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British American Tobacco, known as BAT has developed a predictive model that assess the possible future health benefits of e-cigarettes, as an alternative to smoking. Scientists at the world tobacco organisation have looked at a number of plausible scenarios over a 50 year period, between 2000 and 2050. There are two scenario’s involved; one of which looks at a period of 50 years, where e-cigarettes are not available on the market, and the other is a predicted situation, based on the current trends and popularity in which cigarettes and e-cigarettes are readily available to consumers on the open market.
The study’s overall conclusion had illustrated that by 2050, the 32% of smokers in the UK would have formally switched to e-cigarettes and would not have continued smoking. Dr James Murphy, the Head of Reduced Risk Substantiation at British American Tobacco commented:
‘Our results show an overall beneficial benefit of e-cigarettes on a population, reducing smoking prevalence and smoking-related deaths’.
The study was published in the Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology Journal and echoed the positive results of a study in 2016 which was published by the Cochrane Review, concluding that e-cigarettes are without doubt helping smokers quit the habit altogether, alleviating pressure to the NHS in the UK, as well as preventing deaths and illnesses associated with cigarette smoke. Dr James Murphy continues to add that ‘this modelling approach is an informative way of assessing population health effects when epidemiological data are not available’.
Photo credit: 360b/Shutterstock
The study analysed a period of 50 years, starting with 2000, when smoking prevalence was 27%. By 2010, the smoking prevalence among adults in Britain dropped to 20.3%. The model predicted that if e-cigarettes were never introduced onto the consumer market, smoking rates would plummet to 12.4% of the overall population. However, with the introduction of these alternative nicotine based products, smoking rates would thus fall to 9.7% – including those who are regarded as dual users; smoking and vaping at the same time. The proportion of all deaths which were linked to smoking-related diseases would decrease from 8.4% and 8.1%. The model looked at all different types of consumers, including those who currently smoke, non-smokers, those who used to smoke, e-cig users and those who smoke and vape. Factors such as age and gender were also a major factor for the study, as well as the time since quitting or having relapsed.
‘Our model shows that when e-cigarettes are available, the effect of ‘normalisation’, through for example, the visibility and familiarisation of e-cigarettes versus the ‘de-normalisation’ of cigarettes, means that fewer people start smoking and there is a higher rate of successful quit attempts–smokers quit earlier and, although many still relapse, there are significantly more former smokers,’ explains Murphy.
What is more, this research further adds to the growing popularity and positive belief that using e-cigarettes offers a substantial potential to drastically reduce the number of smokers in the UK and therefore serve as a positive for public health services. Public Health England, the executive body of the UK Department of Health has estimated that using e-cigarettes is 95% safer than smoking cigarettes, and so the backing of PHE, The Royal College of Physicians and other organisations such as Cancer Research, ASH and the BMA only proves that a wider acceptance of the use of e-cigarettes is needed to be embraced to ensure the lives of British smokers is saved.
Photo credit: vchal/Shutterstock
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It was a regular Monday, going through my mental list of classroom “to do” on my 45 minute commute. Today I was doing a vocabulary lesson I used for the first time four years ago and tweaked it each year to make it better. The objective was to connect the key vocabulary words to concepts. This is always a challenge, for the students can memorize the definitions pretty well. However, giving those same definitions a science connection to a concept presents many with frustration.
The lesson I was going to do was more memory and share practice. It would be very mechanical and manageable for behavior. The outcome would be clear, but not a great deal of student motivation or buy-in beyond the high flyers. Those students simply love everyting that they can memorize. My question was connecting student motivation with vocabulary and ultimately concepts.
In my class technology still motivates just about every student. They get excited when they can turn their device on, regardless of the purpose. With that in mind, my question was how to empower the learner with their technology and gaining better understanding of our concepts. It is so nice to know Google Classroom supplies the platform for spontaneous lessons like this one.
Google Image Search was where my mind went right away. Look for an image that represents the vocabulary term. Then caption the photo with a simple “Why” did you select it and “How” does it connect to science. Each student would be free to select whatever photo they wanted, as well as the tool to share with me in GC (that is what I call Google Classroom in my class). It took maybe 10 minutes to create the Gdoc and the assignment is GC.
I took just a few minutes to explain the lesson and reviewing some image search strategies. I reminded them to site the owner with the research tools. There was nearly 100% motivation and buy-in, as they jumped into the lesson. Of the students that had questions, most were the usual, not reading all of the directions carefully.
The first stumbling block was when they search for images with just the term. For example, searching for “weight” will display many diet images, which has nothing to do with our science concept. Suddenly sharing the learning started with one student saying “you need to know what you want first”. This title wave moment was consistent in all four of my classes working on this lesson. Listening to students share at their lab tables what they were looking for and why, was amazing.
My initial directions were to simply submit the assignment and I would assess them. The bulk of the students did their assignment on Google Slides and wanted to present to the class. I modified the lesson with ease in GC, setting an extra 42 mintues devoted to sharing their presentations. I had them add a summary of their presentation and learning. That extra time spent to share was totally worth it.
Presentation after presentation shared a level of learning and understanding that far exceed my expectations. I got goosebumps multiple times, as I listened to students that normally struggle hit the concepts and beam with their new understanding of science. It was interesting to see that there were very few duplicate images from student to student in their presentations. Which told me their key words entered for seaching were individualized. They really wished we would have done this lesson before our vocabulary quiz and I assured them it would happen next chapter. The common message in their summary was “Before this lesson I knew the definitions, but now I know what they mean”. That was powerful!
The proof is in the pudding. I was anxious for our concepts test to see if this lesson would transfer into better performance. I was using the same test as last year, which the average score AFTER retakes was 84%. The average score BEFORE retakes this year was 88%. Bigger than the jump in mean score was that no one bombed the test and with only 2 students earned below 64%. The remediation group was way smaller and manageable to get them there, before getting too far into the next chapter.
I am so thankful I took this leap of faith, creating this lesson. Two tech tools made it possible, but empowering the learner was the key. As common practice these days in my room, we share the learning on a regular basis continuing to build on our community of life long learners. The power of the student was clear and present this week. This old educator is already getting excited to build on their learning in chapter 11. These are exciting times in education.
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Lake Engure drainage area (644 sq.km) includes the Lake which is a remnant of Litorina sea formed about 4000 years ago.
Part of the territory is the Lake Engure Nature Park, the Ramsar site including unique inland and marine wetlands.
Most of the drainage area is covered by pine forests, but there are also large areas of marshlands, meadows, deciduous forests, dunes and agricultural lands. Avifauna lists 186 species, vascular plants – 844 species. 44 species of birds, 5 fish species and 3 plant species are protected at European level, 23 habitats are in EU habitat directive.
The ecosystems of the area have been changed by different human activities historically well documented.
The most important activities in ancient times included regulation of water level, hay making, pasturing, hunting, and fishery.
The traditional settlement type was the former fishermen's village, which is characterized by its linear structure along the seashore and farmsteads inland. During the past decade, such settlements have been subject to a wave of summer cottage, second home and guest house construction. The agriculture and main industry (fishing and fish processing) has sharply declined. Nowadays, the highest number of employees is in the service sector (wholesale, catering, tourism and leisure industries). It sets a new kind of pressure to the ecosystems of the region.
LT(S)ER should serve as an instrument for solving the problem of sustainable development of the region.
Outline of the sites of entomological and plant community studies
There are 12 LTER sites where entomological and plant community studies are carried out since 1995.
Sites include both specific and rare habitats of the Engure Nature Park and widely distributed habitats of the region.
Sites include sample plots 0.1 – 0.2 ha.
Each sample plot contains 3 permanent vegetation quadrats (2 × 2 m).
Investigation of long-term successional changes in different plant communities.
Investigation of grass-dwelling arthropod communities on the background of climate warming.
Plant community structure and species diversity.
Abundance and species diversity of grass-dwelling arthropods mainly Diptera and Coleoptera.
Plant communities within the permanent quadrats are described by using Braun-Blanquet five-level cover scale during midsummer.
Grass-dwelling arthropods are collected by entomological sweep-net method 50 sweeps per plot 3 times per season following special sampling scheme.
Outline of the aqutic sites in the Lake Engure:
Since 1995– up to now. Site manager Gunta Spriņģe.
Three sampling sites at river transect (at Mersraga canal latitude 57oN 14.987; longitude 23oE 04.454; at River Dzedrupe inflow latitude 57oN 15.214; longitude 23oE 05.175, southern part latitude 57oN 12.615; longitude 23oE 09.278).
Investigation of long-term processes in lake water and sediment communities on the backround of climate warming and changing land use in the drainage area of the lake.
For water chemistry and biology „Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” (American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/ Water Environment Federation, USA) were used.
The increase of annual, spring (March-May) and winter (December-February) temperature, annual and winter precipitation, changes of water level show a good relationship between Western type of Atmospheric Circulation Index in general and between NAO indexes in March and lake water level in April.
From the local point-of view the most important factors are historical development of the lake including canal built in the middle of 19th century and connecting Lake Engure with Gulf of Riga, high concentrations of calcium identifying the lake as hardwater lake, low level of reactive phosphorus and its speciation with calcium compounds and abundant macrophyte stands with charophytes.
Since 1995 decrease in nitrites and reactive phosphorus has been observed that is clearly limiting element in the lake water whilst concentrations of ammonium and nitrates haven’t changed. Positive trends are found for pH and chlorides.
Phytoplankton has a low biomass and significant changes are not observed. The abundance and biomass of benthic invertebrates have increased.
In general, large scale impacts to Lake Engure are confirmed nevertheless local scale factors are even more relevant.
At the moment Lake Engure has clear-water state mainly due to its particular internal factors.
Outline of the sites of ornitological studies:
Ornithological studies by the Institute of Biology on the Lake Engure and its surroundings were carried out since 1951, including stationary investigations since 1958 up till present.
Engure Ornithological Research Centre provides logistics for researchers.
Centre manager: Janis Viksne.
Studies of dynamics of breeding bird fauna (species richness and abundance) in relation to different environmental both natural and anthropogenic factors, with the main accent on ducks, larids, waders and coot.
Waterbird habitat management and maintaining.
Species composition, population abundance, demographic parameters (mortality/survival, philopatry/dispersal, nesting success), migration.
Annual nest counts and following their fate on sample plots (up to 110 ha) on islands and emergent vegetation stands (ducks, waders, larids).
Periodical evaluation of the nesting population size on the whole lake (larids, coot, grebes, common crane, etc.).
Population demography studies based on mass-scale ringing, including original ringing method of day-old ducklings and capture-recapture analysis (ducks, mostly Tufted Duck, Pochard, Shoveler, Mallard).
Studies of breeding success of the Black-headed Gull using method of fenced sampling plots and mass-scale ringing of chicks.
Studies of feeding flights of the Black-headed Gull using registration of dyed specimens.
Experiments with waterbird breeding habitats to increase their carrying capacity – fragmentation of emergent vegetation, vegetation control on islands, predation control.
Registration of numbers and species/sex/age composition of harvested waterbirds at the beginning of hunting season (August).
Altogether 187 breeding bird species have been found on the Lake Engure Nature Park. In 71 species major quantitative changes have been observed: negative trends in 44, and positive trends in 27 species. Habitat succession was found as the most important cause for negative alterations. Southern origin species prevailed among newcomers, and northern origin species – among diminishing/vanished ones. Especially pronounced negative changes were observed since 1992/1993 till the late 1990s’.
Black-headed Gull population changed from 200 pairs in late 1940s up to 34000 pairs in 1986, and declined to 4200 pairs in 2002. Increase was promoted by switch to anthropogenic food and its abundance, decline – by successional changes of vegetation, sudden disappearance of anthropogenic food, predation by American mink.
Black-headed Gull feeding flight distances changed according to local population size. At maximum population size (mid-1980s) gulls flew up to 70 km, mass-scale feeding flights – up to 40 km.
Studies of the Black-headed Gull allowed to describe population model in early 1970s which correspond to the intensive growth period: 2,3 hatched chicks/pair, fledging mortality rate 40%, first year mortality 60%, annual adult mortality 15% which provides annual growth rate of 22% (correspond to observed value). Following factors have been found responsible for fledging survival: hatching date, clutch and brood size, hatching sequence and weight, weather conditions. Post-fledging survival depends upon hatching time and weather conditions during breeding season.
Following activities have been approved and proposed for maintaining and improvement of breeding conditions for waterbirds:
regulation of emergent and meadow vegetation;
predation control (especially alien species);
establishing of closed areas for breeding and moulting, and refuges during hunting season;
artificial nest sites elevated above water with predator guards (for Mallard).
Number of annually shot ducks during first three hunting times in 1993-2010 fluctuated between 32 and 513 (average 190) and negatively correlated with water level. Number of harvested ducks declined by years reflecting both decline of local breeding populations (especially in Pochard) and number of active hunters.
Due to ringing of ca. 86000 day-old ducklings and 12000 incubating females different demographical parameters of breeding duck populations are described: age structure (e.g. in Shoveler and Tufted Duck: old residential females – correspondingly 45% and 61%, first nesting local recruits – 44% and 20%, immigrants – 11% and 19%), amount and pattern of philopatry/dispersal, density dependence of duckling survival and breeding philopatry, compensatory mortality, etc. Detailed patterns of seasonal distribution and migration of Mallard, Pochard, Tufted Duck, Shoveler, Garganey, Pintail and Gadwall are described.
Duck populations have declined dramatically since early 1990s from 2620 pairs (all species combined) to 625 pairs in 2010. Causes of these changes are following:
successional changes of vegetation (merging of separate stands into huge reed dominated massives, decline of meadow covered areas on islands and coasts);
dramatic decline and dislocation of Black-headed Gull colonies (preferred nesting places of ducks);
increased predation (mostly alien predators – American mink and raccoon-dog, as well as red fox).
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DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8
DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8
The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor.
Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job.
A later version of that machine became the PDP-8, one of the most successful computers of the next decade.
Because DEC expected its customers to have engineering backgrounds, this brochure is full of technical details about how the PDP-8 works.View Artifact Detail
Edson de Castro worked closely with Gordon Bell on the PDP-5. De Castro then went on to design the initial version of the PDP-8. Afterward, de Castro was frustrated by DEC’s refusal to approve a family of 16-bit computers he wanted to design. So he and other DEC engineers launched Data General in 1968 and created their own 16-bit design.View Artifact Detail
What Was it Used For?
Engineers used the inexpensive PDP-8 in many varied applications, such as the control of the news display in New York’s Times Square, inexpensive time sharing at Carnegie Mellon University, signal analysis in physics labs, and lighting control in New York’s Shubert Theater for the musical “A Chorus Line”.
The PDP-8 Family
The PDP-8E appeared in 1970, the sixth generation of 12-bit computers from DEC able to run the same software.
The price for this newest member of the PDP family had dropped to $6,500, which made it inexpensive enough to serve as an embedded controller for other equipment.
The PDP-8/E was considered a general purpose minicomputer, because its configuration allowed many types of peripheral devices to be connected to it. It is shown here configured for data processing, with conventional teletypewriters (front foreground), and a line printer (back left).View Artifact Detail
This brain surgery station served as a controller for a device that mapped the brain’s response to stimuli. Previously, brain surgeons had to keep patients awake during surgery. By wiring patients to a computer, doctors could stimulate nerves and analyze brain responses while patients slept.View Artifact Detail
Smaller Packaging: The Flip Chip Card
The PDP-8's electronic components were mounted on small inexpensive "Flip Chip" modules about the size of playing cards, plugged into connectors on a panel. The wire interconnections on the back of the panel were automatically made by a machine that wrapped wires around metal pins sticking out of the connectors, which significantly reduced cost.
The Flip Chip cards, smaller than the cards in the predecessor PDP-5, were originally designed for unpackaged diodes and transistors densely mounted on ceramic substrates. That idea failed. But with clever layout, DEC engineers were able to squeeze conventionally packaged components into the new smaller size.
For the next compatible machine, the PDP-8I, the Flip Chip cards held integrated circuits instead, which packed much more logic into the same space.
An automated machine took over the tedious and error-prone job of wiring all the connector pins on the backplane. This saved both time and money.View Artifact Detail
This register slice contains 3 bits of storage and 1 bit of an adder. It performs the same functions as the PDP-5 module, but is on a smaller printed circuit card.View Artifact Detail
This register slice from the predecessor of the PDP-8 contains 3 bits of storage and 1 bit of an adder. The transistors have the black top hats, and the diodes are the small white cylinders.View Artifact Detail
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These Education Free Verse poems are examples of Free Verse poems about Education. These are the best examples of Education Free Verse poems written by international PoetrySoup poets
Somebody keeps pulling on the rope to swing the bells
Don't touch it. Don't say it. Don't do it. Don't doubt it. Don't think.
Somebody handcuffs my steps. Somebody determines my boundaries.
Before I fully understand free will, there is a slap on my head
and phosphenes like stars that command my orbit.
Before I can recognize differences, there is a slap on my hand
right hand, not left hand...never ambidextrous;
and time out is isolation without a trial...and I learn
the fear of wrongdoing
remote-controlling my existence,
conditional on demand, predesigned
An aborted freedom escaping into the sewer
trying not to get it on the seat
I'm the observer of other lives, not mine
tied up and chained, in captivity
attempting to prove an alibi
for being alive.
No one cares
not even myself
Somebody pulls on the rope to swing the bells
It's dirty. It's ugly. It's bad. It's poo. It's sin.
commitments, commandments... Commandments, Commitments
Sometimes deception makes them ring in a low tone. Sometimes
I do what they say, and not what they do, and not what I want, and not what I think.
Through fragments of this duplicity,
and this duplicity,
I would be able to rebuild myself,
and Myself, into another hypocritical being;
and the intentional perversion of the self proclaimed truth,
or the liar paradox,
will be sovereign
leading to the use of tricks and cotton swabs.
When the remorseless hours run counterclockwise,
I would be happy through imaginary experiences,
consistently believed to be true.
Would I dare to examine the society in which I've been educated and raised?
Would I dare rip my skin...my flesh off of my bones?
How could I blame them? How could I possibly judge them?
Order and obedience in confabulation...in conspiracy...in complicity
If somebody keeps pulling on the rope to swing the bells
If I'm the only one guarding my own cell
If I'm the jailer, and the convict, and the crime.
He reads voraciously
to his young children,
beholden and somewhat bewildered
by sweet progeny
their relentless leaching of his words
hungry baby birds, small peep teachings
He reads sporadically
to his father, articles from the paper,
headlines and bylines,
for his dad has cataracts, now, and velum hands
shake newsprint, making a rattling sound
too like the quiver of their cloistered skeletons,
all those remains, all those remains
There is wisdom in comics, he has found,
bucolic rings so like old church bells
tutoring fields through fog
He still tries to read
shared history in eyes,
the geography of long sighs, that topography of belly,
yes, yes, a theology that spills from parted lips
bless each rumpled sheet, that chemistry
which repeats poetry, spoken in a dialect, so rare
He remembers reading an encyclopedia
in the face of a beggar, once,
the prophetical sparking from high brows
which seemed to be only crossed currents,
a lifetime recorded, an unbound edition, A through Z
but when he turned carefully to C,
he'd found a full entry on compassion
Soon, he'll no longer read music notes
through a soft blur, playing guitar for one
a thousand times more educated then he,
this twelve year old girl, her heart
an open lecture hall,
that smile of pure academia,
may she ever be an opus angelorum,
that reaches, will ever reach,
far past mere hospice walls.
dadgum doctors, heads up their butts
poking, prodding, pricking skin
neurologist a psychopath
gets pleasure as electric volts pass through my body
family doctor showed little concern
made me paranoid about irregular heartbeat
EKG failed to determine cause
left me more in doubt than at ease
dentist like a character from Dustin Hoffman’s “Marathon Man”
the more pain inflicted
the more he rejoiced
deep root cleaning caused severe infection
bloodwork done by Vampira clones
labs filled with tubes and needles
results not shared with me
yet I footed the bill
optometrist an Oriental who moved so fast
didn’t care if the prescribed glasses worked
boo on you, dang aristocrats
waving your credentials
nurses so slow to respond
MRI promised on CD, but couldn’t be obtained
just like the blood tests, needed a “report”
doctors driving me insane
each should share my mental hospital bills
*Based on ongoing health tests and written for PD’s contest. Assignment Free Verse, 25 lines, category slam, sad and educational, title: Mental Hospital Bills
Authored by Chuck Keys
It had no color,
Lacking shape, size and dimension.
It wasn't moving or breathing.
There was neither aroma nor taste, not here or there.
Touching was useless because it wasn't physical.
It was indistinct and limitless.
Multi-sensually and multi-psychologically
It wasn't here or there and it was.
With no distinction,
It looked like everything else,
Or it could not have looked like everything else.
It never made me feel good nor bad,
Nor happy nor sad
Nor quite nor trite.
In our world of joy and destroy, we sort and distort,
Looking more on the surface and less on the inside,
Ready to judge and be judged from outside in.
The "oneness" of mankind stretches beyond definitions and limits,
From outside to inside and from inside to outside.
We are one distinct and alike world of "oneness."
Differences exist for differences,
Therefore, differences don't exist.
Only "oneness" exists.
This poem is dedicated to Dr. Clayborne Carson and The Gandhi-King Community,
For Global Peace with Social Justice in a Sustainable Environment.
Some people are voices
On the edge of rocks
With steep slopes and cliffs.
Some people are echoes
At the bottom of walls
Carved by rushing waters.
Resounding echoes awaken the child
demons in the attic beckon unto him
stark fear grips his Vick's laden chest
shivers vibrate rusty springs of down
footsteps creak closer upon loose floorboards
while steamed filled pipes play taps
a somber teddybear snarls
causing the world to be still
foolish nuns, God doesn't want to "get me"
the sting of a ruler splinters a left hand
blood spurts upon faces of laughter
evil little boy too wicked for a mother
affliction runs in the family
Florence became flop because she always fell
polio never whipped her ass
just abused her now and then
she healed with a smile
Even humility has its price
Jimmy Dean wore sunglasses
maybe his eyes were bloodshot
or maybe he was a child of an alcoholic
and they became part of his attire
degenerate eye disease, masturbation
spattering or battering
does it really matter when you can't see
or understand the difference between ADD and ADHD
Psych 101: Crack can be Prozac
Iron gates surround a new residence
protecting the innocent who peer from outside
rehabilitation means refining bad habits
like those on the outside who have mastered them
twelve years of bars and games people play
provide an education unto itself
seclusion can be the deciding factor
between murder or suicide
self righteous judges choose life
recidivism is a revolving door
of vicious cycles with no engines
only propellers called co-dependants
or co-defendants, take your pick
life repeats itself over and over
only the circumstances change
yet the merry-go-round stops
when the flowers are arranged
Why are most tombstones gray
scared, afraid to die
are you saved?
from what, ourselves
you can't hurt me
Bob Shank-Nov. 30th, 2006
I suck at dying poems
Chemo poems, Metastatic Cancer poems,
Hair falling out in the shower poems
And I told a half truth
When I told you I could write you one
In less than six months (It's been eight)
I apologize for being so late
I wanted your poem to be pink and graceful
Like those ribbons
I see all over the internet
Filled with cheesy generic rhymes
That read like a Hallmark audition
But already my metaphors are melting
And my similes are getting soft
I guarantee you the rhyme meter will be off
When I went to Google
And the typed in the word 'happy'
Three billion links came up
Not a single inference to
Breast cancer, hair loss
No redirects to mastectomies
Yahoo wasn't any kinder
The only thing research could teach me
Is that a good day on chemo
Is when your stool doesn't come out tar Black
And has no blood in it
Or when your urine
Smells better on Wednesday
Than it did on Tuesday
Sleeping less than 12 hours
When 24 would be better
America has more poets
Than it does alcoholics
And Pot smokers combined
And you chose me to be
Your Breast Cancer
Trusting me to write a poem
About the biggest battle in your life
So I refuse to finish this poem
Without something bright and hopeful
And don't think
I didn't notice your Facebook activity
Had decreased by 88%
In the last three months
And you aren't really
Coming to any more of my poetry shows
Ever again. Are you??
But we still have March, April
But even if you had one breast
Or no breast
Or if you had less hair than I do
I promise to look only in your eyes
And never ever even notice
Or even think about it
And never for a moment
Would I feel sorry for you
Yes I suck at lying too...
But I don't suck at loving you
Or at hoping you wake up tomorrow morning
With no Cancer at all
And that The Eiffel Tower will be right outside
Your bedroom window...
And I would be right there with you
Holding your hand while we look down on Paris
And you can impress me with your French again
And if I ever make it
To the Pulitzer Poetry board
I might lose a thousand points
Just for this poem alone
And my hopes for the prize will be smitten
And some old person
With white hair will say
That was the worst love poem ever written
I could care less about the four
corners of insults,
That intelligence invites;
It is always the first straw of
grass that’s grows,
which reveals the popular outcast;
As a youth, I found my image cut down
into this manufactured silhouette.
Drenched in social rain, my peers
had never found me more alienated,
Then when I spoke fluently of diverse
They did everything in their power to provide
a verbal umbrella,
However, the texture remains weak and
This stormy parade that remains’ dripping is
indeed an afterthought,
For within this cranial mansion resides
For the more abstract and surreal
elements of life;
It is that secluded gland which reveals
the renaissance of men, who wear
Now wearing the shoes of a young
A taste of charisma resides in my
However this slight addiction to external
Comes in second to my first drug of
Membership into this fraternity may take a lifetime;
So don’t be surprised when resistance
knocks at your door,
Intimidated by the lion that dwells within
Indeed intellect is the misunderstood
That blossoms sweeter when accepted.
this is true;
you and I
who was I,
and now this crutch
just past mine age,
for I have passed on knowledge;
"I will discover grace"
her soft kiss
letting me in
There exists a world where the traffic lights don’t work….
Welcome to the Slums
We the slum dwellers…
The ones condemned at birth by virtue of our parents biting poverty
The ones with no prospects, no options, no apologies
This is our story….
Morning light ushers in a crude awakening to realities
better left in nightmares.
The dash to the community bathroom - for those brave enough to risk
tainting by the oozing, bubbling faeces (provided of course that
they have the cash to pay for the toilet)
The rest of us make use of polythene flying toilets –woe unto
anyone passing nearby.
Forget about breakfast – meals are a luxury
Next stop: Trek to the industrial area
Goal: To find any work needing muscle and employees too poor to
care about meager wages and industrial law.
Sweat, sweat, and more sweat. Work overtime, without protective gear, without lunch break, without job security. And for what – peanuts.
Hand-to-mouth: Live for the day.
The wheel of poverty rotates at superhuman speed. Alighting
equals death – death in the form of the way out -
Boy child: Criminal gang
Girl child: Sea of prostitution
The only reprise comes from the misfortune of others.
Siphoning fuel from a tanker, death is death is death, be it from petrol burns or starvation.
Tapping electricity from faulty lines – it’s not as if the council will
willingly connect us with the commodity.
Being used as mercenaries by greedy businessmen and powerful politicians – work is work, right?
Free primary education –don’t make me laugh.
Rapes, murders, theft –just another day gone by.
In a world where people are a rule to themselves, only one rule remains:
Do what you have to do to survive another day.
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Sure, you know the basics about how babies are made – a man and woman have sex and nine months later, a beautiful baby is born. But there's actually a lot more to it than that.
Here are all the fascinating biological facts about getting pregnant.
How do women's eggs develop?
For women, a potential pregnancy begins in the ovaries, those two almond-shaped glands attached to either side of the uterus. (See illustration below.)
Ovaries come fully stocked: You are born with 1 to 2 million eggs – more than a lifetime's supply. The eggs begin dying off almost immediately, and no more are ever produced.
Altogether, you probably release about 400 eggs over the course of your reproductive years, beginning with your first period and ending with menopause (usually between ages 45 and 55).
During the middle of the menstrual cycle, most likely sometime between the 9th and 21st days for women with a 28-day cycle, an egg reaches maturity in one of her two ovaries, then is released and quickly sucked up by the opening of the nearest fallopian tube. These two 4-inch canals lead from the ovaries to the uterus.
This release, called ovulation, starts the conception clock ticking. The egg lives only about 24 hours after ovulation, so it has to be fertilized soon for conception to happen. If your egg meets up with a healthy sperm on its way to the uterus, the two can join and begin the process of creating a new life.
If not, the egg ends its journey at the uterus, where it either dissolves or is absorbed by the body. When pregnancy doesn't occur, the ovary eventually stops making estrogen and progesterone (hormones that help maintain a pregnancy), and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during your period.
How do men make sperm?
A man's body is almost constantly at work producing millions of microscopic sperm, whose sole purpose is to penetrate an egg. While women are born with all of the eggs they'll ever need, men aren't born with ready-made sperm. They have to be produced on a regular basis, and from start to finish it takes 64 to 72 days for new sperm cells to develop.
The average sperm lives only a few weeks in a man's body, and about 250 million are released with each ejaculation. That means new sperm are always in production.
Sperm begin developing in the testicles, the two glands in the scrotal sac beneath the penis. (See illustration above.) The testicles hang outside a man's body because they're quite sensitive to temperature.
To produce healthy sperm, testicles have to stay around 94 degrees Fahrenheit – about four degrees cooler than normal body temperature. The sperm are stored in a part of the testicle called the epididymis before mixing with semen just prior to ejaculation.
Despite the millions of sperm produced and released with each ejaculation, only one can fertilize an egg – this is the case even for identical twins. The sex of the resulting embryo depends on which type of sperm burrows into the egg first. Sperm with a Y chromosome make a boy baby, and sperm with an X chromosome make a girl.
Does having an orgasm help baby-making?
Besides being pleasurable, that wonderful sensation known as an orgasm also has an important biological function.
In men, having an orgasm propels sperm-rich semen into the vagina and up against the cervix, helping them reach the fallopian tubes minutes later. This gives sperm a head start on their way to the egg.
A woman's orgasm also might help conception: Some studies suggest that the wavelike contractions associated with the female orgasm pull sperm farther into the cervix (but other research says there's no real evidence this is true).
Still, having an orgasm couldn't hurt – and just might help – your chances of getting pregnant.
Many couples also wonder whether a particular sexual position is best for baby-making. You may have heard that certain positions are the best because they allow for deeper penetration, but there is no evidence that sex position has any effect on pregnancy rates.
But do whatever you like. The most important thing about sex is that you're both having a good time and you're doing it frequently enough to have live sperm in the woman's reproductive tract during ovulation. That means you should aim to make love at least every other day during the middle of your cycle.
Which sperm gets to the egg first?
At this point, you can't do much except cross your fingers and hope. You may have heard that it helps if the woman stays on her back afterward with a pillow elevating her bottom so gravity can help the sperm get to the waiting egg, but there is no evidence this helps achieve pregnancy.
While you and your partner are cuddling, a great deal of activity is taking place inside your body. Those millions of sperm have begun their quest to find the egg, and it's not an easy journey.
The first obstacle is the acid level in your vagina, which can be deadly to sperm. Then there's your cervical mucus, which can be impenetrable, except on the days when you're most fertile. Then it miraculously thins enough for a few of the strongest sperm to get through.
But that's not all – the sperm that survive still have a long road ahead. In all, they need to travel about 7 inches from the cervix through the uterus to the fallopian tubes.
If there isn't an egg in one of the fallopian tubes after ejaculation, the sperm can live in the woman's reproductive tract for up to five days. Only a few dozen sperm ever make it to the egg. The rest get trapped, head up the wrong fallopian tube, or die along the way.
For the lucky few who get near the egg, the race isn't over. They still have to penetrate the egg's outer shell and get inside before the others.
And as soon as the hardiest one of the bunch makes it through, the egg changes instantaneously so that no other sperm can get in. It's like a protective shield that clamps down over the egg at the exact moment that first sperm is safely inside.
Now the real miracle begins. The genetic material in the sperm combines with the genetic material in the egg to create a new cell that starts dividing rapidly. You're not actually pregnant until that bundle of new cells, known as the embryo, travels the rest of the way down the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of your uterus.
However, if the embryo implants somewhere other than the uterus, such as the fallopian tube, an ectopic pregnancy results. An ectopic pregnancy is not viable, and you'll either need to take medication to stop it from growing or have surgery to prevent your fallopian tube from rupturing.
That final leg of the trip can take another three days or so, but it may be a few more weeks until you miss a period and suspect that you're going to have a baby.
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Maintaining a proper balanced diet is crucial to the fostering of good health, and enhancement of personal development. The human body needs a lot of nutrients to function well, hence the need to supplement on a daily basis with more nutrients. Different foods have different nutritional value, and by carefully combining them, you get to supply your body with all the needed elements.
Even with the plethora of options when it comes to food, it is usually hard to keep up a proper diet. A lot of factors are at play in this, but the most noticeable one is just pure ignorance. Most people don’t know what to eat, which is a problem on its own. This is why we decided to help out by making this short list of some important foods that should be present in everyone’s diet.
Maintaining a good healthy balanced diet
First of all, most of our body is made up of water, up to 60%. The human body needs a lot of water to function properly and without a hassle. From cooling the body to cleaning the blood, water is very crucial. As a people dieting measure, make sure that you take more water and keep your body hydrated at all times. Clean drinking water is available all around us, so use it to enhance your health and diet.
Protein is very necessary for the development of our bodies. Especially if you are into fitness, and want your body to look good, then you should start taking more protein. Protein is the essential building block for skin, blood, cartilage, muscles, and bones. Simply put, your body needs proteins to stay healthy.
Foods that are rich in protein include Fish, Milk, Eggs, and Meat in general. For the vegetarians, you will be happy to know that Beans and Soya chunks are rich in protein and can provide the amount needed by the body.
From providing energy to our entire body to empowering the friendly bacteria in our intestines, carbohydrates are a necessary nutrient in everyone dietary needs. Especially if you work in a job that is physically demanding, then you need to take more carbs.
Foods that are rich in carbohydrates include Bread, Rice, and Pasta.
Fiber is one of the must haves in your diet. You should eat foods that are rich in fiber on a regular basis. Fiber is responsible for aiding digestion, prevent weight gain, diabetes, and heart complication just to name a few.
To get enough fiber in your body, take more fruits and vegetables.
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Microsoft Velocity is the new framework developed by the Microsoft Corporation related to the performance of the web based applications.
It is used for the Dynamic Scaling of the Web Applications. Dynamic Scaling means our application need not know about the external process, also need not to start any process, any application while adding or removing the objects from the cache.
It is mainly related to caching by which we can save or store the frequently accessed data.
Microsoft Velocity is the new "Distributed Caching Engine" which can be used to store the objects on the fly to the cache memory and whenever required, the objects can be retrieved from the cache. The objects can be stored or removed from the cache on the fly without disturbing the application. In all the scenarios, our Application need not to know about these cached objects.
The Distributed Caching Engine or we can say the Velocity framework will take care of these objects.
First let's talk about the External Cache
1. External Cache allows to pull the cache objects out of the process. It means the cache objects can be stored out of the browser memory as an external server or as external processes- The external process or external server can be the State Server or SQL Server.
So in these servers, we can save the cached data of the applications.
2. By using External Cache the application can be scaled vertically. It means we can store more and more cached objects in the external memory without affecting the application. Also we can use more and more processors as an external component to increase the performance of the application.
3. We can also scale our web application horizontally by using the External Cache i.e. by adding more physical servers (web farm scenario) we can scale-up our application.
So we have seen that there are many advantages of using the External Cache to the web application.
Now we will see where and how the Microsoft "Velocity" is involved with the External Cache to increase the performance of the applications.
Microsoft "Velocity" is used for Dynamic Scaling of the Web Applications. It also used for the Load Balancing of the applications where the data is accessing from the multiple servers in the Web Farm pattern.
First we will see the Installation part of the Microsoft "Velocity"-
1.Microsoft "Velocity" Framework can be installed from the Microsoft Web site on top of the .Net Framework 3.5 onwards.
2. PowerShell version 1.0 should be installed
3. There are few options which we need to set during the installation
a. Cluster configuration options
–SQL Server based
b. Set cache cluster options
Where we can use the Microsoft "Velocity" framework:
1.As we talked about that the Cached data will be saved as an external so the data must be in the serialized format.
There are few terms related to the Microsoft "Velocity" framework which we should know before the use:
1.Cluster- A collection of Cache Hosts is called as Cluster. It is the multiple cache hosts which are linked together and make a Cluster.
2.Cache Hosts- These are the server where the Cache object exists.
3.Named Caches- The name provided by the cache object.
4.Regions- Region is exists in a single server or single velocity server.
5.Cache Items- Cache Items are the objects which are exists in the Regions.
6.Objects- Specified the cache objects.
Microsoft Velocity uses the External Cache object to store the cached data from the multiple clients. The clients can be distributes to different machines or processes. All the clients will see only a single instance of the Cached object. A cache layer will be generated for all the hosts to access the cache objects.
Hope this article will be helpful to you.
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All garden have insects, and sometimes it's hard to know which are the good cops and which are the bad cops in your garden neighbourhood! The good cops, the insects that help with pollination and pest control are referred to as beneficial insects.
Bad cops on the other hand are fruit fly, possums that steal your fruit, aphids, looper caterpillars, grasshoppers, locusts and more. Visit our Pests and Disease guide for information on keeping the bad bugs out of your garden.
So, back to the good cops! A pollinator is an animal that causes plants to make fruit or seeds. They do this by moving pollen from one bit of the plant's flower to another part. The pollen then fertilises the plant.
Pollinators are essential for your Fruit Salad Tree to produce fruit. Common insect pollinators that are found in your garden are butterflies, wasps, moths, beetles, hover flies and of course bees.
Other insects that are part of the good guys help control your garden neighbourhood by eating the bad guys like aphids, mites and scale.
There are two types of lady bugs; the first one is your common one, tiny and red with black spots, the second is a black and yellow lady bug that attacks any fungus growing on the tree.
Munch on: aphids, mealy bugs, mites, small larvae and moth eggs.
An orange helmet shaped ladybird beetle that are about 5mm long.
Munch on: most scales insects like red scale and white louse scale.
There are quite a few wasp varieties (eg parasitic wasps) that work in your garden as good pollinators and will help deter pests as well.
Munch on: Caterpillars, curl grubs, spiders, scale and flies
A carnivore that is a beneficial insect unless you are trying to attract pollinators to your garden as these guys will eat pretty much anything.
Munch on: Grasshoppers, mosquitoes, moths, butterflies and anything else that moves.
You will find many varieties of beetles in your garden ranging in size, usually black or metallic blue/green in colour.
Munch on: Aphids, slugs and snails
The adults have a black and yellow banded abdomen, you will notice this insect often hovering above plants.
Munch on: Aphids and mites
A small green insect about 15mm in size with four clear wings.
Munch on: Aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, caterpillars, whitefly and mites.
Top tips to attract these good cops to patrol and protect your garden are:
An insect hotel not only enhances your garden but you'll encourage more beneficial insects like solitary bees, wasps and beetles season after season.
Good watering practices are great for your multi-grafted Fruit Salad Tree and these little guys too.
Do you have any more beneficial insects to add to our list? Let us know in the comments or email us at [email protected]. We'd love to hear about them in detail and we also love seeing photos if you have them.
Here at Fruit Salad Trees, we stock a wide range of fruit trees, which all boast different fruit on the same tree. Each fruit variety retains its own flavour, appearance and ripening time. We graft citrus, stonefruit and multi-apple trees.
Our fast fruiting trees can be grown in the ground, or in pots on your balcony.
Comments will be approved before showing up.
Your soils contain many nutrients that your plants require, some are only necessary in small doses and others need to be constantly acquired by your plants to assist with their day to day living. Most people have heard of NPK, but do you know what it represents and how it assists the health of your tree and how other elements benefit or harm your garden?
We are still operational and dispatching Australia wide from the farm. You are still able to purchase one of our unique trees for your home garden. Now is a great time while you are following the social distancing requirements, to plant your your own healthy fruit tree.
We have implemented all social distancing and government required health and safety measures with our staff when packing your fruit trees.
There are a few things you can do each season in your garden to prevent pests and diseases causing grief to your Fruit Salad Tree.
We've broken this down into the 3 varieties so you can find the information specific to your tree/s.
Welcome to Fruit Salad Trees!
We will send you all the tree care advice you need to grow different fruits on one tree and keep the whole household happy!
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When the aftermath of a serious fire is being investigated, one of the
most common questions is: Why did the fire get so large? Until
relatively recently, the 'large' questions could only be answered qualitatively,
since means of quantifying a fire size in engineering units did not exist.
Eventually, it was recognized that since heat is the energy output of
the fire, and scientific means exist for measuring energy, the problem
may be soluble. The principles are clear. Heat is measured in units of
Joules. What is usually more of interest is the rate at which heat is
released, not the total amount. The heat release rate (HRR) can thus be
measured in Joules per second, which is termed Watts. Since a fire puts
out much more than 1 Watt, it is usually convenient to quantify the HRR
in kilowatts (1000 W) or megawatts (a million watts).
measurement of HRR
Prior to the 1970s, such ideas, while theoretically accessible, were not
usable, since actual means of measuring HRR from fires were not available.
The first instruments for HRR measurement started being available in the
1970s and they were bench-scale devices. (One specialized unit had been
already built in the 1950s in one lab.) Bench-scale means such instruments
can measure samples on the order of a few inches or a few centimeters
in size, but not real objects that could be man-sized (or even warehouse-sized).
The early HRR instruments (OSU apparatus, developed by Prof. Ed. Smith;
NBS-I calorimeter, developed by Alex Robertson and Bill Parker; etc.)
suffered from normal first-generation issues of usability and cost. The
NBS-II calorimeter, for instance, cost NIST $250,000 to build in 1977-78
(actual 1977 dollars). Shortly after joining NIST in 1977, I was tasked
to find a better way. Several years of exploration elapsed, and by 1982
I had invented the Cone
Calorimeter, in its first iteration. This has since become the world
standard, available at test laboratories around the globe.
calorimeters (large-scale products calorimeters)
Having a bench-scale HRR apparatus is not enough for comprehensive studies
of fires. In many cases, it is necessary to study the HRR of objects in
their full scale, or at least nearly full-scale. This development was
also started around 1979, and by 1982 two different apparatuses were independently
invented. The NIST furniture calorimeter was developed by myself, along
with Doug Walton, Randy Lawson, and Bill Twilley. The FMRC products collector
was developed by Gunnar Heskestad. These have also now become used around
the world and are the basis of numerous standards of ASTM, NFPA, and other
The final HRR measuring apparatus which was needed was a room calorimeter.
Furniture calorimeters can measure the HRR of discrete objects, able to
support themselves on the floor. This does not include such products as
ceiling tiles nor wallboard. Also, special measuring issues arise when
one wants to measure a whole burning room, fully furnished. For such studies,
room calorimeters were needed. Room calorimeters were developed in a parallel
effort between Fred Fisher and Prof. Brady Williamson at UC Berkeley and
by Billy Lee and Jin Fang at NIST. This effort was also largely completed
in 1982, meaning that instruments of all three needed scales became available
nearly simultaneously in 1982.
scale to use?
It is costlier and more difficult to test in larger-scale instruments,
thus it would seem that preference would always go towards running a bench-scale
test. This is not necessarily true, since to make intelligent use of the
bench-scale data one needs a predictive model. In other words,
it is not of much interest to know what a 10 cm size sample would do;
what is of interest is the full-scale behavior of a piece of furniture,
appliance, wall covering, or even a whole room. For some categories of
objects, such models have been developed. These include upholstered furniture,
wall linings, carpets, and some others. But the available categories are
few, while the types of objects which can potentially be of interest in
fire reconstructions are numerous. Thus, one of the things which must
first be determined is whether it is reasonable to run bench-scale tests
or whether full-scale testing is needed. We may note that for polymer
manufacturers and others developing new materials, it is often sufficient
to only use bench-scale testing. This is because they mainly wish to find
the relative differences in fire behavior, while actual product performance
may not be relevant to them since they do not even make the end product.
important role of HRR in fires
HRR is not just 'one of many' variables used to describe a fire. It is,
in fact, the single most important variable in describing fire hazard.
(The only notable exception is for explosions). There are three main reasons
1. HRR is
the driving force for fire.
The HRR can
be viewed as the engine driving the fire. This tends to occur in a positive-feedback
way: heat makes more heat. This does not occur, for instance, with carbon
monoxide. Carbon monoxide does not make more carbon monoxide.
2. Most other
variables are correlated to HRR
of most other undesirable fire products tends to increase with increasing
HRR. Smoke, toxic gases, room temperatures and other fire hazard variables
generally march step-in-step with HRR as HRR increases.
3. High HRR
indicates high threat to life.
hazard variables do not relate directly to threats to life. For instance,
if a product shows very easy ignitability or high flame spread rates,
this does not necessarily mean that fire conditions are expected to be
dangerous. Such behavior may merely suggest a propensity to nuisance fires.
High HRR fires, however, are intrinsically dangerous. This is because
high HRR causes high temperatures and high heat flux conditions, which
may prove lethal to occupants.
is so important, why are regulators not regulating it?
In the US, over the last decade, HRR has shown up in various regulations
and specifications, but this has been in specialized areas. Where it has
not yet shown up in is in the building codes. The US model building codes
still regulate products according to the Steiner Tunnel Test. This test
was developed during the late 1930s and early 1940s and, of course, predates
all of modern fire protection engineering knowledge. The test controls
flame spread which is not, as noted above, a primary factor in determining
human untenability. Over the years, a number of research projects documented
various shortcomings of this test. The basic reason why we have not yet
progressed beyond 1940s technology in the building codes has to do with
the inertia of the process and of the lack of funding resources necessary
to propel a building code change. In the US, there is no public-interest
organ with specific funding to conduct research leading to building code
improvements. Changes, instead, are usually originated by commercial entities.
As of now, no commercial group has decided that it would be advantageous
for them to sponsor a change, intended to introduce improved engineering
methods in this area. In fire litigation however, HRR testing is well
established, and eventually it is also certain to become utilized in building
It is certainly
wise to always control ignition sources and also to use less ignition-prone
materials, when possible. Such a strategy, however, can never be relied
upon to avoid an ignition. Neither HRR nor any other consequences of
fire will come into play as long as there is no ignition. However, when
an ignition does occur, limiting the HRR means that the fire has a chance
to be controllable and not disastrous.
have taken measures to control the ignitability, so we don't have to
worry about HRR
also realize that if the application is not in aircraft safety, military
or NASA areas, the affordable, commercial materials that are available
are not very ignition resistant. Studies have shown that even small ignition
sources normally apply about 35 kW m2 heat flux to their target. If one
then seeks materials able to resist an ignition flux of 35 kW m2,
one finds that these are rare and costly.
rests on the imprecise definition of the term 'toxicity.' Regulatory officials
sometimes presume that this means that 'toxic potency' is the root problem
and that this is what must be controlled. Toxic potency is the toxicologist's
term for defining how toxic is the substance when you inhale 1 gram of
it. But of course the victim will inhale something other than 1 g of
it. How much of the substance will be inhaled is governed by the
fire's mass loss rate. The mass loss rate is closely proportional
to the HRR of the fire. Now, what is important to realize is that studies
at NIST and elsewhere have shown that for commercial products, burned under
realistic fire conditions, toxic potencies vary only within a narrow band.
By contrast, mass loss rates (same as HRR) vary over an enormous range among
products of any given type. Since both toxic potency and mass loss rate
affect the total impact of the fire on the victim, it is clear that effective
control can be mounted by limiting mass loss rates, but there is little
that can be achieved by attempting to control toxic potencies.
tell us that inhalation of toxic fire gases is the main cause of fire
deaths, so we should control toxicity, not HRR
For further reading, see the textbook Heat
Release in Fires.
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Last winter I wrote about the Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count (CBC), which is the world’s longest running volunteer wildlife survey. Now in its 111th year, this winter’s effort promises to be both enjoyable and of vital importance to birds throughout the Western Hemisphere. Today I’d like to highlight last year’s amazing successes, and once again remind all how easy it is to participate.
A Record-Breaking Bird Count
Last year’s CBC ran from December 14, 2009 to January 5, 2010, and surpassed all previous ones on every level. The turnout was incredible… 60,753 people counted nearly 56 million individual birds representing an astounding 2,319 species. The species count shattered the previous year’s record by 200 species.
Observations were made in all 50 states, all Canadian provinces, Guam, Bermuda, Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and the Mariana and Virgin Islands. Spearheaded by birders in Columbia, several Latin American countries joined in as well.
The CBC was started by legendary bird man Frank Chapman, shortly after he began his stellar career at the American Museum of Natural History in 1888.
Information on the scale generated by CBC volunteers is simply unattainable by other methods, and has provided fodder for countless articles, studies and conservation programs. In recent years, CBC data has played a leading role in the formulation of the US Department of the Interior’s annual State of Birds Report.
Big City Birding
I’ve always enjoyed the CBC – especially since most of New York City’s large natural areas are magnets for winter birds. Counts on the grounds of the Bronx Zoo, where nearly 300 species have been sighted, have given me views of such spectacular visitors as Long-Eared Owls and Peregrine Falcons…and a quite unexpected Coyote! Please check out the article below to see what’s in store, and to learn how to join up.
Year-round Bird Counts
Those who cannot participate in the CBC can assist ornithologists in studying and conserving birds by supplying observations to efforts such as The Great Backyard Bird Count and Project Feeder-Watch (please see article below). These run throughout the year and are no-pressure, casual programs – any and all observations, however sporadic, are welcome and put to good use.
Current Bird Count Information from the National Audubon Society.
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The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Spring 2016) http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/
You’ve probably heard that men are paid more than women are paid over their lifetimes. But what does that mean? Are women paid less because they choose lower-paying jobs? Is it because more women work part time than men do? Or is it because women have more caregiving responsibilities?
AAUW’s The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap succinctly addresses these issues by going beyond the widely reported 79 percent statistic. The report explains the pay gap in the United States; how it affects women of all ages, races, and education levels; and what you can do to close it.
The Big Number: 79 Percent
Did you know that in 2014, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 79 percent of what men were paid, a gap of 21 percent? The gap has narrowed since the 1970s (Figure 1), due largely to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. But progress has stalled in recent years, and the pay gap does not appear likely to go away on its own.
Location, Location, Location: Pay Gap by State
Not only is there a national pay gap statistic, the pay gap can also be calculated for each state (Figure 2). According to data from the American Community Survey, in 2014 the pay gap was smallest in Washington, D.C., where women were paid 90 percent of what men were paid, and largest in Louisiana, where women were paid 65 percent of what men were paid.
The Pay Gap Is Worse for Women of Color
The pay gap affects women from all backgrounds, at all ages, and of all levels of educational achievement, although earnings and the gap vary depending on a woman’s individual situation.
Among full-time workers in 2014, Hispanic, African American, American Indian, and Native Hawaiian women had lower median annual earnings compared with non-Hispanic white and Asian American women. But within racial/ethnic groups, African American, Hispanic, American Indian, and Native Hawaiian women experienced a smaller gender pay gap compared with men in the same group than did non-Hispanic white and Asian American women.
A Closer Look at the Numbers by Race
Using a single benchmark provides a more informative picture. Because non-Hispanic white men are the largest demographic group in the labor force, they are often used for that purpose.
Compared with salary information for white male workers, Asian American women’s salaries show the smallest gender pay gap, at 90 percent of white men’s earnings. The gap was largest for Hispanic and Latina women, who were paid only 54 percent of what white men were paid in 2014 (Figure 4). The smaller gender pay gap among African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians is due solely to the fact that those men of color were paid substantially less than non-Hispanic white men in 2014.
Age Is More than Just a Number
Earnings for both female and male full-time workers tend to increase with age, with a plateau after 45 and a drop after age 65. The gender pay gap also grows with age, and differences among older workers are considerably larger than gaps among younger workers. Women typically earn about 90 percent of what men are paid until they hit 35. After that median earnings for women are typically 76–81 percent of what men are paid.
Education Is Not an Effective Pay Gap Solution
As a rule, earnings increase as years of education increase for both men and women. However, while more education is a useful tool for increasing earnings, it is not effective against the gender pay gap. At every level of academic achievement, women’s median earnings are less than men’s median earnings, and in some cases, the gender pay gap is larger at higher levels of education. Education improves earnings for women of all races and ethnicities, but earnings are affected by race and ethnicity as well as gender. White women are paid more than African American and Hispanic women at all education levels.
Student Debt, Race, and the Pay Gap
The gender pay gap persists across educational levels and is worse for African American and Hispanic women, even among college graduates. As a result, women who complete college degrees are less able to pay off their student loans promptly, leaving them paying more and for a longer time than men.
Despite the gains women have made in the workforce, the pay gap persists. Individuals in the workforce, community, and government have the ability to help chip away at the pay gap.
Here are changes that can help close the wage gap.
While some CEOs have been vocal in their commitment to paying workers fairly, American women can’t wait for trickle-down change. AAUW urges companies to conduct salary audits to proactively monitor and address gender-based pay differences. It’s just good business.
Women can learn strategies to better negotiate for equal pay. AAUW’s salary negotiation workshops help empower women to advocate for themselves when it comes to salary, benefits, and promotions. In Boston or Washington, D.C.? Read more about the free workshops in your area!
For policy makers
The Paycheck Fairness Act would improve the scope of the Equal Pay Act, which hasn’t been updated since 1963, with stronger incentives for employers to follow the law, enhance federal enforcement efforts, and prohibit retaliation against workers asking about wage practices. Tell the Congress to take action for equal pay. or The Equal Rights Amendment can finally be activated. #MarchForERA
Learn more about what you can do to fight the pay gap by reading The Simple Truth and by taking action at http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/.
Author: Catherine Hill, Ph.D. http://www.aauw.org/author/catherinehill/
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Anthracnose of agaves is bad news to be sure. The good news, however, is that although the fungus is unsightly, anthracnose on agave plants isn’t an automatic death sentence. The key is to improve growing conditions, and to treat the plant as soon as possible. Read on to learn how to prevent and control anthracnose of agaves.
What is Agave Anthracnose?
Like other agave fungal diseases, anthracnose of agaves generally occurs when growing conditions are wet and humid. While this may be due to the moods of Mother Nature, including splashing rain, it can also be the result of too much shade or excessive irrigation, especially via overhead sprinklers.
The primary sign of anthracnose of agaves include unsightly sunken lesions on the crown and sword-like leaves, often with a visible, reddish-brown spore mass. The disease spores spread from plant to plant via splashing water or wind-blown rain.
Agave Anthracnose Treatment and Prevention
When it comes to anthracnose of agaves, prevention is definitely the best means of control, as fungicides aren’t always effective.
- Plant agaves in full sunlight, always in well-drained soil.
- Irrigate the plant using drip irrigation or a soaker hose and avoid overhead sprinklers. Never water overhead if the disease is present.
- Disinfect garden tools by spraying them with isopropyl rubbing alcohol or a mixture of 10 parts water to one part household bleach.
- If you’re in the market for new agave plants, look for healthy, disease-resistant cultivars. Allow generous distance between plants to provide adequate air circulation.
Part of agave anthracnose treatment involves the immediate removal of growth with active lesions. Destroy infected plant parts carefully to avoid spread of disease. Never compost diseased plant parts.
Apply sulfur powder or copper spray weekly, beginning in spring and continuing every couple of weeks throughout the growing season, but not during hot weather. Alternatively, neem oil spray applied every couple of weeks may also be an effective preventive measure.
Spray agave plants and the surrounding soil with a broad-spectrum fungicide during wet, humid weather. Products containing Bacillus subtilis are non-toxic to bees and other beneficial insects.
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Naturally, also the airline industry must go through a massive change of their company model. The world wasn't designed for me. The game has quite a realistic physics engine that makes the game many more serious and sim-like.
Walking A range of principles of physics take part in simple act of walking. custom writing More broadly, it's the overall analysis of nature, conducted as a way to understand the way the universe behaves. This theory is used in many facets of everyday life.
Duality of energetic matter permits formations to simultaneously occupy two unique realms. Maybe you are well-suited to develop into a particle physicist or a different similar career! One of the significant concepts of particle physics is known as the Standard Model.
Basically, Feynman claims that in the event you know nothing about physics, the most essential scientific knowledge to realize is that everything is composed of atoms. The telescopes are portable and can be utilized in the classroom for many different experiments. In addition, there are important non-collider experiments which also attempt to locate and understand physics beyond the Standard Model.
The very first stage in their work is to fully grasp how a weak magnetic field can give the crucial protection. The present sensor has a lot of roles, and it's often utilized to dynamically control the switching frequency to minimizes losses all over the switching transistors. The unfortunate distinction is that the terms have a tendency to sound similar to one another.
So, it's critical to present your eyes rest for some time by taking rests after particular time intervals. The key point to remember here is that you're not moving book review in connection with your immediate surroundings. It's an old-fashioned method, and it requires time, but it's effective.
All you will need is enough energy. Biology, a branch of science which addresses the life science should understand a great deal of physics principle to fully grasp how life works. Additionally, this is where the power of creativity can help you get to new heights in learning.
In physics, it's important to compose the appropriate answer with the correct units to help you score high. You could be a good engineer. In general, it turned out to be a fantastic experience to work with engineers.
The very first step to deciding on a career is to ensure you are in fact keen to commit to pursing the career. Kadanoff states that in the last five years sophisticated analytic models similar to this one have been developed, yet this paper is among the very first attempts to apply them. The absolute most esteemed particle physicists are those who can arouse interest in their field from any type of audience, therefore a prosperous career doesn't imply staying in a laboratory all the moment.
The aim is for students to see the world through eyes that know physics. The period of time that people teachers and students spend searching for the latest text banks and solutions manual editions may cause frustrations. It's very important to our students, and it's equally as essential for all of us.
Scientists are not sure of the origin of the maximum energy cosmic rays. Muons from cosmic rays are comparatively simple to detect. Imagine you own a particle.
The quarks are thought to be infinitely small and don't take up any space. Because it doesn't break apart, the electron is known as a fundamental particle. So far as decays are involved, the anti-particle behaves precisely the same way as the particle would.
Reading and listening properly are a couple methods to learn physics effectively. The agenda and a few of the slides are available on the Symposium site. Maybe you don't have accessibility to Tokyo data.
There are a lot of sources online which aids in practising problems. The courses slides and other materials can be located on the School site. Your physics textbooks, and several of the Web sites offered in the Related Web Sites field of this lesson program, will offer several safe and fun experiments which will help students gain a better comprehension of physics by means of this real-world application.
The Part 2 would cover the remainder of the particles of the typical model i.e.. Water itself has some intriguing properties, like the ability to hold an unusually large quantity of heat energy. Even blending together different varieties of synthetic data may have a positive effects.
For instance, there isn't much in it that explains gravity. A small bit ahead we'll observe that we are able to establish the height of the jump independent of the gravity itself, so what is going to happen is that changing gravity when keeping the exact same jump velocity is likely to make the jump shorter. In space, however, even very small thrusts will get the rocket to modify direction.
It's our kids and their children who will experience the effects of the irresponsible behavior of their parents. After the conclusion of undergraduate studies, interested persons can make an application for a master's program. While practicing great cyber hygiene is definitely necessary, it isn't enough.
Read the syllabus and get to understand what you're going to study for the term. A law is a significant insight about the essence of the universe. Feynman's technique is also helpful for people who find writing a challenge.
Let's say you might prefer the thought of being a true doctor. Physics is one chief subject that has quite a few mathematical issues and hence causes a headache to a lot of students. Test banks ought to be used so you may know what sort of questions to study when you're getting ready for an exam or quiz.Pratite nas
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Save This Word!
a combining form meaning “moon,” used in the formation of compound words: selenography.
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Question 1 of 7
Which sentence is correct?
Origin of seleno-
Combining form representing Greek selḗnē
Words nearby seleno-
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
How to use seleno- in a sentence
One class of seleno ureas has been patented as pharmaceutical products by Chem.
Many of the seleno organic compounds are colored, while the corresponding sulphur derivatives are colorless.
The dentition of the group is complete; the molars are seleno-bunodont, like those of the Anthracotheriidae.The Cambridge Natural History, Vol X., Mammalia|Frank Evers Beddard
British Dictionary definitions for seleno-
before a vowel selen-
denoting the moonselenology
Word Origin for seleno-
from Greek selēnē moon
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
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“General Wallace had a ‘moat’ dug around half of his Study during its construction, and he stocked it with fish,” King said. “He taught his grandsons how to fish from the moat, and it’ll be interesting to watch kids fish from it once again.”
This time, however, children who will have the opportunity to fish from the General’s moat will do so without water, as the fish are made of cardboard and will attach to the kids’ cane poles with magnets. This is one of the many activities planned for Discovery Saturday, a special event held in conjunction with the Lew Wallace—Gentleman Scientist exhibit on Saturday, August 2 from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Other fun things being planned for Discovery Saturday include making “nature impressions” on sun-sensitive paper, exploring the grounds with the Museum’s new Nature Study Backpacks, going on an innovation scavenger hunt, and taking a behind-the-scenes tour of the Museum, including the Study’s basement, a place that is usually closed off to visitors.
Visitors will also have the opportunity to create a rudimentary fish ladder, similar to the one Wallace erected at Water Babble, his summer home on the outskirts of Crawfordsville. “What’s a fish ladder?” King teased. “You’ll have to come and see.”
All ages are welcome to this special event and admission is free. For further information, contact the General Lew Wallace Study and Museum at 765-362-5769 or email [email protected]
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Thyra Version of the Day
The Thyra package contains a set of interfaces and supporting code that defines basic interoperability mechanisms between different types of numerical software. The foundation of all the interfaces related to abstract numerical algorithms (ANAs) are the mathematical concepts of vectors, vector spaces, and linear operators. All other ANA interfaces and support software are built on these fundamental operator/vector interfaces.
This main page provides the starting point for all of the documentation for Thyra interfaces and software. This documentation is generated using Doxygen.
The documentation for Thyra is broken up into a number of different doxygen collections as described in the next section.
Module: Thyra interfaces
All of the software in the
src/interfaces directory define fundamental interoperability interfaces needed to glue code together. This is the most critical aspect of Thyra. In addition, interfaces are also partitioned between fundamental interfaces and extended interfaces.
Module: Thyra interfaces
This minimal set of basic operator/vector interfaces described here forms the foundation for all of the interoperability interfaces related to Abstract Numerical Algorithms (ANAs) provided in the Thyra package.
The fundamental interface classes shown in the above UML class diagram are described below:
Thyra::VectorSpaceBase is the fundamental abstract interface for a vector space that defines the scalar product and factory functions for creating
Thyra::VectorBase is the fundamental abstract interface for finite-dimensional vectors.
Thyra::LinearOpBase is the fundamental abstract interface for linear operators.
Thyra::MultiVectorBase is the fundamental abstract interface for collections of column vectors.
These interface classes rely on a few basic types and basic exception classes.
One important paper describing the RTOp approach, which provides the foundation for
RTOpPack::RTOpT, can be found in this paper. Note that
RTOpPack::RTOpT is a refinement of the C and C++ RTOp interfaces described in the aforementioned paper.
These are some interfaces based on the above Fundamental ANA Operator/Vector Interfaces and provide other pieces of functionality and define new types of interoperability. For example, this is where interfaces to various types of composite subclasses exist for product, or block, vector spaces (
Thyra::ProductVectorSpaceBase), vectors (
Thyra::ProductVectorBase), and multi-vectors (
Thyra::ProductMultiVectorBase). Various interfaces to decorator and composite linear operators are also contained here and include, for example,
Interfaces to product vector spaces, vectors and multi-vectors
Composite and other linear operator base classes:
Note that below, the term "implicit" denotes the fact that the operators are not actually formed. For example, the sum of the implicitly added linear operators is never calculated, but the action of these operators on a vector is computed correctly as the sum of the action of each individual operator on that vector.
Thyra::ZeroLinearOpBase defines the interface for a zero linear operator.
Thyra::IdentityLinearOpBase defines the interface for an identity linear operator .
Thyra::AddedLinearOpBase defines the interface for implicitly added linear operators.
Thyra::MultipliedLinearOpBase defines the interface for implicitly added linear operators.
Thyra::DiagonalLinearOpBase defines the interface for a basic diagonal linear operator.
Thyra::BlockedLinearOpBase is a base class for a logically blocked
Thyra::PhysicallyBlockedLinearOpBase is a base class for a physically blocked
LinearOpBase object where the blocks can be set externally.
MPI-Specific ANA-based interfaces
Note: These interfaces are not strictly related to ANAs and therefore may not be appropriate to be placed in this collection. However, they are derived for the ANA interfaces and therefore, very weakly, belong in this collection of code.
Thyra::MpiVectorSpaceBase defines an interface for getting information about the partitioning of elements to processors in an SPMD program.
Thyra::MultiVectorFileIOBase is an interface for strategy objects that can read and write (multi)vectors to and from files in a very abstract way.
Thyra::MultiVectorRandomizerBase is an interface for strategy objects that can produce random vectors and multi-vectors.
These are interfaces that provide a high-level interface to preconditioners, linear solvers (
Thyra::LinearOpWithSolveBase), and factories for these (i.e.
Thyra::PreconditionerFactoryBase). Below we use the term "forward" to denote the original operator to which a solver is associated to distinguish it from the "inverse" operator.
Thyra::PreconditionerBase defines an interface to left, right, split left/right, and otherwise general preconditioners.
Thyra::LinearOpWithSolveBase defines a simple interface for performing the inverse linear operator application.
Included here is a variety of extended interfaces that build on the fundamental operator/solve interfaces.
Composite linear operator base classes
Thyra::BlockedLinearOpWithSolveBase is a base class for implicitly defined
Thyra::LinearOpWithSolveBase objects accessible as one or more
Thyra::PhysicallyBlockedLinearOpWithSolveBase is a base class for composite
Thyra::BlockedLinearOpBase objects that are built for constituent
Module: Thyra nonlinear interfaces
Module: Thyra nonlinear model interfaces
Thyra::ModelEvaluatorBase defines basic types used by the model-evaluator.
Thyra::ModelEvaluator defines a very general interface for representing a number of different types of nonlinear problems.
Contained here are interfaces for nonlinear equation solvers.
Module: Thyra support
Module: Thyra operator/vector support
Described here is a fairly large collection of ANA or client support and adapter support software based on the operator/vector interfaces. For example, you will find things such as unit testing classes (e.g.
Thyra::LinearOpTester), and concrete product spaces/vectors/multi-vectors (e.g.
Thyra::DefaultProductVectorSpace). Also included is adapter support and concrete implementations for serial and SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) space/vector/multi-vector implementations (e.g.
Thyra::DefaultSpmdVectorSpace). Another category of software is efficient Java-like handle/wrapper classes (e.g.
Thyra::LinearOperator) that defines a convenient API for the development of ANAs using MATLAB-like operator overloading. Some examples are also provided, including several for the Conjugate Gradient method and the Power Method. This collection of software is really too vast to give a full sense of what it contains in this short description.
This collection contains support software for the operator/solve interfaces. Examples include testing software like
Thyra::LinearOpWithSolveTester and decorator subclasses like
This includes support software for the nonlinear model evaluator interfaces. Examples include
decorator subclasses like
Module: Thyra nonlinear solver support
Contained here is support software for the nonlinear solver interfaces and some simple concrete implementations. Simple concrete nonlinear equation solver implementations include examples
Module: Thyra adapters
This software allows the creation/conversion of Thyra objects and Epetra objects. Examples include
Module: Thyra/EpetraExt Adapter Code
Included here are various adapters between Epetra and EpetraExt based code and Thyra interfaces. For example, one will find the
Thyra::EpetraModelEvaluator class in this collection of code.
You can browse all of Thyra as a single doxygen collection. Warning: This is not the recommended way to learn about Thyra software. However, this is a good way to browse the directory structure of thyra, to locate files, etc.
A few things about the software in the Thyra package are worth mentioning:
Scalar and Ordinal (Ordinal) data types
All of the interfaces are templated on a
Scalar (i.e. floating-point) type and therefore almost all of Thyra supports arbitrary scalar types such as complex types (e.g.
std::complex<double>), automatic differentiation types, interval types and extended precision types (i.e.
mpf_class) in addition to simpler real types such as
float. The only requirement for the
Scalar data type is that it have value semantics (i.e. default constructor, copy constructor, assignment operators) and define the basic overloaded operators
operator/(...). The traits class
Teuchos::ScalarTraits provides a means to write type-independent code and all of the Thyra software uses this traits class. Any scalar type that is to be used as a
Scalar must provide a specialization of this traits class (see source code for
Teuchos_ScalarTraits.hpp for examples of how to do this). In addition, if SPMD distributed-memory computing is to be used then specializations of the traits class
Teuchos::SerializationTraits must also be provided.
The Thyra interfaces and related software are not templated on an index (i.e. ordinal) type. Instead, the type
Thyra::Ordinal is used which is just a typedef that is defined at configure time to be an integer type of sufficient size. This type must be able to hold the value of the largest dimension of a vector space that will be used by an executable. For most platforms and use cases,
int is sufficient, but in other cases, for example on some 64 bit platforms,
long int may be necessary. Not templating on the index (ordinal) type does not result in any degradation in usability, runtime speed, or storage usage for any use case. However, certain types of subclasses of the Thyra interfaces, such as sparse matrix subclasses, may need to be templated on a local index (ordinal) type.
Dynamic memory management
All of the code in the Thyra and related packages almost exclusively use the
Teuchos smart reference counted pointer class
Teuchos::RCP to handle dynamically allocated memory with object-oriented programming. Other types used include
Teuchos::Tuple. Thyra rigorously uses idioms for these classes partially introduced in RCP Beginner's Guide, described in great detail in Teuchos C++ Memory Management Classes, and summarized in Thyra Coding and Documentation Guidelines.
Error (exception) handling
All error and general exception handling in the Thyra interfaces and related software is performed using the built-in C++ exception handling mechanisms (i.e.
catch) and all thrown exceptions should inherit from the standard base class
std::exception. All exceptions in Thyra software are thrown using the macros
TEUCHOS_TEST_FOR_EXCEPT(). By consistently using these macros it is easy to set a breakpoint in a debugger just before an exception is thrown by setting a breakpoint on the function
Teuchos::TestForException_break() (e.g. by typing
break Teuchos::TestForException_break in gdb). If Trilinos is configured with
Trilinos_ENABLE_DEBUG=ON then a lot of runtime error checking is performed in Thyra support software, as well as in many other software packages. Whenever development work is being performed this option should always be enabled since a lot of errors will be caught that would be hard to diagnose otherwise. Significant effort has gone into developing this error checking code and in the information that is embedded in the exception objects (all derived from
std::exception) that are thrown when errors are detected. More detail about how to do debugging with Thyra related to memory management is described in Teuchos C++ Memory Management Classes.
The Thyra code described here is dependent on the following Trilinos packages:
Teuchos::BLASon which Thyra software depends.
The Thyra package is configured using CMake and responds to a number of options that affect the code that is built and what code is installed.
Some of the more important configuration options are:
Trilinos_ENABLE_Thyra=ON: Causes the Thyra package and all of its dependent packages to be enabled and built. Without this option, there will be no Thyra header files or libraries included in the installation of Trilinos, i.e., when one runs
Click here for a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) compiled for thyra.
This paper describes the basic principles that go into the design of the Thyra Operator/Vector interface layer (and therefore also for the rest of Thyra).
This paper describes the basics of
Teuchos::RCP and outlines a convention for passing objects to and from functions that all of the code in Thyra adheres to.
This document provides a complete discussion of the motivation, the design of, the idioms surrounding, and other important idioms related to the full set of Teuchos memory management classes that Thyra is based on.
This paper describes the need for, and the basic design of,
RTOpPack::RTOpT. The concrete implementation described in this paper used C structs while the current
RTOpPack::RTOpT is a fully templated C++ class implementation.
This short note describes a simple convention for writing function prototypes for linear algebra operations. This convention is used in this set of functions, for instance.
This document describes the coding and documentation guidelines used in the creation of Thyra.
The contributors to the Thyra package, or related packages, in alphabetical order, are:
Below is a partial list of software related to Thyra.
Stratimikos: Unified Wrappers for Thyra Linear Solver and Preconditioner Adapters: Stratimikos contains neatly packaged access to all of the Thyra linear solver and preconditioner wrappers. Currently, these allow the creation of linear solvers for nearly any
Epetra_RowMatrix object. However, the Belos implementation allows for the arbitrary implemention of the linear operators and vector spaces.
MOOCHO/Thyra: Adapters that take Thyra Nonlinear Model Evaluator objects and express them as simulation-constrained optimization problems: These adapters allow an application to access the nonlinear, simulation-constrained optimiztion algorithms in MOOCHO through the Thyra::ModelEvaluator interface.
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I’ve recently been reading Peter Longerich’s biography of Heinrich Himmler (disclosure: I was Longerich’s student) and one thing that stuck out was that his translator seems to have solved a longstanding problem in Nazi-era translations, but not to have noticed. The problem is this: what do you do with völkisch?
This adjective was widely used as a self-identification by Nazis, and also by all sorts of people in the wider extreme-right movement in the German-speaking world from the late 19th century onwards. It’s sometimes translated as “nationalist”, but this is widely considered inadequate. Consider the main Nazi newspaper: Nationalist Observer is both clunky and also too harmless. It sounds like it might be a paper in provincial Ireland, competing with the famous Impartial Reporter of Enniskillen.
The problem is that the adjective is derived from das Volk, the people or the nation or the race or even the tribe or host, depending on context. The Warsaw Pact countries tended to describe themselves as People’s Republics, which translates as Volksrepublik. A Völkische Republik would have been a very different animal. Bees, in German, live in Bienenvölker – bee nations or bee tribes.
But this only expresses the incoherence of the content behind the name. To be völkisch is not the same as being nationalist. It wasn’t bound to a state or a government, or to a particular physical territory. Although it rejected civic nationalism, it excluded some members of the nation on the ground that they disagreed with it purely in terms of political opinion. It also included some foreigners, and never quite decided whether it wanted to include people who adopted German culture and served German interests, or to exclude them on essentialist grounds of race.
When the Nazis took over Alsace-Lorraine, they decided early on to reintegrate the provinces into Germany-proper, but they got hugely confused dealing with the people. If you were a blonde, German-looking, person with a German surname, but you opted to remain a French citizen, racial examiners might classify you as especially German precisely because of the stubbornness and determination you exhibited in insisting on Frenchness. Depending on who was politically in charge at that moment, they might either decide that you must be denied to the French enemy and reintegrated into the German nation, or else that you were racially German but politically probably a communist, and therefore you should be sent to a concentration camp. On the other hand, if you weren’t blonde enough but you insisted on Germanness you might be deported to France, which all things considered might have been the best thing that could have happened to you, while heaven help you if you were an unblonde who opted for France, and therefore both racially unworthy and a traitor to boot. But sometimes these last options were swapped, depending on power politics in Germany.
It wasn’t equivalent to “fascist” either. Unlike Italian fascism, a lot of völkisch people despised modernity. Unlike Spanish, Latin American, or Austrian versions of fascism, they tended to consider Catholicism the enemy. And it wasn’t even equivalent to “Nazi”. Albert Speer or Hermann Göring didn’t really fit with it, especially when the bit about hating modernity came around.
But Longerich’s translator briefly hit it out of the park by translating it as “racist”. The leading Nazi newspaper Racist Observer sounds just right to me. Although völkischkeit wanders about all over the place, race is always central to it. The varying worldviews on history, culture, policy, etc. are all organised around race and racism. An important point about völkischkeit is that it always had pretensions to the status of science, and the source of this pretended authority was the concept of race. It was racist in the sense that it demanded discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and eventually genocide. It was racist in that it claimed inspiration from other regimes it considered racist.
Of course, the notion of race is itself incoherent and pseudo-scientific. Völkischkeit incorporated poorly understood concepts from genetics, physiology, and statistics. The genetics was usually pre-Mendelian, the statistics pre-Fisherian (even if RA Fisher himself was more than a little racist), and the physiology already overtaken by genetics. Himmler, for one, had started looking for an escape-hatch by 1942 or thereabouts through vague notions of recessive genes and spontaneously emerging leaders among the subhumans. In many ways, this reminds me of bad science-fiction.
Völkischkeit might well be considered a genre fiction more than anything else. It consisted of poorly understood, not-quite cutting edge scientific concepts, plus a variety of myths and aesthetic tropes, organised into narratives by wishful thinking. This may remind you of H.P. Lovecraft, and it probably should as he was a prize racist. It should come as no surprise that, according to Longerich, Himmler was addicted not just to pseudo-science of every sort, but also to crappy genre fiction, consuming vast quantities of both.
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| 0.965821 | 1,119 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Preventable Chronic Disease in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Chronic disease in the United States is responsible for a range of social and economic problems, including rising health care costs, reduced productivity, increased disability, and premature death. The prevalence of chronic diseases has grown significantly over the past several decades and is projected to continue growing as the population ages. Researchers have also linked rising disease prevalence to the dramatic recent growth in the obesity rate among Americans.
These troubling trends for the financial and physical well-being of the nation have generated interest in finding ways to reduce the burden of chronic illness. Urban Institute researchers estimate that roughly one-third of health expenditures in the United States are attributable to a cluster of chronic conditions-diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and renal disease-that may be amenable to prevention through lifestyle changes. Prevention approaches seek to modify behavioral risk factors including smoking, diet, and lack of exercise. Several promising interventions of this type have been subject to clinical trials and have effectively reduced the prevalence of both the risk factors and the associated diseases. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 included new funding for such interventions through the Prevention and Public Health Fund, although one-third of the original funding was cut earlier this year.
This reduction in funding makes it even more important to target prevention resources as efficiently as possible. This commentary uses data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to identify metropolitan areas in the United States where the prevalence of preventable disease and risk factors is the highest. The BRFSS is a cross-sectional telephone survey conducted by state health departments with technical and methodological assistance provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2009, the BRFSS collected data on 432,607 noninstitutionalized adults. For this analysis, I limited the sample to people living in the top 100 metropolitan areas, 78 of which contained a sufficient number of cases for analysis.
The map in Figure 1 contains data on the prevalence of three chronic diseases-diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease-and three behavioral risk factors-obesity, smoking, and lack of exercise. To focus on geographic differences in prevalence rates rather than age distribution, these rates have been standardized to the national age distribution. Figure 1 shows the following ranges:
- The share of adults who smoke shows the largest relative difference from highest to lowest rates by metro area: 28.9 percent in Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, compared with 7.9 percent in San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, California.
- The share reporting no physical exercise in the last month ranges from 14.2 percent in Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, Minnesota, to 40.3 percent in McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, Texas.
- The obesity rate ranges from 16.1 percent in Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, Connecticut, to 34.5 percent in Jackson, Mississippi.
- The rate of diagnosed diabetes or pre-diabetes ranges from 6.6 percent in Bridgeport to 14.0 percent in El Paso, Texas.
- Hypertension ranges from 21.8 percent in Bridgeport to 41.2 percent in Memphis, Tennessee.
- Heart disease ranges from 2.8 percent in Bridgeport to 5.5 percent in Jacksonville, Florida.
To identify the areas most and least in need of prevention initiatives, Table 1 combines the data on individual risk factors and diseases, pinpointing the areas ranked consistently high or low across multiple measures. The areas classified as highest risk are those with the largest number of indicators ranked in the top 10 nationwide, while those classified as lowest risk are those with the largest number of indicators in the bottom 10 nationwide. At the top of the list of high-risk areas are Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky. While neither has the distinction of topping the list on any one measure, both have 5 of 6 measures in the top 10. Chattanooga, Tennessee; Jackson; and Memphis each have 4 out of 6 measures in the top 10.
The areas ranked consistently near the bottom of disease and risk-factor prevalence include Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, where all 6 indicators are in the bottom 10 and 4 are the lowest of any metro area; Denver-Aurora, Colorado, and San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, where 5 of 6 indicators rank in the bottom 10, and Colorado Springs and Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, where 4 of 6 indicators are near the bottom nationally.
Local governments have a significant role in designing and implementing initiatives that can improve diet and exercise and reduce smoking. If successful at reducing disease prevalence rates, as demonstration projects have shown is possible, the benefits of these interventions would be shared broadly. Taxpayers and employers benefit from reduced public- and private-sector health costs, and families benefit from reduced rates of disability and premature death.
Send us your comments to help further the discussion.
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The UNODC Global Report 2018 on trafficking in person indicates that the vast majority of the detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are females, and 35 percent of the victims trafficked for forced labour are also females, both women, and girls.
The National Crime Records Bureau (Under the Ministry of Home Affairs) study ‘Missing Women and Children in India’ conducted over the period of 2016, 2017, and 2018 revealed shocking details that 5,86,024 missing women in India. It translates to over 550 women going missing every day in India.
The Supreme Court of India in 2019 instructed the government of India to identify the areas prone to child and women trafficking.
The reasons for missing include mental illness, miscommunication, misadventure, domestic violence, and being a victim of crime. Whereas the common cause of trafficking is forced marriage, child labour, domestic help, and sexual exploitation etc.
In a criminal appeal no. 135 of 2010 (Budhadev Karmakar Vs State of West Bengal and Others), Hon’ble Supreme Court of India vide its order dated 19th July 2011 constituted a Panel under Mr Pradeep Ghosh, Sr. Advocate, with Mr Jayant Bhushan, Sr. Counsel and Usha Multipurpose Cooperative Society, Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee and Roshni – through their President/Secretary as members of the Panel, to assist and advise the Hon’ble Supreme Court on the following aspects:
(i) Prevention of trafficking
(ii) Rehabilitation of sex workers who wish to leave sex work and (iii)Conditions conducive for sex workers to live with dignity
The Supreme Court had asked the Panel to study these three aspects and make suitable suggestions to the Hon’ble Court. The panel submitted its report to the SC and haD recommendations on all three Terms of Reference (ToR) mentioned above. The SC vide its order dated 24-04-2019 had asked the Union of India to file response on the report of the Panel.
MHA in its report submitted to the Supreme Court, the Panel had, inter-alia, recommended as follows:
‘National Crime Records Bureau and its State Counterparts i.e. SCRB should be directed to analyse the data on missing persons (especially on women and children) so that areas prone to persons being trafficked can be identified. This data and analysis should be made public’.
As per the Crime in India research that formed the basis of the ‘Missing Women and Children in India’ study, a total of 1,74,021 women in the year 2016, 1,88,382 in 2017 and 2,23,621 in 2018 were registered as missing. A sum total of 5,86,024 registered cases of women missing in India.
Maharashtra registered maximum number of missing women during the year 2016, 2017 and 2018 with a figure of 28,316, 29,279 and 33,964 missing women respectively. West Bengal remains in the second position throughout the years 2016, 2017, and 2018 with 24937, 28,133, and 31,299 missing women respectively. Madhya Pradesh was in the third position with 21435 in 2016, 26587 in 2017 and 29,761 in 2018.
In Maharashtra, Mumbai, Pune and Thane appeared to be most vulnerable. Mumbai recorded the highest number of missing women during 2017 and 2018 with 4,718 and 5,201 women missing respectively. Both the years, Pune was on second with 2,576 in 2017 and 2,504 in 2018. Thane recorded, 1798 in 2017 and 2352 in 2018.
The ‘Missing Women and Children in India’ study states, “Each year State/UT police receive numerous reports of missing persons. The people may go missing for any reasons.
Some of them return soon after their disappearance without any harm having befallen them. However, some of them might have been met with a tragic end such as homicide, suicide or an accident. It is also possible that they might have been a victim of foul play such as trafficking.
However, it is difficult to ascertain whether someone’s disappearance is intentional or unintentional.
The human trafficking may include male and female, adults as well as children. The human trafficking may take place within the country as well as a transnational crime. It includes labour and sexual exploitation of the victim. The literature review reveals that boys as exploited as camel jockeys and girls and women are trafficked as sexual exploitation. The literature review also shows that low level of education, low employment prospects and lack of opportunities are also the reasons for women and men to venture out in search of better living conditions.”
The study indicates that human trafficking is one of the primary reason behind missing women in India. If every day in India 550 women are missing in India and many are ending up as human-trafficking victims, it is important for the MHA to look into the matter more concentratedly and work with the states to understand every missing woman report filed at a police station and what happened to the 5,86,024 women in India till 2018.
Yearly reports published by the National Crime Records Bureau on Crimes in India shows that crimes committed against women in India are increasing aggressively every year. In 2016, the number of crimes committed against women was 338,954. The number shot up to 359,849 in 2016 and 378,277 in 2018. Women are subjected to cruelty by husband and family, rape and murder, dowry deaths, domestic violence, and human trafficking.
Trafficked women are then forced into sex work, forced labour for cheap or no wages at all, they are forced into marriages, and other unmentioned reasons according to the report. These are the major crimes committed against women that are listed in the yearly reports by NCRB that could amount to the number of women that have gone missing in the country so far.
GoaChronicle Team has been asking the Cabinet Minister of Ministry of Women and Child Development, Smriti Irani and the chairperson of National Commission for Women, Rekha Sharma about the number of missing women that remain untraced till date through emails and social media platforms like Twitter. But we have not got a reply from them on the issue so far.
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By Jonathan Jenner
Worker-owners at the fast food chain and worker-cooperative, Indian Coffee House, in Trivandrum, India
Spend enough time discussing worker cooperatives around town, and you’ll encounter a frustratingly persistent idea: worker cooperatives are inefficient. It’s quite untrue, though, and for this reason you will not find an explicit statement of this idea as anyone’s talking point in the ever growing public discussion about worker cooperatives. Outside of public discussion, though, the idea finds refuge in two arenas: as a general, relatively unspoken attitude among people and as a derivation behind (some of) those high walls of economic theory. It’s time to put the idea to bed. So, here’s a quick look at where the idea comes from, and what empirical evidence has to say.
By Ricardo Fuentes-Ramírez
Many activists have turned to developing and supporting Worker Cooperatives as a fundamental part of building alternatives to our current system. In one of his recent books, economist Richard Wolff explains that there are many types of cooperatives, and activists should specifically coalesce around those that are “workers’ self-directed enterprises,” or WSDEs. Not all worker-owned enterprises, worker-managed enterprises, or cooperatives are necessarily WSDEs. In some worker-owned enterprises, worker/owners simply leave the directing of the enterprise in the hands of a board of directors. Worker-managed enterprises are usually firms in which owners give more control to workers while expecting more profits or growth, serving the interests of the former, not the latter. Finally, cooperatives include a wide variety of institutions, including firms for cooperative purchasing or selling. Many cooperatives are simply groups of small capitalists purchasing inputs cooperatively. To be considered a WSDE, the appropriation and distribution of the product of the workers’ labor has to be done cooperatively, and the workers who cooperatively produce it are identical to those who cooperatively appropriate and distribute it. In these firms, workers collectively determine what the enterprise produces, the appropriate technology, the location of production, and all related matters. For Wolff, these types of worker cooperatives are the building blocks for a future alternative system. Read more
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Ever in expansion, the universe is always acting on matter in an endless tug of transformations. Colliding matter is a natural part of the universe, but when our own Milky Way is at stake, things get personal. Scientists have known for a long time that our very own galaxy, the Milky Way, is destined to collide with the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy. Since the latter is bigger, the Milky Way will get eaten up. Don't worry though, it won't happen for another five billion years or so. Now, the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research in Western Australia just released a video simulation of how this clash of the titans might look like. Hint: it's beautifully brutal!
The science of galaxy cannibalism
Dr Aaron Robotham based at The University of Western Australia node of the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) was part of a team that surveyed more than 22,000 galaxies to see their growth patterns. Their findings suggest that smaller galaxies are more efficient at creating stars from gas and dust, while the most massive galaxies are the least efficient. Though the behemoth galaxies hardly produce anymore stars, they still grow - much faster than smaller stars actually. There's a caveat though: they grow by consuming smaller galaxies.
"All galaxies start off small and grow by collecting gas and quite efficiently turning it into stars," he said.
"Then every now and then they get completely cannibalised by some much larger galaxy."
Our own Milky Way is at a tipping point, actually. No longer capable of producing stars like it used to, the Milky Way is expected to grow primarily by eating other galaxies in the future. In fact, it would be the first time: astronomers can still notice remnants of all the old galaxies the Milky Way cannibalised. It's been long since its last feeding though, yet astronomers believe it will gobble two nearby dwarf galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, in about four billion years. Another billion years from then, the Milky Way would have met a bigger fish: the Andromeda Galaxy.
As galaxies become more massive, they gravity allows them to pull out less galaxies and eat them. Because the Andromeda would be more massive than the Milky Way five billion years from now, our galaxy will officially become galactic history.
Ultimately, gravity is expected to cause all the galaxies in bound groups and clusters to merge into a few super-giant galaxies, although we will have to wait many billions of years before that happens.
"If you waited a really, really, really long time that would eventually happen but by really long I mean many times the age of the Universe so far," Dr Robotham said.
Almost all of the data for the research was collected with the Anglo-Australian Telescope in New South Wales as part of the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, led by Professor Simon Driver at ICRAR. The study was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, published by Oxford University Press.
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The Escuela Nueva Activa model is a systemic intervention that transforms the classroom and the way of learning. It develops strategies in four components:
This component takes into account the development of socially and culturally relevant content and the development of active and participatory learning methods. The most prominent elements used to guide learning are: the Learning Guides, classroom libraries, learning corners, and student government.
They are a fundamental element of the ENA curriculum that promote dialogue and interaction for autonomous learning. ENA’s Learning Guides seek to encourage an active, participatory methodology and are based on the conviction that learning occurs through dialogue, active participation, and interaction between students, teachers, families, and communities.
ENA’s Learning Guides propose activities that students develop individually, in pairs or teams to be active subjects in the acquisition of significant learning. The work with the Learning Guides is guided by the teacher.
The Learning Guides privilege processes and operationalize the curriculum, developing the basic skills in fundamental areas as well as the socio-emotional and citizenship competences. Likewise, they organize and generate the sequence of activities that respect the student´s advancement and their own pace of learning and encourage the development of their research spirit and their autonomy. Also, they encourage learning to learn, learning to do, learning to communicate and -more important- learning to peacefully coexist.
The Manual provides a comprehensive, conceptual and practical vision for the training and professional development of teachers and other agents of the educational community committed to the implementation of ENA. Likewise, they deepen the development of basic concepts and strategies for its implementation.
ENA conceives the school as an autonomous organization whose objective is to offer to all students on equal terms an integral quality education that meets their learning needs. To that extent, through this management component, school management processes are supported, giving tools to the different actors in the educational community (leadership, teachers, students, administrators, families and local organizations), and promoting their active participation. Likewise, this component seeks a collaborative and guiding relationship among all, instead of a rigid and controlling one.
Teacher Training Component
This component promotes the professional development of teachers and educators in service. It aims to improve pedagogical practices and qualify the role of the teacher as a facilitator and a guide of the learning process, developing skills to focus the process on the student and promote active and participatory learning. It also encourages the ability to perform as community leaders.
Adequate and complete training at ENA is not given through a conference or talk. ENA training must be developed experientially: teachers are trained in the same way and with the same methodology that they will then use with their students in the classroom and work in activities that allow them to reflect on their pedagogical practices. It also encourages horizontal interaction among peers and the exchange of experiences, so they can learn from one another.
This component promotes a close and supportive relationship between teachers, students and members of the educational community. It promotes the organization and participation of all in the school and in extracurricular activities, and articulates the school with the community beyond the relationship with parents.
Various strategies promote that the community and the family become spaces of learning, recovery of popular knowledge and revitalization of culture. Likewise, what each student learns can be applied with his/her family and in his/her community.
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https://escuelanueva.org/en/componentes/
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Figure 12-21. - Melted cluster of tubes.
Figure 12-22. - Lamination of a tube wall (fabrication detect).
MECHANICAL FATIGUE CRACKS occasionally occur in boiler tubes from such purely mechanical processes as flexing. Cracks of this type can usually be identified by a clean, bright break through a major portion of the metal thickness. These cracks begin on the outside circumference of the tube.
TUBE WALL LAMINATION is shown in figure 12-22. This lamination or layering occurs during the fabrication of the tube. It is the most common material defect found in boiler tubes.
FOLDED or UPSET TUBES are a result of defective fabrication. A folded tube is shown in figure 12-23. This defect resembles a heat blister in appearance, but the folded tube shows no wall thinning and has a depression on the side of the tube opposite the bulge.
STRETCHED or NECKED TUBES are also a result of defective fabrication. A stretched or necked tube is shown in figure 12-24.
FIRESIDE TUBE DEPOSITS can produce many of the scars and deformities just described. Basically, tube deposits cause tube failure because they lead to localized overheating of the tubeContinue Reading
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| 0.920024 | 271 | 3.234375 | 3 |
By Team gman
Gobug is an interactive toy designed to facilitate an inclusive social learning experience for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. However, individuals of all ages and abilities are welcome to join, play and learn.Click for full-sized images!
Gobug is designed to move around on a ground surface at the control of the users. Up to two or three children can play with the toy simultaneously. Each user takes ownership of one controller. These controllers work in conjunction; each user points his/her remote in a direction, and the Gobug moves in the combined direction of the active controllers. For example, if there are two users and each has the controller pointed straight ahead, the Gobug will go straight ahead. However, if one user points the controller straight to the left, and the other points straight ahead, the Gobug will move at a forty-five degree angle (the intermediate direction). The more in sync the controllers are, in the same pointed direction, the faster Gobug moves.Multi-play
Gobug won't activate unless two or more controllers are in-hand. Gobug also provides a few feedback features; the user is rewarded or informed for correct or incorrect play. The children are rewarded for good teamwork. When users have their remotes pointed in similar directions, one can assume they are correctly "reading" verbal or non-verbal cues from each other and working together. Each controller has a color ribbon running across the top. When the users' controllers are pointed in similar directions, the color ribbon turns green. If the children's remotes are pointed in opposite directions, for example, the ribbon will turn red. Additionally, when the children's controllers are pointed in similar direction, the Gobug will actually go faster (a form of positive feedback for good performance). Thus, the user is constantly informed about his participation in play and is also given incentives to communicate with the other user(s).
How can Gobug help?
There are infinite ways in which Gobug can help a child with autism. A child would benefit greatly from the sort of multi-play that this toy offers. Users have to work together on verbal, physical, or non-verbal communicative levels. Specifically, one must be aware of the other player's hand movements. An autistic child would be able to learn via imitative play; observing the other child and his or her hand motions. The user also has to be very aware of his/her own movements; body awareness. A child could greatly improve his/her spatial perception and motor planning as a result. Below is a summary list of some of the ways Gobug could help a child with autism...
Child with autism has to listen and process verbal directions from partner(s) in order to control the toy effectively.
The toy is controlled by sensitive motion-based controls. The child has to be conscious of his or her own hand movement for Gobug to go forwards, backwards, left or right, in space.
Child has to visually follow the path of the toy as it moves through space.
Child has to initiate, organize, and execute sequential movements in order to effectively maneuver Gobug.
A child with autism is required to be aware of his/her partner's actions while playing in a natural, unforced manner. The most fun play experience will occur when the players are mutually engaged and cooperative.
Gobug can be an extraordinary toy to facilitate interaction with all children, not just those diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Gobug is ultimately designed to be a fun experience, one where everyone is invited. Every individual is unique. We all have certain talents and certain challenges, and we all come in different shapes and sizes. One of the best ways to learn about and understand each other is through inclusive activity. Gobug can be a dynamic facilitator for social interaction. Let people of all sorts come together and enjoy the Gobug experience.
The Autism Connects technology and design competition challenged students to help individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to better connect with the world around them and allow individuals who do not have ASD to better understand and connect with those who do by combining technological and creative solutions. This international student competition brought together a distinguished jury panel across disciplines including Yves Behar (fuseproject), Lisa Strausfeld (Pentagram), Richard Seymour (Seymourpowell) and our own Allan Chochinov (Core77). The Jury grand prize winner will be awarded $5000 and the top three designs will receive a $1,000 stipend and registration fees to attend the 2011 International Meeting for Autism Research, to be held May 12 to 14, 2011 in San Diego, CA, where they will be invited to present their design concept. We will be profiling all of the winners in anticipation of next week's conference.
See the full list of winners here.
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en
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The two genera of the family Leptophlebiidae, Leptophlebia and Paraleptophlebia, are found in trout streams and are of importance to the angler. The nymphs have three tails of equal length which are longer than the body and have hair on both sides. The antennae are longer than the thorax and head combined. Bodies are not strongly flattened and display gills that are very noticeable, being either double platelike or deeply forked. Probably the best method for recognizing the adults is to study wing veination. In the fore wing, Cu2 is sharply bent and there are no long intercalary veins between M2 and Cu1. Three tails are maintained and the size range is 6 to 12 mm.
Nymphs of Paraleptophlebia have slender bodies and gills on segments 1 to 7 that are deeply forked. The head of the nymph is squarish and the middle tail is as long as, or slightly longer than, the outer ones. They are found in similar habitats to those of Leptophlebia, but can endure faster currents. Adults have slender bodies and three tails about equal in length and thickness. Often the mating flights will form over open areas away from the stream.
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Youth and COVID Vaccines: What the Latest ICMR Study Reveals
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health crisis that has affected millions of lives, but in recent times, there have been concerns about the impact of vaccination, especially among the youth in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a study to examine the factors contributing to sudden deaths among young adults ... Read more
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health crisis that has affected millions of lives, but in recent times, there have been concerns about the impact of vaccination, especially among the youth in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a study to examine the factors contributing to sudden deaths among young adults in India. According to the study, certain factors that have raised concerns about sudden deaths include previous hospitalization due to COVID-19, excessive alcohol consumption, and intense physical activity.
ICMR’s Unpublished Study
The ICMR’s study titled “Multicenter Case-Control Study on Factors Associated with Sudden Deaths in Adults Aged 18-45 Years – A Cross-Sectional Control Study” is still awaiting publication. The study, which concluded at the beginning of this month, aims to shed light on the causes of sudden deaths among healthy young adults in India.
Caution for COVID-19 Survivors
Manuskh Mandaviya, the Union Health Minister, has advised individuals who have battled severe COVID-19 not to engage in strenuous physical activity or overwork themselves for one to two years. This caution comes in light of the ICMR study, which suggests a potential link between sudden deaths and COVID-19 vaccination.
The research focused on individuals aged 18-45 who were previously healthy and had experienced sudden unexplained deaths between October 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023. For each case, four other individuals were selected as controls, matched for age, gender, and geographical location.
Researchers identified and enrolled 729 case subjects (deceased) and 2,916 control subjects for the study. They gathered information on various aspects of their lives, including medical history, smoking, alcohol use, and intense physical activity. The study also inquired whether they had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 and whether they had received a COVID-19 vaccine.
The study concluded that COVID-19 vaccination did not increase the risk of sudden deaths among young adults in India. In fact, it reduced the risk of sudden death in adults. The study stated, “COVID-19 vaccination has not raised the risk of sudden death among young adults in India but has reduced the risk of sudden death in adults.”
This study provides valuable insights into the safety of COVID-19 vaccination among young adults in India. It offers reassurance that getting vaccinated does not increase the risk of sudden deaths. However, it is essential for those who have had a severe bout of COVID-19 to be cautious and not engage in intense physical activity for an extended period.
In these trying times, it’s crucial to stay informed and make decisions based on reliable research and expert advice. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us the importance of staying vigilant and following recommended guidelines to protect our health and the health of those around us.
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"The Packet Lady" is proud to present this Instructional Sequence & Close Read Packet on Abraham Lincoln's "The Gettysburg Address." This Common Core aligned Packet is perfect if you are a teacher or homeschooling parent who just wants to print out the packet and go! Included is a detailed Instructional Sequence (lesson plan), a PowerPoint on Lincoln, a copy of the "Gettysburg Address," and easy to read & understand forms on focusing, defining & clarifying words & phrases, brainstorming, and both self-check & teacher friendly writing rubrics for a 5 paragraph essay. This Packet has it all! Save yourself HOURS of time, and just print it out! Everything you need for a quality, thoughtful lesson is right here! Thanks for visiting!
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This is a collaborative post and does not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of this blog or its author.
People don’t realize that there are things they do every day that directly affect their mental health, either in a positive or negative way. Mental health still isn’t taken seriously by some, although many people will experience things like depression, anxiety, and other issues at some point in their lives. It can happen to anybody at any time, so raising awareness and breaking the taboo surrounding the subject is a must.
If you want to make sure you’re caring for your mental health, the best thing you can do is pay attention to the factors that directly affect it. Take a look at the list below:
The Food You Eat
The food you eat plays a bigger part in your mental health than you probably know. Sure, it’s important for your physical health, but it goes hand in hand with your mental health too. Think about how you feel when you eat a good square meal filled with vegetables and micronutrients. You feel full of energy. You feel fit and healthy. You likely feel more alert for the day and get more done. How about when you go to Mcdonalds or another takeaway? It might satisfy a quick craving, but you probably find that you feel sluggish and a little rubbish afterward. Eating good food means better mental health, period.
How You Move During The Day
How do you move during the day? Do you start your day off doing something you loathe? Do you roll out of bed with minutes to spare and feel rushed for the rest of the day? Do you sit down most of the day, mentally exhausted from work and refusing to work out? You’re not alone, but you must break these habits for better mental health. Try to get up earlier so you have some time to yourself to enjoy a coffee or another hot drink, maybe read a chapter of a book. Get some exercise and you’ll feel great for the rest of the day too. Exercise increases happy hormones, both in the short term and the long term. It’ll make you feel strong, capable, empowered, and so much more. Get into a consistent routine and it’ll be one of the best things you do.
Drugs And Other Medications
Drugs and other medications can affect your mental health, so if you’ve been feeling a bit out of sorts lately, make sure you visit your general practitioner. If you purchase yours from a place like ePharmacies make sure you know what you’re buying first and the risks so you can be sure it’s right for you. Many people turn to medication, when eating well and exercising would have worked even better.
The Environments You Spend Time In
The environments you spend the most time in can make a huge difference to your mental health, as can the people in those environments. If you’re putting yourself into situations that give you anxiety, and you’re always around negative people, then you’re going to suffer.
Make sure you take care of your mental health from now on. You matter!
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What is an Intellectual Disability
An intellectual disability (also commonly referred to as a developmental disability among other terms) is, simply stated, a disability that significantly affects one's ability to learn and use information. It is a disability that is present during childhood and continues throughout one's life. A person who has an intellectual disability is capable of participating effectively in all aspects of daily life, but sometimes requires more assistance than others in learning a task, adapting to changes in tasks and routines, and addressing the many barriers to participation that result from the complexity of our society.
Community Living Supports Citizenship!
Citizenship is about every individual's right to embrace and fully participate in a community that values diversity and strives for the inclusion of all its members.
For people who have an intellectual disability, it's also about experiencing the same human rights, responsibilities, and opportunities as others in society. It means that all people have the right to participate and contribute to society through the many stages of life from birth to death. These stages include being welcomed at daycare, pursuing a meaningful education, dating a person of his or her choice (and getting married), finding a job, choosing a place to live, and retiring with choices. It also means living a life beyond the 'service system', a life in community, where people can experience self-determination through their own choices. For every person, citizenship also means feeling like you belong to a community, and in that community, you are respected for your abilities, inherent talents and unique contributions to that community's ultimate success.
Definition of Intellectual or Developmental Disability
First of all, a word about the words 'intellectual' and 'developmental.'
The Community Living Ontario has adopted the use of the term 'intellectual disability' largely to conform with growing national and international use of the term. This is not so much a decision based on definitions or perceived definitions as it is a choice of convenience and consistency - posters or advertisements created nationally or internationally use the term 'intellectual disability' and we want the public to recognize us when they see those promotional materials. We encourage local Associations to follow the same path, but there is no formal pressure to do so. Local Associations should use the language with which the people they support are most comfortable.
A glance around the websites of local Community Living associations indicates that the choice each local association makes appears to reflect well-thought-out approaches to language. Some associations use 'intellectual,' some use 'developmental' and yet many others choose to use language that makes no reference to defined terms at all, focusing instead on the goal and vision of inclusion of all people, an exercise not limited to just the people we support. This implies a broadened approach to the work we do, focusing on building inclusive communities generally, rather than just in areas of specific disability. A community that has the capacity to include people with language barriers, physical barriers and emotional or social barriers becomes a community that also has the capacity to include the people we support.
It should be noted that both 'intellectual disability' and 'developmental disability' are terms to be used only when necessary to describe the work we do, and should not be used merely as labels. Self-advocates have repeatedly asked us to avoid using labels. Habit and ease of conversation often lead us to use labels when it is not necessary to do so.
So, while respecting and responding to the value of precision in our language, we hope that we don't get ourselves caught up in dictionary debates about which adjective best goes with the word 'disability.' (Remember: we've had the same energy-consuming debate in the past about the word 'disability', as opposed to 'handicap', 'challenge', 'delay', etc.) It is our hope that we can embrace the richness and flexibility of our language so that we use it in ways that respect the people to whom we are referring, and in ways that encourage others to share that respect.
Now, it is still fair to ask, 'What is an intellectual or developmental disability?'
Community Living Ontario has not had occasion to employ a definition of developmental disability, but we are aware of several different descriptions wordings that are in use by various local and provincial Associations. From these, I have drafted a potential description that may suit your purposes. Definitions are by nature categorizing, and as you know, it is fundamental to the goal of inclusion that people be categorized as little as possible.
What is an Intellectual (or Developmental) Disability?
An intellectual (or developmental) disability is a life-long condition, usually present at birth or originating in the early years of childhood, which interferes with one's ability to learn at the same pace or to the same extent as others. Individuals may have difficulty understanding abstract concepts or adapting to some of the demands of daily life. There are more than 200 known causes of intellectual disability; thus, the nature and extent vary greatly between individuals, and may or may not be accompanied by other physical conditions.
Many people who are labeled as having an intellectual disability are able to communicate, engage in social activities, work and participate in life as we all do, with very little support other than the natural supports we all require. Others with more severe disabilities may participate in different ways and with different levels of support. As with any individual, people who have an intellectual disability are capable of many accomplishments, and simply require an opportunity to be included in the daily life of their community in order to make their unique contribution.
Community Living Ontario Common Terms of Reference:
- We say or write 'a person who has' or 'people who have' an intellectual disability instead of referring to a person or people as 'disabled.' We try to avoid using 'a person with' or 'people with' an intellectual disability.
- We use the word 'typical' rather than 'normal' when speaking about people who have an intellectual disability and ideas, events, relationships, or situations affecting their lives.
- We try to avoid speaking about people supported by Community Living as 'clients', though some local Community Living associations may use this term. Instead, we use 'people/persons supported by Community Living', or 'person/people who receive(s) support.'
- We try to avoid speaking about people who have an intellectual disability in ways that categorize people as other i.e. using words or terms like 'they' or 'them' or 'these/those people.'
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Assistive tool kit helps users to systematically read, organize and retrieve key information when studying or composing text. Helps readers to easily and efficiently read, recall and use key information. Specific color-based process and tools help readers and writers to quickly identify the main idea and supporting details when reading text or in compositions. Aligned with Common Core State Standards and STAAR™.
For any skill level Grade 6 and up.
1-Pack includes: 1 tri-fold card with definitions and detailed process descriptions (for reading and writing), 1 graphical Prompt Card, 1 tri-color highlighter and 1 MemoryMark™ reading tool.
There are no reviews yet.
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Florentine New Year’s on March 25
In Florence, New Year's is celebrated on March 25. Tradition states that the beginning of the new year should be celebrated exactly 9 months before the birth of Christ on December 25. In fact, March 25 is the day the Catholic Church celebrates the announcement to the Virgin Mary, and Florence considers it the first day of the year.
However, long ago in 1582, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and moved the first day of the year to January 1, which has since become the official date for the New Year all over the world.
Florence, meanwhile, was devoted to the Cult of the Virgin and did not willingly accept the date change. Florentines continued to celebrate New Year’s on March 25 until 1749, when the Grand Duke Francesco III of Lorraine, wishing to adapt to other European countries, enforced January 1 as the official start date of the year. Local devotion and tradition resisted despite this change, and so Florentines continue to pay homage to the Virgin on March 25 with solemn ceremonies.
In recent years, the Municipality of Florence has restored honor to the ancient tradition and consequently included the traditional March 25 Florentine New Year in the official calendar of celebrations.
As in the past, modern celebrations include a historical procession that crosses the city center to reach Piazza Santissima Annunziata, in front of the church containing the sacred image of the Virgin that legend says was painted by angels.
We look forward to seeing you in Florence for the New Year. Remember, it’s on March 25!
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Notice the anglers lined up on park beaches or piers, and you will begin to realize the bounty of fish in the we have here. Starting from the offshore waters of the Pacific ocean, a multitude of species travel along currents past and through the Golden Gate. The San Francisco Bay is a world of its own, supporting estuarine species that can handle the fluctuating salinity levels. Intertidal areas of the park also provide important spawning and rearing habitat for fish.
Commercially important species such as the Pacific herring spawn in Tomales Bay and along the rocky and vegetated shorelines of San Francisco Bay. Anchovy are the most abundant fish in the Bay, entering seasonally to forage and spawn, and are important to the economy of West Coast fisheries. The intertidal zone also supplies fishermen with surfperch, cabezons, blennies, rockfish, pricklebacks, mussels and sea urchins. Some estuarine fish caught by recreational anglers include brown smoothhound, pile surfperch and white croaker.
Coho salmon and steelhead trout maintain their annual migrations up Redwood Creek, Olema Creek and Lagunitas Creek. Sturgeon can still be found in lower Lagunitas Creek, Tomales Bay, and the San Francisco Bay-Estuary.
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When you wake up in the morning, is your mind racing? Do you fret about what other people think of you? Do you feel anxious, no matter how hard you try to stay calm?
Are you impatient with your impatience?
Luckily, the idea that you should always feel a sense of well-being and inner peace is a misconception. Life happens. Your spouse works late. Children get sick. You get a flat tire on your way to work. A friend hurts your feelings. You lose a pet or a loved one.
Feeling peaceful or having emotional well being has nothing to do with what happens to us; it’s about learning the art of self-acceptance and mindfulness.
Why Inner Peace Is Hard to Achieve
In our Western culture, academic success, business savvy, and making it big in sports rank much higher than having an inner sense of well-being. Most of us were not taught at home or in school what emotions are, how to regulate them, or how to calm ourselves. Instead, especially in childhood, we are pushed to excel and punished when we act out emotionally.
We were not shown how to achieve mindfulness. And when we add on massive digital stimulation and smartphone or social media addictions, we end up with an epidemic of disconnected people. We are disconnected from ourselves and each other.
So, even if you long for inner peace, you may be plagued with anxiety and depression instead. You may feel haunted with low but constant uneasiness or a wildly out-of-control inner critic. What went wrong?
To understand how to achieve inner peace, let’s first explore how we lost our way.
Much of what we think we know about emotions was handed down from our parents, which was often well-intended but inadequate at best. Even though emotions are a natural part of the human experience, they are misunderstood, so generations after generations have avoided, judged, and often blocked or shut down what they feel.
Do you recognize any of these common myths from your childhood experience?
- Myth #1: Negative emotions are “bad” or “wrong.”
- Myth #2: Another person can “make” us feel an emotion.
- Myth #3: Freedom of expression permits us to “let it rip!” no matter who we affect or hurt.
- Myth #4: Emotions get in the way of good decision making.
- Myth #5: I’m too emotional, and there's nothing I can do about it.
Of course, this list isn’t all-inclusive. There are many more myths that people have accepted and swallowed whole. All of us have received at least some incongruent or shaming messages about emotions while growing up. And they can limit us as adults—unless and until we understand what emotions are and how to express them in healthy ways. Learning and practicing emotional intelligence is no longer a luxury; it is a necessity!
How Myths About Emotions Are Created
How do these myths start in the first place? Let’s explore some of the seemingly innocent responses parents may say to their children and possible emotional myths that can be formed.
- What’s said: "Don't say you hate your brother; it’s not nice!”
Possible myth formed: I must deny my feelings; it's not okay to be angry.
- What’s said: “Say you're sorry.”
Possible myth formed: I'm incapable of feeling remorse or taking responsibility when I hurt someone. (Forced apologies don’t add up to sincerity, nor do they teach a child to take accountability for their actions.)
- What’s said: “Stop acting like a clown!”
Possible myth formed: Having fun and feeling cheerful is less important than what my parent wants.
- What’s said: “You make me so mad!”
Possible myth formed: My parent’s angry feelings are my fault.
- What’s said: “Stop being so selfish.”
Possible myth formed: My desires for pleasure, fulfillment, or adventure are selfish, and selfishness is bad.
Of course, these are just a few possibilities that I've heard in my own life or from clients. Regardless of how well-intended a parent might be, children can easily draw incomplete and inaccurate conclusions that result in feelings of shame, false beliefs, lowered self-esteem, and the need to repress emotions.
Emotions are already tricky to understand, decipher, and navigate without being shamed or made wrong. Is it any wonder people tell white lies to avoid hurting other people’s feelings? Isn’t it understandable that people push away and repress their feelings altogether?
However, there's another downside whenever we stop an emotion (ours or our children’s); we freeze energy that we no longer have access to, and we limit our full potential. We limit our connection with ourselves and each other. When feelings are not fully experienced, we stop listening to them and miss out on their wisdom. Emotions help us interpret and process our experiences. Why would we want to censor and deny such important information?
Helpful self-soothing strategies to explore: “8 Ways to Calm Anxiety and Stress”
A Return to Serenity and Inner Peace
So, how do we get back to a sense of inner peace?
Positive emotions signal our truth; they show us what feeds our spirit. Our joy and well-being will be equivalent to how well we care for ourselves. Negative emotions signal our unmet needs, a lack of safety, or they highlight areas where we need to grow. They show us when we are moving in a direction away from our truth. Listen to their wisdom.
Related reading: “Find Inner Peace and Unwrap Your Best Self”
Below are simple steps to return to serenity and regain the inner peace of a toddler exploring a beautiful garden.
Step 1: Give Yourself Permission to Feel.
Every time you want to squelch your feelings, choose to allow them instead. Say to yourself, “I give myself permission to feel.” As children, when we felt big emotions, the experience was often overwhelming, especially if we didn’t have a loving adult to empathize with us. However, as an adult, we can handle whatever emotion we may feel. Breathe. Believe in yourself. Allow.
Step 2: Identify Which Emotion(s) You’re Feeling.
Just by naming an emotion, you’ll already feel better. When we acknowledge an emotion, it dissipates. Welcome every emotion as you would greet a good friend.
Step 3: Listen to What Your Emotions Are Telling You.
If you’re afraid, practice taking baby steps toward your fear. The more you prove to yourself that you’re capable of handling the discomfort, the more confidence grows. If you’re feeling hurt, perhaps you need to talk to your spouse or a friend and let them know how they hurt you. If you’re angry, look for ways you may be giving up yourself or need to set better boundaries. Each emotion has a purpose. Every feeling you have is guiding you back to your True North of Inner Peace.
Step 4: Care for yourself. Be Your Own Advocate.
Each emotion will guide you to an action that increases a sense of well-being. Act on what you sense; listen to your gut—even if the action, such as breathing through an emotion, causes only a small shift, you’ll feel better. Every time we act on our own behalf, we gain self-love. Each time we accept our experience and emotions with curiosity and openness, we grow in inner peace.
Related reading: "How to Find Inner Peace by Resolving Conflicting Feelings"
As you grow a more mindful relationship with your emotions, you flex the muscles of emotional fitness. You’ll wonder why you waited so long to embrace your emotions. The more self-awareness you cultivate, the easier it is to self-calm. Whenever you feel and accept an emotion, the more you’ll experience inner peace.
When we connect to our true self while experiencing and expressing our emotions, we cultivate inner peace. Choose to feel.
If you’d like to understand your emotions better and reach for emotional well being, listen to our free webinar.
For those ready for a bigger step toward transformation and change, try our EQ online course to develop greater peace and emotional intelligence.
For an expert guide on the journey to owning your voice and regaining your true self, call Heartmanity at 406-577-2100.
And if you’re mega serious about a life transformation in the shortest amount of time, consider our One Year Makeover.
Whatever is best for you, we’re here to support you on the path of self-discovery and mastery.
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“Shortly before the completion of the Cathedral, on April 25, 1793, the diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas was created by Pope Pius VI. Don Luis Ignacio Maria de Penalver y Cardenas of Havana was appointed the first bishop. He arrived in state in New Orleans in July, 1795 to take formal possession of his See and begin his episcopal duties. Arriving in New Orleans on the same ship was Fray Antonio de Sedella, a Capuchin priest who had served in New Orleans since 1781 and who was returning from Spain to resume his pastorate of the Cathedral, a post from which he had been removed in 1790 for insubordination by Bishop Cirillo, the Havana auxiliary in charge of Louisiana and the Floridas. Pere Antoine, as he was more familiarly known to his parishioners, was an eloquent preacher and led a charitable life, but he was a firebrand and his career was marked by constant clashing with the ecclesiastical authorities.”
From a short history of the Cathedral of St. Louis in New Orleans. I repaired to this little booklet after reading the story about Gov. Jindal signing a law permitting guns in churches in Louisiana, about which I wrote below. Please note that the Church was there before the United States and before rifles became commonly used by infantry, which is to say, that in this matter, the National Rifle Association is a newcomer. Where is the stormy Pere Antoine when we need him?
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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – What you need to know now
The GDPR will change the way your business can collect, use and transfer data. It comes into force on 25th May 2018. It includes major changes and businesses need to start preparing for its implementation well in advance.
Why was it introduced?
The aim of GPPR was to harmonise existing data protection legislation across the EU and to strengthen data protection rights for individuals. It was also felt that data protection law needed to be updated to take into account the advances in information technology and fundamental changes in the way in which individuals and organisations communicate and share information.
What does Brexit mean for GDPR?
The government has confirmed that the UK will be implementing the GDPR irrespective of Britain’s exit from the EU.
What is the difference between the Data Protection Act and the GDPR?
The GDPR is an EU wide piece of legislation and will eventually replace the Data Protection Act 1998 and all similar legislation in other EU countries.
The underlying data protection principles will remain broadly the same but there are many new requirements that organisations will have to be aware of and implement as necessary. Here are some key examples of the changes:
- the definition of personal data will be wider and will include information generated from cookies and IP addresses if they can identify an individual;
- individuals will have the right to have their data erased (“right to be forgotten”);
- individuals will have the right to object to their data being used for profiling. Profiling includes most forms of online tracking and behavioural advertising and this new right will make it harder for businesses to use data for these activities;
- individuals will have the right to obtain a copy of their personal data in a machine-readable format and have the right to transmit that data to another controller. This is called the right to data portability;
- much stricter rules on notifying the Information Commissioner’s Office (or other national data protection agency) of a data breach. The data controller will be required to notify within 72 hours of the breach unless the data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to individuals;
- new rules on pseudonymisation (i.e. the processing of personal data where it can no longer be attributed to a specific individual without additional information). There will also be new rules on anonymisation;
- new safeguarding for consumers has been introduced relating to automated decision-making;
- Consent, as a legal basis for processing, will be harder to obtain. The GDPR requires a very high standard of consent, which must be given by a clear affirmative action establishing a freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the individual’s agreement to their personal data being processed, such as by a written (including electronic) or oral statement.
- new rules on accountability and governance will mean organisations must prove that they process data in line with the new rules and build “data protection by design” into their systems and processes.
Why do I need to worry about it?
There will be much tougher penalties for breaches of the GDPR. The maximum fines will be significantly increased and the information Commissioner will have the ability to impose fines of up to 2% of annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year or €10 million (whichever is the greater). Fines can go up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover or €20 million for certain very serious breaches of the GDPR.
If I’m outside of the EU then why should I worry?
Unlike the Data Protection Directive the GDPR will have expanded territorial scope. Any non-EU data controllers and data processors will be subject to the GDPR if they either:
- offer goods or services to data subjects in the EU irrespective of whether payment is received; or
- monitor data subjects behaviour in so far as their behaviour takes place within the EU.
This means that many non-EU businesses that were not required to comply with the data protection directive will be required to comply with the GDPR.
What do I need to do now?
Although the GDPR will not come into force for another year, it is important that businesses start taking the steps necessary to ensure compliance well in advance. This is particularly crucial in light of the increased penalties which may be imposed for failure to comply. The ICO has published a helpful 12-step guide to assist businesses: https://ico.org.uk/media/1624219/preparing-for-the-gdpr-12-steps.pdf which recommends that businesses:
- Create awareness among the senior decision makers in the business;
- Audit and document the personal data they hold, recording where it came from and who it is shared with;
- Review the legal basis for the various types of processing that they carry out and document this; and
- Review privacy notices and put in place a plan for making any changes to comply with the GDPR.
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The first and foremost myth that people have is, “we have to be accountants if we plan to get into basic finances too”. This perception is very wrong and many people don’t prefer it because accounting seems very difficult as much as they think to dodge a bullet. It doesn’t need to be much complicated. Collected.Reviewsoffer services in which people can review the companies honestly. This step improves decision-making.
What are Finances?
Personal finances are the potential to understand different financial skills to manage money effectively and efficiently. Financial skills include financial management, interpersonal skills, financial reporting, budgeting, saving, investing, and managing crypto wallets. If you lack any of these skills then it will refer to financial illiteracy. Financial illiteracy can lead to many differences. Fiscally irresponsible individuals are more likely to build up unnecessary debt loads.
Importance of Finances
Finances are vital because it provides us with the competencies and resources we need to properly handle our finances. It's one of those things that affect almost every aspect of everyday life, but many people don't have the information they should have if they are in the domain of financial technology. Similarly, you can check out the reviews about WorldRemit who offer to send and receive international payments.
Furthermore, wealth is simple to mishandle, since it just takes a few dumb choices to destroy your economic situation. You can create income if you think carefully about how to safely control your finances and then extend that expertise to your money management.
Pillars of Finances
With the concept of grasping money effectively, financial literacy is standing on four pillars that are essential in the life of the one who manages financial decisions.
Debt is the money of which you are not the owner. Simply, the money that you borrow from financial institutions to meet your specific needs. Debt is considered good if you are extremely in need of money or you want to build a house or buy a car. Debt is considered bad if someone is taking out a loan for the sake of expensive needs that are not much important. For example, loans taken for expensive clothes.
Wealth is created by investing less of your earnings and there are numerous goals for saving. Moreover, saving can save you if you are in an emergency or you have to cover up some unexpected expense. Just think if you spend all the money on your needs and wants and don’t save a single penny. What will happen? You’ll not have enough money to meet the emergencies. Saving money in an interest-bearing financial institution helps you in this journey.
When you have an organized life, you can live a healthy and goal-oriented life with happy sleep. Budgeting offers you a comfortable life if this element is added to finances. Budgeting is the ability to prepare and control your finances throughout your being. Interpreting where your cash goes each month offers the ability to build an effective methodology for spending less, cutting out extra spending, and investing more for the stuff you need and want.
Budgeting allows you to prepare for the short-run and long-run expenses and invest appropriately so that you can cover everything effectively. As a result, it is absolutely important for financial stability and freedom. Here comes the concept of managing inventory if you are working in any financial institution because it helps you in strategic planning by making you prioritize your budget and concentrate on the things that require special concentration.
Investing activities are all about building money you'll need to live comfortably in your lifetime. It's about investing in something that can earn you money in the long term, such as real estate, pension plans, and debt instruments. The main goal of investing is generating more income by putting in less money. The overvaluation of your investments will provide you with an additional, monthly gain, or you can exchange it for more revenue than you put in. Your investment savings will then be used to fulfill the liquidity commitments of your life.
Clever ways to take control of your finances
It is not enough to maintain a life that you don’t wish for. Being a normal person, your wishes may include buying a house, car, or any other luxurious thing that can make you happy. If it is so, then you need to take control of your finances by tracking your objectives effectively. Simply, follow these amazing and clever ways to manage your finances;
Read books about finances
One of the simplest and worth-catching tips is to read books about finances. If you are not sure about the concepts of finances or you don’t know where to start, grab a book on finances that is written by an expert financier and take an idea from there. It is because books offer a changed and best approach to keeping the track of your objectives.
Budgeting comes to mind when there falls the concept of managing finances amazingly. In short, plan your monthly spending and keep an eye on your earnings and spending. If you want to see the change in a positive manner then make sure that the money you earn should always be more than the money you spend. Fix out your budget and start organizing your life to reach the financial goals.
Reduce Monthly Needs
It may seem hilarious that reducing the monthly needs is an option but this can help you in managing finances if you think flexibly. You can use electricity less than usual by switching off the lights when you don’t need to, just to reduce the utility costs. You can cut out unnecessary needs like ending Netflix-like platforms subscription to lower the monthly bills and keeping you safe from financial burden.
Plan Monthly Menu
Planning a monthly menu essential if you want to save money. There can be unnecessary items for which you are paying. For example, you can’t think of ingredients you want for cooking food and you take extra food items with you. To stay out of these payments, you can make a monthly menu, this step will help you in shopping groceries effectively.
Set Realistic Goals
Set up the goals for which you are working but they must be realistic. There can be a house for which you want to manage your finances. This helps you motivate the whole way because you know you’ll accomplish your goal one day. Don’t set unrealistic goals like you set up a goal, “I have to pay $50,000 yearly” when your salary is just $40,000. This will demotivate you and you can’t reach your goals. It is because you are killing the extracurricular activities that give you enjoyment.
Become an investor
There is a passive way to earn money from a second source, that is, become an investor. Investing simply refers to putting in some money in any financial instrument to make more out of it. There are positive and negative slopes in investing but you need an idea or a person whose business can profit you. If you are not earning any profit then it means you are at a loss and vise versa.
Any of these opportunities may not be worthwhile but they may help you reach your financial goals by removing the need to compensate for basic living expenses out of your wallet. Invest the opportunity to weigh your choices so you can get the best out of your investor incentives.
Benefits of Finances
A financially literate person can never go off the ladder of positive peaks and benefits become a part of that person’s life. However, the following three are the benefits that a financially literate person can get;
Build up a sense of responsibility
When a person organizes life to optimize financial credibility, he/she gets used to making plans and getting more responsible for the future. In the process of organizing, a person sticks to the milestone, this act builds up a sense of responsibility in the life of a financially literate person.
Change in the weight of pocket
It is obvious that the one who saves to reach financial goals, the one who becomes an investor, the one who cuts out unnecessary payments from his/her life, he/she feels the change in the weight of the pocket. He becomes more and more aware of the tips to keep money in the pocket.
Less Financial Struggle
The majority of people acknowledge what it's like to suffer financially, but only a small minority recognize what it's like to thrive. Gaining a better understanding of money management will enhance the odds of economic security.
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Preventing Foodborne Illness: Bacillus cereus
Ingesting foods contaminated with Bacillus cereus bacteria can lead to nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Though B. cereus is commonly found in many types of fresh and processed foods, proper cooking, handling, and storage can minimize the risk of contamination. This 5-page factsheet explains how B. cereus is transmitted, what foods it is commonly associated with, the methods used to prevent contamination, and good practices for receiving, handling, processing, and storing food. Written by Keith R. Schneider, Reneé Goodrich Schneider, and Rachael Silverberg, and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, August 2015.
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GLOBALIZATION AND WARLI TRIBAL ART
Keywords:Globalization, Painting, Consumer- Related
The globalization has negatively impacted upon the tribal economies, culture and identities. The expansion of the art world under this version of globalization means that freedom of expression among artists is compromised under the pressure to conform to the market in order to succeed financially. The present scenario may change the true reflection of old culture and tradition of the Warli tribe. Because of the commercialization the transformation occurred, and they are venturing into mainstream society for the sake of their art. It has now become the commercial activity of Warli men. Because of the Industrial Revolution and modernization tribal art is a dying activity, now survives only in isolated areas whose inhabitants have a proud tradition of art and making things for themselves. Significance of the art has changed, earlier it used to be a social and religious tradition and ritual for women and everyday life, now it is a source of livelihood and exploration of individual creativity and a symbol of cultural and artistic pride. Introduction of the new modern motif of airplane, car, school building, factory are not necessarily a conscious effort to make art more commercial but rather a reflection of the changing world of the artists and to make painting more consumer- related.
--Aditi Deka & Dr. Balwant Singh BhadoriaWarli Art and Artisans of Maharashtra-An Indication in Contemporary Tribal Cultural Development.
How to Cite
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
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| 0.884772 | 494 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cactus flowers (type of succulents) are quite prominent in the field of landscape design. In particular, their berries, as well as buds, are used in drinks, salads, and sometimes even jellies.
Cactus plants may simply be combined with several other drought-tolerant plants, trees, shrubs, and decorative grasses to create a stunning and healthy garden.
It is generally acknowledged that cacti prefer arid conditions and do not require a lot of water. However, just because you’re caring for a cactus doesn’t guarantee you won’t run into issues.
You may have observed that your cactus has gradually begun to appear yellow or brown. This could occur due to numerous factors. It is obviously not typical, and you’ll want to figure out what’s happening so that you could rectify any cactus problems. In order to care for Cactus Turning Brown along with Cactus Brown Spots, watch out for the soil condition first.
Whether it’s too wet or too dry, and also it may have root rot, Sunburn, Indoor stress from repotting, disease, etc. Also, It’s important if the soil nutritions are not adequate like proper nitrogen, calcium to make soil rich.
Throughout this article, we’ll go over all of the probable causes for your cactus becoming brown as well as what you could do to rescue it. Continue reading to learn all you need to understand.
Top 7 Reasons For Cactus Turning Brown And Shivering
Cacti brown spots happen for a variety of causes, as we indicated in the beginning. In this part, we’ll go through some of the most common reasons for this issue.
1. Root rot
The issue might be root rot when the root of the cactus plant is getting brown and the stem is mushy and yellowish, resulting in a dying rotting cactus.
- Nevertheless, root rot can be difficult to rescue since the rot generally begins on the inside and spreads outward. In most situations, root rot indications will appear only after the disease has progressed.
- Cease watering the shrub as soon as you see indications of root rot or even transplant it in a well-draining medium.
- You could also attempt to retrieve your plant by clipping off all of the rotted tissue as well as part of the good tissue around it to prevent the rot from spreading.
- Remember to utilize a rinse, sharpened blade, and sanitize it after cuts using alcohol. When you’re finished, put sulfur granules into the incisions to aid the plant’s healing. Root rot is commonly caused by overwatering and soils with inadequate water runoff.
2. Indoor hazards
Cacti grown indoors are nevertheless susceptible to the same pests and illnesses as those grown outside. Houseplants, on the other hand, may have extra issues that are specific to them.
- Ensure that your potted shrubs aren’t too adjacent to a heat vent if they begin to brown or wilt out.
- Not with standing the dense coating of wax that covers the plant, the intense flow of air exiting the vent could induce plant tissues to dry up. AC vents can potentially cause comparable harm, however, the effects may take longer to manifest.
- When your cactus begins to brown and seem crumbly on one part but isn’t precisely near a window, it’s advisable to consider transferring it to a different location.
Cactus Sunburn or underwatering seems to be the main prevalent and likely reason for your cactus plant becoming brown from the tip. It might seem unusual since most of us consider cacti as desert flowers that thrive in the light.
- Hardly all cactus varieties, however, survive in the heat like Paddle Cactus, Prickly Pear, Opuntia Cactus. To thrive, few among them require only a small amount of light plus partial shade.
- When you don’t make the effort to gradually expose cacti plants purchased from a garden center or store to the strong, outside light, they may get sunburned.
- Minor sunburn usually appears as a white discoloration upon the plant’s sun-facing part. The pale patches eventually develop into brown blotches, which are a sign of intense sunburn. Extensive brown sunburn on cacti plants is irreversible, and there is hardly anything you can do regarding it.
- If your plant has white patches, however, it can be saved by relocating it to a shaded location. It will totally recover if you give shade on the warmest days of the season. It would also assist if you spend little effort learning about your plant’s sunlight needs so that you can offer the greatest possible circumstances.
- Certain cacti ought not to be left with indirect light from the sun the whole day. Remember that cactus varieties that aren’t accustomed to staying in full sun should be adapted by introducing them to direct sunlight for a brief amount of time per day.
- Over the course of a few weeks, gradually increase the exposure. It won’t take time for your plants to adjust to the new light situation outside.
- It’s also worth noting that some cacti shouldn’t be exposed to direct sunshine all day, they might end up as dried cacti.
- Scales are tiny bugs that, because of their rigid brown exterior coatings, look like brown dry patches on cactus plants. These bugs eat plant fluids, weakening the cactus plant and turning it yellow or brownish in the process.
- If this is the situation with your flower, try washing it using a weak liquid soap solution or dousing it with a flow of water to remove the scales. For big infestations, you could apply your favorite pesticide brand.
- Scales can also be killed by utilizing cotton swabs dipped in gardening oil on both sides. This causes an oil coating to develop on the upper end of the scales, shutting off the insects’ oxygen flow. The insects eventually die from suffocation.
5. Frost damage
- Frost damage could induce cactus tips to become brown in exposed places, similar to sunburns. The impact is quite comparable, and the only method to tell the difference between sunburn and frost damage would be to take a temperature reading.
- The membranes of a cactus plant rupture whenever they are exposed to cold conditions. The plant might try to self-heal by growing calluses around the injured cells, even if you don’t detect it immediately away.
- Even though the brittle patches on the shrub are typically spotty, it is the same sort of self-healing process that emerges after a thunderstorm.
- Interior plants which come into direct touch with the window panes might still be damaged by frost.
- It might be an indication of mite contamination if your cactus top is becoming brown which new growth is developing.
- Red spider mites are small bugs that drain the fluids from the most delicate portions of your plant. Since these bugs are so tiny, it may be simpler to find their webs rather than the bugs themselves.
- Mite infestations are identified by rusty brown patches on the plant’s tip as well as the occurrence of mite webs.
- These bugs can destroy your plant when left unchecked since they munch on the outermost layer of the membrane. Red spider mites are particularly common among indoor cacti.
- Plants can sometimes arrive from the plantation already afflicted with these insects. Attempt spraying your shrub from above with a reasonably vigorous flow of water in order to remove the insects.
- Another sort of mite that can populate your cactus is root lice. Especially in plants cultivated in conservatories, root lice could travel from container to container, rendering monitoring challenging.
- The best strategy to avoid root lice is to keep your fresh plants separate from the others for several days. To keep root lice at bay, you must limit soil pooling and reprocessing.
- Corking can be identified by the rapid emergence of solid bark like or brown membrane a few centimetres well above the soil of a rather normal cactus shrub.
- Apparently, this is a normal aspect of cacti plant aging and shouldn’t be a cause for concern.
- Cactus Corking usually begins at the plant’s roots and progresses upwards. Since corking is a natural occurrence, there is hardly anything anyone can do to prevent your plant from browning.
How Do You Fix Brown Cactus- Working Methods
1. Fix root rot in Cactus
- Symptoms of cactus root rot include browning, shakiness, and spongy root systems. Your cactus might also become brown or black, which is a sign.
- Follow the appropriate steps right away if you suspect your plant has root rot.
- Extract your plant off its container and inspect the roots for damage. When a few of the cactus’ roots are still white, use a clean knife to cut off the darker, muddy roots and any rotting regions at the bottom.
- Leave the plant to air out and recover before transplanting it in a new pot with new cactus gardening material.
2. Watch Your Watering
- Amongst the most efficient strategies to rescue a dying cactus is to hydrate it properly.
- Excessive water, like a lack of it, is particularly harmful. Whenever it pertains to cactus, though, it’s preferable to tread on the side of caution.
- Furthermore, whilst the cactus plant is blooming, it is critical to hydrate well while keeping the following in mind:
3. Under-watering your cactus
Your cactus scrunches or droops if you don’t water it often enough, and it can even discolor, often changing to brown and dry. Offer them a good, vigorous watering to help them out.
4. Over-watering your cactus
- Assist the cactus to lose quite enough water as fast as feasible if over-watering is an issue.
- Choose an earthen clay container that is only somewhat larger than the cactus then load it using a readymade cactus mixture.
- To avoid upsetting the cactus’ fragile roots, carefully place it in the blend. The porous cactus mix lets water flow fast and thoroughly, whilst the clay container will drain out extra water from the root system.
5. Change the potting soil
What does any of this have to do with switching out the gardening soil?
The Easy answer is this-
- The first explanation is that the microbe which triggered the rot in the first place is most likely still alive in the existing soil.
- The next explanation and most significant, explanation is that some potting mediums are considered to be dense and likely store excess water.
- As a result, you’ll need to switch to a thinner, more permeable growing medium.
6. Feed them well
- Poor nutrition is to blame for the majority of plant issues, even a withering cactus.
- As a result, it’s necessary to feed your cactus in the best acceptable amount and frequency using a good cati fertilizer.
- Give a full cactus fertilizer every two weeks from May through early October.
- Nourish the cactus once a month throughout the fall as well as wintertime.
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Can You Revive An Overwatered Cactus?
- Whenever the cactus’ bases or tissues have been severely harmed by overwatering, utilize a strong, sterile knife to clip away all of the rot.
- Sometimes a tiny amount of healthy cells may regrow an entire plant, however, if the rot is left untreated, it could expand.
- Permit a few weeks for the cactus to air on the tabletop till a hard scab develops on the sliced parts.
- Fill a clay container with cactus dirt and submerge the leftover cactus part approximately 1 inch below.
- During the first week, do not even hydrate the cactus, and then just water minimally till new growth develops.
Why Is My Cactus Turning Yellow?
To begin with, there might be several reasons for yellow cactus plants. Sunburn is by far the most prevalent and likely cause of a cactus becoming yellow from the tip.
It’s typically more dangerous if the cactus turns yellow from the bottom rather than the top. The most typical cause is excessive moisture, which can lead to root rot. Insect contamination is a less prevalent cause of yellow cactus flowers.
Why Is My Cactus Turning Black?
Fungal infections such as bacterial necrosis, apex rot, as well as phyllosticta pad patches cause a cactus to turn black.
To rescue your interior plant at this phase, remove the infected portions and attempt to prevent illness from spreading to the remainder of your cactus along with other potted plants around.
Cactus Turning Dark Green
When succulents don’t receive sufficient sunshine, they act oddly. Whenever your succulents require more sunshine, you’ll detect discoloration.
The same is true for cactus plants, which could also appear dark green if they are exposed to excessive amounts of sunshine or little amounts of sunshine.
Why Do My Cactus Have Brown Spots?
Cactus Brown patches and Cactus Brown Spots can be produced by a variety of factors, including excessive sunlight on freshly cultivated cacti, rodent infestation, frost, storms, chemicals, and cactus bacterial diseases.
The damage is typically aesthetic and does not kill the plant, although it is permanent, so it will leave scarring.
Why Does The Prickly Pear Cactus Feel Soft?
The most common reasons for Prickly Pear Cactus Feel Soft include everything from the wrong location and environmental circumstances to underlying illnesses like root rot.
The presence of soft areas in your plant’s tissues might indicate root rot, illness, or mechanical damage to the branches and buds.
Fungal infestation and insect attacks are two more typical reasons for soft cactus plants.
How To Care And Prevent Cactus Plants From Dying And Rotting
1. Provide adequate light for your cactus.
Whilst cacti must receive up to 8 hours of sunshine every day, it’s also vital to keep in mind that they shouldn’t receive too much.
Cacti can get burnt if they are exposed to the sun for an extended period of time.
2. Thoroughly water your cactus
Cacti are noted for retaining water in their roots, allowing them to survive without frequent watering. That isn’t to say they wouldn’t have to be watered at all. Keep an eye on the soil each couple of weeks.
3. For your cactus, use the proper soil plus fertilizer.
When planting cactus, make sure you use the correct growing medium. Cacti like soil with extra sand and pebbles, which allows water to flow and the plant to stay dry during watering, preventing root damage.
If your cactus is in a container, springtime is the perfect period to repot it. Most essential, keep in mind that you are attempting to reproduce your plant’s natural environment when maintaining it.
why my cactus is brown at the bottom?
Cacti can vary in color from green to brown, but the most common color is green.
Brown cacti from the bottom are often caused by moss growing on them and can be a sign that the cactus is in danger of being killed by an attack from a weed or tree.
Another reason for the cactus being brown at the bottom is that it is a result of years of rain, and dehydration. and sun exposure.
Why is my cactus turning brown on top?
Cacti are a type of succulent that typically grow from small, green plants that have spines on their stems.
When these plants reach a certain stage in life, such as when they are about to turn brown, the spines give way and the plant’s skin becomes dry and leathery.
This process is called osmosis and happens because water is drawn up through the pores in the skin and into the cells within the plant’s tissue.
- Browning from the top can also happen when leaves or flowers become overgrown or when roots get too big for their surrounding soil.
- In some cases, the browning may be due to the accumulation of oils and sweat from the cactus’ body.
- In others, it may be due to a lack of sunlight or a change in humidity level.
Regardless of the cause, it is important to take care when moving cacti to prevent them from turning brown on top.
Few FAQs on Top Cactus Brown Spots Fixes And Reasons
Q: How Do You Know If A Cactus Is Dying?
A Withering Cactus Will Be Unstable In Its Potting Medium And May Seem To Be On The Verge Of Falling Over.
Q: What Does An Overwatered Cactus Plant Look Like?
A Green Cactus Plant That Has Been Overwatered May Seem Pale And Drab.
Q: How Do You Tell If A Cactus Is Overwatered Or Underwatered?
A Cactus That Has Been Underwatered Will Appear Frail, Whereas One That Has Been Overwatered Will Appear Unnaturally Plump, Leading To Root Rot.
Q: How Often Should Cactus Be Watered?
Cacti Must Be Hydrated Once Every Week At The Very Least.
Q: Does Cactus Need Sunlight?
Cacti Flourish In Bright Environments, Therefore It’s Better To Put Them Somewhere Bright.
Q: How Long Can Cactus Stay In The Dark?
Certain Cacti Seem To Be Non-Flammable Yet Do Not Require Much Light To Thrive.
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Cactus Turning Brown is a frequent ailment that several cactus growers face. Thankfully, your plants will not perish as a result of this. Don’t worry or try to remedy the problem without first figuring out what’s causing it.
If you can’t figure out what’s causing the problem by yourself, don’t be hesitant to hire a plant specialist to assist you. Bear in mind that developing healthy cactus plants needs careful attention.
My name is Olivia, staying in the United States, and I love to have plants in my garden. Lots of plants are there in my balcony, indoor and outdoor garden also. Here I am trying to share useful tips on gardening, how to grow and care for various plants, etc. Check out more.
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Alkaline phosphatase in cow and non-cow milk and cheese – Determination of enzyme activity as an indicator for the completeness of the pasteurisation process
The pasteurisation process is the most important stage of dairy production. Indigenous enzymes are used to assess the completeness of the process. The determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by the fluorimetric method is accepted as the reference method for the verification of pasteurisation. Legislation from the European Union accepts a level of 350 mU·L-1 of ALP activity as safe for consumption of cow milk. For non-cow milk and cheese this limit has not been established yet. There are differences in the ALP activity among various species of dairy cattle.
The quality of dairy products depends on the milk’s quality from which the products are made. Contamination or an addition of raw milk to pasteurised milk can cause the hazard of pathogen contamination of the product. Pasteurisation that is performed incorrectly can influence the final product by the denaturation of whey proteins, inactivation of enzymes, destruction of beneficial bacteria or chemical changes, which can have an effect on the increase or the decrease of substrate availability for bacteria and enzymes. Because of this the heat treatment of milk for consumption and production of the dairy products should be limited (1, 2).
PROCESS OF HEAT TREATMENT
The heat treatment is designed to eliminate potential pathogenic microorganisms from raw milk with minimal chemical, physical and organoleptic changes in the milk. There are many combinations of time-temperature practices applied to milk processing. The lowest temperature, 63-65°C for 30 min (LTLT pasteurisation – low temperature long time) is for the destruction of psychrotrophs; higher temperature, 72-85°C for 15-30 s called HTST pas ...
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As a companion piece to an earlier post on the relationship between the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene and cellular senescence in aging, you might take a look at the research here that investigates the relationship between mTOR and the characteristic decline in stem cell activity that occurs with advancing age. In addition to the large body of research focused on insulin and growth hormone metabolism, work on mTOR is among the most active areas of study resulting from investigations of calorie restriction. The practice of calorie restriction has been shown to slow aging in near all species and lineages studied to date, so insofar as the response to calorie restriction is partially mediated through mTOR, we should expect mTOR to have some connection to most of the causes of aging.
Unfortunately, calorie restriction has only a small effect on life span in our species. The research community doesn't yet know exactly how small, but it would be very surprising for it to be greater than five years or so. It would be hard for an effect much larger than that to remain hidden over the length of human history. The health effects are worth it in all other respects; calorie restriction greatly reduces the risk of age-related disease in our species, just as in others. Why are the effects on longevity so much less in humans than in mice? The response to calorie restriction most likely evolved because it grants a greater chance of survival through seasonal famine. The famine is the same length regardless of species, and thus short-lived species evolve under selection pressure to develop a proportionally greater extension of life span, while longer-lived species do not. The result is mice that live 40% longer if they eat less, and humans that do not.
Stem cells of many varied types are responsible for maintaining our tissues in good condition. Their activity declines with age, however, due to some combination of (a) intrinsic damage of the sort listed in the SENS view of aging, and (b) reactions to rising levels of damage elsewhere. It is thought that stem cells become less active with age because this acts to reduce the risk of cancer; the more cells that replicate, the greater the risk that one of those cells acquires mutations that lead to a tumor. That risk rises as the damage of aging grows, as the environment becomes more inflamed and dysfunctional, and the immune system, responsible for destroying potentially cancerous cells, falters. Our life span, longer than that of other primates, came to its present position by balancing the slow decline due to failing tissue maintenance against the fast end due to cancerous growth.
In calorie restricted individuals, the decline in stem cell activity tends to be a little bit slower. So if this effect is in part mediated by mTOR, what exactly is going on under the hood? It is a complex business, trying to reverse engineer the operation of metabolism. Even when it is possible to identify lynchpin genes, such as mTOR, it usually turns out that they are influential in dozens of important low-level cellular operations that can in turn slightly speed or slow the aging process in any number of ways. That just means it is challenging work, however. I think my greater objection to putting such a large focus on this way forward towards potential therapies to treat aging is that, based on what is known of calorie restriction, we shouldn't expect the results in mice to in any way translate to similarly sized results in humans. The effects should be analogous to one another, but in humans the size of those effects will be small.
In most of our tissues, adult stem cells hang out in a quiet state - ready to be activated in case of infection or injury. In response to such injury, however, stem cells have to be able to rapidly divide, to generate daughter cells that differentiate into cells that repair the tissue. Previous research showed that TOR needs to be maintained at a low level in order to preserve stem cells in a quiet state and prevent their differentiation. But in this study, researchers discovered that TOR signaling becomes activated in many stem cell types when they are engaged in a regenerative response.
This activation is important for rapid tissue repair, but at the same time it also increases the probability that stem cells will differentiate, thus losing their stem cell status. This loss - in this case in the fly intestine, mouse muscle and mouse trachea - is particularly prevalent when the tissue is under heavy or chronic pressure to regenerate, which occurs in response to infections or other trauma to the tissue. During aging, repeated or chronic activation of TOR signaling contributes to the gradual loss of stem cells. Accordingly, by performing genetic or pharmacological interventions to limit TOR activity chronically, the researchers were able to prevent or reverse stem cell loss in tracheae and muscle of aging mice.
Mice were put on differing regimens of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin starting at different stages of life. Rapamycin was able to rescue stem cells even when given to mice starting at 15 months of age - the human equivalent of 50 years of age. "In every case we saw a decline in the number of stem cells, and rapamycin would bring it back." Whether this recovery of tissue stem cell numbers is due to a replenishment of the stem cell pool from more differentiated cells, or due to an increase in "asymmetric" stem cell divisions that allow one stem cell to generate two new ones, remains to be answered.
The balance between self-renewal and differentiation ensures long-term maintenance of stem cell (SC) pools in regenerating epithelial tissues. This balance is challenged during periods of high regenerative pressure and is often compromised in aged animals. Here, we show that target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling is a key regulator of SC loss during repeated regenerative episodes. In response to regenerative stimuli, SCs in the intestinal epithelium of the fly and in the tracheal epithelium of mice exhibit transient activation of TOR signaling.
Although this activation is required for SCs to rapidly proliferate in response to damage, repeated rounds of damage lead to SC loss. Consistently, age-related SC loss in the mouse trachea and in muscle can be prevented by pharmacologic or genetic inhibition, respectively, of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. These findings highlight an evolutionarily conserved role of TOR signaling in SC function and identify repeated rounds of mTORC1 activation as a driver of age-related SC decline.
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For study guides, learning objectives, and more please click the image or detail link.
Number of Parts:
Region Free. Chapter Menus. Subtitles. Interactive Quiz.
Students will learn what character is, why building character is important, and how to develop positive character traits.
Students will look at the core character trait of honesty and its impact on various situations.
Students will examine the importance of responsibility as well as some of the obstacles to responsible behavior.
Students will learn about integrity and as well as some strategies to maintain it.
Study Guide: View Guide
We are presented with choices every day. Many are easy to make and cause very little stress, but some choices can be extremely difficult and the decisions we make may have significant consequences. The difference between making the right choice or the wrong one is often determined by a person's character, which is based upon the qualities of honesty, responsibility, and integrity in a person's life. Gaining an understanding of these three character traits and how to build them is critical to creating a lifetime of positive outcomes.
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| 0.949047 | 219 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Under the ADA, qualified individuals with disabilities must be given equal opportunity in all aspects of employment. The law prohibits employers with 15 or more employees, labor unions, and employment agencies from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. Prohibited discrimination includes failure to provide reasonable accommodation to persons with disabilities when doing so would not pose undue hardship.
A qualified individual with a disability is one who can perform the essential functions of a job, with or without reasonable accommodation.
Disability is includes any physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual’s major life activities, such as caring for oneself, walking, talking, hearing, or seeing. Some common examples include visual, speech, and hearing disabilities; epilepsy; specific learning disabilities; cancer; serious mental illness; AIDS and HIV infection; alcoholism; and past drug addiction. Current illegal use of drugs, sexual behavior disorders, compulsive gambling, kleptomania, and pyromania are NOT covered.
Essential functions are the primary job duties that are fundamental, and not marginal to the job. The amount of time spent performing the function, the consequences of not requiring the function, and the work experiences of employees who hold the same or similar jobs determine what are considered essential functions.
Reasonable accommodation is defined as a change in the job application and selection process, a change in the work environment, or the manner in which the work is performed that enables a qualified person with a disability to enjoy equal employment opportunities.
Interested to learn more about how you can accommodate persons with disabilities in your organization? Contact us (using the form below):
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(2.4 hours to learn)
The Kalman filter is an algorithm for inference in linear dynamical systems. Specifically, the task is to infer the posterior over the current latent state given past observations. It forms the basis for approximate inference algorithms in more general state space models.
This concept has the prerequisites:
Core resources (read/watch one of the following)
→ Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach
A textbook giving a broad overview of all of AI.
Location: Sections 15.2, up to "Smoothing" (pages 541-544) and 15.4 (pages 551-558)
Supplemental resources (the following are optional, but you may find them useful)
→ Machine Learning: a Probabilistic Perspective
A very comprehensive graudate-level machine learning textbook.
Location: Section 18.3.1-184.108.40.206, pages 640-642
→ Probabilistic Robotics
Location: Section 3.2.2-3.2.3, pages 43-45
→ Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
A textbook for a graduate machine learning course, with a focus on Bayesian methods.
Location: Section 13.3.1, pages 638-641
- forward-backward algorithm
- create concept: shift + click on graph
- change concept title: shift + click on existing concept
- link together concepts: shift + click drag from one concept to another
- remove concept from graph: click on concept then press delete/backspace
- add associated content to concept: click the small circle that appears on the node when hovering over it
- other actions: use the icons in the upper right corner to optimize the graph placement, preview the graph, or download a json representation
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General information on Malawi
Malawi is heavily affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Tens of thousands die each year because of AIDS. The extent to which the disease affects the country's children is beyond compare. At present, more than 1,000,000 children in the country are growing up without either one or both their parents. SOS Children's Villages is helping vulnerable children and young people through its four different programmes across the country.
One of the world's least developed countries
Malawi is a landlocked country in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the most recent census, the country's population amounts to roughly 17.3 million. Malawi's largest city Lilongwe, in the central region, is also its capital. At present, Malawi is among the world's most densely populated and least developed nations. Although the government has been making efforts to fight high levels of HIV/AIDS, the pandemic still profoundly affects the country both demographically and economically. Life expectancy is very low and Malawi's death rate continues to be one of the highest in the entire world.
Young children from the SOS Kindergarten visiting an educational farm (photo: SOS archives).
The country's main economic pillar is agriculture, employing about 90 per cent of the workforce and accounting for roughly 30 per cent of the gross domestic product. Malawi largely depends on multilateral and bilateral economic assistance by the IMF, the World Bank and individual donor countries.
HIV/AIDS affects the lives of many families
Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world. According to the United Nations, more than half of the population live in poverty. Out of 182 countries on the U.N. Human Development Index, Malawi currently ranks 170.
Tens of thousands, particularly in rural areas, face unimaginable living conditions. They remain without access to running water, decent sanitation and medical facilities. The proportion of poor is highest in rural areas of the southern and northern parts of the county. Access to public services and economic opportunities is profoundly unequal across the population.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has a strong impact on society. Around 11 per cent of Malawians between 15 and 49 years of age live with HIV/AIDS, making the country one of the most affected nations worldwide. The disease remains the biggest health issue in the country. More than 50,000 Malawian citizens lose their lives to AIDS every year. After many years of silence, the authorities have now taken action and an ambitious programme to tackle HIV/AIDS has been launched. Malawi is highly vulnerable to changing climate conditions and natural disasters.
Children are suffering due to malnutrition and exploitation
In Malawi, 26 per cent of children aged five to 14 are engaged in child labour activities. High levels of poverty and HIV/AIDS are the main factors that drive thousands of children into child labour. While young boys typically work in the fields, girls sell merchandise or are forced into commercial sexual exploitation. It is estimated that more than 78,000 children work on tobacco farms, some of them up to 12 hours per day and without adequate clothing. Tobacco pickers are exposed to nicotine poisoning equivalent to smoking 50 cigarettes a day.
Children in our care enjoying their healthy breakfast in the garden (photo: SOS archives).
Although child mortality has improved substantially since the 1990s, Malawi is still marked by a fairly high under-five mortality rate of 75 per 1,000 live births.
SOS Children's Villages in Malawi
SOS Children’s Villages began working in Malawi in 1986.
Strengthen families: SOS Children's Villages works with local communities to support vulnerable families so that they can stay together. We ensure that they have access to basic goods and services such as health care and education. We also provide training and advice so that parents can generate an income to look after their children.
Care in SOS families: If, in spite of all support, children are unable to stay with their parents, they can find a new home in an SOS family. Children grow up with their brothers and sisters in a safe environment. Wherever possible, we work closely with the children’s family of origin, so that the children can return to live with them.
Education: We run kindergartens and primary and secondary schools in the country. Over 2,300 children attend these education centres. The vocational training centre in Lilongwe provides training for adults.
Support for young people: We support young people until they are able to live independently.
Emergency programme: Over the past few years we have supported families who have been affected by natural disasters. In early 2015, we assisted over 2,500 people who had been affected by the storms which caused serious damage. In early 2017, we started supporting families affected by the devastating drought. We provided immediate assistance for around 13,000 people and also worked with families to help them prepare for any future natural disasters.
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Threatened water towers in mountains pose water scarcity risk to 1.9 billion people: StudyAn international study ranks Asia’s water towers as the most important ones to downstream communities and also most threatened due to changing climate and socio-economic changes.
Over 1.9 billion people, relying on mountains for meeting their water needs, could face water shortage as water stored in mountains are quickly disappearing due to rising demands and excessive melting of glaciers accelerated by climate change, a new international study has concluded.
The study, ‘Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers,’ assessed world’s 78 mountain glacier-based water systems for the first time and ranked their significance to the downstream communities and their vulnerabilities in terms of various factors, including future changes.
The study, published in the scientific journal Nature this week, concluded that the most critical water towers are also the most vulnerable ones because of climate change and other socio-economic changes.
The water tower is a term used to describe a mountain-based water system that stores and carries water in different forms to meet downstream communities and the ecosystem needs.
According to the study, the Indus water tower, made up of vast areas of the Himalayan mountain range and covering parts of Afghanistan, China, India and Pakistan, was found to be the most important yet the most threatened mountain system of the world.
The study has ranked five of Asia’s water tower—Indus, Tarim, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Ganges-Brahmaputra—as the most important ones and also the most vulnerable.
“Indus basin is the most important water tower and also the most vulnerable one because the Indus has the largest irrigation system in the world,” Walter Immerzeel, a scientist and co-author of the study, told the BBC in an interview. “It has over 200,000 sq km of the irrigated area, which is exclusively fed by the mountain water. The current 250million people will be rising to 300 million by 2050.”
The finding is even crucial for the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Region—a region that stretches over 3,500 km covering eight countries from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east—which is already witnessing impacts of climate change.
A study conducted by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in the region concluded that even the most ambitious Paris Agreement goal—of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius—by the end of the century would lead to a spike of 2.1 degrees and the melting of one-third of the region’s glaciers.
“Four out of the five most relied-upon and vulnerable water towers in all of Asia are located in the HKH region,” said Santosh Nepal, water and climate specialist at ICIMOD, in a press release. “Even when we assess at a global scale, the Indus, in particular, is one of the most critical and vulnerable water towers in the world. This is something the region as a whole needs to take seriously and work on addressing collectively.”
The latest study has projected that rising pressure on water towers due to climate change and manmade activities would lead to affecting an estimated 1.9 billion people— 0.3 billion living in the mountain region and 1.6 billion downstream.
The study, authored by 32 scientists from around the world, highlights the threats posed by changing climate and socio-economic changes to water towers. It also warns of harsher impacts of climate change mostly for Asia in future.
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The Letter, Issue 66/67, Autumn 2017/Spring 2018, Pages 75 - 82
FREUD’S INTEREST IN THE ORIGINS OF
HUMANITY AS REFLECTED IN HIS THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
From his earliest writings Freud frequently drew parallels between origin stories and psychoanalysis. In his later writings he goes further and makes direct links between the prehistoric and the unconscious: ‘the man of prehistoric times survives unchanged in our unconscious’ In relation to a similar theme of myth, Lacan states that to establish these connections seems ‘to me indispensable if we are to situate our domain well, or even simply find out where we are.’ This paper attempts to look at these parallels and connections with a view to assessing their relevance and application to psychoanalytic theory and practise.
Key words: Mythic Formations; ancestral prehistory; totem; archaic heritage; residual phenomena.
With the approach of the Winter Solstice and its association with Brú na Boinne, Newgrange, we are reminded of the ceremonies and mythologies relating to these ancient peoples of 5000 years ago. There is a curiosity about their origins. There is also a certain mythology surrounding our individual origins: we don’t remember our own birth – birth itself being a primeval experience. Combining myth and research seems to be one way of finding pointers that might solve the puzzle concerning the origins of humanity and civilization. Freud was interested in these questions. He tells us that in his youth he felt an overpowering need to understand something of the riddles of the world and perhaps even to contribute something of their solution as an adult. Understanding the riddles of medicine wasn’t quite enough for him. So he moved from the verifiable scientific world of neurology and entered into the unknown territory of psychoanalysis. Part of this excursion into a new field included his interest in and use of anthropology and archaeology.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Part 3.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How is the snow's presence different during Paul's examination?
(a) It is louder.
(b) It is heavier.
(c) It is gentler.
(d) It is brighter.
2. How does Paul remember hearing the postman that morning?
(a) Barely audible at the second house before his.
(b) Strangely loud in the snow.
(c) Strangely quiet in the rain.
(d) Barely audible at the house before his.
3. What word does Paul use to depict the walk home in the beginning of Part 2?
4. What does Paul's mother get for him to help with his new vagueness?
(b) A new lamp.
(c) A bell.
(d) A new set of shutters.
5. How are the doctor's eyelids as he questions Paul?
(d) Wide open.
Short Answer Questions
1. What cannot compare with the snow, according to Paul?
2. What shape are the stones balanced on top of the gateway posts?
3. What does the snow promise to Paul as he is being examined by the doctor in Part 3?
4. How does the doctor ask Paul to read from the book?
5. What does Paul assume that his parents would think about him if they discovered the snow?
This section contains 256 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
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Credit is not necessarily good or bad. It depends on how it is used. Take the following quiz to determine whether you are using credit wisely or getting in over your head in debt. Which of the following statements apply to you or your family?
_____ 1. Not counting your mortgage or rent, your consumer credit payments are 20% or more of your take-home pay.
_____ 2. You buy things with credit cards that you would not buy if you had to pay cash for them.
_____ 3. You charge day-to-day expenses, like shampoo, instead of paying cash because you do not have the money.
_____ 4. You pay only the minimum amount due on your credit cards each month.
_____ 5. You make so many credit purchases that the amount you owe does not decrease but actually increases from one month to the next.
_____ 6. You are often overdrawn on your checking account, so you must charge everyday purchases.
_____ 7. You take out new loans to pay old ones.
_____ 8. Your family has frequent arguments about money.
_____ 9. You often have to skip some payments to make others.
_____ 10. You have had to ask a family member or friend to cosign a loan.
_____ 11. You hold more than ten credit cards, including bankcards and gasoline and department store cards.
_____ 12. You do not know how much you actually owe.
_____ 13. You borrow money to pay expected expenses such as insurance and taxes.
_____ 14. You have been turned down for a credit card or loan in the last six months.
_____ 15. You put off medical and dental visits because you can not afford them.
If you checked three or more of these statements, take the time to evaluate your use of credit and develop strategies to bring your spending into line with your income. Your situation is not hopeless, but it will take a commitment to correct the situation and get back on the road to financial security.
Two local resources for assistance with outstanding debt are Rutgers Cooperative Extension's Power Pay Program, at 973-579-0985, and the Consumer Credit Counseling Service of New Jersey at 888-726-3260 (toll free). PowerPay analyses are available for $2.50 and calculate the fastest way to repay outstanding debts by applying monthly payments for paid off debts to remaining creditors to save both time and interest. Information is needed about the names of creditors, amount of outstanding debt, monthly payments, and interest rate in order to complete an analysis.
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Biology Effects Of Smoking, Essay, Research Paper
* Smoking is an addiction. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a drug that is addictive and can make it
very hard, but not impossible, to quit.
* More than 400,000 deaths in the U.S. each year are from smoking-related illnesses. Smoking
greatly increases your risk for lung cancer and many other cancers.
* Smoking harms not just the smoker, but also family members, coworkers, and others who breathe
the smoker’s cigarette smoke, called secondhand smoke.
* Among infants to 18 months of age, secondhand smoke is associated with as many as 300,000
cases of bronchitis and pneumonia each year.
* Secondhand smoke from a parent’s cigarette increases a child’s chances for middle ear problems,
causes coughing and wheezing, and worsens asthma conditions.
* If both parents smoke, a teenager is more than twice as likely to smoke than a young person whose
parents are both nonsmokers. In households where only one parent smokes, young people are also
more likely to start smoking.
* Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to deliver babies whose weights are too low for the
babies’ good health. If all women quit smoking during pregnancy, about 4,000 new babies would not
die each year.
* Quitting smoking makes a difference right away-you can taste and smell food better. Your breath
smells better. Your cough goes away. This happens for men and women of all ages, even those who
are older. It happens for healthy people as well as those who already have a disease or condition
caused by smoking.
* Quitting smoking cuts the risk of lung cancer, many other cancers, heart disease, stroke, other lung
diseases, and other respiratory illnesses.
* Ex-smokers have better health than current smokers. Ex-smokers have fewer days of illness, fewer
health complaints, and less bronchitis and pneumonia than current smokers.
* Quitting smoking saves money. A pack-a-day smoker, who pays $2 per pack, can expect to save
more than $700 per year. It appears that the price of cigarettes will continue to rise in coming years,
as will the financial rewards of quitting.
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Researchers have for the first time created an X-ray laser based on a solid. The method developed at DESY's free-electron laser FLASH opens up new avenues of investigation in materials research, as reported by the team of Prof. Alexander Föhlisch of the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) in the British scientific journal "Nature." "This technology makes it possible to analyse sensitive samples that otherwise are quickly destroyed by intense X-ray light," notes co-author Prof. Wilfried Wurth of the University of Hamburg and the Hamburg Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), a collaborative effort by DESY, the Max Planck Society and the University of Hamburg.
Unlike laser diodes in home DVD players, it has thus far not been possible to build X-ray lasers as compact devices based on a solid. For one thing, the energy needed to excite the laser medium is too high. In addition, the excitation must be of such a high intensity that it cannot be implemented in a compact device. For this reason, X-ray lasers are normally large pieces of equipment that are fed by a particle accelerator. The high-energy electrons from the accelerator, at nearly the speed of light, are sent by powerful magnets down a tightly packed slalom course, emitting X-ray flashes at every curve which add up to a laser-like light pulse. This is known as the "Free-Electron Laser" (FEL) principle.
The researchers used DESY's free-electron laser FLASH to excite a silicon crystal to emit X-ray radiation. The high energy of the FLASH pulses is enough to knock a relatively tightly bound electron out of the electron shell of each of the silicon atoms, with the atoms thereby becoming ionized. Shortly thereafter, this hole is filled by a less strongly bound electron, which changes to a lower-energy state. The energy released by this step is, in principle, large enough to generate a small X-ray flash. Only infrequently, though, does it get emitted as (X-ray) light; for the most part it is passed on to another electron which, because of this impact, gets catapulted out of the atomic shell. At such high energies, this "Auger process" is a lot more frequent than the emission of a radiation flash, making it virtually impossible to implement a conventional laser in the X-ray area. If intense X-ray pulses are used in materials investigation, the produced electrons greatly heat up the sample, quickly destroying it.
The scientists found a way to suppress the here-unwanted Auger process. They did so by taking advantage of the laser principle of stimulated emission: In a laser medium, one photon triggers emission of the next, the two of them then stimulate the emission of one photon each, and so on, which then snowballs into a laser flash. This process starts by a spontaneously emitted photon. While it is true that, with the high energies in the X-ray area, spontaneous emission of a photon is far less frequent than the Auger process, the scientists used FLASH's intense light to ionize so many atoms all at one time that the rare spontaneously emitted photons still encountered enough other ionized atoms to stimulate the emission of further photons. Thus, a photon snowball rolls through the silicon crystal and gains the upper hand on the Auger process. In a similar fashion, another group of researchers had already excited neon gas to emit X-ray radiation, and in so doing implemented the first X-ray laser on an atomic basis.
With this trick, the silicon emits an X-ray laser pulse of its own. First, however, it must be excited to do so by another intense X-ray laser like FLASH and, furthermore, the resulting X-ray light has somewhat less energy than the incoming pulse. Even though, the method offers a decisive advantage: The X-ray light generated can itself be used to study the generating material, and the sample does not get heated up as much and is therefore not destroyed. "As with lasers, the photons all work together and amplify each other," comments first author Dr. Martin Beye. "We obtain a very high measurement signal in this way."
The researchers were hereby enabled to make detailed measurements of the structure of the valence band of the semiconductor material silicon. This served most of all to prove that the new method delivers correct results, since the valence band of silicon has already been very well characterized. "But the process works exactly the same way with other materials too," Wurth emphasizes. "At the same time, the time evolution of certain processes can also be followed." This, he thinks, makes it possible, for example, to observe how an insulator becomes a conductor through optical switching by another laser. Using the new method, X-ray sources could also become attractive for areas of research that have heretofore only been able to work with neutron scattering.
"Stimulated X-ray emission for materials science"; M. Beye, S. Schreck, F. Sorgenfrei, C. Trabant, N. Pontius, C. Schüßler-Langeheine, W. Wurth & A. Föhlisch; Nature, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/nature12449
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY is the leading German accelerator centre and one of the leading in the world. The research centre is financed 90 per cent by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and 10 per cent by the German federal states of Hamburg and Brandenburg. At its Hamburg and Zeuthen (near Berlin) locations, DESY develops, builds and operates large particle accelerators, using them to research the structure of matter. DESY's combination of photon research and particle physics is unique in Europe.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Awareness is what this element made me think of and how expectations from teachers can really interfere with the success of children with FASD. The expectation that these children can function in day to day life like the next child is totally setting them up for failure. All of the unseen damage that FASD children have that may have never been diagnosed medically leaves them at risk of unnecessary imposed consequences throughout their lives.
The learning theory is a cut and paste model that isn’t sensitive to any child especially children with FASD; all kids need to be treated as individuals with very individual needs. If there are expectations and assumptions placed on children with FASD to be able to interpret and process information like the next child their chances of being successful and confident will most likely be nonexistent. The packaged discipline programs in the school districts will continue to diminish and demean children with FASD which could potentially lead to depression or worse.
Social and behavioral problems that children with FASD have are very impacting on their emotional health and their need to feel accepted by their peers; especially during the adolescent years. Because of their cognitive impairments they are at a higher risk for criminal activity, drug and alcohol use and also sexual assault. Essential element six made me really think about how much work it is to care for a child with FASD; it definitely takes a lot of love and care.
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It happened in the blink of an eye, but suddenly your kids are 16 and driving. This is a skill they’ll use for the rest of their lives, so how do you teach them to maintain their vehicles? Knowing about their car and its required care can save them time and money on expensive repairs in the future.
Knowing the basics about tires is important. Children should be able to measure the wear on their tires by checking the tread groove with the “penny test.” If you stick a penny with Lincoln’s head facing down into the groove and you can see his entire head, it’s time for new tires! Children should also learn to check their tire pressure and have them rotated about every 5,000 miles or oil change. Most auto shops will rotate tires for free.
Show your children how to check each light, especially taillights. It’s sometimes hard to know when you have a taillight out because it is behind you, but it is something you can get ticketed for. Teach your kids to check their lights and show them how to replace a bulb when it does go out. You can also polish the headlights together for maximum light.
Windshield wipers need to be replaced from time to time when the rubbery part on the blade begins to wear down. Teach your children to notice when the blades start to become less effective, and buy new blades together and replace them.
Oil and Antifreeze Levels
Always be sure the engine is cool before looking at anything under the hood. Then show your child how to check the oil level. Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean with an old rag. Put it back in and remove it once more to see where the oil level falls and if it will need more. While you have the hood up, check antifreeze levels as well. Teach them that this can keep their car from freezing in the winter and keep it cool in the summer.
To keep a car looking shiny and new, it will require some maintenance. Show your kids how to clean the outside of the car, wipe down windows, and check for scratches, dents and signs of rust. Catching these damages early can help prevent them from getting worse.
Gauges and Warning Lights
Go through the owner’s manual together and discuss what each warning light looks like and what it means. Warning lights appear for a reason, but knowing their meanings can help your child to assess whether it requires an immediate response or if it’s an issue they can fix themselves.
Learning about the basic maintenance required for their car will keep your kids safe out on the road, and in the end, safety is most important! Good luck!
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a written report of the five part M&M project. Part one was sampling. We were to purchase 3 bags of M&M and record the color counts of each bag in an Excel spread sheet. For part two we calculated the sample proportions for each color, the mean number of candies per1.69oz bag, created a histogram for the number of candies per bag, use Excel to compute the descriptive statistics for the total number of candies per bag and summarize the information. In part three we located the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of blue, orange, green, yellow, red and brown. For part four we tested claims for percentages of each color. In the final part of the project we tested the hypothesis that the population proportions of red and brown were equal. This report will explain what was done, present the results and provide an analysis of what was found. Title
This reported is presented on the statistical data investigated on M&Ms. This report contains information on the average number of candies per bag and sample proportions. We have conducted tests to ensure that our proportions, going into each bag of m&ms, are on target. We have also conducted hypothesis testing to ensure that our average number of m&ms per bag is on target as well. Project Part 1: Sampling Method
The first assignment was to collect three 1.69oz bags of plain M&Ms from different stores. We were to count each other color in each bag and record the information on a spread sheet in Excel. The students’ personal samplings were combined to create the full random sample. Project Part 2: Method, Analysis, Results
For this portion of the report we calculated the sample proportions for each color and the mean, or average number of candies per bag, number of candies per 1.69oz bag. We also created a histogram for the number of candies per bag and summarized the total number of calculated proportions. The sample standard deviation was also calculated. A...
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New Carbon Accounting Method Proposed
11 March, 2015
Established ways of measuring carbon emissions can sometimes give misleading feedback on ways national policies affect global emissions. In some cases, countries are even rewarded for policies that increase global emissions, and punished for policies that contribute to reducing them. So, a new method has been developed to provide policy makers useful information so that national targets can be set. The method, it is also hoped, helps evaluate national climate policies.
Consumption-based accounting, also known as carbon footprints, has been suggested as an alternative to today's production-based accounting. With carbon footprints, each country must account for all emissions that are caused by its final consumption -- regardless of where the goods were produced. This has been called a fairer way of measuring emissions, potentially avoiding so-called carbon leakage, where rich, developed countries can reduce their domestic emissions by shifting carbon-intensive production abroad.
The new study, a collaboration between researchers in Sweden, Norway and Australia, demonstrates that carbon footprints do not credit countries for cleaning up their export industries. It also punishes countries with more carbon efficient technology than their trading partners for engaging in trade, even if trading leads to a more carbon efficient allocation of production resources, and hence contributes to reducing emissions globally.
The new measure is therefore based on consumption-based carbon footprints, but adjusts for technology differences between countries in their export sectors.
"We have developed a new method that provides policy makers with more useful information, in order to set national targets and evaluate their climate policies," says Astrid Kander, Professor in Economic History at Lund University, and lead author of the study, published in the latest issue of Nature Climate Change.
"With the proposed technology adjusted footprint, we explicitly give credits to clean exports," says co-author Daniel Moran, a researcher in the Industrial Ecology Programme at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
"Heavy industry is also given a more creative role in the struggle to reduce global emissions. Companies that have done their homework and improved carbon efficiency more than their competitors actually make a positive contribution by being commercially successful," says Magnus Jiborn, philosopher at Lund University and co-author of the paper.
Applying the new method, the researchers also calculated carbon accounts for 40 countries, jointly responsible for more than 97 per cent of global GDP, between 1995 and 2010.
"The results challenge the gloomy picture of developed countries outsourcing dirty production. In fact, many countries have managed to reduce their carbon footprints by cleaning up their own production. But under our proposed method they must continue to improve their carbon efficiency faster than world average to lock in those gains," says co-author Tommy Wiedmann, Associate Professor of Sustainability Research at University of New South Wales in Sydney.
New method: how do individual countries fare?
For several European countries, technology adjusted footprints are considerably smaller than their standard carbon footprints, and for some even smaller than their production based emissions. This indicates that these countries supply the world market with carbon efficient export goods, and hence contribute to reducing global emissions in a way that standard carbon footprints fail to credit.
For the US, UK and Australia, technology adjusted carbon footprints remain much larger than their production based emissions. This indicates that these countries do not have carbon efficient export industries and that outsourcing of dirty production is an important factor.
For China, technology adjusted footprints are larger than their standard consumption based footprints, but substantially smaller than their production based, territorial emissions. This indicates that China is acting as the workshop of the world, providing rich, developed countries with many consumption goods, but with dirty, carbon based technology.
For some developing countries, such as Brazil, technology adjusted footprints are substantially smaller than their conventional carbon footprints, suggesting that Brazil, just like much of Europe, provides the world with low-carbon goods.
The story is based on material provided by Lund University.
Astrid Kander, Magnus Jiborn, Daniel D. Moran, Thomas O. Wiedmann. National greenhouse-gas accounting for effective climate policy on international trade. Nature Climate Change, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2555
Lund University. "New carbon accounting method proposed." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 10 March 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150310104800.htm
Comments are moderated
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Workplace discrimination includes any attitude, variance, or alienation that has the effect of disregarding or inhibiting equal opportunity or treatment within the workplace. Discrimination occurs when a person is treated unfairly in comparison to others based on features unrelated to the person’s areas of expertise or the inherent qualifications of the job. However, most prejudice is oblique or the product of inherent or unconscious bias, and it occurs when laws or practices appear impartial but in reality, lead to discrimination. In such instances, discrimination may be more challenging to identify and require more relentless efforts to overcome it.
Corporate Firms and other Workplaces in the United States have long been hubs of harassment and discrimination, especially for those individuals who are not white, heterosexual, male, light-skinned, unmarried, young or able-bodied. Amazon was sued last year for having racially discriminatory recruiting policies and COVID-19 safety protocols. Although there was no official lawsuit, a Facebook recruiter and two unsuccessful job seekers filed a complaint before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging Facebook of racial discrimination against Black employees and candidates in hiring, promotions, assessments, and salaries . Similarly in India Job seekers and employees are discriminated against by their offices or employers based on an individual’s caste, gender, age, religion or region from where they belong. The notion that Private corporations, unlike government enterprises, depend on the skill and competence and talent of individuals is prevalent in Indian society, and by openly recruiting and encouraging Dalits and other minority groups, the private sector will lose efficiency, profitability, and productivity. Economist studies have revealed that access to well-paying occupations or high-end positions in the corporate world remains limited to the most privileged segments of society. Discrimination and difference in salaries of employees based on their gender are common around the world even in the 21st century, where women’s rights are protected under various laws of countries.
Discrimination can take place during the assessment of employees at two stages: before and after recruitment as an employee. To make it more precise, they are discriminated against before being hired by a law firm based on the law school they attended, i.e., NLU vs. non-NLU candidates. In most cases, corporate firms have a strategy of hiring those candidates who have received extraordinary scores and attend prestigious law schools in India. There is also a scarcity of qualified mentors who can help people flourish in their careers. Students from lesser-known law schools are deemed to be non-intellectual and are not recognised or given a chance to demonstrate their capabilities. Post-employment discrimination includes cases like unfair treatment of an individual based on their age or religion, unequal payment of salaries to women, inhibiting promotion of an individual based on personal biases, sexual harassment at the workplace etc. Today victimisation can also be seen in law firms, where an individual is treated unfairly after supporting or filing a complaint against their seniors at the workplace. Employees experiencing discrimination at the workplace are more likely to suffer from health-related problems and mental distress than those who do not experience any form of discrimination or prejudice. Discrimination by corporate firms is not only restricted to its employees but also extends towards its customers. It can be seen that most law firms charge their clients differently for their services based on either their gender, income or religion. Big corporations choose to make vague and ambiguous contracts and use legal jargon to take advantage of their customers. It is difficult for a layman to understand complex legal language, making it difficult for them to properly interpret the details given in contracts, ultimately leading to misrepresentation and taking advantage of common people by big corporations and firms. To protect the interests of the common people, led to the implementation of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 by the Indian Parliament. Eliminating discriminatory practices might reduce a firm’s potential liability for complaints of unjust employment policies. Expenditure for legal advisers to defend a firm’s employment policies, as well as settlement fees, can bankrupt a firm. Employees can be demoralised and disheartened by discriminatory employment practices. Employees who are discriminated against or who are insulted by discriminatory practices eventually seek for the job elsewhere. It reduces the firm’s staff turnover. Unchecked workplace discrimination has disastrous impacts on the workforce, including decreased productivity and poor performance. Eliminating prejudice is critical for maintaining a productive workforce in which employees believe their employers value their skills, knowledge, and expertise. Employee dissatisfaction and discontent can potentially harm a firm’s reputation. In a competitive labour market, reputation is an essential differentiating factor. As a result, eradicating prejudice is a vital step in developing a workplace that embraces diversity.
Measures taken to reduce Discrimination
Various measures have been taken by Indian Government over the years to protect the interests of employees as well as customers from the shackles of Corporations. Certain clauses in the Indian Constitution prohibit discrimination, like Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits the state from discriminating against its citizens based on their sex, race, caste, or gender. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 addresses concerns about salary discrimination, recruiting, and promotion among employees. This Act suggests that men and women must be paid equally for equal work, and there must be no disparity in the salaries they receive. This Act further states that women must not be treated differently than men during the recruiting process and must not be discriminated against simply because of their gender. The Supreme Court of India issued guidelines against sexual harassment in the workplace in the case of Vishaka and Others v State of Rajasthan and Others in 1997, also known as Vishaka Guidelines. The guidelines outline certain procedures that employers must take to prevent cases of sexual harassment. The standards also state that women must have adequate employment conditions with regard to their health, hygiene and work.
Discrimination among employees can be observed in any workplace, including legal firms. It could be racial discrimination, gender bias, age discrimination, sexual discrimination, or discrimination against employees who lack technological expertise. Gender bias includes sexual harassment, which can be reduced by establishing grievance committees to investigate these issues. Following the inquiry, serious action must be taken against the accused to ensure that this does not occur again with other employees.
In order to tackle them, anti-discriminatory policies must be implemented. Anti-discrimination measures must ensure that employees’ rights to equality are not jeopardised. If the discrimination continues in the legal field, it will violate the legal principles that the lawyers are acquainted with, which is a breach of the right to equality and justice. The only way to avoid prejudice is for a company to develop a policy that has no tolerance for any sort of discrimination and no shortage of opportunity. The corporation must maintain its stand on equality so that the policies it has implemented do not go underutilised. The firm must ensure that the policies are evaluated on a regular basis so that any new or modernized policy can be included in the battle against discrimination.
Author(s) Name: Zainul Abideen Khan (Savitribai Phule University, Pune)
Minyvonne Burke, ‘Ex-Amazon manager says she scoured applicants’ social media to determine race, gender’ (NBC News, 26 February 2020 <https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ex-amazon-manager-says-she-scoured-applicants-social-media-determine-n1143441> accessed 27 December 2022
Tyler Sonnemaker, ‘A Facebook recruiter filed a federal complaint alleging the company is biased against Black employees and job candidates’ (Business Insider, 03 July 2020) <https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/a-facebook-recruiter-filed-a-federal-complaint-alleging-the-company-is-biased-against-black-employees-and-job-candidates/articleshow/76760658.cms?utm_source=copy-link&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=Click_through_social_share> accessed 27 December 2022
Constitution of India 1950, art 15
Vishaka and Ors v State of Rajasthan & Ors. (1997) 6 SCC 241
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Throughout most of urban history, humanity has used nature’s resources to build cities and to release carbon dioxide at a rate that was well within Earth’s budget. However, beginning in the early 1970s, unsustainable growth accelerated and today, humans are now using 1.7 times the amount of Earth’s resources. This means that by July 29th each year, we will have consumed more resources than the Earth can regenerate in a year. What can be done to reverse the ecological deficit? A response to this question must include local governments, including those in the Caribbean.
In the Caribbean, local governments have increasingly strong roles in public service delivery and environmental management. For example, the responsibilities of Parish Councils in Jamaica include “maintaining infrastructure and public facilities such as parochial roads, water supplies, drains and gullies, parks, recreational centres, markets…provision of local services such as poor relief, public cleansing, public health, street lighting…[and] building and planning approvals and development control.” Likewise, local governments in Guyana can collect revenue through property and sales taxes and a wide number of licensing fees. In response, the IDB has bolstered the capacity of local government and utilities in the Caribbean. IDB Invest, for example, recently financed a US$4.5 million loan to Grand Bahama Utility Company Limited for the purchase and installation of smart water meters (12189-01).
The global community has recognized the critical role local governments play in supporting national and global sustainability agendas, such as in the Caribbean. The United Nations acknowledged the power of cities in 2015 through the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which includes a specific SDG for sustainable cities (SDG 11 – Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable).
Throughout the Caribbean, national governments are empowering local governments to collectively help achieve the SDGs. Examples include:
- The Government of Jamaica conducted the Mainstreaming, Acceleration and Policy Support (MAPS) mission to adapt the 2030 Agenda to the local situation and three municipalities (Montego Bay, Saint Thomas and Trelawny) are leading efforts to mainstream the SDGs in their sustainable development plans.
- In Trinidad and Tobago, The Port of Spain City Corporation’s “Making the Capital City Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Towards Achieving SDG 11 by Improving Accessibility” project focuses on improving accessibility in the Central Business District.
- In Suriname, the Ministry of Regional Development organized local workshops with youth groups, indigenous peoples, academia and the private sector to adapt the SDGs to local contexts. These workshops helped raise awareness and define ways for local and regional authorities to achieve the 2030 Agenda.
Following this momentum, the IDB Sustainability Report 2018 focuses on models to implement the cities SDG, a commitment that will be possible to achieve with the participation of local governments. As the former UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon declared, “our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in the cities.” Beyond the SDGs, the IDB report also contains new data on climate financing, which illustrates a near tripling of financing related to climate change since 2015.
Source: IDB Sustainability Report 2018
Beyond including information about IDB-financed projects in coastal cities of the Caribbean, the report showcases a new interactive web-based tool that gives updated estimates of sea level rise for both IDB member and non-member countries in the Caribbean. The IDB partnered with Climate Central to provide this analysis of coastal flood risk and sea level rise exposure using updated geospatial maps and risk models to support countries in identifying their most vulnerable populations and assets. The Surging Seas Caribbean Risk Finder, includes:
- Risk Zone Maps: shows areas vulnerable to submergence or flooding at different water levels;
- Risk Finder: quantifies land, population, and internet access points exposed at different water levels;
- Mapping Choices: maps the long-term sea level consequences of different climate pathways, including carbon emissions leading to 1.5°C, 2°C, 3°C, or 4°C warming; and
- Picturing Choices: three photorealistic images that compare potential future Caribbean scenes based on 4ºC vs. 2ºC warming.
The Surging Seas Caribbean Risk Finder is especially useful for vulnerable countries, such as the Bahamas, which is ranked highest in the Western Hemisphere in terms of land area, agriculture, GDP, and population exposed to sea level rise. Indeed, over the last 30 years the 10 largest hurricanes and storms in The Bahamas resulted in more than US$2.6 billion in economic damage.
Potential Impact of One Meter Sea Level Rise on Nassau, The Bahamas
Source: IDB and Climate Central, Surging Seas Caribbean Risk Finder
Although the Sustainability Report articulates how the IDB’s projects and research align with the Sustainable Development Goals, these efforts equally respond to Caribbean-specific commitments, such as the Action Plan for the Implementation of the New Urban Agenda in the Caribbean, which seeks to “position local leaders as champions of change for sustainable urban development.” This is all the more important given that half of all 169 SDG targets have an urban dimension. I hope you will join us in supporting national-local collaboration to achieve the SDGs in the Caribbean and beyond.
Government of Jamaica Ministry of Local Government and Community Development (2019), “Structure, Role & Functions of the Local Authority.”
Caribbean Network for Urban and Land Management, “The Power of Harmony – Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals in Trinidad and Tobago,” October 15, 2018.
Includes sea level rise scenarios for Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Corn Island (Nicaragua), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, San Blas (Panama), and The Bahamas.
José Jorge Saavedra (2018) “Tools for Coastal Resilience in the Caribbean,” mimeo.
United Nations (2018). Tracking Progress Towards Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements. SDG 11 Synthesis Report. High Level Political Forum 2018.
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Praying the Psalms in the Liturgy of the Hours had its genesis with the weekly audiences of Pope John Paul II, during which he reflected on the Psalms. His intent was to help educate people in the art of prayer. Following the pope's example, Richard Atherton has focused on the Liturgy of the Hours, opening the treasures of the Psalter to those who wish to make the Divine Office part of their daily prayer.
Rather than provide a detailed commentary on the psalms, the author shows how these prayers, or songs, written so long ago and in such different circumstances than our own, can become rich and rewarding prayers for contemporary Catholics. This easily accessible introduction to the psalms can serve as a mini-textbook on these glorious prayers from the Hebrew Scriptures. At the same time, it provides a guided journey through the recurring cycle of the psalmody in the Liturgy of the Hours.
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Fun Classroom Activities
The 20 enjoyable, interactive classroom activities that are included will help your students understand the text in amusing ways. Fun Classroom Activities include group projects, games, critical thinking activities, brainstorming sessions, writing poems, drawing or sketching, and more that will allow your students to interact with each other, be creative, and ultimately grasp key concepts from the text by "doing" rather than simply studying.
1. My Credo
Have students make a list of their top ten personal beliefs that would define their personal credo. For example, they can put that they never wear socks to bed because they feel like their feet can't breath with them on or something serious as far as believing that we should not judge a person by appearance. Have each student explain their reasoning behind their list of beliefs, and have them present some of them to the class.
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There are hidden dangers for dogs lurking in almost every corner of your home, and if you have a dog who’s more of a vacuum than a dog, the risks increase tenfold. As a dog owner, you probably know about the most common dangers (chocolate, onions, and human pain medications), but did you know gum is incredibly dangerous for dogs?
Is Gum Toxic to Dogs?
Your mom probably told you that if you swallow your gum, it’s going to stay in your stomach for seven years. This isn’t true, and this old wive’s tale isn’t why your dog shouldn’t eat gum. For dogs, the danger with gum lies with the sweetener, xylitol.
Xylitol: Why Gum is Dangerous for Dogs
Xylitol is a naturally occurring substance that’s commonly used as a sugar substitute. It’s extracted from items like corn fiber and hardwood trees, and it’s found in processed foods like peanut butter, candy, and even toothpaste.
What happens if your dog eats xylitol? It leads to:
- Severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
- Liver failure
[thrive_text_block color=”note” headline=”Did You Know?”]If your pet eats something and you aren’t sure if it’s poisonous, you can call the Pet Poison Helpline, and a staff of experienced toxicologists will quickly tell you if you need to take your dog to the veterinarian.
Xylitol in Gum is Dangerous for Dogs but Not Humans?
Your dog’s blood sugar levels are controlled by the pancreas. When a dog ingests sugar, the pancreas releases insulin to regulate the amount of sugar in the bloodstream, but xylitol triggers an excessive release of insulin. When dogs eat gum, a fast insulin release rapidly decreases the blood sugar within 10 to 60 minutes of consuming the dangerous ingredient in gum – xylitol. If hypoglycemia isn’t treated immediately, your dog experiences seizures and in extreme cases, possibly death.
How Much Gum is Toxic to Dogs?
Xylitol is 100 times more toxic than chocolate. A toxic dose of xylitol is reported to be 50 mg/pound of body weight. The higher the dose, the greater the risk of liver failure.
Sugar-free gum is the most common source of gum poisoning in dogs.
- 9 pieces of gum can lead to severe hypoglycemia in a 45-lb dog
- 45 pieces of gum leads to liver failure
- 2 pieces of certain brands of gum (1g xylitol/piece of gum) causes life-threatening hypoglycemia in dogs, and 10 pieces leads to liver failure in dogs
Symptoms of Gum Poisoning in Dogs
Symptoms typically appear within 15 to 30 minutes after consumption and include:
- Weakness or muscle tremors
- Inability to stand or walk (drunk-like actions)
Diagnosing Gum Toxicity in Dogs
There’s no way to test your dog for xylitol ingestion. Your vet will run bloodwork to check blood glucose and liver values, but a concrete diagnosis relies on a history of eating gum or another xylitol-containing product.
Xylitol Toxicity (Gum) Treatment
There’s no antidote for xylitol toxicity. Supportive care in hospitalization is the only treatment. This includes:
- IV fluids
- Sugar supplementation to minimize any more hypoglycemia
- Liver-protecting drugs
Your vet might induce vomiting if it’s been less than 2 hours since your dog ingested the xylitol, but this isn’t something you should do at home, especially if they’re experiencing low blood sugar. Vomiting further drops their blood sugar, so it needs to be done under veterinary supervision.
Prevention is Key – Keep Dogs Away from Gum!
Reading labels and keeping gum and related products containing xylitol out of your dog’s reach is critical. Remember that xylitol isn’t just found in gum. It’s also found in oral hygiene products, peanut butter, and candy. Always read the label before you share your food with your dog, and keep gum far out of their reach, especially in the car.
Gum poisoning in dogs is 100 percent preventable if you use due diligence. If you’ve got a dog who eats everything that fits in their mouth, dog-proof your home like you would with a child. While gum toxicity isn’t always fatal, Xylitol can leave effects that linger for the rest of your dog’s life.
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Women have never had complete equality in the United States. The original Constitution ignored them except to count them in determining the number of representatives a state had in congress. Until the 20th century, they were treated pretty much as property and marriage was a way of collecting possessions and determining inheritance through a legal contract.
They didn’t get the vote until Congress passed the 19th Amendment on June 4, 1919, which was ratified on Aug. 18, 1920. This involved a lengthy and difficult struggle, requiring decades of agitation and protest. Generations of supporters worked to achieve this result against vigorous resistance, where many considered a “woman’s place was in the home.”
We never passed an Equal Rights Amendment. Some insurance companies treated being female as a preexisting condition and raised their health insurance premiums accordingly.
That there is still resistance is reflected in the October 2013 report by the World Economic Forum. The report ranks the United States 23rd among 136 countries in terms of women’s equality. The lengthy document details over 40 key and sub-variables. The Forum is an independent international organization committed “to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.” It is not politically oriented (no, it is not a socialist front).
I strongly recommend that every thinking individual download and read the document. (http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2013/#=)
In the document, open Appendix D and select United States for details about us. Regarding sexual equality, we rank first in the world in professional and technical workers, educational attainment, literacy rate, enrollment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education, and sex ratio at birth. However, in many other categories we do not fare so well.
In world ranking, we are 40 in labor force participation; 67 in wage equality for similar work; 33 in health and survival; 53 in healthy life expectancy; 60 in political empowerment; 76 in women in parliament (Congress); and 60 in years with female head of state (Federal and State).
The belief by some that ours is “the greatest healthcare system in the world” is just not so. Most industrialized countries have universal healthcare because it benefits their economy and the wellbeing of their citizens. Women should have access to quality healthcare and be the judge as to when and if they choose to have children.
Women will gain from equal pay, benefits, and respect. They should have a greater role in politics. If we are to remain a world power, we must rely more on the qualities women bring to our society. The women in both Houses of Congress are much more likely to work with the other party and try to come to solutions to the many problems facing the nation.
The report discusses the top 10 countries in the group that have the best records for women’s equality based on health and survival, education, politics, and economic equality. They are:
5. The Philippines
7. New Zealand
Iceland has held the top spot for five consecutive years.
The most likely reason the United States ranks so poorly is a national obsession with competition, where one team gains at the cost of the opponent and our difficulty in cooperation, where synergy provides a better solution to a problem than could be generated by any individual. In the latter, everyone benefits.
This has been the root cause of the lack of progress in the U.S. House of Representatives. The Tea Party extremists would refuse to even consider an equal pay law, let alone an Equal Opportunity Amendment or anything useful to women.
The Michigan Republicans have sided consistently with their out-of-touch methods and the depth of their madness. The voters of Michigan must make changes to this mix in 2014 for the good of the state, and the soundness of the nation.
Ed Fisher is a Morning Sun columnist.
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Every day, there are nearly 400 children under the age of 20 who are treated in emergency rooms across the United States as a result of unintentional poisonings, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition to these injuries, two kids are killed every day because of these same kinds of accidents. It’s not just household chemicals that parents have to be worried about any more. Nowadays, there are more and more products that can cause serious injuries to children in Riviera Beach and elsewhere.
To help to reduce the risks of poison-related child injury in Riviera Beach and elsewhere, the National Safety Council (NSC) is holding Poison Prevention Week through March 24. This nationwide campaign is designed to raise awareness about the dangers associated with many our common household products and medicines.
Our Riviera Beach injury lawyers would like to take this time to warn parents about the risks associated with dangerous chemicals and products. Children can be easily poisoned by pills, liquid medicines and even household cleaners. Fortunately, there are a few precautionary steps that parents and other adults can practice to help ensure that children cannot gain access to these items. As part of Poison Prevention Week, we are sharing these preventative steps with you and your family to help keep the kids in your household safe.
Unintentional poisoning is defined as the unsupervised consumption, excessive use or “overdose” of drugs, chemicals or exposure to environmental substances.
Some of the most common forms of poisons include over-the-counter medications, personal care products, prescriptions and cleaning products. Many of these items are found scattered throughout each of our homes. As a matter of fact, these items are so common that about 80 percent of poisoning incidents happen when a child swallows prescription medications or over-the-counter medicines when an adult is not supervising.
Tips to Help Prevent Accidental Poisonings Among Children:
-Keep your vitamins and your medicines out of reach and out of sight of children. This goes for prescription medicines and over-the-counter drugs as well.
-Never leave vitamins or medicines out. Always put them away right after you’re done using them. It’s important that you never leave them on the counter or anywhere a child can see/access.
-Explain to your children what medicine is and why you take it. Explain to them that they’re never to take medicine unless you give it to them. Reiterate that it’s not candy, nor does it taste like candy.
-When closing your medicines, always listen for the click indicating that the cap is locked shut.
-Inform guests of your rules regarding medicines and vitamins and ask that they follow the same rules to help keep children safe.
The child injury attorneys at Freeman, Mallard, Sharp & Gonzalez, LLC are here to help those who have been injured in the South Florida area. If you or your child has been injured in an accident in Riviera Beach or in any of the surrounding areas, call 1-800-561-7777 to schedule a free and confidential consultation today.
More Blog Entries:
Chuggington and the NHTSA Team up to Help Prevent Child Injury in Vero Beach and Elsewhere, South Florida Injury Lawyers Blog, October 8, 2011
All-Terrain Vehicles Can Cause Severe Injury in Port St. Lucie Accidents, South Florida Injury Lawyers Blog, July 30, 2011
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Do you need concrete for your large-scale project in Australia? You might want to test the concrete both when it is fresh and when it has already hardened. Since there are many reasons for concrete testing, you will find that you have several concrete test methods at your disposal.
Here is Total Scan & Survey‘s review of a few of them.
This test measures the level of consistency in the cement. If the slump is extremely low, the cement will have difficulty flowing. This is a problem in construction because it means that consolidation is limited. High slump is also a cause for worry because the flow can be unmanageable.
It is also important to perform a tensile test on your concrete specimen, bearing in mind that concrete structures come under tensile loads. Since it is not possible to subject concrete to uniaxial tension, tensile strength is tested through the split-cylinder and flexure tests.
Compacting Factor Test
The compacting factor is a very important parameter in concrete; it determines the amount of work needed before concrete can be compacted. In technical terms, the property under investigation is called workability. In other words, this test will help you determine the best proportion of water and other components of concrete.
Compression Strength Test
This is easily the most important test you can perform on concrete because it reveals many characteristics of the material. You can use either the cylinder specimen or the cube specimen. Cylinders are mostly used in Australia and the US, while cubes are common in Europe, Russia, and other places.
Air Content Test
It is important to know the air content in fresh concrete, so this test comes in handy. Of course, some of the air will be lost during transportation and other stages of construction.
The suitability, strength and structural integrity of concrete are very critical for its various applications. Make sure that you perform these and other tests so that you can achieve the desired quality of concrete on the site.
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Two recent studies have thrust drug pricing into the healthcare spotlight. The first study, from the IMS (Intercontinental Marketing Services) Institute for Healthcare Informatics, found that global oncology spending totaled $91 billion (£54 billion) in 2013 with an average annual increase of 5.4% over the past 5 years . While this is only a small portion of global healthcare costs, a second study, from a Bloomberg analysis performed by DRX (Destination RX), identified a concerning trend that dozens of drugs have more than doubled in price since 2007 . While this includes drugs for diabetes, high cholesterol, and neurological diseases, cancer drugs are the most criticized for their prices. Of the 12 cancer drugs approved by the FDA in 2012, 11 cost over $100,000 and the average cost per month for a cancer drug is $10,000 .
Do pharmaceutical companies really make that much money?
The standard reaction to this news is that companies are taking advantage of patients by charging exorbitant prices and raking in the profits. Just last month, a Scientific American blog titled “The Quest: $84,000 Miracle Cure Costs Less Than $150 to Make” reinforced this notion. However, despite these steep prices, pharmaceutical companies only average an 18.4% profit margin according to Yahoo! Finance (for comparison, Apple has averaged a 23% profit margin over the past 5 years). Additionally, patients are rarely responsible for the full cost of these drugs. On average, patients pay $9,000 for a year of cancer treatment with insurance paying $115,000.
Why are prices so high?
The truth is that drug development is a long, inefficient, and expensive undertaking. In round numbers, a drug takes 10 years and $1 billion to develop, and this investment is reflected in the final price. Additionally, despite numerous scientific breakthroughs in recent years, there is a tremendous amount of uncertainty surrounding drug development. Drugs designed against novel targets have a 90% failure rate, and only a third of drug candidates entering Phase III clinical trials were approved between 2003 and 2010. These late stage failures are especially costly since clinical trials account for over half of drug development budgets. In fact, when total research and development costs are included, pharmaceutical companies spend an average of $4 billion per approved drug .
Drug companies aren’t the only ones to blame
Changes in the healthcare system are shifting patient treatment from physician offices to hospitals. This increases overall spending because hospitals have higher overhead costs and therefore charge insurance companies more than twice as much for the same therapy as a physician’s office does. Furthermore, Medicare is legally forbidden to reject drugs based on price, causing the U.S. to have much higher drug prices than other countries where the government can negotiate prices. The New York Times recently reported that $250 buys a single Advair Discus inhaler in the U.S., but will buy 7 in France. The same amount will purchase 2 bottles of Rhinocort nasal spray in the U.S. compared to 51 bottles in Romania .
So what does this mean?
Rising health care costs are the biggest driver of national debt and are already causing serious consequences in the industry. Regulatory agencies such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the U.K. are rejecting expensive drugs (like Roche’s Kadcyla) that provide marginal benefits compared to current standard of care. Also, a California panel classified Gilead’s Sovaldi as “low value” and may restrict use to the sickest patients due to the cost, and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center rejected use of Sanofi’s Zaltrap, citing poor benefit to cost ratio. Physicians and insurers are embracing comparative effectiveness studies to determine whether these blockbuster drugs are worth their price tags. Clifford Hudis, president of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, said, “It is not the absolute cost of any individual drug, it is the lack of a direct linear association between their price and their benefits. ” From Express Scripts CMO Steven Miller, “We will identify which drugs can be pitted against each other and make some really tough formulary decisions. ” By restricting usage and reimbursement, the hope is to drive drug prices back down.
What happens next?
The pharmaceutical industry is fully aware that something must be done about drug development costs. Many companies are maximizing value from their research investments by focusing on specific areas of strength and shedding underperforming fields. This was a major driving force behind the recent mega-merger between Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline. Companion diagnostic tests for therapies targeting specific genetic mutations are also playing a greater role in identifying and successfully treating specific patient subgroups, thereby increasing efficacy and reducing failed treatment costs. Furthermore, providers and payers are demanding evidence that new drugs provide a significant health benefit compared to existing therapies.
This is only a small part of the big picture
Despite all of the focus over pricing, drugs only account for 10% of the $2.7 trillion health care bill in the U.S. Health care costs are rising twice as fast as GDP, account for over 25% of federal spending (more than defense or social security) and are also rising faster than per capita income. Making matters worse, the increased spending does not translate to better health care. The Institute of Medicine estimates that 30% of health care cost is due to ineffective treatments. One promising approach is personalized medicine, which tailors treatment regimens to a patient’s specific genetic characteristics. Additionally, efforts need to be taken to increase disease prevention and early screening. Only 10% of health care spending goes towards prevention despite the fact that every dollar spent on prevention saves $5 in future costs . Finally, 70% of health care spending is attributed to lifestyle-related diseases, so after all of this discussion, perhaps the most important thing we can do as patients to combat rising prices is to not smoke, eat healthy, and exercise.
Tor Constantino (2014) ‘IMS Health Study: Cancer Drug Innovation Surges As Cost Growth Moderates’ IMS Health 6th May, Retrieved [20th May 2014] from http://www.imshealth.com/portal/site/imshealth/menuitem.762a961826aad98f53c753c71ad8c22a/?vgnextoid=f8d4df7a5e8b5410VgnVCM10000076192ca2RCRD&vgnextchannel=736de5fda6370410VgnVCM10000076192ca2RCRD&vgnextfmt=default
Robert Langreth (2014) ‘First Million-Dollar Drug Near After Prices Double On Dozens Of Treatments’ Bloomberg 30th April, Retrieved [20th May 2014] from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-30/drug-prices-defy-gravity-doubling-for-dozens-of-products.html
Bernard Munos (2013) ‘We The People vs. The Pharmaceutical Industry’ Forbes 29th April, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmunos/2013/04/29/the-pharmaceutical-industry-vs-society/
Matthew Herper (2012) ‘The Truly Staggering Cost Of Inventing New Drugs’ Forbes 10th February, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2012/02/10/the-truly-staggering-cost-of-inventing-new-drugs/
Elisabeth Rosenthal (2013) ‘The Soaring Cost of a Simple Breath’ The New York Times 12th October, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/us/the-soaring-cost-of-a-simple-breath.html?ref=health
Robert Langreth (2014) ‘Cancer Doctors Join Insurers In U.S. Drug-Cost Revolt’ Bloomberg 7th May, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-07/cancer-doctors-join-insurers-in-revolt-against-drug-costs.html
Drew Armstrong (2013) ‘Express Scripts Pushes Price Competition for Gilead Drug’ Bloomberg 10th December, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-10/express-scripts-pushes-price-competition-for-gilead-drug.html
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2014) ‘National Health Expenditure Data’ CMS.gov 6th May, Retrieved [20th May 2014] fromhttp://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NHE-Fact-Sheet.html
Trust for America’s Health (2008) ‘Prevention for a Healthier America: Investments in Disease Prevention Yield Significant Savings, Stronger Communities’ 17th July, Retrieved [20th May 2014] from http://healthyamericans.org/reports/prevention08/
Written by Christopher Van
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One of the most awesome movements in the United States (and really the world) is the Maker Movement. Maker’s come together from across the world to create and share their ideas and creations.
Why is this important to you and your child? Studies have shown that STEM students are able to innovate and think critically. Beyond that, they are able to make connections between school, community, work, and the world. Though we often think this is a movement towards just the sciences, it’s more than that, STEM includes all facets of life. SCIENCE; TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and MATHS are found in everything, from engine rebuilds to farming to arts to robotics. It is everywhere!
Maker's Faire 2015 from OMSI on Vimeo.
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|Home > News|
Saturday, Oct. 29, 2011
Panel lowers limit of radiation in food
Experts quiz decision to ignore external exposure
By JUN HONGO
Health minister Yoko Komiyama announced Friday that the government will lower the allowable amount of radiation in food products from 5 millisieverts per year to 1, but some experts are puzzled.
Permanent limits for various categories of food will be set based on recommendations submitted Thursday by the government's food panel.
The current limit of 500 becquerels per kilogram of radiation for meat, fish and vegetables is also expected to be lowered by about one-fifth in April.
Citing findings from various studies, the food safety panel concluded Thursday that a cumulative dose of 100 millisieverts or more throughout one's lifetime poses significant health risks.
But experts question the focus solely on internal exposure from food and drink, while ignoring external exposure from radioactive materials, such as fallout on the ground, roofs and in ditches.
"I can't think of a reason why they decided to omit external exposure as a factor in the proposal this time," said Dr. Eisuke Matsui, who heads the Gifu Environmental Medicine Research Institute.
The radiology expert noted that while consuming food contaminated with radiation is a far bigger risk to human health than being exposed to radiation from the environment, it does not mean it can be disregarded.
"Think of the children in the cities of Fukushima or Minamisoma, where there is a relatively high level of radiation in the environment," Matsui said. "Any guideline on radiation should consider the total exposure and not only the limit of contaminated food one can consume."
According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection, a cumulative dose of 100 millisieverts increases the risk of dying from cancer by 0.5 percent. An organization of scientists, the ICRP's recommendations serve as the basis for radiation regulations of many developed countries, including Japan.
The current limits for food and drink were set on a provisional basis soon after the nuclear crisis broke out in March at the troubled Fukushima nuclear power plant.
In July the same panel proposed in a preparatory report that 100 millisieverts be the combined limit of both internal and external exposure to radiation.
Questioned by reporters about the decision to drop external exposure from consideration, panel Chairwoman Naoko Koizumi offered no clear explanation.
Members of the panel, consisting of independent experts, asserted fallout across eastern parts of the country from the March meltdowns at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant did not dramatically increase the risk from external exposure.
Koizumi also noted that other branches of the government should conduct studies on the matter, not just the food safety panel.
There are few studies of the effects of low-level radiation for extended periods, a key subject of debate among experts for years.
One study cited by the panel to explain the 100-millisievert regulation looked at cancer rates among survivors of one-time exposure to high levels of radiation, such as in the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Radiology expert Matsui argued that the government should make certain of the facts before advancing policies.
"Personally, I think the cumulative 100-millisievert limit is too high, whether it is only for internal exposure to radiation or not. For children, I think it should be at least one-tenth of that," he said.
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Unhindered electron flows clear the way for improved communications and intelligence applications.
High-temperature superconducting materials discovered only 15 years ago now are enabling signal filters that can achieve performance levels not even approached by conventional filters. Virtually any commercial or military system that must pull weak radio frequency signals out of background noise can benefit from the new technology.
These filters are especially useful in applications that mandate extremely narrowband filters, such as in 1-gigahertz signaling that requires a bandpass filter only a few megahertz wide. Another key application is for broader-band filters that have sharp skirts, which determine how fast the filter transmission drops off as a function of frequency.
The high-temperature semiconductor filters are built using fabrication technologies common to semiconductors. They do not require exotic and expensive cooling, and they can be incorporated easily into existing radio frequency systems as a front-end attachment to a receiving antenna.
In the commercial world, more than 1,000 units already are in use in cellular telephone stations. In the military arena, high-temperature superconductor filters have been tested or are in use aboard U.S. Navy ships, U.S. Air Force aircraft, and intelligence sensor platforms.
The U.S. Navy is looking to incorporate them into several Navy systems, states Anna M. Leese de Escobar, a high-temperature superconductor scientist at the Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Center in San Diego. She notes that the most interested program office is SPAWAR’s Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Office, which is looking at using tunable versions of the filters. Other significant potential applications include software-programmable radios and submarine communications.
The Navy has evaluated filters manufactured by STI, Santa Barbara, California, and Conductus Inc., Sunnyvale, California. Shipboard tests have validated many of the performance predictions for the devices, Leese de Escobar relates. One test in a SIGINT application “worked great,” she remarks. “It performed as predicted and beautifully.
“To my experience, everyone who has ever had the opportunity to evaluate these filters has been really happy with the results,” she continues. “That is why the Navy is paying attention to the technology.”
Dr. Randy Simon, vice president of government business and chief technical officer at Conductus, explains that his company is focusing on high-performance filtering for radio equipment, particularly communications systems in both the commercial and the military arenas. The commercial sector can benefit in cellular or wireless communications systems, whereas the military can see substantial improvement in its tactical communications and intelligence gathering.
In commercial cellular applications, the filters are installed in base stations where individual telephone signals are received. These filters actually improve the sensitivity of the base station, which increases the station’s sensitivity to each individual cellular telephone transmission. They also diminish interference in the signal environment that degrades cellular service.
In the military arena, the filters serve two basic applications built around the concept of being able to detect exceedingly weak or specific signals. Signal strength may be reduced by terrain, weather, logistical limitations, adversary actions or other aspects of the battlefield environment. Similarly, a receiver may need to pull a signal out of an extremely complex radio frequency environment, especially in the midst of multipurpose platforms and vehicles all emitting and receiving. Combining both of these scenarios presents the double challenge of pulling weak signals out of a particularly noisy environment.
The new high-temperature superconductor technology eliminates a performance trade-off that has been standard in traditional systems. Before the advent of these filters, receivers had to be designed either for sensitivity to weak signals or for the capability to screen out unwanted or interfering signals. More-sensitive receivers were susceptible to noise and other interference, and less-sensitive receivers that selectively screened out noise and unwanted signals also missed weaker wanted signals.
That trade-off no longer is necessary with the new type of filters, Simon states. The technology permits a receiver to be as selective and as sensitive as possible, he says. These devices also have better defined skirts and reduced insertion loss, which determines how much of the signal is wasted in heating up the filter.
The new filters are built around yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) superconductors. This compound is constructed in thin-film form on a wafer fabricated in the same manner as a semiconductor chip. Even though the devices are fabricated using conventional photolithography and etching techniques, the level of complexity is considerably less than that of computer chips. The superconductor chips feature internal structures that are much larger, and thus easier to design and fabricate, than those of their conventional metal oxide semiconductor counterparts. The 1-inch superconductor chip can replace a conventional filter that is about the size of a cigar box, and its superconducting material is about “1,000 times less lossy” than cryocooled copper, Simon claims.
The YBCO materials do not require special cryogenic cooling to achieve superconductivity. Instead, a closed-cycle mechanical cooler such as a Stirling or Gifford-McMahon refrigerator can reduce their temperature below the threshold. This eliminates the need for a user to resupply cryogenic coolant to a device in the field, which also enhances each unit’s portability and ruggedness. The YBCO materials achieve superconductivity at about 90 Kelvin (–297 degrees Fahrenheit), but the superconductivity properties are very tenuous at this temperature. The cooling system operates at about 70 Kelvin (–333 degrees Fahrenheit) to ensure optimum superconducting performance.
In their role as signal filters, these materials effectively are loss-free, Simon notes. Because they do not lose vital electronic or radio frequency signals, they no longer consume some of the wanted signal as they screen out unwanted interference.
“You can build a radio receiver that is as sensitive to weak signals as you like and still build a filter into that system that actually is more selective than any filter you could build using alternative technologies,” he declares.
The technology also permits construction of filters that would have been all but impossible using conventional means. Simon notes that his firm has built a filter that has the equivalent performance of a 50-pole conventional filter. These poles represent stages of filtration, and a higher number of poles leads to a more selective filter with steeper rejection skirts. Conventional filters tend to be limited to no more than 10 poles, as higher numbers produce increasingly greater losses. The 50-pole superconductor filter, which Simon describes as “a brick wall,” has only minimal losses, he claims.
For radio receivers, the superconductor filters serve as a front end connected to the antenna between it and the receiver. The filter can be attached to an existing radio receiver as an appliqué without re-engineering the original unit. Simon notes that eventually radios can be designed with the superconducting filter embedded in the unit.
Because the filter is placed between the antenna and the receiver, it filters signals before they are amplified. By amplifying the filtered signal prior to its entering the receiver, the clarity of the signal is enhanced. Amplifying an incoming signal before filtering boosts interference levels and can result in a filter being saturated by an out-of-band signal.
For military communicators, the result of using the new filter can be range extension. An extremely sensitive receiver would benefit only slightly; however, an average system could see significant improvements. These could range from a 15 percent improvement up to a 100 percent improvement, depending on both the quality of the original radio equipment and area environmental conditions. Simon believes that a typical range improvement would be about 25 to 50 percent.
Leese de Escobar notes that software programmable radios in particular are built around reconfigurability and simultaneous multiple signal processing. One program in the Office of Naval Research involves a low-temperature superconducting digital correlating receiver for this type of radio. This concept, which aims to exclude co-site interference by correlating signals faster and better, includes high-temperature superconducting filters.
Research efforts for submarine communications focus on several issues, especially in exploiting the small physical footprint of the high-temperature superconductor chips. Space, weight and power all are major concerns aboard a submarine, Leese de Escobar observes.
Another advantage, which can have both commercial and military applications, is the ability to provide steep rejection skirts. Simon notes that many broadband commercial wireless systems abut other frequencies, and their users want as much frequency rejection as possible just outside of their own band. This looms as an issue especially with third-generation, or 3G, cellular systems. In Japan, one of the primary 3G frequency bands is adjacent to that country’s personal handyphone system, or PHS. Users of PHS telephones are broadcasting right on the edge of the new 3G band, and this poses the possibility of significant interference for the multimedia wireless band. Maintaining signal separation will require filters that let in signals across the entire width of the 3G band while simultaneously excluding all adjacent PHS signals, and Simon states that superconductor filters are well-suited for the task.
Simon allows that superconductor filters are not needed for all filter applications. Most filter applications that fall in between the narrowband use and the broadband steep skirt operation, and that do not require large amounts of signal rejection, would not benefit appreciably from the superconductor technology.
One of the biggest technological hurdles involved taming the exotic materials, Simon observes. Following the materials’ discovery in the late 1980s, it took about five years before their properties were understood and they were reproducible in reliable constructs. Subsequent challenges included packaging the technology so that it would work effectively and reliably on the system level, he continues.
One ongoing development aims to increase the types of receiver system elements that can incorporate these filters, Simon notes. These items eventually might include the mixers, the splitters and other passive radio frequency elements.
Tunable superconductor filters are the next evolutionary step. The operating frequency of these devices would be adjustable, which would be especially useful in scanning applications such as SIGINT.
Simon allows that his firm is able to produce devices that shift filter frequencies by about 20 to 30 percent. That figure is increasing, and he predicts the ability to shift by a factor of two or more. Conventional technology does not permit high-performance tunable filters, he says. Any tunability comes at the cost of large losses in the filters. A key goal of tunable superconductor filters is to maintain the advantages inherent in the technology, he adds.
The capabilities of tunable filter technology should gradually increase in several different dimensions over time, Simon predicts. These dimensions include the extent of tunability—the width of the tunable range—the rapidity at which the filters can be tuned, constraints such as complexity and narrowness on the sorts of filters, and eventually the shape of the filters.
Leese de Escobar foresees a future with the devices branching into a number of related applications. Tunable filters can be combined with low-noise amplifiers, with both sharing the same cooling unit, for a system that combines sensitivity with selectivity. The next step will be analog-to-digital filters. Eventually, superconducting antennas may emerge when complex cooling challenges are overcome.
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Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.
23 Related JoVE Articles!
Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
Institutions: Kingsborough Community College, University of Texas at Austin, Kean University.
The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. These roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. Cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
. It occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. While vaccines for cholera exist, they are not always effective and other preventative methods are needed. We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin using mouse BALB/C macrophages and human intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We solubilized the above fatty acids and used cell proliferation assays to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of the fatty acids that are not detrimental to human intestinal epithelial cell viability. We solubilized cholera toxin and used it in an assay to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of cholera toxin that do not statistically decrease cell viability in BALB/C macrophages.
We found the optimum fatty acid concentrations to be between 1-5 ng/μl, and that for cholera toxin to be < 30 ng per treatment. This data may aid future studies that aim to find a protective mucosal role for fatty acids in prevention or alleviation of cholera infections.
Infection, Issue 75, Medicine, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Bacterial Infections and Mycoses, Mucosal immunity, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, cholera toxin, cholera, fatty acids, tissue culture, MTT assay, mouse, animal model
Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying development, differentiation and aging are epigenetic rather than genetic processes. The reversibility of these processes opens exciting perspectives in basic research, and in the more distant future, in regenerative medicine. In the mouse, embryonic stem cells can be derived from cloned preimplantation stage embryos. Such embryonic stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the adult organism. Importantly, these cells are genetically identical to the donor. If applicable to human, this would allow the derivation of stem cells from a patient. These cells could then be differentiated into the affected cell type of the patient and studied in vitro, or used to replace the damaged or missing cells. The study of nuclear transfer in the mouse remains important as it can inform us about the principles of nuclear reprogramming. This movie and the accompanying protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer in the mouse, a method initially developed in the group of Prof. Yanagimachi (WAKAYAMA et al. 1998).
Developmental Biology, Issue 1, oocytes, nuclear transfer, stem cells
Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro
Institutions: The University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute.
Studying germ cell formation and differentiation has traditionally been very difficult due to low cell numbers and their location deep within developing embryos. The availability of a "closed" in vitro
based system could prove invaluable for our understanding of gametogenesis. The formation of oocyte-like cells (OLCs) from somatic stem cells, isolated from newborn mouse skin, has been demonstrated and can be visualized in this video protocol. The resulting OLCs express various markers consistent with oocytes such as Oct4 , Vasa , Bmp15
, and Scp3
. However, they remain unable to undergo maturation or fertilization due to a failure to complete meiosis. This protocol will provide a system that is useful for studying the early stage formation and differentiation of germ cells into more mature gametes. During early differentiation the number of cells expressing Oct4 (potential germ-like cells) reaches ~5%, however currently the formation of OLCs remains relatively inefficient. The protocol is relatively straight forward though special care should be taken to ensure the starting cell population is healthy and at an early passage.
Stem Cell Biology, Issue 77, Developmental Biology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Bioengineering, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Physiology, Adult Stem Cells, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Germ Cells, Oocytes, Reproductive Physiological Processes, Stem cell, skin, germ cell, oocyte, cell, differentiation, cell culture, mouse, animal model
Finger-stick Blood Sampling Methodology for the Determination of Exercise-induced Lymphocyte Apoptosis
Institutions: Western Kentucky University, University of Houston.
Exercise is a physiological stimulus capable of inducing apoptosis in immune cells. To date, various limitations have been identified with the measurement of this phenomenon, particularly relating to the amount of time required to isolate and treat a blood sample prior to the assessment of cell death. Because of this, it is difficult to determine whether reported increases in immune cell apoptosis can be contributed to the actual effect of exercise on the system, or are a reflection of the time and processing necessary to eventually obtain this measurement. In this article we demonstrate a rapid and minimally invasive procedure for the analysis of exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Unlike other techniques, whole blood is added to an antibody panel immediately upon obtaining a sample. Following the incubation period, red blood cells are lysed and samples are ready to be analyzed. The use of a finger-stick sampling procedure reduces the volume of blood required, and minimizes the discomfort to subjects.
Immunology, Issue 48, Leukocyte phenotyping, programmed cell death, muscular activity, technique development
Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure
Institutions: University of Oregon, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - FHCRC.
Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2
described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3
Developmental Biology, Issue 28, Zebrafish, Early Pressure, Homozygous Diploid, Haploid, Gynogenesis
A Method for Ovarian Follicle Encapsulation and Culture in a Proteolytically Degradable 3 Dimensional System
Institutions: Northwestern University, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Northwestern University, Northwestern University.
The ovarian follicle is the functional unit of the ovary that secretes sex hormones and supports oocyte maturation. In vitro
follicle techniques provide a tool to model follicle development in order to investigate basic biology, and are further being developed as a technique to preserve fertility in the clinic1-4
. Our in vitro
culture system employs hydrogels in order to mimic the native ovarian environment by maintaining the 3D follicular architecture, cell-cell interactions and paracrine signaling that direct follicle development 5
. Previously, follicles were successfully cultured in alginate, an inert algae-derived polysaccharide that undergoes gelation with calcium ions6-8
. Alginate hydrogels formed at a concentration of 0.25% w/v were the most permissive for follicle culture, and retained the highest developmental competence 9
. Alginate hydrogels are not degradable, thus an increase in the follicle diameter results in a compressive force on the follicle that can impact follicle growth10
. We subsequently developed a culture system based on a fibrin-alginate interpenetrating network (FA-IPN), in which a mixture of fibrin and alginate are gelled simultaneously. This combination provides a dynamic mechanical environment because both components contribute to matrix rigidity initially; however, proteases secreted by the growing follicle degrade fibrin in the matrix leaving only alginate to provide support. With the IPN, the alginate content can be reduced below 0.25%, which is not possible with alginate alone 5
. Thus, as the follicle expands, it will experience a reduced compressive force due to the reduced solids content. Herein, we describe an encapsulation method and an in vitro
culture system for ovarian follicles within a FA-IPN. The dynamic mechanical environment mimics the natural ovarian environment in which small follicles reside in a rigid cortex and move to a more permissive medulla as they increase in size11
. The degradable component may be particularly critical for clinical translation in order to support the greater than 106
-fold increase in volume that human follicles normally undergo in vivo
Bioengineering, Issue 49, Ovarian follicle, fibrin-alginate, 3D culture system, dynamic environment
The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry
Institutions: Washington University in St. Louis.
The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV
1.5), expressed in Xenopus
oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV
1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1
. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.
Developmental Biology, Issue 85, Voltage clamp, Cut-open, Oocyte, Voltage Clamp Fluorometry, Sodium Channels, Ionic Currents, Xenopus laevis
The Utility of Stage-specific Mid-to-late Drosophila Follicle Isolation
Institutions: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine.
oogenesis or follicle development has been widely used to advance the understanding of complex developmental and cell biologic processes. This methods paper describes how to isolate mid-to-late stage follicles (Stage 10B-14) and utilize them to provide new insights into the molecular and morphologic events occurring during tight windows of developmental time. Isolated follicles can be used for a variety of experimental techniques, including in vitro
development assays, live imaging, mRNA expression analysis and western blot analysis of proteins. Follicles at Stage 10B (S10B) or later will complete development in culture; this allows one to combine genetic or pharmacologic perturbations with in vitro
development to define the effects of such manipulations on the processes occurring during specific periods of development. Additionally, because these follicles develop in culture, they are ideally suited for live imaging studies, which often reveal new mechanisms that mediate morphological events. Isolated follicles can also be used for molecular analyses. For example, changes in gene expression that result from genetic perturbations can be defined for specific developmental windows. Additionally, protein level, stability, and/or posttranslational modification state during a particular stage of follicle development can be examined through western blot analyses. Thus, stage-specific isolation of Drosophila
follicles provides a rich source of information into widely conserved processes of development and morphogenesis.
Developmental Biology, Issue 82, Drosophila melanogaster, Organ Culture Techniques, Gene Expression Profiling, Microscopy, Confocal, Cell Biology, Genetic Research, Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Drosophila, oogenesis, follicle, live-imaging, gene expression, development
Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis
Institutions: Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute.
Epigenetics encompasses all heritable and reversible modifications to chromatin that alter gene accessibility, and thus are the primary mechanisms for regulating gene transcription1
. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that acts predominantly as a repressive mark. Through the covalent addition of a methyl group onto cytosines in CpG dinucleotides, it can recruit additional repressive proteins and histone modifications to initiate processes involved in condensing chromatin and silencing genes2
. DNA methylation is essential for normal development as it plays a critical role in developmental programming, cell differentiation, repression of retroviral elements, X-chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting.
One of the most powerful methods for DNA methylation analysis is bisulfite mutagenesis. Sodium bisulfite is a DNA mutagen that deaminates cytosines into uracils. Following PCR amplification and sequencing, these conversion events are detected as thymines. Methylated cytosines are protected from deamination and thus remain as cytosines, enabling identification of DNA methylation at the individual nucleotide level3
. Development of the bisulfite mutagenesis assay has advanced from those originally reported4-6
towards ones that are more sensitive and reproducible7
. One key advancement was embedding smaller amounts of DNA in an agarose bead, thereby protecting DNA from the harsh bisulfite treatment8
. This enabled methylation analysis to be performed on pools of oocytes and blastocyst-stage embryos9
. The most sophisticated bisulfite mutagenesis protocol to date is for individual blastocyst-stage embryos10
. However, since blastocysts have on average 64 cells (containing 120-720 pg of genomic DNA), this method is not efficacious for methylation studies on individual oocytes or cleavage-stage embryos.
Taking clues from agarose embedding of minute DNA amounts including oocytes11
, here we present a method whereby oocytes are directly embedded in an agarose and lysis solution bead immediately following retrieval and removal of the zona pellucida from the oocyte. This enables us to bypass the two main challenges of single oocyte bisulfite mutagenesis: protecting a minute amount of DNA from degradation, and subsequent loss during the numerous protocol steps. Importantly, as data are obtained from single oocytes, the issue of PCR bias within pools is eliminated. Furthermore, inadvertent cumulus cell contamination is detectable by this method since any sample with more than one methylation pattern may be excluded from analysis12
. This protocol provides an improved method for successful and reproducible analyses of DNA methylation at the single-cell level and is ideally suited for individual oocytes as well as cleavage-stage embryos.
Genetics, Issue 64, Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, Bisulfite mutagenesis, DNA methylation, individual oocyte, individual embryo, mouse model, PCR, epigenetics
Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method
Institutions: University of Iowa.
Studying the contribution of maternally inherited molecules to vertebrate early development is often hampered by the time and expense necessary to generate maternal-effect mutant animals. Additionally, many of the techniques to overexpress or inhibit gene function in organisms such as Xenopus
and zebrafish fail to sufficiently target critical maternal signaling pathways, such as Wnt signaling. In Xenopus
, manipulating gene function in cultured oocytes and subsequently fertilizing them can ameliorate these problems to some extent. Oocytes are manually defolliculated from donor ovary tissue, injected or treated in culture as desired, and then stimulated with progesterone to induce maturation. Next, the oocytes are introduced into the body cavity of an ovulating host female frog, whereupon they will be translocated through the host's oviduct and acquire modifications and jelly coats necessary for fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be raised to the desired stage and analyzed for the effects of any experimental perturbations. This host-transfer method has been highly effective in uncovering basic mechanisms of early development and allows a wide range of experimental possibilities not available in any other vertebrate model organism.
Developmental Biology, Issue 45, Xenopus, oocyte, host-transfer, fertilization, antisense
Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation and Recovery using the I·Cryo Kit
Institutions: Charles River , Charles River .
Thousands of new genetically modified (GM) strains of mice have been created since the advent of transgenesis and knockout technologies. Many of these valuable animals exist only as live animals, with no backup plan in case of emergency. Cryopreservation of embryos can provide this backup, but is costly, can be a lengthy procedure, and generally requires a large number of animals for success. Since the discovery that mouse sperm can be successfully cryopreserved with a basic cryoprotective agent (CPA) consisting of 18% raffinose and 3% skim milk, sperm cryopreservation has become an acceptable and cost-effective procedure for archiving, distributing and recovery of these valuable strains.
Here we demonstrate a newly developed I•Cryo kit for mouse sperm cryopreservation. Sperm from five commonly-used strains of inbred mice were frozen using this kit and then recovered. Higher protection ratios of sperm motility (> 60%) and rapid progressive motility (> 45%) compared to the control (basic CPA) were seen for sperm frozen with this kit in 5 inbred mouse strains. Two cell stage embryo development after IVF with the recovered sperm was improved consistently in all 5 mouse strains examined. Over a 1.5 year period, 49 GM mouse lines were archived by sperm cryopreservation with the I•Cryo kit and later recovered by IVF.
Basic Protocols, Issue 58, Cryopreservation, Sperm, In vitro fertilization (IVF), Mouse, Genetics
Harvesting Sperm and Artificial Insemination of Mice
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Rodents of the genus Peromyscus (deer mice) are the most prevalent native North American mammals. Peromyscus species are used in a wide range of research including toxicology, epidemiology, ecology, behavioral, and genetic studies. Here they provide a useful model for demonstrations of artificial insemination.
Methods similar to those displayed here have previously been used in several deer mouse studies, yet no detailed protocol has been published. Here we demonstrate the basic method of artificial insemination. This method entails extracting the testes from the rodent, then isolating the sperm from the epididymis and vas deferens. The mature sperm, now in a milk mixture, are placed in the female’s reproductive tract at the time of ovulation. Fertilization is counted as day 0 for timing of embryo development. Embryos can then be retrieved at the desired time-point and manipulated.
Artificial insemination can be used in a variety of rodent species where exact embryo timing is crucial or hard to obtain. This technique is vital for species or strains (including most Peromyscus) which may not mate immediately and/or where mating is hard to assess. In addition, artificial insemination provides exact timing for embryo development either in mapping developmental progress and/or transgenic work. Reduced numbers of animals can be used since fertilization is guaranteed. This method has been vital to furthering the Peromyscus system, and will hopefully benefit others as well.
Developmental Biology, Issue 3, sperm, mouse, artificial insemination, dissection
Cellular Lipid Extraction for Targeted Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Institutions: University of Pennsylvania , University of Pennsylvania .
The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including numerous stereoisomers1,2
. These metabolites can be formed from free or esterified fatty acids. Many of these oxidized metabolites have biological activity and have been implicated in various diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer3-7
. Oxidized bioactive lipids can be formed enzymatically or by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes that metabolize fatty acids include cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1,8
. Enzymatic metabolism results in enantioselective formation whereas ROS oxidation results in the racemic formation of products.
While this protocol focuses primarily on the analysis of AA- and some LA-derived bioactive metabolites; it could be easily applied to metabolites of other fatty acids. Bioactive lipids are extracted from cell lysate or media using liquid-liquid (l-l) extraction. At the beginning of the l-l extraction process, stable isotope internal standards are added to account for errors during sample preparation. Stable isotope dilution (SID) also accounts for any differences, such as ion suppression, that metabolites may experience during the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis9
. After the extraction, derivatization with an electron capture (EC) reagent, pentafluorylbenzyl bromide (PFB) is employed to increase detection sensitivity10,11
. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is used to increase the selectivity of the MS analysis. Before MS analysis, lipids are separated using chiral normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC conditions are optimized to separate the enantiomers and various stereoisomers of the monitored lipids12
. This specific LC-MS method monitors prostaglandins (PGs), isoprostanes (isoPs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs), oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxoETEs) and oxooctadecadienoic acids (oxoODEs); however, the HPLC and MS parameters can be optimized to include any fatty acid metabolites13
Most of the currently available bioanalytical methods do not take into account the separate quantification of enantiomers. This is extremely important when trying to deduce whether or not the metabolites were formed enzymatically or by ROS. Additionally, the ratios of the enantiomers may provide evidence for a specific enzymatic pathway of formation. The use of SID allows for accurate quantification of metabolites and accounts for any sample loss during preparation as well as the differences experienced during ionization. Using the PFB electron capture reagent increases the sensitivity of detection by two orders of magnitude over conventional APCI methods. Overall, this method, SID-LC-EC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI-MRM/MS, is one of the most sensitive, selective, and accurate methods of quantification for bioactive lipids.
Bioengineering, Issue 57, lipids, extraction, stable isotope dilution, chiral chromatography, electron capture, mass spectrometry
Expression of Fluorescent Proteins in Branchiostoma lanceolatum by mRNA Injection into Unfertilized Oocytes
Institutions: Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Universités, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CNRS UMR5235/DAA/cc107/Université Montpellier II, CNRS-NED, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard.
We report here a robust and efficient protocol for the expression of fluorescent proteins after mRNA injection into unfertilized oocytes of the cephalochordate amphioxus, Branchiostoma lanceolatum
. We use constructs for membrane and nuclear targeted mCherry and eGFP that have been modified to accommodate amphioxus codon usage and Kozak consensus sequences. We describe the type of injection needles to be used, the immobilization protocol for the unfertilized oocytes, and the overall injection set-up. This technique generates fluorescently labeled embryos, in which the dynamics of cell behaviors during early development can be analyzed using the latest in vivo
imaging strategies. The development of a microinjection technique in this amphioxus species will allow live imaging analyses of cell behaviors in the embryo as well as gene-specific manipulations, including gene overexpression and knockdown. Altogether, this protocol will further consolidate the basal chordate amphioxus as an animal model for addressing questions related to the mechanisms of embryonic development and, more importantly, to their evolution.
Developmental Biology, Issue 95, Amphioxus, cephalochordate, gene expression vectors, in vivo imaging, microinjection protocol, model organism
Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles
Institutions: University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh.
The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime’s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro
, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro
. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.
Cellular Biology, Issue 97, reproductive biology, ovary, culture technique, follicle, oocyte, thecal cell, immunocytochemistry
Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
Institutions: Technical University of Berlin, Oregon Health & Science University.
Whereas cation transport by the electrogenic membrane transporter Na+
-ATPase can be measured by electrophysiology, the electroneutrally operating gastric H+
-ATPase is more difficult to investigate. Many transport assays utilize radioisotopes to achieve a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, however, the necessary security measures impose severe restrictions regarding human exposure or assay design. Furthermore, ion transport across cell membranes is critically influenced by the membrane potential, which is not straightforwardly controlled in cell culture or in proteoliposome preparations. Here, we make use of the outstanding sensitivity of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) towards trace amounts of chemical elements to measure Rb+
transport by Na+
- or gastric H+
-ATPase in single cells. Using Xenopus
oocytes as expression system, we determine the amount of Rb+
) transported into the cells by measuring samples of single-oocyte homogenates in an AAS device equipped with a transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) furnace, which is loaded from an autosampler. Since the background of unspecific Rb+
uptake into control oocytes or during application of ATPase-specific inhibitors is very small, it is possible to implement complex kinetic assay schemes involving a large number of experimental conditions simultaneously, or to compare the transport capacity and kinetics of site-specifically mutated transporters with high precision. Furthermore, since cation uptake is determined on single cells, the flux experiments can be carried out in combination with two-electrode voltage-clamping (TEVC) to achieve accurate control of the membrane potential and current. This allowed e.g.
to quantitatively determine the 3Na+
transport stoichiometry of the Na+
-ATPase and enabled for the first time to investigate the voltage dependence of cation transport by the electroneutrally operating gastric H+
-ATPase. In principle, the assay is not limited to K+
-transporting membrane proteins, but it may work equally well to address the activity of heavy or transition metal transporters, or uptake of chemical elements by endocytotic processes.
Biochemistry, Issue 72, Chemistry, Biophysics, Bioengineering, Physiology, Molecular Biology, electrochemical processes, physical chemistry, spectrophotometry (application), spectroscopic chemical analysis (application), life sciences, temperature effects (biological, animal and plant), Life Sciences (General), Na+,K+-ATPase, H+,K+-ATPase, Cation Uptake, P-type ATPases, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), Two-Electrode Voltage-Clamp, Xenopus Oocytes, Rb+ Flux, Transversely Heated Graphite Atomizer (THGA) Furnace, electrophysiology, animal model
Two Types of Assays for Detecting Frog Sperm Chemoattraction
Institutions: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Arizona State University .
Sperm chemoattraction in invertebrates can be sufficiently robust that one can place a pipette containing the attractive peptide into a sperm suspension and microscopically visualize sperm accumulation around the pipette1
. Sperm chemoattraction in vertebrates such as frogs, rodents and humans is more difficult to detect and requires quantitative assays. Such assays are of two major types - assays that quantitate sperm movement to a source of chemoattractant, so-called sperm accumulation assays, and assays that actually track the swimming trajectories of individual sperm.
Sperm accumulation assays are relatively rapid allowing tens or hundreds of assays to be done in a single day, thereby allowing dose response curves and time courses to be carried out relatively rapidly. These types of assays have been used extensively to characterize many well established chemoattraction systems - for example, neutrophil chemotaxis to bacterial peptides and sperm chemotaxis to follicular fluid. Sperm tracking assays can be more labor intensive but offer additional data on how chemoattractancts actually alter the swimming paths that sperm take. This type of assay is needed to demonstrate the orientation of sperm movement relative to the chemoattrractant gradient axis and to visualize characteristic turns or changes in orientation that bring the sperm closer to the egg.
Here we describe methods used for each of these two types of assays. The sperm accumulation assay utilized is called a "two-chamber" assay. Amphibian sperm are placed in a tissue culture plate insert with a polycarbonate filter floor having 12 μm diameter pores. Inserts with sperm are placed into tissue culture plate wells containing buffer and a chemoatttractant carefully pipetted into the bottom well where the floor meets the wall (see Fig. 1). After incubation, the top insert containing the sperm reservoir is carefully removed, and sperm in the bottom chamber that have passed through the membrane are removed, pelleted and then counted by hemocytometer or flow cytometer.
The sperm tracking assay utilizes a Zigmond chamber originally developed for observing neutrophil chemotaxis and modified for observation of sperm by Giojalas and coworkers2,3
. The chamber consists of a thick glass slide into which two vertical troughs have been machined. These are separated by a 1 mm wide observation platform. After application of a cover glass, sperm are loaded into one trough, the chemoattractant agent into the other and movement of individual sperm visualized by video microscopy. Video footage is then analyzed using software to identify two-dimensional cell movements in the x-y plane as a function of time (xyt data sets) that form the trajectory of each sperm.
Developmental Biology, Issue 58, Sperm chemotaxis, fertilization, sperm accumulation assay, sperm tracking assay, sperm motility, Xenopus laevis, egg jelly
Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling.
Cellular Biology, Issue 90,
zebrafish; kidney; nephron; nephrology; renal; regeneration; proximal tubule; distal tubule; segment; mesonephros; physiology; acute kidney injury (AKI)
Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
Institutions: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological processes. This subject embraces diverse scientific areas, spanning from physical, biological and bioorganic chemistry to biology and medicine, with applications to the amelioration of quality of life, health and aging. Multidisciplinary skills are required for the full investigation of the many facets of radical processes in the biological environment and chemical knowledge plays a crucial role in unveiling basic processes and mechanisms. We developed a chemical biology approach able to connect free radical chemical reactivity with biological processes, providing information on the mechanistic pathways and products. The core of this approach is the design of biomimetic models to study biomolecule behavior (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) in aqueous systems, obtaining insights of the reaction pathways as well as building up molecular libraries of the free radical reaction products. This context can be successfully used for biomarker discovery and examples are provided with two classes of compounds: mono-trans isomers of cholesteryl esters, which are synthesized and used as references for detection in human plasma, and purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, prepared and used as reference in the protocol for detection of such lesions in DNA samples, after ionizing radiations or obtained from different health conditions.
Chemistry, Issue 74, Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemical Biology, chemical analysis techniques, chemistry (general), life sciences, radiation effects (biological, animal and plant), biomarker, biomimetic chemistry, free radicals, trans lipids, cyclopurine lesions, DNA, chromatography, spectroscopy, synthesis
Production of Haploid Zebrafish Embryos by In Vitro Fertilization
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish has become a mainstream vertebrate model that is relevant for many disciplines of scientific study. Zebrafish are especially well suited for forward genetic analysis of developmental processes due to their external fertilization, embryonic size, rapid ontogeny, and optical clarity – a constellation of traits that enable the direct observation of events ranging from gastrulation to organogenesis with a basic stereomicroscope. Further, zebrafish embryos can survive for several days in the haploid state. The production of haploid embryos in vitro
is a powerful tool for mutational analysis, as it enables the identification of recessive mutant alleles present in first generation (F1) female carriers following mutagenesis in the parental (P) generation. This approach eliminates the necessity to raise multiple generations (F2, F3, etc.
) which involves breeding of mutant families, thus saving the researcher time along with reducing the needs for zebrafish colony space, labor, and the husbandry costs. Although zebrafish have been used to conduct forward screens for the past several decades, there has been a steady expansion of transgenic and genome editing tools. These tools now offer a plethora of ways to create nuanced assays for next generation screens that can be used to further dissect the gene regulatory networks that drive vertebrate ontogeny. Here, we describe how to prepare haploid zebrafish embryos. This protocol can be implemented for novel future haploid screens, such as in enhancer and suppressor screens, to address the mechanisms of development for a broad number of processes and tissues that form during early embryonic stages.
Developmental Biology, Issue 89, zebrafish, haploid, in vitro fertilization, forward genetic screen, saturation, recessive mutation, mutagenesis
Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can self-renew indefinitely in vitro
, and with the appropriate cues can be induced to differentiate into potentially all somatic cell lineages. Differentiated hESC derivatives can potentially be used in transplantation therapies to treat a variety of cell-degenerative diseases. However, hESC differentiation protocols usually yield a mixture of differentiated target and off-target cell types as well as residual undifferentiated cells. For the translation of differentiated hESC-derivatives from the laboratory to the clinic, it is important to be able to discriminate between undifferentiated (pluripotent) and differentiated cells, and generate methods to separate these populations. Safe application of hESC-derived somatic cell types can only be accomplished with pluripotent stem cell-free populations, as residual hESCs could induce tumors known as teratomas following transplantation. Towards this end, here we describe a methodology to detect pluripotency associated cell surface antigens with the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification of pluripotent TG30Hi
hESCs using positive selection. Using negative selection with our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology, we were able to detect and purge undifferentiated hESCs in populations undergoing very early-stage differentiation (TG30Neg
). In a further study, pluripotent stem cell-free samples of differentiated TG30Neg
cells selected using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS protocol did not form teratomas once transplanted into immune-compromised mice, supporting the robustness of our protocol. On the other hand, TG30/GCTM-2 FACS-mediated consecutive passaging of enriched pluripotent TG30Hi
hESCs did not affect their ability to self-renew in vitro
or their intrinsic pluripotency. Therefore, the characteristics of our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology provide a sensitive assay to obtain highly enriched populations of hPSC as inputs for differentiation assays and to rid potentially tumorigenic (or residual) hESC from derivative cell populations.
Stem Cell Biology, Issue 82, Stem cells, cell surface antigens, antibodies, FACS, purging stem cells, differentiation, pluripotency, teratoma, human embryonic stem cells (hESC)
Collection and Cryopreservation of Hamster Oocytes and Mouse Embryos
Institutions: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.
Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1
and Wilmut 2
separately described that mouse embryos could be frozen and stored at -196 °C and, a few years later, Parkening et al
reported the birth of live offspring resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cryopreserved oocytes. Since then, the use of cryopreservation techniques has rapidly spread to become an essential component in the practice of human and animal assisted reproduction and in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Currently, there are two main methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos: slow freezing and vitrification. A wide variety of approaches have been used to try to improve both techniques and millions of animals and thousands of children have been born from cryopreserved embryos. However, important shortcomings associated to cryopreservation still have to be overcome, since ice-crystal formation, solution effects and osmotic shock seem to cause several cryoinjuries in post-thawed oocytes and embryos. Slow freezing with programmable freezers has the advantage of using low concentrations of cryoprotectants, which are usually associated with chemical toxicity and osmotic shock, but their ability to avoid ice-crystal formation at low concentrations is limited. Slow freezing also induces supercooling effects that must be avoided using manual or automatic seeding 4
. In the vitrification process, high concentrations of cryoprotectants inhibit the formation of ice-crystals and lead to the formation of a glasslike vitrified state in which water is solidified, but not expanded. However, due to the toxicity of cyroprotectants at the concentrations used, oocytes/embryos can only be exposed to the cryoprotectant solution for a very short period of time and in a minimum volume solution, before submerging the samples directly in liquid nitrogen 5
. In the last decade, vitrification has become more popular because it is a very quick method in which no expensive equipment (programmable freezer) is required. However, slow freezing continues to be the most widely used method for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. In this video-article we show, step-by-step, how to collect and slowly freeze hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.
Developmental Biology, Issue 25, Cryopreservation, freezing, thawing, oocytes, embryos
Demonstration of Proteolytic Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) by Combining Current Measurements with Detection of Cleavage Fragments
Institutions: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU).
The described methods can be used to investigate the effect of proteases on ion channels, receptors, and other plasma membrane proteins heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis
oocytes. In combination with site-directed mutagenesis, this approach provides a powerful tool to identify functionally relevant cleavage sites. Proteolytic activation is a characteristic feature of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The final activating step involves cleavage of the channel’s γ-subunit in a critical region potentially targeted by several proteases including chymotrypsin and plasmin. To determine the stimulatory effect of these serine proteases on ENaC, the amiloride-sensitive whole-cell current (ΔIami
) was measured twice in the same oocyte before and after exposure to the protease using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. In parallel to the electrophysiological experiments, a biotinylation approach was used to monitor the appearance of γENaC cleavage fragments at the cell surface. Using the methods described, it was demonstrated that the time course of proteolytic activation of ENaC-mediated whole-cell currents correlates with the appearance of a γENaC cleavage product at the cell surface. These results suggest a causal link between channel cleavage and channel activation. Moreover, they confirm the concept that a cleavage event in γENaC is required as a final step in proteolytic channel activation. The methods described here may well be applicable to address similar questions for other types of ion channels or membrane proteins.
Biochemistry, Issue 89, two-electrode voltage-clamp, electrophysiology, biotinylation, Xenopus laevis oocytes, epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, proteases, proteolytic channel activation, ion channel, cleavage sites, cleavage fragments
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Difference between revisions of "Ani"
Revision as of 18:04, 28 July 2008
Ani is a city in Eastern Anatolia. It is the ruined capital of the ancient Armenian empire. Ani exudes the eerie ambiance of a ghost town surrounded by the remote landscape of the Turkish steppe. If a visit can timed for June the vast flat plains are teeming with wildflowers. It is a truly unique and must see destination for any traveler to Eastern Anatolia.
By Taxi At the moment there is no public transportation to Ani. As of June 2008 a major highway was under construction running past Ani towards the Armenian border, possibly in anticipation of the border opening, which could allow for new bus routes. However, it is easy to hire a taxi for the day, ask at your hotel in Kars and expect to pay around 100 Lira (four people) for a five hour trip, including two hours driving time.
Ani covers a small area and is easily traversed on foot. However, access to certain areas is often restricted due to the proximity to the Armenian border and ongoing tensions between Turkey and Armenia. So make sure to ask your driver about current restrictions.
There are several well preserved Armenian churches, most of which date from the late tenth century to early eleventh century . The most distinctive is perhaps the church of Christ the Redeemer, split nearly perfectly in half by lightning, but still standing. Additionally there are smaller structures, which were once homes, the remains of the cities castle walls, and a fortress overlooking the ruins.
If the fortress is open to tourists, it is worth scrambling up the rocky path for the excellent views over Ani and the Turkish steppe
There are no accommodations in Ani, and there are only a smattering of homes surrounding it. The nearest major city is Kars, from which Ani is an easy day trip.
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Earlier this year, I was asked by the STC-PMC to write a two-part article about the differences and similarities between American and British English. Part 1 was published in February. Today, I happily saw that the second part was published in the STC-PMC bi-monthly newsletter.
To find the original article, see the March/April 2013 edition of the STC-PMC Newsletter here.
The article itself is below.
Is English an International Language?
David Crystal, author of English as a Global Language, has said that in the pursuit of a World Standard Spoken English (WSSE), American English seems to be the most influential in its development, as American grammar is now starting to influence contemporary British usage. He also discusses at length how different dialects will allow national and international intelligibility to start developing. He said, “If WSSE emerges as the neutral global variety in due course, it will be make redundant the British/American distinction. British and American English will still exist, of course, but as varieties expressing national identity in the UK and the USA.
Edmund H. Weiss, the author of The Elements of International English Style, also points out that there is clash when trying to come up with a standard version of English, namely between “…globalization, producing a one-size-fits-all solution for a diverse world of English speakers, versus localization, adapting and modifying this universal model for particular readers in particular locales.” Where English is a second language, Weiss demonstrates, the idioms and figures of speech end up resembling the language structure of the native language. Because of there are about 400 million native English speakers, and about a billion people who speak it as a second language or as a foreign language (for business or a profession), the importance of clear, unambiguous communication is undeniable.
There are many great resources available about this conundrum that can help put everything in perspective, especially in a world in which the Internet is starting to spread the use of English more and more all the time. Some good ones include:
· Do’s and Taboos of Using English Around the World by Roger E. Axtell
· Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English by Christopher Davies
· The Elements of International English Style: A Guide to Writing Correspondence, Reports, Technical Documents, and Internet Pages for a Global Audience by Edmond H. Weiss
· English as a Global Language by David Crystal
· Brit-Think, Ameri-Think by Jane Walmsley
· International English by Danielle M. Villegas at https://soundcloud.com/techcommgeekmom/international-english
So, what’s a technical writer supposed to do? The best thing to do is to be exceedingly careful of using slang or idioms that relate to one’s native English, and be aware of local usage used on a global scale. This isn’t an easy task at all, yet it’s an important consideration when translating English into another language, let alone trying to write for English speakers globally.
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Seagrass beds are so effective in protecting tropical beaches from erosion, that they can reduce the need for regular, expensive beach nourishments that are used now.
In a recent article in the journal BioScience, biologists and engineers from The Netherlands and Mexico describe experiments and field observations around the Caribbean Sea. “A foreshore with both healthy seagrass beds as well as calcifying algae, is a resilient and sustainable option in coastal defense”, says lead author Rebecca James, PhD-candidate at the University of Groningen and the Royal Dutch Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), The Netherlands. “Because of erosion, the economic value of Caribbean beaches literally drains into the sea.”
Increasing erosion with climate change
The authors looked at beaches of the Caribbean Sea, where almost a quarter of the Gross Domestic Product is earned in tourism, mainly around the beaches. “With the increase of coastal development, the natural flow of water and sand is disrupted, natural ecosystems are damaged, and many tropical beaches have already disappeared into the sea”, co-author Rodolfo Silva, professor of Coastal Engineering at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma of Mexico says. “Until now, expensive coastal engineering efforts, such as repeated beach nourishments and concrete walls to protect the coast, have been made to combat erosion. Rising sea-level and increasing storms will only increase the loss of these important beaches.”
Experimental field flume
To find out to what extent seagrass beds are able to hold sand and sediment on the beach foreshores, James and her promotor, professor Tjeerd Bouma (NIOZ and Utrecht University), conducted a simple but telling experiment. With a portable and adjustable field flume to regulate water motion in a Caribbean bay, they observed when particles on the sea bed started moving. “We showed that seagrass beds were extremely effective at holding sediment in place”, James says. “Especially in combination with calcifying algae that “create their own sand”, a foreshore with healthy seagrass appeared a sustainable way of combating erosion.”
More seagrass, less erosion
Along the coastline of the Mexican peninsula of Yucatan, the team put their theory to the test. “By looking at beaches with and without protection of healthy seagrass beds, we showed that the amount of erosion was strongly linked to the amount of vegetation: more seagrass, meant less erosion”, co-author dr. Brigitta van Tussenbroek of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma in Mexico says. At beaches where seagrass beds were destroyed, the researchers saw a sudden strong increase in erosion, resulting in an immediate need of expensive beach nourishments.
Promising future prospects
Both NGO’s and engineering industry welcome these novel insights. “To date, seagrass beds are too often regarded as a nuisance, rather than a valuable asset for preserving touristically valuable coastlines. This study could change this perspective completely”, Bas Roels of World Wildlife Fund Netherlands says. “The study opens opportunities for developing new tropical-beach protection schemes, in which ecology is integrated in engineering solutions”, adds Mark van Koningsveld, professor at the Delft University of Technology and working for the international marine contractor Van Oord.
According to co-author Johan Stapel of the Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CSNI) on St. Eustatius this will require a multilateral approach in conservation and restoration, as seagrass faces increasing pressure from various sources of pollution and invasive species. “Fortunately, NIOZ has a strong tradition in successfully restoring all kinds of coastal vegetation from seagrass to mangroves”, Bouma concludes.
Learn more: Seagrass saves beaches and money
The Latest on: Restoring coastal vegetation
via Google News
The Latest on: Restoring coastal vegetation
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Their efforts are part of a larger ongoing project by the Land Trust for the Mississippi Coastal Plain to restore the land around Turkey Creek. Between now and March, they’ll plant 8,500 trees with ...
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In NSW, the fire-ravaged South Coast and Southern Tablelands are expected to receive ... "In areas impacted by fires where vegetation has been destroyed, water from heavy rainfall can flow into river ...
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30 p.m. Volunteers will be restoring the dune ecosystem by removing invasive plant species to make room for native plant diversity. Tools, gloves and snacks will be provided. Bring water and wear work ...
- Nicholls State growing coast-adapted plants for restorationon January 11, 2020 at 9:14 am
THIBODAUX, La. (AP) - Faculty and students at a Louisiana university are growing plants that thrive in tough coastal conditions to help restore the state’s dwindling coast. “This is a long-term ...
- What good are all those old Christmas trees really doing for Louisiana's vanishing coast?on January 10, 2020 at 1:38 pm
It’s a Twelfth Night tradition almost as dear to New Orleanians as getting the season’s first king cake: dragging the Christmas tree to the curb so it can be used to rebuild Louisiana’s eroding ...
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In Hawaii, NCCOS-funded researchers developed a sea level rise projection application for coastal managers to visualize the impacts of future development and rising sea levels on anchialine pools, and ...
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The plants would grow well for the first year ... "It just shows the long term commitment of the Nicholls Farm for coastal restoration," said Fontenot. --Staff Writer Halle Parker can be reached ...
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In other areas, significant vegetation management scoping is occurring to ensure team ... Weather conditions are predicted to worsen over the coming days in the Riverina and Sapphire Coast. "Essential ...
via Bing News
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|a scrap or morsel of food left at a meal.|
|a chattering or flighty, light-headed person.|
|rapid eye movement|
The amount of ionizing radiation required to produce the same biological effect as one rad of high-penetration x-rays.
rapid eye movement
|rem (rěm) Pronunciation Key
The amount of ionizing radiation required to produce the same biological effect as one rad of high-penetration x-rays. The rem has been replaced in most scientific contexts by the sievert.
roentgen equivalent in man
unit of radiation dosage (such as from X rays) applied to humans. Derived from the phrase Roentgen equivalent man, the rem is now defined as the dosage in rads that will cause the same amount of biological injury as one rad of X rays or gamma rays. Formerly poorly defined, the rem was redefined in 1962 to clarify the usage of the term relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in both radiobiology and radiation protection
Learn more about rem with a free trial on Britannica.com.
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| 0.887198 | 236 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Syria Table of Contents
The largest religious group in Syria is the Sunni Muslims, of whom about 80 percent are native Syrian Arabs, with the remainder being Kurds, Turkomans, Circassians, and Palestinians. Sunni Islam sets the religious tone for Syria and provides the country's basic values.
Sunnis follow nearly all occupations, belong to all social groups and nearly every political party, and live in all parts of the country. There are only two provinces in which they are not a majority: As Suwayda, where Druzes predominate, and Al Ladhiqiyah, where Alawis are a majority. In Al Hasakah, Sunnis form a majority, but most of them are Kurds rather than Arabs.
In theory, a Sunni approaches his God directly because the religion provides him no intercession of saints, no holy orders, no organized clerical hierarchy, and no true liturgy. In practice, however, there are duly appointed religious figures, some of whom exert considerable social and political power. Among them are men of importance in their community who lead prayers and give sermons at Friday services. Although in the larger mosques the imams are generally well-educated men who are informed about political and social affairs, an imam need not have any formal training. Among beduin, for example, any literate member of the tribe may read prayers from the Quran. Committees of socially prominent worshipers usually run the major mosques and administer mosque-owned land and gifts.
The Muslim year has two canonical festivals--the Id al Adha, or "sacrificial" festival on the tenth of Dhul al Hijjah, the twelfth Muslim month; and the Id al Fitr, or "festival of breaking the fast," which celebrates the end of the fast of Ramadan on the first of Shawwal, the tenth month. Both festivals last 3 or 4 days, during which people wear their best clothes, visit and congratulate each other, and give gifts. People visit cemetaries, often remaining for some hours, even throughout the night. The festival of the Id al Fitr is celebrated more joyfully than the Id al Adha because it marks the end of the hardships of Ramadan. Lesser celebrations take place on the Prophet's birthday, which falls on the twelfth of Rabia al Awwal, the third month, and on the first of Muharram, the beginning of the Muslim new year.
Islamic law provides direction in all aspects of life. There are four major schools of Islamic law--the Hanafi, the Hanabali, the Shafii, and the Maliki--each named after its founder and all held to be officially valid. Any Muslim may belong to any one of them, although one school usually dominates a given geographical area. The schools agree on the four recognized sources of law-- the Quran, the Sunna, the consensus of the faithful (ijma), and analogy (qiyas)--but differ in the degree of emphasis they give to each source. Represented in Syria are the Shafii school and the more liberal Hanafi school, which places greater emphasis on analogical deduction and bases decisions more on precedents set in previous cases than on literal interpretation of the Quran or Sunna.
Conservative, Sunni leaders look to the ancient days of Islam for secular guidance. Only since the first quarter of the twentieth century have Syrian Sunnis become acutely aware of the need for modern education. Therefore, secularization is spreading among Sunnis, especially the younger ones in urban areas and in the military services. After the first coup d'état in 1949, the waqfs were taken out of private religious hands and put under government control. Civil codes have greatly modified the authority of Islamic laws, and the educational role of Muslim religious leaders is declining with the gradual disappearance of kuttabs, the traditional mosque-affiliated schools.
Despite civil codes introduced in the past years, Syria maintains a dual system of sharia and civil courts (see The Judiciary , ch. 4). Hanafi law applies in sharia courts, and nonMuslim communities have their own religious courts using their own religious law.
Data as of April 1987
Syria Table of Contents
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James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
- Name : Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
- Born : c.1535
- Died : 1578
- Category : Famous Historical Figures
- Finest Moment : Blowing up Lord Darnley at Kirk
Plots, counterplots, and yet more plots. This story has it all. Best known as being the third husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, Bothwell succeeded to the earldom when he was 21. He was a Protestant and strongly anti-English; this led him to support Mary of Guise, who was regent for the young Mary. On the death in 1560 of Mary of Lorraine, Mary Stuart assumed control of the government. A year later Bothwell became a member of her Privy Council.
In 1562, Bothwell was accused by the powerful but mad Earl of Arran of plotting to kidnap the Queen, and he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle in March of that year. He escaped the following summer, and after a period of detention reached France in September 1564.
Bothwell was recalled to Scotland in 1565, to help Mary suppress a rebellion by her half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, who had opposed her marriage in July 1565 to Lord Darnley. Bothwell acted with great resourcefulness, especially following the murder of her secretary, David Riccio (at the instigation of Darnley), in March 1566. By the end of the year, Bothwell was the most powerful noble in southern Scotland, and, after abducting Mary (probably with her persuasion), he divorced his own wife and married Mary.
Did I forget to mention that Darnley himself had been bumped off earlier in 1567' Bothwell almost certainly was involved in this murder, but covered his tracks well, marrying Mary on 15 May, 1567. Darnley, who was an effete waster, did manage to produce a child with Mary, a boy who would be James VI of Scotland, and James I of England, born in 1566.
Mary created Bothwell Duke of Orkney and Shetland the day before they married, and the couple were soon facing a series of revolts by both Protestant and Catholic nobles, who considered Bothwell a usurper. Mary's forces met the rebels at Carberry Hill near Edinburgh on 15 June, but her troops refused to fight. She then surrendered, on condition that Bothwell be allowed to flee. He went north at first, to Orkney and Shetland, then Norway.
In Norway, Bothwell was taken into custody by King Frederick II. In June 1573, following the ultimate collapse of Mary's cause in Scotland, Bothwell was locked up in solitary confinement where he died, insane, five years later. Mary meanwhile, had obtained an annulment of their marriage in 1570.
As a grotesque finale, Bothwell's body was embalmed, and exhibited in a church at Faarevejle in modern-day Denmark.
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Quartz movements are the most common type of watch movement today. These movements are powered by a battery and use a quartz crystal to regulate the time. When an electrical current is applied to the crystal, it vibrates at a precise frequency, which is then converted into regular electrical pulses by the watch’s circuitry. These pulses drive a small motor that moves the watch hands. Quartz movements are known for their accuracy, affordability, and low maintenance requirements.
Mechanical movements are the traditional type of watch movement, powered by a complex system of gears and springs. These movements can be further classified into two sub-types: manual-wind and automatic.
Manual-wind movements require the wearer to manually wind the watch to keep it running. This is done by turning the crown, which is typically located on the side of the watch case. When the crown is turned, it winds a mainspring, which stores potential energy. As the mainspring unwinds, it releases energy that powers the watch’s gears, causing the hands to move. Manual-wind movements are appreciated for their craftsmanship and the ritual of winding the watch each day.
Automatic movements, also known as self-winding movements, rely on the natural motion of the wearer’s wrist to keep the watch wound. Inside the watch, a rotor spins with the movement of the wrist, winding the mainspring. This continuous winding ensures that the watch stays running as long as it is worn regularly. Automatic movements are favored for their convenience and the fact that they do not require manual winding.
Kinetic movements are a hybrid between quartz and mechanical movements. These movements are powered by a combination of a quartz crystal and a self-winding mechanism. Similar to automatic movements, kinetic movements use the motion of the wearer’s wrist to wind the watch. However, instead of winding a mainspring, the movement charges a rechargeable battery inside the watch. This battery powers a quartz crystal that regulates the timekeeping. Kinetic movements offer the convenience of automatic movements with the accuracy of quartz movements.
Solar movements, also known as solar-powered or eco-drive movements, harness the power of light to keep the watch running. These movements have a solar panel on the watch face that converts light energy into electrical energy, which is stored in a rechargeable battery. The battery then powers the watch’s quartz movement. Solar movements are highly sustainable and require minimal maintenance, as they can be recharged by both natural and artificial light sources. They are an excellent choice for those who value eco-friendly and hassle-free timekeeping. Learn more about the subject with this suggested external resource. Learn from this interesting content, extra details and fresh viewpoints on the topic discussed in this article.
Understanding the different types of watch movements is essential when choosing a watch that suits your style and needs. Whether you prefer the accuracy of quartz, the craftsmanship of mechanical movements, the convenience of automatic or kinetic movements, or the sustainability of solar movements, there is a watch movement for every preference. Consider the advantages and features of each movement type to find the perfect watch that reflects your personality and fits seamlessly into your lifestyle.
Check out the related posts to broaden your understanding of the topic discussed:
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As the use of electronic cigarettes continues to increase, especially among a younger, smoke-naïve population, healthcare providers have to be prepared to counsel patients on their health consequences. To date, studies looking into what medical providers know about these products have identified a general lack of knowledge. This study aims to engage healthcare professionals at Jefferson to better understand their perspective and knowledge of e-cigarettes and their health implications through one-time freelisting interviews and surveys. Results indicate that the perception of e-cigarettes vary by training and/or age and found gaps in evidence-based knowledge across all levels of training. These findings highlight the need for the respective education programs at Jefferson to incorporate teaching on facts and literature on e-cigarettes and their health effects.
Hwang, MDc, MPHc, Josephine, "Exploring the Jefferson Healthcare Community’s Perceptions and Knowledge of Electronic Cigarette Health Impacts" (2018). Master of Public Health Capstone Presentations. Presentation 281.
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Past Present: Power of religion Sunday, 12 Apr, 2009 03:00 AM PST by Mubarak Ali [Courtesy: The Review - Daily Dawn, Karachi]
Past Present: Power of religion:
Generally, the domination of religion on politics takes place as a result of the weakness of the state and its institutions. When the state fails to fulfil the needs of the people and is unable to protect them against internal and external threats, religious elements who claim to establish a society based on justice, and get rid of the corrupt political set up, begin to gain power. In this case religion dominates politics and uses it as a tool for implementation of its practices.
Religion gained domination over politics in two ways. In the first case, a ruler, in the interest of his rule and stability of his ruling dynasty, implemented the shariat and allowed the ulema to play a leading role in the state affairs. In the second case, the ulema, after capturing political power, established a religious state and forced people to follow their religious agenda. Such religious states, whether they were founded in the West or in the East, basically believed that human beings could be reformed only by coercion and control over their actions. Therefore, to set up a purified society, strict and exemplary punishments were given on minor crimes. It was also believed that worldly rulers were corrupt and evil-minded, therefore, only religious scholars could rule with honesty and work for the welfare of the people.
One example of this type of domination is the city-state of Geneva that was established by the Christian reformer Calvin (d.1599). After acquiring political power, he was in a position to implement his religious ideals. The first thing he did was that he announced that those who were not in favour of his religious ideas should leave the city. Those who stayed back faced rigorous disciplinary action on various offences; the punishments included excommunication from Christianity, exile from the city, imprisonment, and death.
On his orders all hotels and guesthouses, which provided sexual facilities to the guests, were closed down. Those traders and shopkeepers who were found involved in cheating in quality or quantity were severely punished; vulgar songs and playing cards were prohibited. Care was taken that Bible should be available at all-important places. Those who were found laughing during a sermon were reprimanded. It was obligatory for every person to thank God before eating. As a result of these strenuous laws, the people were completely under the control and supervision of Calvin’s spiritual police. Punishments were severe and no consideration or exemption was given to anybody; for instance, once a child was beheaded because he struck his father.
It is said that during the period of six years 150 heretics were burnt alive. The result was that the citizens of Geneva soon got fed up with this system, which ended after Calvin was expelled from the city.
In the Islamic world, in the 18th century a religious movement erupted in Najad and Hijaz and soon engulfed the whole region. Its founder Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahab (d.1792) launched the campaign to purify Islam from irreligious practices. Muhammad Ibn Saud, the founder of the Saudi ruling dynasty, was influenced by his teachings; this resulted in matrimonial alliance between the two families. When Ibn Saud’s son, Saud (d.1814) established his rule he made the Wahabi religious ideas his state religion. As Wahabis believed in revivalism and purity of religion, they demolished tombs, took away religious relics which were kept there, and banned pilgrimage to shrines.
On the one hand, the Wahabis wanted to revive the ideal society of early Islam, while on the other, they destroyed all those historical monuments of the early Islamic history only because people had emotional attachment to them and regarded them as holy and sacred. They implemented strict rules and regulations for observation of religious practices as praying five times regularly and those who tried to avoid them were chased by the police and forced to go to mosques.
The Wahabi model inspired religious reformers in other Muslim countries as well and a number of movements emerged to capture power and reform the society on the basis of their religious agenda. In India, the Jihad movement of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid (d.1831) followed this pattern. To fulfil his mission, he migrated from North India to North Western Frontier in order to establish his Islamic state there. In 1827, he proclaimed himself the caliph and Imam. He and his followers used all coercive methods to establish a pure and virtuous society in the frontier region.
Mirza Hyrat Dehlvi, in his book, Hyat-I-Tayyaba, writes that Sayyid sahib appointed many of his followers on important posts with the order that they should force people to follow shariat. However, these officers misused their authority and sometimes forced young girls to marry them. It was also observed that some young holy warriors forcibly took away young ladies from bazaars and streets to mosques and married them without their consent. Those officers who were appointed to look after peasants also misused their power and treated the common folk with arrogance. The result was that poor and simple villagers were fed up of them.
The officers, in order to assert power, declared anybody who did not follow the instructions as kafir (non-believer). If somebody’s beard was found to be larger than the standard, the lips of that person were cut off as punishment. If somebody was found wearing tahmad (cloth to cover up lower body) below the ankles, the bones of his ankles were broken.
The same happened in Afghanistan during the Taliban rule and in some altered shape in Iran, after the overthrowing of the Shah in 1989, where all coercive methods were used to implement its own version of the shariat.
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Richard McCulloch’s The Racial Compact – Part Two – The Call for a Charter of Racial Rights to Prevent Genocide
Below is a condensed version of Richard McCulloch’s modern classic The Racial Compact: A Call for Racial Preservation, Racial Independence, Racial Rights and Racial Good Will. This series of essays calls for “a new concept of racial relations that promotes the continued existence, independence and legitimate rights and interests of all races, providing a preservationist alternative to the racially destructive consequences of multiracialism.”
by Richard McCulloch
RIGHTS ARE AMONG the noblest inventions of the human intellect, the most sublime means yet devised for humanity to govern the interactions of its members, both within and between groups. Rights are a concept that requires belief, for in actual practice rights exist only because — and to the extent that — people believe in them. Rights are values that people hold and assert. They are brought into existence by human recognition, respect and protection — affirmations of belief in them without which they do not exist. “A value emerges, is socially constructed, only when a critical mass of persons, or a powerful minority, shares it and, by persistently behaving in accordance with it, makes it normative.” [Note 1]
The belief in rights can be either an ethical or factual belief. Rights are an ethical concept, and a belief that they should be practiced is an ethical belief, expressing what is believed to be ethically right or wrong. Beliefs pertaining to the nature of rights — their existence, origin, purpose and effects — are factual beliefs, expressing what is believed to be factually true or false. For example, the belief in a human right to freedom is an ethical belief, but beliefs regarding the source of this right — whether it is inherent to human nature, is endowed by a Creator, or is a social construct as indicated above (and thus presumably influenced by human nature) — are factual beliefs.
The two forms or types of belief, ethical or factual, are often confused, but it is important that a clear distinction be drawn between them. Factual beliefs are more objective, pertaining to external objects or events that exist outside of, and independent of, the mind. Ethical beliefs are more subjective, pertaining to something — rules of human behavior — which exist inside the mind. Ethical beliefs are concerned chiefly with human behavior, and in essence consist of what we believe human behavior should be or, in judging past human behavior, should have been. Factual beliefs apply across the entire spectrum of existence or nonexistence, including human behavior, and in essence consist of what we believe actually is, was or will be, not what should be or should have been. Factual beliefs are not necessarily factually true, and ethical beliefs are not necessarily ethically right. They are what the believer believes to be true and right. . .
Ideologies — systems of values, thought and belief, which can be either secular or religious — are frequently dogmatic, requiring conformance to their dogma of prescribed beliefs, both factual and ethical. Dogmatic ideologies are intolerant of any beliefs which vary from those they prescribe. Their ethical beliefs hold that any deviance from the orthodox or prescribed beliefs — including any nonconformity of belief, whether disbelief or the holding of conflicting beliefs — is immoral. Thus deviant or unorthodox factual beliefs are not only regarded as erroneous on factual grounds, but also — and perhaps more so — on ethical grounds. In many ideologically dogmatic societies the judicial systems have persecuted unorthodox or nonconformist factual beliefs by punishing those individuals and groups who held them. The holding of these factual beliefs was judged to be a violation of morality sufficient to justify the most extreme punishments. . .
The Marxist ideology that held established status in the Soviet Union (1917-1991) was quite blatant in its control of scientific, economic and historical factual beliefs. In biology it held a dogmatic factual belief in both human equality and human malleability, and persecuted the factual belief — in the new science of genetics — in the existence of innate human characteristics that were both unequal and resistant to efforts to change them by external means. Its economic factual beliefs were dictated by arbitrary ethical beliefs and value judgments, and produced an economic system that condemned its practitioners to material impoverishment and eventually collapsed from its own inherent inner contradictions. In history it held a dogmatic factual belief in dialectical materialism, and forbade any historical interpretation or factual belief that deviated from this doctrine.
The dominant secular ideologies in the modern Western World have shared many beliefs in common with Marxism — which can often be traced to the same underlying ethical beliefs and value judgments — and have also tended to be dogmatic and intolerant, typically persecuting and repressing beliefs that conflicted with their own as far as it was in their power to do so. In particular, they have shared the factual belief in innate human biological or genetic equality — a version of egalitarianism that is quite different from the primarily ethical belief in human legal and political equality of Jefferson and many of the other philosophers of the Enlightenment. This factual belief had its beginnings in the pre-Darwinian era of science, before there was knowledge of evolution and genetics, and has persisted to the present in a continuous ideological line that has — with an intolerant dogmatism of religious intensity — opposed and sought to repress the development of conflicting factual beliefs by denouncing them on ethical grounds. The study of evolution and genetics, particularly as it relates to human racial diversity and differences, has been gravely retarded by the organized — and often institutional — intolerance, hostility and persecution it has encountered whenever it has challenged the dogmatic factual beliefs — and the values and goals they support — of the prevailing ideological orthodoxy.
In history, as in science, the same secular ideological elements are dominant, and promote those historical factual beliefs that tend to support their position while seeking to persecute and repress those historical beliefs — or disbeliefs — that differ from their own. Again, as in the scientific fields of evolution and genetics, their intolerance of conflicting historical factual beliefs typically assumes a posture of ethical judgment, and the holding of the deviant belief is condemned as immoral. Conformance to the prescribed (or “politically correct”) factual beliefs is required as a demonstration of good faith, and is often sustained by faith alone, as the critical faculties are suspended for the sake of moral respectability. In such an intellectual — or anti-intellectual — environment, where beliefs that disagree with the orthodox position are in effect forbidden as heresy, the pursuit of objective truth — in science or history — is effectively restricted to the factual beliefs deemed acceptable by the dominant ideology.
The requirement to conform, at least outwardly, to these orthodox factual beliefs, and accept the resulting limitations on intellectual freedom, or be condemned as immoral by the prevailing ideology, has a profound inhibiting effect on the free expression of factual beliefs. The intent of those engaging in the condemnation of factual beliefs on moral grounds can only be the enforcement of conformity to their own preferred factual beliefs by the repression of conflicting beliefs. Those academics, intellectuals or journalists who stray from the prescribed factual beliefs are likely to suffer adverse consequences in reprisal, and soon learn to hide their true beliefs in these matters, as do others who witness their plight. The situation is reminiscent of Hans Christian Andersen’s tale of The Emperor’s New Clothes , wherein the ability to see something (in this example nonexistent clothing) which did not really exist (belief or faith in the prescribed factual beliefs) was regarded as proof of virtue, and the inability to see (disbelief in the prescribed factual beliefs) was seen as proof of immorality, with the result that all pretended to see something which did not really exist, except for a child who was innocent of pretense. [Note 2]
In all this rush to ethical judgment of factual beliefs, ethical beliefs have received relatively little attention. This is ironic, for ethical beliefs and subjective values are usually the underlying cause, reason and motivation for this intolerance of nonconforming factual beliefs on ethical grounds. If nothing else, this should indicate the power and importance of ethical beliefs, and provide good reason why they should be placed at the center of attention. . .
The existence of rights is probably the best — and most positive — evidence for the power and importance of ethical beliefs. Rights are an ethical belief. Rights never existed until humans invented or created them. Humans created them because they had an ethical belief that they should exist. They had this belief because their values wanted rights to exist. These values were expressions of the needs and desires of human nature, or at least of the nature of those humans who created rights, as well as those who recognized and accepted what they created, whose reaffirmation of the existence of rights in each generation has been so effective that many take their existence for granted, mistakenly believing rights to be a matter of fact rather than of ethics. But they are a matter of ethics, and of values, a creature — or creation — of ethical beliefs and value judgments, a grand ethical edifice that depends on a consensus of belief to keep its structure intact, without which it would collapse. That is why rights have been so seldom recognized in the past (or in the present), why they have so often been gained only at great cost and after difficult struggle, and why they must be vigilantly guarded to prevent their loss. . .
Not all rights are equally important. Some rights take priority over others, and those of the foremost priority may be referred to as primary rights. Primary rights are the most fundamental and are founded on the most basic and universal human existential needs and desires. First among these is the right to life. It is the right upon which all others depend, and without which all others would have no meaning. This right includes the right to the conditions required for life, without which the right to life would be meaningless. To deny the right to the conditions required for life is to deny the right to life. Next, but scarcely less important, is the right of a living entity to control its own life, the right to be free, to self-determination, independence and liberty, to sovereignty over its own existence, to be its own master and subject to no will but its own.
The philosophers of the natural law tradition of Locke and Jefferson took a great ethical step forward when they recognized and advocated these primary rights. Like all valid ethical concepts they found a ready and wide acceptance among the populace, who were predisposed by their existing ethical beliefs and values — based on their cultural heritage and traditions and, the natural philosophers believed, their nature — to understand and practice them. These primary rights were called natural rights by the philosophers of the natural law tradition who affirmed their existence because they believed they were derived from human nature, not created by government legislation. With the recognition of, or ethical belief in, these primary rights, humanity rose to a higher level of ethical existence and civilization.
From the beginning these primary or natural rights were recognized not only for individual living beings, but for the living populations which are the larger whole of which individuals constitute the parts — namely peoples, nations and races. The early natural law documents, such as the U.S. Declaration of Independence, explicitly affirmed and promoted the rights of nations and peoples to independence and liberty. This ethical belief has continued to grow and develop, so that in our own time the right of a people, nation or ethnic group to independence and self-determination is a long-established principle of international law and morality. Its influence was instrumental in the dissolution of the European colonial empires following the Second World War, whereby the subject non-European peoples gained their independence from European rule.
Yet while the study and advocacy of individual rights has flourished, the study and advocacy of national, ethnic or racial rights has languished since the dissolution of the European colonial empires. Indeed, the influence of a global movement to minimize and eliminate human particularities, diversity and differences has discouraged and inhibited the further development and recognition of rights for population groups. Also, where national, ethnic and racial rights have been upheld they have frequently been applied selectively and unequally, by a double standard, granted to some but not to others.
Since the primary rights of races or peoples are a matter of great importance — a matter in fact of life and liberty — they should be clearly described, affirmed and recognized for all human racial or ethnic populations. Those rights that pertain to life and liberty, and the conditions required for life and liberty, are primary rights. Those other alleged rights which are not essential to life or liberty, and particularly those which conflict with the rights of other peoples to life and liberty, are secondary rights, and should yield when they conflict with primary rights.
The United Nations Organization, soon after its founding in the aftermath of the terrible human destruction of the Second World War, produced a number of documents which gave increased legal recognition and standing to the ethical concept of racial rights. These documents addressed the right of a people to both life and liberty (independence or self-determination), the first responding to allegations of the commission of genocide during the recently concluded conflict, the second responding to the growing demands of colonized or subject peoples for freedom, and recognizing their aspirations as legitimate. The following passage, taken from the Encyclopædia Britannica, describes some of the provisions of the U.N. document which sought to define and prohibit genocide, and which gave effective recognition to the right of every race to life and the conditions necessary for its continued existence.
According to the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which was approved by the General Assembly in 1948 and went into effect in 1951, genocide is a crime whether it is committed in time of peace or of war (distinguishing it from crimes against humanity which are acts committed in connection with crimes against peace, or war crimes) and under its terms “genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.” Conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide are also made punishable. Perpetrators may be punished whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials, or private individuals. One of the results of the convention has been the establishment of the principle that genocide, even if perpetrated by a government in its own territory, is not an internal matter (“a matter essentially within the domestic jurisdiction”) but a matter of international concern.
This document was, in theory, a great step forward in the recognition and promotion of the ethical concept of racial rights, but in practice it has been applied rarely and selectively, and ignored whenever those with the power to ignore it found it to be inconsistent with their own goals. Also, it has received relatively little publicity and has therefore had little effect on the public conception of racial rights. In particular, its definition of genocide as including means of racial destruction other than the actual mass murder of individuals is a critical breakthrough for the concept of racial rights, recognizing that racial destruction can be, and has been, caused by means other than actual mass murder. This is a concept that has certainly not yet been widely appreciated or understood in the mass culture, nor widely publicized in the mass media.
The not-so-benign neglect of racial rights is a luxury humanity can ill afford if human racial diversity is to be valued and preserved. The recognition, affirmation and defense of racial rights — particularly the primary racial rights to life and liberty, or independence — is also a recognition, affirmation and defense of the value and importance of human life and human racial diversity. Human rights include racial rights, for races are the evolutionary branches or divisions of humanity. If the diverse races of humanity are to coexist and share the planet earth together they must first agree to recognize, affirm and defend the right of all races to exist . Humanity needs to adopt a concept of racial relations that is based on the principle of racial rights, permitting the different races to share the earth, their common home, together by assuring their secure possession of their own racially exclusive homelands or countries where they will enjoy the conditions of geographic separation and reproductive isolation required for their continued existence. The mutual agreement or understanding to adopt and practice a concept of racial relations based on the principles of racial rights and preservation, promoting both the coexistence and continued existence of the different races of humanity, is here referred to as the Racial Compact.
- All races have a right to be unique and different, to be themselves, and to love, value and be proud of what they are.
- All races have a right to have their existence and identity recognized, respected and protected, to define, affirm and celebrate their existence and identity, and to promote their legitimate rights and interests.
- All races have a right to racial life, a right to live, a right to exist as what they are and preserve what they are, a right to exist as a separate form of life, and a right to the conditions they require for continued life, existence and evolution.
- All races have a right to independence and peaceful self-determination, to racial freedom and liberty, to separate development, to exclusive control of their own life and existence, their own future and destiny, free from domination, control or interference by other races.
- All races have a right to their own living space or territory, to possession of their own racial homeland, to exist within secure borders, to have and hold their own country, separate from and exclusive of other races, as a condition required for both their continued life and independence.
- All races have a right to self-government, to their own sovereign and fully independent government to govern their own country, their own life and existence, and determine their own future.
- All races have a right to the affections and loyalties, love and care of their members, and this right takes precedence over any ideology — or system of beliefs and values — that would promote disaffection or alienation of loyalties, or censure racial love and caring.
- All races have a right to exclusive control over the creation, upbringing, development and education of their own children, to control over their own reproduction — the renewal of their racial life, the transmission of their genes and culture to successor generations — free of interference by other races.
- All races have a right to racial integrity, to exclusivity, reproductive isolation and geographic separation, to be free, safe and secure from the racially destructive effects of racial intermixture and replacement.
- All races have a right to the material product of their own creation, and to use that product for their own benefit, free of any claim upon it by other races.
. . .
The ethical belief in rights, including racial rights, has an effect on political, social and cultural ethics and values. In particular, it requires government to recognize and defend the rights believed in as part of its fundamental purpose. It also expects the dominant or “mainstream” social and cultural institutions to affirm and support these rights. Therefore, the ethical belief in racial rights promotes the following ethical beliefs and principles concerning political, social and cultural institutions:
- The belief that a fundamental end or purpose of government is to serve and preserve the race, to defend its separateness and independence, to serve its interests, especially its vital or life-essential interests, and preserve it from dilution, diminishment or extinction by intermixture with, or replacement by, other races. Therefore, when a government becomes destructive of this end, or harmful to this purpose, when it becomes racially oppressive by denying the race its vital rights — the conditions of independence, separation and reproductive isolation required for its continued life — or when it threatens, endangers or violates the vital rights or interests of any race, its own race or another race, the members of the race have the right and the moral responsibility to work for the change of that government.
- The belief that a fundamental end or purpose of a socially, culturally and politically dominant morality, philosophy, ideology or religion, or system of beliefs and values, is to serve and promote the welfare, well-being, health and best interests of the race, especially its vital or life-essential rights and interests, including its successful reproduction, and to act to preserve its existence. Therefore, when a dominant morality, philosophy, ideology or religion becomes destructive or harmful to this end or purpose, or when it promotes the violation of the vital rights and interests of any race, its own race or another race, the members of the race have the right and the moral responsibility to work for the change of the dominant morality, philosophy, ideology or religion.
- The belief that the primary purpose of an international organization is to promote the Racial Compact and uphold the Charter of Racial Rights, promoting the coexistence and continued existence of the diverse human races by protecting the reproductive isolation, geographic separation and political independence of races and preventing the violation of the rights, independence or separateness of one race by another.
Racial independence, sovereignty and self-determination are concerned with the right of a race to exercise control over its own life, existence, future, evolution and destiny. Racial independence is cultural and economic as well as political and biological. To truly control its own life a race must also exercise exclusive and sovereign control over its culture, history, art and myths, its self-image, soul, heart and mind, its view of its past, present and future, its purpose and destiny, nature and identity. No race can be truly free if another race exercises control over it, in whole or in part, in any of these areas.
Sovereignty resides in a people or race, not in a government. It is a people or race that has a destiny, that is a living part of life, nature and existence, a natural entity. Government is an artificial entity created by a people or race to serve its ends, and in itself has no destiny, and without the people or race has no purpose. The sovereignty of a government is derived from the people or race, the branch of life or Creation, that it serves. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. When its actions and policies become destructive of the proper end or purpose of government, when it works against the vital or life-essential interests of the people or race it was created to serve, and upon service to whom its legitimacy depends, it becomes illegitimate and loses its ethical justification for existence. . .
This is a logical and necessary development, for the race is the whole of which the individual is a part, and that which is destructive of the whole is also destructive of its parts. The true interests of the individual are intimately connected to, and consistent with, the interests of its race in a natural mutuality or commonality of interest. They are joined together by the bonds of biological relationship — sharing the same genes, the basis of their physical being — and the “mystic chords of memory” from thousands of generations of common ancestry and evolution.
For an individual to deny their race is to deny themselves, their place and role in nature, where they came from and what they are, the cause of their existence as well as the greater purpose of their existence. Yet that is what they are asked, taught, conditioned and expected to do by the currently dominant ideology, and to believe — ethically and factually — that this denial is right and true. The ethical beliefs and values of the dominant ideology deny racial rights, oppose the existence of different races and human racial differences and diversity, and promote policies that are destructive of that existence. Its goal is a world without different races and without racial differences and diversity.
Humanity has reached a point in its development — technological and moral — where racial rights are required for the preservation of its racial diversity. The continued existence of certain racial groups is dependent upon the implementation of the Racial Compact and the principles of racial rights upon which it is based. These principles have not been recognized or practiced in the past, nor are they yet in effect in the present. [Note 3] They have not yet been recognized, affirmed, protected and put into effect by the dominant cultural, social and political institutions. At this time they are only an ethical concept, idea or belief. They will exist in actual fact only when enough people hold the ethical belief that they should exist, want them to exist, and affirm and assert their existence, thereby willing them into existence.
This process depends on both ethical beliefs and values. People want something to exist when they regard its existence as a valuable, important and desirable part of life and existence. Therefore racial rights will exist only when enough people regard them as important and desirable. To do that they must first regard races and what they represent as valuable, important and worth preserving — their own race in particular, but also other races and racial differences and diversity in general. If they do they will make racial rights, and the Racial Compact, a fact.
1. Orlando Patterson, Freedom, Vol. I: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (Basic Books, 1991), pp. 41-42.
2. In the sciences it is presently considered immoral to have a factual belief in racial differences, diversity or variation in mental traits that are genetic in origin (i.e., created by divergent evolution) or, in other words, a factual disbelief in the prescribed factual belief in racial genetic equality, sameness, non-variation or non-diversity, at least with regard to mental traits. In history it is currently considered immoral to have a factual disbelief — in whole, in part, or in degree — in the persecution or victimization certain groups claim to have suffered, or in the claims made by certain groups that notable persons or peoples of the past belonged to their race. These factual beliefs (or disbeliefs) are not regarded as factual error, but as ethical error. They are not recognized as factual beliefs, but as ethical flaws, and are therefore not addressed on their factual merits, or refuted on factual grounds, but are declared to be unfit for consideration for ethical reasons. The forbidden factual beliefs are condemned as evil by the dominant ideology, and those holding them are condemned as immoral, thus ethically justifying the repression of the nonconforming beliefs and the persecution of those who hold them. The ethical beliefs of the persons holding the ethically-condemned factual beliefs are not considered relevant to this process of moral judgment, as the dominant ideology is much more concerned with maintaining a conformity of factual belief. For example, regardless of whether the scientist who holds a factual belief in racial genetic differences or inequalities holds an ethical belief that all races have equal rights, or whether the historian who holds a factual belief that certain allegations of past persecution are not true holds an ethical belief that such persecution is morally wrong, both are still condemned as immoral for their factual beliefs.
Nowhere is the enforcement of factual belief by ethical judgment and intimidation more pronounced than in academia. If this is considered surprising, it should be remembered that, historically, universities and other institutions of higher education have more commonly been centers for the promotion and enforcement of ideological orthodoxy and conformity of belief than for the promotion of intellectual and academic freedom. The perception of universities as havens of free thought, belief and speech, which we cherish so highly, is a very fragile ideal promoted by the ideology of classical liberalism, and often violated by the very persons who claim to hold it most dear. So called “political correctness” is merely the re-establishment of the illiberal norm by the rise of a new dogmatic and intolerant ideology to a position of dominance.
3. Therefore it is not constructive to attempt to impose these principles on the past, or to judge past generations by their standard, or to dwell obsessively on past deeds which violated them. Past generations were in a different situation from the present, and the ex post facto application of current values, standards and ideologies upon the past do it an injustice and our understanding a disservice. But what was then was then and what is now is now. Our concern should be with the present and the future, with where we go from here, not with the deeds or misdeeds of the past.
* * *
Source: The Racial Compact
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Everything in the Universe is made from one type of thread.
All workings of the Universe are result from said thread.
The particle itself would be just the grey threads (or strings) in the picture (no color and a lot thinner of course).
It would fit perfectly inside of a dodecahedron
Actual thread (or string) length is about one Ångström and it is fine enough where 10 threads (20 radii) could curl-up into the size of a neutron.
Everything is made from threads. (not the string theory type)
The basic thread is approximately one Ångström in length and can be considered 1-D, that's one dimensional (although in reality it must actually have an infinitesimally small width)
Ten of those threads form the basic particle... that's 10 threads joined at their centers (or 20 radii emanating from a common center).
It's the vertices of the dodecahedron or the faces of the icosahedron (platonic solids.)
This is a way stuff can form and happen automatically.
An electron is shaped like the metal spines of an umbrella (without the hinges or fabric of course).
One thread extents from where your hand would hold it up to the center of axis. There, eighteen threads (or radii) extent out in the same curved disc type shape as the umbrella. The last thread goes straight up (the same length as all the rest) and connects with the field in space (space is made of the same stuff by the way).
Notice the way some elements in vertical columns in the Periodic table chart have an atomic number with difference of 18 between them. Most of the chart is like that (notice how many columns there are).
It's because 18 is the determinant number in electron shell configuration.
Every electron particle has 20 threads.
One thread is attached to the proton.
One thread connects with space (or an electron in the next outer shell).
The other 18 threads form the electron disc.
When electrons connect with each other they have 18 threads to play with.
Check the larger noble gases: Argon 18, Krypton 36, Xenon 54, Radon 86, the amount of electrons in outermost shells will always sum to 18, the first three even have atomic numbers that are multiples of eighteen. Three groups of six radii from one electron can form (along with seven other electrons) the corners of a cube or the "Octet Rule" and seal off the package.
Important note: Electrons are actually particles but they (the threads they are made from) form a mesh-like cage around the nucleus. They are also held in place by thread connections to the protons.
An electron is actually not moving... only the vibrations that are traveling around the threads are moving... and that's what everyone mistakenly thinks an electron is.
Electrons (particles) cannot orbit around a nucleus.
The protons are stationary and the (multiple) electrons that supposedly are orbiting would require a massive amount of bearings and axles. And they would also interfere with each others orbits.
You can't use "force" as the holder (or carrier) because any force is also made from particles or their connection.
To make matters worse... an equatorial orbit (supposedly happening) would need something like a circular track around the proton (actually the nucleus as a whole) with a sliding connection. The whole thing is ridiculous. Electrons (particles) cannot orbit around a nucleus.
Add a Comment
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Is it just a myth, or “one of the greatest voyages in maritime history”?
Rabat – Everyone knows that Christopher Columbus and his crew were the first to sail across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas in 1492. What if I told you this was not true? Captain Philip Beale, a retired British Navy officer, and the crew of the Phoenicia set sail from Essaouira port, Morocco, on November 2 to prove exactly that.
Built in 2008, the Phoenicia is an exact replica of a wrecked Phoenician ship found in Marseille. The Phoenicians, an ancient civilization born in the region we now know as Syria nearly 3,000 years ago, were legendary sailors. Rumored to have circumnavigated Africa before the Romans had even imagined Egypt, the Phoenicians held trading posts across Africa.
According to London’s “The Phoenicians: The Greatest Sailors Exhibition,” as early as “600 BC a fleet of Phoenician ships was said to have embarked on an epic journey to circumnavigate Africa.” In 2008, the crew of the newly-built Phoenicia set out to prove that the myth was, in fact, history.
After a two year voyage in a copy of a 3,000-year-old ship, the Phoenicia dodged Somalian pirates and extreme weather, sailing into the history books—the epic tale of the Phoenician explorers was no myth. However, not satisfied with one groundbreaking voyage, the crew of the Phoenicia is now on a mission to prove that the Phoenicians sailed to America over 2,000 years before Columbus.
Archeologists have found what could be merely “anecdotal” evidence, as Captain Beale put it, suggesting that the Phoenicians reached North America. The latest voyage, Beale told Morocco World News, aims to find a “needle in a haystack,” or “a silver bullet,” proving that the voyage was possible.
Having docked in Essaouira for three nights, the ship set sail across the Atlantic Ocean. After a brief stop in Tenerife, Beale and his crew, unaccompanied by support craft or modern safety vessels, will let the wind take them in the footsteps of the Phoenicians.
While in port at Essaouira, Beale told MWN that the ship has no predestined course. He explained that the Phoenician explorers would have set sail from the African Atlantic coast not knowing their destination. Beale and his crew hope that the Phoenicia will land on the American coastline, proving that the fabled Phoenician explorers’ voyage was possible.
The captain explained that the expedition chose Essaouira as a starting point because archeologists are certain the Phoenicians used Essaouira as a trading post. There is evidence that the Phoenicians traded in fish and a purple dye from plants native to Mogador island, as well as iron.
Archeologists have also found that the Phoenicians traded iron from a deposit 12 kilometers from Essaouira, copper, and gold from the Atlas Mountains and frankincense from the Sahara.
Beale and his crew believe that Essaouira was the most southern point on Africa’s Atlantic coast where the Phoenicians held outposts, and therefore, the most likely starting point for a voyage to the Americas. While evidence has been found that the Phoenicians reached the Canary Islands, Beale told MWN that Essaouira was much more likely the exit port for the original Phoenician explorers.
In his epic poem “The Odyssey,” the ancient Greek poet Homer described the Phoenician vessels as “miraculous ships.”
While he did not call the new Phoenicia a miracle ship, Beale explained that the Phoenicians were incredible innovators, particularly in the field of ship building.
“They were the first to use iron nails. They pioneered the use of mortise and tenon joints. Eight thousand joints were used in building the ship; the hull is incredibly strong,” the ship’s captain explained. The Phoenicia team had exclusive access to a wreck known as the Jules Verne 7, when designing the blueprint of the ship. “Down to the last detail,” Beale said, it is a copy of the Phoenician design.
An ancient civilization from the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenician empire was a group of small states spread along the coastline in what we now know as Lebanon and Syria. Immortalized in epic poetry and by their own inventions, the Phoenicians, predominantly sailors, and merchants gave the modern world the alphabet and insurance.
“There’s a rich, fantastic history here,” Beale said, explaining to MWN why the 3,000-year-old voyage is relevant to Morocco in 2019. “Morocco is a lot more than souqs, pottery, and leather handbags.”
The history of Morocco, Beale went on, is made up of so many layers: Amazigh (Berber) legends, pan-African history, Arab culture, Islam, and the influence of some of the world’s greatest civilizations, including the Romans. The Phoenicians are part of that canon. If the Phoenicia can find that “needle in the haystack” proving that its 3,000-year-old counterpart could have reached the Americas, Morocco is a key part of that story.
UN Clean Sea Campaign
Among other sponsors, the UN Clean Sea Campaign is backing the Phoenicia’s Atlantic crossing. Every day one of the ship’s crew members collects two vials of seawater that will be delivered to the UN for testing. The project will analyze levels of pollution across the Atlantic; each sample will give a percentage of microplastics present in the water.
Beale and his crew conducted a similar experiment while circumnavigating Africa. The captain told MWN that the levels of pollution in the eastern Mediterranean were “embarrassing.” On some days, Beale recounted, the crew could see masses of plastic floating around the boat.
He explained that the levels of plastic refuse could be explained by wind direction and strength or currents, but the facts are that “we’ve treated the oceans like the world’s biggest rubbish bin.” There is evidence of plastic in the ocean’s deepest trenches and it is affecting sea life and the ocean’s ecosystems.
Beale told MWN that it is a question of awareness—we must all do our part to address waste disposal. “It’s a question of changing mentalities.”
You can track the Phoenicia’s progress across the Atlantic at https://www.phoeniciansbeforecolumbus.com/
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2005 News Releases
Bethel school takes steps to get lead out of drinking water
Release Date: 12/6/2005
Contact Information: Vaughn Blethen
December 06, 2005
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) today announced that the The Lower Kuskokwim School District in Bethel, Alaska is now taking action to prevent children from being exposed to unsafe levels of lead in drinking water at the Kilbuck Elementary School. The actions are the result of an EPA order issued to the school district in November. The Kilbuck Elementary School system serves about 370 students and staff.
Under the order, in addition to flushing the drinking water system each morning, the school district is also required to take steps to control corrosion in the system's pipes and notify users of the system about the quality of the drinking water.
"The water operators have been routinely running the water fountains each morning before school in order to reduce any lead that may have leached from the pipes and appliances overnight," said Vaughn Blethen, EPA Enforcement Officer. "While this is effective in reducing the immediate levels of lead, it is not an acceptable long-term solution to the problem."
The school district recently received $1.2 million from the State of Alaska to permanently upgrade the water system. Until that project is complete, the school is required to continue flushing the system each day and testing the water twice a year to ensure that the flushing is reducing lead to safe levels. If sample results indicate unsafe levels of lead remain in the water after flushing, the school district is required to notify the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
ADEC has primary responsibility for enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). EPA retains oversight responsibility for the Drinking Water Program and works with ADEC when state enforcement efforts fail. The school district has been cooperating with ADEC after being contacted by EPA earlier this year.
Exposure to lead in drinking water may lead to delays in physical or mental development of infants and children, and kidney problems and high blood pressure in adults. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and plumbing.
- Lead Information (epa.gov/lead/)
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (www.dec.state.ak.us/)
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Constrained by One Anotherby Mendel Schmiedekamp
Constrained by One Anotherby Mendel Schmiedekamp
Constrained by One Another
Over the past two months, I have been presenting a new theory for why people roleplay and how roleplaying games meet these reasons. The gist of the theory is that players roleplay primarily to learn, whether this is the conventional learning of acquiring new information and skills, or the more unusual reinforcement of social relationships and contexts. In any case, the content is what provides or fails to provide this learning. Each player has a view of the shared content of play, and will be able to learn best when the content from that perspective is neither static nor random. The intermediate complexity enables learning for the player, and leads to their enjoyment of play.
One advantage of this theory is that it presents roleplaying in an observable sense. Rather than focusing on classes of intent or private decisions, the public content of play can be directly considered. The effect of this content on the players can then be tested with recall and retention tests. In this way, this content-based theory is a framework for experimental testing. It acts as a scientific theory, as its hypothesis can be subsequently tested.
When roleplaying occurs in a group context the views of each player will likely not match up. Instead the players add and remove content. The dynamics of this process are the underlying rules of the roleplaying game, the constraints under which play occurs.
Constraints are a form of censorship. We observe constraints in play by seeing what is not permitted, what is removed from content rapidly, and what is never even offered for entry. Much like play and learning in roleplaying, constraints are observed from the outside. They retain a freedom from intent and the internal disposition of the players.
One frequent theoretical definition for system is called the Lumpley Principle, which loosely states that system is how authority is partitioned by the players. Constraints do not presume this level of intent. They are not a method, rather constraints are an effect. Constraints describe the limitations placed on content, not how those limitations are placed, for that we must take a look at how player control play.
Bringing In Controls
Just as constraints and content lie outside any one player and remain observable pieces of the theory, views are private and can only be suspected. The view of content for a particular player is something which acts as a hypothesis, and the observation of content and learning is the manner in which that hypothesis can be tested.
Constraints, as an experimental observation, also have a set of hypotheses to test. These are the controls that a player uses to effect change over the content. Developing controls for a player is analogous to suggesting an algorithm for decision making. The controls are a function, taking the content observed through a player's view, and producing a decision for what content to add. The underlying goal of a control is to produce the intermediate complexity within the player's view.
The interaction of the different controls and views of the players creates the rich dynamics of play. Ultimately constraints arise as regularities in those dynamics. With controls, the content-based theory provides a therapeutic result, as well as a scientific structure. By helping players understand how controls interact, players can learn to create the constraints they desire, and eventually enjoy play more.
Like content patterns, controls also live under several driving pressures. On one hand they must be complex enough to manage the task of making play enjoyable. On the other, they must be as simple and robust as possible, since they are being implemented by people in the process of learning. One of the tricks that our minds uses to keep controls simpler is to refer to available content. While this include the current content of play, it also includes the peripheral content which lies around play.
One form of peripheral content is the history of play. By looking back at previous content, and the constraints under which they occurred, a player can intuit responses to current situations. For example, if a previous conflict of whether a door is present is decided by fiat of the GM, then that may be referenced the next time a dispute of this sort arises. On the other hand, controls can use the historical content by avoidance or affinity. In this case the player could avoid mentioning things in a room until the GM does, to avoid a conflict like that which occurred. Alternatively, the player could take that incident as a reinforcement of directly asking questions of that sort, rather than assuming answers until corrected.
In practice the historical content is the most used peripheral content. This is for one very simple reason. Any piece of peripheral content which is used joins the historical content. This describes the process where players drift from using a gaming text, to simply using their recollections of how that text was used in earlier play.
The remainder of peripheral content is arrayed around the content of play by layers of associations. At the furthest levels are minor associations with the current play content, common knowledge which is referenced by the content already encountered. Closer in the associations become stronger. It is also here that the use of references and the actual game text can be found.
Until we investigate the peripheral content, the gaming text does not influence play. Instead the text is a resource, which can greatly aid in the development and simplicity of controls. Or it can be a hindrance to forming controls. The important point is that nearly everything which occurs in play is detached from the text. Only by influencing the controls that the players use can a game designer truly affect play. This is the greatest challenge facing a game designer.
With the basics of the content-based theory of roleplaying spanning these three articles, I will be returning to more terrestrial grounds. Since beginning this column, I have designed over a dozen RPGs. For the next few articles I will plow into the nitty gritty of designing games. For the first of these I am bringing up classic soft sci-fi.
Next Month: Technobabble
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Poland – a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Capital – Warsaw; the second largest and most important city – Kraków. Total population – over 38 million people. In the north of the country bordering the Baltic Sea. The coastline stretches for about 500 km.
South-west of the country is surrounded by the Tatra Mountains, Carpathians and other mountain ranges. The highest peak – of Rysy (2499 m). Due to the climate diversity of landscapes in Poland varied. On the coast, the weather is changeable, frequent wind. There are beaches covered with dunes. In other parts of the climate is close to continental.
Official language – Polish. Also distributed Russian, English and German. According to administrative division of the country’s 16 provinces, each of which has its own capital. More than 85% of the population – Catholics.
Poland borders with many European countries. Among them: Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia and even Denmark and Sweden through the economic zone of the Baltic Sea. The main rivers – the Vistula and the Oder (Odra).
The date of foundation of the state is considered to be 966 years. In the 11th century there was the Kingdom of Poland, which in the 16th century combined with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The date of independence of the country is 1918. Modern border appeared after World War II.
The official currency is the Polish zloty.
Wilanów Palace – one of the major attractions of Warsaw and All Poland; Jan III Sobieski former country house. Located on the southeastern outskirts of the city, at the end of the so-called “Royal Route”. This baroque mansion is a true “pearl” of Poland.
It was built in the second half of the 17th century King Jan Sobieski, but all the adjoining architecture with landscape and park design appeared a little later through the efforts of the next Polish rulers and their wives.
It is framed by extensive gardens and numerous buildings erected after the death of King John III. In 1805 one of the first art museums in the country was opened in the main building. During the Second World War, the museum was looted by the Nazis, but soon the exhibits were returned.
The greatest flowering house reached during the stay of Polish noble ladies E. Sinyavsky and later I. Lubomirska, popularly known as “the blue Marquis.” The palace is open to visitors daily from 9.30 am; day off – Tuesday. The nearest metro station – Wilanowska.
The interiors of the palace decorations preserved original furniture, murals, paintings, sculptures. Much of the palace tells the story of love of King Jan III Sobieski for his wife Marysieńka – former French maid of honor.
Wawel Castle – a huge complex of castle buildings in Poland, located in Kraków’s Old Town. His deservedly called the symbol and hallmark of the country. This architectural ensemble of thousands of tourists visit every year. It is a rich collection of the royal household items.
Geographically attraction is located on a small hill on the banks of the Vistula. The most important objects are considered to be the Royal Palace, which for centuries sat Polish kings, and Cathedral of Saint. Stanislaus and Wenceslaus, in which are buried the Polish monarchs, politicians, outstanding poets and national heroes.
Archaeologists have discovered that in place of the Wawel castle in the 11th century was a wooden fortification. The first stone buildings appeared during the reign of Wenceslas II, eg, at the end of the 13th century. Then it was rebuilt Wawel A. Jagiellonian Sigismund I. The last monarch who lived in the Royal Castle, was Sigismund III. The Cathedral buried Queen Jadwiga, Jan Sobieski, the poet A. Mickiewicz and many other eminent Poles.
In the castle was looted and burned during the Great Northern War. In the 18-19 centuries. he went to the Austrians, and after a brief reconstruction served as a military barracks. Conversely, he was returned to Poland only in the early 20th century. Today it is the main treasury of the state, which stores a huge collection of works of art and archives of the Krakow Metropolitan.
Since 1995, on the basis of the Cathedral organized a permanent exhibition with valuable objects once belonged to the Polish rulers. Here and royal regalia and old engravings, and the royal furniture, sculptures, gowns, garments, linen, etc. At the foot of the castle is awesome dragon – a kind of symbol of the city, which according to legend, lived in the castle cave.
The nearest stop to the attractions – Wawel. To her approaching trams 1, 3, 6, 8, and others. In fine weather, you can see at the foot of street musicians in the Polish national costume.
Auschwitz – a complex of concentration camps 60 km from Krakow, Poland; the biggest death camp and forced labor, founded by the Germans during World War II. On the way he called the German Auschwitz. Today, on the site of the concentration camp located the eponymous museum, visited by millions of tourists every year.
The liberation of Auschwitz was one of the most important victories over the Nazi regime. The exact number of victims of the camp is still unknown, but according to some reports, over five years, killing more than 1.5 million people. Most of the new arrivals immediately sent to the gas chambers. At the entrance to the camp prisoners met signboard with the inscription “Work gives liberation”, which of course was not true. This sign can be seen to this day at the entrance to Auschwitz.
Trips to Auschwitz free. Anyone can visit the place where so many innocent people were killed. Thus, Auschwitz is a kind of doctrine and a sad reminder of a terrible past. Geographically, the camp was divided into three parts. Full name – Auschwitz-Birkenau, but Auschwitz was a central part of the so-called head office.
Many prisoners have died a violent death, and many – simply from exhaustion. In the barracks, which contained the prisoners, there was no heating, no normal toilets. On-site gas crematoria today arranged a memorial to the victims. When the Soviet troops liberated the camp, and it happened in January 1945, the survivors were about 7.5 thousand people. During the Auschwitz tour you can listen to the complete history of the emergence of a concentration camp in the headphones.
State Museum on the site of Auschwitz was opened in 1979. To get to it you can train from Krakow to Oswiecim to the station. Also towards Auschwitz buses and taxis from the Main Station. If you go by car, you need to adhere to the E40 highway. On inspection of the museum is better to spend about 3-4 hours.
Wieliczka Salt Mine
Wieliczka Salt Mine – one of the most unusual sights in Poland; deposit of rock salt only half an hour from Krakow. Wieliczka – a small town in Poland, which is about one million tourists annually. And all this, thanks to its unique salt mine, which tells about the history and methods of salt production for the past seven centuries.
From Krakow in the direction of Wieliczka are regular trains and taxis. We need to overcome the whole 10 km. Salt Mine is open daily from 8 am. Its examination, usually takes 1 hour 50 minutes. In fact, this underground corridors and galleries with a total length of 200 km. They are located at different depths -. 50 to 200 m Local deposits of salt about 15 million years, but they began to develop from the 13th century.. Already in the 15th century landmark Wieliczka showed Honourable gentlemen with cognitive purpose. In this visit it was possible only with the permission of the king.
The steps leading down into the mine, were equipped in the 18th century. By the beginning of the 19th century, the number of tourists reached several hundred. Center souvenir was built in modern times.
In the depths of this unique mine contains a lot of attractions. These could be considered the chapel of St. King monument Copernicus, Casimir the Great camera with his bust, mine shaft Kuchma, who served for the transport of salt, and so forth. D.
Tourists are open only a small part of the huge mine, namely, 3.5 km. At depth, in addition to historical artifacts, you can see the fantastic underground lakes, salt reliefs, numerous chambers of salt chandeliers and many other beauties. Tours are conducted in different languages, but they must be booked in advance. It is surprising that in a dungeon more than once held concerts and all kinds of celebrations.
Royal Castle in Warsaw
Royal Castle in Warsaw – one of the most visited attractions of Warsaw; the monument of the national culture in Poland. The castle was built in the late 16th-early 17th century, Sigismund III Vasa, after which the buildings on the other hand stands a monument of honor at the high tower.
Today the castle is the Art Museum, where you can see paintings of Rembrandt. Geographically, the castle is located in the Palace Square in the historic center of the city.
During the military operations in the mid-20th century, the entire architectural complex was destroyed by bombing. From 1971 to 1988, he carried out the restoration. In addition to the museum with a permanent exhibition in the castle features spacious halls, which are important symposia, conferences and even concerts.
In the afternoon free visit of the castle is a Sunday. On other days the entrance fee. The museum is open from 10 am. Some rooms have their own names, such as the Throne Room or the Knights’ Hall. The Royal Palace is visited annually by more than 500 thousand people. Find it will not be difficult, since it is located in the heart of the Old Town on the Palace Square.
Lazienki Park – the most beautiful park of Warsaw; a nature reserve and one of the most visited attractions in Poland. It’s awesome, well-groomed park in the heart of the capital. It lies on the “Royal Route” linking the Royal Castle in the center with Wilanów palace in the south-eastern outskirts.
It existed in the times of Mazovian princes. Originally, the park was conceived as a nature reserve, but there are found, in general, only the squirrels and peacocks. By the way, according to the rules we can not frighten the animals walk on the lawn or make noise. Lazienki – it’s very quiet and peaceful park. Polish monarchs loved to rest here with your family or friends. The first wooden bathing appeared thanks to Anna Yagelonke – wife of King Stefan Batory.
Sigismund III Vasa during his reign erected here Ujazdowski Palace with stunning views on the bend of the Vistula. In addition, two small pavilions were built in the park. One of them was called the Hermitage, and the other – Lazne. In honor of him, and the name “Lazenki”. Later there was an amphitheater on the one thousand people from the scene on the island. In this amphitheater, and today are performances and concerts. From sculptures occupies a special place the monument Chopin.
In the 18th century, the park was acquired by King Stanisław August, who rebuilt the baths and built a palace on the water, which is now the focal point of the park. Today, tourists can ride on the park canals, admire the royal baths and visit the museum exhibitions. The nearest metro to the sights – Politechnika. Also to the park can be reached by tram.
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STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether neighbourhood characteristics are related to dietary patterns independently of individual level variables. DESIGN: A cross sectional analysis of the relation between neighbourhood median household income and food and nutrient intakes, before and after adjustment for individual level variables. SETTING: Four United States communities (Washington Co, MD; Suburban Minneapolis, MN; Forsyth Co, NC, and Jackson, MS). PARTICIPANTS: 13,095 adults aged 45 to 64 years participating in the baseline examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a prospective study of atherosclerosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Information on diet and individual level income was obtained from the baseline examination of the ARIC Study. Diet was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Information on neighbourhood (census defined block groups) median household income was obtained from the 1990 US Census. Multilevel models were used to account for the multilevel structure of the data. Living in lower income neighbourhoods was generally associated with decreased energy adjusted intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, and increased intake of meat. Patterns generally persisted after adjustment for individual level income, but were often not statistically significant. Inconsistent associations were recorded for the intake of saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and cholesterol. Overall, individual level income was a more consistent predictor of diet than neighbourhood income. CONCLUSION: Despite limitations in the definition and characterisation of neighbourhoods, this study found consistent (albeit small) differences across neighbourhoods in food intake, suggesting that more in depth research into potential neighbourhood level determinants of diet is warranted.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
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An old factory resides on the Brooklyn-side of Newtown Creek.
The Newtown Creek tour was organized by Bernard Ente, and included
tour guide Bob Singleton, the president of the Greater
Astoria Historical Society and a Newton Creek expert. The tour
took place on a Sunday morning in January 2002.
Why a Virtual Tour of Newtown Creek?
Like most of New York City's waterways, Newtown Creek played a big role in the transportation of goods which aided in the economic development of New York City. Before the waterway was discovered by explorers, the area in and around Newtown Creek was scenic and bucolic, with rolling hills covered with trees. Once the settlers started to occupy the land, the creek provided a natural dividing line between various properties, and it was used in conjunction with roads to transport farmers produce to the various markets. As industry grew in New York City, the use of Newtown Creek began to dramatically change from serving agriculture markets to serving factories. With factories came pollution, as industry used the creek as a dumping ground for sewage and waste. Industries such as kerosene treatment plants, oil refineries, varnish manufacturers, fertilizer companies, and glue factories are just some of the industries that contributed to the pollution problem.
Newtown Creek has gone through a lot of changes over the years. When one explores the area around the creek today, one sees old factories and large vacant tracks of land along the creek's banks. Lots of factory jobs have left New York City, as the city has transitioned from a manufacturing economy into a predominantly service-based economy. Many sections of the creek contain visible amounts of pollutants, as oily gunk sits on top of the water's surface. Some say that the creek is making an environmental comeback, now that industry's use of the creek is dissipating. Like the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn, this particular waterway has a way to go before much of the damage is fixed.
Let's see what makes Newtown Creek so interesting as we explore this
waterway and the surrounding areas.
A map that shows where Newtown Creek is located. The creek divides Brooklyn and Queens.indow, which will display a larger image of the map.
OldNYC.com contributor Antonio Teixeira determined the source of
this map: North East USA volume of the "Steam Powered Videos Comprehensive
Railroad Atlas of North America", 1st Edition, by Mike Walker published
in 1995 (ISBN: 1 874745 00 5).
A view of the Pulaski Bridge, which is one of several bridges that links Brooklyn and Queens over Newtown Creek.
The Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal railroad tracks in the street at Vernon Boulevard. Like many of the old railroads that once serves the Brooklyn and Queens East River waterfronts, the Brooklyn Eastern District Terminal railroad went out of business due to competition from the trucking industry.
A view of the Long Island Railroad's Long Island City yard. The large tan brick building is a ventilation shaft for the nearby Queens-Midtown Tunnel. The Empire State building looms high above the skyline across the East River.
Long Island City was a transfer point for train passengers wishing to
continue their journey to Manhattan utilizing the ferry operation that
once ran between Queens and Manhattan.
A northwest view of the train yard. Old industry, represented by the building with the smoke stacks, exists next to new residential developments, like the tall apartment building on the right.
According to OldNYC.com contributor and webmaster of wirednewyork.com
Edward Soudentas, the apartment complex is called Queens
West development. The tower on the right
is called Citylights
and the tower right behind the smoke stacks is called Avalon
Riverview. Long Island City is experiencing somewhat of
a rebirth, with new high rise residential buildings being constructed along
A view of the yard, looking northeast. This located in the highly industrialized area of Long Island City.
-->> Click Here to Continue to Explore Newtown Creek!
<<-- Click Here to go Back to OldNYC.COM Home
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BEAR CUBSAN DIEGO ZOO IN THE PINK
Bornean sun bear cub, Duma, calls to his mom while exploring his Sun Bear Forest exhibit at the San Diego Zoo on June 28, 2004 . This is the first time the four-month old cub, born Feb. 17, has left his den to explore the outdoor exhibit. Bornean sun bears are rarely seen in Zoos, and Duma is the first ever to be born at the San Diego Zoo. Bornean sun bears are some of the smallest bears in the world, and are threatened with extinction in the wild.
CHEETAH CUBCheetah cub at San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park.
Johari, a 2-month-old African cheetah, showed off her pearly whites at the San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park on July 31, 2009. The cub is one of four cheetahs being hand raised, born on May 24 and were rejected by their mother.
CONDOR CHICKSNEW CONDOR CHICKS BORN IN SAN DIEGO ZOO
The San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park celebrates the hatching of the first California condor of the season. The chick, which hatched Sunday, April 3, will be puppet-reared to eliminate any association between people and food. Keepers will feed and monitor the chick daily at the Wild Animal Park's condor breeding facility. At four months old the Park's animal care staff is expected to introduce the chick and f*ture hatchlings into a new classroom facility where two mentor birds will teach the chicks how to act like condors. There are more than 100 condors living in the wild in California, Arizona and Baja, Mexico since the California Condor Recovery Program began to release condors back into the wild in 1992. A second chick hatched Wednesday at the Park.
GORILLA BABYA baby western lowland gorilla sits in the grass in an undated photo taken the Republic of Congo. The Wildlife Conservation Society has tallied more than 125,000 western gorillas in two adjacent areas of the northern part of the Republic of Congo, which is the highest gorilla densities ever recorded, as high as eight individuals in an area smaller than half a square mile.
ORANGUTAN BABYORANGBABY AWARENESS WEEK
Sumatran orangutan infant, Cinta, and his mother Indah command attention at the San Diego Zoo.on November 9, 2004. Nov. 7th - 13th is International Orangutan Awareness Week at the Zoo, and the goal is to raise public awareness about the plight of orangutans in the wild -- a critically endangered species which may become extinct in 7 - 10 years due to rampant logging of their habitat.
items 1 - 5 of 8
got a blog or website?
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is no longer a thriving village of the town of Thompson, Connecticut. With its original village center now covered by the
West Thompson Lake, only memories serve to remind us today of what the village was once like.
originally called Nashaway because of its location between the French and Quinebaug Rivers, was purchased for £120 Sterling
in 1707 by Richard Dresser of Rowley, Massachusetts. The land had originally been own by Captain John Chandler. In 1710, Richard
and Mary Peabody Dresser gave birth to Jacob, the first “documented” child to be born in Thompson.
Up until the
beginning of the mill era, farmland dominated the village’s landscape. In 1811, the “Brick Factory” was
constructed for cotton textile production (there are currently debates as to whether this was the first mill of West Thompson).
After going through multiple owners, the mill was purchased in 1881 by Sayles and Washburn, who also the mill in the downriver
village of Mechanicsville. By the late 19th century, West Thompson residents had come to nickname the mill as the
“West Thompson Opera House” because of the multiple businesses that could be found there, such as the Tatem Handle
Shop, the Vogel and Lincoln Organ Company, and was also utilized as a dance hall. Unfortunately, the mill fell into disrepair
in the early 20th century and was torn down in 1930.
prosperous years, the village of West Thompson was very similar to other nearby villages. Once including several blacksmith
shops, cider mills, bakeries, shoe shops, orchards, general stores, junk/salvage dealers, a brick woolen mill, a metal bridge,
tenement houses, a dam and a millpond, and a main street that ran through the village center, it is hard for Thompson residents
today to visualize the part of West Thompson that once thrived where the West Thompson Lake now lies.
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A new study in the journal Biological Reviews has found that low levels of radiation may be harmful and even areas of high natural radiation may be damaging.
The study looked at a wide range of other studies to build their larger analysis. When a single study found small effects they were frequently too small to make a solid declaration. By taking these studies together the researchers were able to get a clearer picture of actual effects.
The researchers looked at 5000 studies that involved control groups and those exposed to elevated levels of natural radiation sources.
“The organisms studied included plants and animals, but had a large preponderance of human subjects. Each study examined one or more possible effects of radiation, such as DNA damage measured in the lab, prevalence of a disease such as Down’s Syndrome, or the sex ratio produced in offspring. For each effect, a statistical algorithm was used to generate a single value, the effect size, which could be compared across all the studies. The scientists reported significant negative effects in a range of categories, including immunology, physiology, mutation and disease occurrence. The frequency of negative effects was beyond that of random chance.”
““It also provides evidence that there is no threshold below which there are no effects of radiation,” he added. “A theory that has been batted around a lot over the last couple of decades is the idea that is there a threshold of exposure below which there are no negative consequences. These data provide fairly strong evidence that there is no threshold – radiation effects are measurable as far down as you can go, given the statistical power you have at hand.””
The full study can be found here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00249.x/abstract;jsessionid=5BC4E92A9C9CC4CE2ED064299EA8C07B.d03t03
This article would not be possible without the extensive efforts of the SimplyInfo research team
Join the conversation at chat.simplyinfo.org
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Trials in Africa of a new malaria vaccine have shown it more than halves the number of serious bouts of the disease in small children, it was revealed yesterday.Expectations are high for the vaccine, which has already shown promise in early trials. The latest trial results, published online in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), are better than before. Early trials in Mozambique found the vaccine reduced by almost a third the number of cases of malaria warranting clinical care. In the new trials in Tanzania and Kenya, it reduced such cases by 53% in five- to 17-month-old babies. Malaria kills almost a million people a year, mostly babies and small children in Africa.This is the latest of a series of trials designed to test the efficacy of the vaccine RTS,S - which is being developed by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. The improved efficacy in Kenya and Tanzania resulted from using...
- Promising trials of malaria vaccine lead to calls for Phase 3 developmentMon, 8 Dec 2008, 12:32:14 EST
- Malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S reduces the risk of malaria by half in African childrenTue, 18 Oct 2011, 14:34:48 EDT
- UM School of Medicine scientists find new malaria vaccine is safe and protective in childrenWed, 3 Feb 2010, 20:54:00 EST
- Adaptive trial designs could accelerate HIV vaccine developmentWed, 20 Apr 2011, 14:36:03 EDT
- Weakened malaria parasites form basis of new vaccine strategyThu, 8 Sep 2011, 16:37:55 EDT
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The Duhonw flood of 1853
|1-A terrible storm in the night|
of July 1853 saw a spell of hot summer
weather. As often happens, the weather became more humid until a thunderstorm
On the night of Friday the 9th the storm finally broke with enormous force on the Builth area. Torrential rain fell in the darkness, followed by hail which covered the ground to a depth of 4 or 5 inches.
streams and rivers struggled to cope with all the water which had fallen,
and around 20 bridges were
damaged or destroyed and
A huge amount of water fell on the upland area of Mynydd Epynt, and a lot of this water drained into the river Duhonw where the bridge at Llanddewi'r Cwm (above) was swept away. So much water came down that the river washed trees and rocks down its course.
Thomas Evans, the miller
at Dolau-newydd Mill, had to make a hole in his roof and pull his family
through onto the very top to avoid the flood which hit the building and
washed part of it away. They must have been terrified
as they held on in the darkness as the thunder crashed above them and
the river swept trees and dead animals down past the damaged mill.
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By Andrea Johancsik
Imagine cycling on a road packed with cracks and potholes, rain streaming through the neck of your raincoat, and all forces against you: gear weighing down your back tire, 25km/hr sideways wind, pulling a 50lb trailer. Then, you approach a near vertical hill (at least, that’s what it seems) with dread. Unless you’ve toured before, this might be difficult to imagine; experiences on the road are much different on a bike than a car. However, the scene described has been the reality of the East Coast Tour members the last week.
Road safety is the responsibility of both cyclists and drivers. Otesha tours consider safety seriously, so here is our compilation of lesser-known safety tips, in order to encourage readers to think carefully about how their actions on the road affect others.
1. Avoid putting your leg on a curb at an intersection. Doing this indicates to a car to drive right next to you. Take your deserved space – you’ll be more visible.
2. Bike 1m from the right white line or curb. Cars will see you, and you’ll avoid hazards such as manholes.
3. Learn and use proper hand signals. Pretend to be in Vaudeville and cars will get the hint.
1. Make a full pass. Give as much space to a cyclist as any other vehicle. If you can’t see in front to pass safely, slow down and watch those cyclists’ legs with envy until you can. Expect cyclists to travel in groups!
2. Be cautious of honks. Friendly honks are appreciated, but only from IN FRONT of the cyclist.
3. Expect the unexpected. Cyclists maneuver more quickly than cars.
We believe there will be less road rage if cyclists and drivers respect each other and practice patience. Be safe on the roads, and happy motoring!
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| 0.944276 | 400 | 2.625 | 3 |
This article is written by Aurora Lipper from SuperCharged Science. Thanks Aurora for such a fun way to teach homeschool science!
If you like these easy science experiments, you will love the Free Ebooks from Aurora - Use these in your homeschool.
Pulleys and levers are simple machines, and they make our lives easier. They make it easier to lift, move and build things. Chances are that you use simple machines more than you think. If you have ever screwed in a light bulb, put the lid on a jam jar, put keys on a keychain, pierced food with a fork, walked up a ramp, or propped open a door, you've made good use of simple machines.
Mechanical advantage is like using brains instead of brawn (using your mind instead of brute muscular strength). With pulleys and levers, you use your 'mechanical advantage' to leverage your strength and lift more than you normally could handle, but it comes at a price. You trade force for distance. When you are using a pulley system, you can thread it up to lift ten people with one hand. Here's the trade-off: You will have to pull ten feet of rope for every one foot they rise up.
To figure out the mechanical advantage in a pulley system, count the number of strings in your system. (This will make much more sense after you build the pulley experiments). If there are seven strings, you can pull with seven times your normal strength.
With levers, it's a little easier to figure out the advantage, mostly because there are no strings to count or get tangled up. You're just using fulcrums. (Think of the pivot point in a see-saw.) By moving the fulcrum of levers around, you can dramatically change how much you can lift.
Lay a 2" x 4” x 10' length of wood on the ground. Have a smaller kid sit in the middle of the beam, holding on as you (the larger kid-adult) lift up one end. Leave the other corner resting on the ground – you can even ask a big adult to sit on it so it doesn't slide around. This end is your fulcrum. Have the kid move further back toward the fulcrum, and lift up the beam again. Experiment with both the kid position and effort you exert to lift the beam. Find out where you need to sit to have the kid lift you. They usually can, if you sit in the right position!
Switch places with the smaller kid so that the lightweight child sits on the end of the beam, a big adult on the other end (still your fulcrum), and you lift in the middle. Lift the beam in the middle so that the child’s end comes up off the ground. What is the furthest point from the child that you can lift? (If at all?)
Add your Science Project Ideas !
Use a strong chair, rock, or log as your fulcrum in the middle of the beam. Turn your lever into a see-saw, or teeter-totter. Put a big adult on one end and a lightweight child on the other. Where does the fulcrum need to be in order to balance the two people?
Here's another example of how to use first class levers: Find a strong dowel the same height as a heavy desk or table and stand it up vertically from the floor close to the desk. Find another stick and rest it horizontally atop the first, placing one end under the top ledge of the desk. Push down on the opposite end of the stick, and the desk comes up easily. Notice that you moved your hand further downward than the desk moved upward.
Block and Tackle refers to pulleys and rope (in that order). One kid can drag ten adults across the room with this simple setup. (If you can't find pulleys or rings, try the next pulley experiment instead.) Using pliers or vice grips, open the end of a shower curtain pulley and attach to the metal curtain ring. (You can alternatively you can use S-hooks and close them with pliers to prevent the system from separating while you work.)
Attach three pulleys to each ring. Make two or four sets of pulley-ring systems. Take two 18" lengths of dowel and slide one pulley-ring set onto each dowel. Thread a length of rope (about 35') through zigzag fashion first through one pulley on the first dowel, then through a pulley on the second dowel, then an open pulley on the first, then another free pulley on the second, etc… Knot the end to one of the dowels. Attach a kid to the free end of the rope by adding a handle. You can thread a rope through a 6" piece of PVC pipe and tie the rope back on itself. Attach adults to the wood dowels, each adult holding onto the dowel near the ends, straight out in front of their chest. The adults' job is to resist the pull they will feel as the kid walks with his end of the rope.
This is a much simpler setup than the first experiment. Have two people face each other and each hold a smooth pipe or strong dowel (about 18” long) horizontally straight out in front of their chest. (You can also use broomstick handles.) Tie a length of strong nylon rope (slippery rope works best to minimize friction) near the end of one dowel. Drape the rope over the second dowel, loop around the bottom, then back to the top of the first dowel. You're going to zigzag the rope back and forth between the two dowels until you have four strings on each dowel.
Attach a third person to the free end of the rope. The two people hold the dowels will not be able to resist the pull you give when pulling on the end of the rope!
This is a great addition to any tree house or playground structure! Hang a loop of rope from a tree branch. Connect two pulleys to the loop on the tree with S-hooks. Connect one pulley to the basket handle with an S-hook or short piece of rope. Tie a length of rope to the basket handle, then up through one tree pulley, down through the basket pulley, and up through the second tree pulley. Thread a 6" length of PVC pipe onto the end and tie the rope back onto itself to form a handle.
Find a smooth, cylindrical support column, such as those used to support open-air roofs for breezeways and outdoor hallways (check your school). Wind a length of rope one time around the column, and pull on one end while three friends pull on the other in a tug-of-war fashion. Experiment with the number of friends and the number of winds around the column.
Suspend a flat ruler from its center-point with a 12” piece of rope from a low tree branch (or stack a big pile of books on a table, and place a ruler between books near the top so part of the ruler sticks out, and you can suspend the balance from it). When the ruler is in balance, add to identical baskets to each end and place objects in the baskets (or directly on the ruler). Make one basket slightly heavier than the other, and slide it toward the fulcrum until the ruler is in balance again.
Nail three nails in a triangular pattern into a scrap piece of wood. Stretch a rubber band around two of the nails. Loop a small piece of string around the middle of the rubber band and knot to the third nail. (See image above.) Place the entire block on a bed of naked straws. Place a projectile (such as a good size rock) in the slingshot and cut the string. The projectile goes one way and the nail-block another.
Cut a right triangle out of paper, about 11” on its base, the short side 5 ½”. Find a short dowel (or use a cardboard tube from a coathanger. Roll the triangular paper around the tube beginning at the short side and roll toward the triangle point, keeping the base even as it rolls. Notice that the inclined plane (hypotenuse) spirals up as a tread as you roll. Remind you of screw threads? Those are included planes. So are jar lids, spiral staircases, light bulbs, and key rings. These are all inclined planes that wind around themselves. Some inclined planes are used to lower and raise things (like a jack or ramp), but they can also used to hold objects together (like jar lids or light bulb threads).
Make a simple wedge from a block of wood and drive it under a heavy block (like a tree stump or large book) with a kid on top. A wedge is a double inclined plane (top and bottom surfaces are inclined planes). You have lots of wedges at home: forks, knives, and nails just name a few. When you stick a fork in food, it splits the food apart.
Use a spoon and a quarter (placed at the end of the handle).Show yourself that the longer end of a lever (spoon handle) travels faster and further than the shorter end. Think about the position of the fulcrum – what happens when the fulcrum is not at the center?
Stack five large popsicle sticks (the tongue-depressor size from the doctor's office) together and wrap the ends tightly with rubber bands. Stack two large popsicle sticks and wrap one end tightly with a rubber band. Open the ends apart to form a V and insert the five-stack, pushing it right up to the rubber band end, maximizing the V-angle. Wrap a rubber band around the intersection to secure. Hot glue a milk jug cap openend up an open end of the V. This holds your ping pong ball (or other projectile).
Like to see a video instruction guide on building a catapult? Click here.
Punch holes in the centers of bottle caps. Flatten out the cap edges as well as you can (you can place it between two boards and hammer) while keeping the circular shape intact. Nail the caps to a small wood board so the teeth-edges mesh and the gears turn freely.
Take a rubber band and a roller skate (not in-line skates, but the old-fashioned kind with a wheel at each corner.) Lock the wheels on one side together by wrapping the rubber band around one wheel then the other. Turn one wheel and watch the other spin. Now crisscross the rubber band belt by removing one side of the rubber band from a wheel, giving nit a half twist, and replacing it back on the wheel. Now when you turn one wheel, the other should spin the opposite direction.
Stand on a cookie sheet or cutting board which is placed on the floor (find a smooth floor with no carpet). Ask someone to gently push you across the floor. Notice how much friction they feel as they try to push you. Now place three or four dowels parallel about six inches apart between the board and the floor. Smooth wooden pencils can work in a pinch, as can the hard cardboard tubes from coat-hangers. Ask someone to push you. Is there a direction you still can't travel easily? Replace the dowels with marbles. What happens? Why do the marbles make you do in all directions? What direction(s) did the dowels roll you in?
Get two cans (with a deep groove in the rim, such as paint cans) and stack them. Turn one (still on top of the other) and notice the resistance (friction) you feel. Now sandwich marbles all along the rim between the cans. Place a heavy book on top and note how easily it turns around. Oil the marbles (you can spray with cooking spray, but it is a bit messy) and it turns more easily yet.
Cut a wire coat-hanger at the lower points (at the base of the triangular shape) and use the hook section to make your pulley. Thread both straight ends through a thread spool, crossing in the middle, and bend wire downwards to secure spool in place. Be sure the spool turns freely. Use hook for easy attachment.
Let's have a look at some cool kids science experiments. Here are 2 free easy science experiment ebooks to get your kids hooked! If you love these experiments you'll love Supercharged Science.
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The story of Deborah and Jael is intertwined with that of a man named Barak. As was the pattern in those days, the people of Israel would forget their God and sin against him. He would then hand them over to foreign rulers who ruled them with harsh cruelty and made them suffer. In line with human nature they would then remember their God and cry out to Him, and in his mercy He would send them a hero to deliver them. This was the case in Deborah’s time, a lady who was both a Prophet and a Judge. The Israelites had been under the reign of a violent Canaanite king for twenty years before they finally cried out to God.
Through Deborah, He sent a message to Barak to take 10,000 men and go into battle with Sisera, the Commander of King Jabin’s army. Jabin’s army had 900 iron chariots, a clear advantage in battle. Perhaps this was the reason Barak refused to go into battle unaccompanied by Deborah. He said, “I will go if you go with me, but if you don’t go, I won’t go either.” It’s not often we hear a story of a man who refuses to go into battle unaccompanied by a woman.
Deborah agreed to go with Barak, but because he refused to go without her, he would get no credit. Instead, the Lord would hand over Sisera to a woman. And that was how it became a woman’s job. Barak did conquer the army of chariots and kill them all, but Commander Sisera left his men and fled on foot where he came upon Jael’s tent. Jael was the wife of a man who had made peace with the Canaanite king and was thus deemed trustworthy. She gave the man a drink and a place to hide and when he fell asleep, she drove a tent peg through his head with a hammer.
Pretty gory stuff. She didn’t poison his milk as would be expected. She cracked his skull open. Despite having made peace with the oppressor, she knew what she had to do and she did it tactfully and decisively. This is a story of courage and faith. Deborah went into battle with an army of ten thousand men behind her because she had faith that God would give them victory while Barak’s confidence faltered. Jael did her part in delivering the Israelites by killing an Army Commander. In a way, she too fought in the war.
This story shows us that as women of faith, we can achieve great things if we have the courage to do so. Women don’t often get credit for their work, even now in the 21st century. But this story shows God’s fairness in His plans and that women should be awarded credit where it is due.
A woman is like a tea bag – you never know how strong she is until she gets in hot water.
– Eleanor Roosevelt
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Turning of the Season Callopsy Roll
These rolls are similar to sushi though the meat is from the Callopsy Bird.
SIGNIFICANCEThe Callopsy roll and the preparation is the acknowledgement of the young Thormalkians progression through the seasons like that of the grain they grow.
The celebration of the turning of the season is an all day thing. The morning and afternoon is spent preparing the feast. The feast is followed by an evening of crafting. The bioluminescence of the feathers adding enough light that they can be worked until Gautama is at zenith.
Components and tools
For the preparation of the feast and Callopsy rolls what is needed is as follows: large pots of hot water to ease the removal of the skin, sharp knives for the butchering of the birds (removal of meat from bone and slicing), cutting boards, rock lined firepits, and grain-stalk mats. Food stuffs required for the rolls specifically are: Quinoa, fresh callopsy birds, and seaweed. The spices vary from settlement to settlement with each having their own version and recipes.
PREPARATION:Grill the sliced callopsy meat while the quinoa is cooking. When the quinoa is ready, move into large bowls and season. Place the seaweed on the mats, cover with a thin layer of quinoa, and strips of grilled callopsy down the center, and roll shifting the mat out of the way as you go. Press the roll tightly so it doesn't fall apart while slicing into bite size pieces.
All members of Thormalkian society above the age of six take part. Six to ten-year-olds are tasked with the removal of the feathers of the callopsy birds, separating them into piles by size. Eleven to sixteen hunt the birds looking for the largest, plumpest, and most beautifully plumaged. Everyone seventeen and older prepare the feast.
This is the yearly observance of the turning of the season from summer to harvest.
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| 0.940162 | 423 | 3.046875 | 3 |
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Transmitted by mosquito bites, West Nile Virus (WNV) has a complicated life cycle that can also include migrating birds. It is a viral infection that is capable of causing illness in both horses and humans with potentially fatal consequences.
First found only in the West Nile district of Uganda, it has now spread to many parts of the world. There have never been any cases of WNV in Britain and, at present, it is not considered to be a greatly significant threat to our horse population.
However, there is still a chance that it could find its way to our shores. Outbreaks among horses can see up to 40% of the infected animals dying - so it is important that, if a case of WNV was to occur, it is identified and dealt with quickly to minimise its spread. For this reason it is helpful for all owners be fully aware of the signs of the virus and how to protect against it.
WNV is a notifiable disease. This means that if you suspect a horse may have it, you must immediately notify the duty vet in your local Animal Health Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) office.
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Both patient and public awareness and education have become a focus of many doctors as well as various organizations and other individuals. Educated patients are more compliant with their treatment regimens and have better outcomes. Educating the public will, hopefully, help non-sufferers become more aware of head pain disorders as genuine health problems and offer them a better understanding of the problems of sufferers. I recently spoke with Dr. Fred Sheftell, one of the authors of an article in Headache, “Harry Potter and the Curse of Headache:”
I've always been a big fan of JK Rowling's series on Harry Potter and find her imaginative and creative and able to teach a lot of life lessons to children and adolescents via metaphor and fantasy. I, of course, recognized Harry had headaches and decided why not try to classify them according to our current criteria. I wanted to bring attention to the issues involved with pediatric/adolescent headache, review the current epidemiology, prevalence and impact in a fresh way and discuss the diagnostic issues as well. I enlisted the help of my colleague Tim Steiner who currently chairs the Global Burden of Headache Campaign and helped me start the World Headache Alliance, which became the patient arm of the World Health Organization in regard to Headache Disorders. Halley Thomas our "senior" author helped me locate all descriptions related to his headaches, and then we attempted to go through a variety of possible diagnoses and came up with probable migraine as the most likely. I'm delighted by the response and interest this article has generated and hope that it will bring about renewed interest in the topic.
Fred Sheftell, MD
Director, New England Center for Headache
President, American Headache Society
In studying the passages describing Harry’s “headaches,” Dr. Sheftell and Dr. Steiner, noted:
• Harry did not have headaches prior to the age of 11, a common age of onset for primary headache disorders, especially Migraine.
• The onset in Harry’s case seems to be some time prior to puberty since the first evidence of headaches in the series was apparent when he was 14.
• Although Harry’s headaches haven’t been frequent, they have periodically left him temporarily dysfunctional, thus significantly impacting his life and activities.
• All of Harry’s attacks strike without warning.
• Harry’s primary (and perhaps only) trigger is proximity to “He Who Must Not Be Named” (Lord Voldemort).
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Free Fall of Elementary Particles
On moving electrical bodies and their forces
This paper is a review of the problem of the observable action of gravitational and induced electrical forces on charged particles.
The author discusses the induced electric fields and the sometimes-overlooked unique physical properties. He analyzes several experiments, showing the reality of the induced electric fields.
Copy and paste this URL into your WordPress site to embed
Copy and paste this code into your site to embed
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| 0.909728 | 96 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is collectivism? It’s a belief by Socialists (and others) that no one in society should have more than anyone else essentially. That we are all in it together and that we should all put our resources to make society better as a whole. Even if some people have the skills and are productive enough to get a lot more out of life (so to speak) than others. In a Collectivist Society in a perfect world, there wouldn’t be any winners or losers essentially. We would all be even at least on paper. Now try imagining a sports event without any winners or losers, no champions right. What would be the point of watching the game? Athletes would essentially be entertainers, what would be the point of teams getting better and acquiring better players and coaches. If you know the answers to these questions, I would suggest that you’re a collectivist, someone who believes in collectivism. Now collectivism is a fine goal, even I will admit that, but that’s basically it a goal that you would see in a perfect world but not in real-life.
Imagine a world of no winners and losers , what would be the point of individual achievement and working hard and being productive as possible. Because the benefits that someone would receive from achieving those things, would be just as equal as the people who didn’t achieve on their own, who didn’t work hard, perhaps didn’t finish school, who weren’t productive. Someone who didn’t make them self the best person that they can be. Another issue with collectivism that I have is one of the ways that it achieves it. By taxing people at really high rates to take care of people who aren’t productive enough to even take care of themselves. Which sends two bad messages in my view. It tells productive people that they shouldn’t work hard and be productive. Because government is going to tax you so high, that you won’t see much of what you worked and well to produce. It also tells people that they don’t need to work hard and be productive, because the people who do those things will take care of you. And we would be left with a society of a lot of unproductive people.
Individualism or individualists which I’m one, believe that people should be encouraged to get a good education to work hard and be productive as they possibly can. And then collect a lot of the earnings from their work to be able to spend as they please. Yes pay their taxes based on their ability to pay, with the rich paying more than the middle class and poor and the middle class paying more than the poor. But not at such a high tax rate that it discourages people to earn a good living. This is how developed countries succeed, at least the large ones, where people have enough incentive to work hard and earn a good living. Individualism is not even a liberal, conservative or a libertarian value, but all three of these political ideology’s share it.
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LED Lighting Guide for the Home
Written by Lewis Morgan
Not much thought goes into electricity in our home, we flick switches and stuff turns on. Rather simple really, isn’t it?
But there should be some thought in how that electricity is used once a switch is flicked, such as, is it being used on the most efficient technology, and does it even need to be used?
In this guide, you will find in out how you can reduce your energy usage at home without compromising on your lifestyle by switching to LED lighting.
Lighting plays many important roles in a home beyond just providing light. When used correctly, lighting can create the best environment for certain moods or activities. Lighting can also help improve a person’s health, which is often a huge oversight when choosing lighting.
Technology in lighting has come a long way in the last decade, but many homes are still using outdated technology that uses unnecessary energy.
This outdated technology includes Halogen and Incandescent bulbs.
Rather than using these bulbs, which are proven to have negative health effects, people should be using LED lighting in their homes for multiple reasons, including:
- Higher quality light
- More flexibility in terms of mood lighting
- Cheaper to run
- Last longer
When it comes to cutting energy costs in a home, LED lighting is the first place to look.
This short video highlights just how much money could save at home by switching over to LED lighting.
If you had 10 60W bulbs that are collectively on for 10 hours a day and replaced them with 10 LED bulbs, you’d have an annual saving of £29.64 a year. You can buy 10 high quality LED bulbs for £20, meaning you’d get a return on your investment within a year, and from that point onwards you’ll continue to save.
Quality of light
Not only will LED lighting reduce your energy bill, it’ll also bring a better quality of light into your home.
LEDs are capable of such brightness, that wattage isn’t really a viable way to measure brightness which is how t has been measured in previous years. Lumens are the best method of measuring brightness. Let’s look at a comparison of Lumens in a 40w incandescent bulb and an equivalent LED bulb.
As you can see, LEDs are capable of far brighter levels. But of course, you may not always need high brightness which brings us to the next benefit of LEDs, is that when they are dimmed, they use less energy.
Unlike incandescent, the energy usage of an LED bulb is reduced when being dimmed and doesn’t flicker like some incandescent bulbs can.
For incandescent bulbs to change colour they often require gels or filters, which can burn out or fade over time. LEDs, however, use the actual diode to change colour of the emitted light which ensure that the same shade of colour is maintained throughout the product’s life.
Less heat generated
The amount of heat generated from a bulb is important too. If a bulb gets hot, it increases the risk of failure and it’s also a waste of energy. 90% of energy in incandescent bulbs is lost through heat.
The heat generated in LEDs is significantly lower, which is demonstrated in this video.
By having a far lower surface temperature, LED bulbs are far safer to touch.
Choosing the right LED lights
There are many applications for LED lights, from the lounge ceiling to the under stair’s cupboard or the garage to under the kitchen cabinets. The opportunities are endless.
It’s important that you chose the right LED lighting for your environment. For example, what you have in your lounge will likely be completely different in your bathroom.
A lounge will often ask for a warm colour but perhaps with the opportunity to change colour or brightness levels. Whereas a bathroom most likely wants a bright and clear white that makes it easy to see in the mirror.
We have laid out 5 simple steps for you to go through to ensure you get the correct LED lighting
Step 1: Which fitment do you require?
Bulbs come in multiple fitments, and you need to select the right one for your application. You can use the below graphic to match your current fittings to type you need.
Step 2: Which type of bulb do you want?
The style of the bulb matters too, especially if it’s a bulb that will be visible.
For example, if you’ve got a bulb that’s going to be exposed in a chandelier, you may want a bulb that’s aesthetically pleasing for example a filament bulb.
You can use the below graphic to get an idea of what style you may prefer. These are just a few examples, so if there’s a style you can’t find then use Google to find the perfect match.
Step 3: How bright do you want the bulb?
As already mentioned, when looking at the brightness of LED bulbs you need to look at Lumens and not Wattage.
Step 4: Which colour temperature do you want?
Colour temperature is measured in kelvins, and you want to check that you select lights that measure the colour temperature you’re looking.
In a lounge, you may be looking for a warm colour which would range from 2200-3000 kelvins. For a bathroom, or an outdoor light you’d want something a little brighter, nearer to 3500-4500k
Step 5: Do you require special features?
You’ve decided on your style, brightness and colour – but what about features? Some bulbs offer the ability to dim, and some don’t – so be sure you chose one that matches your need.
You may also want bulbs with smart features, such as the ability to connect to them with your phone or a remote.
Bulbs that operate via a remote are cheaper than truly smart bulbs such as Philips Hue, but they require you to have a remote nearby. Whereas, using Philips Hue as an example, you can control smart bulbs with your voice or your phone.
Not only can smart bulbs we dimmed, turned on/off by voice but some models will also allow colour changing which is a fantastic feature in any home. Take your house parties to a whole new level!
Once you’ve gone through these 5 steps, then you’ll be in a position to purchase some lighting and there’s no better place to do that than the SaveMoneyCutCarbon website.
Get unlimited access to our exclusive content, including this & many other of our guides by joining the SaveMoneyCutCarbon ClubThe benefits of our Club
Already a member?
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