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Associated with various social justice causes, this term calls for the total elimination, versus the reform, of some form of oppression, enslavement, or abuse. For example, prior to the American Civil War, there were some who called for the abolition of human slavery, and many others who called for its reform, for the establishment of a kinder, gentler, "Christian slavery." In the context of animal advocacy, there is a similar distinction between those who openly call for an end to the human exploitation of animals, and those who seek to set standards and pass laws that will codify a "kinder, gentler" approach to using and killing animals for profit. Just as in the case of human slavery, some of those who do so believe that this is the best that can be achieved in the foreseeable future, and others do so because they believe that humans are entitled to use animals as they see fit, provided the deed is done according to a socially accepted standard.
Donald Watson, who was a co-founder of the Vegan movement in England in the 1940s, believed that "farming" animals was inherently unjust. Upon visiting his uncle's farm, he observed, "The idyllic scene was nothing more than death row, where every creature's days were numbered by the point at which it was no longer of service to human beings." He also said, "We can see quite plainly that our present civilisation is built on the exploitation of animals, just as past civilisations were built on the exploitation of slaves..."
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Frequently Asked Questions
Given that we domesticated these animals, doesn’t that give us the right to use them?
What about indigenous people who kill and eat animals, but do so in a way that respects the animal's spirit?
My religious tradition doesn't forbid killing and eating animals, so that makes it okay, doesn’t it?
Non-violent social change
Path of conscience
Privilege of domination
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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
1guerrillero masculineguerrillera feminine(leader/tactics) guerrilleroguerrilla group — guerrilla feminine
- The regiment has long experience in Yemen, where it fought against guerrillas in the 1960s.
- When you're fighting guerrillas, or terrorists, the enemy is quite literally hydra-headed.
- The US military estimated about 100 guerrillas had been killed in the assault.
- The accepted ratio of government forces to guerrillas is often cited as 10:1.
- He promised a massive military response to the guerillas with a budget of a billion dollars and a million men enlisted as volunteers.
- Many innocent civilians have been caught in the middle of a war between the country's military and the guerillas.
- This program forced civilians to take sides and served to increasingly isolate guerillas from popular support.
- The military power employed went beyond American troops engaged in fighting guerillas.
- During the eighteenth century, the Sikhs had to fight a guerilla war against huge forces.
- By taking care of routine policing and security, they will free the US army to conduct raids and fight the guerrillas.
- State news agency MIA said the guerrillas were opening fire from a Tetovo suburb.
- In the rush to war, the Western Coalition was not prepared for the guerilla warfare they're now faced with.
- It was system of indirect control, with the US constantly fighting low level guerilla warfare with special forces.
- They were transformed into a both a modern guerilla force, and a terror outfit.
- Russian forces have been fighting the separatist guerrillas on and off since 1994.
- Rebel guerrillas would be tracked, then intercepted before reaching their targets.
- It's not like Russia where you can retreat and retreat - you hole up and fight a guerilla war, or you run out of country.
- In practice this has been an inefficient way of aiding the country's fight against left-wing guerrillas.
- The US is concerned that the weapons are intended for domestic militias or foreign guerillas.
- It was the first major strategic attack carried out by a guerilla force and the attackers came from within as well as without our society.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.
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Just this month, a group of middle school students in Alabama made the news for posting positive notes on the lockers of fellow students. For Christmas, a few Attleboro, MA, students chipped in to buy their beloved school janitor new boots as a present. And in December, a Michigan waitress received a $2,020 tip for a $23 dinner bill, sparking the “2020 Tip Challenge” craze.
People perform acts of kindness both to do good and to feel good. Research finds that being kind makes us happy, can help to lower our blood pressure, and encourages stronger social connections. Now, a new study suggests that we can access some of these benefits simply by recalling acts of kindness we did in the past—making kindness a gift that keeps on giving.
Researchers from the University of California, Riverside, conducted a three-day experiment with 532 undergraduate students. The students were randomly assigned to one of four tasks: 1) performing acts of kindness; 2) recalling acts of kindness they did in the past; 3) performing and recalling acts of kindness; and 4) neither performing nor recalling acts of kindness.
On day one, students in groups 1 and 3 were asked to perform three acts of kindness for someone else in the next 24 hours. As examples, the researchers suggested things like “cooking dinner for friends or family, doing a chore for a family member, paying for someone’s coffee in line behind you, visiting an elderly relative, or writing a thank you letter.” On day two, students in groups 2 and 3 were asked to recall acts of kindness they did prior to the experiment. On each of the three days, participants filled out a survey that looked at their positive and negative feelings over the past 24 hours and their overall life satisfaction.
The researchers found that study participants across all the kindness groups saw an uptick in their well-being over the course of the experiment. Participants reported an increase in positive feelings and life satisfaction and a decrease in negative feelings whether they performed acts of kindness, recalled acts of kindness, or did both. And their improved well-being was enduring, remaining fairly stable through day three of the study.
You might imagine that participants who both performed and recalled acts of kindness would be the happiest, but doing both didn’t seem to provide an additional benefit. As the researchers sum it up, “Individuals who seek to efficiently improve their well-being may be just as successful by remembering kind acts that they have performed in the past as actually doing more such acts in the future.”
Does this mean we can simply sit at home and ponder our past generosity, rather than getting out into the world and being kind to others? The answer is no, of course, even beyond all the altruistic reasons you might have for being kind.
“We do not suggest that people should stop being kind to others. Indeed, happiness seekers should continue to act prosocially towards others to create more memories of these acts,” the researchers write. After all, you have to perform acts of kindness in order to have acts to remember.
The major takeaway from this study is a reminder not to forget all of our past acts of kindness, which can also be a source of well-being. If you’re looking for a quick boost, take a few minutes to recall the last time you did something nice for someone. And the next time you perform an act of kindness, make sure you log that kindness memory so you can revisit it later.
Originally published by Greater Good Magazine.
Stay up to date or catch-up on all our podcasts with Arianna Huffington here.
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NBC10Philadelphia.com - Byron Scott
A local school is warning parents about a popular Internet game putting teens at risk. It's called the Salt and Ice Challenge, a game that involves putting salt on the skin and then pressing ice on top of it until the ice melts or the pain becomes too severe.
School officials and health care experts are warning local parents about a dangerous game they say is gaining popularity among middle school and high school students.
It’s called the Salt and Ice Challenge. The game is played by putting salt on the skin, pressing ice on top of it and holding it in place until the ice melts or until the pain becomes too severe. Numerous people have posted youtube videos of themselves participating in the challenge, which experts say can cause severe burns to the skin, similar to frostbite.
Officials at Phoenixville Middle School in Chester County became concerned after they say they heard students talking about the game. They quickly took action and sent a letter warning parents.
"Our goal is to provide you with this information in order to facilitate open communication at home to ensure the safety of our students," said Dr. Frank Garritano of the Phoenixville School District.
Garritano also urges parents to call the school's nurse or guidance office with any further questions or concerns. You can reach them at 484-927-5252 or 484-927-5216.
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Marine biologists say the sea animals flee the spill zone the way others would flee a forest fire. With thousands of gallons of oil contaminating their natural habitats, marine creatures press into oil-free waters.
"Their habitat is shrinking, tens of thousands of square miles are affected, and animals moving away from them," said Mobi Salangi, director of the Institute for Marine Mammal Studies. "There are changes in food, the food they eat and their prey."
Plumes of dense oil in shallow waters, up to 50 feet below the surface, have sucked up oxygen. Tests by the Dauphin Island Sea Lab usually show oxygen levels in the shallow waters at nearly eight parts per million. They're now down to two parts per million -- four times lower than normal.
Sharks, crabs, sting rays, birds and dolphins are all crowding piers, from Panama Beach, Florida, to the coasts of Louisiana.
Feeding frenzies are common in the Gulf, but the sharks jostling the Alabama coast are now much larger and in much greater numbers.
Biologists told ABC News that the entire food chain had been disrupted -- partly from the mass of oil and partly because the oil has sapped the water of oxygen.
"What we're really witnessing may be a shift in the whole ecosystem feeding structure, the food web," said Bob Shipp, director of marine biology at the University of Southern Alabama. "It also may be altered permanently -- as we've seen in other parts of the world where these things happen."
The oil spill has disturbed plant life too. Algae cannot survive if there isn't enough oxygen in the water, and a loss of algae could damage the ecosystem and the fisheries that rely on marine life.
Scientists said the oil may also cause the sea creatures' chemo receptors -- which function as built-in GPS systems to detect carbon dioxide levels -- to go on the fritz.
Deepwater Oil Plumes Also Affect Oxygen Levels
Samantha Joye, a marine scientist at the University of Georgia, told The Associated Press that the underwater oil plumes have reduced oxygen in the waters, but that it would take months for the oxygen to reach levels harmful to fish and animals, unlike in shallow waters, where oxygen levels have decreased at higher rates.
Joye said oxygen concentrations have dropped about 2 percent every day in the deepwater oil plumes, thousands of feet underwater.
Methane, which is also leaking from the Deepwater Horizon, poses another threat to underwater wildlife, as it attracts microbes that consume oxygen, and scientists said that if methane and microbe levels rise too much, they could create zones of so little oxygen that hardly anything could survive.
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As the nation slowly moves out of recession, more people are using food support programs in Cook County. In a report to the county commissioners last week, Human Services Fiscal Supervisor Jan Parish documented a 130% increase in September food support cases over 2006/2007 levels.
The increase from 55 to 127 cases shows 242 people – 155 adults and 87 children – sought food support benefits last month alone. That figure translates to a total value of $26,141 or an average of $206 per case. The dollar amount is based on the size of a household and can vary from as little as $16 per month to many hundreds more than the average.
Food Support, once known as Food Stamps, amounted to over $39.4 million in financial food assistance benefits state-wide last month – an 86% increase over Sept. of 2006.
This has been the trend all year, with 168 more cases served over last year thus far and 442 more cases than in 2008 in the same nine month period. The majority of Food Support dollars is federal money, no county dollars are used. Food Support is the state’s name for the federal government’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP.
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READ THESE WEBSITES
AND write a post discussing what you have learned [a very minimum of 250 words]. Cite your sources of facts within your sentences. Explain examples and incorporate evidence.
- Provide complete MINIMUM OF 3 citations at the end of your posts. A complete citation includes both the website’s title and
- Do not copy and paste stuff….that will cause you to lose points and far more importantly, you will have lost the richness of understanding this information.
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Using this graphic and referring to it is encouraged, and please use it in presentations, web pages, newspapers, blogs and reports.
For any form of publication, please include the link to this page and give the cartographer/designer credit (in this case GRID-Arendal)
Adapted from WHO, Toward The Tipping Point. WHO-HCWH Global Initiative to Substitute Mercury-Based Medical Devices in Health Care, 2010; UNEP, Mercury Awareness Raising Package, accessed on line in September 2012 (http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances). Designed by Zoï Environment Network / GRID-Arendal, December 2012
Uploaded on Tuesday 01 Oct 2013
Mercury and human health
Mercury can enter the food chain either from agricultural prod- ucts or from seafood. It was widely used in agriculture, and at least 459 people are known to have died in Iraq after grain treated with a fungicide containing mercury was imported in 1971 and used to make flour (Greenwood, 1985). Those who showed the greatest effects were the children of women who had eaten contaminated bread during pregnancy.
Human groups at risk include the millions of ASGM miners across the world, where mercury compounds are used in production. However, a far greater number of people whose main source of protein is fish or other marine creatures may be exposed to contamination (UNEP-WHO, 2008). The Food and Agriculture Organization says: “Just over 100 million tonnes of fish are eaten world-wide each year, providing two and a half billion people with at least 20 per cent of their average per capita animal protein intake. This contribution is even more important in developing countries, especially small island states and in coastal regions, where frequently over 50 per cent of people’s animal protein comes from fish. In some of the most food-insecure places – many parts of Asia and Africa, for instance – fish protein is absolutely essential, accounting for a large share of an already low level of animal protein consumption” (FAO, 2010).
Mercury can seriously harm human health, and is a particular threat to the development of fetuses and young children. It affects humans in several ways. As vapour it is rapidly absorbed into the blood stream when inhaled. It damages the thyroid, kidneys, lungs, immune system, eyes, gums and skin. Neurological and behavioural disorders may be signs of mercury contamination, with symptoms including tremors, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscular effects, headaches, and cognitive and motor dysfunction. Recent studies have also shown mercury to have cardiovascular effects (McKelvey and Oken, 2012). In the young it can cause neurological damage resulting in symptoms such as mental retardation, seizures, vision and hearing loss, delayed development, language disorders and memory loss.
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CNC machining, short for Computer Numerical Control machining, is a cutting-edge technology that has revolutionized the manufacturing industry. One of the critical factors in CNC machining is understanding and working with the hardness of materials. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of CNC machining and explore how material hardness plays a pivotal role in the production of precision components.
The Significance of Material Hardness
Material hardness is a property that defines a material's resistance to deformation, wear, and scratching. It is a crucial parameter in CNC machining as it directly impacts the choice of tools, cutting speeds, and feeds. Understanding the hardness of materials is essential for producing high-quality and durable parts.
Producing Hardened Components
1. **Material Selection:** To create parts with specific hardness properties, the selection of the raw material is crucial. For instance, if you need a component with high hardness, you might opt for materials like stainless steel or tool steel.
2. **Heat Treatment:** Heat treatment processes like quenching and tempering can significantly alter a material's hardness. For example, quenching involves rapidly cooling a heated material to increase its hardness, while tempering reduces hardness to achieve the desired balance between hardness and toughness.
3. **CNC Machining:** CNC machines offer precise control over cutting parameters, allowing manufacturers to achieve the desired surface finish and dimensions while maintaining the material's hardness. Selecting the appropriate cutting tools, toolpath strategies, and cutting speeds is essential in this regard.
4. **Quality Control:** Regular hardness testing is performed during the manufacturing process to ensure that the components meet the required hardness standards. This is often done using methods like Rockwell or Brinell hardness testing.
Material Hardness and CNC Machining Processes
1. **Turning:** When turning materials on a CNC lathe, the tool's speed and feed rates are adjusted based on the material's hardness. Harder materials require slower cutting speeds to prevent tool wear and maintain dimensional accuracy.
2. **Milling:** CNC milling involves cutting materials using rotating cutting tools. The choice of cutting tool material and geometry is influenced by the material's hardness. Hard materials demand carbide or ceramic cutting tools for efficiency.
3. **Drilling:** Drilling holes in hard materials can be challenging. Specialized drill bits with coatings designed for hardness are used to achieve clean and precise holes.
4. **Grinding:** For materials with extreme hardness, such as ceramics, grinding is often the preferred method. Precision grinding machines can achieve tight tolerances and superior surface finishes.
Material Hardness in Aerospace and Automotive Industries
In industries like aerospace and automotive manufacturing, where precision and durability are paramount, CNC machining with a deep understanding of material hardness is critical. Components like engine parts, aircraft landing gear, and transmission components require strict adherence to hardness standards to ensure optimal performance and safety.
CNC machining has revolutionized the way we produce intricate and precise components. However, achieving the desired quality and functionality of these components relies heavily on understanding and manipulating material hardness. Whether it's selecting the right material, utilizing heat treatments, or optimizing machining processes, mastering material hardness is the key to unlocking the full potential of CNC machining. As technology continues to advance, CNC machining will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of material manipulation, driving innovation across various industries. CNC Milling
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How coffee is made step by step? How is coffee grown and produced?
How coffee is made step by step? Planting the seeds: A coffee bean is a seed which when dried and roasted, is used to brew coffee. Harvesting the cherries: Depending on the variety, it can take 3 to 4 years for a coffee tree to bear fruit. Processing the cherries: Once the berries have been picked, the processing must take place immediately to prevent the cherries from spoiling. Drying the beans: Dried beans (aka parchment coffee) are warehoused and ready to export. Milling the beans: Before the coffee can be…Read More
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By C Raja Mohan
As one of the world’s oldest continuing civilisations, India has always been enriched by its interaction with other cultures and civilisations around it. As India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru told the delegates to the 1947 Asian Relations Conference in Delhi, India is “so situated to be the meeting point of western and northern and eastern and southeast Asia. Streams of culture have come to India from the west and the east and been absorbed in India, producing the rich and variegated culture which is India today.” “At the same time,” Nehru added, “streams of culture have flowed from India to distant parts of Asia… If you would know India you have to go to Afghanistan and Western Asia, to Central Asia, to China and Japan and to the countries of Southeast Asia. There you will find magnificent evidence of the vitality of India’s culture which spread out and influenced vast numbers of people.” If the idea of a culturally interconnected Asia animated the Indian national movement, the hopes of constructing an “Asian Federation” emerged as an aspiration on the international stage.
Yet, the fact is that the scale, scope and intensity of its connectivity with Asia varied over the millennia. There have been periods of expansive engagement with its neighbouring regions, interspersed by centuries of isolationism. Nehru’s own stewardship of independent India saw Delhi intensely embrace Asia only to turn its back on it soon after. Today, integrating with Asia has once again become a major theme of India’s economic and foreign policies. This essay reviews the changing ideas of Asia, the tension between forces of unity and division within the great continent, and India’s imperatives in connecting Asia and promoting peace and prosperity in the region.
United and Divided
The idea of Asia’s unique identity endures and takes many forms. There is the notion of a ‘cultural Asia’ that has been propounded by the Japanese art historian Okakura Kakuzo way back at the turn of the 20th century, as the region began to discover shared civilisational roots. “Asia is one,” was the simple but profound first sentence of Kakuzo’s highly influential work, The ideals of the East, published in 1903. As they gained national consciousness, became more aware of the world around them and intensified the effort to free themselves from colonial yoke, many in the region defined Asia as the ‘spiritual other’ in the East to the ‘materialistic West.’ Some in Asia were deeply wary of the idea of an Asia that defines itself in anti-Western terms. Instead, they sought to imagine the Asian identity in more universal terms.
Contemporary Asia’s first great power, Japan, instrumentalised the idea of pan-Asianism to promote its own imperial interests in the first half of the 20th century. As it occupied vast swathes of Asia, Japan talked of an ‘Asia for the Asians’ and presented its own conquest of the region as a ‘liberation’ from European colonialism. In contrast to the notions of Asia’s imperial unity, the anti-colonial struggles generated a very different version of Asian unity. This sense of solidarity expressed itself at Asian Relations Conference in Delhi and the The Afro-Asian Conference at Bandung (1955). It eventually morphed into the Non-Aligned Movement.
Asia’s sense of unity, however, was shattered quickly as inter-state and intra-state conflicts, exacerbated by narrow nationalism and Cold War geopolitics, enveloped the region. As the West prepared for a triage of the new nations, the so-called ‘Asian Tigers’ surprised the world by demonstrating the prospects for rapid economic growth through globalisation in the 1960s. Their example was emulated by others, including China and India, in the subsequent decades. Their separate efforts turned Asia into the world’s economic powerhouse and laid the foundation for the great reverse in the balance of power between the East and the West.
Complementing the rise of an ‘economic Asia’ was the new ‘institutional Asia.’ If Asian regionalism and internationalism in Asia rapidly dissipated in the 1950s, the end of the Cold war saw the dramatic expansion of trans-regional institution building in Asia under the leadership of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). What seemed an impossible dream in the middle of the 20th century turned into a reality by the beginning of the 21st century amidst the proliferation of regional institutions, including those focusing on political cooperation such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, the East Asia Summit and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building in Asia.
Asian nations are now more economically connected than ever before. They are striving to deepen regional integration through trade liberalisation agreements at the sub-regional, trans-regional and international levels. In the middle of the 20th century, regionalism ran into opposition in Asia from those emphasising ‘economic sovereignty.’ Today Asian nations have the luxury of dealing with competing trade pacts. As it seeks to build an economic community among its ten members, the ASEAN is also promoting the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership with six other partners— China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand. The United States has led the effort to draft a more ambitious trade pact among 12 nations, including some members of the ASEAN, called the Trans-Pacific Partnership. China has proposed a much wider arrangement called the Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific. Meanwhile, market forces are pushing different parts of Asia and its immediate neighbourhood together. The rise of China and India has made them the largest and preferred customers for the oil resources of the Gulf and mineral resources of Africa. Trade, investment and aid volumes from China and India with the Middle East and Africa have surged.
Beijing has also lead the creation of new Asian and international financial institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the New Development Bank under the non-geographic forum BRICS involving Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Its ambitious Belt and Road initiative to build physical connectivity across borders promises to recast Asia’s economic geography. Its project for overland industrial belts extend all across Eurasia. Beijing’s Maritime Silk Road project connects the Indian and Pacific Oceans, long viewed as separate maritime domains. Japan, which had led the efforts in the second half of the 20th century to build Asian infrastructure, is now taking fresh initiatives. As a result of these initiatives, Asia is going to be more intricately tied to itself through new roads, high-speed railway systems, energy pipelines and optical fibre networks.
The moment to celebrate the extraordinary triumph of the idea of Asian unity, however, seems to be marred by the re-emergence of conflict and power rivalry in the region. Regaining control of national destinies was one of the main objectives of the post-colonial states in Asia. The region today is no longer a mere theatre for European colonial powers. It is the motor of global growth and has agency in shaping the world’s financial and political order. If the reviled Vasco da Gama moment has ended in Asia, the region is also facing sharp internal divisions. While the focus of the last two decades has been on the shifting balance between Asia and the West in favour of the former, the region is now coming to terms with structural changes in the evolution of Asia’s ‘internal’ balance of power. The rapid rise of China relative to the other powers in Asia has raised big questions about the future strategic order in Asia. China has overtaken Japan to become the second largest economy in the world and is poised to surpass the US in the near future. The widespread hopes for Beijing’s peaceful rise have evaporated amidst the sharpening maritime territorial conflicts between China and its neighbours.
To make matters worse, the great power harmony in Asia that has existed since the normalisation of Sino-American relations in the 1970s and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has been replaced by mounting tension between China and Japan on the one hand, and between Beijing and Washington on the other. There is renewed emphasis on alliances, defence partnerships and military modernisation across the continent. At the same time, the project to build a comprehensive cooperative security architecture for the region is in disarray. There are deep disagreements on the nature, scope and terms of any such arrangement, some of which have turned the idea of Asia into a contested one. One view, articulated with great vigour in Beijing, reaffirms the slogan of ‘Asia for Asians’ and demands that outside powers quit the region. Others wary of Chinese power eagerly seek American military presence in the region. As they develop strategic partnerships with America, they also strengthen military cooperation among themselves as an insurance against a potential US-China duopoly in the region. A century after the ideas of unity and shared identity gained regional traction, Asia enjoys levels of integration and cooperation that few could have imagined. Yet, the political fault lines in the region have never been so deep.
Engagement and Isolation
As Asia enters a period of great churning, the question of India’s role in the region has become an important one. The great potential and persistent challenges to India’s role in Asia can be seen in terms of a paradox: Through the ages, India was both a self-contained (sub)continent in itself as well as the geographic pivot between different parts of Asia. India’s history has seen periods of expansive engagement with the neighboring regions interrupted by extended periods of self-imposed isolation. This pattern has repeatedly played out over the centuries.
The dynamic interaction with the Aryans from inner Asia, its maritime linkages with Greece and Rome, the spread of Buddhism from India by land and sea and its links to the Silk Road all marked a significant interaction with the world in the pre-Christian and immediate post-Christian era. This engagement took place despite the physical barriers—the seas to the south, the deserts to the west and the great Himalayas to the north and east. When the Indian society turned inward around the 10th century, its engagement with the world was confined to the margins of the subcontinent. In this era too, the impact of Muslim rulers from Arabia, Turkey and Central Asia saw the enrichment of Indian society. But it was the rise of capitalism in Europe and the colonial era that dramatically reconnected India to the world.
While it subjected India to alien rule, colonial rule began the process of globalising Indian economy. The region was no longer producing for itself and trading with the limited agrarian surpluses. The new era saw local production for global markets and the emergence of India itself as a market for goods produced elsewhere in the world. The colonial era also saw the movement of Indian capital and labour across the world and formed the foundation for India’s global footprint and human connectivity. Through the colonial era, India became the economic connector of different regions in Asia and in the Indian Ocean littoral. The colonial era saw the construction of three major ports—Bombay, Madras and Calcutta—that became critical nodes in the new global maritime trading network. The British Raj continuously opened new markets and new trading routes between India and its abutting regions in inner Asia, from Xinjiang to Yunnan. It built road and rail networks, much in the manner that China is doing with its Silk Road initiative today.
At the political level, the colonial Raj saw the territorial consolidation of India. Although the Raj never fully approximated to the coherence of modern European states, it did become the largest empire that the subcontinent had ever seen. The need to concentrate the means of violence under colonial rule saw the creation of a massive armed force, that built on the many indigenous formations before. This force inevitably emerged as the centre of British imperial defence system. India’s armed forces became the main security provider in the Indian Ocean and its abutting regions—from the South China Sea to the Mediterranean and from Southern Africa to Siam.
Independent India, wittingly or unwittingly, abandoned this legacy of a massive external economic and military engagement with Asia and the Indian Ocean. By making a conscious choice in favour of economic self-reliance and import substitution, India disconnected itself from the regional markets. The great Partition of made matters worse by breaking up the political and economic unity of the subcontinent. The creation of new borders and the tensions between India and Pakistan meant that the region’s military energies, directed outward during the Raj, were now turned inwards. The unification of China, its control of Tibet, and the boundary dispute between Delhi and Beijing resulted in shutting down the long frontier between India and China. If an insular approach to development diminished India’s relative economic weight in Asia and the Indian Ocean, Delhi’s foreign policy rooted in non-alignment reduced India’s weight in the security politics of Asia. That India became increasingly isolated in a region that was its natural space for leadership underlined the tragic paradox of India’s foreign policy in the early decades after independence. It took the end of the Cold War and an internal economic reorientation to put Asia back at the Centre of India’s foreign and economic policies.
That India’s Look East policy came in the wake of its economic reforms initiated at the turn of the 1990s was not surprising. Reconnecting to Asia, Delhi recognised, was critical for the modernisation of the Indian economy that had fallen behind the rest of the region and to rejuvenate its foreign policy in the new era. Since then, India has made considerable advances in connecting with Asia. It is now part of the major regional institutions, has growing economic and trade links and has stepped up its security cooperation with most Asian nations. Yet, there is a widespread sense of disappointment in Asia with India’s recent record in the East. Asia’s regional dynamic—in economic, political and strategic domains—has moved much faster than Delhi's readiness to adapt. Asia today hopes that the ‘Act East’ policy unveiled by the government of Narendra Modi will bridge the gap between India’s promise and performance. To meet the regional expectations for leadership, India will need to accelerate its internal economic reforms, deepen its integration with its South Asian neighbours, seize the opportunities for strengthening physical connectivity with different parts of Asia, play a more active role in the regional institutions and intensify its defence diplomacy. Delhi cannot afford to miss the unprecedented opportunity to accelerate Asia’s march towards prosperity or disavow the historic responsibility to shape its future political order.
This is first in the series of special essays brought to you by Firstpost ahead of the #Raisina Dialogue that begins in New Delhi on Tuesday. #Raisina is India's first MEA sponsored global conclave on geopolitics and geoeconomics, Firstpost is the media partner.
Published Date: Mar 01, 2016 09:00 am | Updated Date: Mar 01, 2016 07:38 am
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When you take out a cash-secured loan you use your own savings as collateral for the debt. You have to pay interest on these loans, so you might wonder why you would want to pay to borrow money when you already have cash in the bank. While these loans aren't for everyone, they are useful for credit-building.
Cash-secured loans are normally tied to certificates of deposit or savings accounts. You have to get the loan from the same bank that holds your CD or savings so that the bank can place a freeze on that account. The freeze prevents you from accessing funds in the account until you have paid off the loan. The loan amount can't exceed the balance held in the account. You continue to earn interest on your savings during the loan term and this helps to offset the interest you pay for the loan.
Banks borrow money from one another and from the Federal Reserve and use this cash to fund loans. Banks pay interest on these borrowed funds and mark up the interest rate before lending this money out to consumers. The most creditworthy borrowers pay what's known as the prime rate. This interest rate is typically set at 3 percent above the rate the bank paid to borrow the money. Cash-secured loans work differently, since banks essentially lend you your own funds. The bank isn't exposed to risk, because it can cash in your account if you don't repay the loan. Less risk means lower interest rates and cash-secured loans are often priced below the prime rate.
If you're trying to rebuild your credit, you might have trouble getting an unsecured credit card or a conventional loan. Banks don't usually check your credit before issuing cash-secured loans since no risk is involved. However, banks do report cash-secured loan payments to the credit bureaus. This means these loans are a good tool for boosting your credit score. And with a cash-secured loan, you can get the money you need without having to wipe out your bank account.
Due to the low interest rates, banks don't make a lot of money on cash-secured loans. For this reason, loan terms are often limited to five or 10 years. Shorter loan terms mean higher payments and some banks don't let you pay off the loan with the cash you used to secure it. If your bank does allow you to do this, you may have to pay an early withdrawal penalty for cashing in your CD before the term ends.
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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Title Card: Teaching High School Mathematics: First Course
Title Card: Prerequisite to Communication
Title Card: What conditions are necessary for effective communication? Our purpose is to consider this . . . and to raise some of the other questions that
rise from our study. But we don't have all the answers, and we hope you will help us.
Title Card: Teachers need to distinguish between what one gets from his own inferences, and what one gets through interpreting messages sent by others.
Communication: A horse, the rider, and their instructor
Communication: Rat in a food Maze
Communication: Dog receiving stage directions
Communication: Guide Dogs
Nonverbal Communication in the Classroom
Credits [Title cards]
With the cooperation of The Seeing Eye, Inc. Morristown, New Jersey
Instructor: Max Beberman
Produced by the University of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics
with grants from the National Science Foundation and the US Office of Education
Project Director: Max Beberman; Content Director: Gertrude Hendrix; Asst. Content Director: Jesse Orvedahl; Film Director: Byrl Sims; New Series Staff: Mark
Anderson, Martin Fass, Wesley Faulkner, James W. Hall, Robert LA Gow; First Series Staff: Stanley Follis, John Werner; Classroom furniture courtesy of Brunswick
Teaching High School Mathematics; First Course; Prerequisite to Communication
What conditions are necessary for effective communication? Nonverbal communication occurs even when students learn without us telling
them what we want them to know. The film explores this idea and raises other issues that arise from this study, including the need to distinguish between what one understands from one's own
inferences, and what one interprets from messages sent by others. Black and white picture with sound. Eastman Kodak edge code reads "triangle square," which correlates to 1964.
University of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics (producer)
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What do you know about nutrition? You probably associate nutrition with food that are good for you, but that you do not like or do not know how to prepare. These tips should open your eyes and show you how, eating healthier foods does not mean eating things that you do not like.
Sometimes it is better to add things to your diet rather than remove them. If you absolutely do not have the willpower to replace all those unhealthy snack foods you eat with fruits and vegetables, eat the fruits and vegetables anyway. Slowly begin to phase the snack foods out when you feel you can.
Buy frozen vegetables to use in your meals. While fresh vegetables are great they can spoil quickly and some have very short growing seasons. Frozen vegetables are processed immediately after picking and freezing them keeps their nutritive value intact. Since frozen vegetables are already washed and cut you can easily add them to recipes.
Make sure that you get enough Vitamin-A in your diet. The fat-soluble vitamin aids skin repair. Deficiencies can cause dry, cracked, flaky, infected skin. Foods high in Vitamin-A include spinach, carrots, liver and apricots. Try to avoid artificial Vitamin-A supplements. Taking excessive amounts of the vitamin can have harmful effects.
For best nutrition, don’t make the mistake of thinking that brown eggs are somehow magically better than white eggs. Egg companies want you to think so; the mystique of brown eggs allow them to charge you up to 25% more than for white ones. But in reality, the differences are only shell-deep. White eggs are every bit as nutritious as their brown-shelled cousins, and are almost always cheaper.
Plan ahead for healthy nutrition. Keep healthy snacks on hand so that you don’t make a poor choice, on the spur of the moment when you get hungry. If the healthy and nutritional choice is the easier one, it becomes a habit to pick that option instead of putting forth the effort to locate an unhealthy item.
If you are concerned about healthy nutrition, you will want to look into the growing movement for locally grown food. By buying produce from local small farms you get a fresher product. It hasn’t been shipped across country in refrigerated cars! If organically grown, it won’t be laden with pesticides.
Include more vegetables in your diet for proper nutrition. Vegetables are low in fat and have many important vitamins and minerals. They are also high in fiber, which is important in regulating your digestive system and preventing constipation. Another benefit is that many vegetables require a lot of energy to digest, which means you can burn a lot of calories by just eating more vegetables.
When formulating your eating plan for a diet program, including breakfast is critical. Breakfast really is the most crucial meal. Eating extra protein early in the day will help you stay fuller longer, and keep your metabolism running at its best.
You have all the information you need to change your life. Adopt healthier eating habits and you should have a better-looking body and simply feel better. Nutrition does not have to be about privations and going hungry. You have to understand that nutrition is all about making better choices.
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Many people equate winter weather with influenza, commonly known as the flu. It's important to know that the flu isn't caused by cold wintry weather, but is in fact caused by a virus. Cold winter temperatures and low humidity serve to keep the flu virus stable and in the air longer. Even though this winter has been fairly mild in the mid-Atlantic region, the dangerous threat of the flu still exists.
If you haven't done so already, go out today and get a flu shot, particularly if you are among the people at high risk for developing flu-related complications: children younger than five, adults 65 and older, pregnant women, and people with asthma, chronic lung disease, weakened immune systems, and other conditions. The flu vaccine is still your best bet for avoiding the misery that accompanies the flu. Unfortunately for many people, getting the flu is more than just feeling miserable for a week or two.
It can be a life-threatening illness. Seek emergency medical attention, if in addition to typical cold symptoms, you experience difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, purple or blue discoloration of the lips, pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen, or sudden dizziness. For a complete list of flu symptoms and more, visit flu.gov, a Web site managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
Deb Brown, president and CEO, American Lung Association of the Mid-Atlantic
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CRRIFS, a wildlife rescue in San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas, Mexico, helps protect sea turtles and other animals facing threats from human activity. Many volunteers make their work possible.
It was 5:30 on a Sunday morning and Antonio Lopez was up before the sun, walking along Algodones beach in San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas, in Mexico.
“I still get excited when I find a nest or if I see tracks, you know,” the 65-year-old said as he walked through the damp sand, with his walking stick squeaking every few steps.
The tracks he mentioned were left by Olive Ridley sea turtles making their slow way onto San Carlos beaches during nesting season.
“When you see the tracks it’s hard to miss. It kind of looks like a cooler, somebody dragging a cooler. It’s flat and it has little indentations on each side of the track,” Lopez said.
Those indentations are from the turtle’s flippers pulling it through the sand.
Lopez, who moved to San Carlos four years ago from Colorado, walks two miles along the stretch of beach every morning from June through December in search of those markings.
He gets there early — in time to see the sun glow orange as it rises over the iconic Tetakawi peaks, and to reach any nests before other beachgoers arrive, potentially putting the ping-pong-ball-sized eggs in harm’s way.
“I carry my backpack with everything that I need,” the long-time volunteer said.
Known as a first responder, he has years of experience and training on how to find and register nests and make sure the eggs are protected, and he has his system down.
A metal rod fastened to his walking stick helps him gently test for loose sand where the turtle laid eggs. A small plastic rake allows him to cover the turtle's tracks once the eggs are located. And a white Styrofoam cooler strapped to his back can be carefully packed with eggs if the nest needs moving.
Lopez is part of a volunteer group working to help as many eggs as possible to hatch. And then, his favorite part:
“The first release I saw, watching all the little turtles scuttling out to sea, that hooked me hard.”
“Releasing the turtles,” he said with a chuckle. “The first release I saw, watching all the little turtles scuttling out to sea, that hooked me hard.”
In San Carlos, the efforts to protect sea turtles is led by a wildlife rescue known as CRRIFS.
"It’s called the Centro de Rescate, Rehabilitación e Investigación de Fauna Silvestre [Wild Fauna Rescue, Rehabilitation and Research Center], or CRRIFS,” said veterinarian Elsa Coria Galindo, the co-founder and director.
“We take care of all kinds of wildlife,” she said. “Both land and marine animals.”
In the office, there were a pair of baby squirrels; a palm-sized desert tortoise; an orphaned opossum joey scratching at its box, demanding milk.
Outside, a pelican with an injured foot shuffled around a shaded pen, and nearby, a sickly sea turtle floated in a shallow pool.
“It’s sad,” Coria said as she refilled the turtle’s pool with fresh, cool water. “It’s a really sad case.”
There’s not much they could do for the young, green sea turtle but make her comfortable.
But while not every rescue can have a happy ending, Coria said, when her team is able to release animals back into the wild, “it’s priceless.”
And it’s the only compensation that Coria gets as a volunteer.
Five years ago, she and her husband put their family savings into the project, a decades-long dream.
“In reality, this project has been thought about and planned for decades,” she said.
Since she moved to nearby Guaymas more than 20 years ago, Coria and her husband have often cared for injured and sick wildlife, filling what she calls a major gap.
“This is a special place, because we have contact with a great number of animals,” Coria said.
San Carlos, nestled between the desert and the sea of the Gulf of California, is rich with biodiversity. But human activities here can sometimes harm wildlife — which get caught in fishing gear, hit by cars or attacked by pets.
CRRIFS, Coria said, is the only organization in the region that attends to both land and sea animals.
“You could say that our work is really unique in this entire region of the Gulf of California,” she said.
Government agencies often seek the team’s expertise when whales or dolphins are beached; they are the sole resource for large marine mammal autopsies, and they run a program to free sea lions trapped in nets.
Still, Coria wants to do more.
“Our goal is to grow and have a quality facility to care for many more animals, and to train students and professionals to work with wildlife,” she said. “We want to be a big, robust center, with many employees. And we want to inspire others to do this work as well.”
Currently, construction is underway on a new, larger building that will be shared with a domestic animal rescue. It will have surgery and exam rooms, and classrooms and lodging for guests and visiting students. In time, new animal enclosures will be installed, and perhaps someday, a second location right on the beach.
For now, though, the highlight of their office is the small, temperature-controlled incubation room.
As the only sea turtle incubation in Sonora, its shelves are lined with Styrofoam coolers. Inside each, a nest with some 100 eggs.
“There have been nests where 100% of the eggs have hatched,” said biologist Eduardo Perez, who runs CRRIFS’ sea turtle program.
He said that overall between 90% to100% of eggs hatch in the incubation room — about 20% more than in nests on the beach, which face a lot of risks — like vehicles.
Four wheelers and trucks sometimes crush the baby turtles, he said. Or they leave ruts in the sand that can present an insurmountable barrier for tiny hatchlings trying to reach the water. In other cases, nests are accidentally cooked by nearby bonfires or dug up by dogs.
So, Perez and his crew of well-trained volunteers move the ones they can to the incubation room to increase their chances of survival.
“The volunteers are so important, because, as you can see, this is a lot of work,” he said. “And our volunteers, they do all of it out of their love for the animals, for the turtles.”
Once hatched, baby turtles are released with the help of supporters who adopt the nests by providing a donation.
“Fortunately, there are now many people who know our work and want to help,” Coria said. “It wasn’t always that way. When we first started people thought it was crazy to try to save injured birds and turtles. Now, dozens of people join us to watch the turtles crawl out to sea.”
Coria said the releases help bring attention to the rescue’s work. Each year, more nests are adopted, volunteers signed up and wildlife in need are reported to the CRRIFS crew. In 2021, the team attended to about 63 animals, in addition to their sea turtles and sea lion projects. Last year, she said, they were on track to more than double that number.
For Coria, that’s proof that when you do something from the heart, it’s bound to succeed.
“Even when it’s hard — and it has been hard —,” she said, “you know you’ll do whatever it takes.”
This story first appeared on KJZZ.org.
Related: Kino Bay’s Becerra family gave up traditional fishing to focus on saving sea turtles
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The Sinai Peninsula has been a traditionally unique region, with an exceptional place in human history and civilization. Its population is considered to be one of the most enigmatic and fascinating people in the Mediterranean basin and the imaginary concerning them include images from exoticism to lawlessness. Many of the characteristics that are attached to them have to do with the nomadic way of life that was once the core and essence of the tribes of Sinai. The emergence of the nation-states was hostile to this way of living, trying to construct a cohesive people and reduce the individuality and human movement that can undermine a collective identity, an example that can also be seen with the Roma people in Europe. The modernization of the Egyptian state by Mohamed Ali that took place throughout the 19th century included the nationalization of the land traditionally used by tribal communities as it was perceived to be against state interests. This triggered resistance by the indigenous populations of Sinai. Gradually, the image of the Bedouins started to be constructed as the “outlaws” of the Egyptian state. Because the Bedouins were regarded as “second-class” citizens, they were excluded from most social and economic activities, as well as from obtaining high-ranking army positions. They therefore were forced to redirect their economic actions to provide themselves with quasi-legal or illegal financial sources. Thus, the foundations of the Bedouin economy were set and as the decades went by, it was enriched by many facets of underground trade activities. After the 1967 war and the occupation of Sinai by Israel, the tribal communities were accused of collaborating with the enemy. The Israelis tried to build divides between the Bedouins and the Egyptian state by building some infrastructure for the Bedouins, thus providing themselves with a reliable tool for negotiation in the region. The promises that the Egyptian state made to help the nomads with economic development never materialized and the marginalization of the local population has always been used as a means for political exploitation.
After January 25th, the necessary deployment of the army in the capital and other strategic spots around post-Mubarak Egypt removed army units from Sinai, loosening the security apparatus within that region. The return of Sinai to Egypt in 1982 had meant that the peninsula always had some army forces within it, the number of which had to receive prior approval from the Israeli state in accordance with the Israel-Egypt peace treaty. The turmoil around the January 25th revolution in Egypt was seen as an opportunity by militants in Sinai to fight a state that had abandoned the area to severe financial, social, and humanitarian problems. The resulting numerous attacks on pipelines that provide gas to Israel challenged the sovereignty of the Egyptian state and its politics in the region, leading the latter to reorganize militarily but not to reconceptualise its policy in Sinai. In the year Morsi was in office, Egypt mostly witnessed a relatively tolerant policy towards such militant actions while simultaneously, there was an attempt to open dialogue with militant groups and tribal leaders. The military coup and the subsequent attacks on military personnel made the need for action more imperative. Army units were deployed in Northern Sinai, launching a “war on terror,” the aim of which was to fight the militant insurgents and the Muslim Brotherhood. The casualties have been heavy; since June 30th, 2013, almost 121 people have been killed and 321 injured, according to official medical sources. Among the 121 that have lost their lives, 69 were from the security forces and 59 were militants. This war was framed by wild propaganda in the media, describing the Islamists all over Egypt as criminals, terrorists, and outlaws. Specifically, the Jihadists in Sinai were accused of collaborating with Hamas and in some cases, Hamas was directly accused of carrying out attacks on Egyptian soil. Mohamed al-Bilal, former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces reflected the official state position that Hamas is involved in many attacks in North Sinai and described the situation as being difficult for three main reasons: the very effective training of the Jihadists, the vast size of the peninsula – which makes it difficult to control- and its challenging topography. The profile of the fighters is not clear; Analysts claim that the fighters are mostly local Bedouin jihadists or other Egyptians that flee Cairo or other major urban centres, but it seems that there are also other Arabs affiliated to al-Qaeda (e.g. Palestinians, Iraqis and Algerians). Many of the locals support that the fighters are not connected to a wider network of terrorist organizations, although armed groups like Tawhid wal Jihad, Ansar Bayt al-Maqdi, and Jund al-Islam have claimed responsibility for a series of attacks. This may be true when considering that not only is there growing divide between local tribes but also, there is a power struggle between local traditional leaders and the religious groups trying to gain control, like in Sheikh Zuweid. The “war on terror”, waged by what one may call an ancien regime, seems to have expanded in parallel with the extension of the state of emergency. Many activists claim that the state apparatuses are trying to silence and crackdown on leftist activists too, including many from the April 6 movement and the Revolutionary Socialists.
Nonetheless, the Egyptian government has not really bothered to examine the causes for the spread of militancy, in an area that has historically had large social malaises. The context that Egypt sees things in Sinai Peninsula are dealt with in terms of security. Army operations strive to eliminate the Islamist militants, but without attempting to understand the core reasons behind the problem. Projects that would directly address the problems the Bedouins face in Sinai, such as repopulating the area, or encouraging its development, were to a very low degree done in the past by the Mubarak regime. Cement factories were built in North Sinai, but those ended up being staffed by workers that mostly came from the Nile Delta. In fact, only 15-20% of locals ended up working in those factories. The locals, as mentioned above, had built their own economy. With only 13% of a total of 400.000-500.000 inhabitants in Sinai officially employed, the Bedouins had to find a means for surviving. The nature of their trade is smuggling different kinds of goods, which vary from food and fuel to drugs and arms. This trade is too profitable to be abandoned without alternatives that offer equal levels of profitability. Lately, another lucrative business has been human trafficking and kidnapping of migrants arriving from the Horn of Africa. But arms trade has not only provided the tribes with huge income but also, over the last few years, it has strengthened their grip on the region at the expense of the official state. This could be considered to be a threat for the Egyptian state as it potentially challenges the 1979 peace. The cross-border attacks and the missiles that have been occasionally fired against Israel might trigger a series of more harsh reactions from Israel, something Egypt most likely doesn’t want, since it’s trying to keep relations peaceful with Tel Aviv. Another strike to the local economy has been the shut down of the Saint-Catherine temple in Sinai for security reasons, where a lot of villages had gained their income from visitors.
The situation in Sinai has caused troubles between the Egyptian interim government and Hamas, a relationship already stillborn. The alleged involvement of Hamas in the Sinai mutiny has been a casus belli between the Egyptian interim government and the Islamist offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza. Some government sources are arguing that Hamas gave 400 landmines to Jihadist groups lately and that they are also involved in the assassination attempt of the Egyptian interior minister in Cairo, Mohamed Ibrahim, which has been claimed by Ansar Bayt al-Maqdi group. Egypt is also accusing the Palestinian Islamist movement that in cooperation with the MB, they had hired Palestinians to participate in the bloody protests that shook Egypt after the military coup of July 3rd. At the same time, there was a discourse in the media that the ousted President Morsi was in negotiations with Hamas for the colonization of Sinai by Palestinians, since the Gazans had experienced a demographic boom. In the meantime, the Egyptian army has destroyed some 80%-90% of the tunnel complex that existed in Sinai and helped keep Gaza in contact with the rest of the world. The Gazan people are in an extremely difficult situation given the fact that there is a coordinated attempt from both the Israeli and Egyptian governments to expand its blockade by creating bigger buffer zones from both boundary sides. Previously, the Hamas government of Gaza had agreed with Morsi to destroy the tunnel complex under the condition that a free-trade zone would be created between the Rafah crossing and Gaza, allowing the people of Gaza to trade more and increase the availability of goods. But this agreement was never achieved and since then, the Rafah crossing has been more difficult to cross because of tightening security measures. Before the coup, an estimated 1,200 people/day were crossing Rafah but now, only around 250 people/day make the crossing, providing that it is open. Further humanitarian issues arise because of refusal to allow people through for medical treatment. Nevertheless, Hamas, in an attempt to avoid complete isolation, is trying to ease relations with the Egyptian interim government. But both exterior and interior conjunctures, such as the international negotiations for intervening in Syria and the emergence of Gaza’s Tamarrud movement, which is trying to oust Hamas, have slowed down this approach. The smuggled artillery, aimed for Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, is sometimes confiscated, making the Egyptian army suspicious about the trustworthiness of Hamas. At the same time, Hamas tried to shut down the Egyptian Cultural Centre operating in Gaza, arresting its director with the charge excuse of issuing a pro-coup announcement. Notwithstanding, a representative of Hamas, Mousa Abu Marzouk, apologised publicly for any offensive gesture made by Hamas towards Egypt while the former is also trying to restrain the negative comments that are made within the Gaza Strip.
With the latest developments in Egypt and the “witch hunt” policy that has been adopted, the tension in Sinai doesn’t look like it is going to end soon. Besides, the Egyptian authorities admit that they want to eliminate any trace of dissent in the area and that these operations might take a long time. The general crackdown on Islamists has been the toughest for many years. Operations like those in Kerdasah, where the military carried out an armed operation to arrest pro-Morsi supporters, and the ban of the Muslim Brotherhood and its activities, show the way in which the Egyptian state deals with the chronic problems of its fragmented society. The memories of the 90’s, when another brutal repression took place against Islamists in Sinai should not be forgotten and another approach, one that is more holistic, should be made.
*The title of the article is a rephrasing of N.Z. Davies’ book: “Women on the margins: Three 17th century lives”.
All links accessed on 23/9/13 Serhan, Mai, “The Politics of Image: The Bedouins of South Sinai”, Jadaliyya, (26/7/2012), http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/6101/the-politics-of-image_the-bedouins-of-south-sinai
Egypt Independent, “Medical sources: 121 people killed, 321 injured in Sinai since 30 June”, (12/9/2013), http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/medical-sources-121-people-killed-321-injured-sinai-30-june
The Economist, “Egypt Sinai desert: A haven for malcontents”, (13/7/2013), http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21581782-wake-muhammad-morsis-fall-sinai-becoming-even-more-dangerous-haven
Worth, F. Robert, “Lawless Sinai shows risks rising in fractured Egypt”, New York Times, (10/08/2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/11/world/middleeast/lawless-sinai-shows-risks-rising-in-fractured-egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
Lina, Attalah, “Sinai: The paradox of security”, Egypt Independent (8/4/2012), http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/sinai-paradox-security
Nasralla, Shadia, “Egypt army attacks Sinai Islamists as militancy spreads”, Reuters, (7/9/2103), http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/07/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE9860JT20130907
Lina, Attalah, op.cit.
Kingsley, Patrbck, “Mount Sinai Monastery latest victim of Egypt’s upheavals”, The Guardian, (5/9/2013), http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/mount-sinai-monastery-egypt-closure
Egypt Independent, “Cairo accuses Gaza's Hamas of training Egyptian militants”, (13/9/2013), http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/cairo-accuses-gaza-s-hamas-training-egyptian-militants
Bailey, Pam & Benjamin, Medea, “Egypt joins Israel as Gaza’s jailer”, Al Jazeera, (18/9/2013), http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/201391711394395976.html
Eleiba, Ahmad, “Three corners for Morsi to paint”, Al Ahram Weekly, (9/4/2013), http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/2217/17/Three-corners-for-Morsi-to-paint.aspx
Catron, Joe, “Israel exploits Egypt turmoil to increase attacks on Gaza farmers”, Electronic Intifada, (12/9/2013), http://electronicintifada.net/content/israel-exploits-egypt-turmoil-increase-attacks-gaza-farmers/12765?utm_source=EI+readers&utm_campaign=6c86bd5ace-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_e802a7602d-6c86bd5ace-295914669
Nasralla, Shadia, op. cit.
Bailey, Pam & Benjamin, Medea, op.cit.
Cole, Juan, “Is Hamas finished? Facing a youth rebellion and Egyptian, Iranian hostility”, Informed Comment, (23/9/2013), http://www.juancole.com/2013/09/rebellion-egyptian-hostility.html
Abu Amer, Adnan, “Hamas seeks to ease tensions with Egypt army”, Al Monitor, (16/9/2013), http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/hamas-egypt-army-gaza-tensions.html
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Last Updated: May 2023 (Public Sector Undertakings)
Public Sector Undertakings
This article deals with ‘Public Sector Undertakings / Enterprises.’ This is part of our series on ‘Economics’ which is an important pillar of the GS-3 syllabus. For more articles, you can click here.
Types of Companies owned by Government
The Government owns three types of companies, and these are
1. Departmental Undertakings
- These are part of the ministry itself.
- E.g., Indian Railways (part of Railway Ministry), Indian Post (part of Postal Ministry).
2. Statutory Corporations
- These are the government-owned companies created by an act of Parliament or state legislature.
- E.g., RBI (created under RBI Act), LIC (under LIC Act), SIDBI, NABARD, NHB etc.
3. Government Companies
- These companies are registered under the Companies Act, and Government holds more than 51% shares.
- E.g., Indian Oil, Coal India, GAIL, SAIL, BHEL, Public Sector banks like SBI, Punjab National Bank etc.
Issues with Public Sector Undertakings / Enterprises
- Since Government is the majority shareholder, there is constant political interference in board appointments and policy decisions.
- There is a lack of innovation, and most of them have failed to change with time. E.g., BSNL and MTNL failed to change with the introduction of 4G internet and hence suffered losses.
- The staff is not consumer responsive.
- Employee unions reduce the efficiency of employees.
- Most of them are overstaffed, impacting their profitability.
As a result, most of the Indian Public Sector Enterprises are loss-making.
Ratna Status of Public Sector Undertakings / Enterprises
The main issue faced by the Public Sector Enterprises is the excessive control of the Government over these companies. Ratna status gives operational flexibility to them like hiring more professionals, acquiring other companies etc., without requiring government approval for every small decision.
There are three type of Ratna Companies
1. Miniratna Companies
- Miniratna status is given to Public Sector Enterprises which have made profits in last 3 years continuously.
- They can invest up to Rs. 500 crore on their own.
- E.g., National Film Development Limited, ONGC Videsh Limited, Airport Authority of India etc. (For complete list, CLICK HERE)
2. Navratna Companies
- Navratna companies have excellent ratings. They must have secured 60 out of 100 marks on various criteria set by the government are given Navratna status.
- They can invest up to Rs. 1000 crore on their own.
- E.g., HAL, NALCO etc. (For complete list, CLICK HERE)
3. Maharatna Companies
- Maharatna companies have a global presence and must be listed on the Indian stock exchange, with at least 25% of shares held by the public.
- They can invest up to Rs 5,000 crore on their own.
- There are 10 Maharatna companies
- Steel Authority of India (SAIL)
- Bharat Petroleum
- Hindustan Petroleum
- Indian Oil Corporation
- Coal India Limited
- Power Grid Corporation of India
Merger and Consolidation of Public Sector Undertakings
- To increase the efficiency of Public Sector Enterprises, they can be merged and consolidated.
- Example :
- BSNL and MTNL were both suffering losses and were unable to compete with Jio, Airtel etc. In 2019, both were merged by offering a Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) to some employees to reduce the staff.
- Earlier, Government also merged Air India and Indian Airlines to rationalize the usage of its assets.
When the government sells its shares from a PSU to a private company but remains the majority shareholder, it is known as Disinvestment.
Pros and Cons of Disinvestment
Pros of Disinvestment
- Managerial efficiency: If the number of shareholders is more, they will demand more accountability. Accountability will lead to Managerial Efficiency.
- Raising of Resources: Government gets cash for public welfare.
- It helps to improve governance because Government restricts itself to the core governance functions.
- The problem of Overstaffing can be solved because Private Management rationalises employee strength.
- Proceeds of Disinvestment can help in reducing the Fiscal Deficit.
Cons of Disinvestment
- It can create Private Monopolies.
- It will reduce the government’s income (because the government will not get dividends).
- When PSUs get privatized, they are not bound to implement the reservation for SCs, STs and OBCs. Hence, such steps are detrimental to uplifting people belonging to so-called lower castes.
Economic Survey Topic: Privatization and Wealth Creation
- There are many examples from history that can be quoted to prove that privatization/ strategic disinvestment of CPSEs will lead to gains in efficiency.
- In the 1980s, UK PM Margret Thatcher started privatization of the Government companies such as British Telecom, British Airways, water and electricity companies etc. It increased the profitability of those companies.
- During the NDA regime of Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998-2004), 11 Government companies were privatized, such as Hindustan Zinc, Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. (BALCO), Maruti Suzuki, etc. After strategic disinvestment (or privatization), profitability and sales of these companies increased significantly because these companies went for Technology Up-gradation and Efficient management practices by Private professionals.
- Adopt Singaporean Model of disinvestment: Many of the CPSEs are profitable, but their shares have generally underperformed in the market. Hence, the survey proposes the Singaporean Model of Disinvestment.
- In 1974, Singapore Government set up a holding company named “Temasek Holdings Company” (THC) and transferred its shares of PSUs to THC. THC was manned by professionals and had complete autonomy, which carried out the process of privatization with great efficiency.
- Economic Survey has suggested that the Indian Government should constitute a Holding Company just like Singapore, for strategic disinvestment (or privatization) drive and transfer its stake in the listed CPSEs to the Holding Company. The entity would be mandated to divest the Government stake in these CPSEs over some time. It will lend professionalism and autonomy to the disinvestment program.
Timeline of Disinvestment in India
|1991|| The government announced 20% disinvestment in selected PSEs. |
|1998-2000|| Vajpayee Government classified PSEs into two parts|
1. Strategic: arms-ammunition, railway, nuke energy etc. – No disinvestment was to be carried here.
2. Non-strategic: those not in the above category were categorized as Non-Strategic, and disinvestment would be done in a phased manner.
To expedite the process of disinvestment in the country, a full-fledged Ministry of Disinvestment was set up.
|2005-09||Due to pressure from the coalition’s left parties, disinvestment was virtually abandoned in any government company. Ministry of Disinvestment was dismantled into the Department of Disinvestment under Finance Ministry. |
|2009-2014||– UPA-2 government was formed without the support of the Left Parties. Hence, the government started the work of disinvestment again. |
– It was decided that all Government companies can be disinvested up to 49%.
|2014- present||Modi Government has been carrying out the process of disinvestment at a rapid pace than seen in the case of any other previous government. Department of Disinvestment has been renamed to Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM). Its work is divided under four major areas as: |
1. Strategic Disinvestment & Privatization
2. Minority Stake Sales
3. Asset Monetization
4. Capital Management
|The government has made two categories i.e. |
1. Strategic Sector (consisting Atomic Energy, Space, Defence, Transport, Telecommunication, Power, Petroleum, Coal and other minerals, Banking, Insurance and Financial Services).
2. Non-Strategic (i.e. remaining all sectors).
The government has decided to either shut down or privatize all the PSUs in Non-Strategic Sector. In Strategic Sector, the government will keep at least 1 government company in a particular sector (i.e. will either merge or privatize if more than one PSU is present in one sector).
|National Land Monetization Corporation was set up to monetize the surplus land holdings of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) and other government agencies.|
Disinvestment under Modi Government
Modi Government has been continuing the process of disinvestment with more vigour than any previous government. They are using the following methods for doing disinvestment.
1 . Initial Public Offering (IPO)
- Initial Public Offering, i.e. listing the Public Sector Enterprise (PSE) in the sharemarket to sell its shares.
2. Exchange Traded Fund (ETF)
- Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) is a security that tracks a basket of assets such as an index fund but trades like a stock on an exchange. The CPSE-ETF tracks the CPSE Index (of PSUs included in the ETF).
- Present Government has used this route twice for disinvestment in PSUs
- In 2014, CPSE-ETF of 10 blue chip PSUs was listed on BSE and NSE.
- 2017 and 2018: Bharat-22, an ETF made up by backing 22 PSUs, was launched by the Government in Nov 2017 & June 2018, mobilizing ₹80,000 cr each time.
3. Institutional Placement Program (IPP)
- Institutional Placement Program (IPP) offer shares only to institutional investors like Mutual Funds, Insurance companies, Pension funds etc.
4. Offer for Sale (OFS)
- In Offer for Sale (OFS), the company sells shares in the share market to institutional and retail investors.
5. Share Buyback
- The government company itself buys the shares from the government, thereby decreasing the government shareholding.
6. Monetizing the land assets
- Government Agencies and Public Sector Enterprises have a lot of surplus land assets. E.g., Railways has 0.51 lakh hectares of land assets lying vacant. The government is trying to monetize these assets either by selling or renting them.
- The government has also set up National Land Monetization Corporation for this purpose.
- Monetizing the Assets aims to start the Infrastructure Asset Monetization Cycle and create new infrastructure with the help of existing infrastructure.
7. Strategic Disinvestment
- It means selling more than 51% of shares to private parties and transferring management control. Hence, the Government’s shareholding becomes less than 49%. E.g., the Government is trying this in the case of Air India, IDBI Bank, Pawan Hans etc.
The proceeds of disinvestment go to the National Investment Fund (NIF), which is part of the Public Account. The government uses the NIF for subscribing to the shares being issued by the CPSE, including PSBs and public sector insurance companies, on a rights basis to ensure 51 per cent government ownership in them, Recapitalisation of public sector banks, Equity infusion in various metro projects etc.
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Hi fellow ADDers. Below is a recent interview with Dr. Gabor Mate. He has some wonderful views on how we can better address ADD ADHD Issues.
AMY GOODMAN: New figures show the number of U.S. children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder–ADHD–has grown 22% since 2003. Earlier this month, the Center for Disease Control reported that one in ten children now have ADHD, an increase of one million since 2003. The spike in diagnoses of ADHD and other mental disorders has fueled an unprecedented reliance on pharmaceutical medications to treat children, with long-term effects that remain unknown. The conventional response has also emphasized coercive methods with parents and schools encouraged to focus on regulating children’s behavior.
Well, the Canadian physician and bestselling author Dr. Gabor Maté argues that these responses are treating surface symptoms as causes while ignoring deeper roots. Whether it’s in mental disorders like ADHD or in rampant instances of bullying Dr. Maté says, “Children are, in fact, reacting to the broader collapse of the nurturing conditions needed for their healthy development.” Instead of focusing on regulating children’s behavior, Dr. Mate argues that we should be look at how those nurturing conditions can be improved. Dr. Gabor Maté the author of four books including Scattered: How Attention Deficit Disorder Originates and What You Can Do About It and, with Dr. Gordon Neufeld, Hold On To Your Kids: Why Parents Need To Matter More Than Peers. Earlier this year, he appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss his work on drug addiction, as well as on the mind-body connection, the role of emotions and stresses in the development of chronic illnesses. Dr. Maté recently returned to our studio to talk about ADHD, parenting, bullying, the education system, and how a litany of stresses on the family environment is impacting American children.
DR. GABOR MATÈ : In the United States right now there are three million children receiving stimulant drugs for ADHD.
AMY GOODMAN: And ADHD means?
DR. GABOR MATÈ : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. There are about half a million kids in this country receiving heavy duty anti-psychotic medications. Medications such as those are usually given to adult schizophrenics to regulate their hallucinations. But in this case, children are getting it to control their behavior. So what we have is a massive social experiment of the chemical control of kids’ behavior with no idea of the long-term consequences of these heavy duty anti-psychotics on kids.
I know that Canadians statistics just last week showed that within last five years, 43% increase in the rate of dispensing stimulant prescriptions for ADD or ADHD, and most are going to boys. In other words, what we are seeing is an unprecedented burgeoning of the diagnosis. I should say, really I’m talking about- more broadly speaking- what I would call the destruction of American childhood, because ADD is the template, or just an example of what’s going on. In fact, according to a recent study published in the States, nearly half of American adolescents now meet some criteria for mental-health disorders. So we’re talking about a massive impact on our children of something in our culture not been recognized.
AMY GOODMAN: Explain exactly what attention deficit disorder is, and what attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is.
DR. GABOR MATÈ: Specifically ADD is a compound of three categories called, um, a set of symptoms. One has to do with poor impulse control. So, these children have difficulty controlling their impulses. When their brains tells them to do something, from the lower brain centers, there is nothing up here in the cortex- which is where the executive functions are, which is where the functions are that are supposed to tell us what to do and what not to do. Those circuits just don’t work. So there is poor impulse control- they act out, they behave aggressively, they speak out of turn, they say the wrong thing. Adults with ADD with shop compulsively – or impulsively, I should say. And again, behave in an impulsive fashion. So: poor impulse control.
But again, please notice that the impulse control problem is general amongst kids these days. In other words, it’s not just the kids diagnosed with ADD, but a lot of kids. And there are a whole lot of new diagnoses now. And children are being diagnosed with a lot of things- ADD is just one example. There is a new diagnosed called Oppositional Defiant Disorder which again has to do with behaviors and poor impulse control. So that impulse control has become a problem now amongst children in general, not just the specifically diagnosed with ADD. The second criteria for ADD is physical hyperactivity. So the part of the brain, again, that is supposed to regulate physical activity and keep you still just, again, does not work. And then finally, the third criteria is poor attention skills. Tuning out, not paying attention, mind being somewhere else, absent mindedness, and not being able to focus. Beginning to work on something and five minutes later the mind goes somewhere else. Kind of a mental restlessness, a lack of being still, lack of being focused, and a lack of being present. These are the three major criteria of ADD.
Original Article – http://www.democracynow.org/seo/2010/11/24/drgabormatonadhd_bullying
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Sunday 19 May
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)
What’s the World’s Favourite Species?Find out here.
Himalayan monal fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Himalayan monal description
A stunningly colourful member of the pheasant family, the Himalayan monal is the national bird of Nepal. The iridescent rainbow-like plumage of the male is surpassed only by the slightly larger Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii). The male Himalayan monal possesses a wiry, metallic green head-crest that is absent in other monal species, as well as a chestnut brown tail, light brown wings and a white rump that is visible in flight. The head is bright green, the eyes ringed with blue and the neck reddish brown. At the nape of the neck is a yellow patch which forms the top edge of the bluish black wings and the purplish black back. The breast is dark brown and the tail feathers are light brown. Females do not share the same splendour as males, with overall dark brown feathers, except for a white throat and rump patch, and the bright blue circle around the eyes. The female also has a crest, but whereas the male’s is green and has spoon-shaped feathers, the female’s is shorter, and brown with ordinary feathers (2) (4).
- Also known as
- danphe, Impeyan pheasant. Top
- BirdLife International:
IUCN Red List (May, 2006)
- Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (2001) Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
CITES (May, 2006)
Nepal Traveller (May, 2006)
The Sacromento Zoo (July, 2010)
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
- teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User.
Himalayan monal biology
A highly communicative bird, the Himalayan monal uses several different call types to express meaning to its mate, other birds in its foraging group, or intruding birds. Males also use body displays to attract females; bobbing the head-crest and fanning their tail feathers. The breeding season begins in April when the monals are at higher altitudes. The male switches from calling only in the early morning to calling throughout the day. Once a female notices his display they mate and shortly afterwards she scrapes a nest in the ground and lays between three and five eggs. The female must incubate the eggs alone, but the male will stand guard throughout the 27-day incubation period and until fledging to protect the eggs and chicks from predators. After six months the young are completely independent and must search for food and mates alone (5).
Like many of the pheasants, quails and partridges in the Phasianidae family, the Himalayan monal has very strong legs and a long, curved beak which together enable it to dig into the hard soil of the mountains to uncover seeds, tubers, shoots, berries, and insects. This method of foraging leaves conspicuous areas of turned over soil up to 25 cm deep on hillsides (2).Top
Himalayan monal range
Found in the Himalayas from eastern Afghanistan to Bhutan, northeast India and southern Tibet; the Himalayan monal has also been reported from Burma (2).Top
Himalayan monal habitat
During the summer months, the Himalayan monal ventures above the tree-line to wander on the grassy slopes, but during winter it is found in coniferous and mixed forests with a high proportion of rhododendrons and bamboo, where it shelters from the weather. It is a high-altitude species, remaining between 2,100 and 4,500 metres above sea level (2) (4).Top
Himalayan monal statusTop
Himalayan monal threats
The specific requirements of the Himalayan monal make it important to conserve its habitat, but currently this beautiful bird is not seriously threatened. In many parts of its range tree harvesting takes place and additionally this pheasant is hunted for food. It is also hunted for the colourful plumes of its headdress by the inhabitants of Kulu Valley, but this practice appears to have declined significantly in the last ten years. For now the Himalayan monal is not at risk (2) (5).Top
Himalayan monal conservation
The Himalayan monal’s status as the national bird of Nepal helps to raise awareness of this stunning bird and its needs, and it is hoped that this may keep the species safe in the future. It is currently common and has been recorded in many protected areas in its range, as well as many areas that are not suffering degradation. It is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora which prevents unlicensed export of the species or its body parts. This listing prevents the possibility that such an extraordinary bird might find popularity as a pet (2).Top
Find out more
For further information on this species see the Sacromento Zoo website at:
For more information on this and other bird species please see:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
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website made simple: Web design
Web Development is basically the job involved in creating a web site for the internet or an intranet. Web development can range from creating a simple one-line text-based web site to complex web-based social network websites, online e-commerce, electronic commerce systems, electronic newsletters, electronic shops, and other web-based applications. Web design has become a vital part of every business because of the increase in traffic and competition among organizations.
Website designers are expected to possess specific skills in order to become qualified to work in this field. Web developers should have knowledge about all the programming languages and tools used in developing an online site. A programmer who is trained in HTML codes and CSS codes should also have knowledge about scripting languages such as PHP and ASP. Web design requires great technical skill and knowledge and hence a developer should have a thorough understanding about the various tools and techniques that make up a website.
Development of a website involves designing a layout and navigation. The HTML code is a computer language designed to be used by computer programs to communicate with a web server. Web design involves the design of the appearance of the web pages using the HTML codes. This means that the HTML codes have to be written to make an arrangement of the web pages on a web server.
Web development has also brought a change in the way businesses operate. Websites can be developed to include features that were not available before such as shopping carts and payment gateways. Companies can now take advantage of these tools in order to reduce costs and increase the amount of revenue they earn.
Web design is also essential because of the increase in the competition among different businesses and organizations. It can help you stand out from the crowd and draw attention to your business. If a company has an attractive website, it will attract customers who are looking for products or services that the company offers.
Web design is not an easy task because it involves a lot of creativity and hard work. A designer must have a thorough knowledge about the HTML codes and the basic skills in writing scripts in a particular language. These skills should be well honed if the designer wants to gain more popularity. He can then seek employment as a developer or web designer.
Many development companies offer website development services. If you have a good looking website, but the content is not attractive, you can hire a company that offers website development and maintenance. They will create a website that is attractive and also optimize it so that search engines can index it for higher search engine rankings.
There are many advantages to having a web site for online business. You have to make sure that the content is attractive and the website is search engine friendly so that it can draw more traffic.
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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
When a sink turns on, or a toilet flushes, where does the water go? From houses, businesses, and rainstorms, sewers carry water many miles under our roads every day.
Lombard’s Public Works Department is inviting residents to find out more about the Village’s underground network of sewers, though a new online presentation at villageoflombard.org/sewers.
Lombard’s Public Works employees and private contractors are responsible for the maintenance of 274 miles of sewers and 18 pump stations throughout the Village. Sanitary sewers take in used water from homes and businesses. That water then drains into a wastewater treatment plant where it is cleaned before it is discharged into local waterways. Storm sewers collect rainwater and then drain directly to waterways. Sanitary sewer maintenance activities include the underground video televising, flushing, lining, repairing, cutting tree roots, and removing FOG (fats, oils and grease). These ongoing activities help ensure that the sewer system will operate at capacity during heavy rain storms. Storm sewers are also video televised and repaired, and curbside catch basins are emptied of debris before it enters the sewers.
The influence that downstream, receiving waterways have on drainage may come as a surprise. When the East Branch DuPage River (west side of Lombard) and Sugar Creek (east side of Lombard) are full, they may cause water to back up into the sewers. With no ability to drain, water may rise in floodplains, even up into some neighborhoods, until these waterways recede again.
As is typical in municipal engineering, Lombard’s storm sewers are large enough to handle a 5 -10 year storm. During 100 year storm events, waterways may fill to capacity, and flooding may occur. Temporary street flooding that lasts a matter of an hour or two is usually due to sewers flowing at maximum capacity. This condition is known as surcharging. Blocked inlets may also contribute to temporary street flooding. Resizing sewers for a 100 year storm would be cost-prohibitive, as they are extreme events.
According to Lombard’s Assistant Director of Public Works, Dave Gorman, “We hope to provide a better understanding of the sewer systems that we rely on day-to-day, and work hard to maintain. When flooding occurs, we often hear rumors of a valve that was not open or a pump that wasn’t working but it’s actually just a matter of system capacity, whether the floodplains were full, the sewers were surcharged, or the rainfall so intense that inlets were backed up.”
The informational sewer presentation may be viewed at villageoflombard.org/sewers villageoflombard.org/sewers. Please contact Lombard Public Works at (630)620-5740 with any questions.
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What’s in this Book
This book was written to answer the question of how to turn a scale into music. Practicing scales has been used for centuries as a method for developing technical facility on any given instrument. While many guitar players avoid scales like their very life depends upon it, those who do venture into scale work invariably reach a point where they become frustrated with their progress. The modern-day guitarist is often called upon to construct or even improvise lead lines and solos. For this, scales are an important tool. But practicing the scale straight up and down for hours on end leads to a point where the player feels that every lead line they play sounds like it’s just going straight up and down the scale.
So, how do you not sound like you’re just playing straight up and down the scale?
One answer to this question is the scale sequence or melodic pattern. A scale sequence is a short melody played from each note of a scale in turn. Along with practicing scales, sequence drills have also been used for centuries as an important bridge between merely learning to play scales up and down and using the scale for playing music.
This book is a collection of 134 individual scale sequences that I’ve put together over the course of my several decades of practicing, playing, and teaching guitar. By practicing sequences, you are not only training your picking hand and fretting fingers to play the notes of the scale, you’re training your ears to recognize what it sounds like to make music out of the scale, and you’re training your eyes to recognize melodic shapes and patterns on the fretboard. You may even hear a few familiar melodies. Composers and songwriters over the centuries have used sequences for writing music in every genre and style. Renowned soloists from Eric Clapton to Yngwie Malmsteen have relied on scale sequences to add drama to their playing and to show off their technique.
Scale sequences show up everywhere in music, and, with this book, together with a little practice, they’ll become your new best friend.
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Osteoporosis can be a crippling malady, striking many elderly women and drastically altering or eventually taking their lives.
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone or both. As a result, bones become weak and may break from a fall or even from sneezing or minor bumps. Osteoporosis means “porous bone.” Viewed under a microscope, healthy bone looks like a honeycomb. With osteoporosis, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much larger than in healthy bone. Osteoporotic bones have lost density or mass and contain abnormal tissue structure. As bones become less dense, they weaken and are more likely to break.
According to Stacey L. Rothwell, PA-C, at the Medical University of South Carolina Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, who serves as fragility fracture liaison for the program, older patients especially are affected by osteoporosis once they have a fracture because they often end up in a subacute/nursing facility and take a long time to recover to their previous level of activity. Many of them do not attain their original level of independence. Being hospitalized for a hip fracture can also be associated with other conditions and complications, such as pneumonia or heart attack, that can drastically affect their recovery.
Maximilien Rappaport, DO, assistant professor of clinical medicine at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine in Greenville, pointed to a recent study of Medicare recipients that reported that around 300,000 hip fractures occur in the United States annually. Of this number, 30% of the individuals suffering the fracture will die within a year, another 25% will wind up in a nursing home and only 15% will be able to walk across a room unaided six months after the fracture.
Dr. Rappaport said many patients stop taking medication that could help prevent another fracture because of concerns about adverse side effects of the drugs being administered, which he said, “are very rare.” And many individuals will not be treated or tested once they have suffered a fracture.
“Through testing and treatment, we could prevent 50% of the refractures that occur,” he said.
As the baby boomers age, an increasing number of people are diagnosed with osteoporosis.
“It is a very underdiagnosed and undertreated disease,” said Rothwell. “It is considered a silent disease until someone falls and sustains a fracture. There is considerable morbidity associated with fragility fractures, which is why we are trying to be more aggressive and proactive with treating osteoporosis to help prevent future fragility fractures.”
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are both “silent” diseases. Usually, the first warning sign is a fragility fracture – a fracture sustained by a ground level fall or other injury that should not typically break a bone. Regular DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorption) screening after the age of 60 without risk factors, or at 50 with risk factors, is recommended, said Rothwell.
According to Dr. Rappaport, some of the signs of osteopenia/osteoporosis are a loss of height and back pain.
“If a person has lost an inch and a half of height, that is an indicator of a risk for osteoporosis,” he said.
He added that while a majority of those affected with osteoporosis are “older post-menopausal, Mexican-American or non-Hispanic white women,” that does not mean it doesn’t occur in other segments of the population. Anyone who has taken high doses of steroids, is suffering from a chronic illness, has rheumatoid arthritis or has been a smoker or heavy drinker in the past carries a greater risk of osteoporosis. Low-weight, malnourished individuals also are at greater risk.
Individuals can work on improving bone strength with a diet high in protein, vitamin D (such as in fish, eggs and fortified milk) and calcium (dairy products). Participating in regular weight bearing or resistance exercises also is important to building strong bones. There are multiple antiresorptive and anabolic medications available to help prevent bone resorption and increase osteoblasts to improve bone density. It is important to get 1,200 milligrams of calcium daily, either in your diet or with supplementation. Having good balance, which includes wearing properly fitting shoes, also helps prevent falls and subsequent fractures.
Individuals with osteoporosis should restrict their exercise to low impact, weight-bearing activities such as fast walking, stair machines and elliptical training. Avoid lifting more than 10 pounds over your head.
And, be tested early to determine if you may be at risk for osteoporosis. It may just save your way of life, or, indeed, your life.
By John Torsiello
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Czech/Czech in a Nutshell
Czech is an Indo-European, West Slavic Language, especially similar to Slovak, which means it is very likely for a native speaker of each to also understand some Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, etc. Czech and Slovak are very similar languages, and at first glance, one may incorrectly think of them as being dialects of each other, in the same manner that one might compare Spanish and Catalan. Czech is spoken by 10 million people as a native language and at least 6 million as a de facto second language. Even before the birth of Czechoslovakia in 1918, Czechs and Slovaks have always understood each other without the need of a translator as both have been subjected to Austro-Hungarian domniation for many centuries until after the First World War.
The relatively hard parts of the language are, like all other Balto-Slavic Languages (except Bulgarian and Macedonian):
- Declination (7 cases)
- Several types and subtypes of endings for nouns and verbs
The easier parts may be:
- Simple, regular pronunciation
- Very simple and straightforward verb conjugations: Only one present tense (imperfective) two types of past and conditional tenses, a compound future (imprf.) a simple future (perf.). Verb are always found in pairs, imperfective on the left and the perfective on the right separated by a dash (usually, but NOT always, one adds a prefix to the imperfective infinitive to change it to perfective).
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A wig is a head or hair accessory made from human hair, animal hair, or synthetic fiber. The word wig is short for periwig, which makes its earliest known appearance in the English language in William Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Some people wear wigs to disguise baldness; a wig may be used as a less intrusive and less expensive alternative to medical therapies for restoring hair or for a religious reason.
In Egyptian society men and women commonly had clean shaven or close cropped hair and often wore wigs. The ancient Egyptians created the wig to shield shaved, hairless heads from the sun. They also wore the wigs on top of their hair using beeswax and resin to keep the wigs in place. Wealthy Egyptians would wear elaborate wigs and scented cones of animal fat on top of their wigs. Other ancient cultures, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Jews in ancient Israel, Greeks and Romans, also used wigs as an everyday fashion.
16th and 17th centuries
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the use of wigs fell into disuse in the West for a thousand years until they were revived in the 16th century as a means of compensating for hair loss or improving one's personal appearance. They also served a practical purpose: the unhygienic conditions of the time meant that hair attracted head lice, a problem that could be much reduced if natural hair were shaved and replaced with a more easily de-loused artificial hairpiece. Fur hoods were also used in a similar preventive fashion.
Royal patronage was crucial to the revival of the wig. Queen Elizabeth I of England famously wore a red wig, tightly and elaborately curled in a "Roman" style, while among men King Louis XIII of France (1601–1643) started to pioneer wig-wearing in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald. This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successor Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), which contributed to its spread in European and European-influenced countries.
Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in the English court. The London diarist Samuel Pepys recorded the day in 1665 that a barber had shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year of plague he was uneasy about wearing it:
3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was in Westminster when I bought it. And it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague.
Wigs were not without other drawbacks, as Pepys noted on March 27, 1663:
I did go to the Swan; and there sent for Jervas my old periwig-maker and he did bring me a periwig; but it was full of nits, so as I was troubled to see it (it being his old fault) and did send him to make it clean.
With wigs virtually obligatory garb for men with social rank, wigmakers gained considerable prestige. A wigmakers' guild was established in France in 1665, a development soon copied elsewhere in Europe. Their job was a skilled one as 17th century wigs were extraordinarily elaborate, covering the back and shoulders and flowing down the chest; not surprisingly, they were also extremely heavy and often uncomfortable to wear. Such wigs were expensive to produce. The best examples were made from natural human hair. The hair of horses and goats was often used as a cheaper alternative.
In the 18th century, men's wigs were powdered to give them their distinctive white or off-white color. Women in the 18th century did not wear wigs, but wore a coiffure supplemented by artificial hair or hair from other sources. Women mainly powdered their hair grey, or blue-ish grey, and from the 1770s onwards never bright white like men. Wig powder was made from finely ground starch that was scented with orange flower, lavender, or orris root. Wig powder was occasionally colored violet, blue, pink or yellow, but was most often off-white.
Powdered wigs (men) and powdered natural hair with supplemental hairpieces (women) became essential for full dress occasions and continued in use until almost the end of the 18th century. The elaborate form of wigs worn at the coronation of George III in 1761 was lampooned by William Hogarth in his engraving Five Orders of Periwigs. Powdering wigs and extensions was messy and inconvenient, and the development of the naturally white or off-white powderless wig (made of horsehair) for men made the retention of wigs in everyday court dress a practical possibility. By the 1780s, young men were setting a fashion trend by lightly powdering their natural hair, as women had already done from the 1770s onwards. After 1790, both wigs and powder were reserved for older, more conservative men, and were in use by ladies being presented at court. After 1790, English women seldom powdered their hair.
In 1795, the British government levied a tax on hair powder of one guinea per year. This tax effectively caused the demise of both the fashion for wigs and powder. Granville Leveson-Gower, in Paris during the winter of 1796, at the height of the Thermidorian Directory, noted "The word citoyen seemed but very little in use, and hair powder being very common, the appearance of the people was less democratic than in England."
Among women in the French court of Versailles in the mid-to-late 18th century, large, elaborate and often themed wigs (such as the stereotypical "boat poufs") were in vogue for women. These combed-up hair extensions were often very heavy, weighted down with pomades, powders, and other ornamentation. In the late 18th century these coiffures (along with many other indulgences in court life) became symbolic of the decadence of the French nobility, and for that reason quickly became out of fashion from the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.
During the 18th century, men's wigs became smaller and more formal with several professions adopting them as part of their official costumes. This tradition survives in a few legal systems. They are routinely worn in various countries of the Commonwealth. Until 1823, bishops of the Church of England and Church of Ireland wore ceremonial wigs. The wigs worn by barristers are in the style favoured in the late eighteenth century. Judges' wigs, in everyday use as court dress, are short like barristers' wigs (although in a slightly different style), but for ceremonial occasions judges and also senior barristers (QCs) wear full-bottomed wigs.
19th and 20th centuries
The wearing of wigs as a symbol of social status was largely abandoned in the newly created United States and France by the start of the 19th century. In the United States, only four presidents, from John Adams to James Monroe, wore curly powdered wigs tied in a queue according to the old-fashioned style of the 18th century, though Thomas Jefferson didn't always wear a wig, but only wore a wig when he was Ambassador to France with his long red hair implied to be short until his terms as secretary of state, vice president, and as the third U.S. president, in which he powdered his long hair. Unlike them, the first president, George Washington, never wore a wig; instead, he powdered, curled and tied in a queue his own long hair.
The latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue according to this old fashion was Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia (born in 1779, portrayed in 1795).[original research?]
Women's wigs developed in a somewhat different way. They were worn from the 18th century onwards, although at first only surreptitiously. Full wigs in the 19th and early 20th century were not fashionable. They were often worn by old ladies who had lost their hair. In the film Mr. Skeffington (1944), Bette Davis's character has to wear a wig after a bout of diphtheria, which is a moment of pathos and a symbol of her frailty.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century hairdressers in England and France did a brisk business supplying postiches, or pre-made small wiglets, curls, and false buns to be incorporated into the hairstyle. The use of postiches did not diminish even as women's hair grew shorter in the decade between 1910 and 1920, but they seem to have gone out of fashion during the 1920s. In the 1960s a new type of synthetic wig was developed using a modacrylic fiber which made wigs more affordable. Reid-Meredith was a pioneer in the sales of these types of wigs.
As the price of human hair has increased, there is concern that hair has been unethically sourced. Much hair comes from women in impoverished countries who are attempting to solve a temporary financial difficulty. Hair of some women have been forcibly cut by armed guards or prison supervisors.
From the late 17th to early 19th centuries, European armies wore uniforms more or less imitating the civilian fashions of the time, but with militarized additions. As part of that uniform, officers wore wigs more suited to the drawing rooms of Europe than its battlefields. The late 17th century saw officers wearing full-bottomed natural-coloured wigs, but the civilian change to shorter, powdered styles with pigtails in the early 18th century saw officers adopting similar styles. The elaborate, oversized court-styles of the late 18th century were not followed by armies in the field however, as they were impractical to withstand the rigours of military life and simpler wigs were worn.
While officers normally wore their own hair short under a powdered wig, the rank and file of the infantry was not afforded such luxury. Instead of wigs, the men grew their hair long and according to the prevailing fashion in a nation's army, hair was either allowed to grow long with simple modeling, as in the French army of the 1740s, or else was elaborately coiffured as in Prussian and British armies. In the case of British soldiers of the 1740s, contemporary artwork suggests that they cut their hair short, which was not the case. Instead, the men used tallow or other fat to grease the hair, which was then fashioned into pigtails and tied back into the scalp hair to give the impression of short hair. It was then liberally dusted with powdered chalk to give the impression of a powdered wig. Later in the century, hair was likewise tied back, greased and powdered, but false hair pigtails were adopted, kept in a tubular queue and tied back with ribbons to the soldier's own hair. The overall effect was that of a wig with a long tail and bow. The Prussian army took personal hairstyles to an extreme during the time of Frederick The Great, each soldier commonly having a long pigtail hanging down the back nearly to waist level.
By contrast, in the 1780s Russian General Potemkin abhorred the tight uniforms and uncomfortable wigs and powdered coiffures worn by his soldiers and instigated a complete revision of both. Along with comfortable, practical, well-fitting uniforms, his reforms introduced neat, natural hairstyles for all, with no wigs, powder and grease, or hair-tying evident.
Formal military hairstyles lasted until beyond the end of the 18th century and it was the French Revolution which spelled the end of wigs and powdered, greased hairstyles in modern, Western armies. Powdered hair and pigtails made a brief return during Napoleon's reign, being worn by infantry of his Foot Grenadiers and Foot Chasseurs of the Old Guard and the Horse Grenadiers of the Guard.
A merkin is a pubic wig often worn as a decorative item or for theatrical and fashion purposes. They are sometimes viewed as erotic and some designs are meant for entertainment or as a form of comedy.
In Britain, most Commonwealth nations, and the Republic of Ireland special wigs are also worn by barristers, judges, and certain parliamentary and municipal or civic officials as a symbol of the office. Hong Kong barristers and judges continue to wear wigs as part of court dress as a legacy of the court system from the time of British rule. In July 2007, judges in New South Wales, Australia, voted to discontinue the wearing of wigs in the NSW Court of Appeal. New Zealand lawyers and judges have ceased to wear wigs except for ceremonial occasions, such as when newly-qualified lawyers are called to the bar. In Canada lawyers and judges do not wear wigs.
A number of celebrities, including Donna Summer, Dolly Parton, Sia Furler, Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry, Melanie Martinez, Lady Gaga, Diana Ross & The Supremes, Tina Turner and Raquel Welch, popularized wigs. Cher has worn all kinds of wigs in the last 40 years, from blonde to black, and curly to straight. They may also be worn for fun as part of fancy dress (costume wearing), when they can be of outlandish color or made from tinsel. They are quite common at Halloween, when "rubber wigs" (solid bald cap-like hats, shaped like hair), are sold at some stores.
Wigs are used in film, theater, and television. In the Japanese film and television genre Jidaigeki, wigs are used extensively to alter appearance to reflect the Edo period when most stories take place. Only a few actors starring in big-budgeted films and television series will grow their hair so that it may be cut to the appropriate hair style, and forgo using a wig.
In the theater, especially on Broadway, wigs are used to give a performer a fixed character. Nearly all women and many men do so not only for character design, but also to cover their microphone packs. Often the microphone pack goes on the actor's head, mainly to efficiently facilitate quick changes.
Jewish law requires married women to cover their hair for reasons of tzniut (Hebrew: "modesty or privacy"). Some Orthodox Jewish women wear wigs, known as sheitels, for this purpose. Wigs of those who practice Haredi Judaism and Hasidic Judaism often are made from human hair. In Modern Orthodox Judaism, women will usually wear a hat or other covering, sometimes exposing the bottom of their hair.
One rabbi has declared that long wigs are inappropriate. Another said that it is preferable for a married Jewish woman to expose her hair than to don a wig, for the wig actually increases attraction in the public domain and encourages the notion that Halakha is both irrational and intellectually dishonest. Still another rabbi, who also spoke strongly against the wearing of wigs, said specifically, "You must go with a hat or kerchief on your head," but did not permit leaving hair "exposed."
Most Orthodox women cover their hair, whether with wigs, hats or scarves. The rejection by some rabbis of wigs is not recent, but began "... in the 1600s, when French women began wearing wigs to cover their hair. Rabbis rejected this practice, both because it resembled the contemporary non-Jewish style and because it was immodest, in their eyes, for a woman to sport a beautiful head of hair, even if it was a wig."
Other options include:
- wearing a covered wig, called a shpitzel
- a covering, typically cloth, called a tichel
- another non-hair (and looser) head covering, called a snood
- a short wig mostly covered by a Tichel, but with (wig) "hair" showing on the forehead, sometimes also showing from the back, called a frisette
Wigs are worn by some people on a daily or occasional basis in everyday life. This is sometimes done for reasons of convenience, since wigs can be styled ahead of time. They are also worn by individuals who are experiencing hair loss due to medical reasons (most commonly cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy, or those who are suffering from alopecia areata).
Some men who crossdress as women wear wigs in different styles to make their hair seem more feminine.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, wig makers were called perruquiers.
There are two methods of attaching hair to wigs. The first and oldest is to weave the root ends of the hair onto a stretch of three silk threads to form a sort of fringe called a "weft". The wefts are then sewn to a foundation made of net or other material. In modern times, the wefts can also be made (a warp is the vertical thread of a weave, the weft is the horizontal thread) with a specially adapted sewing machine, reducing the amount of hand labour involved. In the 19th century another method came into use. A small hook called a "ventilating needle" or "knotting needle", similar to the tambour hooks used for decorating fabric with chain-stitch embroidery at that period, is used to knot a few strands of hair at a time directly to a suitable foundation material. This newer method produces a lighter and more natural looking wig. High quality custom wigs, and those used for film and theatrical productions are usually done this way. It is also possible to combine the two techniques, using weft for the main part of the wig and ventilating hair at the edges and partings to give a fine finish.
Making custom wigs starts with measuring the subject's head. The natural hair is arranged in flat curls against the head as the various measurements are taken. It is often helpful to make a pattern from layers of transparent adhesive tape applied over a piece of plastic wrap, on which the natural hairline can be traced accurately. These measurements are then transferred to the "block", a wooden or cork-stuffed canvas form the same size and shape as the client's head.
Depending on the style of the wig, a foundation is made of net or other material, different sizes and textures of mesh being used for different parts of the wig. The edges and other places might be trimmed and reinforced with a narrow ribbon called "galloon". Sometimes flesh colored silk or synthetic material is applied where it will show through the hair at crown and partings, and small bones or elastic are inserted to make the wig fit securely. Theatrical, and some fine custom wigs, have a fine, flesh colored net called "hair lace" at the front which is very inconspicuous in wear and allows the hair to look as if it is coming directly from the skin underneath. These are usually referred to as "lace front wigs".
Natural hair, either human or from an animal such as a goat or yak, must be carefully sorted so that the direction of growth is maintained, root to root, and point to point. Because of the scale-like structure of the cuticle of a hair shaft, if some hairs get turned the wrong way, they will ride backwards against their neighbors and cause tangles and matting. The highest quality of hair has never been bleached or colored, and has been carefully sorted to ensure the direction is correct. This process is called "turning". For less expensive wigs, this labour-intensive sorting process is substituted by "processing" the hair. It is treated with a strong base solution which partially dissolves the cuticle leaving the strands smooth. It is then bleached and dyed to the required shade and given a synthetic resin finish which partially restores the strength and luster of the now damaged hair. Synthetic fiber, of course, is simply manufactured in the required colors, and has no direction.
The wigmaker will choose the type, length and colors of hair required by the design of the wig and blend them by pulling the hair through the upright teeth of a brush-like tool called a "hackle" which also removes tangles and any short or broken strands. The hair is placed on one of a pair of short-bristled brushes called "drawing brushes" with the root ends extending over one edge; the edge facing the wigmaker (or properly called, boardworker), and the second brush is pressed down on top of it so that a few strands can be withdrawn at a time, leaving the rest undisturbed.
Adding the hair
Weft structured wigs can have the wefts sewn to the foundation by hand, while it is on the block or, as is common with mass-produced wigs, sewn to a ready-made base by skilled sewing machine operators. Ventilated (hand knotted) wigs have the hair knotted directly to the foundation, a few strands at a time while the foundation is fastened to the block. With the hair folded over the finger, the wigmaker pulls a loop of hair under the mesh, and then moves the hook forward to catch both sides of the loop. The ends are pulled through the loop and the knot is tightened for a "single knot", or a second loop is pulled through the first before finishing for a "double knot". Typically, the bulkier but more secure double knot is used over the majority of the wig and the less obvious single knot at the edges and parting areas. A skilled wigmaker will consider the number of strands of hair used and the direction of each knot to give the most natural effect possible.
It takes generally six heads of hair to make a full human hair wig.
At this point, the hair on the wig is all the same length. The wig must be styled into the desired form in much the same manner as a regular stylist.
The subject's natural hair is again knotted tightly against the head and the wig is applied. Any remaining superfluous wiglace is trimmed away. Hairpins can be used to secure the lace to the hair and occasionally, skin-safe adhesives are used to adhere the wig against bald skin and to better hide any exposed lace. Finishing touches are done to the hair styling to achieve the desired effect.
Types of human hair wigs
There are two basic kinds of hair wigs: The traditional machine stitched weft wig and the hand tied lace wig. The machine stitched wigs are still the most widely worn wigs today. The hair is sewn on a stretch weft material and come with back straps for adjusting to various head sizes. These wigs are typically pre-styled and lack any kind of realistic expectations.
Lace wigs are quickly becoming one of the most sought-after wigs among wig wearers. The illusion of hair growing from the scalp is the feature that makes this wig the best of the best when it comes to wearing fake hair. These wigs are made with a French or Swiss lace material base. They are made as a full lace or partial lace front with a stretch weft back. Each hair strand is individually stitched into a lace material which creates the natural look of hair at the base. This is where the term "hand tied" originates.
Hair type is the distinguishing factor in human hair wigs. Four main types of hair are used in manufacturing: Chinese or "Malaysian", Indian, Indonesian or "Brazilian", and Caucasian or "European". The majority of human hair wigs are made of Chinese or Indian hair, while European hair is considered the most expensive and rare, as most donors are from Russia or Northern Europe, where there is a smaller portion of hair donors to the market.
Remy human hair is considered to be the best quality of human hair because the cuticles are kept intact and not stripped away. The preserved cuticles are also aligned in a unidirectional manner, which decreases tangling and matting. It has been carefully separated after collecting from the hair donor to ensure all the cuticles are of the same length.
It has been reported from time to time that for global human hair trade, women from the ASEAN region are being exploited. Hair from this region has a significant commercial value in the international market. Particularly in India, the women are forced by their husbands into selling their hair, and slum children were being tricked into "having their heads shaved in exchange for toys."
Notable wig designers
- Willy Clarkson, who created wigs for London's West End theatre productions
- Peter King, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Nina Lawson, who ran the Metropolitan Opera wig department from 1956 to 1987
- Peter Owen, Bristol, United Kingdom
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wigs.|
- "How is a Wig Made?".
- 1600s, shortened form of the word Periwig "Define Wig at Dictionary.com".
- Wallenfels, Ronald (2000). The Ancient Near East: An Encyclopedia for Students, Volume 2. Scribner. p. 145. ISBN 9780684805948.
- Fletcher, Joann; Salamone, Filippo (2016). "An Ancient Egyptian Wig: Construction and Reconstruction". Internet Archaeology (42). doi:10.11141/ia.42.6.3.
- "Dumuzid and Jectin-ana". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. December 19, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- Mishna tractate Sabbath Chapter 6 Mishna 5
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. pp. 119, 120, 121. ISBN 9781317451679.
- "Fashion: The history of the wig: On a wig and a prayer". January 17, 1999.
- "Perukes, Pomade, and Powder: Hair Care in the 1700s".
- "A Brief History of the Wig".
- marcelgomessweden. "Louis XIII « The Beautiful Times". Thebeautifultimes.wordpress.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- Samuel Pepys; Henry Benjamin Wheatley (1895). The Diary of Samuel Pepys (Volume 9, Page 60).
- Chaudhary, Amit (July 10, 2018). "History of Hair Wigs - Why It is in Trend Today - Artificial Heads of Hair". Planetofhaircloning.com.
- "When Did Men Stop Wearing Wigs?".
- "Hair Powder Tax".
- Noted in Janet Gleeson, Privilege and Scandal: The Remarkable Life of Harriet Spencer, Sister of Georgiana 2006:178.
- "Judiciary.gov.uk". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- Real Life at the White House: 200 ... – Google Knihy. Books.google.cz. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- "Frequently Asked Questions: Did George Washington wear a wig?". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 20, 2005. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- "Work: Portrait of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich (1779-1831)". Scholarsresource.com. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- "IN offers Songs, Music, Videos, Games, Movie, Celebs, Download, E Mail, News, Devotion, Search Online "IN.com"". Connect.in.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- Emile Long, Hairstyles and Fashion: A Hairdresser's History of Paris, 1910–1920, edited with an introduction by Steven Zdatny, Berg (Oxford International Publishers Ltd), 1999 ISBN 1-85973-222-4
- Associated Press. "Expert Says Korean Labor Market Knock Wig Market Askew". Retrieved October 8, 2013.
- Homa Khaleeli (October 28, 2012). "The hair trade's dirty secret".
- "Pigtails, Queues, and Campaign Wigs of Revolutionary War Soldiers".
- "Woolly headed? Not this verdict". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 2, 2007.
- American Theatre Wing (October 28, 2013). "Theatrical Wig Maker". YouTube. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
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- "Rabbi Says Long Wigs Are Not Proper Head Coverings". Crownheights.info. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
- "Are Wigs Kosher? Interview with Machon Shilo's Rabbi David Bar-Hayim", Torah Nation, YouTube, February 6, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2017
- Ari Galahar (September 6, 2010). "Rabbi Yosef comes out against wig-wearing". Ynetnews.
- Frimet Foldberger (August 4, 2014). "Taxonomy of the Sheitel". The Forward.
- Alieza Salzberg. "Hair Coverings for Married Women".
- "Perruquier's Shop, England, 18th century. Illustration of maker of perukes or wigs".
maker of perukes
- Huaixiang, Han (June 20, 2014). Costume Craftwork on a Budget. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0240808533. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
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- "The Art and Craft of Hairdressing" Wolters
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- "The History of Lace Front Wigs and Wigs in General".
- "Whole Lace Wigs - Full Lace Wigs". Divatress. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
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- "ASEAN: Multi-billion hair industry exploits women by buying hair at very low prices | Business & Human Rights Resource Centre". www.business-humanrights.org. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- "Human hair trade is exploiting ASEAN women". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- McDougall, Dan (June 24, 2006). "Trade in hair forces India's children to pay the price". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- Khaleeli, Homa (October 28, 2012). "The hair trade's dirty secret". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- "Peter Swords King". IMDb. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
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- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
|Look up wig in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
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Printed Media as Primary Source – William F. Buckley's National Review
The National Review was one of the most influential publications in articulating and promulgating a conservative intellectual ideology in the postwar United States. Founded in 1955 by William F. Buckley, Jr., who edited and wrote much of its content in the early years, the Review took on what it saw as the excesses of liberalism and cultural relavatism in all their forms. Institutions of higher education, moderate politicians, and the mainstream press were among his chief targets. [Buckley had a long and varied career as a conserative commentator; to learn more about his life and philosophy, you may want to consult his 2008 New York Times obituary. A full archive of Buckley's writings is maintained online here.] Your assignment is to write a 2-3 page paper that analyzes ONE of the below articles, all written by Buckley:
Again, choose ONE of these pieces on which to base your paper.
Before you start, you will want to consult two worksheets I have prepared for general consultation by students in my courses:
There are some specific questions I suggest you consider as your approach these particular sources:
- How does Buckley structure his arguments to make his point? How does he use language to appeal to his reader's intellect, and to his reader's emotions?
- How does the article reflect the broader historical context of the moment in which it was produced? What does it tell you about the period?
- How might Buckley's targets counter his arguments? What might be another way to look at this issue?
- What has been the intellectual and poltical legacy of the argument that Buckley puts forth in this piece?
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A Dinka song from South Sudan. The young men singing this song consider themselves as a special age-set, using their education to ‘change the land’. Their mothers must learn that, in the modern world, clothes and pens are more important than cattle as wealth.
Our junior age-set in white gathers at Abyei, (1)
The school is convened,
The age-set in white knows the words of wisdom.
I shall turn the land upside down,
I shall change the land.
I am a small boy but I am a man,
I sit in the place where words flow.
Our mothers all cry,
‘Our children have gone astray,
The land has remained without a child.’ (2)
Mother, I do not blame you;
There is nothing that you know,
Nothing you know,
The word of the world is creeping on.
It comes, crossing the lands beyond.
In Khartoum, a child is born, and goes. (3)
Am I to appease you only with a cow?
What about the white clothes and my pen?
from The Dinka of the Sudan (1972)
- Abyei: The oil-producing town on the border between Sudan and South Sudan. It’s status is currently disputed.
- The children (this was 1972) have all left home to attend school.
- In the then capital, children leave home almost immediately.
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Presentation on theme: "What Happens When We Die? Brian Keating January 18, 2010."— Presentation transcript:
What Happens When We Die? Brian Keating January 18, 2010
Introduction One of the most important questions, that all religions try to answer, is the question of: What happens when we die? In particular, most religions attempt to explain if human beings have any hope of living again, after our bodies die. Most Christian denominations believe that all human beings have immortal souls. According to this belief, the soul is some sort of invisible presence, which is contained inside our bodies while we are alive, but which leaves our bodies – and keeps on living – when our bodies die. In addition, according to that doctrine, the soul is the real you; and as a result, people are still conscious after their bodies die – because their souls are still living. The question is, is the above doctrine listed anywhere in Scripture? In this document, I will discuss my understanding of what Scripture actually says about the soul – and about what happens when we die. Unless otherwise indicated, all verses are from the King James Version of the Bible.
What is the Soul? To start with, lets see what the soul is. The Hebrew word which is translated as soul is nephesh, and the Greek equivalent is psuche. The following verse gives us an indication of what, exactly, the soul is. Genesis 2:7 7 And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. As we can see, two things happened, when God created Adam. First, God formed Adam out of the dust of the ground. In other words, God initially created Adams physical body. Adams body was not alive at that point, though – because his body was dead. In other words, at that point, Adam was a corpse. Then, God breathed the breath of life into Adams physical body. When God did that, Adam became a living soul. From the above information, we can see that Adam did not have a soul – he was a soul. In other words, as soon as the breath of life is placed into a persons body, that person becomes a living soul.
What is the Soul? (cont.) From what I can see in Scripture, a concise definition of a soul is: a conscious being, or simply consciousness. Basically, when the breath of life is added to a persons body, that person becomes a living, conscious being – i.e., he becomes a soul. Some of the verses that support the definition of the soul as consciousness are as follows: Psalms 31:9 (ESV) 9 Be gracious to me, O LORD, for I am in distress; my eye is wasted from grief; my soul (consciousness) and my body also. Proverbs 16:24 (ESV) 24 Gracious words are like a honeycomb, sweetness to the soul (consciousness) and health to the body. The verse in Psalms indicates that stress causes problems for people - both mental (consciousness) problems, and physical (body) problems. The verse in Proverbs indicates that being nice to people provides both mental and physical benefits to people. (Interestingly, the medical community is finally beginning to verify both of those items - items that David and Solomon wrote about almost 3,000 years ago!)
What is the Soul? (cont.) Next, consider this verse, from the apostle Peter: 1 Peter 2:11 11 Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly (body) lusts, which war against the soul (consciousness); In the above verse, Peter tells us that our bodily desires can affect our consciousness (i.e., our souls). I suspect that everyone can relate to that statement. The apostle Paul echoes that sentiment as follows: Romans 7:25b (ESV) 25 So then, I myself serve the law of God with my mind (consciousness, or soul), but with my flesh (body) I serve the law of sin. So, my belief is that a soul is basically a persons consciousness. That is, when the breath of life is added to a persons body, that person becomes a conscious being – i.e., he becomes a soul.
What is the Spirit? The breath of life is sometimes referred to as spirit in Scripture. This spirit is not the Holy Spirit; instead, it is simply the energy, or life force, which animates our physical bodies. The Hebrew word for spirit that refers to the breath of life is ruach; and the Greek equivalent is pneuma. Both ruach and pneuma denote air, wind, or breath – so it makes sense that those words would be used to describe the breath of life. As noted earlier, when the spirit is added to a physical body, a soul (conscious being) comes into existence. The following verse describes what happens when the spirit stops animating a persons body: James 2:26 26 For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead also. The above verse tells us that physical bodies cannot live without the spirit (a.k.a. the breath of life). Basically, when the spirit stops animating a physical body, that body dies.
What is the Spirit? (cont.) A simple analogy for the spirit is electricity, flowing through a light bulb. As long as electricity is flowing through a light bulb, the bulb remains illuminated. As soon as electricity stops flowing through a light bulb, though, the bulb goes dark – or dies. The above analogy is very similar to the spirit, animating our bodies – because our nervous systems use electrochemical impulses, to send signals through our bodies. So, as long as the spirit is active in a person – and is therefore causing electrochemical impulses to flow through his body – that person remains a living, conscious being. As soon as the spirit stops being active in a person, though, those impulses stop flowing through that persons body – which causes that person to die.
Are Souls Immortal? As noted in the introduction, most churches believe that the soul is immortal – i.e., that the soul cannot die. However, the phrase immortal soul does not appear anywhere in Scripture. So, lets see what Scripture does say about the soul. First, we know from Genesis 2:7 that a soul – i.e., a conscious being – comes into existence, when the breath of life (or spirit) is added to a persons physical body. In other words, when the breath of life starts animating a persons body, that person becomes conscious. Similarly, as soon as the breath of life stops animating a persons physical body, the soul in question ceases to exist. In other words, when the breath of life stops animating a persons body, that person becomes completely unconscious – i.e., the soul in question dies.
Are Souls Immortal? (cont.) The reason why we know that souls can die is because Scripture explicitly states that fact: Ezekiel 18:4 4 Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die. Ezekiel 18:20 20 The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him. James 5:19-20 (ESV) 19 My brothers, if anyone among you wanders from the truth and someone brings him back, 20 let him know that whoever brings back a sinner from his wandering will save his soul from death and will cover a multitude of sins. By definition, the word immortal means not subject to death. In other words, if something is immortal, then it can not die. Of course, the above verses explicitly tell us that souls can die. As a result, the above verses explicitly state that souls are not immortal – instead, souls are mortal!
Summary of Body, Spirit and Soul To recap, here is a synopsis of what we have discussed: A physical body that has the breath of life (or spirit) in it is called a soul – i.e., a conscious being. A physical body that does not have the breath of life in it is called a corpse – i.e., an unconscious, dead body. The above concepts can be displayed as a pair of formulas, as follows: An unconscious, dead body + the breath of life = a conscious being (soul) A conscious being (soul) – the breath of life = an unconscious, dead body Note that the three items listed above – body, spirit, and soul – are all listed in the following verse: 1 Thessalonians 5:23 23 And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit (energy) and soul (consciousness) and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Are Dead People Conscious of Anything? As noted in the introduction, the mainstream doctrine states that people remain conscious after they die – by virtue of the fact that people have immortal souls. However, my belief is that souls are mortal – and as a result, when we die, we are not conscious any longer. So, lets take a look in scripture, to determine if people are still conscious after they die or not: Ecclesiastes 9:5 5 For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten. Ecclesiastes 9:10 10 Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest. Psalms 6:5 5 For in death there is no remembrance of thee: in the grave who shall give thee thanks?
Are Dead People Conscious of Anything? (cont.) Psalms 115:17 17 The dead praise not the LORD, neither any that go down into silence. Psalms 146:2-4 2 While I live will I praise the LORD: I will sing praises unto my God while I have any being. 3 Put not your trust in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. 4 His breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth; in that very day his thoughts perish. Isaiah 38:18-19 18 For the grave cannot praise thee, death can not celebrate thee: they that go down into the pit cannot hope for thy truth. 19 The living, the living, he shall praise thee, as I do this day: the father to the children shall make known thy truth. All of the verses listed on the last two slides indicate that dead people are not conscious at all. In other words, when people die, they become completely unconscious – i.e., dead people are not aware of anything.
Death is Described as Sleep Another item to note is that Scripture frequently compares death to sleep. This gives us another indication that people are not conscious when they are dead. The following verses use that comparison: Psalms 13:3 3 Consider and hear me, O LORD my God: lighten mine eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death; John 11:11-14 (ESV) 11 After saying these things, he said to them, "Our friend Lazarus has fallen asleep, but I go to awaken him." 12 The disciples said to him, "Lord, if he has fallen asleep, he will recover." 13 Now Jesus had spoken of his death, but they thought that he meant taking rest in sleep. 14 Then Jesus told them plainly, "Lazarus has died, 15 and for your sake I am glad that I was not there, so that you may believe. But let us go to him." Acts 7:59-60 (ESV) 59 And as they were stoning Stephen, he called out, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." 60 And falling to his knees he cried out with a loud voice, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them." And when he had said this, he fell asleep.
Do People go to Heaven when they Die? Most denominations say that if a person believes in God, then that person will go to heaven when he dies. Basically, the mainstream doctrine states that when a believer dies, his immortal soul will leave his body and go to heaven – and as a result, that person will live in heaven, with God, forever. However, is that doctrine listed anywhere in Scripture? Moses certainly believed in God – after all, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, He empowered Moses to part the Red Sea, etc. So, did Moses go to heaven, to be with God, when he died? After Moses died, his assistant Joshua took over leadership of the Israelites. Lets see what God tells Joshua about Moses, when Joshua first takes over: Joshua 1:1-2 (ESV) 1 After the death of Moses the servant of the LORD, the LORD said to Joshua the son of Nun, Moses assistant, 2 "Moses my servant is dead. Now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, you and all this people, into the land that I am giving to them, to the people of Israel. Notice what God told Joshua: Moses my servant is dead. This indicates that Moses is not still alive, in heaven! (If Moses were alive in heaven, then God would have said something like, Moses my servant is up here with me, in heaven.) So, this tells me that Moses is dead and buried – not alive in heaven.
Do People go to Heaven when they Die? (cont.) King David certainly believed in God – in fact, David is called a man after Gods own heart in 1 Samuel 13. So, if the doctrine of going to heaven after you die is true, then King David must certainly have gone to heaven after he died. But did David actually go to heaven? Lets find out: Acts 2:29,34-35 (NIV) 29 "Brothers, I can tell you confidently that the patriarch David died and was buried, and his tomb is here to this day. 34 For David did not ascend to heaven, and yet he said, " 'The Lord said to my Lord: "Sit at my right hand 35 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet." The above passage indicates that David did not go to heaven after he died! Instead, he is still dead and buried, in his tomb. In fact, Jesus told us that no one has ever ascended into heaven, except Jesus himself: John 3:13 (ESV) 13 No one has ascended into heaven except he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man.
Do People go to Heaven when they Die? (cont.) Scripture is pretty clear that people do not go to heaven after they die – instead, dead people remain sleeping in the grave, completely unconscious. In other words, when a person dies, he does not go anywhere – instead, he is simply a dead body, in the grave. Scripture also states that humans and animals will both meet the same end – they both return to dust. For example, see these verses: Genesis 3:19 (ESV) 19 By the sweat of your face you shall eat bread, till you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken; for you are dust, and to dust you shall return." Ecclesiastes 3:19-20 (ESV) 19 For what happens to the children of man and what happens to the beasts is the same; as one dies, so dies the other. They all have the same breath, and man has no advantage over the beasts, for all is vanity. 20 All go to one place. All are from the dust, and to dust all return. Psalms 104:29 (ESV) 29 When you hide your face, they are dismayed; when you take away their breath, they die and return to their dust.
After we Die, will we Ever Come Back to Life? From the above three sections, we can see that when people die, they are no longer alive at all – that is, death is the complete absence of life. In addition, death is described as sleep – which implies that death may be a temporary state. Finally, we know that when people die, they do not go to heaven (or anywhere else). Instead, dead people are simply sleeping in the grave, completely unconscious. So, now we reach the final question – after a person dies, is there any way that he can ever live again? If so, how can that person come back to life? Lets see what Scripture has to say: Daniel 12:2 (YLT) 2 `And the multitude of those sleeping in the dust of the ground do awake, some to life age-during, and some to reproaches -- to abhorrence age-during. John 5:28-29 (ESV) 28 Do not marvel at this, for an hour is coming when all who are in the tombs will hear his voice 29 and come out, those who have done good to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment.
After we Die, will we Ever Come Back to Life? (cont.) Ezekiel 37:1-6 1 The hand of the LORD was upon me, and carried me out in the spirit of the LORD, and set me down in the midst of the valley which was full of bones, 2 And caused me to pass by them round about: and, behold, there were very many in the open valley; and, lo, they were very dry. 3 And he said unto me, Son of man, can these bones live? And I answered, O Lord GOD, thou knowest. 4 Again he said unto me, Prophesy upon these bones, and say unto them, O ye dry bones, hear the word of the LORD. 5 Thus saith the Lord GOD unto these bones; Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live: 6 And I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live; and ye shall know that I am the LORD. John 6:40 (ESV) 40 For this is the will of my Father, that everyone who looks on the Son and believes in him should have eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day."
After we Die, will we Ever Come Back to Life? (cont.) Acts 24:15 15 And have hope toward God, which they themselves also allow, that there shall be a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust. 1 Thessalonians 4:13-16 (ESV) 13 But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers, about those who are asleep, that you may not grieve as others do who have no hope. 14 For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have fallen asleep. 15 For this we declare to you by a word from the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep. 16 For the Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first. All of the verses on the last three slides indicate that our hope for life after death is resurrection. That is, Jesus will bring us back to life, when he returns. This is one of the primary reasons why Christians should look forward to the return of Jesus – instead of looking forward to our deaths. (In Scripture, death is something to be dreaded – not something to look forward to!)
Summary of this Presentation From all of the information in this presentation, I will make the following assertions: First of all, people do not have souls – they are souls. A soul is a conscious being. Basically, when the breath of life (or spirit) starts animating a persons body, that person becomes conscious – i.e., he becomes a soul. When the breath of life stops animating a persons body, that person becomes completely unconscious – i.e., his soul dies. As a result, the soul is mortal – it is not immortal. Death is the complete absence of life. As a result, people who are dead are not conscious of anything – i.e. dead people are not aware of their surroundings at all. Death is also compared to sleep. In other words, people who are dead are simply sleeping in the grave, completely unconscious. Note: since dead people are completely unconscious, they are not able to experience any sort of bliss – or torment. When Jesus returns, he will resurrect us. That is, Jesus will bring us back to life – so that we will live again, at that time. Until then, dead people will remain in the grave, awaiting resurrection. In short, when Lord Jesus returns, he will resurrect us – so that we will live again! Hallelujah!
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Social History: Orrin Tucker ad His Orchestra – Perhaps the only living big band leader from the 1920s – 1940s era. He studied to be a doctor, played the saxophone and formed a band in college. Tucker became a major band for society dance music and was the first band signed by Columbia Records.
Bandleader Orrin Tucker (born February 17, 1911) has earned a star on the downtown St. Louis Walk of Fame. Through the ’90s he comfortably coasted on a reputation as a director of polished easy listening big bands, performing and recording live at the nation’s poshest hotels.
In his early days, he claims to have made musical history, leading the first band to be signed and recorded by a brand new record company called Columbia. This was in 1939, the year his recording of “Oh Johnny” sung by pint-sized vocalist Wee Bonnie Baker, became a hit and rested comfortably atop the hit parade for many weeks.
Six decades later, Tucker’s own Bermuda House would manufacture their own product and distribute it over the Internet, but back then keeping up with the demand for his records was apparently similar to having the Columbia record facilities hit by a typhoon.
Production was delayed on scheduled recording sessions with the likes of Harry James and Benny Goodman so that the company could toss money at its pressing plants, infuriating Goodman to the point that he would go red in the face whenever the bandleader’s name was mentioned. Tucker proceeded to cut more than 70 records including six which sold over a million copies each.
Those who remember him from the old days in St. Louis couldn’t be more surprised. As a young man he had studied to be a doctor, but also learned to play saxophone. He formed his first band in college, and was invited by an impressed Chicago agent to play a New Orleans gig.
Like many a gung-ho bandleader, Tucker borrowed from his own bank account to fund the trip, even though he had only enough money to get them there, not back. Luckily, the New Orleans gig led to another one in Kansas City, then expanded to a run of local theaters.
During this period, the bandleader exercised yet another talent. Something of a shade-tree inventor, Tucker built a series of gimmicky light boxes for his musicians. Pictures of musical notes, symbols, and colors for different sections would flash during each song. Other songs were livened up by props, such as beer drinking numbers in which the players held up special Tucker-designed mugs upon which the names of whatever towns they were in could be dabbed with fluorescent paint. Novelties such as this helped build a reputation for the group.
During the early years of the band, Tucker was the only vocalist, until he got a tip one night from a musician that was certainly worth taking advice from, Louis Armstrong. Satchmo was fond of the cute voice of Wee Bonnie Baker, which turned out to be just the thing to help push the Tucker band over the top, leading to the Columbia signing. The female singing star must have been so “wee” that the bandleader thought she might need some protection, so he dubbed a group of background singers the Bodyguards.
Other vocalists who worked with the band include Helen Lee and Scottee Marsh. Winding up with such success as a bandleader might have been a prescription for artistic egomania, but instead Tucker apparently both realized his limitations and that his orchestra’s strength was in providing dance music for the middle-aged crowd. He remained active until health problems forced him to cool it during the ’90s. ~ Eugene Chadbourne, All Music Guide
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In nine weeks, on August 17, 2017, residents of the continental United States will be treated to a total solar eclipse as they enjoy their noon-time repast. If you are standing along the line of totality, which stretches from Oregon’s Pacific coast to South Carolina’s Atlantic surf, and if you have a good telescope, you may even be treated to a view such as the one below photographed by Luc Viatour ( www.Lucnix.be) during the August 1999 total solar eclipse over France!
In this blog, I am going to mention some of the work I am doing to help the public enjoy this once-in-a-lifetime event through my various projects at NASA. NASA, as part of its informal education programs, has adopted this event as a major national PR effort to focus its many assets on the ground and in space. In early-2016, my group at the NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center called the Heliophysics Education Consortium (HEC) was asked to lead the charge organize this event. Led by Dr. Alex Young, the HEC team has created the Official Eclipse website, and I have had the great pleasure and honor to have written many of its resources. So, think of this Blog as an introduction to the What, Where, When and How of this eclipse, and a personal tour by me for how you can enjoy this rare and magnificent event!
First, you probably have a lot of questions about solar eclipses, so I wrote a FAQ Page that covers most of the common ones. I also wrote an essay about the many Eclipse Misconceptions that people have had about solar eclipses. Some are quite bizarre, but seem to be passed on from generation to generation despite our deep scientific understanding of them!
Take a look at the picture at the top of this blog. During most total eclipses of the sun, you are guaranteed to see the brilliant solar corona. With a telescope or a good telephoto lens, you may even glimpse the reddish hue of the solar chromosphere following along the darkened limb of the moon. Here and there, you may even see a solar prominence also glowing in reddish light. These features are hard to see because they are rather small and with the naked eye you just don’t have the natural magnification to see them well.
I will be writing a number of essays that discuss particular aspects of the sun and post them at the Eclipse SCIENCE page. Topics will include the corona, prominences, chromosphere and the dramatic helmet streamers so far as astronomers understand them today. It’s all about solar magnetism and how this interacts with the 100,000 degree plasma in the solar atmosphere. The corona, itself, has a temperature of several million degrees! It is about a million times fainter than the disk of the sun, which is why you only get to see it during an eclipse. But astronomers can use instruments called coronagraphs to artificially eclipse the sun, and allow us to study coronal features at our leisure.
There are many things you can do while waiting for the eclipse to start, and a few non-invasive things you can do while the eclipse is in progress. I have tried to collect these ideas into two areas called Citizen Explorers and Citizen Scientists depending on how serious you want to be in exploring eclipses. If you have a mathematical mind, I have even created a dozen or so curious Math Challenges that help you look at many different aspects of the event.
Just about everyone is going to want to use their smartphones to photograph the eclipse, so in my article on Smartphone Photography I try to outline some of the things you can do, what kinds of technology you need like inexpensive telephoto lenses, and what to expect. Below is a photo taken by a smartphone with no other technology from Longyearbyen, Svalbard in 2015. Your camera phone will give you a brilliant, over-exposed corona but don’t expect detailed resolution because your lens is simply not good enough to show details like those in the photo above. If you use an inexpensive smartphone telephoto with 15x or higher, you need a camera tripod too. Also, be careful that you do not use the telephoto on the sun while the brilliant photosphere is visible to avoid camera damage. (Credit: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images)
Some people may be interested in uploading their images, and in my essay on Geotagging I describe two ways that you can upload your selfies so that others can enjoy your efforts. The first is to use GOOGLE Maps but you can only upload your photo to preexisting ‘tagged’ locations in GOOGLE Maps (nearby businesses, monuments, parks, etc). This is unlike the discontinued Panoramio/GOOGLE Earth feature where you could upload your picture to any geographic location on the planet. The second way is to send your pictures to a NASA site that is collecting them.
For a rare event like this, you might also want to create a time capsule of your experience. I have suggested that you write a letter to yourself about who you are today, and what you think the future holds for you. On April 8, 2024 there will be another total solar eclipse across the continental United States and you might set that date as the time when you next read your letter being at that time 7 years older!
People have observed total solar eclipses for centuries, and in my Eclipse History area I have a number of essays that describe earlier observations in the United States. There is even an archive of newspaper articles since the early 1800s in which you can read first-hand accounts. Some music has also been written and performed with solar eclipses in mind! In my Music Page I list many of these pieces both in classical and pop music over the years. Who can forget Carly Simon’s ‘…You flew your Lear Jet to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun’ about the March 7, 1970 eclipse!
One thing I find interesting is that since the 1500s there have been over a dozen eclipse paths that have crossed the one for August 21, 2017. I created several resources that describe these ‘magical’ crossing points and what history was going on in North America during these dates. I also created a set of math problems where you can calculate the latitude and longitude for these crossing points if you are in-to math!
Where should you go to see this eclipse? In one essay I discussed how there are dozens of airline flights on that day from which passengers may be able to see the total solar eclipse out their windows if the Captain gets you to the right place and time along the route. For folks on the ground, you can check out NASA’s Path of Totality maps and see if your travels on that day take you anywhere close. For the rest of us, no matter where you are in North America, you will at least see a partial solar eclipse where a small ‘bite’ is taken out of the solar disk. With a pair of welder’s goggles or solar viewing glasses, you can look up anytime around noon and see the eclipse in progress.
NASA plans to collect stunning images from some of its available spacecraft, so on this page I collected information about which spacecraft will participate. After the eclipse, you will see in the News Media many of these images as they are produced during the days after the event.
Myself, I will be joining the NASA Eclipse Team in Carbondale, Illinois for a huge public celebration of the total solar eclipse. This will be televised through numerous NASA feeds all along the path of the eclipse so you can view it on your smartphone or laptop screen wherever you are. I will be involved with this telecast between 11:45 and 1:45 CDT as a panelist on several of the program segments. When I return from this event, or perhaps even during it, I will upload a follow-up blog about what it was like from ‘Ground Zero’. I have never experienced a total solar eclipse before, so I am prepared to be stunned and amazed!
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Corns are small, rough mounds of firm, dead skin that form on or between the toes.
Their hard, waxy core, which bores down into the skin and press on the underlying tissue and nerves, can cause extreme pain. Corns are sometimes associated with bursae (fluid-filled sacs that cushion the juncture of two or more bones), which can become irritated, resulting in bursitis.
Corns are caused by a great deal of pressure or friction on the toes, usually from ill-fitting shoes or high heels. Since the skin acts as the body’s protector, corns form when the body attempts to protect the troubled area from more pressure by building up a mass of dead skin cells and secreting a hard substance called keratin. Persons who have abnormal bone structure in their feet or certain types of arthritis, tend to develop corns.
Corns are best treated by first eliminating the cause of the pressure. The first step is to wear comfortable and roomy shoes. Ill-fitting footwear often causes corns and calluses. It is best to wear shoes that do not cramp your toes.
Adjust your walking style also helps. An improper gait, such as walking on the sides of your feet, can produce calluses and corns. A properly designed orthotic greatly assists in allowing the foot to return to a more natural gait.
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Recently, City of Perth Council in Western Australia has recorded a 50 per cent increase in noise complaints. It cited a combination of the city’s vibrant entertainment precinct and high levels of construction noise during the day as being responsible for the surge in complaints. Of the 564 noise complaints received, 130 were related to construction noise.
Of the 564 noise complaints received in the city of Perth, 130 were related to construction noise.
It may be hard to fathom, but protecting cities and citizens against the adverse effects of excessive noise—also known as noise pollution—is taken seriously. So seriously, in fact, that it is regulated within the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.
In order to find out more about what the construction industry can do to reduce the effects of noise pollution, Jobsite ANZ spoke to the Queensland Government Office of Industrial Relations (OIR).
Protection for Community and Construction Workers
According to a spokesperson from the OIR, noise from building sites is regulated by individual local councils, which have laws in place to protect citizens against noise pollution.
However much it may appear that noisy jobsites affect the community adversely, one thing is clear—the people closest to the source of the noise are the construction workers themselves.
The OIR points out that “employers at construction sites have a duty under the Work Health and Safety regulation to protect workers from hazardous noise. As the noise generated at a workplace diminishes the further you move away from it, it is unlikely that a person outside the workplace would be exposed above the (accepted) standards.”
How to Reduce Noise Pollution
A spokesperson from the OIR provided various examples of how engineering controls can aid in decreasing noise pollution. These include:
Adding noise barriers, noise enclosures, vibration isolation mountings, laggings, mufflers, and silencers in order to reduce noise at the source
Replacing various material-based implements with others that are quieter: for example, replacing rollers with conveyor belts, or metal-to-metal contact with plastic bumpers
Using sound absorbing materials on floors, ceilings, or walls, to reduce the sound level due to reverberation
Using acoustical silencers in intake and exhaust systems, such as internal combustion exhaust systems or air conditioning systems
Personal hearing protectors can be worn to cover the ear and ear canal entrance, or inserted in the ears of a person to protect their hearing. Personal hearing protectors should, however, be a last resource when noise levels cannot be reduced by other control methods
The OIR adds there are also administrative controls to consider. “These should be used when it is not possible to reduce noise exposure through engineering noise control measures.”
Noise mufflers, vibration isolators, or duct silencers can also be added.
Administrative controls can include scheduling considerations, such as notifying people in advance when noisy work is to be carried out or sign-posting noisy area, so they can limit their exposure to it. Machine maintenance also plays a role in reducing noise pollution, as machines in a better condition will usually operate more quietly. Noise mufflers, vibration isolators, or duct silencers can also be added.
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Kyle G. Wilkison. Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialists: Plain Folk Protest in Texas, 1870-1914. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. x + 297 pp. $40.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-60344-065-3.
Reviewed by Debra A. Reid (Eastern Illinois University)
Published on H-South (January, 2012)
Commissioned by Catherine A. Cardno
Agrarian Socialism: A Political Frontier on East Texas Soil
Journals often do not include reviews of books more than three years old, but this reviewer believes that it is never too late to reflect on award-winning books not previously reviewed. Kyle G. Wilkison’s Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialists received every major award for books published on Texas history, including the 2008 T. R. Fehrenbach Award (Texas Historical Commission), the 2009 Ottis Lock Award for the Best Book in East Texas History (East Texas Historical Society), and the 2009 Kate Broocks Bates Award for Historical Research (Texas State Historical Association). In addition, CHOICE: The Journal of the American Library Association recognized Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialists as a Choice Outstanding Academic Title. When such a convergence happens, the author, a professor of history at Collin College in Plano, Texas, must have done many things right.
Wilkison does not mince his words but makes his points clear and precise. “The rate of landownership versus tenancy composed the single most important factor in explaining production choices ... [and] in counties where a majority of farmers still owned their own land, security-first production flourished” (p. 29). Yet where the majority of farmers farmed other people’s land, monoculture took hold. Wilkison focuses his analysis on a place in Texas where “more Texas farmers faced a bleak[er] outlook in 1910 than had their class forty years earlier in the aftermath of the Civil War. More owned no property and had less control over their own lives” (p. 30). According to Wilkison, farmers’ lack of independence derived from their lack of property ownership, and this constrained them to farming someone else’s land and planting what the landlords dictated, namely, cotton.
These farmers did not flee their impoverished condition in Hunt County, a place in Texas situated squarely in the Blackland Prairie on the western edge of the cotton South. They did not take the train to a less physically taxing job in a growing Texas city. Instead, the families remained bound to the fertile ground that generated one-third of all cotton produced in the nation. They held firmly to their race biases against people of African origin, which either resulted from or helped account for the whiteness of Hunt County compared to neighboring counties. A few of these landless farm families, approximately 16 percent, further defied historic trends by launching “an extraordinary critique of the economic system during the first two decades of the twentieth century” (p. 147). They found cultural release through primitive Protestantism; and with their moral outrage at their landless condition reaffirmed, one out of six voted for Socialist candidates in 1912.
Sources more numerous than the stock on Hunt County farms provided the evidence that Wilkison poured over as he thought about the relationships between tenancy and independence, rural mutuality and division, and public lands and the closing of the frontier. He gathered data from tax rolls and church rolls, from sermons and census compendia, and from agrarian newspapers and election returns. He draws on oral interviews with elderly residents who remembered their rural youth. This variety allows Wilkison to combine rural culture and rural politics in ways that help explain how a radical leftist political and cultural movement emerged in a capitalist and racist one-party county but failed to exert significant influence in the capitalist and racist one-party state, region, or nation.
Wilkison’s monograph warrants professional recognition because he explains the choices made by a distinct minority within the white landless farmer majority. Specifically Wilkison argues that the rural poor expressed their frustration with their economic plight through their religious as well as their political choices. According to Wilkison, primitive religious revivals in the form of the Holiness movement became another way for the poorest farmers in Hunt County to challenge greed. Wilkison implies that the closing of the frontier caused plain folk to panic; no public land existed within their price range. Without migration as a safety valve, they turned to radical politics. The farmers who voted Socialist in the 1912 election challenged basic tenants of American political and economic philosophy, specifically the ways that private property rights and free-market capitalism protected the interests of those who took the means of production out of the hands of family farmers. Yet the Socialist farmers remained dedicated to agrarianism; they expressed their moral outrage at a system that prevented them from securing their own piece of the American landscape. Wilkison ultimately claims that “those one out of six who cast ballots for socialism were more like their Democratic or non-voting fellows than they were different” (p. 210). They did not advocate public ownership; they did not turn away from capitalism.
Other historians of rural Texas have addressed other aspects of plain folk culture into which Wilkison does not delve or touches on only tangentially. Rebecca Sharpless focuses on women on the Blackland Prairie in her award-winning Fertile Ground, Narrow Choices: Women on Texas Cotton Farms, 1900-1940 (1999). Neil Foley explains the complexity of race relations in an agricultural economy populated by three competing racial and ethnic groups, including plain folk, in his award-winning White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (1997). Other studies address socialism and its origins and demise in the rural South and West. Wilkison credits James R. Green’s monograph, Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895-1943 (1978), which focuses on Oklahoma, for introducing him to rural Texas protest. Wilkison realizes the breadth of scholarship on socialism that Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialism does not address, and he has coedited with his colleague, David O’Donald Cullen, a collection of essays that explores socialism more completely as expressed by women, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and other white Texans historically. The Texas Left: The Radical Roots of Lone Star Liberalism (2010) and Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialists provide important context for future studies of rural radicals. Layering focused studies that address one agricultural zone, such as the Blackland Prairie, from different perspectives (Sharpless on women, Foley on tripartite race relations, and Wilkison on radical politics) affirms the importance of social history as a method to understand both change over time as well as the constraints that prevented substantive change from happening.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
Debra A. Reid. Review of Wilkison, Kyle G., Yeomen, Sharecroppers, and Socialists: Plain Folk Protest in Texas, 1870-1914.
H-South, H-Net Reviews.
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|
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Even in relatively dry climates, moisture can build up in houses. Condensation sometimes appears between glass in double-pane windows, especially in the cooler winter months. Although the only solution to this problem is to replace the glass once the seal between the panes fails, you can employ other techniques to reduce the humidity in your house and prevent condensation buildup.
Check vents for the clothes dryer, range and gas burners to ensure they vent to the outside. This helps reduce the amount of humidity inside the house. Clean them out if they are clogged or replace the ventilation system if needed.
Install a dehumidifier in the home. Keeping the humidity below 40 percent reduces condensation.
Use exhaust fans in the kitchen, bathrooms and laundry areas to push excess humidity out of the house. Let them run for about 15 minutes after finishing activities like showers and washing dishes.
Pull curtains away from windows and draw blinds to increase air circulation around the pane. The movement of air helps dry out the window.
Turn the fan on your heating system or crack a few windows open to increase air circulation in the house.
If condensation continues to build up despite efforts to reduce humidity and increase circulation in the house, call a professional to get a new window installed. Repairing seals in double pane glass is not likely to achieve effective results.
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About Just So, Mr. Kipling
Celebrated author Rudyard Kipling is shocked after receiving news that his only son, John is missing in action in WW 1. Kipling bottles his grief, throwing his focus on a new book. Suddenly he's interrupted by a mysterious little girl named Priyam. Charmed by her innocence, he shares his famous story “The Jungle Book” with her. As the tale of Mowgli springs to life, Kipling's own memories shift to nightmares. He finally purges a painful secret, and Priyam reveals her true reason for her visit.
Redeemer Classical Christian School
Redeemer Classical Christian School has offered an exceptional theater program for 20 years. The performing arts are an important part of a classical education and provide opportunity for our students to glorify God as they are encouraged and equipped to perform with excellence. Students develop and hone their acting and musical abilities, participate in set and costume design, foster their skills in sound and lighting, and expand their leadership skills through stage management. These experiences help them to discover individual gifts and grow their character through teamwork.
Our school community has enjoyed a variety of productions throughout the years. Recent performances include A Winter's Tale, A Year with Frog and Toad, WWII Radio Christmas, The Westing Game, The Wizard of Oz, and Scrooge's Christmas. Whether musical, comedy, or drama, the RCCS Theater program provides our students, teacher mentors, and parent helpers the opportunity to reflect the creativity of our great God and bring Him glory through artistic expression.
To learn more about Redeemer Classical Christian School, visit https://rccs.org/
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When a student starts kindergarten and has a hard time holding a pencil or printing his/her name, many of my parents are very keen and willing to help out at home in any way they know how. They usually offer to do things like printing practice or buy workbooks and are open to any other suggestions I may have to help their child. I often find myself repeating to parent after parent that, ironically, printing practice is often one of the least effective ways to help kindergarten students who are struggling, improve their printing. In order to print (or draw, paint, cut, etc.) effectively, students need to have developed hand dominance as well as good muscle strength and control in their shoulders, hands and fingers. There are many simple things parents can be do with their children to help develop these muscles.
This year in order to help our parents best help their children at home, we decided to try something new. We held a parent and student evening workshop, by invitation only, targeting our students who were most in need of extra support and practice. We had an amazingly positive response.
We started the evening in one classroom with the parents while their children played next door. Parents were all given this “Developing Fine Motor Skills” handout and we discussed some of the simple things they could do at home with their children to develop hand dominance, shoulder stabilization, hand and finger strength and finally, better fine motor control. After our short presentation, children were given a passport and were asked to complete at least 5 of the 12 stations with their parents. Parents had the job of identifying how each of the activities they completed helped develop fine motor skills (they could refer to their handout if needed!).
Once done, students could turn in their passport for a goodie bag that was full of fine motor activities to do at home. The pictures below show the goodie bags we created for each student.
At the end of the evening, students left excited by the chance they had to play with their parents at school and parents left with a better understanding of simple things they could do at home to help their child.
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When John Fisher settled in the Great Marsh in 1686 he found a land filled with beauty and promise. He obtained the farm from his Quaker friend William Penn. Ten generations later, his descendants are committed to maintaining that beauty and promise.
In the Clinch Valley of southwest Virginia, Dick Austin – farmer, Presbyterian minister and environmental theologian – and his wife, Anne Leibig, donated a conservation easement to The Nature Conservancy in 1998 covering their 159-acre farm. The easement helps protect the watershed and the water quality for an important freshwater mussel shoal inhabited by two endangered species of mussel. Austin, a leading proponent of sustainable agriculture, also has explored selective, sustainable forestry methods with the Conservancy and other partners.
Along the Rocky Mountain Front, Karl Rappold and his family now have 4,677 acres under easement on their working cattle ranch, which has been in the family since it was first homesteaded in 1882. He plans to add to that total in the future. By selling several conservation easements to The Nature Conservancy, this ranch family has been able to expand their cattle ranch.
Here adjacent to the Bob Marshall Wilderness, the ranch is part of the last remaining plains habitat for grizzly bears in the United States. Each spring and summer, grizzlies descend from the mountains to forage along creeks on the ranch and adjacent private lands. Biologists consider the Rocky Mountain Front to be among the top one percent of important wildlife habitat in the country.
In all, 45,000 acres along the Rocky Mountain Front are protected from development by conservation easements and through Conservancy ownership.
In August 2002, The Nature Conservancy and Great Northern Paper (a company that was sold in 2003 to Brascan) entered into an innovative agreement to protect more than 240,000 acres of land around Mount Katahdin. This partnership helped preserve both forest and jobs in one of the most beautiful and ecologically important stretches of the 31 million-acre Northern Forest.
Through the agreement, the company placed a conservation easement on 200,000 acres of land around Mount Katahdin. The easement guarantees public access, traditional recreational uses, sustainable forestry and no future development. (The company also gave the Conservancy nearly 41,000 acres to protect as core wilderness)
The Conservancy purchased an existing $50 million loan to Great Northern Paper, retiring $14 million of it and refinancing the balance at less than half of the note's current rate, which provided low-cost, long-term financing to Great Northern Paper and helped protect logging jobs in the region.
In Boulder County, two couples ensured that nearly 750 acres near the Peak to Peak Highway will be protected from development. Jim and Audrey Benedict donated a conservation easement on their 484-acre Sawtooth Springs Ranch; Audrey is a naturalist and a trustee for the Conservancy's Colorado chapter. Anne and Henry Goodnow donated an easement on their 250-acre property. The South St. Vrain Creek runs through both properties, which harbor eight springs and provide an important calving area and migration route for elk. As the Conservancy holds an easement on the adjacent Rangeview Ranch and the Boulder County Land Trust holds another neighboring easement, some 1,180 acres of contiguous private land have been protected through conservation easements in this rapidly developing part of the Front Range.
In the early 1900s, the Taylor family purchased a 150-acre parcel of land on Utah Lake, the largest freshwater lake in the state, and built a homestead and a profitable dairy farm. Lake ice kept dairy products fresh all summer long. By 2000, with sharply rising property values, the Taylors were searching for a way to keep Cherry Hill Farm in the family. Paul Taylor, then in his eighties and in poor health, knew his heirs would not be able to afford the property's estate taxes once he passed away. The Taylors had already donated two conservation easements in the area, but could not afford to donate this easement on a larger, 108-acre parcel. Because of the property's high-quality wetlands, which support critical habitat for the recovery of an endangered fish and for 178 species of birds, and because the land abuts other parcels under easement, the Conservancy purchased a conservation easement on the 108 acres, valued at $400,000, from the Taylors. Under the terms of the easement, the land will no longer be in agricultural production, nor can any development take place in the future. The subsequent devaluation of the land meant the estate taxes on the property would be substantially less. Paul Taylor, the third of five generations of Taylors to live on Cherry Hill Farm, has died since the signing of the easement in November 2000, but his descendents continue to live on the farm.
In the northern state of Coahuila lies a 200,000-acre valley pocked with crystal-clear desert springs and pools and inhabited by 77 species found nowhere else on Earth. There, in 2000, The Nature Conservancy and Mexican partner organization Pronatura Noreste, A.C., together purchased the 7,000-acre Rancho Pozas Azules, "Ranch of the Blue Pools." The purchase was one of the largest private land purchases for conservation purposes in Mexico. Pronatura holds title to the property and is responsible for its management. As part of the transaction, Pronatura accepted a conservation easement over the 200-acre parcel that the seller retained. The easement was the first in northeastern Mexico.March 02, 2011
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Hodgkin Lymphoma Staging
The doctor considers the following to determine the stage of Hodgkin lymphoma:
- The number of lymph nodes that have Hodgkin lymphoma cells
- Whether these lymph nodes are on one or both sides of the diaphragm (see picture)
- Whether the disease has spread to the bone marrow, spleen, liver, or lung.
The stages of Hodgkin lymphoma are as follows:
- Stage I: The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group (such as in the neck or underarm). Or, if the lymphoma cells are not in the lymph nodes, they are in only one part of a tissue or an organ
- Stage II: The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of (either above or below) the diaphragm. Or, the lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ (on the same side of the diaphragm). There may be lymphoma cells in other lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm.
- Stage III: The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma also may be found in one part of a tissue or an organ (such as the liver, lung, or bone) near these lymph node groups. It may also be found in the spleen.
- Stage IV: Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues. Or, the lymphoma is in an organ (such as the liver, lung, or bone) and in distant lymph nodes.
- Recurrent: The disease returns after treatment.
In addition to these stage numbers, your doctor may also describe the stage as A or B:
- A: You have not had weight loss, drenching night sweats, or fevers.
- B: You have had weight loss, drenching night sweats, or fevers.
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With Halloween only two days away, I thought we should turn our attentions to an animal which has become synonymous with the holiday. The word ‘Halloween’ conjures up a series of distinctive shapes in our minds; a pumpkin, a ghost, the far too early Christmas tree in the shops, and the silhouette of a flying bat. But how long could it have been this way? Would a bat have been a symbol of Halloween in the Mesozoic (if dinosaurs had been capable of celebrating this autumnal festival or been dextrous enough to craft decorations to mark it)?
Everyone knows about the great extinction at the end of the dinosaur age, but it was far from smooth sailing up until then. The Mesozoic era stretches out 180 million years, during which time many different groups of animals exploded into abundance and then died away. Even without anything so dramatic as an asteroid impact much of these were still significant catastrophes. One such time is the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). (more…)
Guest Author – Mike Hynes
Current Palaeobiology MSc Student, University of Bristol
Although I have spent large parts of my science career working on Mesozoic fossils, including my current MSc project on feathered dinosaurs, I want to take a moment here do discuss some lesser known applications of palaeontology. (more…)
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| 0.964154 | 284 | 3.09375 | 3 |
BOX NS.1. What Is Uranium?
Uranium is a radioactive element found at low concentrations in virtually all rock, soil, and seawater. Significant concentrations of uranium can occur in phosphate rock deposits and minerals such as pitchblende and uraninite.
FIGURE NS.1 Photograph shows sample of the uranium-containing mineral uraninite. SOURCE. Photograph by Andrew Silver, Brigham Young University. Image courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
aspects of mining and processing Virginia’s uranium resources. Additional letters supporting this request were received from U.S. Senators Mark Warner and Jim Webb and from Governor Kaine. The National Research Council study was funded under a contract with the Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech). Funding for the study was provided to Virginia Tech by Virginia Uranium, Inc. The expert members of the National Research Council committee served as volunteers, without payment for their time, for the 18-month period during which the study was conducted.
The resulting report is intended to provide an independent scientific and technical review to inform the public and the Virginia legislature. The report does not focus on the Coles Hill deposit, but instead considers uranium mining, processing, and reclamation in the Commonwealth of Virginia as a whole. The committee was not asked to consider the benefits of uranium mining either to the nation or to the local economy, nor was it asked to assess the relative risks of uranium mining compared with the mining and processing of other energy sources, for example coal. The committee was also not asked to make any recommendations about whether or not uranium mining should be permitted in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
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| 0.945269 | 343 | 3.71875 | 4 |
These pictures were made by starting with a square, finding the half-way point on each side and joining those points up. You could investigate your own starting shape.
I cut this square into two different shapes. What can you say about the relationship between them?
This article for teachers suggests ideas for activities built around 10 and 2010.
Which times on a digital clock have a line of symmetry? Which look the same upside-down? You might like to try this investigation and find out!
Investigate how this pattern of squares continues. You could measure lengths, areas and angles.
What do these two triangles have in common? How are they related?
Investigate the different ways these aliens count in this challenge. You could start by thinking about how each of them would write our number 7.
A thoughtful shepherd used bales of straw to protect the area around his lambs. Explore how you can arrange the bales.
Investigate the numbers that come up on a die as you roll it in the direction of north, south, east and west, without going over the path it's already made.
Follow the directions for circling numbers in the matrix. Add all the circled numbers together. Note your answer. Try again with a different starting number. What do you notice?
Investigate all the different squares you can make on this 5 by 5 grid by making your starting side go from the bottom left hand point. Can you find out the areas of all these squares?
What is the largest number of circles we can fit into the frame without them overlapping? How do you know? What will happen if you try the other shapes?
When newspaper pages get separated at home we have to try to sort them out and get things in the correct order. How many ways can we arrange these pages so that the numbering may be different?
What is the largest cuboid you can wrap in an A3 sheet of paper?
Bernard Bagnall looks at what 'problem solving' might really mean in the context of primary classrooms.
"Ip dip sky blue! Who's 'it'? It's you!" Where would you position yourself so that you are 'it' if there are two players? Three players ...?
When Charlie asked his grandmother how old she is, he didn't get a straightforward reply! Can you work out how old she is?
If we had 16 light bars which digital numbers could we make? How will you know you've found them all?
Here are many ideas for you to investigate - all linked with the number 2000.
An investigation that gives you the opportunity to make and justify predictions.
Can you find out how the 6-triangle shape is transformed in these tessellations? Will the tessellations go on for ever? Why or why not?
This activity asks you to collect information about the birds you see in the garden. Are there patterns in the data or do the birds seem to visit randomly?
Use the interactivity to find all the different right-angled triangles you can make by just moving one corner of the starting triangle.
What is the smallest number of tiles needed to tile this patio? Can you investigate patios of different sizes?
Can you make these equilateral triangles fit together to cover the paper without any gaps between them? Can you tessellate isosceles triangles?
Arrange your fences to make the largest rectangular space you can. Try with four fences, then five, then six etc.
Investigate the area of 'slices' cut off this cube of cheese. What would happen if you had different-sized block of cheese to start with?
Can you continue this pattern of triangles and begin to predict how many sticks are used for each new "layer"?
In this investigation we are going to count the number of 1s, 2s, 3s etc in numbers. Can you predict what will happen?
What happens to the area of a square if you double the length of the sides? Try the same thing with rectangles, diamonds and other shapes. How do the four smaller ones fit into the larger one?
Cut differently-sized square corners from a square piece of paper to make boxes without lids. Do they all have the same volume?
In my local town there are three supermarkets which each has a special deal on some products. If you bought all your shopping in one shop, where would be the cheapest?
Bernard Bagnall describes how to get more out of some favourite NRICH investigations.
You cannot choose a selection of ice cream flavours that includes totally what someone has already chosen. Have a go and find all the different ways in which seven children can have ice cream.
The challenge here is to find as many routes as you can for a fence to go so that this town is divided up into two halves, each with 8 blocks.
Why does the tower look a different size in each of these pictures?
Ana and Ross looked in a trunk in the attic. They found old cloaks and gowns, hats and masks. How many possible costumes could they make?
Take a look at these data collected by children in 1986 as part of the Domesday Project. What do they tell you? What do you think about the way they are presented?
If I use 12 green tiles to represent my lawn, how many different ways could I arrange them? How many border tiles would I need each time?
How many tiles do we need to tile these patios?
Compare the numbers of particular tiles in one or all of these three designs, inspired by the floor tiles of a church in Cambridge.
If you have three circular objects, you could arrange them so that they are separate, touching, overlapping or inside each other. Can you investigate all the different possibilities?
This challenge asks you to investigate the total number of cards that would be sent if four children send one to all three others. How many would be sent if there were five children? Six?
A follow-up activity to Tiles in the Garden.
Investigate the number of faces you can see when you arrange three cubes in different ways.
Start with four numbers at the corners of a square and put the total of two corners in the middle of that side. Keep going... Can you estimate what the size of the last four numbers will be?
While we were sorting some papers we found 3 strange sheets which seemed to come from small books but there were page numbers at the foot of each page. Did the pages come from the same book?
A group of children are discussing the height of a tall tree. How would you go about finding out its height?
Explore one of these five pictures.
Investigate these hexagons drawn from different sized equilateral triangles.
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| 0.958868 | 1,390 | 4.125 | 4 |
- Last edited one year ago ago
Step2 Blink LED
Blinking LED with STM32CubeMX and HAL 30min
This tutorial shows how to use the STM32CubeMX tool to initialize the peripherals, build and generate your starting projects with the initialization C code using HAL libraries.
After this tutorial, you should be able to:
- create and configure the STM32CubeMX project and generate the initialization code
- program and use HAL functions to blink a LED on the NUCLEO-L476RG board.
- Previous Tutorial: Step1: Tools Installation and First test..
The hardware requirements to start the application are the following:
- NUCLEO-L476RG board (64-pin)
- USB Type-A to Mini-B cable
- STM32L476xx Datasheet
- UM1724 User manual STM32 Nucleo-64 boards
- UM1884 Description of STM32L4/L4+ HAL and low-layer drivers
- UM1718 User manual STM32CubeMX for STM32 configuration and initialization C code generation
In this tutorial, we explain step-by-step how to blink a LED on the NUCLEO-L476RG board, using the STM32CubeMX tool, HAL, and STM32CubeIDE. Steps to follow:
1 Create New Project using STM32CubeMX
- Run STM32CubeMX tool.
- Click New Project or Menu -> File -> New Project.
- From Board Selector section, filter to select and use NUCLEO-L476RG board:
2 Pinout Configuration
Verify in Pinout tab, under SYS peripheral, that Serial Wire is selected as Debug interface:
The corresponding pins PA13 and PA14 are assigned and configured automatically.
When a board is selected, STM32CubeMX allows automatically the pinout setting for the board with the pin assignments for the communication interfaces, LEDs, and other functions.
(To configure LED pins, check in the STM32 Nucleo-64 boards User Manual and STM32L476xx Datasheet which LED pins to use).
This example shows the use of the green LED pin LD2 present on the NUCLEO-L476RG board as GPIO_Output.
To verify that LD2 is set to GPIO_Output mode:
- Type “LED” in the Find field and check that LD2 (green Led) is enabled to PA5 pin as GPIO_Output.
- When found, the pin that matches the search criteria blinks on the Chip view.
- Click on Chip view to stop the blinking. The signals can be set directly from the pinout view:
3 Clock Configuration
In the Clock Configuration tab, check that STM32CubeMX automatically configures the internal oscillator in the clock system with PLL @80MHz and proposes the PLL configuration as follows:
1. HSI selected in PLL Source Mux (HSI – High Speed Internal clock)
2. PLLCLK selected in the System Clock Mux
3. HCLK set to 80
4 GPIO Configuration
To configure the GPIOs, click the GPIO button in the Configuration Tab to open the GPIO Configuration window.
In the GPIO Tab, select Pin Name column PA5 to display the corresponding GPIO parameters and configuration to drive the NUCLEO-L476RG LED:
- GPIO Output level: it is set to Low by default and can be changed to High.
- GPIO mode automatically configures the pins with the relevant alternate function and GPIOs into Output Push Pull mode.
- GPIO Pull-up/Pull-dow set to No pull-up and no pull-down by default can be configured when other choices are allowed.
- GPIO Maximum output speed set to Low by default for the power consumption optimization can be changed to a higher frequency to fit the application requirements.
- User Label is a name assigned to a GPIO. The GPIO can be found under this name via the Find menu.
5 Configure project and generate source code
In the Code Generator tab, ensure that the following options are checked:
- In STM32Cube Firmware Library Package section: Copy all used libraries into the project folder.
- In Generated files section: Keep user code when regenerating the C code option, which only applies to the user sections within the STM32CubeMX generated files.
To generate the project in STM32CubeIDE:
6 Edit main.c to toggle the LED
In STM32CubeIDE, from the Project Explorer tab, open the main.c file, in Src folder and add the adequate functions for the LED blinking, using HAL functions with the STM32CubeL4 firmware package.
To get an idea about the usage of HAL functions, refer to the UM1884 “Description of STM32L4/L4+ HAL and low-layer drivers” user manual, which provides the common and generic functions to use.
The user code can be added in the main.c file, inside the while (1)
loop between /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ and /* USER CODE END 3 */ section (this will preserve your code after regeneration).
For the LED toggling , use these functions:
HAL_GPIO_TogglePin (GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_5); HAL_Delay (100); /* Insert delay 100 ms */
7 Build the project
To power the NUCLEO-L476RG, use its CN1 connector to connect in with a computer through a USB Type-A to Mini-B cable.
Click on the project from the project explorer, then right click and select Build Project, to compile the project (or click on Build button on the toolbar).
8 Debug the project
Click on the Build toolbar icon , then on the Debug button to build the project and start the debug session (or in the menu, select Project > Build Project then Run > Debug).
Click on Resume icon to continue the execution.
Now watch the green LED (LD2) toggling on the Nucleo-L476RG board.
Now you are able to:
- create a new project using STM32CubeMX.
- configure a project in STM32CubeMx and generate the initialization code.
- update the project code in STM32CubeIDE using HAL functions.
- execute a project in debug mode.
- make a LED blink.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to harrowed: harrowingly
A farm implement consisting of a heavy frame with sharp teeth or upright disks, used to break up and even off plowed ground.
tr.v. har·rowed, har·row·ing, har·rows
1. To break up and level (soil or land) with a harrow.
2. To inflict great distress or torment on.
[Middle English harwe.]
tr.v. har·rowed, har·row·ing, har·rows Archaic
To plunder or rob (Hell of redeemed souls). Used of Jesus after the Crucifixion.
[Middle English herwen, variant of harien; see harry.]
A borough of Greater London in southeast England. It is the site of the public school Harrow, founded in 1572.
adj look → gequält
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The influence of Texas House speakers grew spectacularly starting in the 1940s as a string of deeply divisive chief executives occupied the governor’s mansion. After two terms as governor, Allred’s departure in 1939 cleared the way for country musician and flour salesman W. Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel. Texas political historian Kenneth Hendrickson characterized O’Daniel as “[u]ndoubtedly one of the most incompetent individuals ever to hold the office of governor in Texas.”
An Ohio native who grew up in Kansas, O’Daniel became manager of a Fort Worth milling company. In 1925, he served as sales manager for Burrus Mills in Fort Worth, and was named director of radio advertising three years later. By 1931 O’Daniel launched a popular radio advertising campaign for his “Hillbilly Flour,” which featured the music of O’Daniel and a country and western band called the “Light Crust Doughboys.”
O’Daniel soon hosted a highly popular daily country music show built around Hillbilly Flour, music and bits of O’Daniel’s homespun wisdom. On Palm Sunday, 1938, he asked his listeners if he should run for governor. According to O’Daniel, he received 55,000 cards, letters and other responses, mostly urging his candidacy. O’Daniel called the Golden Rule his motto and claimed the Ten Commandments as his campaign platform. He also advocated a $30 monthly pension for all persons over age 65, elimination of the poll tax and a general tax reduction. Although O’Daniel never specified how he would fund his pension plan, he won the Democratic primary without a runoff.
It does not seem that O’Daniel spent any time planning how to translate his proposed old age pension or any of his other stated goals into legislation. Once in the governor’s mansion, O’Daniel suggested a “transaction” or value-added tax advocated by the Texas Manufacturers Association but opposed by other elements in the business community. O’Daniel, however, never worked very hard to move that idea through the House. When that idea fizzled, he supported a statewide sales tax.
Marion Price Daniel, Sr. arose in the House as one of the chief opponents of the sales tax. Born in Dayton, Texas, northeast of Houston, in 1910, no Texan would occupy more top posts in Texas government than Price Daniel, who at different times would serve as speaker of the House, attorney general, United States senator, governor and finally as a justice of the Texas Supreme Court. A graduate of Baylor University, Price Daniel set up a law practice in Liberty, where he was first elected to the state House in 1938.
In his freshman term, Price Daniel gained fame as part of the so-called “Immortal 56” House members who consistently voted down sales tax proposals to fund old-age pensions. He complained that a sales tax was regressive, hitting the poor the hardest and pointing out that O’Daniel’s plan would ban use of any other tax to fund pensions. O’Daniel vowed political vengeance after this defeat and campaigned personally against the “Immortals.”
After a difficult campaign, Price Daniel in 1940 won a second term in an election in which many of his allies, tagged as opposing pensions, lost. The following year, United States Senator Morris Sheppard died and O’Daniel shocked the state by appointing the 87-year-old, utterly senile Andrew Jackson Houston, the last surviving son of Texas hero Sam Houston, as his replacement. O’Daniel made the appointment to prevent a viable candidate from running as an incumbent against O’Daniel in the special election for the Senate seat the governor scheduled for June 28, 1941. Illness kept Houston from reaching the Senate floor until June, and after appearing at three sessions, he also died. O’Daniel prevailed in the special election by 13,000 votes over Congressman Lyndon Johnson of Central Texas, with vote fraud widely considered to have been the decisive factor
Price Daniel’s chief antagonist departed for Washington. The Liberty lawyer ran for speaker, prevailing over incumbent Homer Leonard of McAllen. With the United States already preparing for World War II and defense spending in Washington stimulating the economy, particularly in Texas, the Legislature found itself in no mood for new programs. The Legislature approved expenditures less than had been appropriated two years before. At the insistence of Coke Stevenson, now in the governor’s mansion, the session (at 121 days the shortest in modern state history) was the first in 40 years to not approve a single tax bill.
The 1943 session found the House under Daniel cautiously awaiting the uncertain outcome of a war and the advent of an unpredictable post-war economy. The world and the state, however, continued to change. The increased political activism of African Americans beginning in the 1930s, the growing Mexican American population, and the increasingly liberal drift of the national Democratic Party inspired a continued movement rightward for Texas Democrats. In fact, the speakership stood as an effective counterweight to the revolutionary changes that came to Texas during World War II and beyond.
Michael Phillips has authored the following:
White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity and Religion in Dallas, Texas, 1841-2001 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006)
(with Patrick L. Cox) The House Will Come to Order: How the Texas Speaker Became a Power in State and National Politics. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010)
“Why Is Big Tex Still a White Cowboy? Race, Gender, and the ‘Other Texans’” in Walter Buenger and Arnoldo de León, eds., Beyond Texas Through Time: Breaking Away From Past Interpretations (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2011)
“The Current is Stronger’: Images of Racial Oppression and Resistance in North Texas Black Art During the 1920s and 1930s ” in Bruce A. Glasrud and Cary D. Wintz, eds., The Harlem Renaissance in the West: The New Negroes’ Western Experience (New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2011)
“Dallas, 1989-2011,” in Richardson Dilworth, ed. Cities in American Political History (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2011)
(With John Anthony Moretta, Keith J. Volonto, Austin Allen, Doug Cantrell and Norwood Andrews), Keith J. Volonto and Michael Phillips. eds., The American Challenge: A New History of the United States, Volume I. (Wheaton, Il.: Abigail Press, 2012).
(With John Anthony Moretta and Keith J. Volanto), Keith J. Volonto and Michael Phillips, eds., The American Challenge: A New History of the United States, Volume II. (Wheaton, Il.: Abigail Press, 2012).
(With John Anthony Moretta and Carl J. Luna), Imperial Presidents: The Rise of Executive Power from Roosevelt to Obama (Wheaton, Il.: Abigail Press, 2013).
“Texan by Color: The Racialization of the Lone Star State,” in David Cullen and Kyle Wilkison, eds., The Radical Origins of the Texas Right (College Station: University of Texas Press, 2013).
He is currently collaborating, with longtime journalist Betsy Friauf, on a history of African American culture, politics and black intellectuals in the Lone Star State called God Carved in Night: Black Intellectuals in Texas and the World They Made.
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Air quality at national parks may be as bad as the US’ largest cities
Monday, July 01, 2019
Even in the most unusual of places, humans have made their presence known. In the space surrounding Earth, there are more than 4,600 documented “satellites” orbiting the planet, along with more than 14,000 old rocket parts and pieces of space junk. Experts worry that not cleaning up space debris could lead to increasing numbers of collisions and a runaway effect that'd make it too dangerous to leave Earth.
In the subterranean cracks and crevices at the deepest part of our planet, researchers and explorers have found human trash.
Closer to home for most Americans, millions of tourists will soon begin their treks across this great land during their annual summer vacations. Many of these people will find their way into America’s national parks. They will come for the physical beauty, the nature, the outdoors, and the fresh air. Or so they think.
As it turns out, we’re not breathing in the such clean air in the great outdoors of the National Park System. According to a new report, even our most well-known parks are covered with dangerous levels of pollution; roughly 96% of national parks are struggling with significant air quality issues.
The report, released recently by the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA), found that some of the most popular parks, including Sequoia, Kings Canyon and Joshua Tree national parks; and Mojave National Preserve, are among the worst-polluted areas. In 2018, these parks recorded up to two months where ozone levels were considered dangerous — mostly in summer when visitation is at its highest.
88% of parks had elevated levels of air pollution, which was a direct threat to sensitive species. Bad air quality can lead to health problems, such as lung damage, immune systems problems and can have lasting impact on those working in the parks, including rangers.
“We are not doing right by the places that we most cherish,” said Stephanie Kodish, the clean air program director for the NPCA. “By protecting these places, we are protecting each other, our communities and we are protecting the planet.” Kodish said that actions need to be taken to safeguard the parks.
A separate study over the past 20 years suggests that air pollution in parks has “rivaled that of the 20 largest major metropolitan cities, including Los Angeles and Houston.”
Under the Clean Air Act, states are required to protect national parks. Additional rules for the law are coming in future years in an attempt to curb contamination.
The Regional Haze Rule also means states will have to submit updated plans for how they will address the pollution affecting the parks by 2021 and clean it up by 2028. The rule, implemented in 1999, set goals to return the air quality in parks to pre-pollution levels by 2064.
Kodish said there is still much work to do. “I hope that people think about our national parks as bipartisan unifiers. That the connection to our national parks is one that can help preserve our future, our history, our culture,” she said. “For the American people, they should serve as a reminder — and a warning cry.”
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What a fun and engaging way for the students to think about all of the facts that make 10. This sheet has mostly number sentences that equal 10, with a few distractors that they will X out. Most of the facts are up to 20, addition and subtraction,, with a few more challenging number sentences at the end. There are repeats as well to help promote automaticy in recalling facts. Fun, cute, engaging and I am soon creating a center in which the kids sort the facts that make 10 into true/false. This would be a great follow-up to the center, or it can be done alone. Learning basic facts is a crucial building block for other 2nd grade math skills, and especially for multiplication in 3rd grade. The more practice, the better! Also check out my Ways to Make 12, 15, 18, 20 and 25! Thanks!
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Although there are some differences, small children, like adults, can experience sleep apnea. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea occurs when your child’s breathing is blocked, either partially or fully during their sleep. While many adults are able to quickly and easily feel the effects of sleep apnea, it can be harder to diagnose in children. If you suspect that your child may not be getting a restful night’s sleep, continue reading to become more familiar with the causes and symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
Naturally, when we sleep, our muscles relax from your toes all the way to the muscles in your throat that keep your airway open. For children with obstructive sleep apnea, these throat muscles can over-relax and cause the airway to collapse. This can make it hard for your child to breathe without them ever noticing something is amiss.
There are many things that can cause sleep apnea, which is why it’s always smart to reach out to an expert, like Dr. Mostafavi, if you or a loved one suspects that a child may be suffering from the effects of this sleep disorder. Some additional causes of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea are:
- Enlarged tonsils or adenoids
- Family history
- Certain medical conditions such as cerebral palsy
- Being overweight
By knowing these causes, there are several symptoms you can look for when your child is both sleeping and awake.
Symptoms During Sleep
While your child is sleeping, you may be able to notice some of the more recognizable symptoms of sleep apnea. These signs include:
- Restless sleep with tossing and turning
- Pauses in breathing
- Snorting, coughing and choking
- Occasional or complete mouth breathing
- Bed wetting
Symptoms During Waking Hours
Even if you haven’t noticed loud snoring or pauses in breathing in your child, they may exhibit other symptoms of sleep apnea. There is a wide range of indicators including:
- Difficulty paying attention
- Poor performance in school
- Learning issues
- Behavioral issues
- Lost interest in daytime activities
Testing and Diagnoses
Because there is such a wide range of causes and symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, your doctor may order additional tests to properly diagnose your child. Three common tests are polysomnogram, oximetry and an electrocardiogram.
- Polysomnogram1: This sleep test is typically an overnight study. It requires sensors to be placed on the body to record brain waves, breathing, snoring, oxygen levels, heart rate and muscle activities. In combination, these results can help your doctor properly diagnose your child.
- Oximetry: Pulse-oximetry records oxygen saturation levels within the body. Used in conjunction with polysomnogram testing, this measurement has been shown2 to accurately help diagnose sleep apnea conditions.
- Electrocardiogram: Another proven3 way to diagnose specific cases of sleep apnea is by using an electrocardiogram. This device measures electrical impulses given off by the heart to determine if there is an underlying heart problem causing the issue.
If your child is diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, there are a few treatment options available. Your doctor will be able to discuss the options with you as well as what treatment plan is best. These treatments may include:
- Medication: Mild obstructive sleep apnea may be resolved with topical nasal steroids such as Flonase or Rhinocort. For those children whose apnea is caused by allergies, Singulair may be prescribed alone or in conjunction with nasal steroids.
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure: Both CPAP and BiPAP machines can be used to help alleviate sleep apnea symptoms. These machines gently blow air through a tube into a mask that is attached to your nose and/or mouth. This creates pressure in your child’s throat that helps to keep airways open.
- Tonsil and Adenoid Removal: If your doctor believes that enlarged tonsils or adenoids are the culprits of your child’s symptoms, they may refer you to an ear, nose and throat specialist. Removal of the tonsils or adenoids may alleviate your child’s sleep apnea symptoms.
With a better understanding of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, if you believe your child is showing symptoms, reach out to your doctor today and then schedule a sleep test with us. The earlier you address the issue, the better your child will be able to grow and develop. Help your child catch some z’s and reach out to us today!
“Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 18 Sept. 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376199.
Romem, Ayal, et al. “Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Pulse Oximeter Derived Photoplethysmographic Signals.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 15 Mar. 2014, jcsm.aasm.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=29378.
Zywietz, C W, et al. “ECG Analysis for Sleep Apnea Detection.” Methods of Information in Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2004, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15026838.
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Cold symptoms in children appear gradually. They include coughing, sneezing, a runny nose with thin and clear to thick and yellow mucous. A low grade fever is possible, but it disappears quickly.
Your baby may have the flu when they experience fatigue, low appetite, a fever, vomiting or diarrhea. Another indicator is the season--flu season is October through March.
Within 48 hours after a baby's birth, the baby will be tested for a whole host of disorders, including testing the baby's hearing. Find out more in this video.
Change your baby's diaper frequently and rinse with warm water. Use barrier ointment if your baby has a rash or is prone to them each time you change your baby's diaper.
Researchers aren't 100% sure, but it's thought to be caused by abnormalities in brain structure or function. Far more boys have it than girls, and it's thought to be genetic. About 1 in 150 people are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
The risk of a baby having Down's Syndrome is higher when the woman is over 35 years old, but why are 80% of babies with Down's Syndrome born to women under 35? Watch this video to find out.
Baby acne looks and acts like adult acne. It's caused by lingering maternal hormones that cross into the baby through the placenta. The hormones stimulate the oil glands. The acne appears around the 3 week mark, and is more common in male babies.
Unfortunately, people with Down Syndrome are more susceptible for other problems such as heart disease, leukemia, hearing and vision problems, and more. Keep watching to learn more about this link.
No one is quite sure why some infants are more prone to colic. Some theories are that they have immature digestive systems or they've overwhelmed by the sights and sounds of their new world.
If a woman contracted herpes soon before birth, a baby born vaginally has a 30 to 50% chance of having herpes. If the woman got it a long time ago, there's only a 3% chance. A newborn with herpes may have lasting disabilities if born with herpes.
If you think your baby has a UTI, contact your pediatrician immediately. The doctor will prescribe antibiotics--make sure your baby takes the full dose. If the UTI doesn't go away, your baby will need IV-fed antibiotics in the hospital.
Diaper rash occurs when your baby's urine mixes with their poop, creating ammonia which is a harsh chemical that aggravates skin. Babies with sensitive skin may get diaper rash with perfumed diapers or skin products.
Your baby's congestion may be alleviated with a humidifier, or you can prop them up using a slim pillow. Also, you can use a rubber bulb syringe to squirt saline and then aspirate the mucous and saline out.
Birth defects can stem from syphilis. When left untreated, it can cause causes bone defects, brain damage, blindness, stillbirth, and newborn death. Penicillin can treat a woman early in pregnancy.
Genetic testing begins for some parents before they even become pregnant. Blood samples taken from both parents are screened for genetic defects, and if abnormalities are found they head to a genetic counselor to discuss their options.
Jaundice is caused by a high level of bilirubin, a byproduct of the destruction of red blood cells. It's usually broken down by the liver, but jaundice occurs when bilirubin builds faster than the liver can process.
This just means that your baby's body can't regulate its temperature on its own yet. Massage and cuddle them to help. Don't get worried, just keep an eye on the condition and contact your pediatrician if things don't resolve on their own.
If tests are positive, then parents should meet with a genetic counselor to discuss their options. It's important to learn as much as possible about their baby's possible condition. Watch for more information.
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|Korean to English translations [Non-PRO]|
|Korean term or phrase: What does the "WORD" taekwondo mean?|
|it is for Taekwondo!!!|
1 hr peer agreement (net): +1
Way of the Hands and Feet
What is Taekwondo?
TAE means kicking or smashing with the foot.
KWON means punching with the fist.
DO means the art or way of.
Combined, Taekwondo means the art of fighting using your hands and feet as one. However, this is merely the shallowest of meanings. Many people practice Taekwondo as if it were written either TAE KWON DO or TAE KWON DO, focusing on purely the physical aspects of the art. Taekwondo, however, should be written TAE KWON DO; for it is an art. There are levels and levels of understanding which makes it an art in the truest sense of the word; closer to poetry than to exercise. TAE and KWON are merely the sport aspects of the discipline. They will not last. DO, on the other hand, will live beyond the aging and failing of the physical nature of the body.
Taekwondo is the modernized way of an old oriental art of self-defense or unarmed combat. Loosely translated Taekwondo means "Way of the Hands and Feet". Taekwondo is a hard and linear style. It uses strong blocks, punches, and kicks to disable an opponent. One facet that distinguishes Taekwondo from other martial arts are the quick and powerful kicking techniques for which Korean arts are known. Taekwondo has several physical and mental benefits. Conditioning, building endurance, and developing muscle tone are just a few of the physical benefits. Increased concentration and focus are just some of the mental benefits.
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The purpose of the cylinder head
In internal combustion engines, the cylinder head (cylinder head), (often referred to simply as the head) is mounted and mounted on the cylinder block.
The cylinder head closes the cylinders, forming closed combustion chambers. Between the cylinder head and cylinder blocks, a cylinder head gasket is installed. The device head unit may be different and vary significantly depending on the type of engine. Valves with springs, spark plugs and nozzles are mounted in the head of the block.
Cylinder Head Material
On cars, the head of the engine block, as a rule, is made of aluminum alloy by die-casting or die casting.
On heavy (diesel engines) engines, a block head made of cast iron is used. In these engines, valve seats are cooled and then pressed in. In the head of the blocks there are channels for gases, coolant, oil, and holes for bolts for fastening the head to the cylinder block.
For fastening the head to the cylinder block, power bolts and studs with nuts are used. The head gasket is used for sealing. The tightening of the bolts of the block head is carried out in a certain sequence in the recommended order by the manufacturer.
Cylinder head for lower valve engine
The head for the lower valve engines has a simple design, where channels for the coolant, and holes for the studs, threads for candles are created. Examples of the lower valve engine head are installed on some vehicles. Such engines are not economical, which makes this design not popular.
Upper Valve Cylinder Head
It can be executed individually for each cylinder, and for a number of cylinders. The valve is driven by rods that transmit force from the camshaft.
Upper valve heads have several layout options:
- The valve drive from the rods;
- Overhead camshaft (OHC);
- Two overhead camshafts (DOHC).
Individual cylinder heads
The advantage of individual cylinder heads in the lower mass of the head and ease of installation. Most often, individual heads are used on diesel and large-sized engines, which greatly simplifies installation.
Malfunctions of the cylinder head:
- gas breakthrough, reasons: curvature of the gas joint, corrosion, damage to fasteners;
- crack, saddle dropping out;
- wear on the camshaft or cam followers;
- wear of guide valves;
- breakage of fasteners, thread breakage under a candle or bolts, cracks.
Block head malfunctions also include breakdowns or wear of such parts of the block head as: valves, springs, rockers, compensators.
Breaks in the thread under a candle are eliminated by installing a screwdriver, and torn fasteners are replaced with repair studs.
Cracks can be attributed to defects in the cylinder head. A crack in the head of the block, as a rule, leads to a breakthrough of gases in the cooling jacket and failure of the engine (in this case, repair of the head of the block is not advisable). Most often, a crack in the cylinder block is an indication for the replacement of the part. Cracks outside the gas joint may be welded.
If there are excess knocks and oil pressure decreases, this may be due to wear on the camshaft bed. In this case, the beds are restored with bronze bushings. Damage from corrosion and detonation can also make repairs impossible. The fallen out saddle needs to be replaced. If you encounter wear on the head of the block, the head should be properly defective in order to determine whether to repair or buy a cylinder head.
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The establishment of the Arctic Council in 1996 allowed not only the 8 Arctic countries but also many countries situated southward, as well as international organizations, to combine efforts in the coordination of international and external economic relations in the Arctic region, which is of exceptional significance in shaping the global climate and has huge reserves of natural resources, primarily hydrocarbons.
Over the course of twenty years, the Arctic Council has provided a quite clear platform for discussing the issues related to the countries’ interests. New areas of testing cooperation, approaches and methods of joint work has appeared, and working groups on specific themes, interesting to all stakeholders, have been formed.
At the same time, the Arctic Council still doesn’t have a clear-cut answer to the possibility of engaging sub-regional partners to their full potential; all its activity has been aimed at the development and enhancement of inter-state cooperation. This article discusses the importance of involving sub-regional governments in global international cooperation in the Arctic.
Establishing the Arctic Council
The 1990s were marked by a rapid development of international cooperation across the globe, but it was the Arctic region where the burst of a movement to each other was witnessed the most. Within a short amount of time there appeared a whole range of international organizations with different priorities and aims, and it was obvious that the establishment of an inter-state agency, coordinating the activities of all countries interested in dealing with the issues of development and use of the Arctic resources, was on the horizon. Generally, that was what happened.
In 1996, the eight countries with territory in the Arctic Circle announced the establishment of the Arctic Council, being a forum for discussing all issues requiring cooperative decision making, in order to avoid a chaotic and spontaneous approach, primarily with regards to the use of the Arctic’s rich natural resources. The Agreement on Protection of the Arctic Environment in Rovaniemi (Finland) in 1991 laid the foundation for the Arctic countries’ unity.
From the very beginning the Arctic Council set up states’ meaningful joint work on solving global issues; at present, the working groups are implementing a significant number of projects; and the Arctic Economic Council has been established. All decisions made by the Arctic Council have direct relevance to the life of all people living beyond the Arctic Circle. Yet, the heads of the sub-national governments barely have access to the work of the Arctic Council, which results in a certain gap in the decision-making system, taking into account all trends in the global Arctic. Some regional leaders are joined within the framework of the Northern Forum (NF), that has an Observer status at the Arctic Council; they have an opportunity for indirect participation in the work of the inter-state agency in the Arctic, without a right to a direct involvement in the decision-making process, which is a major deficiency, taking into account that all of the Arctic Council’s projects are implemented in the territories governed by regional administrations.
We must give credit where it is due to the far-sightedness of some regional leaders who foresaw a significant thaw in relations between the USA and USSR, and prepared a foundation for a quick interaction of the regions in the new conditions. Almost straight after the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1991, 11 regions of Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, China, Mongolia and Finland established the NF under the initiative of the Governor of Alaska (USA) Walter Hickel. The International Arctic Science Committee appeared a year earlier. Later on, other international organizations were appearing in sequence, the most significant of them being the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, the University of the Arctic, and the Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region.
The NF obtained an Observer status at the Arctic Council right from the very start and took active part in its events (Ministerial Meetings, Senior Arctic Officials Meetings (SAOs), working group meetings) and some projects. Interestingly, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council has not formalized its presence in the Arctic Council. Probably, the Council decided to focus on cooperation within North Europe, participating in the activity of the Arctic Council within national delegations.
Therefore, the question is raised: is active participation of regional governments and administrations in the work of the Arctic Council possible, and if so, what are the available forms and mechanisms for that, and which ones can be developed?
Regional Governments in Arctic Politics
Basically, the NF can ensure the presence of regional leaders at the meetings of the Senior Arctic Officials, but the current Observer participants quota doesn’t allow all members of the NF to be simultaneously involved in these events. At that, even when present at the meetings, regional leaders cannot give their point of view or make a proposal, as long as the Arctic Council’s bylaws do not provide for the Observers’ right to speak at the forum’s meetings. The same was true for the Working Groups’ meetings, but since 2014, under the proposal of the NF, brief comments from Observers have been allowed at the Sustainable Development Working Group meetings.
At the same time, in 2013, while holding its extended session in Yakutsk (Sakha Republic, Russia), the Working Group on Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) agreed to not only include in the agenda the presentations of the hosting region’s local experts, but also to arrange extra meetings with young specialists and speak on local television, which allowed the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) to be fully and actively involved in the meeting and make efficient proposals. I am confident that such an event was beneficial to all stakeholders. Should this practice continue, the involvement of regional potential in the activity of the Arctic Council’s working groups would become tangible.
Generally, the participation of regional experts in the Arctic Council’s project activity is not restricted. Provided they can speak English and have relevant qualifications, the experts can be included in different project groups through national delegations, Permanent Participants or international Observer organizations. This is quite a constructive means of cooperation with the Arctic Council, securing the involvement of the regions with a sound scientific and technical potential, but almost inaccessible for the Arctic regions where the number of such experts is limited.
Whereas the regions can participate at the expert level by some means, the participation of leaders and regional governments in the decision-making process in the global Arctic cooperation remains doubtful. Obviously, the participants of the NF can make certain joint decisions, taken into account at elaborating the plans and programs of the regions’ socio-economic development. The regions are actively involved in the development of the Arctic territories in the law-making environment of their countries, and their opinion can be taken into account at developing the countries’ positions when constructing the dialogue within the Arctic Council. At the same time, it would be much more useful and effective to ensure direct participation of regional leaders in the work of the Arctic Council.
Together with the indigenous peoples of the North, the Arctic Council qualifies settlers, hunters and reindeer herders, rural populations and citizens as the Arctic population. Thus, many Arctic governors sometimes wonder why Arctic indigenous organizations have a Permanent Participant status at the Arctic Council, whereas regional governments/administrations do not have those, although the leaders and governments/administrations are the ones who are more responsible for the development of the Arctic territories, and, therefore, it seems logic enough for their voice to be always present at the Arctic Council.
In my opinion, the best form of regional involvement in the decision-making processes within the Arctic Council is the involvement through an international organization joining most of the world’s Arctic regions.
The NF is the only interregional organization of the Arctic and the North aimed at such unification; the organization has survived through a period of decline and is now on rise, gradually increasing the number of its members. Four Russian regions joined the NF in 2015: Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Magadan Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Two key regions – Alaska (USA) and Lapland (Finland) have returned to the NF in 2016. In the foreseeable future there is certain confidence in the inclusion of Scandinavian and a number of Russian regions. There is certain difficulty with Canadian territories’ making a decision on joining the NF, but the organization’s strengthening both in terms of its quantity and quality may tilt in favor of the NF. Although Canadian regions have begun to form their Northern regional council, without other regions of the Circumpolar Arctic it may not claim to voice their interests.
Thus, the NF may become a true partner of the Arctic Council, being a regional wing of the Arctic’s major inter-state agency. Most probably, for the NF, there is no point in seeking a Permanent Participant status at the Arctic Council. It would make the most sense to give it a partner status based on either an agreement between the Arctic Council and the NF or introduction of a new concept of “partner” in the Arctic Council’s structure, and giving this status to the NF on the basis of the Ministerial Meeting’s resolution. Certainly, this issue requires discussion and is given in this article as an idea.
In any case, considering the issue of enlarging the quota for the NF’s participants in the SAO and Ministerial Meetings will allow the regions to gradually enhance their input in the Arctic Council’s activity, bring its decisions to a wider range of the population, and effectively use all available resources. Organizing the meetings of the NF Governors within the Arctic Council events, where their recommendations will be presented to the inter-state forum, can become one of the compelling forms of cooperation.
The introduction of regional input to the Arctic Council or signing of an agreement between the interstate and interregional organizations will allow us to streamline the structure and hierarchy in Arctic cooperation and take into account the interests of all stakeholders.
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Archery may be considered a fun hobby to many but there is much more beyond that. The sport of archery requires precision, control, focus, physical ability and determination. Top athletes train daily, and for hours at a time, but even recreational archery carry huge benefits towards your health. Whether practiced indoors or out, competitively or social, archery gets you active, burning calories and in an overall better state of mind.
Here are just a few of the health benefits you will start to notice if you start coming to Triggers and Bows’ state-of-the-art archery range regularly.
Archery is a sport that can be practiced by all, no matter age, gender or ability. While physically drawing a bow does expend energy, so does walking to and from the target end to end to collect arrows. During tournaments, some archers walk up to 8 kilometres each day, burning between 100 and 150 active calories every 30 minutes.
As an exercise that requires short bursts of energy from core muscles, the act of drawing a bow puts tension in the chest, hands, arm, large upper back muscles and even non-core areas of your anatomy like the rotator cuffs which support your shoulders. The correct and continuous repetition of this movement strengthens these tissues.
Archers learn to maintain focus on their shot routine, avoiding distractions like wind, distance, noise and other competitors to deliver the perfect arrow. That control is beneficial for many other areas of your life too. Learning how to have that amount of concentration can help a person to cope with high-pressure situations they can encounter on a daily basis.
The steps required to create a good shot combine to form a high-precision routine that needs to be ingrained into an archer’s muscle memory and subconscious. There’s so much happening at the same time, and with such little margin for error, that the coordination of all these movements becomes almost instinctive.
Archery may be relatively easy to learn, but very difficult to perfect. Although fun, it can be frustrating, and patience in practice is essential for a longer-term future in the sport. Having the determination to precisely repeat a technique makes you a better archer, and consequently, a better person.
Staying relaxed and accurate under pressure is an ability that archers develop by managing their breathing, concentration and nervousness. When you’re shooting well, hours can pass by in the blink of an eye and as much as the sport can be sociable, when you’re on the line, archery is only about you and your bow. The perfect time for some internal meditation.
Even in competition, an archer’s greatest opponent is himself. Identifying what to improve and setting clear goals is easy. After all, results are all based on easily-measurable scores. Progression breeds confidence, and there’s not better sport to measure that than archery.
There are very few sports in the world that allow the world’s best to compete on the target with someone fairly new right beside them. Tournaments in archery are often without barriers and enable friendships between individuals from all walks of life. You never know who you’ll end up on a target with next.
With many other health benefits associated with the sport, archery has something for everyone built into it. If you know someone who could benefit from incorporating archery into their life, or you’re interested in trying it out yourself, contact us today to learn more about the different experience packages and memberships we have to offer.
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Monday Dec. 16 1861
VEXATIOUS VALLANDIGHAM VIES FOR VOTES
In one of the odder political actions of the early days of the War, Ohio’s Democratic congressman Clement Vallandigham introduced a resolution on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives. The point of the resolution was to commend Captain Charles Wilkes of the USS San Jacinto for his actions in capturing the Confederate commissioners on the British mail ship “Trent.” The oddity comes from the fact that Vallandigham was a Peace Democrat, advocating negotiation or any other means to settle the dispute between North and South, short of war. Why he would wish to commend Wilkes’ hostile action–which had so infuriated the British that they were on the verge of war with the U.S. themselves–is unknown. The bill was referred to a committee for study and was never heard of again.
Tuesday Dec. 16 1862
FEDERALS FACE FALMOUTH FUTILITY
In the aftermath of Fredericksburg, the defeated Union army completed its withdrawal across the pontoon bridges erected at such a tremendous cost just a few days earlier. Climbing back up the heights on their side of the river, and looking back at the heights opposite that they had tried six times to take, they proceeded on just as far as Falmouth and Stafford Heights. There the exhausted men stopped and set camp for the winter. The countryside was soon scoured of every piece of lumber, brick and anything which could be used to construct cabins or huts or at least fortify the flimsy tents for the winter. So much wood would be scavenged that trees died for miles around. When the spring rains of 1863 came, much valuable topsoil would wash away. The area would not recover its agricultural value for decades.
Wednesday Dec. 16 1863
CONFEDERATE COMMAND CHANGES CONDUCTED
There was a major shuffling of commanders in the Western Theater of the Confederate States of America today. At the headquarters of the Army of Tennessee, Lt. Gen. William Hardee was out, Gen. Joseph Eggleston Johnston was in. Hardee’s appointment had only been a temporary one, filling after Bragg’s departure, anyway. Johnston’s departure from Brandon, Miss., left a vacancy at the head of the Army of Mississippi, which was filled by Gen. Leonidas Polk. One promotion was noted on the Union side of the field: John Buford, cavalryman, received a long-overdue promotion to Major General. It is good that this honor was not delayed any further, as six hours after the papers arrived, Buford died of typhoid fever in Washington, D.C.
Friday Dec. 16 1864
TRIUMPHANT THOMAS TIMELY FOR TENNESSEANS
Attack, Gen. George Thomas had been told for weeks. Go forth from Nashville and attack the Army of Tennessee, he was ordered. He had resisted until he felt his forces and supplies were sufficient, to the point where Gen. John “Black Jack” Logan was on a train today with orders to take over command from him. But yesterday the attack had come at last, and today it continued. First the right was pushed back. When they rallied and held, the Union cavalry swept around the Confederate left and threatened the rear of the lines. Finally the climax came, around three in the afternoon, as firing was almost continuous. The Confederate left could take no more and began withdrawing. The center soon followed, and finally the right wing was forced to follow. The Army of Tennessee effectively ceased to exist as a fighting force, and the threat to the Union hold on Kentucky and the Ohio River was ended.
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Christmas bird counts (CBCs) are the earliest form of what has come to be known as “citizen science” – ordinary people observing the natural world to satisfy their own enthusiasm, and recording what they see as a way of providing data for trained scientists.
CBCs began in 1900 in reaction to a holiday tradition that saw hunters choosing sides and going afield with their guns; whoever brought in the biggest pile of dead feathered (and furred) quarry won. Beginning on Christmas Day 1900, ornithologist Frank Chapman in the early Audubon Society proposed a substitute “Christmas Bird Census” that would count birds in the holidays rather than kill them. So began the Christmas Bird Count. Thanks to Chapman and 27 other dedicated birders, 25 CBCs were held that day in locations all the way from Toronto to Pacific Grove, California.
Today, counts are organized under the auspices of the National Audubon Society during the Christmas season. Volunteers are assigned areas to cover and set out usually in teams to see what birds are there. They count every bird – European starlings and rock pigeons are accorded the same importance as a wintering thrush or a rare gyrfalcon. Teams compete in a good-natured way and results are usually tabulated in a festive setting (read “lots of food and drink”). Results are transmitted to national headquarters and provide a valuable, wide-ranging survey of bird populations.
PAKENHAM-ARNPRIOR CHRISTMAS BIRD COUNT 1913-2018
compiled by Michael Runtz
The Pakenham-Arnprior Christmas Bird Count (CBC) is steeped in history. Two of the earliest counts held in Canada were formerly conducted in the area covered by the current Pakenham-Arnprior CBC. The first was the Arnprior CBC, which ran from 1913 to 1939 (the latter years seem to be not recorded with Audubon and apparently no count was held in 1933). All through its existence, the Arnprior CBC had but two participants: Charles Macnamara and Liguori Gormley. Covering the count only by foot, Macnamara and Gormley tallied an admirable 42 species. Those who feel the current count’s date of Boxing Day is less than desirable should be aware that the Arnprior counts were held on Christmas Day, a reflection of the unmarried status of its participants!
The second Christmas Bird Count to arise locally was the Pakenham CBC, initiated on December 23, 1925 by Edna Ross and her brother Allan Ross. Their sister Verna added her name to the count “Rosster” the following year and in 1931 brother Wilmer joined the group, keeping it a family affair. Verna continued to participate right up to 1999, the year she turned 92! The Pakenham CBC was not held in 1956, the year Edna was travelling abroad, or in 1957, due to her illness. Thus, between 1925 and 1939, remarkably not one but two Christmas Bird Counts were held in much of the area currently covered by the Pakenham-Arnprior CBC.
In 1970, the count circle (with a standard 7.5 mile radius) was shifted slightly to include more of the area covered under the original Arnprior Count, and the name “Pakenham CBC” was changed to the current “Pakenham-Arnprior CBC” not only to reflect the slight change in the count area but also and more importantly to recognize the two historic counts from which it arose.
Between 1913, the year Charles Macnamara and Liguori Gormley set out on foot to conduct the very first local Christmas Bird Count, and 2015, the most recent count, which had more than 40 participants, a remarkable 126 species have been recorded (six new species were added in 2015!). It is noteworthy that less than half of all of those species have been exclusively encountered on “Pakenham-Arnprior” counts; the two early counts run by a mere handful of people, and often conducted solely on foot, collectively tallied a remarkable 64 species.
Naturally, with more observers and a developed knowledge of where birds are in the count area and how to find them, the average number of species per count has risen. For the past 15 counts, the average total has been 54 species. The record is 66 species tallied in 2001.
Some fascinating history of birds in this region has been documented on the local CBCs. For example, the first European Starlings to be recorded on the Arnprior Christmas Bird Count were 33 individuals tallied in 1926 (the first of this species to be seen in Arnprior was “collected” in April 1922); in that very same year, six were recorded, also for the first time, on the Pakenham CBC. Another species that has moved into this area is the House Finch; it was first recorded on the Pakenham-Arnprior CBC in 1984, a mere year after this species was initially observed in the Arnprior region. Currently, this “new species” appears to be on the decline; even more dramatic is the decline of European Starlings and House Sparrows. In 1998, 1,964 European Starlings were tallied; in 2015 the count was 528. House Sparrows have shown an even greater decline: in 1985, 2,011 were tallied while in 2017 only 81 were recorded. Bald Eagles, on the other hand, have become common, and are expected on every count; 28 were recorded on the 2014 count and 26 tallied in 2017.
Wild Turkeys (a non-native species released in our area) was first recorded on the count in 1999, and now are common. Two formerly rare “native” species – Merlin and Red-bellied Woodpecker – are now regularly tallied. Merlins have recovered from their DDT-induced decline while Red-bellied Woodpeckers are southern birds expanding their range northward, likely due to climate change.
For the results of various CBCs, see: http://birds.audubon.org/christmas-bird-count. On that site, you will find options for searching counts by province or state, count, or species. If you wish to see the historical results of our counts, the Arnprior counts are found under “Arnprior” while the Pakenham counts are listed under “Pakenham-Arnprior (ONPA)” and are the years 1925 to 1969. It appears that when a count goes through a name change, the counts held under its earliest name are listed under the count’s new name.
This summary lists each species recorded on the three local Christmas Bird Counts, its highest count and the year of that record. If the record number is the same for a large number of counts, then only the most recent year is given and it is demarked with an asterisk. If a species has been recorded on fewer than ten CBCs, the number of times it has been observed is given; if more than ten CBCs, it is denoted as “>10.” All of the specific Christmas Bird Counts on which a species has been recorded are also listed: “A” stands for Arnprior; “P” for Pakenham; and “PA” for Pakenham-Arnprior.
RECORD COUNT: 66 SPECIES (2001)
RECORD TOTAL COUNT: 9,847 BIRDS (2008)
See the PA CBC RECORD HIGHS 2018 below
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Fletcher Allen, a Vermont university hospital and medical center, serves all of
Vermont and the northern New York region. Located in Burlington, Fletcher Allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the University of Vermont.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Sick sinus syndrome is the name given to a group of arrhythmias that occur because the normal pacemaker of the heart (the sinus node) does not work properly. Sick sinus syndrome is also called sinus node dysfunction.
For more information on other types of sinus node problems, see Types of Bradycardia.
What causes it?
Sick sinus syndrome can occur for various reasons. It most commonly results from the effect of age on the sinus node. As we get older, scarring of the sinus node can occur and, in some people, it can be so severe that it causes this syndrome.
Various irregular heart rates (arrhythmias) or combinations of arrhythmias can occur in this condition. People with this syndrome can have slow arrhythmias or a combination of fast and slow arrhythmias. These include:
- Periods of time when the sinus node does not fire at all (sinus pauses) and other areas of the heart take over and cause the heart to beat.
- Prolonged periods of time when the heart rate is spontaneously very slow and does not increase as it should with activity (persistent sinus bradycardia).
- Periods of fast arrhythmias (supraventricular tachycardias), especially atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, alternating with periods of very slow heart rates ("tachy-brady" syndrome).
Treatment of sick sinus syndrome depends on the type of rhythm problem. Treatment typically is a pacemaker, and sometimes medicines is used too.
In tachy-brady syndrome, also called tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, the heart sometimes beats too quickly (tachy) and sometimes beats too slowly (brady). This abnormal heart rhythm problem is often seen in people who have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. It can occur when the heart's natural pacemaker is damaged.
- Risk of complications? Yes. You may have symptoms such as palpitations and lightheadedness. You might pass out. You might have a higher risk of stroke.
- Treatment. Treatment may include a pacemaker to prevent the heart from beating too slow. Medicines might be used to prevent the heart from beating too fast. Blood-thinning medicines are used to help prevent a stroke.
Other Works Consulted
- Olgin JE, Zipes DP (2012). Specific arrhythmias: Diagnosis and treatment. In RO Bonow et al., eds., Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9th ed., vol. 1, pp. 771–824. Philadelphia: Saunders.
- Vijayaraman P, Ellenbogen KA (2011). Bradyarrhythmias and pacemakers. In V Fuster et al., eds., Hurst's The Heart, 13th ed., pp. 1025–1057. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
|E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine|
|Rakesh K. Pai, MD, FACC - Cardiology, Electrophysiology|
|Last Revised||June 12, 2013|
Last Revised: June 12, 2013
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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Rule Britannia, Britannia rules the waves! The lines to this popular tune - sung at the Last Night of the Proms - are familiar, but not as well known is the character behind the figure of Britannia, Frances Teresa Stuart. Here is her story:
Her blue eyes flashed as she tossed her golden brown curls. It was hard to sit still for her portrait. Frances' thoughts were racing with the excitement and honour of knowing her likeness would be engraved on a special medal. And all because she had captured the heart of King Charles II.
Immortality would follow for Frances Teresa Stuart, a Scots woman, whose profile was to depict Britannia, the stirring symbol of Great Britain, on the nation's coinage. (Her portrait appeared on British pennies until 1971 when the decimal system was introduced.)
Celebrated diarist Samuel Pepys, a keen observer of women, wrote of Frances' striking looks, "But it was the finest sight to me. . . . . .that ever I did see in all my life. . . . . .Miss Stuart. . . . . .is now the greatest beauty I ever saw, I think, in my life". She became known at court as "La Belle Stuart".
But how did Frances reach this point in her life? Her unusual story began with her family's flight to freedom and safety in France during the English Civil War. Her father, the Honourable Walter Stuart, third son of the first Lord Blantyre, was distantly connected with the Royal House of Stuart. The family supported their claims to the throne during the Civil War and ended up taking refuge at the French court of the widowed Queen Henrietta Maria.
The austere court with its convent-like atmosphere was home to Frances from the age of one. However, fortune had something special in store for her. Her world changed dramatically when, in 1660, Britain's monarchy was restored to power and Charles II was crowned king.
Charles was keen to embrace gaiety and frivolity at his court, especially in the form of pretty young women. The King's sister, the Duchess of Orleans, had watched Frances grow up at the French Court and felt she fitted the bill. Thus the Duchess sent a fateful letter to her brother, the King, recommending Frances as the loveliest girl in the World and fitted to adorn his new court.
In 1662, at age fourteen, Frances travelled to England to become a Maid of Honour to Charles II's Queen, the Infanta of Portugal, Catherine of Braganca.
When the King saw Frances, it was love at first sight on his part. She was graceful, beautiful, frivolous, a superb dancer with impeccable dress sense. She laughed at his jokes, was easy to amuse and never dabbled in politics or intrigue. She was all the merry monarch desired, but Frances was not all she seemed as he was to find out.
For Frances was a romantic at heart. Love ruled her feelings, not physical passion. Flirting and teasing, she led the King on, encouraging him with her smiles and kisses. This only inflamed his desire for her, and he pursued her relentlessly.
Gossip abounded among courtiers about their relationship, fueled by the fact that there was no proof of its being physically consummated. This was an unusual situation because, at this time in history, beautiful virgin girls were expected by high society to share their favours.
In Frances' mind she had nothing to gain by submitting to the King's amorous advances. She already possessed the friendship and protection of the Queen and the admiration of the Court due to her good nature and looks. She was an active participant in all the parties and dances, was pursued by all the eligible males at Court, and, in spite of her resistance to his Royal lust, remained Charles' favourite.
Rumours ran even more rampant when the Queen developed a high fever in 1663 and was thought to be dying. Would the King marry Frances if the Queen died? However, the Queen eventually recovered, and Frances continued to dally with Charles as his passion for her raged even more strongly.
In 1664, England, at war with the Dutch, won several naval victories. Charles II decided to celebrate by having several medals struck. A figure of Britannia contemplating her victories was to adorn the medals, and the King chose Frances for the model. Thus she secured her place in history by posing for this famous engraving.
Pepys wrote in his diary, "At my goldsmith's did observe the King's new medal, where, in little, there is Mrs. Stewart's face as well done as ever I saw anything in my whole life, I think: and a pretty thing it is, that he should choose her face to represent Britannia by."
That medal was not the only portrait for which Frances posed. The Plague struck London, and, along with the rest of the Court, she fled to Hampton Palace. During this time Sir Peter Lely painted a famous series known as the "Beauties". His well-known portrait of Frances shows her in pale yellow sitting with a bow in her hand, the emblem of Diana, the chaste huntress, a fitting metaphor.
Returning to London after the city was declared safe from the Plague, the King continued to press Frances to be his mistress, offering her land and wealth and position. The pressure on her mounted. As her position became precarious, she felt there was no choice - either become Charles' mistress or find a husband.
Providentially, she met another Charles Stuart, a distant relative and 4th cousin of the King. This Charles was the 4th Duke of Richmond and 6th Duke of Lennox. He was extravagant, an invertebrate gambler and a drinker, but Frances saw him as a convenient way out of her fraught relationship with the King.
When the King learned of their wedding plans, he schemed to stop them. The couple retaliated by eloping. Learning of their marriage, the King realized Frances had deceived him and angrily vowed never to forgive or see her again. On her marriage, Frances acquired the title Duchess of Richmond and Lennox.
Ironically, although out of favor with the King, it was at this time that Frances received her greatest honour. The portrait of her from the Britannia medals was chosen for new coins being struck. Thus, a Scottish woman graced not only medals commemorating a naval victory, but also the coinage of the Realm.
About 1669, the King's infatuation with Frances was again demonstrated when she became seriously ill with smallpox. Charles rushed to her bedside and forgave her for marrying without his consent. She recovered, and the King allowed the Queen to appoint her a Lady of the Bedchamber. At this point the relationship between Frances and the King changed to one of friendship. Charles had fallen for the charms of Nell Gwynne.
When the King sent Frances' husband to Denmark as an ambassador, she stayed at home, managing his estate and business affairs. She became an astute businesswoman, wise in the ways of money management, cautious and full of common sense.
After the death of her husband in the 1670's, and without children or a male heir, Frances' husband's estates reverted back to the King. He continued to be her good friend and granted her a 1000-pound pension per year for life.
Before she died in 1702 Frances arranged to purchase the estate of Lethington, south of Haddington in the Lammermuir Hills of East Lothian, Scotland. In memory of her title as Duchess of Lennox she requested the estate's name to be changed to Lennoxlove. Today it continues as a memorial to her. Her portrait by W. Wissing and J.Van der Vaart hangs in a place of honour in the manor house. The blue eyes still flash in her beautiful face, capturing the hearts of all who pass by.
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Charlie and the Chocolate factory is one of the most popular children's books of all time. It is a brilliantly written story by Author Roald Dahl and there has been two starkly different, but very popular films based on it.
Therefore "Charlie" offers a multitude of teaching and learning opportunities based around the themes of bad parenting, mischievous children, greed, gluttony and much more. Roald Dahl uses little Charlie Bucket as a role model to oppose all of the horrible aspects of the other children selected to enter Willy Wonka's chocolate factory.
This Grid I have constructed uses Blooms Taxonomy as a framework to study the book and films and has 42 excellent teaching and learning ideas.
It would be recommended that the book and both films are watched to get the most out of this grid, and there is more than enough here to keep your students busy and enthused for a fortnight depending upon how you structure your learning sessions.
I hope you like the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Learning Grid and if you have any fresh ideas to add to it we would love to hear them.
Update: As an extension to theis task I got my students to write an essay about Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: The Two Essay Topics they had to choose from where.
1: Why could Augustus, Violet, Veruca, and Mike never win the chocolate factory?
2: What qualities does Charlie have that make him the hero of this story? And what do those qualities say about Roald Dahl’s opinions of children?
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: January 5, 2010
Quantum age edges closer
(Nanowerk News) Superfast quantum computing is closer than ever following recent breakthroughs by an international team led by researchers from the University of New South Wales (UNSW).
Quantum computing relies on controlling and observing the behaviour of quantum particles – for instance individual electrons - to deliver enormous processing power.
In the two breakthroughs, written up in the international journals Nano Letters and Applied Physics Letters, researchers have for the first time demonstrated two ways to deliberately place an electron in a nano-sized device on a silicon chip.
The achievements set the stage for the next crucial steps of being able to observe and then control the electron’s quantum state or "spin", to create a quantum bit.
Color-enhanced Scanning Electron Microscope image of a quantum dot.
Multiple quantum bits coupled together make up the processor of a quantum computer.
Professor Andrew Dzurak, the NSW Node Director of the Australian National Fabrication Facility at UNSW and Dr Andrea Morello, Manager of the Quantum Measurement and Control Chip Program at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computer Technology, were leaders in the breakthrough work.
Quantum computing’s power comes from the fact that electrons can have a "spin" pointing in one of two directions. The spin position can be used in the same way that zeroes and ones represent data in today’s computers.
However electrons can also hold intermediate spin positions, or quantum states, which is what gives quantum computing its power.
While today's computers increase their power linearly with the number of bits added, quantum bits, when coupled together, can deliver an exponential increase in their ability to represent data.
The other leaders of the research team are Professor David Jamieson at the University of Melbourne, and Dr Mikko Möttönen at the Helsinki University of Technology. Students Wee Han Lim and Kuan Yen Tan have just completed their PhD degrees in the UNSW School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications.
Source: University of New South Wales
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks!
Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:
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Carcinogens can pose a high risk to your health. They are all around us, and we allow them to coexist with us without knowing the threat that they pose. Let us take a look at what carcinogens are and where we find them.
What are carcinogens?
A carcinogen is a substance responsible for causing cancer in animals as well as humans. Carcinogens can be found in workplace environments like industries and factories as well as in houses. Carcinogens can cause cancer by the alteration of cellular metabolism or by damaging DNA in the cells. They interfere with our biological processes and cause problems.
Many people develop cancer because of their genetic history, while others suffer because of environmental factors and exposure to carcinogens. Some carcinogens have no direct effect on the DNA; however, they may cause problems in other ways, such as increasing the chances of changes in the DNA.
What can increase your carcinogen exposure?
Are you exposed to any of the below?
1. Tobacco, which has high amounts of carcinogens
2. Infectious agents, ultraviolet light, or radon gas
3. Strong medication like radiation, chemotherapy, and drugs
4. Factories and industries
5. Household substances
Studies have found that several factors are responsible for a person being affected by carcinogens such as the duration of exposure, the intensity, and the immune system of the person.
Carcinogens at home
If you think that your home is free from carcinogens, think again. Your home can actually be one of the most dangerous places for your health. Many products that we use daily like hair dyes, cell phones, and cosmetics may contain carcinogens.
Cosmetics are widely used by almost everyone, but it may contain many cancer-causing substances. It is important to read the label and be aware of all the ingredients before buying cosmetics. Benzyl Acetate, Butylated Hyroxytoluene (BHT), Coal Tar Dyes, Diethanolamine (DEA), Formaldehyde, Hydroquinone, Talc etc. are just a few of the many carcinogens that are usually found in cosmetics.
Cell phones are used by adults and children. They give off radio-frequency waves, which are considered unsafe and may cause cancer. There has been increasing focus on the cancer-spreading aspect of cell phones and its effect on brain tumors.
Talcum powder is made of magnesium, oxygen, and silicon. Talc often contains asbestos, which is a carcinogen, it is considered dangerous.
Antiperspirants are widely used by men and women. However, they contain certain harmful chemicals that can get collected in the armpit area. These toxins may later lead to cell mutation.
Hair dyes have a lot of chemicals in them, some of which can be very harmful when it comes in contact with the skin. Though caution is advised, studies have also shown that while hair dyes may contain harmful substances, they are not solely responsible for causing cancer.
Lead is known to be a cancer-causing agent. It can be found in lead-acid batteries, cable coverings, paints, ammunition, ceramics, construction material, and in soldering. People are often exposed to these substances that can enter the body by breathing or swallowing.
Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is commonly used in beverages and foods. There has been a lot of debates that aspartame can cause a number of health problems like cancer. And because it is commonly used in food, it is very difficult to avoid aspartame.
To be safe from carcinogens around your home, you can follow certain guidelines:
- Read labels of products before buying
- Do not buy the products that contain carcinogens
- Do not mix chemicals if you are inexperienced in handling them
- Always open chemical containers in well-ventilated areas
- Wash hands carefully after using hazardous products
You may not be able to eliminate all of the carcinogens from your surroundings, but you can definitely remove a significant amount of them. Awareness about carcinogens and willingness to search for safer alternatives can improve the quality of life for you and your loved ones.
Author Bio: Sameer Gupta is a medical writer who writes well-researched, in-depth cancer articles which provide relevant information to help patients combat the deadly disease. Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) prides in providing the best cancer treatment solutions to patients who have endured to various cancer types. Read More.
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The only sure way to diagnose glaucoma is with a complete eye exam. A glaucoma screening that only checks eye pressure is not enough to find glaucoma.
During a glaucoma exam, your ophthalmologist will:
- Measure your eye pressure
- Inspect your eye’s drainage angle
- Examine your optic nerve for damage
- Test your peripheral (side) vision
- Take a picture or computer measurement of your optic nerve
- Measure the thickness of your cornea
With open-angle glaucoma, there are no warning signs or obvious symptoms in the early stages. As the disease progresses, blind spots develop in your peripheral (side) vision.
Most people with open-angle glaucoma do not notice any change in their vision until the damage is quite severe. This is why glaucoma is called the “silent thief of sight.” Having regular eye exams can help your ophthalmologist find this disease before you lose vision. Your ophthalmologist can tell you how often you should be examined.
People at risk for angle-closure glaucoma usually show no symptoms before an attack. Some early symptoms of an attack may include blurred vision, halos, mild headaches or eye pain. People with these symptoms should be checked by their ophthalmologist as soon as possible. An attack of angle-closure glaucoma includes the following:
- Severe pain in the eye or forehead
- Redness of the eye
- Decreased vision or blurred vision
- Seeing rainbows or halos
- Normal tension glaucoma
People with “normal tension glaucoma” have eye pressure that is within normal ranges, but show signs of glaucoma, such as blind spots in their field of vision and optic nerve damage.
Some people have no signs of damage but have higher than normal eye pressure (called ocular hypertension). These patients are considered “glaucoma suspects” and have a higher risk of eventually developing glaucoma. Some people are considered glaucoma suspects even if their eye pressure is normal.
For instance, their ophthalmologist may notice something different about their optic nerve. Anyone who is considered a glaucoma suspect should be carefully monitored by their ophthalmologist.
An ophthalmologist can check for any changes over time and begin treatment if needed.
Your eye constantly makes aqueous humor. As new aqueous flows into your eye, the same amount should drain out. The fluid drains out through an area called the drainage angle.
This process keeps pressure in the eye (called intraocular pressure or IOP) stable. But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid builds up. Pressure inside the eye rises, damaging the optic nerve.
The optic nerve is made of more than a million tiny nerve fibers. It is like an electric cable made up of many small wires. As these nerve fibers die, you will develop blind spots in your vision. You may not notice these blind spots until most of your optic nerve fibers have died. If all of the fibers die, you will become blind.
Trabeculoplasty. This surgery is for people who have open-angle glaucoma. The eye surgeon uses a laser to make the drainage angle work better. That way fluid flows out properly and eye pressure is reduced.
Iridotomy. This is for people who have angle-closure glaucoma. The ophthalmologist uses a laser to create a tiny hole in the iris. This hole helps fluid flow to the drainage angle
Doctors often recommend laser surgery before incisional surgery, unless the eye pressure is very high or the optic nerve is badly damaged. During laser surgery, a focused beam of light is used to treat the eye’s trabecular meshwork (the eye’s drainage system). This helps increase the flow of fluid out of the eye.
In contrast, incisional surgery (also called filtering surgery) involves creating a drainage hole with the use of a small surgical tool. This new opening allows the intraocular fluid to bypass the clogged drainage canals and flow out of this new, artificial drainage canal.
When laser surgery does not successfully lower eye pressure, or the pressure begins to rise again, the doctor may recommend incisional surgery. Occasionally, glaucoma surgery may have to be repeated especially if excessive scarring cannot be prevented or after long periods of time.
Find an Ophthalmologist
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Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS)
The treatment for glaucoma has come a long way. Today’s advanced technologies and procedures make it possible to diagnose and successfully manage this progressive disease.
And while the overall goal of treatment has always remained the same — reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucomatous progression — Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) is quickly becoming a widely accepted approach for treating mild-to-moderate glaucoma.
Glaucoma Therapy Advances
Glaucoma is primarily managed with prescription eye drops. If a patient’s glaucoma progresses or the patient stops responding to the eye drops, a surgical solution is offered.
These surgical solutions are often highly invasive, require long recovery times, and could result in long-term complications.
As technology has progressed, less invasive techniques have emerged that have improved the safety profile for glaucoma surgery. This opened more surgical options for patients interested in effective glaucoma management which does not rely solely on the continuous use of prescription medication.
A Revolution in Glaucoma Therapy
With the FDA approval of the iStent®, Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) became a preferred approach to glaucoma management for many eye care professionals and their patients with mild-to-moderate glaucoma. 1
Now, with the FDA approval of iStent inject® – the next-generation Glaukos trabecular micro-bypass technology – Glaukos is advancing the standard of care for glaucoma patients.
Performed at the time of cataract surgery, iStent inject® has proven to be effective in decreasing IOP, with an excellent safety profile, few complications, and fast recovery time.2, 3
iStent inject® may also reduce patients’ need for medications as determined by an eye care professional. The majority of patients who received iStent inject® in the U.S. pivotal trial were medication-free at 23 months. 2 Other benefits associated with this innovative treatment include:
• Minimally traumatic to delicate eye tissue
• Effectively lowers IOP
• Excellent safety profile
• Rapid recovery
SAN MARE HEALTHCARE GROUP
Address / Dirección
Bluv Francisco Medina Ascencio No. 2735 Int 9. Zona Hotelera Norte. Entre Paseo de las Garzas y Playa de Oro. ( A un costado de Soriana )
Appointments / Citas
322 229 03 10
Working Hours / Horarios
Mon to Frid 5:00 pm to 9:00 pm
Appointments / Citas
322 229 03 10
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Sometimes we can feel sad, anxious or even depressed. Maybe you don’t know that you can chase all the blues away just by listening music.
Music is considered a natural antidepressant, so if you want to end the day on a better note, you will find out in this article how music can change your mood almost instantly.
This is why listening to soothing tunes will make your body produce serotonin, a hormone that gives you happiness and a joyful mood. It also gives your body dopamine, a neurotransmitter that also makes you feel happy.
Music also paves the way for the release of norepinephrine, a hormone that brings about euphoria and elation.
Songs with positive messages and motivating rhythm are filled with meanings that inspire you and can improve your mood. The messages which are present in this kind of songs – plus the euphoria that comes with singing these tunes – can boost yourself to brush you up and try again.
Whenever you are feeling sad or depressed, listening to upbeat tunes can be a huge help to keep you motivated at the top of your lungs and give you the strength and motivation to pick yourself up.
A great way to release tension is listening to soothing vibrations and mantras, they will relax your body and balance your breathing.
Many studies have shown that everyone can feel the relaxing effects of music, even newborns.
The more we feel relax, the more we are able to calm our mind and be more creative and productive throught the day.
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Niles Eldredge works for the American Museum of Natural History in New York. He is a curator in the Palaeontology department specialising in trilobites, an extinct species of arthropods that lived between 543 and 245 years ago. Eldredge joined the Museum right after finishing his doctoral studies in Columbia University in 1969.
Eldredge has spent most of his professional life trying to find an answer for the question that has haunted him throughout his life —why does the fossil registry not correlate with Darwin’s premise that says tat evolution is unstoppable and gradual?
In order to solve this issue, Stephen Jay Gould, who later became a very well known Professor at Harvard University, and Niles Eldredge himself, formulated in 1972 the theory known as “Punctuated equilibrium”, also known as jerky evolution, renamed evolution by jerks by Richard Dawkins, one of their strongest opponents.
What was the “Punctuated equilibrium” theory about when in it was introduced in the 1960’s?
Well, by the end of the 1960’s Gould and I were working at the Museum while getting our doctorate in the University of Columbia. I had known him for a very long time, since we were studying our degree. He was two years ahead of me in his studies. I wanted to do research on the evolution of invertebrate fossils. Back then everyone wanted to do this kind of research, because there are more fossils of invertebrates than of vertebrates. It was easy to go to the country and take samples and observe how they vary. We could take samples from different periods of time and different territories and environments and observe their changes. This was possible thanks to the biology developed in the 1940’s, the 1950’s and the 1960’s, which remarked the importance of geographic variation and isolation in evolution. We were there trying to document the patterns of change, and what we found, what I found at least with my trilobites by the end of the 1960’s, was that they did not change with the passing of time… I was scared. Fossils remained basically the same. I swear I was really scared, because I was writing my doctoral thesis by then…
«I think evolutionary sociobiologists and psychologists have adopted a mistaken model when they say that, ultimately, all human activity can be understood from the point of view of reproduction»
And you thought you were left without a thesis…
Exactly! I needed positive results for my thesis! Evolution is supposed to show some kind of change over time. I was working with millions of years and I found no basic changes or very small ones. It was scary! Particularly, I was studying the eyes, and I noticed there were changes over time, but what happened was that trilobites remained stable and, all of a sudden, there were dramatic changes related to geography. Geography is crucial! I am talking about the concept of geographic speciation. Darwin had already dealt with this concept, but somehow left it and moved away from it. This concept was revived in the 1930’s in the USA. Without isolation your chances of change are few, but new species can appear if populations separate. This idea fitted with my data. The only novelty I introduced was that, after the separation and evolution of the new species, these don’t change much. I mean, there was a balance.
And how has this theory evolved in the last thirty years?
Many things have happened. There were big discussions in the 1980’s. But I think that what is happening now is more exciting. I had already seen it in the 80’s, but I was scared of talking, because it was not only about my trilobites, but everything included in that same fauna what remained stable with the years. And when things were changing, everything seemed to be changing at the same time. That is, it was a change that affected a whole ecosystem. And now we start to see there is a series of fauna, one after the other, in time; and also that there is a great stability in the history of life. But, every once in a while, usually due to environmental causes, there is a kind of threshold, and then there is a great extinction and immediately afterwards there is a quick evolution, which stops later on. Then a new kind of fauna appears.
«Culture dominates human life ever since the first stone tools. Our development patterns have been disassociated, I would say, from the environment»
And how does that fit in human evolution?
Very well at the beginning, not so good later on. I will explain why. 2.5 million years ago the planet’s temperature dropped. Africa became colder, and especially drier, for over 300 thousand years 2.8 million years ago. Wet forests became open savannahs. With the sudden —geologically speaking— transformation of the environment, some of the animals managed to survive, but others disappeared and others emerged. Human beings belong to the latter group. Before that, there was the Australopithecus africanus, but this species became extinct, and a new kind of proto-human that lived about one million years ago emerged. This new kind fed only on vegetables and on the surface looked more like a gorilla, but it became extinct as well. Here it is a good example of how this theory fits —the next step was Homo erectus, who started living in Africa around the first glaciation. This species remained stable for over almost a million years, and it was then when humans spread all over Europe and Asia. This species was very successful and its members built their own beautiful tools. But then culture prevailed. Culture dominates human life ever since the first stone tools. Our development patterns have been disassociated, I would say, from the environment. Along with the invention of agriculture ten thousand years ago people don’t live within ecosystems, at least not in the way we used to do it.
I have read about the conflict between ultra Darwinists and naturalists when it comes to interpreting the evolution of life on Earth in your book Reinventing Darwin. Is there a conflict still today?
Yes, the controversy is still going on!
Which are the points of conflict between the two scientific communities?
The main point of conflict is that ultra Darwinists—people like Richard Dawkins— believe that evolution consists exclusively on the transmission of genes from generation to generation, and its only life objective is surviving with the purpose of making more children than the neighbour. And we say that that is not true. Reproduction is important. Without it life would have been over thousands of millions years ago. But life is also living, and we live most of our lives without even considering reproduction. Saying that the basis of human sexual behaviour is procreation is ridiculous, because sex is not necessarily associated to reproduction. Of course you need sex to have children, but sexual activity makes sense in itself, and is closely related to the different roles or economic function of each individual. Sex has now a different meaning for human life beyond reproduction, whereas if you look at a deer or a lion, sex is only reproduction. I think evolutionary sociobiologists and psychologists have adopted a mistaken model when they say that, ultimately, all human activity can be understood from the point of view of reproduction. Obviously not.
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Why are tracking cookies bad?
Tracking cookies are not inherently bad, but their misuse by websites can make them risky. Websites can use tracking cookies to collect sensitive information without users’ knowledge or consent, and third-party cookies can track users across multiple websites. Inadequate security measures can also make cookies vulnerable to threats. Websites should be transparent about their use of such cookies and obtain users’ consent to use them.
Read more about tracking cookies to understand how to use them without risking user privacy.
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Jesus Christ died on a cross on a Friday almost two thousand years ago. Christians believe that on the following Sunday, Christ rose from the dead and, in doing so, proved that He is the Son of God. The day Jesus died and was buried is known as Good Friday. The following Sunday is Easter.
Christians celebrate the resurrection of the Son of God each year between March 22nd and April 25th (the first Sunday after the vernal equinox).
Religious celebrations include family gatherings and special Easter church services.
So where do the Bunnies come in?
In olden times, Christian monks were very good at explaining their religion to those who hadn't heard of God or Jesus. They almost always took symbols of significance of the people they were teaching and used those symbols to teach about God.
The timing of Easter was such that it coincided with the spring festivals of many pagan religions. (In northern Europe, the goddess of spring was Eostre -- some people say that Easter may have even gotten its name from this goddess).
These spring festivals celebrated the wakening of the world after spring. Luckily, this "awakening" went very well with the monks teaching of Jesus' resurrection! The ideas of the rebirth of spring were merged with the Christian teachings of Jesus resurrection to form the Easter holiday most of us know today.
Easter traditions differ around the world. Here are just a few of them.
Children in the United States and Canada say the Easter bunny or rabbit brings eggs at Easter. In Germany and England, they say the hare brings them. The hare looks like a rabbit, but it's larger, with longer ears and legs.
In Australia, rabbits are quite a nuisance as they are not native to the land. For this reason, there is an attempt being made to dub the Bilby as the the chief egg bringer of the land. For lack of a better description, the Bilby looks a bit like a cross between a mouse and a rabbit.
In Italy, Belgium and France, children say Easter eggs are brought by the church bells. There, church bells do not ring from Good Friday until Easter Sunday. Because of this, people say that the bells have flown off to Rome. As the bells fly back home for Easter, they drop colored eggs for boys and girls to find.
But there are more foods than eggs to enjoy on Easter!
People in Russia eat an Easter bread that is full of plump white raisins and tastes like cake. In some countries of Eastern Europe, people enjoy an Easter Cake called babka. It's shaped like a skirt -- babka means "little old woman". Easter cakes in Italy are shaped like a rabbit, which is a symbol of birth and new life and many other countries make cookies and cakes shaped like a lamb, a symbol of Jesus. Hot cross buns are another traditional Easter bread with icing in the shape of a cross.
Visit our Easter Activities for loads of crafts and coloring pages to help you celebrate the occasion.
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The tourism in Iran including service providers of travel agencies and Tour , agents, aviation, rail, road and sea, hotels, guest houses and accommodation , operators of tourist attractions, restaurants, shops handicraft products, souvenir , clothing, articles of leather and other favorites of tourists .
All studies and archaeological excavations suggest that the history of Iranian architecture from about the seventh millennium before Christ.
since then the art developed and evolved in relation to various issues, especially religious reasons.
Iran architectural features have a special value as compared to with other countries architecture, features such as proper design, precise calculations, the correct form of coverage, compliance with technical and scientific issues in the building, lofty verandas, tall pillars and the various ornaments that each represents a magnificent architectural of Iran.
Arts and Handicrafts of Iran
Iranian handicraft is effect of art, culture and civilization of this land east .
several thousand years of rich Iranian civilization makes amazed and encouraged all tourists to take a piece of this ancient land as a brief history of Iran, souvenirs and valuable pieces for the tourists are the same handicrafts .
Monuments of Iran
Iran with a brilliant history, one of the countries that has many ancient monuments ,
this monuments including : ‘bazaar’s , bridges , churches , mosques , ‘Emamzadeh’s , persian gardens & parks , historic houses, mausoleums & tombs , minarets , museums , palaces , historic schools , towers and caravanserais .
Iran has one of the unique climates in the world. sometimes the difference between the hottest and coldest temperatures in winter points to more than 50 ºC.
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Recycling carbon revenues: transforming costs into opportunities
This note was drafted at the request of the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development for the High-level Panel on Carbon Pricing organized in June 2016 in Paris.
Authors: Manasvini VAIDYULA / Emilie ALBEROLA, Phd
The World Bank estimates that in 2015 alone, $26 billion in government revenue has been generated through carbon pricing initiatives. These revenues can be used for many purposes – including achieving climate ambitions – that could yield economic and environmental gains. This potential gain is referred to as the ‘revenue recycling effect’.
Revenue allocation decisions made by governments are vital as these revenues can help shift the narrative on carbon pricing from ‘burden to benefit’. Regardless of where the revenues are spent, a well-positioned decision-making and governing framework is required to ensure that revenue spending is in accordance with set objectives; progress in achievement of objectives can be monitored and verified; the investment plan is able to reflect changing priorities and revenue spending decisions are communicated clearly to the public.
The paper briefly examines this subject while providing examples of carbon revenue usage by certain governments and offering some recommendations to policymakers.
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On October 26, 1999, the FDA made the dramatic move of authorizing the use of health claims about the role of soy protein in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease on labeling of foods containing soy protein. They concluded that foods containing soy protein, as part of a healthy diet, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering blood cholesterol levels. This was big news!
Coronary heart disease causes more deaths in the U.S. than any other disease. High total cholesterol levels and high levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are both associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease. The FDA made their bold statement in response to clinical trials proving that consumption of soy protein, compared with other proteins, can lower both total and LDL-cholesterol levels. It appears that we need 25 grams of soy protein daily in the diet to show a significant cholesterol lowering effect.
Not all soy-containing foods can carry the heart disease claim. They must also meet the requirements for low fat, low saturated fat, and low cholesterol content — unless the foods are made with the whole soybean. These may also qualify for the health claim if they contain no fat in addition to that present in the whole soybean. The food must also contain at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving, so that it is reasonable to expect that people might get 25 grams a day (four such servings).
Following the FDA ruling, a wave of new soy products gathered momentum. Some scientific studies suggested that soy foods had the ability to strengthen the bones as well as the heart, and even to prevent cancer – along with many other health benefits. Soy, in some form or other, appeared as an ingredient in an enormous number of foods. Most of what is labeled vegetable oil in ingredient lists is actually soybean oil. Soy oil became the most widely used oil in the U.S., responsible for more than 75 percent of our total vegetable fats and oils intake. You would almost expect a backlash, fueled by people in businesses who saw soy proteins replacing animal proteins and soy oils replacing saturated animal fats.
Several soy-damning articles written by some people in the red meat/saturated fat movement have been widely circulated on the internet. . They claim that soy contains anti-nutrients and toxins that make nutrition worse, not better. They suggest that it has never been a staple food before modern America. They claim that soy causes rather than prevents cancer. Soy doesn’t strengthen but shrinks the brain and causes Alzheimer’s. Soy’s naturally occurring phytoestrogens don’t prevent heart disease, but cause a host of estrogen-related diseases. And soy foods are causing goiters and other thyroid problems. They call soy a public health disaster, and call for a return to animal fat and animal protein. Cholesterol is your best friend.
After my talk at the 2004 Green Fest in Washington D.C., well-meaning attendees pressed copies of these articles in my hand. They were most stirred up about the phytic acid in soy foods. They fervently cautioned me that only fermented forms of soy were safe. High levels of phytic acid in soy reduce assimilation of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc. Phytic acid in soy is not neutralized by ordinary preparation methods such as soaking, sprouting and long, slow cooking.. Phytic acid can decrease mental function, because it, .blocks zinc absorption. Zinc is essential for proper functioning of the brain.. Their dire warnings are especially grave for vegetarians, ‘Vegetarians who consume tofu as a substitute for meat and dairy products risk severe protein and mineral deficiencies.’
It is true that soybeans are rich in these phytates. So are many other healthy plant foods, including whole grains, nuts, seeds, and a variety of beans, grains, nuts and seeds. It is true that these phytates change the way that our intestines absorb food. They can decrease the absorption of metals and other minerals. But for people eating a varied diet, this is a wonderful, protective mechanism – not a problem. And, far from being calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, or zinc deficient, vegetarians often have better mineral status than non-vegetarians. And those who get a couple of servings of soy a day may be the healthiest of all.
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The goal is to keep the national blood supply safe
Previously, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had recommended that blood be tested for Zika in areas where there is active spread of the virus among mosquitoes. Now, all states are asked to test their donated blood for the virus, according to an announcement by the FDA Friday morning.
“There is still much uncertainty regarding the nature and extent of Zika virus transmission,” said Dr. Peter Marks, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research in a statement about the announcement. “At this time, the recommendation for testing the entire blood supply will help ensure that safe blood is available for all individuals who might need transfusion.”
The FDA said it is making this recommendation after considering the latest science and consulting with public health experts. The agency also took into consideration the severe health problems that blood infected with Zika could cause pregnant women and their children if they are exposed while pregnant.
“Testing of donated blood is already underway in Florida and Puerto Rico, as well as in other areas, and it has shown to be beneficial in identifying donations infected with Zika virus,” the FDA said in a statement. “Expanded testing will continue to reduce the risk for transmission of Zika virus through the U.S. blood supply and will be in effect until the risk of transfusion transmission of Zika virus is reduced.”
Read more about the FDA’s announcement here.
This article originally appeared on Time.com.
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Raised in Depression-era Rockaway Beach, physicist Richard Feynman was irreverent, eccentric, and childishly enthusiastic—a new kind of scientist in a field that was in its infancy. His quick mastery of quantum mechanics earned him a place at Los Alamos working on the Manhattan Project under J. Robert Oppenheimer, where the giddy young man held his own among the nation’s greatest minds. There, Feynman turned theory into practice, culminating in the Trinity test, on July 16, 1945, when the Atomic Age was born. He was only twenty-seven. And he was just getting started. In this sweeping biography, James Gleick captures the forceful personality of a great man, integrating Feynman’s work and life in a way that is accessible to laymen and fascinating for the scientists who follow in his footsteps.
In Life’s Ratchet, physicist Peter M. Hoffmann locates the answer to this age-old question at the nanoscale. The complex molecules of our cells can rightfully be called “molecular machines,” or “nanobots”; these machines, unlike any other, work autonomously to create order out of chaos. Tiny electrical motors turn electrical voltage into motion, tiny factories custom-build other molecular machines, and mechanical machines twist, untwist, separate and package strands of DNA. The cell is like a city—an unfathomable, complex collection of molecular worker bees working together to create something greater than themselves.
Life, Hoffman argues, emerges from the random motions of atoms filtered through the sophisticated structures of our evolved machinery. We are essentially giant assemblies of interacting nanoscale machines; machines more amazing than can be found in any science fiction novel. Incredibly, the molecular machines in our cells function without a mysterious “life force,” nor do they violate any natural laws. Scientists can now prove that life is not supernatural, and that it can be fully understood in the context of science.
Part history, part cutting-edge science, part philosophy, Life’s Ratchet takes us from ancient Greece to the laboratories of modern nanotechnology to tell the story of our quest for the machinery of life.
Particle physics as we know it depends on the Higgs boson: It’s the missing link between the birth of our universe—as a sea of tiny, massless particles—and the tangible world we live in today. But for more than 50 years, scientists wondered: Does it exist?
Physicist Jon Butterworth was at the frontlines of the hunt for the Higgs at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider—perhaps the most ambitious experiment in history. In Most Wanted Particle, he gives us the first inside account of that uncertain time, when an entire field hinged on a single particle, and life at the cutting edge of science meant media scrutiny, late-night pub debates, dispiriting false starts in the face of intense pressure, and countless hours at the collider itself. As Butterworth explains, our first glimpse of the elusive Higgs brings us a giant step closer to understanding the universe—and points the way to an entirely new kind of physics.
You will follow your oxygen atoms through fire and water and from forests to your fingernails. Hydrogen atoms will wriggle into your hair and betray where you live and what you have been drinking. The carbon in your breath will become tree trunks, and the sodium in your tears will link you to long-dead oceans. The nitrogen in your muscles will help to turn the sky blue, the phosphorus in your bones will help to turn the coastal waters of North Carolina green, the calcium in your teeth will crush your food between atoms that were mined by mushrooms, and the iron in your blood will kill microbes as it once killed a star.
You will also discover that much of what death must inevitably do to your body is already happening among many of your atoms at this very moment and that, nonetheless, you and everyone else you know will always exist somewhere in the fabric of the universe.
You are not only made of atoms; you are atoms, and this book, in essence, is an atomic field guide to yourself.
“A modern voyage of discovery.” —Frank Wilczek, Nobel Laureate, author of The Lightness of Being
The Higgs boson is one of our era’s most fascinating scientific frontiers and the key to understanding why mass exists. The most recent book on the subject, The God Particle, was a bestseller. Now, Caltech physicist Sean Carroll documents the doorway that is opening—after billions of dollars and the efforts of thousands of researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland—into the mind-boggling world of dark matter. The Particle at the End of the Universe has it all: money and politics, jealousy and self-sacrifice, history and cutting-edge physics—all grippingly told by a rising star of science writing.
Gas-Liquid And Liquid-Liquid Separators is divided into six parts: Part one and two covers fundamentals such as: physical properties, phase behaviour and calculations. Part three through five is dedicated to topics such as: separator construction, factors affecting separation, vessel operation, and separator operation considerations. Part six is devoted to the ASME codes governing wall thickness determination of vessel weight fabrication, inspection, alteration and repair of separators500 illustrationsEasy to understand calculations methodsGuide for protecting downstream equipmentHelps reduce the loss of expensive intermediate endsHelps increase product purity
Beginning with simple theoretical models and experimental techniques, the book develops the complete repertoire of theoretical principles and experimental techniques necessary for understanding and implementing the most sophisticated NMR experiments.
Important new techniques and applications of NMR spectroscopy have emerged since the first edition of this extremely successful book was published in 1996. This updated version includes new sections describing measurement and use of residual dipolar coupling constants for structure determination, TROSY and deuterium labeling for application to large macromolecules, and experimental techniques for characterizing conformational dynamics. In addition, the treatments of instrumentation and signal acquisition, field gradients, multidimensional spectroscopy, and structure calculation are updated and enhanced.
The book is written as a graduate-level textbook and will be of interest to biochemists, chemists, biophysicists, and structural biologists who utilize NMR spectroscopy or wish to understand the latest developments in this field.Provides an understanding of the theoretical principles important for biological NMR spectroscopyDemonstrates how to implement, optimize and troubleshoot modern multi-dimensional NMR experimentsAllows for the capability of designing effective experimental protocols for investigations of protein structures and dynamicsIncludes a comprehensive set of example NMR spectra of ubiquitin provides a reference for validation of experimental methods
• It took more than an iceberg to sink the Titanic.
• The Challenger disaster was predicted.
• Unbreakable glass dinnerware had its origin in railroad lanterns.
• A football team cannot lose momentum.
• Mercury thermometers are prohibited on airplanes for a crucial reason.
• Kryptonite bicycle locks are easily broken.
“Things fall apart” is more than a poetic insight—it is a fundamental property of the physical world. Why Things Break explores the fascinating question of what holds things together (for a while), what breaks them apart, and why the answers have a direct bearing on our everyday lives.
When Mark Eberhart was growing up in the 1960s, he learned that splitting an atom leads to a terrible explosion—which prompted him to worry that when he cut into a stick of butter, he would inadvertently unleash a nuclear cataclysm. Years later, as a chemistry professor, he remembered this childhood fear when he began to ponder the fact that we know more about how to split an atom than we do about how a pane of glass breaks.
In Why Things Break, Eberhart leads us on a remarkable and entertaining exploration of all the cracks, clefts, fissures, and faults examined in the field of materials science and the many astonishing discoveries that have been made about everything from the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger to the crashing of your hard drive. Understanding why things break is crucial to modern life on every level, from personal safety to macroeconomics, but as Eberhart reveals here, it is also an area of cutting-edge science that is as provocative as it is illuminating.
From the Hardcover edition.
This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated and has been redesigned to give the book a more contemporary look. As with previous editions it contains numerous examples, references and a series of exercises of increasing difficulty to encourage student understanding. Updates include: Increased coverage of MALDI and ESI, more detailed description of time of flight spectrometers, new material on isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and an expanded range of applications.
Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition is an invaluable resource for all undergraduate and postgraduate students using this technique in departments of chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, agriculture, material science and food science. It is also of interest for researchers looking for an overview of the latest techniques and developments.
Designed for those new to FTIR, but with enough reference material to appeal to journeyman and expert spectroscopists, this book does not demand any extensive familiarity with chemistry or physics. Specializing in concise and comprehensible explanations of FTIR topics, the author introduces the field of infrared spectroscopy, including the strengths and weaknesses of FTIR as a chemical analysis technique. He then describes the instrument itself and explores topics such as how an interferometer generates a spectrum, optimization of spectral quality, and which tests are used to monitor instrument health.
The book discusses how to properly use spectral processing to increase the information of a spectrum without damaging the data and takes considerable care in instructing on sample preparation, as good sample preparation constitutes half the battle in extracting good data. The final chapters examine single analyte quantitative analysis and conclude with an overview of infrared microscopy.
Drawing on the experience and knowledge of the author as both a professor and practitioner, Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy offers up-to-date information given in clear, easily understood language to appeal to beginner and expert spectroscopists alike. The author maintains a website and blog with supplemental material. His training course schedule is also available online.
This book presents an overview of the technological advances that have occurred since the publication of the Editors earlier book High Voltage Vacuum Insulation: The Physical Basis. In this latest book, contributions from internationally recognized professionals and researchers in the field provide expanded treatment of the practical aspects of the subject. High Voltage Vacuum Insulation: Basic Concepts and Technological Practice provides a modern working manual for this specialized technology that is generic to a wide range of applications. The format makes the text suitable for use as a basis for special topic lecture courses at either the undergraduate or graduate level.Provides the fundamental physical concepts of the subjectFocuses on practical applicationsGives a historical survey of the fieldIncludes a detailed account of system design criteriaReviews theoretical models developed to explain the pinhole phenomenaPresents results of a series of experimental investigations on the subject
Reviews of the First Edition
“For anyone wishing to know what really goes on in their NMR experiments, I would highly recommend this book” – Chemistry World
“…I warmly recommend for budding NMR spectroscopists, or others who wish to deepen their understanding of elementary NMR theory or theoretical tools” – Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
In order to be able to reflect the development of today's science and to cover all modern aspects of thin films, the series, starting with Volume 20, has moved beyond the basic physics of thin films. It now addresses the most important aspects of both inorganic and organic thin films, in both their theoretical as well as technological aspects. Therefore, in order to reflect the modern technology-oriented problems, the title has been slightly modified from Physics of Thin Films to Thin Films.
This volume, part of the Thin Films Series, has been wholly written by two authors instead of showcasing several edited manuscripts.
assumes only basic mathematical knowledge on the part of the reader and includes more than 100 discussion questions and some 70 problems, with solutions as well as further supplementary material available free to lecturers from the Wiley-VCH website.
Divided into five chapters, the book starts by giving an introduction to the discovery of active nitrogen, the energy content, and the methods by which this may be produced. The succeeding part deals with light emissions from active nitrogen system. This discussion includes molecular spectrum of nitrogen, emission from atomic energy and condensed active nitrogen, emission from molecular species with electronic energy levels below and above 9.76 eV, and light-emitting systems of active nitrogen.
The next part focuses on theories on active nitrogen. The theories discussed are long-lived Lewis-Rayleigh afterglow and short-lived, energetic afterglows. Numerical representations are provided to test the validity of the theories. Lastly, the discussions end with chemical reactions of active nitrogen. Topics contained in this part are text on recombination of N(4S) atoms; rate constants for reactions presumably induced by direct N(4S) attack; reactions caused by excited nitrogen molecular attack; and mechanism for reactions of active nitrogen that seem to influence direct N(4S) attack.
The book is a valuable source of information for readers interested in the research on active nitrogen.
As computer chips continue to shrink in size, scientists anticipate the end of the road: A computer in which each switch is comprised of a single atom. Such a device would operate under a different set of physical laws: The laws of quantum mechanics. Johnson gently leads the curious outsider through the surprisingly simple ideas needed to understand this dream, discussing the current state of the revolution, and ultimately assessing the awesome power these machines could have to change our world.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Since the publication of the highly successful first edition of Basic Gas Chromatography, the practice of chromatography has undergone several notable developments. Basic Gas Chromatography, Second Edition covers the latest in the field, giving readers the most up-to-date guide available, while maintaining the first edition's practical, applied approach to the subject and its accessibility to a wide range of readers.
The text provides comprehensive coverage of basic topics in the field, such as stationary phases, packed columns and inlets, capillary columns and inlets, detectors, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the same time, the coverage also features key additions and updated topics including:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Sampling methods Multidimensional gas chromatography Fast gas chromatography Gas chromatography analysis of nonvolatile compounds Inverse gas chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography
Along with these new and updated topics, the references, resources, and Web sites in Basic Gas Chromatography have been revised to reflect the state of the field. Concise and fundamental in its coverage, Basic Gas Chromatography, Second Edition remains the standard handbook for everyone from undergraduates studying analytical chemistry to working industrial chemists.
Part one provides an introduction to quantum information processing using diamond, as well as its principles and fabrication techniques. Part two outlines experimental demonstrations of quantum information processing using diamond, and the emerging applications of diamond for quantum information science. It contains chapters on quantum key distribution, quantum microscopy, the hybridization of quantum systems, and building quantum optical devices. Part three outlines promising directions and future trends in diamond technologies for quantum information processing and sensing.
Quantum Information Processing with Diamond is a key reference for R&D managers in industrial sectors such as conventional electronics, communication engineering, computer science, biotechnology, quantum optics, quantum mechanics, quantum computing, quantum cryptology, and nanotechnology, as well as academics in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering.Brings together the topics of diamond and quantum information processingLooks at applications such as quantum computing, neural circuits, and in vivo monitoring of processes at the molecular scale
* The first reference work on named reactions to present colored schemes for easier understanding
* 250 frequently used named reactions are presented in a convenient two-page layout with numerous examples
* An opening list of abbreviations includes both structures and chemical names
* Contains more than 10,000 references grouped by seminal papers, reviews, modifications, and theoretical works
* Appendices list reactions in order of discovery, group by contemporary usage, and provide additional study tools
* Extensive index quickly locates information using words found in text and drawings
* Includes a solid introduction to the simulation of equilibrium processes and the simulation of complex kinetic processes.
* Provides examples of routines that are easily adapted to the processes investigated by the reader
* 'Model-based' analysis (linear and non-linear regression) and 'model-free' analysis are covered
This book will be mandatory reading for anyone working on the foundations of modern devices such as free electron lasers, plasma accelerators, synchroton sources and other modern sources of bright, coherent radiation with high spectral density.
The text discusses the practical aspects of building a confocal scanning optical microscope or optical interference microscope, and the applications of these microscopes to phase imaging, biological imaging, and semiconductor inspection and metrology.A comprehensive theoretical discussion of the depth and transverse resolution is given with emphasis placed on the practical results of the theoretical calculations and how these can be used to help understand the operation of these microscopes.Provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of scanning optical microscopy for scientists and engineersExplains many practical applications of scanning optical and interference microscopy in such diverse fields as biology and semiconductor metrologyDiscusses in theoretical terms the origin of the improved depth and transverse resolution of scanning optical and interference microscopes with emphasis on the practical results of the theoretical calculationsConsiders the practical aspects of building a confocal scanning or interference microscope and explores some of the design tradeoffs made for microscopes used in various applicationsDiscusses the theory and design of near-field optical microscopesExplains phase imaging in the scanning optical and interference microscopes
The overall layout of the book is similar to that of the previous two editions however, there are considerable changes in emphasis and several key additions including:
•up-to-date presentation of modern theories of liquid-vapour coexistence and criticality
•areas of considerable present and future interest such as super-cooled liquids and the glass transition
•the area of liquid metals, which has grown into a mature subject area, now presented as part of the chapter ionic liquids
•Provides cutting-edge research in the principles of liquid-state theory
•Includes frequent comparisons of theoretical predictions with experimental and simulation data
•Suitable for researchers and post-graduates in the field of condensed matter science (Physics, Chemistry, Material Science), biophysics as well as those in the oil industry
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy deals with the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It measure the absorption of different IR frequencies by a sample positioned in the path of an IR beam. Currently, infrared spectroscopy is one of the most common spectroscopic techniques used in the food industry. With the rapid development in infrared spectroscopic instrumentation software and hardware, the application of this technique has expanded into many areas of food research. It has become a powerful, fast, and non-destructive tool for food quality analysis and control.
Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Quality Analysis and Control reflects this rapid technology development. The book is divided into two parts. Part I addresses principles and instruments, including theory, data treatment techniques, and infrared spectroscopy instruments. Part II covers the application of IRS in quality analysis and control for various foods including meat and meat products, fish and related products, and others.
*Explores this rapidly developing, powerful and fast non-destructive tool for food quality analysis and control
*Presented in two Parts -- Principles and Instruments, including theory, data treatment techniques, and instruments, and Application in Quality Analysis and Control for various foods making it valuable for understanding and application
*Fills a need for a comprehensive resource on this area that includes coverage of NIR and MVA
Principle, experimental set ups, parameters and interpretation rules of several advanced IR-based techniques; application to biointerface characterisation through the presentation of recent examples, will be given in this book. It will describe how to characterise amino acids, protein or bacterial strain interactions with metal and oxide surfaces, by using infrared spectroscopy, in vacuum, in the air or in an aqueous medium. Results will highlight the performances and perspectives of the technique.Description of the principles, expermental setups and parameter interpretation, and the theory for several advanced IR-based techniques for interface characterisationContains examples which demonstrate the capacity, potential and limits of the IR techniquesHelps finding the most adequate mode of analysisContains examplesContains a glossary by techniques and by keywords
The selection and organization of the material is in a form to prepare the reader to reason independently and to deal just as independently with available theoretical results and experimental data. The subjects dealt with include:
- electronic transport theory based on the test-particle and correlation-function concepts;
- scattering by phonons, impurities, surfaces, magnons, dislocations, electron-electron scattering and electron temperature;
- two-phonon scattering, spin-flip scattering, scattering in degenerate and many-band models.
A discussion is then presented on carbon-13 NMR, detailing its pros and cons and showing how it can be used in conjunction with proton NMR via the pivotal 2-D techniques (HSQC and HMBC) to yield vital structural information. Some of the more specialist techniques available are then discussed, i.e. flow NMR, solvent suppression, Magic Angle Spinning, etc. Other important nuclei are then discussed and useful data supplied. This is followed by a discussion of the neglected use of NMR as a tool for quantification and new techniques for this explained. The book then considers the safety aspects of NMR spectroscopy, reviewing NMR software for spectral prediction and data handling and concludes with a set of worked Q&As.
This book is an easy-to-use compendium of problems encountered when using various commonly used analytical techniques. Emphasis is on impurities, by-products, contaminants and other artifacts. A separate entry is provided for each artifact. For specific chemicals, this entry provides the common name, mass spectrum, gas chromatographic data, CAS name and registry number, synonyms and a narrative discussion. More than 1100 entries are included. Mass spectral data are indexed in a 6-peak index (molecular ion, base peak, second peak, third peak) and there are also formula, author and subject indexes. An extensive bibliography contains complete literature citations.
The book is designed to be used. It will not only allow experienced analysts to profit from the mistakes of others, but it will also be invaluable to other scientists who use analytical instruments in their work.
The aim of the book is twofold. Firstly, to reveal to the reader the combined use of different spectroscopic data, to facilitate an insight into the structure and conformational properties of any new piperidine derivative. Secondly, to establish a consistent link between conformation and reactivity for a variety of piperidine derivatives. Such a bridge is a key step for stereocontrol when dealing with the application of piperidine derivatives as synthetic intermediates. The book is conceived so that most of the information comes from visual inspection of the very abundant graphic material. An exhaustive subject index of more than 450 entries is also included.
Divided into five parts, the book begins with discussions on group and field theories. The second part summarizes the standard model of particle physics and includes some extensions to the model, such as neutrino masses and CP violation. The next section focuses on grand unified theories and supersymmetry. The book then discusses the general theory of relativity, higher dimensional theories of gravity, and superstring theory. It also introduces various novel ideas and models with extra dimensions and low-scale gravity. The last part of the book deals with astroparticle physics. After an introduction to cosmology, it covers several specialized topics, including baryogenesis, dark matter, dark energy, and brane cosmology.
With numerous equations and detailed references, this lucid book explores the new physics beyond the standard model, showing that particle and astroparticle physics will together reveal unique insights in the next era of physics.
Searching for the best laboratory instruments and systems can be a daunting and expensive task. A poorly selected instrument can dramatically affect results produced and indirectly affect research papers, the quality of student training, and an investigator's chances for advancement. Buying and Selling Laboratory Instruments offers the valuable insights of an analytical chemist and consultant with over four decades of experience in locating instruments based upon both need and price. It helps all decision makers find the best equipment, service, and support while avoiding the brand-loyalty bias of sales representatives so you can fully meet your laboratory's requirements.
The first section of the book guides buyers through the hurdles of funding, purchasing, and acquiring best-fit instruments at the least-expensive price. It explains how to find vendors that support their customers with both knowledgeable service and application support. Also offered is guidance on adapting your existing instruments to new applications, integrating new equipment, and what to do with instruments that can no longer serve in research mode.
The second section explains the sales process in detail. This is provided both as a warning against manipulative sales reps and as a guide to making the sale a win-win process for you and your vendor. It also shows you how to select a knowledgeable technical guru to help determine the exact system configuration you need and where to find the best price for it. Added bonuses are summary figures of buying sequence and sales tools and an appendix containing frequently asked questions and memory aids.
Buying and Selling Laboratory Instruments is for people directly involved in selecting and buying instruments for operational laboratories, from the principle investigator to the person actually delegated with investigating and selecting the system to be acquired. Sales representatives; laboratory managers; universities; pharmaceutical, biotech, and forensic research firms; corporate laboratories; graduate and postdoctoral students; and principle investigators will not want to be without this indispensible guide.
Designed to be completed in one semester, this text enables students to fully grasp and apply the core concepts of analytical chemistry and aqueous chemical equilibria. Moreover, the text enables readers to master common instrumental methods to perform a broad range of quantitative analyses. Author Brian Tissue has written and structured the text so that readers progressively build their knowledge, beginning with the most fundamental concepts and then continually applying these concepts as they advance to more sophisticated theories and applications.
Basics of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Equilibria is clearly written and easy to follow, with plenty of examples to help readers better understand both concepts and applications. In addition, there are several pedagogical features that enhance the learning experience, including:Emphasis on correct IUPAC terminology "You-Try-It" spreadsheets throughout the text, challenging readers to apply their newfound knowledge and skills Online tutorials to build readers' skills and assist them in working with the text's spreadsheets Links to analytical methods and instrument suppliers Figures illustrating principles of analytical chemistry and chemical equilibria End-of-chapter exercises
Basics of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Equilibria is written for undergraduate students who have completed a basic course in general chemistry. In addition to chemistry students, this text provides an essential foundation in analytical chemistry needed by students and practitioners in biochemistry, environmental science, chemical engineering, materials science, nutrition, agriculture, and the life sciences.
This book guides the reader through the mathematics, physics and practical techniques needed to use telescopes (from small amateur models to the larger instruments installed in many colleges) and to observe objects in the sky. Mathematics to around Advanced Placement standard (US) or A level (UK) is assumed, although High School Diploma (US) or GCSE-level (UK) mathematics plus some basic trigonometry will suffice most of the time. Most of the physics and engineering involved is described fully and requires no prior knowledge or experience.
This is a ‘how to’ book that provides the knowledge and background required to understand how and why telescopes work. Equipped with the techniques discussed in this book, the observer will be able to operate with confidence his or her telescope and to optimize its performance for a particular purpose. In principle the observer could calculate his or her own predictions of planetary positions (ephemerides), but more realistically the observer will be able to understand the published data lists properly instead of just treating them as ‘recipes.’ When the observer has obtained measurements, he/she will be able to analyze them in a scientific manner and to understand the significance and meaning of the results.
“Telescopes and Techniques, 3rd Edition” fills a niche at the start of an undergraduate astronomer’s university studies, as shown by it having been widely adopted as a set textbook. This third edition is now needed to update its material with the many new observing developments and study areas that have come into prominence since it was published. The book concentrates on the knowledge needed to understand how small(ish) optical telescopes function, their main designs and how to set them up, plus introducing the reader to the many ways in which objects in the sky change their positions and how they may be observed. Both visual and electronic imaging techniques are covered, together with an introduction to how data (measurements) should be processed and analyzed. A simple introduction to radio telescopes is also included. Brief coverage of the most advanced topics of photometry and spectroscopy are included, but mainly to enable the reader to see some of the developments possible from the basic observing techniques covered in the main parts of the book.
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A tiny chirping frog, a striped gecko and dozens of species of jumping spiders — all thought to be new to science — have been found in one of the largest undeveloped areas of Papua New Guinea, scientists announced today.
The discoveries were made during a month-long exploration of the Pacific nation's central mountains by scientists with Conservation International (CI) in July and August 2008.
More than 600 species were documented during the expedition. Of those, 50 spider species, two plants, three frogs and the gecko are thought to be new to science.
The three frogs include a tiny brown frog with a sharp chirping call (Oreophryne sp.), a bright green tree frog with enormous eyes (Nyctimystes sp.), and a torrent-dwelling frog that has a loud ringing call (Litoria sp.). The gecko (Cyrtodactylus sp.) was the only specimen of its kind found in the dense rainforest.
The discovery of three entirely novel genera from among the spider species discovered is particularly noteworthy, said expedition scientist Wayne Maddison of the University of British Columbia. They shed light on a branch of the evolutionary tree previously thought to be sparse.
"They are strikingly distinctive evolutionary lineages that had been unknown before, with a group that is already very distinctive on the evolutionary tree of jumping spiders," said Maddison. "Their key position on the evolutionary tree will help us understand how this unique group of jumping spiders has evolved."
Jumping spiders are found in every part of the world except Antarctica. Capable of jumping 30 times their body length, some of the 5,000 documented species are common in households. They come in many shapes and sizes, some resembling ants or beetles.
Two of the jumping spiders' eight eyes have evolved to be large with high-resolution vision to spot prey. Female jumping spiders also use this heightened visual sense to watch males, who show off their colorful bodies during courtship dances.
Maddison said the smaller animals — like insects and spiders — and plants may hold the secret to many of the world's unknown chemicals.
"Spider venom has evolved for millions of years to affect the neurological systems of the spider's insect prey, and each species of spider gives us another opportunity to find medically useful chemicals," says Maddison. "Jumping spiders with their remarkably miniaturized yet acute eyes could help us understand how to push the limits of vision. In addition to filling in the gaps in our planet's natural history, exploring spider biodiversity and evolution could potentially inform fields as diverse as medicine and robotics."
CI plans three more expeditions to the country in 2009, with the first beginning in early April.
The expedition was funded by Porgera Joint Venture, principally owned by Barrick Gold Corporation.
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裸眼3D应用说明 iDesktopVR is an adaptation for the iPhone / iPod touch of Johnny Chung Lee's WiiDesktopVR view-dependent rendering technique. This method renders 3D objects as if they are "floating" in front of the screen, producing a kind of "holographic" effect. This technology can be used in many types of applications such as games, scientific visualization and architectural walkthroughs. iDesktopVR is a technology demonstration resulting from experiments with the iPhone. In this version, the orientation of the screen relative to the viewer is determined using the accelerometers and the distance between the head and the screen is a fixed value. In other words, instead of physically moving your head in front of a TV screen, in this version you are manipulating the screen itself. Although the device can't interactively detect the distance between your head and the screen, a vertical slider at the right side lets you adjust the head distance value. The screen orientation is used to determine the roll (left/right) and pitch (up/down) angles for the head position. The RESET button at the bottom right corner sets the calibration pose from the device orientation. After this, the pitch and roll angles will be determined as angle differences between the current orientation and the calibration pose. Pressing RESET also resets the head distance to its default value. Please note that using the accelerometers to detect pitch and roll angles works fine, except when the device is perpendicular to the gravity vector. The application may also be used while lying down and holding the device above your head, with the screen facing down. The HUD button at the bottom left corner toggles the display of rendering options: Fog, Grid, Lines, Targets, and display of a 180 Degrees Panoramic image. Pressing anywhere else on screen randomizes the target positions.
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A new solar window from Israel can generate power, reduce energy consumption and let in daylight, promising a green revolution to the construction industry.
The dream of constructing a net zero-energy building has yet to become a reality, but now an Israeli company has come up with an idea that could make it possible.
The innovative product from Pythagoras Solar can be described as a solar window that combines energy efficiency, power generation and transparency.
The world’s first transparent photovoltaic glass unit (PVGU) has been designed to be easily integrated into conventional building design and construction processes. This means that existing office blocks can be retrofitted with the new material instead of energy-seeping glass windows – a process that will pay itself back within five years.
“What we have today – this is what we hear from architects – is very unique,” Pythagoras Solar CEO Gonen Fink tells ISRAEL21c. “The high transparency makes for esthetically pleasing building designs.
“There are many companies today doing energy-efficient windows or energy generators using photovoltaics such as skylights, but this is mostly to show you can produce energy from the building’s envelope. This is the first time somebody has actually combined the advantages in one product.”
In June, Pythagoras Solar’s breakthrough was selected from nearly 5,000 entrants as a winner of the prestigious GE Ecomagination Challenge (challenge.ecomagination.com), which recognizes the most promising innovations for capturing, managing and using energy in buildings.
“GE sets high standards and we are proud that our technology has been recognized as a distinctive solution, ready for the real world and set to enable a market shift towards net zero-energy buildings,” said Udi Paret, vice president for marketing and business development.
“This award, along with its $100,000 prize, validates our proposition and supplements the increased interest we are seeing from successful pilots, first commercial projects and growing product demand.”
The company was co-founded in 2007 by Fink and Dr. Itay Baruchi (CTO). Before Pythagoras Solar, Fink helped turn Check Point Software Technologies from an early-stage start-up to a multi-billion dollar global market leader in internet security. Baruchi is an expert in neuronal networks, whose work on biological memory was named one of the “50 Most Significant Scientific Breakthroughs” by Scientific American in December 2007.
“The idea was to use innovative optics with solar cells to produce a new product that would allow solar energy to become part of the next generation of building design,” Fink explains.
“The application that we very early saw as most attractive was using optics to produce benefits such as allowing light into the building, power generation and reducing the building’s power needs.”
Further, he notes, “The need to improve the energy efficiency of buildings has been in the news a lot recently. Many companies are trying to come up with solutions that would reduce energy consumption. We want daylight, but not the heat because of the air-conditioning costs involved as result.
“Until now, the only solution has been to block windows with curtains or blinds — and that means you need more artificial lighting. Our optical design allows multiple advantages, by using direct light to generate energy. This is done with something that doesn’t look like a solar panel, but a window. This makes the whole concept more attractive to architects.”
“People underestimate the revolution that’s happening in the construction industry,” says Fink. “In almost every country there are more regulations relating to buildings’ energy consumption. The Obama administration has just set a new target – to reduce energy use by 40 percent.”
The United States Department of Energy estimates that building operations account for up to 39% of the country’s energy consumption and 70% of its power plant-generated electricity. Over 30% of this energy is lost through poor building efficiency.
“Within the industry there’s greater understanding of the needs, and the progress that’s been made is huge. It’s clear to me that new commercial buildings in the coming years will include power generation and energy efficiency. It is going to become a standard,” says Fink.
Having developed the product, the company carried out pilot projects last year in several commercial buildings in the US and Israel. “We took existing buildings, such as the Sears Tower in Chicago – a small part of it, just two windows to begin with – and showed that it works. Then we went to the next stage, which is commercial installation and expanding our manufacturing capacity. We are working with some of the largest glass companies in the world,” says Fink.
Pythagoras is based in Silicon Valley, and much of the production takes place in Los Angeles. The company’s R&D center is in Israel.
“The company is about to take off,” Fink says confidently. “There’s a good reason for my optimism. This is the first time we can bring power generation to green buildings. Until now it’s all been about reducing energy consumption. Ours is the first product that actually combines both. By combining this facet with power generation, we can change the equation.”
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“Don’t forget, there’s an exam next Tuesday!” Great…I’ll start stressing now!
Let’s pump the brakes on those kinds of thoughts. We all get a little nervous before taking tests or exams, but for some of us (me included), can get so in-our-heads about being tested on our knowledge, that we blank. Test anxiety can get the best of us and can compromise our ability to perform well even when we know the material.
What Test Anxiety Looks Like:
Test anxiety symptoms vary from person to person. The effects can be physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.
- Physical symptoms: sweating, shaking, increased heart rate, dry mouth, nausea, “butterflies”
- Behavioral & cognitive symptoms: fidgeting, negative self-talk, blanking
- Emotional symptoms: feelings of anger, helplessness, hopelessness, fear, disappointment
It’s important to note that some anxiety before/during a test can be a good thing. It’s when the anxiety becomes overwhelming that it negatively affects our focus and overall performance.
What Causes Test Anxiety:
Although the reasons for test anxiety are different for everyone, most reasons can fall into one of three categories.
- Having a history of performing poorly on tests
- Being/feeling unprepared
- Being/feeling afraid of failure
Conquering Test Anxiety:
- Prepare yourself: Don’t wait till the last minute to start studying. Not procrastinating is hard, but if studying early means that you’ll feel calmer during the test; it’s worth it. If you’re feeling behind, there’s no shame in asking for help from your friends, family, or teachers.
- Stop with the negative self-talk: This is definitely easier said than done, but next time you start feeling anxious, replace those thoughts with positive ones. For example, if you’re thinking “I can’t do this”, replace it with “I can do this”.
- Get enough sleep: The night before your test, go to bed at a reasonable hour so you don’t feel groggy when you wake up.
- Take deep breaths: You can do this before and during the test. Taking deep breaths will help you stay calm and give you the ability to refocus.
- Don’t focus on perfection: Making mistakes is okay–it’s how you learn. No one is really perfect. What matters, in the end, is how hard you worked and if you’ve improved.
Written by GUADS staff member Toni with contributions from www.verywellmind.com
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Franco-American Rivalry Also Extends to Inventions
Edward Tenner, senior research associate of the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation at the Smithsonian Institution, in US News & World Report (Feb. 16, 2004):
A hundred years after the Wright brothers' triumph at Kitty Hawk, the European consortium Airbus announced a milestone of its own--surpassing the American aviation giant Boeing in the number of airliners delivered in 2003. Airbus, based in Toulouse, France, is now beating its U.S. rival at its own game of size and distance: The 555-passenger, long-range A380, bigger than any Boeing, is already in production.
Airbus's success should be no surprise. America and France may be sparring diplomatically, but technologically the two nations have had a long love affair. Each has developed outstanding innovations, and each has assiduously exploited the other's ideas.
Even the current U.S. military-industrial hegemony has some decidedly French roots. Sylvanus Thayer graduated from West Point in 1808, spent two years in Europe, and was utterly taken with French military thought and training. When he became superintendent in 1817, Thayer modeled the academy's demanding technical curriculum and ethic of honor and service after France's Ecole Polytechnique. Classics on sieges and fortifications by Louis XIV's engineering genius, Marshal Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, were standard texts; studying French was de rigueur.
Silver bullet. The French connection persisted into the Civil War. The Minie bullet that made that conflict's rifle-muskets three times as deadly as earlier weapons was originally developed by French officers. In 1885, the French ordnance engineer Paul Vieille introduced smokeless powder. French artillerymen invented the revolutionary hydropneumatic recoil that allows cannons to remain murderously locked on target for shot after shot. And where would the Navy SEALs be without scuba gear, developed in 1943 on the French Riviera by Emile Gagnan and a soon-to-be famous French officer, Jacques Cousteau?
Even interchangeable parts, the foundation of America's mass production, have French roots. The historian of science Ken Alder has shown that a French gunsmith was using such a system as early as the 1720s. By the 1780s, French military officials were introducing uniform jigs and fixtures at arms factories to enforce strict tolerances and ensure deadlier firearms and ordnance. Thomas Jefferson praised the system, and while it fell into disuse in France in the 19th century, U.S. armories embraced it. Related methods became known in Europe as the American System and, in the early 20th century, as Fordism....
It's pointless to debate who owes more to whom, and far more interesting to rejoice in cross-appropriation. Airbus has many U.S. suppliers, and Boeing will jump ahead sooner or later in the endless technological leapfrog. The last word may belong to the sage--perhaps Oscar Wilde--who said, "Talents imitate; geniuses steal."
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Barbershop music originated from hymns and folk songs in the south, evolving into quartet-focused harmonizing in the late 1800’s, and continued its transformation as it spread across the United States.
In the early 1900s, Tin Pan Alley era music appealed to average singers, gifting them with an easily harmonized, enjoyable song, often accompanied with a instrumental arrangement for a piano or ukulele. Songs from this era made it easy to harmonize in the home, at community gatherings, and even in military service. With the introduction of the phonograph, barbershop music began to spread throughout the country.
Current Friends of Harmony member Peter Hart explains the importance of songs focused on harmonization and during the early years of “barbershop” music. “Before the TV, the piano was the center for entertainment,” he explains. “Songs such as ‘Down by the Old Mill Stream’ or ‘Working on the Railroad’ were typically taught by ear or piano.”
According to the A Cappella Foundation, Barbershop Harmony Society, our national society, was formed as the ‘Society for The Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America’ by twenty-six men on April 11, 1938 in Tulsa, Oklahoma to combat the decline in barbershop music.
“They kept barbershop alive, we wouldn't be singing without it,” Peter says.
As the years went by, entertainment began to modernize. Music became more complex as it went into the swing era and Hollywood movie music taking center stage. Song writers were creating more complex songs, far from the simplistic harmonizing that lead to the rise of barbershop music.
Peter recalls the barbershop style music focus when he first joined the Barbershop Harmony Society.“40 years ago, when I joined in my early 20s, we were singing songs from the 1920s and World War I, songs from Irving Berlin and George M. Cohan. We would eventually begin to sing songs from the World War II era. Songs from Frank Sinatra and Louis Armstrong that were more jazzy and lyrically complex.”
45 years after Barbershop Harmony Society’s inception, through a union of the East Aurora and Amherst, NY chapters, Friends of Harmony was born.
What does the future of Barbershop music look like? The future involves change, singing songs that wouldn’t have made the cut years ago.
“We have to change and bring in new style of music,” says Peter. “Motown music, Billy Joel, Queen, Stevie Wonder, and even more modern songs that wouldn’t have been sung, but we have to move forward.”
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Acoustic Neuroma Types & Stages
An acoustic neuroma is a type of non-cancerous tumor that can develop on the nerve between the inner ear and brain. Although this sounds like it would be a big problem, many individuals who have the condition might not even present symptoms until they are in their 30s or older. A unilateral acoustic neuroma occurs in only one ear. Bilateral acoustic neuromas occur in both ears, and this condition is usually hereditary and present from birth. The treatment process for both types of neuromas at a Phoenix cancer center like Phoenix CyberKnife and Radiation Oncology Center typically occurs in three stages
Stage 1: Development
The development of the acoustic neuroma, sometimes referred to as a vestibular schwannoma, depends on the type of schwannoma in question. It usually takes decades for the tumor to grow large enough to present noticeable symptoms that motivate the individual to seek medical attention. Bilateral acoustic neuromas may present symptoms in the teen years.
Stage 2: Diagnosis
Symptoms of acoustic neuroma tend to include the following:
- Loss of hearing
- Ringing in the ears
- Vertigo or loss of balance
Doctors may have the patient undergo a series of tests to determine the cause of the symptoms. Once acoustic neuroma is confirmed, the patient can then move on to planning either treatment or management of symptoms.
Stage 3: Treatment
There are usually three different types of treatment options: surgery, radiation, or monitoring. Because surgery can sometimes worsen the condition and permanently affect the nerves involved, it may be used as a last resort. It might be possible to reduce the size of the neuroma through radiation. If there are no symptoms or problems stemming from the existence of the neuroma, doctors may opt to simply monitor its progress.
Schedule a Consultation Today
For more detailed information regarding Phoenix acoustic neuroma treatment options, contact our team by calling 602-441-3845.
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Law of similars
The law of similars is the first law in homeopathy, both in principle and historically. Samuel Hahnemann discovered this law by trying out quinine on himself. It produced fever in attacks, once every three days. This is typical for malaria, for which quinine is one of the first remedies. The law of similar is the base for the name 'homeopathy", which means the same, homeo, as the disease, pathos.
In first instance it is strange that a substance which produces a certain kind of disease, will cure that same disease. It sounds like a paradox. One would expect that such a substance would aggravate the disease. There seems to be a dual aspect to substances, toxic and curative. They are similar but opposite.
This curative effect is difficult to explain in a materialistic world view. That would lead to aggravation of the disease. But when one looks at it form the information point of view the curative quality becomes understandable. The remedy cures the disease by giving information to the living organism what is going wrong, what is disordered, what is out of balance. The living organism can use this information, understand what went wrong and bring things in balance gain. The self healing power of living organisms is working normally again.
In this view healing is always the normal situation, like the natural healing of wounds. Disease then is a blockage, a misbalance which hinders the self healing power. The right information shows where the imbalance is and the living organism will restore the situation. For this explanation to make sense the living organism must be an actor, conscious of what is going on and able to repair imbalances. Living organisms cannot be machines only. For medicine this view might seem strange. But looking to normal life, this is what people do and experience. When something goes wrong people try to find out what is the cause, where it went wrong and if they find out what it is they will correct it. There is a strange dichotomy in our cultural views, that at one hand we see ourselves as conscious actors in normal life, but at the other hand as will-less victims and machines in disease.
Centralising versus dispersing
In a more general view of medicine one can discern 2 forms in it. At the one hand there is the drive to go away from the problem, to get rid of the symptoms, to abort the disease, to fight the cancer, to kill the bacteria. One could call it a dispersing treatment. At the other hand there is the attitude to go to the problem, into the problem, in order to experience it the fullest. This can be called a centralizing treatment or a paradoxical treatment. It is clear that homeopathy is, in principle, a centralizing treatment. It does the same as existence, goes to the problem. In regular medicine one uses in general a dispersing treatment, one tries to fight the symptoms and invading negative forces. This is obvious from the terms used for the medications: antihypertensives, antibiotics, antidiabetics, analgetics, antiphlogistica, and one can make the list very long.
The centralizing treatment, expressed in the law of similars, is not limited to homeopathy. In psychotherapy many techniques do the same, trying to go to the problem instead of away from it. A classical example is that of "flooding" in behavioral therapy. Victor Frankl has discovered his “logotherapy“, a technique known as paradoxical intention. Milton Erickson has developed the paradoxical therapy to a high level and NLP was grounded to a large part on his techniques. Haley has even stated that all effects in psychotherapy are coming from its paradoxical part: “The therapeutic change is produced by therapeutic paradoxes that the various psychotherapeutic methods have in common”.
Pharmacology is pathology
A remedy can produce and cure the same disease, the same unhealthy state. The description of what a remedy can produce and cure is therefore the same. One could say the disease is the same as the remedy. This leads to the merging of the pathology book with that of the pharmacology book. They have become inseparable in homeopathy. This dual book is called Materia medica.
From the point of view of regular medicine this merging is trance, as there is pathology and pharmacology, two different fields in medicine. From the point of view of science, the merging of pathology and pharmacology is an advantage, as every unification of different fields is seen as a more encompassing general theory.
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It is very delicate and gigantic in its dimensions: the space telectcope Spitzer has discovered a new Saturn ring. If the giant ring to see from Earth, it would appear twice as large as the full moon.
The Spitzer Space Telescope has discovered a new Saturn ring. (Photo: Reuters)
The Spitzer Space Telescope has discovered a new Saturn ring. (Photo: AP) LONDON - The Saturn has another, previously unknown ring. The delicate, massive dust ring is the largest in our solar system, as reported by Anne J. Verbiscer from the University of Virginia and her colleagues in the British journal "Nature" (online in advance). Look at it yourself and get a optical telescope for sale to watch Saturn.
Astronomers have discovered the thin ring with the giant space telescope Spitzer. He has a diameter of 26 million miles more than 20 times as large as the largest previously known planetary rings, which are Jupiter and Saturn. Had he seen from Earth, it would appear twice as large as the full moon.
Puzzle could be solved
The dust ring is in communication with the distant Saturn moon Phoebe and could solve a mystery that astronomers busy for a long time: the question of why the Saturn moon Iapetus on its front side in the direction of flight is much darker than on his back. It is possible that Iapetus' front over the billions collected dust that descends from the darker outer moons of Saturn.
The team Verbiscer has calculated that the newly discovered ring may have delivered in the past of our solar system enough material to cover the front side of Iapetus with a meter of dust.
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Delhi has always been of greatest historical significance which dates back thousands of years. The momentous sites in the city have witnessed many significant royal events that have shaped the historical legacy of the sub-continent. Unfortunately few of which are still ignorant to us and stands quietly in one corner serving as the memento from the pages of the past
Do you know the importance of 12th December which changed the fate for our city?
On 12th December 1911, King George V announced Delhi as the National Capital of India, replacing Kolkata at the Coronation Park which is situated near Burari towards Nirankari Colony, 2.5 KMs away from Kingsway Camp in North Delhi
The site was developed as the venue to hold the Durbars, or imperial pageant, in Delhi under the supervision of the British Raj, a concept which was adopted from Mughal rulers by the Britishers. Three Durbars were held by the British monarchy during a period of forty years in the park which was held near a ridge where the Britishers emerged victorious during the Indian rebellion of 1857. In addition, the park also emphasised the grandeur of the British monarchy to the native rulers and the people who attended the Durbars which was celebrated in full décor
In 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed the Empress of India at this site and in 1903, the coronation of her son Edward VII was celebrated here. Both occasions called for the summoning of Delhi Durbar, a spectacular show where Nizams of Hyderabad, Gaikwad of Baroda, Begum of Bhopal, Prince of Sikkim/ Burma etc were gratified to greet the new masters.
On 12th December 1911, the 57-acre venue witnessed the third and final Delhi Durbar which was attended by King George V himself. Sitting on a golden throne, under a golden umbrella, the king declared the transfer of “the seat of the Government of India from Calcutta to the ancient capital of Delhi.”
By the way do you know how Kingsway Camp got its name? Because the place serves as the way from where the king passed to reach the Coronation Park
Standing here I realised that Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms. Numerous ruins and places scattered throughout the territory offer a constant reminder of its history
P.S: Coronation Park Map which is being developed by DDA & INTACH
What do you think about this post. Do leave your comments in section below
Reproducing Content & photographs from this website is subject to Author’s approval
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Overtiredness. It can derail your child's sleep. It is also one of the top reasons why children don't sleep through the night.
Kids have a natural rhythm when it comes to sleep, as do all of us. Our bodies secrete hormones to keep us going during the day, and different ones to help us rest at night. Those hormones are dependent on a variety of factors, but timing is the most prevalent.
What happens when your little one stays awake past the time when these natural cues to sleep are activated? The body thinks there is a reason that it has not been allowed to get to sleep, assumes there’s a need to stay awake, and fires up those daytime hormones again. That’s when the trouble starts.
Once those signals to stay awake get fired up, they’re tough to shut down. So less sleep leads to more daytime hormones, which prevent baby from sleeping well, which leads to less sleep. See how it becomes a dangerous cycle?
The good news is, you CAN prevent this! The best way to avoid overtiredness is to get baby to sleep before they miss that window of opportunity. How do you know when that window is? Babies, especially newborns, are a bit ambiguous when it comes to signaling when they’re ready for bed. However, if you know what to look for, it can work wonders in assessing the right time to put baby down.
Some good signs to watch for include tugging at their ears, rubbing their eyes and nose, arching their back, and turning their face into your chest.
Those are all strong signs that your baby’s ready for bed, but they’re also easily mistaken for signs that your baby is hungry, so it’s best to combine your keen eye for signals with an eye on the clock.
Newborns can only handle about an hour of awake time, so make a note of the time when they wake up and remember that they need to be headed down for a nap around 60 minutes after that.
They’ll be able to stay awake for longer stretches as they get older, but even toddlers should only be awake for a few hours at a time. Stay aware of their schedule and err on the side of more sleep, not less.
On the subject of toddlers, they have their own indications that they are overtired. The sudden influx of those daytime hormones can actually make toddlers quite manic, so they seem to be super happy and giggly for a while; just the opposite of what you would expect from a child who needs to get to bed. But you’ll see that before long, their mood will take a big shift into crankiness, and it's likely that you'll have a bedtime battle on your hands.
I know that this schedule may sound a bit rigid for parents who aren’t used to it. After all, an hour at a time is barely enough time to get a diaper changed, a feed in, and a little bit of playtime before baby’s got to get back into their crib and down for another nap. But I can assure you, no client I’ve worked with has ever come back to me after implementing it and said, “I have a feeling that my baby is getting too much sleep.”
So give it a try for a couple of weeks and see how it works. I can almost guarantee you’ll be seeing a happier baby!
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New antibiotics: Not many and fewer all the time
- 8:00 am |
The New England Journal of Medicine last week published the results of a Phase 3 trial of a new antibiotic called fidaxomicin, made by a company called Optimer Pharmacuticals. Fidaxomicin is the first of a new class of antibiotics called macrocycles; it’s a narrow-spectrum drug aimed specifically at Clostridium difficile, the bacterial, toxin-producing, potentially fatal infection of the gut that occurs when broad-spectrum antibiotics have killed off the other populations of bacteria that normally live in the intestines.
Fidaxomicin’s existing competition is vancomycin, the 50-year-old broad-spectrum big gun used for MRSA and many other serious bacterial infections. As compared against vancomycin, fidaxomicin was “noninferior,” in industry jargon; its selling point was a lower rate of recurrence of C. diff among patients who received it compared to those getting the older drug. From the paper:
A total of 629 patients were enrolled, of whom 548 (87.1%) could be evaluated for the per-protocol analysis. The rates of clinical cure with fidaxomicin were noninferior to those with vancomycin in both the modified intention-to-treat analysis (88.2% with fidaxomicin and 85.8% with vancomycin) and the per-protocol analysis (92.1% and 89.8%, respectively). Significantly fewer patients in the fidaxomicin group than in the vancomycin group had a recurrence of the infection, in both the modified intention-to-treat analysis (15.4% vs. 25.3%, P = 0.005) and the per-protocol analysis (13.3% vs. 24.0%, P=0.004). The lower rate of recurrence was seen in patients with non–North American Pulsed Field type 1 strains. The adverse-event profile was similar for the two therapies. (NEJM Louie et al.)
Fidaxomicin has been in the works for a while — it was given Fast Track status by the Food and Drug Administration back in 2003 — and it has faced some criticism for not being different enough from vanco to justify the price that a new drug can charge. Nevertheless, on the basis of this and other trials, Optimer has completed its New Drug Application, and the FDA’s Anti-Infective Drugs Advisory Committee will review it at a meeting in April.
An accompanying editorial in NEJM explains the rationale:
Since 1996, the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has more than doubled. Some estimates suggest that there may be up to 3 million cases each year in the United States. If that statistic is correct, it would make C. difficile infection the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States. With the rising incidence, we are seeing higher mortality associated with the disease, related to at least two factors: increasing virulence of the C. difficile strains and increasing host vulnerability. C. difficile infection is particularly problematic when three factors are aligned: coexisting conditions, including advanced age; disturbed intestinal microbiota as a result of antibiotic therapy or antitumor drugs; and exposure to vegetative cells or spores of C. difficile…
A disturbing number of people have multiple recurrences over many months or years and are exposed to many courses of expensive and potentially toxic antibiotics. The frequent occurrence of intestinal C. difficile colonization in hospitalized patients and in patients with acute and recurrent infections results in an important pathogen reservoir that leads to secondary infection among other exposed patients…
If studies with fidaxomicin confirm a favorable clinical response and a significant decrease in the rate of recurrence after treatment, this new agent could become a recommended therapy for C. difficile infection. (NEJM DuPont)
To me, here’s what’s most notable about the fidaxomicin news: That it is big news, even when it is not a paradigm-changing breakthrough. That speaks to how few antibiotics are coming through the development pipeline now. And that is happening because, for the most part, pharma companies have decided that antibiotics are not a cost-effective investment.
You could see this in the news last week that Pfizer Inc. is closing major plants and cutting back on its antibiotics business. Dr. David Shlaes, formerly an executive at Wyeth and Idenix (and author of Antibiotics: The Perfect Storm), blogged:
While traveling this week I received a surprising and frightening email from a colleague at Pfizer. He said that Pfizer had just announced that they were moving their antibacterial research and development from Groton, CT in the US to China. They move cardiovascular research to Massachusetts, but antibiotics go to China. Their (2,400-employee) facility in Sandwich, UK, the origin of Viagra and, if I’m not mistaken, Diflucan, will be closed. This was announced as part of an almost 25% cut in research and development overall within Pfizer…
It is important to understand that once a company abandons antibacterial research, they lose their internal expertise in the area. This makes it difficult if not impossible for the company to evaluate opportunities in this space from external (i.e. biotech) sources. Therefore, it further erodes opportunities for biotech. This then leads to a ripple effect where no one can work on antibiotics because of a lack of partners with big pockets to support the late stage research required to get the products registered.
A few experts and health authorities have been warning for years — mostly without being listened to — that the lack of new antibiotics is a crisis. Representatives of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) wrote last year in Clinical Infectious Diseases:
The antibiotic pipeline problem may change the practice of medicine as we know it. Advanced interventions currently taken for granted—for example, surgery, cancer treatment, transplantation, and care of premature babies—could become impossible as antibiotic options become fewer. Resistance to the current library of antibacterial drugs is a serious problem in all parts of the world including the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, and North America. Accordingly, the regulatory, financial, and scientific challenges/impediments to antibacterial drug development are a global problem.
Truly new antibiotics are critically needed because bacteria, having no experience of them, cannot immediately mount resistance to them — something that does happen with me-too compounds featuring some slight molecular change. But they’re rare. As this chart from the research group Extending the Cure shows, antibiotic development has slowed dramatically over the past 30 years, and among the few drugs being brought forth, most share the mechanisms of already-existing classes.
How bleak is the situation? The online journal Knowledge@Wharton (from University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business) has a special report out this week, In Search of Faster Cures. It’s hard to imagine on-the-other-hand economists indulging in alarmism, but they feel comfortable calling the situation a crisis. The report sounds an R&D warning:
The year 2011 marks the end of an era for the pharmaceutical industry, which has long relied on blockbuster drugs to keep it financially healthy. But with best-sellers like Pfizer’s cholesterol-lowering Lipitor — the world’s most prescribed medicine — losing patent protection this year, drug makers are feverishly seeking new prescriptions for profit. No fewer than nine of the industry’s 10 biggest blockbusters will go off-patent and face low-cost generic competition within five years, according to the consulting firm Bernstein Research.
There is little in the pipeline to replace these top sellers. The number of new drugs has been steadily falling despite rising public and private spending for research and development. Approval of new treatments by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has dropped from an average of more than 35 a year in the mid-1990s to just 20 in 2009, according to the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development.
So what’s to be done? Various voices, including IDSA, have been arguing for breaks for drug companies, from extending patent life from 20 years to 25 or 30, to granting market-exclusivity rights — also known as wild-card patents — to other drugs made by the same company. (So that, for instance, a company that made a new antibiotic would get a secondary patent that it could apply to an existing drug, in order to extend the period in which it could be sole manufacturer.) But in a paper in Health Affairs that I’m just catching up to now, Boston academics Aaron S. Kesselheim and Kevin Outterson argue that such supply-side solutions could harm public health rather than help:
Because future spending on pharmaceutical products is unpredictable, patent owners may choose to maximize short-term revenues, wasting antibiotic resources. For example, they may encourage the broad use of an antibiotic so they can sell more of the drug. If there are other manufacturers with antibiotics in the same class, this anticonservation pressure will spread to those competitors. The damage in terms of resistance may then be even more acute, because bacteria may develop cross-resistance among drugs with similar mechanisms of action.
Instead, they recommend linking the supply side to explicit public health goals:
[W]e suggest a conservation-based market exclusivity strategy, whereby the FDA would set specific effectiveness targets for each antibiotic. Just as the FDA consults with expert advisory committees on the approval of new drugs, it could consult with appropriate experts from the NIH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ideally, these experts would be free from substantial conflicts of interest.
In the deliberations, factors such as disease morbidity, the effectiveness of current treatment strategies, and the rate of emerging resistance would be used to set the public health goals. If the observed data met the target and equitable access to the drug was observed, the company would continue to enjoy marketing exclusivity.
Setting up such a system would face a number of hurdles, from finding unconflicted experts, to require improving funding for surveillance for resistance, to potentially even loosening price-fixing rules to allow collaboration among manufacturers who make different drugs the same antibiotic class. So, not a quick remedy. But as the news from Pfizer and the lack of news over new drugs underlines, something has to be done.
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A few years ago a thief looked in a gallery window and saw what he thought was a painting by a relatively expensive, dead artist. Using an accomplice to distract the dealer, he grabbed it and fled. It turned out to be one of mine. I know the disappointment he must have felt because the painting soon appeared in a nearby dumpster. This is an example of someone trying to steal something that might have been successfully fenced in an auction or another gallery. I fooled ’em.
The theft of Edvard Munch’s The Scream and Madonna, from the Oslo Munch Museum is a theft of a different stripe. Impossible to resell, these works can only have been stolen because they could be. In a way, it’s good to know that there are people in this world, like artists, who want to see if they can get away with things — to test the limits of their cleverness. Apparently, it’s also got something to do with stealing the magic that is art. British psychoanalyst Darian Leader explains the phenomena in Stealing the Mona Lisa. His book tells of the poor Italian house painter, Vincenzo Peruggia who, in 1911, merely tucked Mona under his smock and put her in the closet of his humble room. Later he confessed he did it not for money but for the love of a woman.
Leader also suggests that a painting needs to be properly stolen in order for it to become an icon and irresistibly desirable to a wider public. Further, as most of the thieves are men, the stealing of female imagery takes the psychoanalyst into some sticky stuff. Leader says, “An image is a human-capturing device.” Apparently, thieves as well as artists know this. But maybe some moneyed connoisseur knows it too and is privately slavering over Madonna and Scream along with a Schnapps and a good cigar in a paneled inner sanctum. Meanwhile his clever hit-men are blowing his cash in a bar. Leader concludes that no one does the big jobs for the money.
Of particular interest in the Mona Lisa case, gallery-goers lined up for years to file past the empty space where the painting once hung. That’s sort of modern — conceptual — when you think of it. One thing I do know is that art makes some people go funny and do crazy things. Like the guy who threw mine into the dumpster.
PS: “The Mona Lisa is a magical prize, an amulet to ward off a feeling of insufficiency.” (Craig Burnett)
Esoterica: Stealing, like art itself, is an art. Stealing art is one of the highest of the stealing arts. Books are written and films are made honouring this tradition. To have one’s work stolen is a compliment and can be a big career move. Try to get your stuff stolen.
This letter was originally published as “Why do people steal art?” on August 31, 2004.
“What’s new is this amazingly efficient distribution system for stolen property called the Internet — and no one’s gonna shut down the Internet.” (Steve Jobs)
October 1st to October 5th 2018
The Aspens turning golden, blue mountain streams rushing, and migrating flocks of birds and animals that call the National Park their home are grazing in the autumn fields. We will be staying in comfortable historic accommodations near the entrance to the park. All ground transfers, en-suite accommodations, a delicious chef-prepared welcome dinner, boxed lunches and painting with professional artist Sharon Rusch Shaver.
All inclusive* $1,450. Beginner to Advanced, oil, watercolor, pastel, pencil, and photography are welcome. We work together daily sharing our knowledge of capturing a moment in time in such a wonderful and historic location.
Register before July 30th and receive a discount, and more workshop information. Adventure-Artists Website Join us!
I seek to paint the essence and beauty of the natural world, land and sea impressions, textured nuances of tree bark or beautifully imperfect jars of clay.
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Children need to see that their parents can get on
All children are affected when their parents separate, no matter what their backgrounds. The difference that parents can make is to the degree of the effect.
Research shows that behavioural problems, peer relationships, achievement in school, self-esteem, social competence and psychological adjustment are among the consequences of parental separation.
When parents choose court, the procedural adversary and negative feelings generated are more likely to trigger these problems. Children see themselves as half of each parent. If their parents are fighting each other, children may feel that their own identity is under attack. But it doesn’t have to be that way.
When parents choose mediation, children benefit. The future well-being of the whole family will be at the heart of the sometimes difficult decisions that need to be made. Children’s needs are at the forefront and parents learn to separate any negative feelings for each other from their parenting roles.
It's not just you who finds co-parenting difficult
When parents live together, they may talk about their children many times over the course of a day. They may discuss eating habits, bed times and which school to choose. They might have conversations about who is going to pick the children up from school, who is going to look after them when a child is ill and can’t go to school, or what presents they think their children might like for their birthdays. These conversations could take place at any time of the day, and may last from a few minutes over the washing up, to something longer.
Courts can't resolve parental conflict
While courts can make orders which determine parents’ parenting time with their children, they can’t order parents to learn what they need to do in order to make these decisions.
Most parents will have the capacity to make their own decisions. But misdirected hostility and an historic reliance on the courts means that when things go wrong, they tend to turn to judges instead of sorting things out for themselves.
Judges will be the first to admit that parents and not them are better qualified people to make these decisions. There is a better way.
Start parenting mediation
At Start Mediation we help parents create their own parenting plans. Separated parents who have lost the opportunity to speak daily about their children, will benefit from finding alternative ways of communicating. Coming to mediation to develop a parenting plan is one of the ways they can do this.
Meeting with a mediator provides an opportunity for parents to listen to each other and to work out how they should behave in any given situation. Knowing what’s expected of them makes it more likely that they will do what’s expected in any given situation. For example, in an emergency, when they meet a new partner or when one of them wants to change the routine arrangements.
Creating a parenting plan with the help of a mediator also allows them to practice and improve their communication. Improved communication can help them learn how to resolve any problem they are likely to face in the future.
What's in a parenting plan
A parenting plan might include the following:
- How to communicate.
- Routine living arrangements.
- Holiday arrangements.
- Other arrangements – celebration days for example.
- Schools and education.
- Pocket money and child support.
- Parenting styles.
- Making future changes as the children’s needs change.
The plan can be written or unwritten, the choice will be yours as parents.
A 6 year old telling her parents how she’d like them to behave.
Let us know what you want
Sundays and Public Holidays: Closed
Registered Office Address
Start Mediation Ltd,
2 Civic Drive,
Company Registration Number
Incorporated in England and Wales as a private company under Company Number 10322756
“Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbours to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser… in fees, expenses and waste of time. As a peacemaker the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough."
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Garrett Morgan biography
Date of birth : 1877-03-04
Date of death : 1963-07-27
Birthplace : Paris, Kentucky, United States
Nationality : American
Category : Science and Technology
Last modified : 2010-07-12
Credited as : Inventor, G.A. Morgan Hair Refining Cream, hair staighten
Garrett Morgan was a self-educated and creative individual whose inventions contributed to greater safety and order in our society. He pursued an early interest in things mechanical to develop inventions of surprising technological complexity, considering the fact that he received no formal education beyond the fifth grade. Morgan showed an astute business sense as well, establishing profitable and long-lived companies to manufacture and market his inventions. He was also something of a showman, devising creative and unusual ways to demonstrate his inventions and generate interest in them. Throughout his career, his inventions and activities revealed a deep concern with the safety and welfare of his fellow citizens.
Morgan was born on March 4, 1877, on a farm in the small town of Paris, in a poor and mountainous region of eastern Kentucky. He grew up during the period of Reconstruction following the Civil War, when educational opportunities for young black men were limited. He attended school through the fifth grade, leaving his home at the age of fourteen to seek work and a future across the Ohio River in Cincinnati. He found a job as a handyman for a white landowner but soon became dissatisfied and restless. In 1895, he left Cincinnati for Cleveland, where he settled, married, and spent the rest of his life.
Penniless but hopeful, Morgan arrived in Cleveland and, having taught himself all about sewing machines, found a job as a sewing machine mechanic and adjustor with the firm of Roots and McBride. Over the next few years, Morgan would hold similar positions with other sewing machine companies in Cleveland. He sold his first invention, a belt fastener for sewing machines, in 1901 for $50. In the following years, Morgan's genius for invention and for business would blossom, and he became a successful and independent businessman and inventor.
By 1907, Morgan was able to open a shop that sold and repaired sewing machines. In the first year, he earned enough money to purchase a home and bring his mother to Cleveland. The next year, Morgan married Mary Anne Hassek. By 1909, he owned and operated a tailoring shop that employed 32 people and manufactured dresses, suits, and coats. His involvement in this line of business resulted in an invention that would make enough money for Morgan to devote his full energies to new inventions.
Morgan's attention was drawn to a problem at his tailoring shop that involved the sewing of woolen material. It seems that the material was frequently scorched by heat generated when the sewing machine's needle moved rapidly up and down. Morgan experimented with chemical solutions that would reduce the friction and eliminate the scorching. As the story goes, when Morgan's wife called him to dinner, he wiped the solution from his hands onto a piece of wiry pony-fur cloth. Upon returning to his workshop, he noticed that the wiry fuzz of the cloth had become straight. The chemical solution had caused the fuzzy hairs to straighten out.
Seeing possibilities in his new discovery, Morgan tried the chemical solution on his neighbor's dog, an Airedale with wiry hair. The solution did such a good job of straightening the dog's hair that the neighbor did not even recognize his own dog. Eventually, Morgan tried the solution on his own hair, a little at a time, then gradually over his entire head. Not noticing any ill effects from his experiment, Morgan began manufacturing and marketing the first human-hair straightener under the name, G.A. Morgan Hair Refining Cream. In 1913, he set up the G.A. Morgan Refining Company to produce the product. The company has stayed in business, and its profits enabled Morgan to concentrate on other inventions.
On August 19, 1912, Morgan filed a patent application for another invention he had been working on, which he called a "breathing device." Also known as the Morgan helmet or safety hood, Morgan would later perfect his "breathing device" into a gas mask that was used extensively in World War I. Morgan himself described his invention as one that was designed "to provide a portable attachment which will enable a fireman to enter a house filled with thick suffocating gases and smoke and to breathe freely for some time therein, and thereby enable him to perform his duties of saving life and valuables without danger to himself from suffocation. The device is also efficient and useful for protection to engineers, chemists, and working men who breathe noxious fumes or dust derived from the materials with which they work." In 1914, Morgan was granted U.S. patent 1,113,675 for his invention.
As illustrated in his patent application, Morgan's device consisted of a hood placed over the user's head, to which a long tube was attached that reached to the ground. In the situations that Morgan envisioned, such as firemen entering a burning building, most of the smoke and fumes would tend to rise, leaving a layer of breathable air along the ground. The tube from the hood had an opening for air, and it was long enough to reach the layer of air beneath dense smoke or gas. The lower end of the tube was lined with an absorbent material, such as sponge, that was moistened with water before use. This would prevent smoke and dust from going up the tube, and it also cooled the air. There was a separate tube containing a valve for exhaled air.
Morgan set up the National Safety Device Company to manufacture and promote the new safety hood. As the company's general manager, Morgan was the only nonwhite officer in the company. He urged his fellow blacks to purchase stock in the company, but most failed to do so. The price of the company's stock rose quickly, from $10 per share in 1914 to more than $250 per share in 1916. Morgan advertised the safety hood extensively, and his talent for creative marketing and showmanship was never more in evidence. He traveled around the country, demonstrating the effectiveness of his invention and trying to drum up interest among industrialists and firefighters.
A particularly spectacular demonstration was described in the October 22, 1914, issue of the New Orleans Times-Picayune. As retold in Morgan's profile in Black Pioneers of Science and Invention, "A canvas tent, close-flapped and secure, was erected on an open space, and inside the tent a fire was started. The fuel used was made up of tar sulphur, formaldehyde, and manure, and the character of the smoke was the thickest and most evil-smelling imaginable. Charles Salan, former director of public works for Cleveland, conducted the tests.
Fitting a large canvas affair that had the appearance of a diver's helmet on the head of `Big Chief' Mason, a full-blooded Indian, Mr. Salan sent Mason under the flaps into the smoke-filled tent. The smoke was thick enough to strangle an elephant, but Mason lingered around the suffocating atmosphere for a full twenty minutes and experienced no inconvenience. He came out after the test `as good as new,' and a little later gave another exhibition." Of course, "Big Chief" Mason was really Garrett Morgan, showman and inventor.
In 1914, the same year his patent was granted, Morgan received the First Grand Prize Gold Medal at the Second International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety in New York City. Several successful demonstrations were topped off by a practical application, when helmets from the exhibit were used by New York firemen to rescue victims from a terrible subway disaster. Shortly afterwards, fire departments in large cities in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York began using Morgan's safety hood.
Although Morgan's breathing device was being used successfully, it received its greatest test on July 24, 1916, when a disastrous explosion rocked the tunnel of crib number five of the Cleveland Water Works. Approximately two dozen men were trapped five miles out and more than 200 feet below Lake Erie. The tunnel quickly filled with smoke, dust, and poisonous gases. The situation required fast action, for the men would soon die of suffocation and gas inhalation. When someone remembered Garrett Morgan and his safety hood, he was quickly summoned to the scene. He arrived with his brother Frank; putting on their safety hoods, they entered the tunnel. The Morgan brothers descended over 200 feet into suffocating darkness, where they gathered up one of the workers and returned to the surface via the tunnel's elevator. They made the trip again and again, bringing back all of the bodies and saving more than twenty lives. It was a true act of heroism that was made possible by Morgan's invention.
Newspapers all over the country carried the story of the heroic deed. Garrett Morgan was given a solid gold, diamond-studded medal by a group of prominent citizens of Cleveland. Its inscription read, "To Garrett A. Morgan, our most honored and bravest citizen." He also received a medal from the International Association of Fire Engineers and was made an honorary member of that association. As a result of the widespread publicity following the Cleveland Water Works explosion, Morgan received many requests from fire departments, police departments, and mining companies to demonstrate his device. Due to racial prejudice, he hired a white person to demonstrate the safety hood in the Deep South; and when the racial identity of the inventor became known, orders declined.
Morgan's concern with the safety and well-being of his fellow citizens led him to invent the first automatic traffic signal. On February 27, 1922, he filed a patent application for a "traffic signal" that would control the stop-and-go of traffic at intersections. His invention came at a time when horse-drawn carriages had to share the road with automobiles, and there were many accidents involving collisions at intersections. Morgan received his U.S. patent (No. 1,475,024) in November 1923, and secured British and Canadian patents as well. He sold the rights for this invention to General Electric for $40,000, a handsome sum in those days. Shortly before his death in 1963, Morgan was cited by the U.S. government for inventing the first traffic signal. His other inventions include a woman's hat fastener, a round belt fastener, and a friction drive clutch.
Morgan's concern with his fellow citizens manifested itself in other ways beside his inventions. Unhappy with the newspaper coverage of events relating to blacks in Cleveland, he started the Cleveland Call in the 1920s. The paper later became the Call & Post and was published in Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus, Ohio. It enjoyed a large circulation.
Morgan counted among his friends such notables as John D. Rockefeller and J. Pierpont Morgan, the financier after whom he named his first son. He loved the outdoors and spent time hunting and fishing. He was also a charter member of the Cleveland Association of Colored Men and served as its treasurer from 1914, until the association merged with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Morgan entered politics in 1931, running as an independent candidate for the Cleveland City Council. He promised, "If elected, I will try to lead the people of the third district to equal representation in the affairs of city government." His platform included relief for the unemployed, more efficient administration, improved housing conditions, better lighting, improved sanitation, and improved city-owned hospital accommodations.
Morgan developed a severe case of glaucoma in 1943 that resulted in the loss of 90 percent of his vision. He was operated on at the Mayo Clinic and had to make yearly visits there. In spite of his near-blindness, he kept busy. At Cleveland's Western Reserve University, he organized a fraternity of black students. One of his last goals in life was to be able to attend the Emancipation Centennial in Chicago, August 1963. However, he died after two years of illness on July 27, 1963.
Full name, Garrett Augustus Morgan; born March 4, 1877, in Paris, KY; died July 27, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio; son of Sydney and Elizabeth Morgan; married Mary Anne Hassek, 1908 (died, 1968); children: John Pierpont, Garrett Augustus, Jr., Cosmo Henry. Education: Attended school to the fifth grade.
Left school at age 14 and moved to Cincinnati, where he worked as a handyman; left Cincinnati in 1895 and settled in Cleveland, where he worked as a sewing machine mechanic; sold first invention, a belt fastener for sewing machines, 1901; opened own sewing machine sales and service business, 1907; began tailoring business, 1909; invented gas mask, 1912, formed the National Safety Device Co. to manufacture it, 1914; invented hair straightener and opened G.A. Morgan Hair Refining Cream company to produce it, 1913; invented traffic signal, 1922; owner and publisher of newspaper Cleveland Call (later the Call & Post) beginning in 1920s; political candidate in Cleveland's City Council race, 1931.
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Political and Civil Engagement | Issues in PACE: Common Good
C300 | ALL | Bucur
The Common Good: Lessons from History
This course counts toward the PACE certificate, http://pace.indiana.edu.
Politicians, comedians, social workers, and actors are discussing with
a sense of urgency the notion that our society has lost its sense of a
common good, of goals that citizens can agree on and politicians
understand. The beginning of the Tea Party gatherings in the U.S. are
one facet of this crisis in faith in civil society. We are also going
through a crisis of civility in public discourse about what binds us
together other than laws and institutions.
This course will attempt to both understand what the common good has
been and may become, and also will ask students to act on behalf of
what they understand to be 'the common good,' stepping outside the
regular boundaries of a classroom environment. The course will offer
several historical examples for each theme and ask students to think
about these examples comparatively and in relation to their own
current realities. Each theme would be represented by case studies and
Different guest lecturers/faculty will present to the class. Students
will have to participate in constructing their own common good as
discrete projects and also as members of the classroom community.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blsu211/pace/pace_c300_ALL.html
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| 0.954626 | 279 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A group of researchers from the University of California and NVIDIA has published a method for modeling the dance-to-music process of humans.
Their model is able to learn how to decompose a dance into a series of basic dance units according to given input music. Emphasizing that learning to model the music-to-dance process in a non-trivial and challenging task, researchers decouple the problem and frame it into a synthesis-by-analysis framework, where a model learns how to move first and then learns how to compose a dance.
The problem of learning to dance according to some music rhythm was tackled from the perspective of generative modeling, and researchers designed a framework that utilizes Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs). There exist three larger phases (or modules) in the proposed framework: decomposition, composition, and testing. Within this framework, in the decomposition phase, a kinematic beat detector is used to segment dance units from real dancing sequences. These segments are then modeled using a DU-VAE model. In the next phase – composition, an MM-GAN network is used to learn how to organize the individual dance units into a coherent dance conditioned on the given music. Last, during the testing phase, a music style extractor is used to extract style and beats, which are later used for synthesizing a dance in a recurrent manner.
In order to evaluate the proposed method, researchers decided to perform a user study and qualitatively assess the capabilities of their method. Consistency of the style and motion realism were the kind of parameters that were evaluated within the study. The results of the study show that the method is able to generate naturalistic and musically meaningful dancing patterns.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://neurohive.io/en/news/dance-to-music-researchers-train-a-model-to-generate-music-driven-coreography/
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en
| 0.934849 | 361 | 3 | 3 |
Social Engagement & the Steps to Being Social: A Practical Guide for Teaching Social Skills to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Author(s): Marci Laurel MA CCC , Kathleen Taylor OTR/L
Social Engagement & the Steps to Being Social is a unique, visual, and easy -to -use model that was developed to guide assessment and intervention across severity levels and age groups for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
This user- friendly book defines social engagement in observable language and breaks down social skills into a series of clearly defined steps. Each step is further broken down into pivotal skills that can be taught directly, and matched with evidence- based practices to support teaching and learning. Case studies help illuminate concepts discussed at each step and sample activities are provided to support immediate real-world application. Readers will have access to a practical model that supports the teaching of social skills, including:
- A structured framework for social development that shows how one skill builds on another.
- Sub-skills to provide specific direction for skills to teach.
- An assessment to determine where treatment should begin and for monitoring progress.
- Links to specific evidence- based practices connected to the skills sets of the model.
- A Social Plan that can be used as a tool for bridging assessment to specific treatment goals.
- Case studies of individuals of varying ages and abilities.
- Sample activities for promoting social development.
Co-authors Kathleen “Mo” Taylor and Marci Laurel have been working and teaching together for the past 25 twenty-five years.
Together they have developed this model based on their work with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their families who have guided the process every step of the way. Mo and Marci have had the opportunity to present Social Engagement & the Steps to Being Social in New Mexico, nationally and internationally and have been excited and humbled by the many family members and professionals who have found the work of use in home, school, university and clinical settings.
Kathy “Mo” Taylor, OTR/L is a Clinical Specialist at the University of New Mexico Health Science Center for Development and Disability’s Autism Program and other developmental disabilities programs. She’s worked with The Autism Programs for over 18 years. Mo provides training and technical assistance in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), as well as being the Practicum Director for Camp Rising Sun, a residential summer camp for children with ASD. She is the owner and primary therapist for her private practice, Theraplay, where she provides direct therapy (individual and group) and consultative services in the school, home, community, work place, and aquatic environment, supporting those with ASD as well as those with social and sensory differences.
Marci Laurel, MA, CCC is a Speech-Language Pathologist with the University of New Mexico Center for Development and Disability Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Programs. Marci has practiced in Albuquerque for the past 30 years providing direct services, consultation, training, and student supervision in public schools, private practice, and university settings. She has had many opportunities to give presentations in New Mexico and around the country on topics related to sensory processing and communication, family issues and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Marci is co-author of several related publications.
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https://www.fhautism.com/shop/social-engagement-the-steps-to-being-social-a-practical-guide-for-teaching-social-skills-to-individuals-with-autism-spectrum-disorder/
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| 0.947186 | 686 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Have you ever noticed how your ADHD son or daughter remembers the negative things people say to them more than the positive? While all human
brains are wired for the negativity bias, the minds of ADHD children and adults seem vulnerable to holding onto what is “bad” about them. Most likely, this pattern has been learned over the years when they have been criticized for not
remembering things, not doing things properly, not controlling themselves, etc. While our ancestors needed the ability to learn and remember lessons from tough experiences for survival in the jungle, people today also need to learn how to retain lessons from good experiences. This is especially true for ADHD children and teens.
Beneficial experiences not only serve as the foundation of self-esteem, secure attachment and self-management but they also nourish inner strengths. In order for the good moments to outmaneuver the negativity bias, they have to be installed in the brain’s neural structures. This process requires holding in the working memory long enough to be picked up by short-term memory structures and then transferred to the long-term memory. Of course, kids and adults with ADHD, by definition, usually struggle with working memory challenges so this transfer doesn’t occur as frequently as we would like, if at all. So the key issue here is “long enough.”
While there is no research to give us a specific time for this, “long enough” usually means holding a positive emotion, desire, action or outcome to actually feel it, to reflect on it and let it sink in. I would venture to guess this means up
to a minute if not longer. How can you assist your ADHD child or teen to do this more successfully?
- When something good happens, teach them that relishing it is important. In our ultra fast-paced world, everyone moves on to the next thing so quickly that the important integration needed to consolidate memory can be missed. SLOW IT DOWN.
- Practice doing highs and lows of the day at dinner with the family. Everyone needs to say something. No questions about the statements during the sharing. If you want to follow up on an issue, then ask first. We are trying to create a safe place to hold both the positive and negative occurrences simultaneously, giving them equal weight. This process with create new, essential neural pathways. If daily highs and lows are too much for your family, then do them once a weekly at regular meal–for example, Sunday dinners.
- Give genuine, positive feedback daily that is succinct. Honestly, nothing is too small to be acknowledged. When you do this, make sure you get down to your child’s physical level. If your ADHD teen is taller than you are, ask them to sit down so you are at the same level. Put a hand on their arm or shoulder, if that’s comfortable. Maintain eye contact and be clear that they get it! As corny as it sounds, you could even ask to repeat what they heard you say. “Look I really want to make sure that you understood what I said. Can you please repeat it?” “Do I have to?” “Yes.” “Fine,I heard you tell me that you appreciated that I hung up my coat when I got home.” Or, “I heard you say that you liked when I got off my computer right after the timer went off.” These exchanges build the neural pathways we are seeking to create, increase inner strengths and foster interpersonal connection.
- Keep it up, regardless of any unwelcome response that you may receive. Remember, the pull towards negativity and retaining bad experiences is longstanding and ingrained. Stopping your efforts to counteract it will likely increase its influence.
Start building the GOOD today!
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The human body needs food to live. That is a well known fact. Every newspaper or magazine has promises of foods that lead to a longer life, but which is the best food to eat of all the choices available? Which single food will help the human body to live longer? Is there one food that shows the most promise? And, does one food or food group make a difference to the length of a person’s life? Studies show that there is one single food that is the most important for a long and healthy life.
One of the necessities of life is that the human body must have food. And, one fact is that Mother’s milk contains all the necessary ingredients for life up to six months old and after that age the foods available are endless, some are known to produce discomfort if used over long periods of time while other foods are known to be beneficial by producing healthier results. Medical professionals recommend a variety of diets for a longer life and when one looks at which diet is best it leads to confusion because there are so many possibilities. In order to determine what the most important food is that is required by the human body for a long life, a look at why the human body needs food must be done and, what role food plays in adding years to the life of the human body.
Science has established that without sufficient food, the human body will perish. Research has shown that the human body uses five components or parts of each food it consumes. These components of food are referred to as the five dietary constituents that are required by the human body for growth and repair, for energy and maintenance, and which are needed by the body for disease protection. The most important of these five dietary constituents is water, which can make up as much as 60 percent of the total body weight. Water is often said to be the most important nutritional need of the body because a normal man or woman in good shape can survive on water, without any food, for 20-40 days. Equally important in the chemical composition of the human body is approximately 17 percent protein, 13 percent fats, 6 percent minerals, and 1.5 percent carbohydrates. These amounts can vary depending on the age, weight, and health of the body. Most foods provide mainly carbohydrates with significant amounts of protein, a small amount of fat or oil, and micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) (Latham1997).
Additionally, water is the most important dietary constituent required by the human body because a normal human body consists of three parts which all contain water. Body Mass makes up approximately fifty five percent of the whole body and supporting tissue makes up about thirty percent of the body with the remaining body fat making up about fifteen percent of a healthy body. Therefore, human body cell mass need the most water to be able to make muscles, organs and blood which regulate body metabolism, body functioning, body maintenance and repairs. Consequently, the body is made up of sixty percent water, part of which is made by the body, part of which comes from the food and fluids consumed (Latham1997).
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| 0.96463 | 623 | 3.421875 | 3 |
A lot of people seem to be slightly confused about what the M and C, Model and Controller, of MVC are, in regards to web applications.
- What does the Model do?
- What does the Controller do?
View is what everyone seems to know, though… I wonder why is that so? What is so confusing about Models and Controllers?
Many people seem to be looking for pre-made “model classes”. Well, there aren’t any.
In practical terms, models are classes (and functions) that deal with data persistence. They fetch data from the DB, they store data in the DB… They generally work with the database – or a text file if that’s where you store your data.
A model can be a class which has hand written SQL queries for working with the database. This is much better than cluttering the queries around other code. You could simply have a class UserModel which has methods such as getUser and saveUser, which just take certain parameters and do something with it.
A more advanced model could be a class which implements the ActiveRecord design pattern: The class describes a row in your database and modifying the classes properties will modify the row in the database. It can be a Zend_Db_* object, an ORM object generated by Propel…
Controller is what deals with processing things. Controller gets some data from the model, might do something with it, and assigns it to the view. It’s the workhorse of the application which does most of the manual work, except accessing the database as that’s the models job.
There are a lot of differing opinions on both models and controllers. If it works with data, it’s a model. There is no “correct” way to do models – opinions differ. One likes hand written SQL, another likes using a fluent PHP interface or ORM classes.
Another thing where opinions differ is if the model should validate or filter data.
In my opinion, it’s much more ideal to perform validation and filtering in the controller. The model, as said earlier, works with the database. It gets some parameters, whatever they are, and uses them to talk with the database. It should not care what the data is more than take measures to prevent SQL injection.
The controller’s job is to perform actual validation and filtering: Check that the data is indeed in the correct format, remove unwanted things such as HTML tags, and then pass it to the model.
Why? Imagine a scenario, where you write a model which validates some data, say user comments in a blog. Now, say it removes HTML tags from the comment text… What if you wanted to let administrators post HTML but not normal users? See how fast it turned into something that your model should not do, namely user access checking. Things like this is why models shouldn’t care much about the data.
- Model models, represents, the data and actions you can do with it.
- Controller controls
In the end, it’s pretty simple, right? Programming just somehow makes things complicated and confusing!
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| 0.935695 | 655 | 3.625 | 4 |
Geraniums are quite easy to care for, but this doesn’t stop many from panicking when they find out their prized geraniums might not be geraniums at all.
This is because the most popular geraniums are actually from the genus Pelargonium (pe-lar-GO-nee-um), which was separated from the main Geranium (jer-AY-nee-um) genus in 1789 but never lost the common name.
However, while there are some subtle differences between the two general, care requirements are almost identical with the exception of temperature needs.
One of the biggest concerns is fertilizer, which one would expect geraniums to need in abundance.
Yet these plants are actually not heavy feeders, especially the hardy geraniums (Geranium spp.), which are cold tolerant perennials adapted for life in the mountains.
Too much fertilizer can actually lead to chemical burns and health issues, so moderation is key.
Here’s what you need to know to ensure your geraniums get just the right amount of food to give spectacular blooms every year.
Best Plant Fertilizer for Geraniums
As mentioned, geraniums don’t need heavy fertilization, and liquid fertilizers tend to work best, as they’re less likely to be leeched from the soil.
It’s also possible to use homemade compost-based mixes if you wish to go totally organic.
The Numbers Game: Different NPKs for Different Jobs
While you can give your geraniums a balanced liquid fertilizer on a bi-weekly or monthly basis, it’s a good idea to switch things up depending on the time of year.
When it comes to the NPK ratio, these three essential nutrients play different roles, meaning you’ll need more or less at certain times of year.
- Nitrogen is essential for healthy and abundant foliage, as well as stem growth.
- Phosphorus encourages root growth and is essential for blooms, but too much can lead to a potassium deficiency.
- Potassium is essential for a plant’s general health and physical strength.
New plants will do best if you give them a 5-10-5 for their first feeding, since they need to develop stronger root structures.
A balanced fertilizer (10-10-10 as a slow-release fertilizer or 20-20-20 as a liquid water-soluble fertilizer) is perfect for most geraniums, both grounded and potted.
You’ll know if you’re short on nitrogen if your geranium will get yellow leaves. Phosphorus may likewise result in yellow or red leaves and a failure to bloom. Potassium deficiency will cause the lower leaves to die and the stems will become more flimsy.
In addition, geraniums need several macro and micronutrients to thrive which are present in most good plant food.
Of these, the ones to pay attention to most for these plants are:
Nutrient deficiencies in any of these can lead to problems faster than other micro and macronutrients.
The good news is these deficiencies can often be fixed with very simple remedies.
- Calcium can be replenished with crushed eggshell or bone meal
- Iron, manganese, and zinc are available in a supplement form and are often present in compost.
- Magnesium is easily boosted with a teaspoon of Epsom salts.
You can also augment the soil with coffee grounds (and the coffee filters or crushed leaves) to help encourage beneficial microorganisms and further boost plant health.
But there’s one other important thing you should know about fertilizing your plants, and that is how much your soil already has available.
A soil test is important for outdoor plants because it can warn you of potential problems before they happen.
For example, a soil test that shows a high amount of phosphorus means it’s best to cut back a little on the phosphorus content in your fertilizer, as too much will cause potassium deficiencies.
For indoor plants, this isn’t as important, as commercial potting mixes are generally pre-balanced and will be changed out every three years to replenish the soil.
When Or How To Fertilize Geraniums
Fertilizing geraniums isn’t difficult, but you should always pay attention to the product label, as different brands may require different concentrations.
Also, when transplanting a new geranium outdoors into freshly composted soil, you can skip the first fertilizer dose, as the compost will provide sufficient food.
Generally speaking, your geranium will require a dose of fertilizer every 4 weeks.
However, there are a few specimens that are heavier feeders and some that require even less.
If you aren’t sure how much your particular geranium plant needs, begin with a monthly feeding and adjust if you see signs of food issues, such as leaf color, legginess, or bloom color and adjust the feeding by plus or minus one week (depending on your plant, feedings may end up being as often as every 2 weeks or as infrequent as every 6 weeks).
Note also that hardy geraniums are mostly perennials and will go through a dormant phase, so you will need to cut back on feeding in the fall and resume in spring.
Published at Mon, 31 Jan 2022 11:08:00 -0500
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| 0.934821 | 1,154 | 2.765625 | 3 |
- What Happens When You Put Your iPhone in Do Not Disturb Mode?(smallbusiness.chron.com)
- How to manage Notification Center alerts and Do Not Disturb for iPhone and iPad (imore.com)
The WARN Act and WEA
Title VI of PL 109-347 (Oct. 13, 2006) is titled the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, sometimes called the WARN Act. The WARN Act, in 47 U.S.C. § 1201, gives the FCC the authority to adopt standards for cell phone companies to transmit emergency alerts. Participation by cell phone companies is voluntary — they don’t have to participate — but if they do, the law states that cell phone companies may not impose an additional charge for such alerts. 47 U.S.C. § 1201(b)(2)(C).
Pursuant to the WARN Act, the FCC worked with FEMA to create a program called Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA). The system was based on the existing Emergency Alert System (EAS), which are the warnings that you get on a television and radio when there is a weather or other emergency.
Alerts are sent to cell towers providing wireless service to a target geographical area, and then all WEA-capable phones using those cell towers receive the alert. Thus, you will receive an alert if you are in a targeted area even if you are just visiting that area.
(Sorry-only 4s and newer)
There are hundreds of new iOS 7 features, but you won’t care about every single thing that’s new in iOS 7. You can check out a dozen new iOS 7 features on Apple, but there are many more iOS 7 features that Apple tucked inside descriptions, quickly flashed on slides or glossed over during the iOS 7 announcement.
These “hidden” iOS 7 features join the major items announced on stage to make up the 50 iOS 7 features you will actually use and care about.
SHARON D. NELSON & JOHN W. SIMEK
The age of the pocket computer is upon us. Smartphones are no more than small computers that happen to make phone calls. According to a Nielsen report, more than 50 percent of mobile phone subscribers in the United States now own a smartphone. Lawyers are at the forefront of this technology wave, with 89 percent of them owning smartphones. Smartphones are extremely powerful devices, capable of storing contacts, calendar entries, email communications, electronic files, voice messages, and a host of additional confidential client information. As an attorney, you have an ethical obligation to protect the client data that is stored on your smartphone. Here are some security tips for protecting the data and some easy measures to take to avoid compromising data.
The device is available now for $499 in either a 30-pin dock connector version for the iPhone 4 and 4s, or a Lightning connector version. Satellite time is billed at $0.75 per minute.
Image via CrunchBase
Skype is my most used software package. I use it, literally, all day long. It’s pretty amazing when you really put it to use.
I use Skype, primarily, as my instant messenger client. Everyone in my firm, in all three offices, runs Skype all day and we communicate with instant messages constantly. I use it when I want someone to call me. I send a quick message that says “call me now” or “call me when you get a chance.”
We use it when someone arrives at the office for a meeting to let the attorney or paralegal know their visitor has arrived. We use it to arrange for front desk coverage when the receptionist needs to go to the bathroom. We alert attorneys that a caller is holding when the attorney is on another call. Skype works well between offices and within a single office. It’s also terrific when someone is working from home. Of course, you can send messages while already on a call so you don’t need to deal with a noisy intercom or putting a caller on hold.
That’s just the beginning of what Skype can do.
Lee Rosen has practiced family law for more than twenty years. With four offices, Rosen Law Firm serves Raleigh, Charlotte, Durham and Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Rosen served as the Law Practice Management Editor of the ABA Family Advocate for more than a decade and received the ABA James Keane Award for excellence in eLawyering. He served as Chair of the Law Practice Management Section of the North Carolina Bar Association, is a frequent speaker and is often sought out by the media as a source of family law insight and commentary. Read more aboutLee and Divorce Discourse. You can also follow Lee on Twitter
A dedicated corner for all things “trending” with iPad, iPhone, and Mac.
|February’s Featured Resource
Using the iPad in Meetings–Tom Mighell suggests the iPad can actually add value to the services you provide to your clients. He’s also pointed to some useful apps and iPad accessories.
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|
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| 0.93465 | 1,049 | 2.75 | 3 |
Entering the room we used for daily project status review, the test engineer and my good friend was beaming: he had nailed three more bugs. I was cringing, because my curve of bugs found had just been yanked away from its nice trajectory towards zero. But he was right to be happy: those bugs had just disappeared from future customers’ world. “Bugs are good!” he’d say to cheer me up. He loved the intellectual puzzle, it was a hunt, he and the bug, predator and prey. And the bug would sometimes taunt him for weeks, but eventually he’d conquer it, the harder the better.
What’s a bug?
“A software bug is an error, flaw, mistake, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result, or causes it to behave in unintended ways.” Bugs can manifest themselves in a wide variety of subtle and not so subtle ways: from a slow computer to a crash or a freeze. The most insidious bugs produce incorrect results, which can ultimately lead to catastrophic outcomes, such as planes crashing. The explosion of the internet introduced a relatively new class of bugs, the “security holes”.
There are many ways to classify bugs, but the most important to their resolution is whether they are “solid”, meaning they occur every time under easily reproducible conditions, or “intermittent”. A solid bug that comes to the developer desk with a procedure to reproduce it can usually be fixed quickly. Intermittents are the bane of testers. They sometimes disappear for months between appearances, and when they do they often leave no tracks.
In computer lore, the term derives from an actual bug found dead among the hundreds of very hot electronic vacuum tubes in an early computer. That computer had apparently stopped functioning when the unlucky bug, attracted by the warmth of the tubes cabinet, got zapped, frying some electronic component in addition to itself. In those days “debugging” meant searching for real bugs and extracting them from the hardware.
Bugs are here to stay
Because of the complexity of modern software systems, bugs are an inescapable component of writing code. It is estimated that, on average, released code has 1-25 bugs per 1000 lines, though this figure varies widely depending on the type of software, the quality of the developer, and the effectiveness of the testing. Bugs are introduced in all stages of development: design errors, spec writing, misreading the spec, coding errors, bug fixing errors, 3rd party component errors (e.g. operating system).
In 2002, a study commissioned by the US Department of Commerce’ National Institute of Standards and Technology concluded that “software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually.”
Once one agrees that bugs are a fact of developers’ life, and that they are intensely disliked by the end user, then it’s easy to concur that finding them before release is important. It’s less intuitive how much more expensive it is to finding them late in the software life cycle. If a bug is discovered after release, it will likely pop up at a customer site, producing maximum damage. The total cost of fixing a bug in the field is several times that of fixing it during development. Customer support and technical support are needed to help and placate the customer, and since the customer needs to get back up immediately, a temporary patch is typically needed in addition to the permanent fix that would have been made before release. Add to this lost reputation and lost business.
On the other hand, fixing a bug before release but late in the development process can cost several times more than fixing it early. This usually happens when inexperienced managers, in an effort to save money and/or time, ignore the General Principle of Software Quality: that it’s cheaper to build high-quality software than it is to build and fix low-quality software.
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| 0.957524 | 838 | 2.828125 | 3 |
New technology offered to Missouri schools aims to increase safety
CAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo. (KFVS) - If there’s an emergency at your child’s school, how can every teacher know what they need to do to keep your kids safe?
Now, there’s a new tool designed to help teachers communicate with one another and call for outside help at the same time.
Missouri’s Department of Public Safety is offering an app called Raptor Alert to every public school district statewide. It’s like a panic button teachers and other school personnel can use on their phones to alert each other and get emergency help as quickly as possible.
“It gets it to 911 and it also gets it to any types of law enforcement personnel, emergency response personnel that the school has designated,” Mike O’Connell, with the Missouri Department of Public Safety, said.
Just opening an app and pushing a button, that’s how easy the Missouri Department of Public Safety wants it to be for schools to make contact in an emergency.
“This is another progression in our efforts to make the schools and everybody in them safer,” O’Connell said.
“When you’re in an emergency situation, seconds matter,” David Rogers said. He works with Raptor, the company behind the alert app.
“The buttons can actually be programmed by the district, be whatever they want them to be,” he added.
According to Rogers, a school can use the app to communicate inside the building, as well as reach out to law enforcement. Different button in the app can alert other school personnel or emergency services of different situations. In one example, Rogers showed the app loaded with buttons labeled: secure, lockdown, evacuate, shelter, and hold. Secure would indicate an outside threat, advising teachers to keep students inside. Lockdown can be used for an active shooter, evacuate if there’s a fire, shelter can be used for a tornado, and hold to keep students in their classrooms.
O’Connell said schools can give anyone access to those alerts.
“Generally, it’s going to be all teachers, certain key administrators, you might want to have some law enforcement people maybe the school resource officer,” O’Connell said. ”Or if it’s a smaller community, maybe the sheriff would even want to be connected to the system.”
According to O’Connell, since Missouri introduced this tool six days ago, more than 70 school districts have registered.
“We’re doing everything we can to protect students and teachers, staff, everybody in a school,” O’Connell said.
“It’s part of a bigger grander scheme around school safety,” Rogers said.
O’Connell said schools should register by Friday, June 30 if they want to have the program ready to go by the start of next school year. If you miss that deadline, your school could still be enrolled by November.
Missouri schools can register here.
Copyright 2023 KFVS. All rights reserved.
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For many people, homeschooling may call to mind the picture of two or three children sitting at a table and writing feverishly in their workbooks, while mom or dad stands nearby. This is the not entirely true. There are different methods of homeschooling, and the method you choose will decide the curriculum and your style of teaching. Given below are some of the most influential and popular homeschooling methods.
The Charlotte Mason method:
Charlotte Mason is known as the founder of the homeschooling movement. A homeschooler herself, she was passionate in her zeal to lay out the foundations for an effective a complete homeschooling program that is fun and educational at the same time. This method focuses on all the core subjects with emphasis placed on classical literature, poetry, fine arts, classical music and craft. Mason used a variety of books from classical literature, which she called 'Living Books'. Since this method encourages a passionate awareness of literature, the child is read to daily from the 'Living Books'. After this, the child is asked to narrate what she has heard. This process begins at the age of six, and by ten the child is expected to write her narrations in her book. Mason also advocated the use of 'Nature Diaries'. After each short and interesting lesson, the child is asked to go to Nature and draw observations from Nature. Thus the child also gains a sense of respect for her environment. Mason believed that development of good character and behavior was essential to the complete development of the child's personality.
The Eclectic Homeschooling:
This is a mixture of various homeschooling techniques. Here, the innovative parents trust their own judgment and pick out the topics that make the best curriculum for their child. Such parents continuously look out for the best products that will meet the needs of their homeschoolers. Most Eclectic homeschooling curriculums are improvised. This means that the basic curriculum is ready-made. The parents then make changes in the curriculum to accommodate the individual needs and interests of their children.
The child's gifts, temperament, learning style and interests dictate the curriculum. Eclectic programs include visits to the museum, libraries and factories.
A Boston public educator name John Holt laid the beginnings of the unschooling method. He believed that children learned best when they are free to learn at their own pace and when they are guided by their own interests. His message was to 'unschool' the child.
This method is a hands-on approach to learning, where the parent takes definite cues from the children. There is no definite curriculum, schedules or materials. This method is the most unstructured of the various homeschooling techniques.
The Montessori Method:
This method began in Italy, when it was observed that children have acute sensitive periods, during which they undergo periods of intense concentration. During such phases, a child will repeat an activity till he gains a measure of self-satisfaction. The Montessori Method depends on a prepared environment to facilitate learning. All the materials used in this method are designed to satisfy the inner desire for spiritual development of the child.
The materials used progress from simple to complex, and are rather expensive.
These are just a few of the methods of homeschooling. Whatever the method, the underlying factor is flexibility and a keen interest in the desires of the child. The secret is to use the child's desire for knowledge to further his education.
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Joseph Lyons’ Love Letters
Joseph Lyons was elected to the Commonwealth Parliament in 1929 as the Australian Labor Party member for a seat in Tasmania. Two years later he was Prime Minister, representing the United Australia Party, having left the ALP in protest against that party’s Depression economic policies.
The Depression meant a huge increase in unemployment. The major parties disagreed over what they should do. The Labor Government wanted to increase government spending to stimulate economic activity and create jobs. Where would the money come from to do this? From delaying or reducing the payment of debts to British investors and banks. To Lyons, this was irresponsible. He wanted Australia to cut its spending, not increase it, and to pay back debts, not defer them. He split from his party and became leader of the new United Australia Party, and was elected in 1931.
Lyons was a trusted figure. He and his adored wife and confidante, Enid, presented a genuine picture of domestic harmony and security to the Australian public despite the many separations they endured as he commuted from the family home in Tasmania to the Australian capital. They had 12 children together.
Politics rarely produces impassioned romantics, which is just what makes the hundreds of letters Joseph Lyons wrote to Enid as fascinating as they are unexpected. He died in office and Enid went on to become the first female member of the Federal House of Representatives and the first woman in Federal Cabinet.
Joseph Lyons (1879–1939) was Prime Minister of Australia from January 1932 to April 1939. Joseph Lyons’ love letters are held at the National Library of Australia in Canberra.
The Prime Ministers' National Treasures is also available for purchase from the NFSA Online Shop.
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Broad Cross-Section of Public & Private Interests Working on Plans
Climate change is anticipated to have profound effects in the Hawaiian Islands. Key indicators of the changing climate include rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, rising air and sea temperatures, rising sea levels and upper-ocean heat content, changing ocean chemistry and increasing ocean acidity, changing rainfall patterns, decreasing base flow in streams, changing wind and wave patterns, changing extremes, and changing habitats and species distributions.
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, including methane and nitrous oxide, are increasing due to human activity. Climate change has the potential to profoundly impact our wellbeing and way of life. Dr. Chip Fletcher, from the University of Hawai‘i School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology said, “Sea level rise is a special problem for Hawaiian coastal communities. As seas rise, shoreline neighborhoods will experience increased exposure to storm surges, tsunamis, seasonal high waves, erosion, and groundwater inundation. These lead to problems with beach loss, damage to roads and homes, flooding in urban areas, and rising economic and environmental losses.”
The Hawaiʻi Climate Adaptation Initiative Act (Act 83) was signed into law in June 2014. Act 83 established an Interagency Climate Adaptation Committee (ICAC) to address the effects of climate change to protect the State’s economy, health, environment, and way of life.
According to Sam Lemmo, the administrator of the DLNR Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands and ICAC co-chair, “The first task of our committee is to develop a statewide Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation Report (SLR Report) which is due to the Hawaiʻi State Legislature by the end of 2017. This report, which will be the first of its kind in Hawaiʻi State Government, will provide detailed maps to show the state’s most vulnerable areas for erosion and flooding that will likely take place in 2030, 2050, 2075 and 2100, and how it will affect our coastal areas and ultimately, our way of life.”
The SLR Report will include adaptation recommendations by sector and how to strategize and prioritize the movement of critical infrastructure and people over the next few decades. Another important aspect of the Report process, the ICAC, and the Hawaiʻi Climate Adaptation Initiative is to create a framework for a State Climate Adaptation Plan that will improve coordination and organization of all climate adaptation efforts at the local, State, and federal levels for the Hawaiian Islands.
The ICAC and the Sea Level Rise Vulnerability and Adaptation team are working to design a framework or blueprint for sea level rise adaptation that will provide the impetus for actions necessary to mitigate catastrophic social and economic effects resulting from rising seas.
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Renewable Energy Information Sources
By Jeff Havens, Staff Writer
For those of you interested in renewable energy, I thought I would pass on three excellent resources for information I recently ran across:
1. The October, 2002 issue of Scientific American, pages 64-73, has an article concerning fuel cell vehicles with insets of steps toward building a hydrogen society. The article about the fuel cell vehicles was written by General Motors executives who are very enthusiastic about the future of fuel cell development and transportation.
2. For those of you who are more mathematically inclined, there is the 2002 edition of an excellent text book by Bent Sorenson called Renewable Energy: Its Physics, Engineering,Environmental Impacts, Economics and Planning (ISBN 0-12-656152-4). I special ordered it from Borders. It set me back about $75, but its worth every penny. It runs about 900 pages, with lots of technical information and analysis.
3. Finally, Last Fridays episode of Science Friday on National Public Radio (which can be heard locally on WNIJ, 88.3 FM from 1 p.m. – 3 p.m. every Friday), devoted an entire hour to discussing the coming hydrogen economy and what its impacts will mean for all of us, including the changes in political power. It is titled, Hydrogen Economy. You can download and listen to it anytime at: http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2002/Sep/hour2_091302.html.
Transcripts are also available.
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As the temperature heats up, backyard barbeques, bonfires and after work social celebrations increase. As many of these events include alcohol, the first week of summer is the perfect time to review alcohol’s effects on our health and recommended drinking limits.
What is One Serving of Alcohol?
The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines 1 serving of alcohol as the equivalent of 14 grams of alcohol. This is the equivalent of 12 oz of beer, 5 oz wine or 1.5 oz of liquor. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans defines moderate alcohol consumption as having up to 1 serving/day for women and up to 2 servings/day for men.
How Do I Know if I have A Problem?
So when does drinking alcohol become problematic? The NIAAA defines “low risk “ drinking as:
- Females who drink no more than 3 drinks/day and less than 7 drinks total/week.
- Males who drink no more than 4 drinks/day and less than 14 drinks/week.
The NIAA defines “heavy” drinking as:
- Individuals who drink more than the above stated limits.
Not all alcohol abusers become full blown alcoholics but it is a big risk factor and it’s important to know the symptoms, health implications and how to get help. We also need to emphasize that “low risk” does not mean “no risk” and it in no way applies that it is safe to drive or operate a motor vehicle.
What Are the Health Implications?
- Alcohol adds empty calories. There are not enough health attributes to alcohol to suggest that it’s significantly advantageous to ones health. Grape juice or a healthy dose of fruits or vegetables will have the same effect and more health benefits than the resveratrol in a glass of wine.
|12 oz Regular Beer||5 oz. Wine||1.5 oz. liquor|
|Calories||145||122||98 (not including mixer)|
- Alcohol reduces the breakdown of fat in the body as an energy source. This is especially problematic for people trying to lose weight, those with lipid disorders and athletes who are trying to increase their lean body mass. In some instances we see a person’s weight stay exactly the same but their percentage of muscle decreases as their body fat increases from the effects of alcohol.
- All gross and fine motor skills are negatively impacted. The effects of a binge can last up to 3 days and include dehydration, slowed reaction time, impaired precision, balance, hand-eye coordination, accuracy, strength, power, speed and endurance.
- Injury and infection rates increase. It also leads to an increase in swelling during injury, delaying wound healing and muscle repair.
- Heavy drinking does lethal damage to one’s physical health including increasing ones risk for heart and liver disease, dementia, high blood pressure, pancreatitis, cancer, stroke, diabetes, obesity and accidents. It can also drain spiritual, mental and financial health not to mention the emotional toll it takes on family members.
Tips to Setting Safe Limits
- Keep count and don’t “top it off.” Track how much you drink. Writing it down may help increase your awareness and help you to maintain lower risk habits.
- Set goals. Establish how many drinks you are allowed per week and which days.
- Pace and space. Don’t exceed 1 serving size/hour and space your drink with a glass of water. Don’t drink on an empty stomach.
- Avoid triggers and find healthy alternatives. If a certain place, time of the day, or people cause you to drink more find healthy distractions and hobbies that help you avoid the urge.
- Enlist support from a trusted friend or family member. Have them help you create the skills to say “no” or “no more.”
For more information on alcohol and how it affects the body go to:
Enjoy your summer and set healthy, reasonable limits for those of you who choose to drink alcohol.
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