a good time for moving house, blood letting, picking fruit and stuffing a feather mattress.
- If a child was born during the time between cycles when there was no moon in the sky then the child would amount to nothing in life. An ancient English proverb warns – “No moon, no man.”
- The period following directly after the new moon was the most important. An ancient English tradition speaks on the meaning of the ten days following the new moon:
Day one: Ideal for births and new projects, but bad for those who fall ill.
Day two: Ideal for business matters, seas voyages and sowing seeds.
Day three: An inauspicious day for most undertakings.
Day four: Ideal for construction projects and for the birth of politicians.
Day five: Ideal for conception and the model for the month’s weather.
Day six: Ideal for hunting and fishing.
Day seven: The best day for new lovers to meet.
Day eight: The worst day to fall ill, as the illness may be fatal.
Day nine: A day to avoid moonlight on the face, lest insanity follow.
Day ten: A day for the birth of restless souls.
- The moon was believed to predict the weather as well. If two new lunar months fall in the same calendar month then extremely bad weather is sure to follow, like flooding and extreme catastrophes. A halo around the moon warns of rain, and a full moon on Christmas means there will be a poor harvest in the following year.
- It was said that blowing on one’s warts in the light of the full moon would cure them.
- It was believed that the eclipse was an omen of death.
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Today, I went to RAFT for the first time. http://www.raftcolorado.org/
Creative WAREHOUSE shopping for teachers at its BEST. I filled a cart, and could have filled 10! Most items will be available to kids in the Maker’s Space.
What Is RAFT?
To learn 21st century skills — critical thinking, creative problem solving, and collaboration — kids need to be actively engaged in solving meaningful problems. RAFT is where teachers go to get inspired and find interactive, hands-on resources to help their students acquire those 21st century skills.
RAFT supports thousands of teachers by providing them a professional, collaborative space. At RAFT Colorado, teachers find creative teaching ideas and workshops supporting Colorado’s new education standards, as well as a large, well-equipped teacher workspace and opportunities for informal professional development.
RAFT supports teachers by being green. RAFT gathers unwanted items from local businesses and upcycles them into interesting and unique learning activities. Last year, we diverted approximately 17,500 cubic feet of waste from landfills in Colorado.
RAFT supports teachers by turning their dimes into dollars. Teachers spend an average of $500 of their own money every year on classroom materials; at RAFT, most of our abundant, unique items are available at 80-90% off retail prices every day.
RAFT supports teachers by being a hub of creative, fun, and engaging educational ideas and activities. With special expertise in science and math, RAFT offers a variety of ideas, activity kits, and workshops that are tied to the Colorado content standards.
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Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only and may not be sold or licensed nor shared on other sites. SlideServe reserves the right to change this policy at anytime. While downloading, If for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
1. 1 TelecommunicationsandNetworks
2. 2 Learning Objectives Identify major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies.
Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications.
3. 3 Learning Objectives (continued) Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business.
Explain the functions of major types of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and services.
4. 4 Section I The Networked Enterprise
5. 5 Networking the Enterprise Networking business and employees
Connecting them to customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders.
6. 6 Trends in Telecommunications
7. 7 Trends in Telecommunications (continued) Industry
More options for the firm
Easy access for end users
Use common standards for hardware, software, applications, & networking.
8. 8 Trends in Telecommunications (continued) Technology (continued)
High degree of interoperability
Higher transmission speeds
Moves larger amounts of information
Lower error rates
Multiple types of communications on the same circuits
9. 9 Technology (continued)
Fiber-optic lines & cellular, PCS, satellite & other wireless technologies
Faster transmission speeds
10. 10 Business applications
Dramatic increase in the number of feasible telecommunication applications.
Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response times, support e-commerce, improve collaboration, share resources, lock in customers & suppliers, & develop new products & services
11. 11 Business Value of TelecommunicationsNetworks
13. 13 The Internet (continued) The business value of the Internet
14. 14 Intranets Within an organization
Uses Internet technologies
Business value of Intranets
Used for information sharing, communication, collaboration, & support of business processes.
Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for publishing & accessing multimedia business information
15. 15 Intranets (continued) Business Operations & Management
Used for developing & deploying critical business applications
Supports operations and managerial decision making
16. 16 Extranets Network links that use Internet technologies to interconnect the firms intranet with the intranets of customers, suppliers, or other business partners
Consultants, subcontractors, business prospects, & others
17. 17 Extranets (continued) Business value
Improve communication with customers and business partners
Gain competitive advantage in
Leveraging their partnerships
18. 18 Section II Telecommunications Network Alternatives
19. 19 Telecommunications Network Alternatives
20. 20 A Telecommunications Network Model
21. 21 A Telecommunications Network Model (continued) Consists of five basic components
Any input/output device that uses telecommunication networks to transmit or receive data
Support data transmission and reception between terminals and computers
22. 22 Telecommunications channels
The medium over which data are transmitted and received
Interconnected by telecommunications networks
Telecommunications control software
Control telecommunications activities & manage the functions of telecommunications networks
23. 23 Types of Telecommunications Networks Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Cover a large geographic area.
Local Area Networks (LAN)
Connect computers & other information processing devices within a limited physical area.
Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems
24. 24 Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued) Virtual Private Networks
A secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but relies on fire walls and other security features
26. 26 Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued) Client/Server Networks
Clients end user PCs or NCs
Server helps with application processing and also manages the network
28. 28 Types of Telecommunications Networks (continued) Network computing
the network is the computer
Thin clients process small application programs called applets.
29. 29 Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Two major models
Central server architecture
30. 30 Telecommunications Media Twisted-pair wire
Minimizes interference and distortion
Allows high-speed data transmission
Glass fiber that conducts pulses of light generated by lasers
Size and weight reduction
Increased speed and carrying capacity
31. 31 Telecommunications Media (continued)
32. 32 Wireless Technologies Terrestrial Microwave
Line-of-sight path between relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles apart.
Serve as relay stations for communications signals transmitted from earth stations
33. 33 Wireless Technologies (continued) Cellular & PCS Systems
Each cell is typically from one to several square miles in area.
Each cell has its own low-power transmitter or radio relay antenna.
Computers & other communications processors coordinate & control the transmissions to/from mobile users as they move from one cell to another
34. 34 Wireless LANs
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
Uses Web-enabled information appliances
Very thin clients
35. 35 Telecommunications Processors Modems (modulation/demodulation)
Changes signals from analog to digital and back to analog
Allows a single communication channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals
36. 36 Telecommunications Processors (continued) Internetwork Processors
Makes connections between telecomm circuits so a message can reach its intended destination
Interconnects networks based on different rules or protocols
37. 37 Hub
Port switching communications processor
A processor that interconnects networks that use different communications architecture
38. 38 Telecommunications Software Provides a variety of communications support services including connecting & disconnecting communications links & establishing communications parameters such as transmission speed, mode, and direction.
39. 39 Telecommunications Software (continued) Network Management
40. 40 Network Topologies Star
Ties end user computers to a central computer
Considered the least reliable
Ring (sometimes called Token Ring)
Ties local computer processors together in a ring on a more equal basis.
Considered more reliable & less costly
41. 41 Network Topologies (continued) Bus
Local processors share the same bus, or communications channel
Tree is a variation which ties several bus networks together
43. 43 Network Architectures & Protocols Protocols
A standard set of rules & procedures for the control of communications in a network
Standards for the physical characteristics of cables and connectors
Goal is to promote an open, simple, flexible, efficient telecommunications environment
44. 44 Network Architectures and Protocols (continued) OSI Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Used by the Internet and all intranets and extranets
45. 45 Bandwidth Alternatives Bandwidth is the frequency range of a telecommunications network
Determines the channels maximum transmission rate
Measured in bits per second (bps) or baud
46. 46 Switching Alternatives Circuit switching
47. 47 Discussion Questions The Internet is the driving force behind developments in telecommunications, networks, and other information technologies. Do you agree or disagree?
How is the trend toward open systems, connectivity, and interoperability related to business use of the Internet, intranets, and extranets?
48. 48 Discussion Questions (continued) How will wireless information appliances and services affect the business use of the Internet and the Web?
What are some of the business benefits and management challenges of client/server networks? Network computing? Peer-to-peer networks?
49. 49 What is the business value driving so many companies to rapidly install and extend intranets throughout their organizations?
What strategic competitive benefits do you see in a companys use of extranets?
50. 50 Do you think that business use of the Internet, intranets, and extranets has changed what businesspeople expect from information technology in their jobs?
Do you believe that the insatiable demand for everything wireless, video, and Web-enabled will be the driving force behind developments in telecommunications, networking, and computing technologies for the foreseeable future?
51. 51 References James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. ManagementInformation Systems: Managing Information Technology in the Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004
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When pulling works the following groups of muscles work: small and large breasts; front serrated; wide, diamond-shaped, round and trapezoidal backs; shoulder group – triceps, biceps, deltoid muscles.
We train the whole body
The standard curriculum on the horizontal bar is aimed at working out groups of muscles of the upper body, but the lower part can also be involved in this process at home, if you slightly modify the technique of execution. To do this, you can use weighting and in a free vise to attract the legs to the chest, thereby straining their muscles during normal pull-ups. But even without additional adaptations, the effect of standard exercises for the horizontal bar is impressive, because there is a serious study of the following muscles:
- brachial and biceps muscles;
- and all the muscles of the back.
Regular gymnastics with a tourniquet at home will help to strengthen the whole body, lose weight and achieve a beautiful relief.
See also: Protein slimming cocktail
People with a little physical training is difficult to determine which part of the body to begin to work out first. That’s why, starting to train on the crossbar, it is necessary to perform the best exercises on the bar, aimed at developing and strengthening all the muscles of the body.
Technique for pulling
Many people will be able to pull up a few times, but in order to influence a particular group of muscles, it is necessary to perform the exercise correctly. As practice shows, even experienced and developed athletes do not always get to pull themselves correctly more than five times. Before you perform the program of pull-ups at home, you need a good warm-up and warming up your muscles. It is best to press several times from the floor and stretch the shoulder joints. When doing exercises on the crossbar at home, you must follow certain techniques.
- Observance of the correct position of the body. It is required to fix the legs, you can fix them between themselves and bend at the knee at an angle of ninety degrees. With this position, lifting is carried out due to the strength of the muscles of the hands (the help of the legs and pelvis is excluded), the back work is felt.
- Frequency and effort. For a thorough study of the muscles, the exercise is best performed slowly, that is, the lifting and lowering of the body should be carried out at the same speed and evenly. When moving, there should be no jerks. Hands must be kept in suspense. Muscle mass should be felt.
- Proper breathing – when lifting – a steady breath, while lowering – an exhalation.
Varieties of grips when performing pull-ups
Not all trainees at home pay attention to the position of hands on the bar, and it is from the grip that depends on what group of muscles will be the main load. The clutches of the crossbar differ as narrow, medium and wide.
- Narrow – used for training the forearm and biceps, excluding the action of the muscles of the back, is performed with the closest position of the hands.
- Medium – the location of the arms corresponds to the width of the shoulders. Load distribution occurs evenly. The arms of the shoulders and back are equally involved in lifting the trunk. The most common grip when pulling.
- Wide – is performed with the greatest mutual removal of hands. To create the greatest load, the thumb does not wrap around the bar. Designed to train the muscles of the back.
Different purposes – different techniques
By pulling, you can develop both strength and muscle mass. To learn how to correctly draw a certain bias, it is necessary to remember what the given exercise consists of. It consists of two stages:
- The positive phase is the lifting of the body
- Negative phase – lowering of the body
These phases are present in all their strength exercises and should be considered in more detail.
To generate power:
- Within three seconds a slow rise in the trunk, and dropping quickly – in one second.
- Gradually increase the number of approaches
- Create muscle tension when lifting
- Resting between approaches is no more than two to three minutes.
Working on the mass:
- Within one second, quickly raise the trunk and slowly lower it in about three seconds.
- A constant number of approaches without increasing
- When lowering the body muscles must be as tight as possible
- Rest between sets to do more than three minutes
- After training at home take a fairly energetically rich diet.
Apparently, the program of pull-ups on the mass at home conditions have a reverse bias rather than the development of strength. When pull-ups are easy, weighting can be used to complicate the exercise at home. To weight your own weight, belts with weights loaded on them, foot weights, sandpans are used. The weight of the load is added gradually. It should be borne in mind that when working with weighting agents, you must be careful not to harm the body. Experienced athletes practice pulling on one hand, the second is behind your back, but here you need to have great strength and skill.
How to learn to draw from scratch
Even at home you can equip the crossbar for pulling up by installing it in the doorway. If you do not know how to pull yourself up, start with the usual hovering on the horizontal bar, increasing the hanging time every day. Brushes of hands need to get used to the load so that the grip is stronger. Then you can start lifting the case. Grasp the middle grip and evenly pull the body up, elbows move down and spread out to the sides. Stabilize the body, straining the muscles of the press. Drop down after the chin is above the crossbar.
We met with a noble exercise called pull-up on the bar. Now you know which tool will help you achieve the V-shape of the figure and can safely operate it.
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Due to Donald Trump’s unpredictable…
As United States shale continues…
Tectonic shifts in the global coal market are underway, posing a series of questions for traditional coal supply markets.
Coal has historically played and continues to play a central role in the industrialization and development of nations. A convergence of factors, including China’s spectacular rise, has however had a significant destabilizing effect on the global coal market.
New era for coal
For much of the recent history, global coal export demand was driven by European and Japanese post-war reconstruction and the emergence of the Tiger economies of South Korea and Taiwan. China and, until recently, India, have been late but significant players in the global coal market.
(Click to enlarge)
Source: Knoema, World Bank
Accounting for 75 percent of China’s and 73 percent of India’s primary energy mix , recent EIA statistics (2014) reveal that China alone consumes and produces more coal than half of the world’s total coal production of 7 876 Mt (metric tons) – with new estimates 14 percent higher than previously reported. India, too, has become a major producer of coal, increasing output from 116 Mt in 1980 to a current level of 600Mt – with an ambitious target of 1.5 billion Mt set for 2020.
Related: Why Oil Prices Will Likely Drop Below $40 Soon
What distinguishes both China and India from traditional coal markets in Europe and Asia, however, are their relatively high degree of historical and continued coal self-sufficiency. Unlike South Korea at 98 percent or Japan at 100 percent dependent on imported coal, China and India rely on imports for a total of 7 percent and 11 percent respectively.
Coal’s continued relevance
Often the debate on coal’s future centers on pollution, climate change, and the increasingly low-cost attractiveness of renewable energy production. Though these arguments are valid, over 473GW of coal power capacity was brought online in the period 2010-15, led by China and India. A further 338GW is currently under construction, rendering coal an indissoluble cog in global energy production in the medium to long-term.
China alone accounted for 297GW of coal power capacity in the period. By way of comparison, the entire U.S. coal fleet is 315GW, with China annually adding on average roughly half (49GW) of the UK’s total installed capacity in coal power alone.
This also does not take into account the role of coal as a fuel source used in industrial furnaces for smelting and baking processes, or as an additive in chemical derivatives and industrial applications.
Ironing out inefficiencies
In China, pollution, climate change, and overcapacity concerns have, however, provided impetus for the country to review the role of coal in its energy mix. With its total installed electricity capacity increasing on average by 10 percent in the period 2007-2013 to 1257.68GW, China has halted the construction of over 200 approved coal fired power stations until 2018.
Halting the approved build program with combined electricity output of 105GW – equivalent to 73 percent of Africa’s total installed capacity – must be seen in light of arguably the most significant growth phase in modern industrial history, with total installed electrical capacity more than tripling since 2000 (298GW). The peak of this growth phase (2007-2011) saw China building the equivalent of two 500MW coal power stations per week.
Related: Germany About To Make Big Changes To Its Renewables Policy
The hiatus in new plant construction comes on the heels of significant losses in plant utilization rates, plummeting from 60 percent in 2011 to 49 percent in 2014, expected to fall to 46 percent in 2016. Coal power plants with less than 100MW output have also been earmarked for closure, with 60GW of coal power announced to be removed from the grid in the 2016-2020 period.
In a similar vein, over 4300 small, inefficient coal-mining operations have been earmarked for closure in addition to the 7250 that have been closed in the last 5 years, slashing a further 560 Mt. In total ,1.3 million coal and 500 000 steel jobs will be lost as part of a broader economic restructuring. India too has been struggling with inefficiencies following a remarkable growth phase that saw its total installed electricity capacity practically double in the period 2006-2014, from 124GW to 245GW.
Along with China, India’s coal-fired power stations are among the most inefficient globally. Due to bottlenecks in the supply of coal to power stations by rail, with over 50Mt of coal stranded at mines in 2014, modernization of existing coal power plants has been identified as essential to keep pace with an electricity demand of 4.9 percent per year.
Further corrections to the global coal market are expected in the short-term as China and India grapple with weighty inefficiencies at mine, power plant level and factory level.
Past the peak
Significant cutbacks on imports are expected to increase, with annual Chinese demand down 35 percent in 2015, registering a total drop in coal demand of over 5 percent in the 2014-15 period and set to continue into 2016. With coal imports down 34 percent annually, India’s Prime Minister Modi recently declared war on coal imports, stating that no imports will be allowed past 2019.
(Click to enlarge)
This trend towards energy autonomy can be seen in part as a drive to reduce risk of future shocks due to price volatility as witnessed in the previous decade with coal reaching an all-time high of over $160 in 2008.
(Click to enlarge)
Source: Index Mundi
Counting the cost
The key consideration for the future of coal rests on balancing supply with global demand. As developed economies wean themselves from coal, traditional export markets are on the decline. Recent reductions in demand from China and India, with stockpiles rising at the world leading coal terminals, have resulted in coal exporters scrambling to find customers.
Related: Beleaguered Chesapeake to Sell Off More Assets to Reduce $9B Debt
High-cost players are being eliminated in emerging and developed markets. One such example is the recent liquidation of Peabody Energy with a market cap of $20 billion in 2011, reduced to $38 million in early 2016. Big coal has seen a steady decline in the US, with the Obama presidency’s effort to shutter the industry hastening the end. A shale gas surge and the significant drop in crude oil prices have also had a significant deleterious effect on coal’s place in the US and world’s energy mix, with 2015 declared the worst year for US coal.
Tough environmental regulations and sanctions in developed economies, a competitive renewable energy sector competing directly with coal, and the recent signing of the Paris climate accord have all diminished coal’s place in many developed economies. December 2015 saw the closure of the UK’s last deep coal mine, Kellingley colliery. Most recently, eastern Europe’s largest private coal miner, Czech-based New World Resources, scrambled to secure a bailout because of the need to support 13 000 jobs.
Shifting centers of production
A re-balancing of Chinese and Indian coal markets in the short to medium-term could send significant shockwaves through the global coal market. Several uncertainties could prove troublesome for global coal, including the extent of the glut in Chinese and Indian domestic coal markets. Addressing the significant inefficiencies in existing electricity-generation infrastructure could also flatten demand for coal further. Possibly more troublesome, however, is the prospect of China and India becoming net exporters of coal.
For the two largest exporters of coal, Indonesia (16 percent of global coal exports) and Australia (13 percent), with export markets accounting for 80 percent and 72 percent of total production respectively, the risks are high. With coal prices down 60-90 percent, the leading investor in Indonesian coal, BHP Billiton, has recently in a shock announcement signaled its intention to exit from Indonesian coal – a key supplier to China.
For the remaining top exporters including Russia, South Africa, Colombia and a beleaguered U.S., the impact could be equally negative, resulting in mine closures, retrenchments, and the loss of a key foreign exchange earner. Much will depend on the reliability of the short-term coal fundamentals emerging from China and India.
by John Filitz via Globalriskinsights.com
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GlobalRiskInsights.com provides the web’s best political risk analysis for businesses and investors. Our contributors are some of the brightest minds in economics, politics, finance, and…
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How I'm Teaching My 14-Year-Old Son With Autism About Money
Did you get an allowance growing up? If you are parenting a child or adult with autism, do you give them an allowance? I truly didn’t even think about giving my son, Dominic, an allowance or paying him for his chores until about a year or so ago when Dominic’s private speech therapist suggested it. My first thought was, “Will he understand the concept of earning money for chores?”
Dominic struggles with the concept of money — it’s worth and how much something costs — so getting paid to do chores was the perfect way for him to continue to learn. We kept a chart with the date, his chore and the amount given (we came up with $2.00). I also kept a clear mason jar on the kitchen counter and every time he did his chore, he got $2.00 and he put it in the jar. That way, he could see the money as it accumulated. I also printed out a picture of the Lego kit he was working for from the Target website and attached it to his allowance sheet. Dominic is a visual learner, so seeing the money in the jar and having his sheet where we kept track of the money was very helpful for him.
Just a few days ago, he had enough money saved up to get the Lego kit from the Target. After his private speech therapy session yesterday, we drove over and found it on the shelf. Dominic carried the Lego kit and the $30.00 he had earned up to the front of the store and we stood in line. When it was our turn, he put the Lego kit on the conveyor belt and handed the money to the cashier. I told the cashier Dominic earned the money and the cashier thought that was pretty cool.
Take a guess what my son did as soon as we got home?
Dominic watches three shows every evening, the “NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt,” “Wheel of Fortune” and “Jeopardy!” When it was time for me to turn on the television, around 6:30 p.m., I said, “Dominic, it’s time for Lester Holt!” He shook his head no. I then said, “Do you want to keep working on the Lego kit and then put on ‘Wheel of Fortune’ at 7?” His response was, “Yes!” It takes something really special for him to deviate from his nighttime television viewing.
Dominic learned so much from earning his own money. First, he had to learn to be patient (it took six months to earn enough money to get the Lego kit). Second, he learned if you work hard, you get paid. Lastly, he learned that when you get paid, you can use that money to buy something you really want!
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From Tom Pierson, SETI Institute: Jack Farmer wrote: Dear Tom: I wanted to draw your attention to a new television feature called "Looking for Life" that involves a collaboration between Macquarie University and NASA's Passport to Knowledge (public television's longest running series of interactive learning adventures). This new Passport to Knowledge, provides a broadly based survey of Astrobiology (see show description below). It will air on NASA Select and Public Broadcasting Service stations later this month (see schedule below).
A nice teaser can be found at: http://learners.gsfc.nasa.gov/mediaviewer/Lookingforlifeintro/. In addition to the feature, the new Passport to Knowledge also provides curriculum materials for teachers and students that take advantage of three NASA Learning Technology (NLT) tools:
1) The "Virtual Field Trip" allows students to explore selected field trip locations using spherical panoramic footage of a field site. Students are able to "look around" a 360-degree view of the environment and along the way, access videos where experts explain what they are seeing. Experts note points of interest, and students can jump from one location to another as they explore. Once they've started the "Virtual Field Trip," students can take an even closer look using the other two NLT other tools. A focus of the Virtual Fieldtrip for the "Looking for Life" adventure is the Pilbara region of western Austraila, site of the oldest known stromaolites and cellular fossils on Earth. This field trip was filmed during an international expedition to the Pilbara held last summer which was attended by Bruce Runnegar and Rose Grymes of the NAI, as well as one of your SETI folks - Seth Shostak. The "Virtual Lab" includes a suite of simulated microscopes that allow students to study the closeup features of rocks "back in the lab". Actual samples from a 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolite and modern-day microbial mats were scanned into electronic files, and can be explored by students using the virtual microscopes. For example, students can compare 3.5- billion-year-old fossils with samples of modern stromatolites.
3) NLT's "What's the Difference" tool helps students compare the details of microscopic images, with the modern and ancient environments of the Pilbara and Mars.
All of these NLT curriculum elements are accessible through the NASA Quest Web site.
A brief description of the "Looking for Life" special is given below:
Is life on Earth unique? Are humans the only intelligent beings in the universe? These are some of the deepest and most ancient of questions. Now, for the first time, we have the tools and technology to begin probing for the answers. Scientists believe these answers lie untouched in some of the most exotic and dramatic sites on our home planet. "Looking for Life" takes viewers to these distant locations for the most current reports on this exciting scientific frontier.
In the rust-red Pilbara desert of Western Australia, an international team of NASA and university researchers looks at ancient rocks to see if they offer unambiguous evidence of life on Earth as long as 3.5 billion years ago. At Shark Bay, a young graduate student dives in chilly waters to sample stromatolites, "living fossils" that may resemble early life-forms. In the startling red and yellow waters of Spain's Rio Tinto, an intrepid cameraman ventures underwater to photograph the rich organisms found in some of the most acidic streams on Earth. Nearby a NASA team tests a prototype drill that could be deployed to Mars or to Jupiters mysterious moon, Europa. North of the Arctic Circle, researchers from Indiana University look for life deep underground in the Lupin Mine. South of the Equator, far up in the Bolivian Andes, NASA's Nathalie Cabrol dives in the highest waters on Earth, whose salty shores resemble the ancient lakes recently found on Mars by NASA's rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. She finds organisms thriving in an environment of extreme cold and dangerous levels of radiation.
Special Airs on NASA Select:
Thursday, May 25, 2006
8:00-9:00 a.m., 4:00-5:00 p.m. and 8:00-9:00 p.m.
Saturday, May 27, 2006
8:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-5:00 p.m.
For PBS broadcasts, see local listings.
Please feel free to share this message with anyone you think will be interested. Thanks!
Please follow Astrobiology on Twitter.
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|Putting the Nail in the Coffin|
Have an old house in Washington, DC? It’s most likely that you had a dead body resting in it for a few days. I’m not talking homicide here, but a funeral. In your living room.
I just finished up a house history for a client near 20th and Belmont Streets, NW that had a total of four funerals that took place inside the house, all within a twenty year time span. I often write that the funeral took place in any given house, but now and then, a client requests that I don’t divulge if a dead body was ever in the house.
The problem is, if your house is more than 50 years old, it is most likely that many dead bodies have once been inside; people either died at home or their funeral took place in the living room. As a young child, my mother recalls having to remove the Christmas tree from their living room for her mother’s funeral following her death on Christmas Eve. Today, that scene might require years of therapy, but in the 1930s that was the norm.
Most DC residents held their funeral at home, especially before modern funeral homes were licensed beginning in the 1930s. You purchased a coffin made by the local furniture or cabinet maker, death certificate, and obtained a permit to transport a body to the cemetery, and that was the brunt of it.
Before embalming became commercially available around the turn of the twentieth century, funerals were obviously held soon after the death. Embalming was first developed and used during the Civil War by Dr. Thomas Holmes who was tasked with preserving the bodies of army officers so that they could be sent home for burial.
But localities did not have that need, and it wasn’t until good old capitalism took over that traveling salesmen soon began visiting towns and cities across the nation offering embalming training and techniques, and – you guessed it – supplies for sale. The first embalming solutions were arsenic based but were rapidly replaced with formaldehyde.
Over time, the liveryman, who was tasked with transporting the body, became more involved in the overall procedure and event coordination of death, and “undertake” many of the additional duties that began to become custom and tradition following the Victorian period. Funeral and funeral merchandise expansion after the turn of the twentieth led to the term “Undertaker,” and they could be more efficient all in one place – the funeral home – beginning in the 1930s and 1940s. They were often located in former homes turned businesses.
Today, you might be surprised that most States only require a certified death certificate, a permit to transport a body, and that the body be buried, cremated, or donated to medical science. No embalming is required, and many relatives are beginning to once again hold funerals in their homes as a cost saving measure.
And as long as we are on the topic –I know your dying to know – let’s talk a little about cemeteries themselves. I love exploring cemeteries, but I usually get the “how dare you" look or whispers that it is not respectful. But then I remind them that I’m a historian, and they are about to get a history lesson.
Cemeteries designed during the Victorian era in the 1870s (and earlier) were meant to be not only explored, but to be used as parks, where one might spend the entire day, and spread out for lunch or long strolls. They offered a respite from urban centers, high heat, and the smells of animals and smog of burning coal. Cemeteries were outfitted with meandering paths, benches, and meadows where the entire family would gather and gossip. You only need to look at old postcards of cemeteries to see that they were full of people, and not a place to avoid.
Some existing cemeteries are now returning to their roots – Congressional Cemetery on Capitol Hill being an excellent example of attracting people to explore its surroundings and grave markers by creating a dog walkers group, volunteers for repairing and cleaning, and even a playful “dead man’s run” to raise funds for the restoration.
Author's Note: Entry’s will be a bit sparse for a few weeks as I’m on a deadline to complete my “Lost Washington” book due May 1st
Copyright Paul K. Williams
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Cervical cancer is mostly caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. An HPV vaccine may reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Symptoms include painful sex, vaginal bleeding, and discharge.
A visual guide to cervical cancer
See the key tests
Screening women aged 50 to 64 for cervical cancer saves lives for those in this age group, and also in later life, a study suggests.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix - the entrance to the womb from the vagina.
Chemotherapy side effects
Learn about the various chemotherapy side effects that may come during or after treatment.
©2009-2014 WebMD UK Limited and Boots UK Limited. All rights reserved.
BootsWebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.
To provide even greater transparency and choice, we are working on a number of other cookie-related enhancements. More information
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On June 27, 1976, an Air France flight from Tel Aviv was headed to Paris. The plane was hijacked by Palestinian and German terrorists and forced to land at an airport in Entebbe, Uganda.
The 248 passengers and 12 French crew members were held hostage in a terminal until Israeli commandos pulled off a daring raid that has assumed mythical proportions and became the subject of numerous books and movies.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will attend a ceremony in Entebbe to mark the 40th anniversary of the raid. He will be the first Israeli prime minister to visit Uganda since that date, and the first to visit sub-Saharan Africa since 1986.
The raid is considered one of Israel’s great military feats, and the event has forever changed the way governments confront terrorists.
The only Israeli soldier killed in the rescue was Netanyahu’s brother, Colonel Yonatan “Yoni” Netanyahu. The operation was renamed from Operation Thunderbolt to Operation Yonatan in his honor.
The raid marks the beginning of Netanyahu’s political career. After losing his brother, Netanyahu organized a conference on international terrorism in memory of him. Israel’s ambassador to the U.S., Moshe Arens, was impressed with Netanyahu and asked him to help explain to the world Israel’s case, known as “hasbara.” “And that is how I got into politics,” Netanyahu said.
In the 40 years since the operation, its near-failures and the successes have become subjects of debate. Historians have questioned some of the myths that have grown from the raid, including the role Yonatan actually played in the operation.
Members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the German Revolutionary Cells hijacked the plane and diverted it to Entebbe. Within days of landing, they moved the Israeli captives, numbering approximately 100, to a smaller room.
The hijackers demanded the release of Palestinian prisoners in Israel, including many in prison for murder. Some Israeli officials felt that giving in to terrorist demands would make the country appear weak. Others felt that a military operation so far away would be impossible.
Most of the non-Israeli prisoners were released by the fifth day. At that time, the Defense Minister, Shimon Peres, and his generals met to develop a plan of action.
At the core of the problem was how to transport 200 soldiers for seven hours in secrecy and then return to Israel with the hostages.
“It was a sophisticated and complex operation that we planned in less than 24 hours and carried out in less than 48 hours,” said Amnon Biran. At the time, Biran was a lieutenant colonel in the infantry and paratroopers command. Biran says, “I thought our chances were about 40/60 and we would come back with at least 40 coffins.”
Their plan was to land at Entebbe in the dark. A small team would enter the terminal to kill the hijackers. Other teams would secure the perimeter, take out the control tower, and take over the newer terminal. Later, they received orders to destroy the Ugandan fleet of MiG fighter jets. Commands would come from a Boeing airplane circling overhead. A medical team would be on standby in Nairobi.
The Israeli soldiers intended to drive past security to the old terminal by dressing as Ugandan soldiers in a Mercedes decorated like one Ugandan leader Idi Amin would use. Netanyahu felt that a sentry was suspicious, so he shot him. The shot failed to kill the guard, however, and a follow-up team killed the sentry in a round of gunfire. Those shots alerted the terrorists that something was going on.
Less than a minute later, Netanyahu was hit by sniper fire as the first team entered the terminal. Most witnesses say that the shot came from a sniper in the control tower. In all, 101 hostages were saved. Three were killed in the crossfire.
Idi Amin, upset at the actions of the Israelis, ordered the execution of Dora Bloch, an elderly passenger who had been taken to a hospital the day before.
The debate about the raid continues forty years later. Omer Bar-Lev led one of the assault teams. He says that every detail of the operation can be argued. “We know he shot the guard, but I don’t think it ruined the surprise. Today, we know that the terrorists heard the shots and thought we were Ugandan soldiers. They told the hostages to lie down — that actually helped us,” said Bar-Lev, who is now a member of the Knesset.
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Search for a current (no more than two months old) news story (article, other piece of writing, or video clip) that demonstrates a moral or ethical dilemma.
Explain the ethical dilemma in your own words and explain whether or not the story relates to an ethical theory or code
include a link to the news story or event (article, other piece of writing, or video clip). In addition to sharing the link, you need to show a clear connection between the news story/event and the module material in a post of at least 150 words.
A) Decide on a story/parable/fable which influenced your ethical/moral growth as a child. Briefly describe the story and what it taught you. How does your thinking today fit with what you learned as a child through that story? This component should be about 250 words.
(B) Decide on an ethical principle you would like your children to take to heart as you did with your childhood ethical story. Write a short story/fable/parable/fairy tale (about 300-400 words) that teaches this ethical lesson in a dramatic way. Want examples? Consider Bible stories or parables. Google Aesop’s Fables. Look up Grimm’s Fairy Tales. Look at any Chicken Soup for the … book. Note: This must be a made-up story, no real life stories! Use your creativity. You’ll have fun and come up with a great story.
2 part Ethics homework – Empire Essays
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Acupuncture has actually been utilized for greater than two thousand years in China to advertise well-being and deal with disease. In Chinese medicine, wellness is thought to arise from the free flow of power, called chi, in the body. Ailment is credited to clogs in this power circulation, which could be alleviated by the placement of thin needles at various factors in the body.
Acupuncture could be helpful in keeping health and in treating patients with a vast array of health issue. Acupuncture may be utilized alone or in combination with various other complementary or traditional medicine therapies.
If you are uncertain whether acupuncture is an appropriate treatment for your condition, initial routine an integrative medication appointment, where among our experts will certainly go over the various solutions given at the Osher Facility for Integrative Medication and also assist you determine what may best fit your requirements.
Acupuncture could be made use of to deal with a variety of problem and also health problems, consisting of:
Negative effects of Cancer cells Therapy– Acupuncture could assist reduce the queasiness connected with chemotherapy, increase the immune reaction, relieve discomfort and also improve energy degrees.
Acupuncture could help reduce the intensity and also frequency of persistent migraines, consisting of tension frustrations as well as migraines.
Persistent Neck and also Pain in the back
Acupuncture may be helpful in soothing chronic discomfort caused by back constriction, disc herniation, spondolithesis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Female’s Reproductive Wellness Issues
Acupuncture could be made use of to improve fertility, ease signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and also decrease aggravating signs and symptoms of menopause, including mood modifications, hot flashes and insomnia.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a problem that creates incapacitating fatigue, including fatigue and lowered stamina, neurological problems, and a variety of flu-like signs.
Chinese medicine considers signs and symptoms of exhaustion and also exhaustion as originating from compromised body organs. Acupuncture might aid to revitalize and also stimulate the damaged body organs from their diminished states.
Acupuncture for Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a persistent discomfort disorder identified by fatigue as well as widespread pain in the fibrous tissues of the muscles, ligaments and also ligaments. Acupuncture may assist soothe the discomfort associated with this problem.
Research in the previous decade has revealed that acupuncture could be really efficient in reducing the signs and symptoms of respiratory system conditions, consisting of bronchial asthma. It might also reduce the regularity and also strength of bronchial asthma assaults.
Acupuncture For Sports Injuries in Elkins Park
Acupuncture could be used to deal with various sporting activities and also repetitive tension injuries.
Food poisonings– Acupuncture might be helpful in eliminating several of the pain triggered by food poisonings, including chronic liver condition, irritable bowel disorder, gastroesophageal reflux illness (GERD) as well as inflammatory bowel condition.
Examination of Elkins Park Patients
You could make a visit to see one of our acupuncturists directly, with or without a reference from your clinical doctor. If you doubt about whether acupuncture may be right for you, consider scheduling an integrative medication examination as a very first step in your therapy.
At your first consultation, the acupuncturist will review your wellness worries with you as well as establish how your signs could best be treated with acupuncture. Your acupuncturist might additionally observe your tongue, face as well as body coloring, and skin temperature as well as structure on various parts of your body.
Acupressure Treatment in Elkins Park Pennsylvania
Acupuncture is an old kind of Chinese medicine based on the principal of chi, or power circulation. In the Chinese medication structure, the free flow of chi throughout the body generates ideal health and wellness.
Acupuncture functions to recover the flow of chi throughout your body by positioning very slim, stainless-steel, clean and sterile needles at numerous factors in your body. There are as several as 365 acupuncture factors along the meridian pathways where needles can be placed to recover a balance of power.
Sterilized needles are then placed on the picked factors. Acupuncture needles are different sizes and determines, however are typically hair-thin, solid and also made of stainless steel.
Normally needles are positioned simply listed below the skin’s surface area, but some could go deeper, depending upon the points being dealt with. Normally, a lot of people just experience a brief feeling as the needle wases initially being put. When the needles remain in place, they generally can not be really felt.
Numerous people locate the treatment very peaceful and experience a sensation of wellness. Often individuals are stunned at how comfortable they are throughout the therapy as well as how quickly the needles are put. Needles commonly remain in place for concerning Thirty Minutes; nevertheless, this may differ depending on your specific demands. After your acupuncturist removes your needles, your insertion factors are delicately cleaned with cotton that has actually been dipped in alcohol.
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Models used in new IPCC report show increased Greenland surface ice melt compared to previous models, but at the Antarctic ice sheet, some melting will be offset by increased snowfall
19 August 2021
AGU press contact:
Liza Lester, +1 (202) 777-7494, [email protected] (UTC-4 hours)
University of Bristol press contact:
Laura Thomas, +44 (0)7977 983814, [email protected] (UTC+1 hour)
Contact information for the researchers:
Tony Payne, University of Bristol, +44 117 928 7871, [email protected] (UTC+1 hour)
WASHINGTON— The recently released IPCC Sixth Assessment Report predicts faster warming of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans compared to previous assessments. Now, new research shows how the new generation of climate models used in the assessment differ from earlier models in their prediction of the impact on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets on sea level rise.
The new study predicts that, by 2100, additional melting of the Antarctic ice sheet will be countered by an increase in snowfall, associated with a warmer Polar atmosphere, resulting in little additional contribution of Antarctica to sea level rise compared to previous models. The Greenland ice sheet, however, will see more melting than previously predicted and contribute to higher sea level rise by the end of the century, according to new models.
Using modern methods to calculate projected changes to sea levels, researchers discovered that the two ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica respond differently, reflecting their very distinct local climates.
The new research is based on the new generation of climate models which are used in the newly published Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report, reviewing scientific, technical, and socio-economic information regarding climate change.
The project brought together over 60 researchers from 44 institutions to produce, for the first time, process-based community projections of the sea level rise from the ice sheets.
The paper was published in AGU’s journal Geophysical Research Letters, which publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.
Tony Payne, Head of the University of Bristol’s School of Geographical Sciences and lead author of the new paper, said the team was trying to establish whether the projected sea level rise from the new generation of climate models was different from the previous generation.
“The new models generally predict more warming than the previous generation, but we wanted to understand what this means for the ice sheets,” he said. “The increased warming of the new models results in more melt from the Greenland ice sheet and higher sea level rise by a factor of around 1.5 at 2100.”
“There is little change, however, in projected sea level rise from the Antarctic ice sheet. This is because increased mass loss triggered by warmer oceans is countered by mass gain by increased snowfall which is associated with the warmer Polar atmosphere,” Payne added.
The recent findings suggest that society should plan for higher sea levels, and match with virtually all previous estimates of sea level rise, in that scientists expect sea levels to continue to rise well beyond 2100, most likely at an accelerating rate.
“Predicting the mass budget of the ice sheets from estimates of global warming is difficult and a great many of the processes involved require further attention,” Payne said. “Discovering that warmer climates do not affect Antarctic mass budget, in particular, warrants further examination because this is based on large changes in snowfall and marine melt balancing.”
“One of the main things to take away from this, interestingly, is that the response of two ice sheets and what impact global heating has on them is different and depends heavily on their local conditions,” Payne added.
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Notes for Journalists:
This research study is open access. Download a PDF copy of the paper here. Neither the paper nor this press release is under embargo.
“Future sea level change under CMIP5 and CMIP6 scenarios from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets”
Univer.,sity of Bristol press release
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