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Ten years ago this month, Operation Iraqi Freedom began.
The invasion of Iraq occurred in spite of protests of millions of people around the world. Massive demonstrations took place in the months leading up to the war. On Feb. 15, 2003, there were protests in more than 1,000 cities and on every continent. Never before had such a huge antiwar movement sprung up before a war had even begun. At the time, The New York Times described this global peace movement as the world’s “second super-power.”
Ignoring the desire of the world’s people for peace, Congress authorized George W. Bush to attack Iraq. Democrats controlled the Senate at the time and could have prevented the war. But a number of Democratic leaders — including Harry Reid, Dianne Feinstein, Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and John Kerry — opted for violence. To their credit, Rep. Sam Farr, D-Carmel, and California Sen. Barbara Boxer were among the Democrats who resisted the call to arms.
As many in the peace movement predicted, the reasons given to justify the war were proven to be false. Saddam Hussein did not have an active program to produce weapons of mass destruction, Iraq had no connection to the terror attacks of 9/11, and the invasion did not bring freedom or democracy to Iraq.
The invasion and occupation of Iraq killed hundreds of thousands, and left more than 600,000 Iraqi orphans. At least 4 million Iraqis have become refugees. More than 4,000 Americans died in Iraq and tens of thousands were wounded.
During the occupation, Gen. David Petraeus, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and other U.S. officials oversaw a network of torture, death squads and secret prisons. Torture is rampant in Iraq today and the Iraqi government is one of the most corrupt on Earth. Violence against women has increased dramatically. Millions of Iraqis are in desperate need of humanitarian assistance. Seventy percent have no access to clean water. Because of the destruction of Iraq’s sewage treatment plants, factories, schools, hospitals and power plants by the U.S. military, Baghdad is rated the world’s least liveable city by the Mercer Quality of Living survey. According to the Global Peace Index, Iraq is the second most dangerous country in the world (after Somalia).
The invasion is viewed by many as a “mistake.” In reality, it was a crime. In the words of Benjamin Ferencz, who prosecuted Nazi leaders at Nuremberg: “A prima facie case can be made that the United States is guilty of the supreme crime against humanity, that being an illegal war of aggression against a sovereign nation.”
Despite the deaths of hundreds of thousands and the incredible suffering inflicted upon millions, none of the people responsible for planning and executing the war have been prosecuted, and most continue to enjoy positions of power and privilege.
The U.S. government is now planning another act of aggression — the invasion of Iran. The Times of Israel has reported the Obama administration is “gearing up” for a strike on Iran, with the “window of opportunity” for bloodshed opening this June. Iran’s alleged nuclear weapons program will provide the pretext, despite the consensus among U.S. intelligence agencies that Iran has no such program.
Mahatma Gandhi once said, “Every citizen is responsible for every act of his government.”
Our government is busy planning another bloodbath. It is our responsibility — yours and mine — to stop it.
Phillip Crawford is an attorney and President of the Monterey Peace and Justice Center.
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Consonants in Hindi
Welcome to this free less on Consonants in Hindi!
There are 33 consonants in the Hindi Language. The first step to learn any language is to start with the alphabet, similarly in Hindi too, we will start with the basics.
Consonants and Vowels are the most basic things in the Hindi language. In this Free lesson, we will introduce you to the Hindi Consonants. For your better understanding, we have also added one example with each consonant.
You will notice that ङ and ञ do not have any examples, this is because these two letters although part of the Devanagari script are not part of any Hindi words. They are used in other languages such as Sanskrit and Marathi, which are also written in the Devanagari script.
Let's get started on the consonants in Hindi.....
Pronouncing consonants in Hindi
The Consonants- व्यंजन
Well, that was a lot for you to take in. You've done a great job! Here are a few recommended Hindi lessons to try next!
- Counting in Hindi.
- Pronouncing different countries in Hindi.
- How do you describe people in Hindi? Check this Hindi lesson out.
फिर मिलेंगे । Phir Milengae, Nikita Sharma Rocket Hindi
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After more than five years, a mathematical breakthrough devised by a structural engineer and a computational scientist may save Sandia time and resources to test complex systems.
The problem with multiple scales
Mechanical engineer Alejandro Mota began working on trying to reduce the time it takes to computer-model systems of numerous large and small components with the same amount of fidelity and detail.
“If you want the smallest components, like the nuts and bolts, and everything else in very high resolution, it would be computationally prohibitive,” Alejandro said. “It would take so long — with the same level of detail in all the small parts — that it would be essentially useless.”
Sandia tests and produces a variety of weapons systems, and the ability to test every component independently and in concert with one another is vital.
“Models are really hard to build when there are different scales involved — that is, when you have an object that has really small pieces together with large pieces,” said computational scientist Irina Tezaur, who started working with Alejandro in 2015. “If you use the smallest scale everywhere to ensure that your simulation is able to resolve everything, you will end up with really a crazy amount of computations.”
Scientists can deal with this by generating a single multiscale model, or computer mesh, of the object of interest. Unfortunately, if the object is complex, this so-called meshing process can take months.
19th century inspiration
Alejandro had tried several methods to make computer modeling better. Then he and Irina began thinking about the Alternating Schwarz method, developed in the late 19th century by German mathematician Hermann Schwarz.
“In 1870, he had this problem with a circular geometry and a rectangular geometry,” Alejandro said. “He knew how to solve both problems separately. But he wondered if he could combine them to obtain a solution for the geometry of both of them combined. He figured out you can.”
Irina said they applied that thinking to calculating models of component parts of a whole system.
“Suppose we have a system where several plates are bolted together,” she said. “Rather than solving the relevant equations on the whole geometry all at once, you solve the equations first for the bolts, then on the plates, incorporating into this second computation the first solution obtained on the bolts.
“You repeat this process many times. The configuration changes during the computation because, at each iteration, information propagates from one region to the other. This links the regions together — couples them.”
Alejandro said the years of research, funded through the physics and engineering models and advanced simulation and computing programs, would not have been possible without the support of their sponsor, Eliot Fang.
“I first started talking to Alejandro about this three years ago,” Eliot, who manages the funding, said. “When you evaluate projects, you are not guaranteed an outcome. This is called R&D risk. But all the surprises in this are on the happy side. Both Alejandro and Irina are highly capable. It was a blast for me to work with them.”
21st century solution
Alejandro and Irina began using the Albany coding test bed and Trilinos suite of algorithms to test their modeling method. The method also works to model the structural integrity of different materials.
“You have these two pieces of metal and a weld connecting them. You are going to stretch it and you want to see how the weld is going to fail or what’s going to happen to it,” Alejandro said, adding that because the method allows elements of a system to be separated, computing resources are needed only for creating the fine details of the immediate area of the weld, rather than modeling the entire system.
“If you have a problem that’s going to take months to compute, we believe we can reduce that to weeks,” Alejandro said. “People want to simplify this problem in order to obtain answers in a reasonable amount of time or with reasonable computational resources. It’s labor intensive and computationally expensive.”
Irina said that the method will really save time when researchers want to model multiple designs.
“If you want to play with different designs — bolts with threading, bolts without threading and so on — for each one you will have a substantial savings,” she said. “You will not have to spend all that time — months, possibly — creating a single model or mesh for each variation. The more designs you want to test, the more savings you’re going to have.”
Eliot said the method has already created demand.
“There are teams with mechanical analysis problems that are actually waiting for this method to be approved so they can apply it,” he said.
A world of possibilities
Alejandro said the method is now being used in production at Sandia in the Sierra code. He and Irina agree that the potential of the method is limited only by the imagination of the researchers.
“There’s some art to it,” Irina said. “For each problem, you have to have some intuition about how to break up the relevant geometry into small and large scales.”
Alejandro agreed that the art is in how you use their method.
“You name it: engineering systems, biological systems. You can go wild imagining where you can apply this,” he said.
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The South African Jewish community traces its origins to the early decades of the 19th Century, when small numbers of Jewish immigrants, mainly from the United Kingdom and Germany, began settling in what are today South Africa’s Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces. This included three Jewish families who arrived as part of the large group of British immigrants subsequently known as the 1820 Settlers. In 1841, seventeen Jews organised the first Hebrew Congregation in Cape Town, called the Tikvat Israel Congregation. Thereafter, the community grew slowly, with further congregations being established in, amongst other cities, Port Elizabeth and Kimberley. In 1880, the combined Jewish population of the various territories that make up modern-day South Africa was estimated at 4000 people. Thereafter, however, a huge influx of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe – mainly Lithuania and its environs – saw the community grow dramatically over the next half century, before new laws specifically aimed at curtailing further Jewish immigration were passed in 1930 and 1937.
On the eve of World War II, the Jewish population numbered just over 90 000. It continued to grow steadily, reaching a peak of 118 200 in 1970. Thereafter, mainly as a result of political unrest, the community began decreasing, and today it numbers around 75 000 people. Most South African Jews today trace their origins to the arrival of East European immigrants. During the 1930s, there was a further influx from Germany as a result of Nazi persecution and from the 1970s, from Israel and a number of Southern African states, including Zimbabwe, Zambia and Namibia.
As the community grew, both in numbers and influence, Jewish communal institutions began to emerge. The South African Zionist Federation was founded in 1898, and over the next eight decades was the dominant Jewish communal organisation. South African Jewry has long been noted for its strong support for Zionism and the State of Israel. The Transvaal branch of the Jewish Board of Deputies was established in 1903 and the Cape branch a year later. The two branches merged to form the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD) in 1912.
Despite attrition through emigration, South African Jewry remains by far the largest Jewish community on the African continent. Most Jews today live in Johannesburg (50,000) and Cape Town (16,000), while the other main centres are Durban (2000) and Pretoria (1000). Originally, the community was spread throughout the country, but the rural communities began declining shortly after World War II and are today largely defunct.
The Jewish community is remarkably well-organised and cohesive, with a comprehensive network of welfare, educational, political and Zionist institutions in every major Jewish population centre. The acknowledged Jewish civil rights organisation is the SAJBD which, amongst other things, monitors levels of antisemitism in the country and where necessary takes action. The SAJBD seeks to foster good relations with the Government of the day and meets regularly with key political leaders from across the political spectrum.
In the religious sphere, South African Jews are overwhelmingly affiliated to Orthodox congregations, comprising some 88% of the total. The Progressive movement accounts for most of the remaining affiliated Jews and there is one small Conservative congregation in Johannesburg.
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The grog ration being served out, drums and fifes struck up the thrilling air “all hands, all hands, to quarters”, calling all to their respective stations.
So wrote Usher Parsons, Surgeon’s Mate onboard the U.S. Brig Lawrence, describing the onset of the Battle of Lake Erie, a turning point in the War of 1812 and in the history of the fledgling U.S. Navy. By the end of Sept. 10, 1813, the British squadron had been decisively defeated and American control of Lake Erie assured.
Tradition holds that this fife, a gift to the Erie Maritime Museum from the descendants of John Gould Perry, was one of the instruments played on Oliver Hazard Perry’s flagship, the U.S. Brig Lawrence. Rev. John Pratt gave the flute to John Gould Perry to be passed on to Perry’s son, Oliver, named for the hero of the Battle of Lake Erie. Pratt’s father received the fife upon the death of Cyrus Tiffany, an African American veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Tiffany had lived with the elder Pratt in Newport, Rhode Island.
Examination of this extraordinary artifact reveals staining and a palpable indentation at its embouchure hole indicating that the fife was played by a left-handed person, i.e., when played, it would have been held extending from the mouth toward the left, instead of the traditional right.
Cyrus Tiffany, the original owner of the fife, is known to have resided in Taunton, Mass. after the Revolutionary War. He was listed as a free man and head of a household of four in the Federal Census of 1790 and 1800. He is likely to have served with fellow Taunton resident Simeon Crossman, drummer, on the U.S.S. Alliance. Tiffany had served previously as a soldier, having played fife before the tent of Gen. George Washington.
Tiffany, already an elderly man in 1813, volunteered to serve with Perry on Lake Erie. An anonymous, undated manuscript in the Perry Papers preserved at the William L. Clements Library notes that Tiffany served onboard the Lawrence in the battle, and:
“old Tiffany” . . . is as an (sic) admirable player on the fife, and no one understood better the use of that fine martial instrument, and could give it more thrilling and eloquent expression.
Tiffany, while still serving with Oliver Hazard Perry, died onboard the U.S.S. Java in 1818. Perry biographer Lt. Alexander Slidell MacKenzie, who also served under Perry onboard the Java after the War of 1812, noted a familiar relationship between the old sailor and the Commodore:
He (Perry) was accompanied in this journey by . . . a revolutionary fifer, Cyrus Tiffany by name, a sort of amphibious warrior, who, having, fought by land and water, and being already stricken in years, allowed himself considerable license of speech, and, having wit at will, had been a source of great amusement to the crew of the Lawrence.
This quote, from the Perry Papers, sheds light on the friendly relationship shared between the fife-playing Tiffany and Perry:
When the Commodore entered Erie after the Battle, Tiffany attended him as a body servant, and as they approached the town . . . pushed his horse in advance & commenced playing an animating tune on his fife. In the Java he sometimes took great liberties, which the Commodore bore in the greatest good humor, & was much incensed on one occasion when a Lieutenant had punished him with a ropes end. He was a “hanger on” to the Commodore to the day of his death, who always took the most humane care of him.
This Pennsylvania Treasure was written by Linda Bolla of the Erie Maritime Museum.
About Pennsylvania Treasures:
The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission houses artifacts hailing from all eras of the commonwealth’s past. These objects represent Pennsylvania arts, culture, history, sciences, business and agriculture. PHMC curators continue to research the stories behind many of these rarely exhibited artifacts and works of art. We are sharing these Pennsylvania Treasures with the public through weekly updates.
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Scientific Name: Hydrous calcium vanadium silicate
Group: Silicates - phyllosilicates
Chemical composition: Ca(VO)Si4O10.4H2O
Colors: Blue to greenish-blue
Hardness: 3 to 4
Formation: Aggregates of prismatic crystals, platelets and rosettes; Prismatic form
Principal Sources: India; Oregon, USA
Special Notes: Cavansite, whose name is derived from its chemical composition, calcium vanadium silicate, is a deep blue hydrous calcium vanadium phyllosilicate mineral, occurring as a secondary mineral in basaltic and andesitic rocks along with a variety of zeolite minerals. Discovered in 1967 in Malheur County, Oregon, cavansite is a relatively rare mineral. It tends to form crystal aggregates, generally in the form of balls, up to a couple centimeters in size. Sometimes the balls are coarse enough to allow the individual crystals to be seen. The color of cavansite is distinctive, almost always a rich, bright blue. It is often found sitting atop a matrix of zeolites or apophyllites.
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Feuding, both interfamilial and
intrafamilial, is silly and destructive. In the Appalachian Mountains there had once been a fight between a man named Hatfield and another man named McCoy. This turned into a battle for the family honor. Not only did the entire Hatfield family hate everyone in the McCoy family, but also for generations the Hatfields and McCoys were sworn enemies. They were literally out to kill one another, although the reason for the original dispute had long since been forgotten. For people to hate each other for no reason at all is absolutely ridiculous.
It is no less ridiculous when disputes within the family are
perpetuated. Two brothers have a disagreement. Some of the siblings and cousins become allies with one of the brothers, while others go to the other side. Not only do the two brothers not resolve their differences, but they also split the family asunder. Relatives are not invited to the weddings of the opposite side.
The only time the two factions may come together is when one of the family dies. Everyone is invited to the funeral. How
Many years ago my cousin invited me to his wedding. As much as I wished to attend, it was just impossible for me to go at that time. My cousin was very upset with me. Tell me the truth, he said. If I had died would you have come to my funeral?
What kind of silly talk is that? I asked.
Just tell me, he said. Wouldnt you have set aside all the important things and come to the funeral? Just say yes or no.
I couldnt deny it. O.K., I said. I would have come.
Then does it really bother you that Im alive? If you could manage to come to my funeral, you can manage to come to my wedding.
He was right. I recall a family which had split into two factions.
The father grieved because when there was a wedding in one faction, the other would not attend. He did not have the pleasure of enjoying all his children together.
Then the father died. Yes, both factions attended the funeral. He
had finally succeeded in having all his children together at one event.
Unfortunately, he was unable to enjoy it. Could they not have made
the same concession while he was alive and able to enjoy it?
The participants in a feud have children of their own. How would
they feel if their children would develop animosity toward each other? People should be aware that if they feud, they may be setting an example for their children to behave similarly.
There may be disputes within a family. But they should never be
permitted to degenerate into a feud.
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| 0.988466 | 553 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
An American professional baseball player, Darryl Kile, died recently. He was thirty-three years old and seemed to be in good health.
An examination of his body showed that two of the three blood vessels leading to his heart were almost completely blocked. Doctors call this condition atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. It develops when arteries become narrowed and cannot carry blood to the heart. The arteries may contain fatty substances that block the flow of blood.
These conditions can lead to a heart attack or sudden death. Kile’s body showed no evidence of a heart attack. However, doctors say that people with severe blockages of a heart artery can die from an abnormal heart beat. This is what they think happened to Kile.
The death of a seemingly healthy professional athlete surprised many people. Doctors say that such a serious amount of blockage is very unusual for someone so young. However, Darryl Kile’s father died after a stroke at the age of forty-four. Strokes often result from a build-up of fatty substances in the blood vessels of the brain.
Doctors say the death of a close family member from a heart attack or stroke is one sign that a person has an increased chance of developing a similar problem. They say that knowing your family’s medical history may be one of the most important things you can do to protect your health.
They say this is especially true if the family member died before the age of fifty. This could mean that a genetic problem exists. People in this situation should ask their doctor for tests to measure the health of major arteries. Doctors can usually treat such problems.
Other things also increase the chance of developing heart problems or a stroke. These include smoking cigarettes, weighing too much and not exercising. Still other risk factors include having high cholesterol, high blood pressure or the disease diabetes.
The World Heart Federation says heart attacks and strokes kill seventeen-million people around the world each year. That is thirty percent of all deaths. The organization says people can reduce their chances of a heart attack or stroke by exercising, stopping smoking and eating foods low in fat.
This VOA Special English Health Report was written by Nancy Steinbach.
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An interactive whiteboard itself is not bad for your eyes – but the data projector used with the board can cause eye damage.
When you are outside a building on a bright summer day your eyes won’t hurt when you look at a tree. How do you see the tree? The light from the sun shines on the tree and is reflected to you so that you see the image of the tree. But if you look directly at the sun your eyes will be damaged. Likewise, looking at the image on an interactive whiteboard won’t hurt your eyes, but looking into the beam of the data projector will.
You can project your eyes – and those of your learners – by following a few simple guidelines:
Don’t stare directly into the beam of the data projector.
Avoid standing in the beam – but if you have to enter into the beam, don’t look at the audience for more than a few seconds.
When writing on the board, face the board, with your back to the beam.
Switch the data projector off when not in use. This practice saves your eyes – it also saves energy!
The effect of the beam is reduced when the data projector is installed in the ceiling.
These guidelines must be explained to learners before they interact with the whiteboard, in the same way that you would brief them about the correct way to observe a solar eclipse without damaging their eyes.
An interactive whiteboard is safe to use if you remember that you must never look directly at the strong light emanating from the data projector. Protect your eyes – they have to serve you for a long time!
Click here for more information about interactive whiteboards.
3 Comments to How can I protect my eyes when using an interactive whiteboard?
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| 0.888591 | 374 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The world’s population is getting older. The share of the global population that is more than 50 years old is becoming larger and larger, presenting several economic challenges, the most troubling being the possibility of much slower economic growth. Several economists have raised the alarm that an older population will slow growth due to lower productivity, less labor force participation, and less investment growth. If this hypothesis is true, then the global economy could be in store for a sustainable period of weak growth. But are these fears about the future overblown?
In a new working paper, economists Daron Acemoglu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University look at the relationship between an aging population and aggregate economic growth. After running several regression analyses that account for initial GDP levels, they find that there isn’t a negative relationship between an older population and GDP growth. In fact, some of the results indicate a positive relationship between aging and economic growth, though this relationship is weaker when they look at only high-income countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Given the expectations that an aging population should stifle growth, what could explain this lack of a negative relationship? The answer that Acemoglu and Restrepo offer is technology. The economists hypothesize that as populations age businesses are more likely to adopt technology that helps boost productivity. They show preliminary results from upcoming work that shows a relationship between aging and the adoption of robots.
In other words, they believe there is an endogenous response to aging as the economy reacts to these demographic changes. They argue that as the population ages, the number of working-age people declines relative to demand, which in turn increases wages. Higher wages then give firms an incentive to invest in technologies that make labor more productive. This boost in productivity offsets the reduction in economic growth from an older population or might overwhelm it and increase overall economic growth.
The key factor here is that the two economists find that aging and the reduction in the supply of prime-age workers will necessarily lead to an increase in wages. Demographics may be very important for understanding economic trends, but they are not destiny. Higher wages might be an important and necessary trend for a boosting growth in a future where workers are increasingly older, but we should be skeptical that such a change will happen on its own. Policy might have to contribute as well.
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| 0.952025 | 482 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Dogs may not be afraid of any particular colour, but they can definitely sense your fear!
Dogs are incredibly sensitive and intuitive animals, able to pick up on subtle changes in body language, facial expressions, and vocal tones. They can even smell fear! When a person is scared or anxious, their body releases hormones like adrenaline that can be detected by a dog’s highly-developed sense of smell. Dogs will often act differently around someone who is scared or anxious as compared to when they are around someone who is calm and relaxed.
For example, if you’re feeling scared or anxious around a dog, the animal may become agitated or defensive. It might bark more frequently or show signs of aggression. On the other hand, if you’re calm and confident around a dog, it will likely respond positively by wagging its tail and being friendly.
It’s important to remember that dogs don’t understand fear; they just sense it. So while it may not be possible to completely eliminate your fear of dogs, you can learn how to manage it by understanding how your body language affects a dog’s behavior. With practice and patience, you can build a strong bond with any canine companion!
Dogs are not generally afraid of any particular color. However, some dogs may have a fear of specific objects or situations that are associated with certain colors. For example, a dog may be scared of red if they have had a negative experience with someone wearing a red shirt, or if they’ve been startled by something that was red in color.
– How Do Different Dog Breeds React to Certain Colours?
When it comes to dog breeds, there is a wide range of reactions to different colors. Some breeds may be more sensitive or attracted to certain colors than others. It’s important to understand how your pup might react when exposed to certain hues so you can better tailor their environment and make sure they’re comfortable.
For example, some dogs may be more attracted to red or yellow hues because these colors are associated with stimulation and energy. Dogs that are bred for hunting or agility sports may show an increased interest in these shades as they’re used for training purposes. On the other hand, some breeds may be more relaxed around blues and greens as these colors are calming and soothing. Breeds such as retrievers, Labradors, and poodles often respond well to blues and greens due to their mellow temperaments.
It’s also important to consider the breed of your dog when assessing their reaction to color. For instance, herding dogs such as collies or shepherds may be more sensitive to bright colors like orange or purple since they were bred for their ability to spot movement quickly. On the other hand, larger breeds like Great Danes or Mastiffs may not be as affected by color since they weren’t bred for speed or agility.
Ultimately, all dogs are unique in how they react to different colors so it’s important to observe your pup closely and see what works best for them!
– Does the Colour of a Stimulus Affect Dogs’ Fear Responses?
The relationship between the colour of a stimulus and dogs’ fear responses is an important topic to explore. It has been suggested that certain colours may have a greater impact on canine behaviour than others, but this has yet to be fully investigated. This article will discuss the current research into how colour affects dogs’ fear responses, as well as potential implications for pet owners and trainers.
First, it is important to understand what constitutes a fear response in dogs. Fear is an emotional state characterized by feelings of apprehension or dread in response to a perceived threat. In general, fear responses can include avoidance behaviour, vocalizations such as barking or whining, physical signs such as shaking or panting, and changes in body posture such as crouching or cowering.
Research into the effects of colour on canine fear responses has been limited but suggests that certain colours may be more likely to evoke a fearful response than others. For example, one study found that black stimuli were more likely to elicit fearful behaviours than white stimuli when presented to dogs. Similarly, another study found that red stimuli produced more fearful reactions than green stimuli when presented to dogs. These findings suggest that the colour of a stimulus may have an effect on canine fear responses.
The implications of these findings are important for pet owners and trainers who are looking to minimize fear-based behaviours in their animals. By being aware of which colours are more likely to elicit fearful reactions from their pets, they can adjust their training techniques accordingly and use colours that are less likely to produce negative reactions from their animals. Additionally, understanding which colours tend to produce more fearful reactions could help pet owners identify potential triggers for their animals’ anxiety and take steps towards avoiding them in the future.
In conclusion, while further research is needed in order to gain a better understanding of how colour affects canine fear responses, the current evidence suggests that certain colours may be more likely than others to evoke fearful reactions from dogs. This information could prove useful for pet owners and trainers who wish to reduce anxiety-related behaviours in their animals by adjusting their training techniques accordingly and avoiding potential triggers for anxiety-related behaviours.
– What is the Science Behind Dogs Being Afraid of Certain Colours?
Dogs have long been known to be afraid of certain colors, but why? What is the science behind it? In order to understand this phenomenon, we must first look at how dogs see the world.
Unlike humans, who can see a range of colors in the visible spectrum, dogs are colorblind and only able to perceive two types of light: blue and yellow. This means that they can’t distinguish between different shades of a particular color. For example, they may not be able to tell the difference between a deep red and a bright orange.
However, research suggests that dogs can still make distinctions between certain colors based on their brightness or intensity. Dogs may be more likely to be scared by bright or intense colors because these stand out more than duller hues. This could explain why some dogs are afraid of certain colors like red or orange, which appear brighter than other colors in the visible spectrum.
In addition to brightness, there is also evidence that suggests that dogs may associate certain colors with negative experiences or emotions. For example, if a dog has been scolded while wearing a bright red collar, they may become fearful when they see anything red in the future. This could explain why some dogs are scared of certain colors even though they cannot distinguish them from other shades in the visible spectrum.
Overall, there is no definitive answer as to why some dogs are afraid of certain colors but research suggests that it could be due to their inability to distinguish between different shades and their association with negative experiences or emotions.
– How Can You Help Your Dog Overcome Its Fear of Specific Colours?
The sight of a red object can cause fear and anxiety in some dogs. It’s important to understand that this is a normal response for your pup, as they may have had an unpleasant experience with the colour in the past. Fortunately, there are several methods you can use to help your dog overcome their fear of specific colours.
First, it’s important to identify the source of your pup’s fear. If it’s due to a negative experience or association with a particular colour, you should try to avoid exposing them to it for now. Instead, focus on gradually introducing them to other objects and activities that are not associated with the colour they are afraid of.
Once your pup is more comfortable around other objects and activities, you can begin introducing them to items of the colour they are scared of in small doses. Start by placing these items far away from your pup and rewarding them with treats when they look at the item without exhibiting any signs of fear or anxiety. As your pup becomes more comfortable around these items, slowly move them closer until they can touch or interact with them without being afraid.
It’s also important to keep training sessions short and positive; if your pup begins showing signs of distress or fear during a session, take a break and come back later when they are feeling calmer. You should also reward them for good behaviour throughout the process as this will reinforce positive associations with the colour and help build their confidence.
Finally, make sure that you provide plenty of love and support throughout this process. With patience and understanding, you can help your pup overcome their fear of specific colours over time!
– Are Some Dogs More Prone to Fear Certain Colours Than Others?
Dogs are intelligent and sensitive animals, and their behavior is heavily influenced by their environment. One of the more fascinating aspects of canine behavior is the idea that some breeds may be more prone to fear certain colors than others. While this phenomenon has not been extensively studied, there are some theories as to why this might be the case.
One theory suggests that dogs may associate certain colors with negative experiences from their past. For example, if a dog was once frightened by a red car, it could lead to an aversion to red in general. Similarly, if a dog was once attacked by another animal wearing a yellow collar, it could explain why they have an irrational fear of yellow objects.
Another possible explanation for color-related fears in dogs is that some breeds may have better vision than others and may be more sensitive to certain colors. For instance, dogs with blue eyes tend to have better vision than those with brown eyes and thus may be more impacted by bright colors like yellow or orange. Similarly, dogs with light-colored coats may be more sensitive to dark colors such as black or navy blue.
Finally, it’s also possible that certain breeds may simply have an innate fear of certain colors due to genetics or evolution. For example, herding dogs such as German Shepherds were bred over many generations to respond quickly and decisively when presented with unfamiliar stimuli – so they might naturally be more wary of unfamiliar colors like purple or green.
Overall, while there isn’t yet any definitive proof that some dogs are more prone to fear specific colors than others, there are certainly some interesting theories about why this might be the case. If you think your pet is exhibiting signs of color-related anxiety or phobia, then it’s important to seek professional advice from your veterinarian who can help you find ways to manage your pet’s behavior and keep them safe from harm.
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that dogs are afraid of any particular color. Fear responses in dogs are usually based on past experiences and environmental factors, rather than the color of an object.
Some questions with answers
1. Why are dogs afraid of certain colors?
Answer: Dogs can be afraid of certain colors due to the association of those colors with something that has caused them fear or distress in the past. For example, a dog may have had a bad experience with a person wearing a bright red shirt, and so may become fearful when they see any red object.
2. What colors do dogs typically fear?
Answer: While individual dogs may have different reactions to different colors, some of the most common colors that dogs are known to be afraid of include bright red, orange, yellow, green and blue.
3. Is there any scientific evidence that supports this theory?
Answer: Yes – research has shown that animals can recognize and respond differently to different colors, and studies suggest that dogs may be able to distinguish between shades of color more easily than humans.
4. Are there any other factors which could cause a dog to be scared of certain colors?
Answer: Yes – if a dog has been exposed to loud noises such as fireworks or thunderstorms while seeing an object in one particular color, they may develop an aversion towards it as an association with the noise. Similarly, if they have been mistreated by someone wearing one particular color, they may become fearful when they see it again in future.
5. Is there anything I can do to help my dog overcome its fear of certain colors?
Answer: If your dog is displaying signs of fear or distress when encountering objects in certain colors, it is important to seek professional advice from a qualified animal behaviorist or veterinarian who will be able to provide specific guidance tailored for your pet’s individual needs. In general though, it is important not to force your pet into situations where they feel uncomfortable and instead try positive reinforcement techniques such as reward-based training and providing treats when encountering these objects in order to help them overcome their fear gradually over time.
My name is Mark and the senior editor
I take great pride in being the best possible author and giving you the knowledge that i have on all different types of animals!
I have spent a lifetime learning about pets and animals, and have worked in the pet and vet industry for over 20 years now!
The website will draw have authors who are vets, pet owners, and local pet breeders. All who will contribute their fantastic knowledge which in turn will be able to help you i hope.
There is a lot of information on the internet so it may be hard to know where exactly is the best place to start learning. But we will write articles that get straight to the point, and give you all the information that you need with no fluff!
If you have any questions please leave a comment on the article, and i will reply to you!
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Senator Farley Says Tooth Decay In Children Should Be A Concern
February is National Children's Dental Health Month and a good time to remind parents that tooth decay is one of the most common of all disorders, second only to the common cold, according to the American Dental Association.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that untreated tooth decay can have devastating results such as continuing pain and infections, poor appearance and low self-esteem, and poor growth and nutrition in children.
According to health organizations, including the New York State Department of Health, by the age of 3, children should have already visited the dentist, be brushing their own teeth and understand what foods are good for growing teeth and bones.
The American Academy of Pediatrics used to recommend that the first visit to the dentist should be at 3 years of age but today's recommendations suggest parents schedule an appointment as soon as the first teeth erupt through the gums. However, there are some suggestions that if a child does not have cavity developing habits (such as sleeping with a cup or bottle) and the teeth seem to be developing normally, then parents probably can wait until the child is a little older. Just make sure your regular pediatrician checks the teeth at each well-child visit. Unfortunately, only three out of five children have seen a dentist before entering kindergarten, according to the American Dental Association.
As noted, in a recent Associated Press story, a report by the American Academy of Pediatrics is quoted as stating "fruit juice should not be given to children younger than 6 months, and there is no nutritional reason to give it to them before their first birthday." Given the problems of tooth decay and child obesity, they note that sugar drinks of any kind should "be consumed with care." While sodas can have a lot of sugar (up to nine teaspoons of sugar per can), many fruit juices are also high in sugar content.
With infants, parents should clean the gums by rubbing a moist washcloth on them. As the child gets older and more teeth grow in, parents should encourage children to practice brushing and talk with them about good eating habits.
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The developer of path integrals, Nobel Prize–winning physicist Richard Feynman, presents unique insights into this method and its applications. Feynman starts with an intuitive view of fundamental quantum mechanics, gradually introducing path integrals. Later chapters explore more advanced topics, including the perturbation method, quantum electrodynamics, and statistical mechanics. 1965 edition, emended in 2005.
Richard Feynman was, until his death in 1988, the most famous physicist in the world. Only an infinitesimal part of the general population could understand his mathematical physics, but his outgoing and sunny personality, his gift for exposition, his habit of playing the bongo drums, and his testimony to the Presidential Commission on the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster turned him into a celebrity.
Freeman Dyson, of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, called him 'the most original mind of his generation', while in its obituary The New York Times described him as 'arguably the most brilliant, iconoclastic and influential of the postwar generation of theoretical physicists'.
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Year 1 Phonic Screening Check
During the summer term children in Year 1 take part in the Phonic Screening Check. The Year 1 phonics screening check is not a formal test, but a way for teachers to ensure that children are making sufficient progress with their phonics skills to read words and that they are on track to become fluent readers who can enjoy reading for pleasure and for learning.
Any children who do not get a score above a threshold mark (32 out of 40 in previous years) are required to attempt the check again in the summer term of Year 2.
End of Key Stage 1 Assessment (SATs)
During May the children in Year 2 complete specific tasks and tests in reading, mathematics, grammar, punctuation and spelling as part of the end of Key Stage One assessment process-commonly called SATs. These activities take place informally within classrooms as part of the usual class activities and the children are usually unaware when they have completed them. Staff do not tell the children that they are completing tests and we ask parents and carers to do the same to prevent children becoming anxious.
The Reading Test consists of two separate papers:
- Paper 1 – consists of a combined reading prompt and answer booklet. The paper includes a list of useful words and some practice questions for teachers to use to introduce the contexts and question types to The test takes approximately 30 minutes to complete, but is not strictly timed.
- Paper 2 – consists of an answer booklet and a separate reading There are no practice questions on this paper. Teachers can use their discretion to stop the test early if a pupil is struggling. The test takes approximately 40 minutes to complete, but is not strictly timed.
The Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar test consists of two separate papers:
- Paper 1: Spelling – pupils to spell 20 missing words within a test The test is expected to take approximately 15 minutes to complete, but is not strictly timed. Within the assessment, the spelling words are read out to the children to fill into the gaps within the sentences.
- Paper 2: Grammar, Punctuation and Vocabulary – a combined question and answer booklet focusing on pupils’ knowledge of grammar, punctuation and vocabulary. Pupils will have approximately 20 minutes to complete the questions in the test paper, but it is not strictly
There are also two papers for mathematics:
- Paper 1: Arithmetic – lasts approximately 20 minutes (but this is not strictly timed). It covers calculation methods for all
- Paper 2: Reasoning – lasts for approximately 35 minutes, which includes time for five aural Pupils will still require calculation skills and questions will be varied including multiple choice, matching, true/false, completing a chart or table or drawing a shape. Some questions will also require children to show or explain their working out.
These tests are in addition to the ongoing teacher assessment which forms a major part of everyday teaching and learning within the school-the actual tests just provide a snapshot of achievement. At the end of the academic year you will be sent the results of the teacher assessment as these give the most accurate reflection of achievement.
If you were unable to attend our recent SATs information session a copy of the slides are available to view by clicking on the link below.
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LONDON: Scientists have genetically modified plants to tolerate high levels of salt – offering one potential solution to growing food in poor conditions.
The researchers inserted a gene to remove salt – in the form of sodium ions – from water taken up by the plant before it reaches the leaves, where it does most damage. The research is published this month in the journal The Plant Cell.
High salinity reduces crop yields on irrigated land, where one-third of the world’s food is produced, and in semi-arid regions such as the Middle East.
Mark Tester, a scientist at the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics at the University of Adelaide, and co-workers developed a GM salt-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana plant (thale cress, a species used for research) by introducing a gene into its root that diverts sodium ions into the roots rather than the shoots.
Plants minimise the accumulation of salt naturally, but the gene decreased salt levels in the shoots by up to two-thirds. “We’ve used genetic modification to amplify the process, helping plants to do what they already do – but to do it much better,” says Tester.
The main challenge is applying the technique to crop plants. He said the Arabidopsis gene has already performed well in rice, and the researchers are currently analysing rice, barley and wheat plants containing their own versions of the gene.
Tester says the freely available technology can also alter the accumulation of other chemicals, with implications for human nutrition, plant growth and phytoremediation – using plants to soak up pollutants from soil – all of which are important for developing countries.
Rowan Sage, professor of physiological plant ecology at the University of Toronto, in Canada, cautiously welcomed the news, and said: “This is a promising approach to mildly improving salinity tolerance in crops.”
“However, I am sceptical it will produce true [salt-tolerant] crops. Sodium exclusion is but one salinity tolerance mechanism. If a plant has a very strong sodium exclusion mechanism … there are costs in terms of reduced growth potential,” he added.
“One might be able to grow rice on a salty soil, but the yield may not be worth it. The big advantage will be on mildly salty soils where the yield is repressed in non-tolerant crops.”
Genetically modified crops that can grow on poor soils could be the key to boosting crop yields and preventing famine in some developing nations.
Follow Cosmos on Twitter!
The study in The Plant Cell
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Support HB 3550!
“It’s never too early to begin educating about consent. Education on consent fosters compassion, empathy, accountability, and respect for others’ boundaries. It provides a framework for helping young people understand that the choices they make, the behaviors and actions they take, affect others. In the same way, it empowers youth to identify and assert their own boundaries in relationships and beyond,” says Lillian Cartwright, Director of Education & Training.
“Youth are bombarded with harmful messaging and misinformation about sex and sexuality in the media, online, among peers, and oftentimes in their own families. Examining what getting consent or giving consent really means–what it looks like, sounds like, feels like–is a powerful mechanism for equipping youth with the knowledge and language needed to protect themselves and prevent harm to others.
When we normalize talking about consent, healthy sexuality, and respecting our partners, we open the door for youth to have those conversations among themselves. Sexual violence breeds in secrecy and silence. Replacing shame, stigma, and confusion, with accurate information, honesty, and openness is critical in preventing further sexual harm.”
Link to the witness slip you can use and share via social media: https://bit.ly/2SS9P2D.
View the HB 3550 Action Alert PDF.
Consent, HB 3550, Lillian Cartwright, Prevention Education, Public Policy
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"While this text contributes to an important national story, it also highlights the importance of local and regional factors and variations. It adds to the growing, albeit piecemeal, literature on the pre–World War II southern labor movement by demonstrating not only its existence and modest successes but also its indigenous origin...Given current U.S. unemployment rates, the story of this book could speak to the growing number of organizers and policy makers looking to again harness the grassroots."
—American Historical Review
Drawing on extensive archival research, including newly accessible records of the Communist Party of the United States, Lorence details interactions between various institutional and grassroots players, including organized labor, the Communist Party, the Socialist Party, liberal activists, and officials at every level of government. He shows, for example, how the Communist Party played a more central role than previously understood in the organization of the unemployed and the advancement of labor and working-class interests in Georgia. Communists gained respect among the jobless, especially African Americans, for their willingness to challenge officials, help negotiate the welfare bureaucracy, and gain access to New Deal social programs.
Lorence enhances our understanding of the struggles of the poor and unemployed in a Depression-era southern state. At the same time, we are reminded of their movement's lasting legacy: the shift in popular consciousness that took place as Georgians, "influenced by a new sense of entitlement fostered by the unemployed organizations," began to conceive of new, more-equal relations with the state.
Read more about the Great Depression in Georgia at the New Georgia Encyclopedia.
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The health and integrity of estuaries is vital in maintaining environmental, social and cultural values and ecosystem services. This strongly benefits the communities that interact and depend on them.
Why we protect estuaries
Estuaries are valuable environmental assets that are under increasing pressure. With more than 80% of New South Wales’s population living on or near the coast, coastal local government areas are rapidly developing and growing faster than those elsewhere in the State.
Estuaries are at risk from extreme weather events. Climate change projections suggest that extreme rainfall events will increase in frequency and intensity.
Extreme rainfall events and large damaging storms can cause flooding in rivers and estuaries as well as flash flooding. They can also cause soil erosion and water pollution, threatening natural estuarine ecosystems, commercial enterprises and public amenity.
How we protect and manage estuaries
To help protect and improve the health of estuaries we:
- collect scientific data to monitor and report on the condition and the physical properties of estuaries, to help in the application of the risk-based framework for achieving waterway health outcomes and the development of water quality and river flow objectives
- provide support and guidance to council’s developing their coastal management programs for estuaries and open coast areas
- provide advice on estuary entrance management
- provide technical support and funding to help local councils plan and implement estuary management projects, manage risks from coastal hazards, restore coastal habitats and improve estuary health.
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Farmers and growers have saved seeds since farming and growing began. Seeds are a core and essential part of many farming systems, and farmers’ ownership and control of seeds – seeds they save, open pollinated seeds, and an apt, varied range of seeds for both food security and food sovereignty – is one of the biggest agri-food issues of our times.
The nexus of the problem is this: a small handful of agri-food and chemical giants have significant control of the ever tightening seed market. Meanwhile small farmers, gardeners and growers are finding it more and more difficult to save and access seeds. These are also threats to seed saving, often under the guise of supposed improvements in efficiency, performance and safety. When legislation is written with the interests of the major corporations involved in seeds in mind, it inevitably ends up promoting a business-as-usual model of limited varieties, use of pesticides, GM and other agri-industrial inputs and processes. Organic and other alternative ways of dealing with seeds sometimes have different needs – e.g. organic seeds are not designed to receive the same level or type of what are in effect unsustainable inputs. The Regulation also may impose excessive uniformity in seeds, reducing the range and scope of seed availability, thus disenfranchising future generations of the cultural (bio)diversity of plant heritage.
In extreme cases, farmers are having the seeds they have saved destroyed by the state. And in general, Seed Saving organisations are struggling to survive, many making pleas for supports in the face of reduced funding from the state.
Presently, the European Union is introducing Seeds legislation. The EU Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) presented a package of new regulations on plant health, animal health, seed registration and food and feed controls, called Smarter Rules for Safer Food. This, as usual is under the guise of improving the performance of the seed market. Nevertheless, many of those involved in various aspects of seeds – seed saving, open pollination, gardening, small scale and organic farming – have fought this proposed legislation for many months, fearing a tightening of the grip of Corporates. Sometimes, small victories have been had along the way. And another is needed soon, as the legislation is again reaching a decision point at European level: final Parliament Plenaries are due in March or April.
Seed regulation at EU level currently relies on 12 Directives, which allow in practice for many sensible derogations at Member State level for small scale growers and others. These would be lost if the new Regulation comes into force without taking them into account. Another concern is the cost and indeed the ethics of registration of seed varieties. Why impose unrealistic and excessive costs on small scale producers, and why try to register what is in many cases the common heritage of human food production? Many seed varieties have been saved for hundreds of years by farmers and growers, and also in some cased bred in a participatory manner. Indeed even the attempted definition of niche (and thus partially exempt) market production is too small – for organisations involving less than 10 employees. Seed saving is labour intensive, and thus often involves more than 10 employees, even for small organisations.
This proposed legislation is thus too broad (includes small scale producers), too restrictive (lack of member state flexibility, lack of seed heterogeneity, size of niche organisation), too compulsory (takes into consideration too many of non-commercial varieties).
Read: La Via Campesina publication on seeds (May 2013)
Watch: a range of experts debate EU Seed regulation “Smarter Rules for Safer Food” (January 2014)
Read: Concentration of European Seed Market Report from Greens/EFA Group
Intro to Seed Regulation (Nov 2013)
Global Soil Week and the Seed Ball action (October 2013)
Commissioner Ciolos on seed exchange and EU regulations (June 2013)
Detailed Arc2020 signed Press Release on Seed Regulation issues (May 2013)
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Accomplishments of the 4th World Wilderness Congress
The 4th World Wilderness Congress convened in September, 1987 (Denver and Estes Park, Colorado, United States) with 2,000 delegates from 64 countries. Proceedings: For the Conservation of Earth, edited by Vance G. Martin, published by Fulcrum, Inc., 1988.
Proposed the establishment of a world conservation bank, or fund, the first call for new conservation finance mechanisms, which eventually led to the $1.1 billion Global Environment Facility.
In addition to working sessions which determined the 4th WWC action agenda, the cultural programme was rich and varied, including classical Indian dance, the International Youth Choir, art shows, cowboy poets, concerts…all inspired by wilderness. U.S. secretary of the treasury, James Baker, was the first finance minister to open a major conservation conference, calling for integration of economics and environment.
The first world wilderness inventory, prepared for the WWC by the Sierra Club.
Continued to advocate inclusion of wilderness as a separate and specific classification under the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Categories of Protected Areas, which was accepted by the IUCN in 1994.
The 4th WWC involved 1600 delegates from 62 nations, among them Ms Gro Harlem Brundtland (Prime Minister of Norway) and Maurice Strong, numerous Ministers of State, African Game Guards such as Magqubu Ntombela, and others.Resubmitted to the British government the resolution to consider the Cairngorm Plateau for listing as a World Heritage Site (to preserve its valuable wilderness characteristics), a process which was then begun by the British government in 1990.
First proposal for a world conservation corps, or Service, as an avenue for effective public environmental action.
In addition to working sessions which determined the 4th WWC action agenda, the cultural program was rich and varied, including classical Indian dance, the International Youth Choir, art shows, cowboy poets, concerts . . . all inspired by wilderness.
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[UPDATE – You can find all of my numberless word problem sets on this page.]
This year I read Sherry Parrish’s Number Talks from cover to cover as I prepared to deliver introductory PD sessions to K-2 and 3-5 teachers in November. She outlines five key components of number talks; you can read about them here. One of the components in particular came to the forefront of my thinking the past few days: purposeful computation problems. I’ll get back to that in a moment.
It all started when I got an email the other day asking whether I have a bank of numberless word problems I could share with a teacher. Sadly, I don’t have a bank to share, but it immediately got me thinking of putting one together. That led to me wondering what such a bank would look like: How would it be organized? By grade level? By problem type? By operation?
That brought to mind a resource I used last year when developing an extended PD program for our district interventionists: the Institute of Education Sciences practice guide Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics: Response to Intervention (RtI) for Elementary and Middle Schools. The guide lays out 8 recommendations. I was reminded of this one:
Recommendation 4. Interventions should include instruction on solving word problems that is based on common underlying structures.
Students who have difficulties in mathematics typically experience severe difficulties in solving word problems related to the mathematics concepts and operations they are learning. This is a major impediment for future success in any math-related discipline.
Based on the importance of building proficiency and the convergent findings from a body of high-quality research, the panel recommends that interventions include systematic explicit instruction on solving word problems, using the problems’ underlying structure. Simple problems give meaning to mathematical operations such as subtraction or multiplication. When students are taught the underlying structure of a word problem, they not only have greater success in problem solving but can also gain insight into the deeper mathematical ideas in word problems.
(You can read the full recommendation here.)
And it was this recommendation that ultimately reminded me of the part of Sherry Parrish’s book where she talked about purposeful computation problems:
“Crafting problems that guide students to focus on mathematical relationships is an essential part of number talks that is used to build mathematical understanding and knowledge…a mixture of random problems…do not lend themselves to a common strategy. [They] may be used as practice for mental computation, but [they] do not initiate a common focus for a number talk discussion.”
All of this shaped my thoughts on how I should proceed if I were to create a bank of numberless word problems to share. Don’t get me wrong, the numberless word problem routine can be used at any time with any problem as needed. However, the purpose is to provide scaffolding, and we should provide scaffolding with a clear instructional end goal in mind. We’re not building ladders to nowhere!
The end goal, as I see it, is that we’re trying to support students so they can identify for themselves the structure of the problems they’re solving so they can successfully choose the operation or operations they need to use to determine the correct answer.
In order to reach that goal, we need to be very intentional in our work, in our selection of problems to pose to students. We need to differentiate practice for solving problems from purposefully selecting problems that initiate a common focus for problem solving.
What Sherry Parrish does to achieve this goal with regards to number talks is she creates problem strings and groups them by anticipated computation strategy. I didn’t create problem strings, per se, but what I did do was create small banks of word problems that all fit into the same problem type category. I’m utilizing the problem types shared in Children’s Mathematics: Cognitively Guided Instruction.
Here’s the document the image came from. It’s a quick read if you’re new to Cognitively Guided Instruction or if you want a quick brush up.
So far I’ve put together sets of 10 problems for all of the problem types related to joining situations. I plugged in numbers for the problems, but you can just as easily change them for your students. I did try to always select numbers that were as realistic as possible for the situation.
My goal is to make problem sets for all of the CGI problem types to help get teachers started if they want to do some focused work on helping students build understanding of the underlying structure of word problems.
I created these problems using the sample contexts provided by Howard County Public Schools. They’re simple, but what I like is that they help illustrate the operations in a wide variety of contexts. Addition can be found in situations about mice, insects, the dentist, the ocean, penguins, and space, to name a few.
As you read through the problems from a given problem type, it might seem blatantly obvious how all of the problems are related, but young students don’t always attend to the same features that adults do. Without sufficient experience, they may not realize what aspects of a problem make addition the operation of choice. We need to give them repeated, intentional opportunities to look for and make use of structure (SMP7).
Even though I’m creating sets of 10 problems for each problem type, I’m not recommending that a teacher should pick a problem type and run through all 10 problems in one go. I might only do 3-4 of the problems over a few days and then switch to a new problem type and do 3-4 of that problem type for a few days.
After students have worked on at least 2 problem types, then I would stop and do an activity that checks to see if students are beginning to be able to identify and differentiate the structure of the problems. Maybe give them three problems, 2 from one problem type and 1 from another. Ask, “Which two problems are of the same type?” or “Which one doesn’t belong?” The idea being that teachers should alternate between focused work on a particular problem type and opportunities for students to consolidate their understanding among multiple problem types.
On each slide in the problem banks, I suggest questions that the teacher could ask to help students make sense of the situation and the underlying structure. The rich discussion the class is able to have with the reveal of each new slide is just as essential as the slow reveal of information.
You may not need to ask all the questions on each slide. Also, you might come up with some of your own questions based on the discussion going on in your class. Do what makes sense to you and your goals for your students. I just wanted to provide some examples in case a teacher wasn’t quite sure how to facilitate a discussion of each slide for a given problem.
Creating these problem sets has prompted me to make a page on my blog dedicated to numberless word problems. You can find that here. I’ll post new problem sets there as they’re created. My current goal is to focus on creating problem sets for all of the CGI problem types. When that is complete, then I’d like to come back and tackle multi-step problems which are really just combinations of one or more problem types. After that I might tackle problems that incorporate irrelevant information provided in the problem itself or provided in a graph or table.
I’ve got quite a lot of work cut out for me!
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Curiosity’s shadow on Mars
After traveling for more than eight months through over 350 million miles of space, the Curiosity rover landed safely on the surface of Mars a few hours ago. The 1-ton, $2.5 billion, SUV-sized robot was lowered gently to the planet on a tether from a rocket-fired sky crane almost exactly on the target time of 1:31 a.m. EDT Monday. (I think it was a few seconds early.)
This was an amazing victory for NASA, not only because it puts the most high-powered, sophisticated robotic laboratory ever on the surface of our red neighbor, but because the sky crane delivery system is revolutionary – and, let’s face it, kind of an insane idea to risk billions of dollars on – and the success of the landing should ease the path to more funding for the beleaguered space agency at a time when budget cuts are pushing pure science to the back burner.
To paraphrase my favorite late-night host, Craig Ferguson, “It’s a great night for America!”
Tonight is the night that NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity is set to land on the Red Planet. The $2.5 billion, 1-ton, car-sized robot is slated to touch down near the base of Mount Sharp inside the Gale Crater near the equator of our planetary neighbor at about 10:31 p.m. PDT (yes, that’s technically 1:31 a.m. tomorrow for me), kicking off the two-year Mars Science laboratory mission.
What makes this particular mission so exciting is not just the advanced science the robot will perform (see below), but the revolutionary way in which Curiosity will make planetfall. The rover is too heavy to bounce to the surface in a cocoon of cushioning airbags, so NASA engineers came up with what sounds like an insane plan: lower it to surface with a sky crane. Naturally. Why didn’t I think of that?
The graphic explains it much better than I can, but basically, the heat-shielded descent vehicle will stop in midair above the Martian surface and then lower the rover on a cable, release it, and then self-crash a safe distance away. What could go wrong?
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There are few careers that are more rewarding than one that is in the medical sector. While healthcare professionals are able to care and offer support to countless individuals, however, they are also faced with challenging ethical questions each and every day. It is because of this that those working in the medical field have subscribed to a body of ethical statements which work to benefit their patients. In examining the “Four Principals” approach to patient care and healthcare ethics, as well as some of the other standards adopted by medical professionals, you can gain a more comprehensive understanding of how to provide the best care for the patients that you encounter while on-the-job.
The “Four Principals”
One of the most common frameworks utilized in the analysis of patient care ethics is the “Four Principals” approach. These moral principals were originally developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress. As a rule, in order for a medical practice to be deemed “ethical”, it needs to respect all four statements, which include:
- Autonomy – This principal states that patients have total autonomy of thought, intention, and action with regards to making decisions about health care and the health care procedures being presented to them. In other words, patients have the right to choose or refuse their particular treatment. In order for autonomy in the decision-making process, patients must be able to make their choice without any coercion or coaxing from a medical professional. The patient must also be provided with all of the information required to assist them in making a completely informed decision. This includes an explanation of all risks and benefits, as well as the likelihood of a procedure’s success.
- Justice – The idea of justice pertains to the fair distribution of health resources. Simply put any of the burdens or benefits of new, experimental, or scarce medical treatments must always be equally distributed among all groups in society. These treatments or procedures must also uphold the spirit of existing laws.
- Beneficence – Here, healthcare professionals are required to always act in the best interest of a patient. Another way of saying this is that all procedures and treatment plans must be provided with the intent of doing good for the patient involved. This requires physicians and other medical workers to develop and maintain all of the skills and knowledge to provide the best care for patients. As such, continued education and training would fall under the umbrella of this concept.
- Non-Malfeasance – The final of the “Four Principals” requires that a procedure or treatment does not cause any harm to the patient involved, or to any others in society. All factors, including the physical, emotional, and psychological effects of the procedure must be carefully considered.
Additional Key Ethical Values for Patient Care
In addition to the “Four Principals”, many healthcare providers put emphasis on numerous other values for the ethical treatment of patients. Some of these principals may include:
- Respect – All patients are entitled to competent care that provides compassion and respect for basic human rights and dignity.
- Honesty – Medical professionals must be dedicated to upholding the standards of professionalism through being honest in all patient interactions and striving to report any healthcare providers who may prove to lack in character or competence by engaging in fraud or deception.
- Privacy - Those working within the medical sector are required to respect patient confidences and privacy within constraints of the law.
- Citizenship – Healthcare professionals shall respect the law, while also recognizing their responsibility to seek changes in laws which may be contrary to the best interest of patients.
The Role of Ethical Principals in Patient Care
Unfortunately, values and principals like those mentioned in the preceding sections do not provide medical workers with absolute answers for handling any particular situation. Instead, these values act as a guidebook, and create a useful framework for understanding moral conflicts that may arise. When situations occur that cause a conflict in moral ethics, you may find that there is no solution that is 100% correct. In fact, there may be cases in which the moral values of health care providers may actually be in conflict with one another, or wherein a physician’s ethics clash with a patient’s family members. Here, the basic pillars of the medical ethical code will help you to find the most reasonable and morally upright way to address the problem. Although it can be frustrating for medical professionals to make decisions outside the realm of absolutes, a thorough understanding and evaluation of patient care ethics can help you to make choices with more confidence.
For healthcare workers, growth and learning never end. As you move forward on your journey toward caring for patients, you’ll find that your ability to build on this initial guidebook and make your own ethical decisions during times of moral crises will sharpen exponentially.
image source: dlsii.com
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You are joining us here for what might be one of the most important archaeological finds in human history. In the hills of Jerusalem, archaeologists have discovered a tomb, a two thousand year old tomb, which contains significant forensic evidence, and some potentially historic consequences . . . . I would like to briefly discuss how this momentous find came about and how it comes to be before you today.And James Cameron, who comes to the microphone next, tells the story of his involvement with the documentary, which he went on to produce, and speaks of it as "literally this is the biggest archaeology story of the century". And so it goes on. But this robust beginning gave way, quite quickly, to a more cautious tone.
The reaction in the blogosphere, as well as in other media outlets, demonstrated very quickly that the vast majority of scholars assessing the case were not finding it convincing. Unilke Cameron, who said that as a layman he had found the case "pretty darn compelling", the experts were finding the case unpersuasive. The statistical case began to crumble as experts cast doubt on elements in the identification of the ossuary inscriptions, and especially its "Ringo Starr", the supposed presence of Mary Magdalene. The claim that "Mariamenenou Mara" was a unique way of identifying Mary Magdalene appeared to be based on a misreading of Francois Bovon's analysis of the Acts of Philip. I called attention to this before the documentary aired (with a follow up on 11 March), and others made similar points, including Tony Chartrand Burke and Richard Bauckham. Now Bauckham himself is not himself a blogger, but was guesting on his St Andrews' colleague Jim Davila's Paleojudaica blog before producing a revised version of his thoughts also on Paleojudaica. Once again the bloggers were adding guest posts from experts to enhance their own efforts, and the effect was pretty dramatic.
When the documentary aired on Sunday 4 March, Discovery added an extra programme that followed on immediately afterwards -- a studio discussion, hosted by Ted Koppel, The Lost Tomb of Jesus -- A Critical Look. It was this programme that launched Jonathan Reed's now famous charge of "archaeoporn". Some at the time saw the scheduling of this programme as an opportunity for Discovery to imply some critical distancing from the claims made in the documentary, claims that they had been heartily endorsing only a week earlier. When the first repeat of The Lost Tomb of Jesus was dropped from Discovery's schedules, it began to look like they were indeed feeling less confident about the documentary than they had at first.
I should add that it was not only the bloggers who played a role in holding the programme makers to account. One key event was the appearance of Eric Meyers with Simcha Jacobovici on the Diane Rehm show on 5 March, the morning after the documentary aired. But in only the recent past, radio appearances and newspaper op-eds would have been the only major public venues for providing critiques of programmes like this. Now the blogging revolution had changed all that and the reactions were thorough, detailed, varied and fast.
The Talpiot Tomb provided the first major test for the bloggers in our area, and it is a test that they passed with flying colours. The contrast with the earlier and similar story, the James Ossuary, only a few years earlier, in 2002, is significant. Then blogging was only in its infancy, and in our area it was non-existent. (Jim Davila's Paleojudaica, the pioneer, began in March 2003; this blog began six months later in September 2003). The James Ossuary story took some time to unravel and although furiously debated on the then more popular e-lists, the latter did not attract the same degree of expertise or the same degree of publicity now reached by the blogs. Indeed, two occasional bloggers were themselves involved directly with the project, Darrell Bock, who was highly critical of the the documentary's claims, and James Tabor, who remained sympathetic, and provided a sane if lonely voice speaking up for Jacobovici.
At this point, perhaps you will be thinking that there is far too much by way of celebrating blogging success, so in the next part I will look at an example of a complete failure to achieve any change at all, and the failure was mine.
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Man Loong Ginger Factory
Hugh Farmer writes. Many thanks to IDJ for supplying both the image and text.
One of the first manufacturing industries in colonial Hong Kong was preserved ginger, as well as various fruits, grown mainly in Guangzhou. And one of the first such companies was Man Loong Ginger Factory. The description of the company below, written in about 1908, mentions that at this time it had already been established for forty years. Thus Man Loong must have started operations in the late 1860s.
The photograph is of Temple Street in the early 1900s, now one of the busiest places in Hong Kong, at least in the evening. How quiet and empty it looked then with just two or three figures standing at the factory entrance. Was the picture taken very early in the morning? I wonder what the parallel lines are in the foreground. Not tram lines, not railways lines….?
The text accompanying this photo is worth quoting in full. “A considerable amount of ginger is exported from the Colony, and subsequently competition is so strong that a firm wishing to hold a high place in the market finds it necessary to exercise extreme care that its productions are of the highest quality. For this reason the Man Loong Ginger Factory has only to refer to the volume of it trade to prove the excellence of its manufactures.
The firm has been established for forty years and exports to England, America, Germany and Australia, preserved ginger and all kinds of Chinese fruits, such as pears, plums, cumquats and chow chow 1 The ginger comes from Canton, is peeled and boiled there, and preserved at the factory, No. 60, Temple Street, Yaumati.
Three grades only are dealt with – with the finest choice selected stem ginger, young stem ginger, and cargo ginger 2 – and these are packed in pure syrup and in first grade Java cane sugar. During the season, from August to the end of the year, upwards of three hundred men and women are employed.
The Company also manufactures sugar-candy, which is sent largely to Bombay and to the northern ports of China. The firm sends a great deal of its products to India under the name of Sam Shing, and dispatches best thick soy to London.
The managing partner of the firm is Mr. Leung Hiu Cho, who has been engaged in business in the Colony for a number of years. The offices of the company are situated at No.`13 Des Voeux Road, West.”(1)
- Arnold Wright (ed.) 1908. Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong, p.248.
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Near Appomattox Court House in Appomattox County, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
“Message of Peace”
Amidst the small gathering of tents here, General Grant spent his last night in the field. The next day he departed for Washington, D.C., leaving details of the Confederate surrender to a group of military commissioners. The defeat of Lee’s army had required eleven months of constant toil, bloodshed, and death. But the job was done; Grant left Appomattox Court House a national hero.
Erected by Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Service, Dept. of the Interior.
Location. 37° 22.39′ N, 78° 49.014′ W. Marker is near Appomattox Court House, Virginia, in Appomattox County. Marker is on Virginia Route 24, on the left when traveling west. Touch for map. Marker is in the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, near the western entrance to the park. Marker is in this post office area: Appomattox VA 24522, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. Grant’s Pursuit (a few steps from this marker); Battle of Appomattox Station (a few steps from this marker); Education in 1800's Rural Virginia (approx. 0.6 miles away); Raine Cemetery and Monument (approx. 0.6 miles away); North Carolina (approx. 0.7 miles away); Confederate Artillery Position (approx. 0.8 miles away); Walker's Last Stand (approx. 0.8 miles away); A Strategic Delay (approx. 0.8 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Appomattox Court House.
More about this marker. The background of the marker is a picture of Grant writing the “Message of Peace” while one staff member looks on and another is summoning a courier.
At the bottom left of the marker is a picture of the message with the caption ‘The “Message of Peace” included no exultation, no gloating. Its straightforward approach typified the manner of its author – the architect of victory – Ulysses S. Grant.’
Also see . . . Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. (Submitted on March 2, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.)
Categories. • War, US Civil •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on March 2, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 1,421 times since then and 54 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. submitted on March 2, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. • Craig Swain was the editor who published this page.
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Military "SuperSuit" to protect Soldiers from chembio threats already available in pieces; needs integration
June 14, 2012
- ARL HRED working with ECBC to help existing protective equipment work better together.
- Lightening the load of the Soldier.
- ARL provides chemical and biological defense human system integration support to help the JPEO-CBD deploy interoperable systems at U.S. military installations worldwide.
In a perfect world, U.S. government researchers would create an environmental shield – a superhero-like force field – that would protect a neighborhood or an entire city from the next bio-weapons attack that lambastes America but realistically, the next best solution - short of destroying deadly pathogens worldwide – already exists; if only its components were smartly brought together.
Researchers in the U.S. military's chemical-biological defense area recognize integration as a major obstacle to issuing a truly "super protective over-garment suit", of sorts, to its troops. A number of protective equipment like boots, gloves, masks and full-body coverage have been designed and issued to Soldiers for optimal protection against deadly pathogens and other environmental threats, but learning how well these individual pieces work together is still unknown.
"We're actively seeking a solution," said Lamar Garrett, a human factors engineer who leads the U.S. Army Research Laboratory's (ARLs) Field Element Office, located with the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), where he supports mission programs for the Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD ) and Program Manager for Night Vision/ Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition for Persistent Surveillance Systems.
A number of material solutions have and are currently being developed. Presently, the DoD is working on an automated, networked biological detection sensor that is capable of detecting 10 biological warfare agents simultaneously, providing warning and presumptively identifying Biological Warfare Agents (BWAs) to enhance Soldier survivability.
"The lessons of the 2001 anthrax attacks and the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 have taught us that our nation is vulnerable and there is clearly a need for a rapid response against such events. And while no one knows when the next deadly pathogen will show up or when another bio-weapons attack will happen, being prepared is better than the alternative," said Garrett.
The military has traditionally prepared for these threats by issuing chem-suits, full body garments, and other companion pieces. But over time, added protection has meant added weight, and some evidence of cognitive burden on the Soldier, he said.
Garrett said understanding the effects of encapsulation, or fully enclosing covering skin or enclosing the human body to protect it from exposure to the environment, is a long-standing problem within the Defense Department, due in part to a lack of integration and related heat stress.
"The U.S. Army has a limited amount of research information and data regarding the performance effects of encapsulation on the dismounted Soldier," he used as an example in 2006 paper he co-authored with other ARL human factors engineers on the subject.
He said a number of individual components of protective equipment, such as a protective mask, boots, individual protective clothing, helmet and gloves, worn by Soldiers who walk the grounds in combat. Each component is typically tested as stand-alone systems with a short amount of time dedicated to integration to determine how each component might interact with each other to truly understand the impact the total system has on the Soldier who's wearing them.
"Very little performance-based research has been performed with the use of a systems approach to validate Soldier-equipment compatibility," said Garrett, a retired Army master sergeant whose last active duty assignment was in 2004 as an ARL research non-commissioned officer.
He came to ARL in 2004 after serving as a chemical operations specialist in the U.S. Army Chemical Corps, overseeing the use of nuclear, biological and chemical detection (NBC) and decontamination equipment and smoke generators, and assisting in the establishment, administration, training and application of NBC defense measures. In 2010, he received the MANPRINT Practitioner of the Year in the area of Acquisition Technology and Development.
"Insufficient integration of such protective equipment has contributed to unnecessary weight and bulk, as well as restriction of movement, visibility, hearing, and haptic perception—all elements detrimental to successful mission completion," said the Chicago native.
ARL provides chemical and biological defense human system integration support to help the JPEO-CBD deploy interoperable systems at U.S. military installations worldwide. The integrated systems are designed to address potential threats, while developing broad-spectrum technologies that are integrated using a system-of-systems approach to counter the evolving threat, Garrett said.
In Edgewood, Md., where ECBC is based, and on Known Distance (KD) Range on Aberdeen Proving Ground, also located in Maryland, Garrett conducts human systems integration and designs experiments to determine the compatibility of Soldiers' individual protective clothing and equipment, and the impact of the encapsulation on individual performance – including how well Soldiers process information or shoot a weapon – during mobility and probability maneuvers.
He said ARL assesses methods for measuring effects of encapsulation on dismounted warrior mission performance.
The experiments place Soldiers – all volunteers – on a four kilometer cross-country course charted through a vegetawoodsy terrain that loops, crosses marshes, contains thick foliage and fallen trees. The area was designed to give research participants a chance to evaluate the comfort and utility of test loads, individual clothing, and equipment while they march at a moderate pace over natural terrain.
Garrett's team also evaluated Soldiers' short-term memory, logical reasoning, mathematical calculation and perception, and spatial processing functioning. He said these assessments are analyzed to determine the utility of using standardized facilities and tasks for taking a more integrative systems approach to Soldier-equipment compatibility of encapsulation systems. The team wanted to identify problems with a single encapsulation system and to compare two or more encapsulation systems.
"Over the past seven years I attempted to address this problem, but the issue is ongoing because the problem requires a much larger effort and more resources than originally planned," said Garrett, who received a bachelor's degree in Engineering and Management from Park University and a master's degree in System Engineering from Johns Hopkins University.
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Articles on forages, animals, and grazing systems
Enter your E-mail to receive the monthly Grazing News Newsletter:
Extension Forage Specialist
University of Kentucky
Phone: (859) 257-3358
Fax: (859) 323-1952
This month’s animal management tip is creep grazing. Creep grazing provides calves an opportunity to graze separate pastures or different areas within the same field away from the cows. The goal of creep grazing is to provide calves access to higher quality forage. About the time that calves reach three to four months of age, they become increasingly more dependent on non-milk feed sources. The nutritional need of the growing calf may be met by forages or other feedstuffs. Creep grazing provides high quality forage during this time when forage from hay or the main pasture area becomes limiting or the quality has declined. Advantages of creep grazing include increased weaning weights, less labor than feeding grain, lower cost than feeding grain, and increased forage available to the cows in the main pasture area.
In many creep grazing systems, calves are allowed access to separate pastures using gates with openings large enough for calves to get through but too narrow for cows. Another method is to set up an electric fence high enough for calves to pass underneath (36 to 42 inches) while still deterring cows. Since calves may be reluctant to wander too far from the herd, locating creep areas near shade, water, or mineral feeders will allow for greater access. Once a creep grazing system is implemented, it is usually helpful to allow both the cow and calf into the area for a short period of time, and then prevent access of the cow herd after the acclimation period. Natural curiosity and high quality forage will keep the calves coming back. In Kentucky, using rotational grazing practices, than average creep-grazed pasture can support 5 to 10 calves per acre.
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The world is losing species and biodiversity at an unprecedented rate.
The causes go deep and the losses are driven by complex array of
Social, Economic, Political, and Biological
factors at different levels. The threats of biodiversity in botanical and
forest reserves in Zambia is said to be less compared to those in open
areas. Predominant ones include growing settlements, unplanned and
unsustainable agricultural practices, woodfuel production, timber
exploitation, soil erosion, deforestation, population growth, siltation,
land degradation and desertification.
This section examines the underlying causes and provides information on
the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in
trying to address these problems in Zambia.
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Edward B. Tylor’s Primitive Culture articulates one of two major theories of culture to emerge around 1870. His theory defines culture in descriptive terms as the “complex whole” that makes up social ideas and institutions, and in this it helped to establish anthropology as a recognized science. Tylor’s ideas were closely related to those published about the same time by Matthew Arnold, who defined culture as a humanist ideal that society should strive for.
For Tylor, Anthropology was a “science of culture,” a system for analyzing existing elements of human civilization that are socially created rather than biologically inherited. His work was critical to the recognition of anthropology as a distinct branch of science in 1884, when the British Association for the Advancement of Science admitted it as a major branch, or section, of the society, rather than a subset of biology, as had previously been the case. Tyler was the first president of the section, and in 1896 became Professor of Anthropology at Oxford, the first academic chair in the new discipline (Stocking, Victorian Anthropology 156-64).
While a foundational figure in cultural anthropology, Tylor thought about culture in radically different terms than we do today. He accepted the premise that all societies develop in the same way and insisted on the universal progression of human civilization from savage to barbarian to civilized. Nowhere in his writing does the plural “cultures” appear. In his view, culture is synonymous with civilization, rather than something particular to unique societies, and, so, his definition refers to “Culture or civilization.” In part, his universalist view stemmed from his Quaker upbringing, which upheld the value of a universal humanity, and indeed Tylor’s refusal to accept the concept of race as scientifically significant in the study of culture was unusual in Victorian science.
The biology of evolution was explained by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species (1859), and he expanded his finding to include human evolution in The Descent of Man (1871), which was published the same year as Primitive Culture. While Darwin concentrated on biology, Tylor focused solely on the evolution of human culture. In this, he participated in a lengthy philosophical tradition explaining human development from its beginning to the present day. This speculative practice extends back to classical antiquity. In De Rerum Natura (The Way Things Are), recounting the even earlier ideas of the Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 BCE), the Roman poet Lucretius (99-55 BCE) told the dramatic story of a turbulent primal earth that generated all forms of life, including giant humans, who would slowly come together to create social groupings. Lucretius was particularly concerned with the development of beliefs about supernatural beings, which he viewed as anthropomorphic attempts to explain the natural world. In medieval Europe, Lucretius’s ideas were largely forgotten in favor of the Christian account of human origins in Genesis. But by the eighteenth century, philosophers proposed new, secular accounts that minimized the story of Genesis. In Scienza nuova (1744; The New Science), the Italian Giambattista Vico (1688-1744) proposed a theory of human origins that incorporated many of Lucretius’s ideas, including the gigantic stature of early man, and he reiterated the anthropomorphic explanation for the rise in beliefs about gods. Indeed, the first of Vico’s 141 axioms explains the importance of human self-projection as a means of explaining the world around them: “By its nature, the human mind is indeterminate; hence, when man is sunk in ignorance, he makes himself the measure of the universe” (75).
Enlightenment philosophers like Vico typically divided the development of human culture into three distinct stages. While his stages depended on the increasing sophistication of language over time, in De l’esprit des loix (1748; The Spirit of Laws), the French political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) used three static stages defined less by time than by geography and the effects of climate: savagery (hunting), barbarism (herding), and civilization. The French ideologue Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94) used ten stages, but he saw them as more dynamic than did Montesquieu. In Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain (1795; Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind), Condorcet took a developmental view of social progress linked to the development of human reason over time. Condorcet was particularly significant to the thinking of Tylor’s defining predecessor, the French philosopher of science Auguste Comte (1798-1857). Comte’s Cours de philosophie positive (1830-42; Positive Philosophy) proposed three similarly dynamic stages premised on the growth of reason: the theological stage, dominated by superstition; the metaphysical, where spiritual thinking was replaced by political allegory; and the positivist stage of scientific reason. Comte’s philosophy was popularized in Britain in 1853 by Harriet Martineau’s condensed translation.
While Enlightenment thinkers and Comte referred to the development of “society” or “civilization,” the nineteenth-century German social philosopher Gustav Klemm (1802-67) used a novel term for his discussion of human development. In his Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit (1843-52; The General Cultural History of Mankind), he substituted the word Kultur for “society” (Williams 91). Nonetheless, Klemm, like his predecessors, considered human culture or civilization as a single condition. The exception was the German Romantic philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803), whose unfinished Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (1784–91; Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man) insisted on cultural relativism, arguing that there was too much variety to view all human societies as part of the same unilinear process.
Tylor’s method did not appear ex nihilo, then. He adopted Klemm’s term, “culture,” as preferable to “civilization.” Most significantly, he used Comte’s three stages wholesale, but he substituted Montesquieu’s terminology of “savage,” “barbarian,” and “civilized” for Comte’s ungainly “theological,” “metaphysical,” and “positivist.” To these, he added a practical method for studying humanity, and this emphasis on scientific objectivity within ethnographic practices differentiated his work from that of his predecessors. “Evolutionary Anthropology,” as Tylor’s Victorian method was called, dominated British ethnography until the end of the nineteenth century. In his most influential work, Primitive Culture, he spelled out two major contributions to anthropology: he defined culture clearly as an object of study for the first time, and he described a systematic method for studying it.
His science of culture had three essential premises: the existence of one culture, its development through one progression, and humanity as united by one mind. Tylor saw culture as universal. In his view, all societies were essentially alike and capable of being ranked by their different levels of cultural advancement. As he explains in a later essay:
the institutions of man are as distinctly stratified as the earth on which he lives. They succeed each other in series substantially uniform over the globe, independent of what seem the comparatively superficial differences of race and language, but shaped by similar human nature acting through successively changed conditions in savage, barbaric, and civilized life. (“On a Method” 269)
The earliest stage of savagery featured largely in Tylor’s study of culture; the term itself derives from the Latin for forest-dweller, and at the time it had both neutral and positive connotations as well as the negative ones that remain today. Societies within each stage have superficial differences masking their fundamental similarity, and the anthropologist’s job is to identify the latter. Determining where the group stood on the hierarchical ladder of cultural development provided the context for interpreting all aspects of the society by comparing it with others on the same rung around the world. One of the most prominent consequences of this logic was the familiar practice in Victorian museums of displaying together all objects of one type from around the world, arranged to illustrate the intrinsic cultural evolution of a musical instrument, bowls, or spears, for example. A cursory glance at most illustrated anthropological books from the time, such as Friedrich Ratzel’s The History of Mankind (1885-86), demonstrates the same principle at work.
The progression from savage to civilized did not occur evenly or at the same pace in every society, but the distinct stages were always the same, much as the growth of the individual from infant to adolescent to adult takes a similar form in different places. The association this analogy created between primitives and children was roundly rejected in anthropology at the turn of the century, but in the meantime it created a sense that Victorians were confronting their infant selves in what they regarded as primitive societies. In this sense, the science of anthropology was not just about the study of other, largely colonized people; it was also about the connection between modern life in Europe and its own earlier stages, and this meant that anthropology had much to teach the British about their own society. Tylor argues that elements of early culture continue on in later stages as “survivals.” Superstitions, nursery rhymes, or familiar expressions (“a pig in a poke”) often are illogical and unintelligible. Such aspects of modern life, he argues, are survivals from mythology or rituals that served a purpose in the past but had lost their meaning over time, even as the practice itself continued. To Tylor, the most apparently insignificant aspects of Victorian life were critical to anthropology. Survivals were “landmarks in the course of culture. . . . On the strength of these survivals, it becomes possible to declare that the civilization of the people they are observed among must have been derived from an earlier state, in which the proper home and meaning of these things are to found; and thus collections of such facts are to be worked as mines of historic knowledge” (Primitive Culture 1:71). Reuniting survivals with their lost meaning was the key to understanding the true nature of the primitive mind.
Ultimately, understanding the perceptions and working of that primitive mind was the object of anthropology. His central premise was the doctrine of psychic unity: the belief that all humans are governed by the same mental and psychological processes and that, faced with similar circumstances, all will respond similarly. The principal of psychic unity explained the appearance of identical myths and artifacts in widely disparate societies. While acknowledging two other possibilities—that each society could have inherited the trait from a common ancestor, or that each came into contact with one another at some point and learned it from the other—he argued that “independent invention” was the most frequent cause of such coincidences.
The defining trait of the primitive mind was its inability to think abstractly. Because numbers are abstractions, counting was limited to the concrete number of fingers or toes, for example, followed by “a lot.” Language was nonexistent. For the same reason, primitives were unable to group similar objects into abstract categories—all trees, or rocks, or flowers, for example. Instead, the primitive saw only individual trees, without understanding categories like a forest, because of their abstract nature. This was above all a concrete world, one in which each object had a unique identity or personality that could not be replaced by any other. Primitives were thus immersed in a world of singular objects. At the same time they were unable to comprehend events, like thunder, in a logical fashion, because they lacked the power to construct abstract natural laws. Instead, primitives projected their emotions onto the world around them as a means of explaining natural events. In response to the threat posed by thunder, for example, the primitive invents an angry supernatural being to explain it. When a tree ceases to bear fruit, the tree’s spirit must be unhappy. Tylor called the primitive belief in spirits “animism,” a term that continues in use today, and thus he follows a long tradition of imagining early humans as dominated by supernaturalism.
Like Comte, Tylor held that the progress of culture was a slow replacement of this magical thinking with the power of reason. He produced a narrative of human evolution that begins with a global supernaturalism in the savage stage. Supernaturalism coexists with the development of language, laws, and institutions in the barbaric stage. In advanced civilizations, like Tylor’s own, reason and scientific thinking predominate. This is not a rational utopia, by any means. Magical thinking persists in the present; the primitive tendency to imagine objects as having a life of their own exists even within the most civilized gentleman, who might think in a moment of frustration that a broken watch was inhabited by an evil spirit. Tylor did not imagine modern culture in idealist terms, but, ever the Victorian, he did view it as fundamentally better than that of primitive culture.
Evolutionary anthropology came under fire in the fin de siècle from within anthropology itself. There were numerous contributing factors, including a new emphasis on the importance of anthropologists doing their own fieldwork rather than examining the reports of others. But in terms of cultural theory, the most important criticism was that of the American anthropologist Franz Boas (1858-1942). A German immigrant to the United States, he was influenced by German Romantic philosophy, including Herder’s insistence on cultural particularity. In 1896, Boas published an influential critique of Tylor’s science, “The Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthropology,” in which he persuasively challenged the basic notions of psychic unity and independent invention upon which Victorian evolutionary anthropology rested. Boas had been actively contesting evolutionary orthodoxy since at least 1887, when he objected to the typological arrangement of ethnographic artifacts within American national museums, insisting that they should instead be displayed with other objects from their originating culture (Stocking, Shaping of American Anthropology 61-67). He argued throughout his work for cultural pluralism, for “cultures” in the plural, and with him began the final shift in anthropological thought from the traditional universalism to the new, particular theory of culture that characterized twentieth-century thought.
Evolutionary anthropology remerged in the twentieth century, as early as the 1930s but more influentially later in the century, and it continues today. Unlike its Victorian variant, evolutionary thought now emphasizes multi-causality, the interaction of multiple events to account for the development of societies, as well as the presence of multiple paths in the development of particular cultures. In both of these regards, Tylor’s central concepts of the uniform primitive mind, the single evolutionary path through three stages, and the universality of one human culture remain decidedly Victorian in their outlook, telling us more about the nineteenth century and its own culture, than they do about contemporary anthropological thought.
HOW TO CITE THIS BRANCH ENTRY (MLA format)
Logan, Peter Melville. “On Culture: Edward B. Tylor’s Primitive Culture, 1871.” BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net. Web. [Here, add your last date of access to BRANCH].
Boas, Franz. “The Limitations of the Comparative Method of Anthroplogy.” Science 4 (1896): 901-08. Print.
Comte, Auguste. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. Trans. Harriet Martineau. Vol. 2. 2 vols. London: John Chapman, 1853. Print.
Stocking, George W. “Matthew Arnold, E. B. Tylor, and the Uses of Invention.” Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. New York: Free Press, 1968. 69-90. Print.
—, ed. The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883-1911: A Franz Boas Reader. New York: Basic, 1974. Print.
—. Victorian Anthropology. New York: Free Press, 1987. Print.
Tylor, Edward B. “On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 18 (1889): 245-72. Print.
—. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. 2nd ed. 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1873. Print.
Vico, Giambattista. New Science: Principles of the New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations. Ed. Marsh, David. 3rd ed. London: Penguin, 1999. Print.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford UP, 1983. Print.
RELATED BRANCH ESSAYS
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William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg
|William VII of Jülich|
|1st Duke of Berg|
|Spouse(s)||Anna of the Palatinate|
|Noble family||House of Jülich|
|Father||Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg|
|Mother||Margaret of Ravensberg|
|Died||25 June 1408
|Buried||Abbey church in Altenberg|
William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of Berg (c. 1348 – 25 June 1408) was born in Jülich, as the son of Gerhard VI of Jülich, Count of Berg and Ravensberg, and Margaret, daughter and heiress of Otto IV, Count of Ravensberg, and Margaret of Berg.
Upon his father's death in 1360, William became Count of Berg and Ravensberg, a title that his father had gained by marrying the heiress of Berg and Ravensberg. In 1380, King Wenzel elevated him to the rank of Duke, thus becoming the first Duke of Berg.
William fought the counties of Mark and Cleves to prevent them from combining but in 1397 he was taken prisoner in the battle of Kleverhamm. He lost Remagen, Kaiserwerth and Sinzig to his nephew Adolf IV, Count of Kleve-Mark and due to these losses, his sons turned against him and imprisoned him in 1403/04. He ultimately forced them to submit and later supported his brother-in-law Rupert, King of Germany against Guelders-Jülich and won the county of Blankenburg. William died on 25 June 1408 and is buried in the Abteikirche in Altenberg.
Family and children
- Beatrice (c. 1364 – 16 May 1395), married in 1385 Rupert I, Elector Palatine, his second wife, no issue
- Margarete (c. 1364 – 18 July 1442), married in 1379 Otto I (the Evil), Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen (died 13 December 1394)
- Rupert (died 29 July 1394), Bishop of Passau and Paderborn
- Adolf (died 14 July 1437), married Yolande de Bar and Elisabeth of Bavaria, ruled Ravensburg (1395-1403) and Berg (1408-1437)
- Gerhard (died 22 October 1435), Archdeacon of Cologne
- William (c. 1382–1428), married Adelheid of Tecklenburg, ruled Ravensburg (1403-1428)
- Walther Möller, Stammtafeln westdeutscher Adelsgeschlechter im Mittelalter (Darmstadt, 1922, reprint Verlag Degener & Co., 1995), Vol. 1, page 14.
William VII of Jülich, 1st Duke of BergBorn: c. 1348 Died: 25 June 1408
|Count of Berg
Since 1380 Duke of Berg
|Count of Ravensberg
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Hair loss doesn’t know gender or race. According to a study in the Annals of Dermatology, androgenic alopecia (AGA) or male-pattern baldness affects up to 73% of Asian men and women. The problem can also begin early.
A Tsinghua University survey among 4,000 students showed about 60% of them already experienced some level of hair loss. More than 35% of them revealed they noticed their hairline receding, which is a hallmark of AGA. Anecdotal evidence also showed that those seeking treatments could be as young as 24 years old. The generation today might be losing their hair faster than their parents.
Regardless of the kind and level of baldness, those who experience it may undergo periods of depression and anxiety due to poorer self-esteem. It isn’t surprising anymore why products such as Hairmax Advanced 7 are becoming popular in the market. But why does hair loss happen in the first place, and what forms of treatment are ideal?
Causes of Baldness
People can experience baldness for many reasons. Alopecia areata, for example, occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the follicles, which produce the hair. The condition can prevent these follicles from creating new hair.
AGA is more complicated, especially since genetics can play a role. A 2017 PLOS One study revealed more than 150 genetic regions that may be responsible for the condition. This number was way higher than what scientists previously knew.
The research from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, meanwhile, explained that it might occur due to the inactivation of the stem cell. The team compared the scalp of non-balding and balding persons who underwent a hair transplant. They then discovered that while both have the same number of stem cells, the latter lacked progenitor cells. These are types of cells that can differentiate to other cells but cannot divide or replicate themselves indefinitely.
Hormones can also explain baldness, particularly among men and women. The ladies may also lose their hair, but the problem might not be as prominent as the males because of estrogen. The Dermatological Society of Singapore also pointed out the following as other reasons:
- Trauma such as hair pulling
- Skin disease
- Abnormalities in the hair shaft
- Systemic disorders
- Traction such as hairstyling
The Best Forms of Treatment
Is there a cure for hair loss? It depends on the cause. A loss due to traction and trauma are easier to deal with. If the root cause is a medical condition, treating it may also prevent further hair loss.
It becomes challenging when the cause is genetic, such as in male-pattern baldness. There’s always the possibility hair loss will occur again. It doesn’t mean that you have to suffer the shame for years. For example, you can consider hair transplants, which involve hair grafting.
This procedure, however, is extensive, time-consuming, and expensive. If you want something affordable or have less-severe hair loss, you can opt for a device such as Hairmax. This device delivers laser light to stimulate the already-weak follicles into producing hair faster. It is portable and clinically certified, so it is generally safe to use.
When it comes to hair loss, you have two options: embrace it or do something about it. Either way, you can never go wrong.
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Testing the Principals
decades, a tug-of-war ensued between the religious and secular communities, and more
recently between Orthodox and non-Orthodox denominations, to further interpret, legislate
and implement state definitions and observances of Judaism and Jewish practices. Judicial
challenges were initiated by individuals seeking state recognition as Jews, including
Jews-from-birth practicing other religions, Jewish men married to non-Jewish women who
sought to have their children recognized by the state as Jews, and individuals who
converted to Judaism under Reform or Conservative auspices. Legislative responses were
often initiated by Orthodox parties in the Knesset seeking to codify the status quo.
The most significant developments in the courts and in the Knesset related to the Law of
Return and state identity cards.
- The Law of Return and Brother
- Identity Cards and the Shalit Case
- Defining a Jew Amending the Law of Return
- Who is a Jew? The Miller Case: Non-Orthodox
Conversions and the Law of Return
The Law of Return and Brother Daniel:
As stated above, the Law of Return allowed all Jews to immigrate freely to
Israel. In the first few decades of the state, no official definition of "Jew"
guided aspiring immigrants or the state.
The first legal challenge to the Law of Return came in 1962 with the "Brother
Daniel" case. Brother Daniel (born Oswald Rufeisen), a Polish Jew who had converted
during the Holocaust and had subsequently become a Carmelite Monk, sought to immigrate to
Israel under the Law of Return as a Jew. Rufeisen, who had been active in Zionism youth
groups and who had saved many Jews during the Holocaust, claimed that his nationality was
Jewish even if his religion was Catholic. Complicating the issue was that according to
Jewish law, as the child of a Jewish mother, Brother Daniel was indeed Jewish. The State
refused his application and he appealed to the Supreme Court. The court ruled that while
the national term "Jew" did not necessarily imply the practice of religious
Judaism, "in common parlance" it could not be applied to someone who practiced
another faith. As a practicing Catholic, therefore, Rufeisen could not be recognized by
the State of Israel as a Jew and thus could not immigrate under the Law of Return.
Section Table of Contents
Identity Cards and the Shalit Case:
In the late 1950s a debate began on the "religion" and
"nationality" designation in the identity cards of all Israel citizens. Faced
with scores of cases of Jewish men (often Holocaust survivors) who had brought their
non-Jewish wives to Israel, the Ministry of Interior often registered the offspring of
these marriages as Jewish by "religion" and "nationality" if the
parents declared their child to be Jewish. The attitude of the Ministry was that while as
the child of a non-Jewish mother the child was not halachically Jewish, the Rabbinate
would make that religious determination when the child was ready to wed. The Orthodox
parties in the government coalition demanded that those designated as a Jew must be so
according to halacha those born to a Jewish mother or converted to Judaism according to
Orthodox practice. In 1960, new regulations by the Ministry of Interior stated that an
individual registering as a Jew by "religion" and "nationality" must
be Jewish according to halacha and, in response to the "Brother Daniel" case,
must not practice another religion.
This regulation was challenged in the Shalit Case. Benjamin Shalit, an Israeli Jewish
naval officer, married a Scottish woman abroad and returned with her to Israel where they
had two children. As native-born Israelis, the Shalit children were automatic Israeli
citizens. However, in the early 1960s the Shalits, considering themselves atheists but
part of the Jewish nation, attempted to register their children as Jews under the
"nationality" designation, while keeping the "religion" category
blank. The Ministry of Interior refused, and instead wanted to keep both
"nationality" and "religion" blank.
Shalit went to the Supreme Court which ruled in his favor in 1970 by 5-4. The court's
decision was based on technical grounds, specifically questioning the legal right of a
clerk to question a registrant's application. However, the court recognized that many
would read great significance into their decision, assuming that the court was in fact
stating that an individual who is not Jewish according to Jewish law could still be
considered a national Jew. In its decision, the court cautioned, "it is in fact a
mistake to think that the matter under consideration requires us to determine who is a
Following the decision, in 1970 the National Religious Party introduced legislation in
the Knesset to amend the Population Registry Law to decree that individuals registering as
Jew by "religion" or "nationality" must be a "person who was born
of a Jewish mother or who has converted to Judaism." In 1972, when the Shalits
attempted to register their third child as a Jew in the "nationality" category,
the Supreme Court referred to this amended law and denied the request.
Section Table of Contents
Defining a Jew Amending the Law of
In 1970, in reaction to the controversy surrounding the "Shalit
case," a monumental amendment of the Law of Return was passed by the Knesset
officially defining a "Jew" for immigration purposes.
According to the new law, any Jew may immigrate to Israel, with a Jew defined as
"a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to Judaism."
Significantly, the manner of conversion was not defined, an imprecision that would lead to
contentious court challenges and legislative action in the next two decades.
According to the new law... a Jew (is)
defined as "a person who was born of a Jewish mother or has become converted to
In addition to defining a "Jew," the new law created a new class of
immigrants who would have the "rights of a Jew." These individuals would be able
to immigrate under the Law of Return but would not be recognized as Jews by the state.
These individuals include any child or grandchild of a Jew (male or female), the spouse of
a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew, and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew. Following
the "Brother Daniel" precedent, "a person who has been a Jew and has
voluntarily changed his religion" is exempted from the Law of Return.
The amendment noted that individuals enjoying the "rights of a Jew" would be
eligible as citizens of Israel under the law, but could not be registered as Jews either
by "ethnic affiliation or religion if they do not fulfill the definition of
Jews." Thus, those individuals who immigrated to Israel under the Law of Return but
who are not Jewish could not be registered by the Ministry of Interior as Jews. As
non-Jews, these individuals would be barred by the Ministry of Religion from marrying Jews
or being buried in a Jewish cemetery in Israel. Twenty years later, this situation would
affect tens of thousands of non-Jews from the former Soviet Union, who by virtue of their
familial relationship with Jews immigrated to Israel under the Law of Return.
Section Table of Contents
Who is a Jew? The Miller Case:
Non-Orthodox Conversions and the Law of Return:
Since 1970, Orthodox parties have sought to further amend the Law of Return, specifying
that converts seeking to immigrate to Israel as Jews must have undergone a conversion
under Orthodox auspices. In 1981, the National Religious Party and Agudat Yisrael key
coalition partners for Prime Minister Menachem Begin sought to introduce this so-called
"who is a Jew" amendment in the Knesset. The bid failed but led to a great
uproar among Diaspora Jews. In particular, North American Jews, affiliated with the Reform
and Conservative movements, considered this legislation an effort to delegitimize their
Judaism. Repeated attempts by Orthodox parties to reintroduce the "who is a Jew"
amendment have failed.
In the late 1980s the issue again became a cause célèbre with the Shoshana Miller
case. Miller was an American who converted to Judaism in the United States under the
auspices of a Reform rabbi. In 1985, she immigrated to Israel, and as a Jew as defined by
the 1970 amendment to the Law of Return ("has become a convert to Judaism"),
automatically became a citizen. In registering as a citizen with the Ministry of Interior,
Miller then sought an identity card designating her as a Jew. She was told that to obtain
such a designation she would have to provide a conversion certificate from an Orthodox
Miller, supported by the Movement for Progressive Judaism and the Association of Reform
Zionists of America, took her case to the Supreme Court. The Court ordered Interior
Minister Yitzhak Peretz to show just cause for refusing to register Miller as a Jew.
Seeking a compromise, Peretz recommended designating all converts to Judaism as
"convert" on their identity cards. In 1986, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously
in favor of Miller, stating that she should be registered as a Jew on her identity card.
The court also rejected Peretz's recommendation for the word "convert" to appear
on the identity card, claiming such a designation would divide those living in Israel
"into two peoples, Jews and Israelis" and would "run counter to the
national aspirations for which the state was established." The decision served to
validate the Jewish status of immigrants to Israel who had converted under non-Orthodox
Implementation of the Miller decision was put off. Miller herself left Israel just days
after the court decision, much to the scorn of her detractors, and never actually received
the identity card she crusaded for. Other non-Orthodox Jewish converts who immigrated to
Israel and sought Jewish identity cards under the "Miller precedent" were put
off by the Ministry of the Interior. In 1988, the Israel Union for Progressive Judaism
once again went to the Supreme Court on behalf of Gail Moscowitz, an American, and Julia
and Claudio Varella, a Brazilian couple. The three had converted to Judaism under Reform
auspices before immigrating to Israel under the Law of Return and had been refused
identity cards as Jews. In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled by a vote of 4 to 1 that based on
the "Miller precedent," there was no reason for the Interior Ministry to deny
registering these converts as Jews in their identity cards. Moscowitz and the Varellas
became the first non-Orthodox convert immigrants to receive Jewish identity cards in the
State of Israel.
The following year, the Supreme Court, again citing the "Miller precedent,"
ruled that clerks in the Ministry of Interior were not entitled to question the status of
new immigrants declaring themselves to be Jews, although they could request documentary
proof of an applicant's Jewishness. In response to the court's decision, Interior Minister
Aryeh Deri refused to sign identity cards for fear of being responsible for attesting to
the Jewish identity of a non-Orthodox convert. Deri's solution was to add an official
disclaimer to the card stating: "...the details registered in this document with
the exception of categories 'nationality,' 'personal status' and 'name of spouse' shall
be prima facie evidence of their accuracy."
Section Table of Contents
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Carbonate Hardness Test – Sera
- Accuracy up to 1dKH
- Performs upto 60 Tests
- Suitable for all aquarium types
The correct Carbonate Hardness level will help maintain a balanced and stable pH. With the aid of this test kid you will help ensure your aquatic pets live long, happy, healthy lives. Carbonate Hardness (kH) is a “buffing” element in aquarium water which stabilises the pH. A low kH can result in the pH value in aquarium water continuously dropping (going acidic) regardless of how often bicarbonate soda (pH up) is added.
The breakdown of toxins within the aquarium filtration system results in the formation of an acid, which depletes the Carbonate Hardness reserve causing the pH to become unstable. The correct Carbonate Hardness level will not only stabilize the pH in an aquarium but also act as a supply of carbon dioxide for algae ad aquatic plants. it is also an important element to consider when trying to simulate the correct breeding conditions for particular species.
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What Is an Auction?
An auction is a sales event wherein potential buyers place competitive bids on assets or services either in an open or closed format. Auctions are popular because buyers and sellers believe they will get a good deal buying or selling assets.
How Auctions Work
In an open format, all bidders are aware of the bids submitted. In a closed format, bidders are not aware of other bids. Auctions can be live, or they can be conducted on an online platform. The asset or service in question is sold to the party that places the highest bid in an open auction and usually to the highest bidder in a closed auction.
Example of Auctions
In an open auction, parties come together at a physical venue or online exchange to bid on assets. An interested party is aware of the competing bid amounts and continues to raise their bid until they are either declared the winner of the auction (i.e., they submitted the last highest bid within the auction time limit) or until they decide to drop out of the bidding.
Examples of auctions include livestock markets where farmers buy and sell animals, car auctions, or an auction room at Sotheby's or Christie's where collectors bid on works of art. Leading online marketplace eBay is a host of online auctions.
Price is not always the deciding factor when assets are sold by auction; a company that is for sale might choose a buyer who will provide the best terms for its employees.
In many business transactions, including the sale of company assets or an entire company, auctions are conducted in a closed format whereby interested parties submit sealed bids to the seller. These bid amounts are only known by the seller. The seller may choose to hold just one round of bidding, or the seller may select two or more bidders for an additional auction round.
In a situation wherein a division of a company or the whole company is up for sale, price is not the only consideration. The seller, for example, may want to preserve as many jobs as possible for its employees. If a bidder does not submit the highest price but can offer the best terms for continuity for employees, the seller may select that bidder.
According to Statista, eBay, the popular online auction and sales platform, consistently ranks as one of the largest U.S. online companies based on market cap. Notably, eBay's market cap was almost $40 billion as of June 2018.
Traditional Auctions Versus Dutch Auctions
A variant of the traditional auction is a dutch auction. Google (since renamed as Alphabet Inc.) used this process when it issued its initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In this form of auction, prospective buyers submit bids including the number of shares desired and the amount they are willing to pay for those shares.
In the case of Google, after the auction, the underwriters sorted through the bids to determine the minimum bid they would accept from buyers. The IPO was priced at $85 per share.
- An auction is a sale in which buyers compete for an asset by placing bids.
- Auctions are conducted both live and online.
- In a closed auction, for example, the sale of a company, bidders are not aware of competing bids.
- In an open auction, such as a livestock auction, bidders are aware of the other bids.
A Dutch auction also refers to a type of auction whereby the price on an item is lowered until there is a bid. The first bid made is the winning bid and results in a sale, assuming that the price is above the reserve price. This is in contrast to typical options, where the price rises as bidders compete. Dutch auctions are rare in the pricing of IPOs.
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Today’s youth face some unique challenges. In addition to self-esteem and body image issues that are common while growing up, they also have to contend with bullying, both in school and online. Issues of sex, teenage pregnancy, academic stress, and pressure from friends to try drugs and alcohol make it easy to see why many adolescents struggle.
Counseling can help these teens sort out the world around them so it makes more sense. It helps them begin to process trauma and grief so they become stronger mentally. It can also help them deal with any underlying issues that may exist, such as anxiety and depression.
Through counseling, adolescents gain access to healthier coping behaviors that they can use for the rest of their lives. They are able to build their self-esteem so they are less influenced by others and can make better decisions for themselves. Counseling helps teens understand that they already have all of the tools and skills to live a good life. All they need to do is learn how to use them.
At Tapestry Therapy, PLLC, we here to help with a wide variety of adolescent mental health issues, including:
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Thomas Hart Benton (1889–1975)
Painter and Muralist who was at the Forefront of the Regionalist Art Movement
By Amy Spencer
Benton’s paintings were widely loved for their reassuring images of the American heartland during two World Wars and the Great Depression.
VII. Suggested Resources
Thomas Hart Benton is best known for his patriotic murals that heroically depict American life during the first half of the 20th century. Born into a prominent Mid-western family of politicians, Benton grew up moving between rural Missouri and the political arena of Washington D.C.. Rejecting his grooming as a future politician, Benton developed an interest in art at an early age. Despite this rebellion, over the course of Benton’s painting career, his outspoken comments, nationalistic views, and socially charged images, marked him as a politician’s son. At the peak of his career in the 1930s, Benton was a key member of the Regionalist movement along with fellow Midwestern artists, Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry.
Thomas Hart Benton was born in Neosho, Missouri in 1889. He was named for his great-uncle, the five-term serving first Missouri senator. Many of Benton’s other family members were 19th century political luminaries, and as a child Benton’s drawings reflected his upbringing surrounded by old political frontiersmen; his favorite subjects were Native Americans and railroads.
After graduating from high school Benton enrolled at Chicago Art Institute in 1907, where he took up painting. In 1909, Benton travelled to Paris to continue his art studies at the Académie Julian. In France, Benton met expatriate artists such as John Marin, Jacob Epstein, André Lhote, Leon Kroll, Diego Rivera, Morgan Russell, and Stanton Macdonald-Wright. The influence of these artists saw Benton’s early works explore a range of Modernist styles; Impressionism, Pointillism, Synchromism, and Constructivism.
Benton returned to America to settle in New York City in 1913. He had his first series of works shown at Anderson Gallery in 1916 in the ‘Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painting’. His paintings from this exhibition show highly generalized experimentations with color and form – evocative of Russell and Macdonald-Wright’s theories of Synchromism – although Benton never completely abandons representational imagery.
During World War I, Benton served in the U.S. Navy based at Norfolk, Virginia. Benton’s job in the navy was to sketch the activities of the shipyard, and to create drawings of camouflaged ships that came into harbor (for the purpose of identifying them if they were destroyed). During his two years in Nolfolk, Benton spent his evenings reading American history texts. After he was discharged in 1919, Benton returned to New York City, where he had an exhibition of his Navel Base drawings at Daniel Galleries.
In 1922, Benton married Rita Piacenza. The couple had a son, Thomas Piacenza Benton in 1926. The same year Benton started working as a teacher at the Art Students League (his most notable student was Jackson Pollock). Benton and Piacenza had a daughter, Jessie, in 1939.
In 1924, Benton published the essay, ‘Form and the Subject’. This essay signified the beginning of Benton’s break from the Modernist movement. His future work moved determinedly away from abstraction, as he utilized the objective drawing skills he had developed while in the Navy. Benton’s first ambitious project in this new mode was to create a series of paintings that would chart American history and culture. Every summer between 1925 and 1928, as research for this project, Benton set out exploring the countryside searching for all that was quintessentially American. Walking fifteen to twenty miles per day, Benton wandered through the Eastern states; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; the Midwest, and further afield to Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee.
The American Historical Epic series, born from Benton’s travels, was exhibited at the Architectural League in the mid-1920s. These bold large-mural size works were quite controversial, as their monumental sculptural figures were in opposition with modern theories that promoted a large-canvas should remain relatively flat so as to harmonize with the wall (as championed by Frank Lloyd Wright). Benton’s three-dimensional effects oppose this idea, as his figures appear to push out of the canvas and into the room with the spectator.
Following The American Historical Epic, Benton became heavily involved with public and private commissions, as his nationalistic images translated into popular murals. Benton’s first commission was to create murals for the New School for Social Research’s first building at 66 West 12th Street in New York in 1931. This project, entitled Modern America, was both widely praised and criticized. Benton’s next project, murals for the library at the Whitney Museum of American Art created in 1932, was equally controversial. Some socially radical groups attacked the work for being too provincial, however favorable press reviews praised Benton for speaking “the plain language of the Midwest”. (When the Whitney moved venues in 1954, Benton’s library murals were given to New Britain Museum of American Art in Connecticut.)
In 1933, Benton created murals of Indiana life for the Chicago World’s Fair. These murals represent Benton’s breakthrough into the mainstream public consciousness; they were very well received although some criticism was directed at Benton’s decision to depict Ku Klux Klan members. The following year, Benton exhibited with Wood and Steuart Curry at Ferargil Galleries in New York. This exhibition confirmed these artists as the key proponents of Regionalism, as defined by the artists’ expressions of nationalism and romanticism conveyed through realistic depictions of everyday American life. Benton was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1934.
In 1935, Benton was offered a job as head of the painting department at the Kansas City Art Institute. He accepted and moved to Missouri, seeing it as a chance to escape all the controversy he has caused in New York. While living Missouri, Benton was highly productive outside his teaching schedule. Highlights of Benton’s career over the next six years include producing his most famous mural, A Social History of Missouri (1937) for the Missouri State Capitol, illustrating numerous books and magazine articles, and having several exhibitions of his paintings in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York.
Over the course of his career, Benton had a tendency for making pugnacious statements, as he admitted he enjoyed deliberately stirring up the press and art establishment. In 1941, Benton made some remarks at an informal press conference about the staff at the Kansas City Art Institute that led to him being dismissed from the school. After this incident, Benton moved away from social commentary, and spent the last years of his career painting stylized images of pre-industrial farms and landscapes. Significant late-career mural commissions include Lincoln (1953) at Lincoln University; Old Kansas City (1956) for the Kansas City River Club; Father Hennepin at Niagara Falls (1961) for the New York Power Authority; Turn of the Century, Joplin (1972) in Joplin, Missouri; and The Sources of Country Music (1975) at the Country Museum Hall of Fame.
Benton died in his studio in 1975. In 1977, his residence in Kansas City became the Thomas Hart Benton Home and Studio State Historic Site.
As a central figure of the Regionalist movement, Benton created an endearing pictorial history of American culture and society during the 1930s and 1940s, as he used his art to elevate the everyday experiences of people and places into monumental events. Benton’s paintings are collected by every major museum of American art, including the Whitney Museum of American Art, the National Gallery, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
1889 Born in Neosho, Newton County, Missouri
Great-uncle is Thomas Hart Benton, the five-term serving Missouri senator
1900-04 As a teenager becomes interested in the Old American West, after meeting Buffalo Bill and Geronimo, and seeing works by Frederic Remington
1907 Enrolls at the Institute of Chicago to study painting
1909 Travels to Paris to study at Académie Julian
While in France meets Marin, Jacob Epstein, André Lhote, Leon Kroll, Diego Rivera, Morgan Russell, and Stanton Macdonald-Wright
1912 Moves to New York City
For a few years struggles to make a living from painting
1916 First paintings shown in the ‘Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painting’ held at Anderson Galleries
Begins to sell the occasional picture
Joins the People’s Art Guild
1917 Enlists in the Navy, stationed in Norfolk, Virginia
Develops representational style drawing scenes of the Navel Base
1922 Marries Rita Piacenza
1924 Publishes first paper, ‘Form and the Subject’, Arts Magazine, June
1926 Takes first of many trips through rural and small-town America, searching for subjects for his paintings
Begins teaching at the Art Students League, New York
1931 First mural commission, Modern America, completed for the New School in New York City
Meets John Steuart Curry and forms lasting friendship with him
1932 Completed murals for the library at the Whitney Museum of American Art
1933 Exhibited murals covering the theme of social evolution in Indiana at the Chicago Word’s Fair, they are well received although some criticism is directed at Benton’s depiction of Ku Klux Klan members in full regalia
1934 Meets Grant Wood
Has exhibition with Wood and Curry at Ferargil Galleries that is catalyst for these artists being known as key members of the Regionalist movement
1935 Begins teaching at the Kansas City Art Institute
1937 Paints most famous mural, A Social History of Missouri (1937), for the Missouri State Capitol
1941 Is fired from the Kansas City Art Institute after making disparaging references about other staff members in a press interview
Illustrates Grapes of Wrath and Huckberry Finn for Limited Editions
1946 Works with Walt Disney on American operetta, abandons project after realizing has different vision for the project than Disney
1949 Returns to Europe, visiting Italy and France (visits again in 1952)
1953 Paints the mural Lincoln at Lincoln University
1954 Visits Spain on a study trip
1956 Completes Old Kansas City for the Kansas City River Club
1961 Mural, Father Hennepin at Niagara Falls, is revealed at the New York Power Authority
1972 Mural, Turn of the Century, Joplin, is completed in Joplin, Missouri
1975 Finishes last mural, The Sources of Country Music, at the Country Museum Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee
Dies while painting in his studio
Addison Gallery of American Art, MA
Albrecht-Kemper Museum of Art, MO
Arkell Museum at Canajoharie, NY
Art Gallery at the University of Maryland, MD
Art Institute of Chicago, IL
Asheville Art Museum, NC
Ball State Museum of Art, IN
Block Museum of Art at Northwestern University, IL
Brooklyn Museum, NY
Canton Museum of Art, OH
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, AK
Cummer Museum of Art, FL
Currier Gallery of Art, NH
Dallas Museum of Art, TX
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, CA
Gibbes Museum of Art, SC
Harvard University Art Museums, MA
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, DC
Hofstra University Museum, NY
Hunter Museum of American Art, TN
Indianapolis Museum of Art, IN
Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University, NY
Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, MO
Los Angeles County Museum, CA
Maier Museum of Art at Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, VA
Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, NY
Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, TN
Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY
Minnesota Museum of American Art, MN
Mint Museum of Art, NC
Montclair Art Museum, NY
Museum of Fine Arts, MA
Museum of Fine Arts, TX
Museum of Nebraska Art at the University of Nebraska, NE
National Academy Museum and School of Fine Arts, NY
National Gallery of Art, DC
National Portrait Gallery, DC
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, MO
New Britain Museum of American Art, CT
Oklahoma City Museum of Art, OK
Orlando Museum of Art, FL
Phillips Collection, DC
Pomona College Museum of Art, CA
Princeton University Art Museum., NJ
Ringling Museum of Art, FL
Sheldon Art Gallery, NE
Sioux City Art Center, IA
Smithsonian American Art Museum, DC
Smithsonian Archives of American Art, DC
Southern Alleghenies Museum, PA
Spencer Museum of Art at the University of Kansas, KS
Swope Art Museum, IN
Tampa Museum of Art, FL
Terra Foundation for American Art, IL
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid, Spain
Tweed Museum of Art at the University of Minnesota, MN
U.S. Library of Congress, DC
U.S. Navy Art Collection, DC
Westmoreland Museum of American Art, PA
Whitney Museum of American Art, NY
Wichita Art Museum, KS
Yale University Art Gallery, CT
1916 Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painting, Anderson Galleries, New York, NY
1918 Daniel Galleries, New York, NY
1922 Exhibition of Modern Americans, Philadelphia, PA
1934 Ferargil Galleries, New York, NY
1939 William Rockhill Nelson Gallery, Kansas City, MO
Associated American Artists’ New Galleries, New York, NY
1946 Associated American Artists’ New Galleries, Chicago, IL
1951 Joslyn Museum, Omaha, NE
1966 Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL
1985 Thomas Hart Benton: Chronicler of America's Folk Heritage, Queens Museum of Art, New York, NY
1989 Thomas Hart Benton, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
1999 America at Work 1945, Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY
2003 Bridging the Border: Shared Themes in Mexican and U.S. Art 1900-1950, Davis Museum and Cultural Center at Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
2005 The Modern West: American Landscapes, 1890-1950, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
2006 The John and Mary Lou Pacton Collection, Nevada Museum of Art, Reno, NV
A Celebration of New York, Georgia O’Keeffe Museum, Santa Fe, NM
2007 Modernisms, Whitney Museum of Art, New York, NY
2008 Paradigms and the Unexpected: Modern and Contemporary Art from the Shey Collection, Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, Gainesville, FL
People’s Art Guild
Honorary Member, Argentine Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes
Honorary Member, L’Accademia Fiorentian delle Arti del Disegno (Florence)
Honorary Member, Accademia Senese degli Intronati (Siena)
1. Benton, Thomas Hart, ‘Form and the Subject’, Arts, (5) 6, June 1924, pp. 303-308.
2. ‘Painters Deny Whitney Art Perils Child’, New York Evening Journal, November 9, 1934.
VII. Suggested Resources
Adams, Henry, Thomas Hart Benton: An American Original, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
Benton, Thomas Hart, An Artist in America, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1968
Burroughs, Polly, Thomas Hart Benton: A Portrait, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1981.
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With extended daylight and warm weather, the summer can be a great time to get active with your pet. However, it’s important to be aware of the dangers of heatstroke – a life-threatening condition, caused by the elevation of a dog’s body temperature. While people can also suffer heatstroke, the risk is much greater for dogs as they only perspire around their paws and nose (which is not sufficient alone to cool their body). The most effective means for a dog to expel excess heat is panting, which moves cool air through the nasal passages and around the body. If a dog doesn’t have access to cool air – either because of high outside temperatures or a confined environment – they are at risk of overheating.
Risks for Heatstroke
The biggest risk for heatstroke is the dog’s immediate environment. If your dog is in very humid conditions or a confined space without fresh air (such as a car), he or she will quickly overheat. Brachycephalic breeds of dogs (those with short muzzles e.g. British Bulldogs and Pugs) are also more prone to heat stroke because their nasal passages are smaller and it is more difficult for them to circulate sufficient air for cooling.
Early signs of heatstroke include:
- High body temperature (more than 40 degrees)
- Excessive panting
- Excess saliva
- Bluish-purple or bright red gums, due to inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues.
If your dog’s body temperature reaches above 40 degrees or it is exhibiting the above symptoms, apply immediate first aid. The most important thing is to get his or her body temperature down to a normal level.
- Maintain airflow over the body. After wetting your dog, keep air circulating around their body with a fan or air-conditioner. When taking your dog to the vet, make sure you have adequate air flow through the car. A spray bottle or wet towel draped over them will help keep them cool.
- Get them drinking. If your dog is able to drink, give him or her a large bowl of water.
- Seek veterinary attention. Heatstroke is a serious condition that requires immediate attention and intensive care is generally required to save your pet’s life. Intravenous fluids cool the body, maintain blood pressure, support the kidney system and generally help speed recovery. Any initial home treatment greatly increases the chance of surviving but it is only in mild cases that the initial home treatment is sufficient.
Fortunately, heatstroke is a preventable condition. By following the tips below, you’ll be well on the way to ensuring your dog stays safe this summer:
- Never leave your pet unattended in a car. Within ten minutes, a closed car can reach temperatures of 45 degrees. In such temperatures, a dog is unable to shed its extra heat and may quickly suffer dehydration and heatstroke. If you are getting out of the car, take your dog with you.
- Keep your dog well hydrated. Ensure your dog has easy access to fresh water. Water dishes should be placed in the shade or kept cold (frozen water bottles are handy). Dogs also have a tendency to knock water over, so it’s recommended you have a few bowls in different places.
- Carry water. When exercising your dog, take a collapsible water dish or run a route where you know your dog will have access to clean water.
- Provide shade. If your dog lives outside during the summer months, make sure you have adequate shade to shelter him or her from the sun.
- Avoid walking on hot days. During the summer months, walk your dog of a morning or an evening. Temperatures below 25 degrees are optimum.
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The Tradition Of The Glasgow Fair
With origins dating back to the 12th Century, the Glasgow Fair is an ancient tradition that many in the city still hold dear. There’s less likelihood in modern times to witness the mass Glaswegian exodus that used to befall the city during the fair but, it wouldn’t be surprising to see a spike in the number of families escaping the confines of city life via Glasgow and Prestwick Airport during the two weeks in July.
In 1190, Jocelin of Wells. The Bishop of Glasgow, requested permission from the reigning King John, for permission to hold a yearly fair in which traders could trade livestock, goods and even servants free from tolls and under the protection of the king. He was granted permission and the first Glasgow Fair was held in 1190 within Glasgow Cathedral.
Fast forward to the 1800’s and the Glasgow Fair had grown into a full fortnightly holiday, and it was in the 1900’s where it really became the tradition that Glaswegians embraced.
Literally everything would cease production, shipyards, retail (for the most part), Glasgow ground to a halt. In later years office workers would finish early on a Friday and go for a social beverage, it wouldn’t be out of character to see wives of workers waiting patiently outside the docks or depots, to ensure that their husbands didn’t escape their clutches and spend their fair fortnight wages, with a night out at the pub.
The age old Glasgow saying, of “going doon the watter” can actually trace its origins to the Glasgow Fair and the innumerable amount of families who would be heading along the Clyde to Largs, Ayr, Saltcoats etc, or generally away from Glasgow. Although it was most probably referred to as “going to the seaside”.
With almost all families of previous generations having never travelled abroad or even experienced the opportunity to travel abroad, a few miles along the Clyde or “doon the watter” was the order of the day.
Although it was almost guaranteed to be identical weather, very few, if any, had travelled abroad so a trip to Saltcoats or Largs on the Waverley was as Mediterranean getaway as any of them could expect. “Taps aff” was popular long before the Glasgow University students embraced it as a jovial motto.
Back in Glasgow, a holiday atmosphere was guaranteed during the Fair. Perhaps a modern representation of holiday atmosphere differed from holiday atmospheres of the past.
During WW1, in 1917 a travelling businessman during the Glasgow Fair, decided to replicate full scale Trenches, Dug Outs, Field Hospitals, Mortar Destroyed Buildings, generally recreate some of the most horrific aspects in human history.
Now imagine a war hero, returning home after being injured in the Somme or Flanders, hoping never to experience the horrors of war for the rest of his life, possibly mourning the death of his brothers in arms, trying to piece his life back together, the broken hero decides to take his dog a walk, along his typical Glasgow Green route. As he turns the corner, dog in tow, expecting nothing more than grass, water and possibly a few fair attractions. Instead what unfolds in front of him could only be described as hell on earth. Before PTSD was even diagnosed as an affliction, this man probably developed and suffered from it.
Glasgow Green developed into the site for the Fair, amusements, circus animals, shows and ride simulations would all be likely to feature during the two weeks holiday in Glasgow.
Visitors to Blackpool will not have failed to recognise the affinity Glasgow has with the small English seaside town, countless souvenir shops covered in Celtic, Rangers and Scotland memorabilia. There’s probably as many Scottish pubs as there are English. This all stems from the 1800’s the Glasgow Fair and the Industrial Revolution.
After the expansion of the railways the modern day “Vegas of the North” suddenly became within each reach of every Glaswegian and thus the Glasgow, Blackpool love affair was born. If there was one place in England where Scots would never struggle to have their currency accepted it would have to be Blackpool.
In recent years, due to the flexibility of modern living, cheap package holidays, and businesses having an international clientbase, it is vastly improbable that Glasgow could simply shut down all industry and disappear for a couple of weeks.
Fair Friday might be a fading tradition to a modern Glasgow, but the funny thing with traditions is they refuse to fade.
With annual celebrations planned in memory of an era of Glasgow’s forgotten past, Fair Holiday is something that will never be forgotten.
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Date: 01/23/98 at 21:08:56 From: marco and diane Subject: Lottery probability We've been having a heated discussion about the probabilty of picking winning lottery numbers. Let's say that Monday's winning numbers were 1,2,3,4,5, and 6. Is there or is there not the same probability that those winning numbers will come up again? I mean isn't there the same chance that any random numbers or those exact same numbers will be repeated 3 days later? (The numbers to choose from are 1-46.) In other words what is the probability that Thursday's numbers will be the same as Monday's numbers? (Diane's question.) I know that the chance of those numbers coming up on any given day is 1 in 10 million. Now if you play the same numbers as the previous winning numbers, doesn't the probability change? (Marco's question)
Date: 01/23/98 at 22:31:23 From: Doctor Budrow Subject: Re: Lottery probability Dear Marco and Diane, There are two distinct questions here so you are probably arguing about different probabilities. Often the hardest thing in probability is clarifying exactly what the question is. The first question is: what is the probability of one set of six numbers being drawn at random if you know the outcome of a previous draw? The other is: what is the probability of the same set of six numbers being drawn twice in a row? An equivalent question (but with a simpler example) to the first one is: what is the probability of heads on the toss of a coin knowing that the previous flip was also heads? An equivalent question to the second one is: what is the probability of flipping two heads in a row? In the case of the coin, the chance of flipping heads knowing the previous flip was heads is 1/2, if the coin is fair. It would also be 1/2 if the previous flip were tails. The chance of flipping two heads in a row is 1/4, as is the chance of flipping a heads then a tails or a tails then a heads or a tails then a tails. The difference between the two questions is that in one case you are stating that each flip of a fair coin is independent of the previous flip, and in the other you are asking what the probability of a specific pair of outcomes is. In the case of the lottery, Marco is asking what the chance of winning with the same numbers that were played the week before is. This is the same as the chance of flipping a coin and getting heads when you know the previous flip was also heads, which is 1/2. So, yes, he has one chance in 10 million of winning with the same numbers. But if you choose a set of six numbers, the chance of that set being drawn twice in a row is 1 in 10 million squared, a very small chance indeed. One more way to look at this question is to ask: if I examine all the winning combinations drawn so far, what is the probability that at least one combination has been repeated? -Doctor Budrow, The Math Forum Check out our web site! http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Date: 01/24/98 at 00:00:54 From: Doctor Bill Subject: Re: Lottery probability Marco and Diane, Suppose you flip a penny one time. What is the probability of getting a head? It's 1/2, right? Suppose you flip the penny a second time. What is the probability of getting a head? It's still 1/2, isn't it? Does the outcome of the first flip influence the outcome of the second flip? Suppose you flipped a penny 10 times, and each time it came up heads. On the 11th flip, what is the probability of getting a head? Does the coin remember that it has come up heads 10 times in a row? The probability of getting a head on the 11th flip of the coin is still 1/2. The lottery is the same sort of thing. If 1,2,3,4,5,6 came up on Monday, what is the probability that 1,2,3,4,5,6 will come up on Thursday? Do you think that 11,12,13,14,15,16 is more likely on Thursday than 1,2,3,4,5,6? Do the little lottery balls remember which ones came up on Monday, and thus will let some of the others come up on Thursday? I think both of your questions are the same question. The probability of Monday's numbers coming up again on Thursday is the same as for any other numbers coming up on Thursday. I think your confusion (and it is shared by many) might lie in the fact that you are thinking that YOU pick some numbers and then hoping THOSE numbers will come up twice in a row. (That is very unlikely.) Remember, the first group of numbers is always picked for you in Monday's lottery, and you have to match them on Thursday (or they are picked for you on Thursday and you have to match them on Monday). In either case, you are given numbers that you must match, so what is the probability that they will come up in the next drawing? It's still 1 in 10 million! -Doctor Bill, The Math Forum Check out our web site! http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.
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Hogarth's Pest Control specializes in all types of industries, residential and commercial.
The Eastern chipmunk’s coat is reddish-brown on its dorsal side and white fur on its underbelly. It has two white stripes outlined in black running along its sides and one black line running down the center of its back. Chipmunks pouched cheeks are used to store and carry food.
Unlike other species of squirrels, chipmunks tend to stay on the ground and do not use trees or wires for access into the home. They prefer to find and exploit an open gap at the base of the structure or chew in through the garage door seal.
The eastern chipmunk’s diet consists of corn acorns, nuts, seeds, mushrooms, berries, and fruits. They also eat bird eggs, snails, insects, and small mammals such as juvenile mice. In the winter months, they stay in their dens. The eastern chipmunk is not a true hibernator, but do spend a lot of time sleeping. They may wake up every few weeks to eat the food it has stored.
Once inside, they will begin to rummage through things, looking for birdseed or food storage in the garage. They also chew on wires in the garage or a car. Chipmunks are typically not hard to control, unlike red, grey, and flying squirrels. The best method for eradication is by trapping, removing, and maintaining by a licensed wildlife professional.
Tips for avoiding chipmunks
- The garage door seal and weather stripping are the two main areas that should be sealed and replaced in the home.
- Keep all birdseed in metal, lidded containers.
- Do not leave garages doors open unless in use.
- Food-related items should be on closed shelves or pantries.
If you are experiencing issues with chipmunks, including finding them around your property, do not hesitate to give Hogarth’s a call today!
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This lesson helps young people understand why drinking water is important. An Interactive whiteboard lesson teaches facts about the body’s need for water and offers tips to help the youth to drink more water. Using actual healthy and dehydrated plants reinforces the message that all living things need water!
Here are some facts to share with the youth about the importance of water.
- Every part of your body needs water. In fact, water makes up 60 percent of body weight.
- Dehydration happens when there is not enough water in your body.
- Mild dehydration can cause headaches, nausea and fatigue (tiredness). You may need more water in hot temperatures or if you sweat a lot.
- If you’re getting enough water you’ll rarely feel thirsty. Your urine will also be clear or slightly yellow. Dark yellow urine is a sign of dehydration.
- There has been a significant rise in the intake of beverages with added sugars and excess calories on the market. Most are geared to entice children to consume. These added calorie beverages are contributing to overweight and obesity in our children.
- Drinking more water is one of the simplest things you can do to be healthier.
- Ask the young people if they think it would be a good idea to give small children, animals, or plants pop or a sports/energy drink? What would happen to them if they did? Possible answers include:
- wouldn’t grow normally
- may even die.
- Show young people the healthy and unhealthy plant. Point out the differences between the healthy watered plant and the unhealthy plant. Healthy plants are full of color and stand tall and firm. Unhealthy plants sag, lack bright color, look wilted or limp.
- What do you think may happen to our bodies if we stopped drinking mostly water and drank pop, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks instead? Or if we simply stopped drinking much at all? The answers are the same as for animals, babies and plants, but may include more diseases, injuries, our organs not working right, headaches, not thinking as clearly, or extra weight. Drinks other than water have added ingredients that can get in the way of the water’s ability to do what it’s supposed to do for us.
Water is what human beings, animals and plants were meant to drink! Drinking water actually helps you stay healthy!
Activity: Getting Enough Water
Use the interactive whiteboard, if available, to guide the youth through the following questions in the lesson (see What You Need).
- What percentage of our bodies are made up of water? Correct answer: 60%
- Why do you think we need to drink water when our bodies already have so much of it? The answers may include the information listed in the introduction above.
- So, we know that water is good for us, but do we know why? Ask the youth what they think water actually does in the body, and which things it doesn’t do.
- Keeps our body temperatures normal
- Lubricates and cushions joints
- Makes your hair grow faster (false)
- Helps your kidneys work correctly
- Makes you sleepy (false)
- Protects your spinal cord
- Helps digestion
- Helps your body get rid of waste
- Helps you float better when you are swimming (false)
Ask young people for ideas or tips they have for drinking more water each day. Possible ideas include:
fill a reusable water bottle and take it with you when you go places
drink water and milk with every meal
drink a glass of water when you wake up in the morning
keep cold water in a pitcher in the fridge.
Continuing the Conversation
Hand out the Healthy Families Newsletter in English or Spanish, which also includes these tips, so that families can continue discussing the importance of drinking enough water at home. Find more health lesson plans to encourage healthy habits for kids.
Additional Instructor Resources
There Are Sneaky Sugars! – (Russian) – (Somali) – (Spanish)
Water: Meeting Your Daily Fluid Needs
Don’t wait until you are thirsty
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How do you analyse the story "Her First Ball" with the theme of excitement focusing on Leila's character?
1 Answer | Add Yours
I would want to start by looking at the way that story begins before the ball actually starts, with Leila's trip to the ball in the cab with the Sheridan girls. What this does is that it allows the author to both focus on Leila's feelings of excitement about the ball but also to raise the tension for both us and her as we are left to wonder what the ball will actually be like and whether it will meet or fall short of her expectations. This section of the story gives us very important information about Leila's character, and presents her as a very excited and young girl. Note the following quote when she comparaes herself to the Sheridan girls:
Oh dear, how hard it was to be indifferent like the others! She tried not to smile too much; she tried not to care. But every single thing was so new and excited... She would remember for ever.
The theme of excitement is therefore presented to us through Leila's feelings as she awaits the ball with so much anticipation and also structurally through Mansfield's choice of beginning the story before the ball starts, so that we can see just how excited Leila is.
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Interpret the quote from Hermann Hesse's Siddhartha, "But according to your teachings, this unity and logical consequence of all things is broken in one place."
1 Answer | Add Yours
Siddhartha is speaking to Gotama, the Buddha. In chapter three, titled "Gotama," Siddhartha and Govinda have left the samanas to investigate the rumors of Gotama the Buddha because "he had reached Nirvana and would not return time and again to the circle of existence, he did not submerge himself any longer in the turbulent streams of mortal beings" (10).
Govinda remained behind with Gotama Buddha while Siddhartha traveled on, still searching. Before he left, he spoke with Gotama. The quoted section in your question is part of that conversation.
Siddhartha is saying to the Buddha that according to his very own teachings everything in the world is a perfect chain of cause and effect. Everything is connected. BUT this perfect chain of cause and effect is broken in one place and that break is the Buddha. He broke free of the "chain" of causation, of cause and effect. He is no longer a part of the circle of existence, and THAT can't be explained.
Ultimately Siddhartha's objection to the Buddha is that he won't ever be able to teach anyone to reach nirvana - to do what HE did. Siddhartha is (at this time in his own life) objecting to any kind of teaching for this very reason. He feels that the only way that he will understand the eternal atman in him (atman in the novel - roughly equivalent to the soul in Christian culture) is to learn from himself. He cannot learn himself from another teacher.
Buddha's response is that his teachings are not trying to "explain the world to those who seek knowledge. They have a different goal; their goal is salvation from suffering. This is that which Gotama
teaches, and nothing else" (15). Gotama Buddha tells him that he's not teaching nirvana; he's teaching salvation from suffering.
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There are lots of holidays that are provided in honor of many inventions. People start these celebrations to relax and have fun. It’s especially odd when the inventions nowadays don’t exist or function. Participants of the strange occasions don’t carry any other aim than having fun. One of these holidays concern transit systems. The invention is not very old, but it’s not widely used in the streets. Other vehicles came into the human’s lives. They are faster and more convenient. Nevertheless, some cities of the world continue using it, especially on the exact holiday. When is National Cable Car Day in 2020? How can people celebrate the event?
The start of the history of this kind of transport took place in 1869. San Francisco was the city of birth of the vehicle. A.S.Hallidie saw a horrible accident. Horses were killed by a streetcar which was drawn by animals. The man got an idea to make a new vehicle which could be operated by cable.
In 1873, in August the Clay Street Hill Railroad started functioning. It was the first example. That invention was successful enough. His inventor promoted cable cars. W.Eppelsheimer became the engineer. These vehicles used grips connected with cables. Later this term became a synonym of the word “operator”.
After the successful presentation of the line it was involved into the regular use in 1873, in September. The invention reflected into a transit system. Hallidie patented the invention. Later it became a great success in financial sphere. The promoter got a huge amount of money due to his patents. Though the history of the invention is thought to be very concrete, the real date of its appearance is unknown.
The new step was the invention of the side grip. It was the Sutter Street Railway. It was presented in 1877. Its invention is connected with the unwillingness of its creator, H. Casebolt, to pay the royalty to Hallidie. The royalty for the use of the transit system was 50 thousand dollars a year. The new variant made the vehicles’ crossing at intersection possible.
Later many other companies opened their own transport lines. The oldest one, which is nowadays used, was opened in 1887. The Southern Pacific Railroadbecame the largest San Francisco’s company. Its terminus had 5 lines which let vehicles to start their root 4 times a minute.
The Omnibus Railroad and Cable Company becamethe last which started the functioning in the end of the 80s of the 19th cebtury. Some of lines operate nowadays. The success of the vehicle was so great that 23 lines started their operation during the 17-year period of time.
The start of the holiday is a very doubtful occasion. Nobody knows exactly who started observing it. The date concerns the day of receiving the patent by Hallidie. “What day World Cable Car Day in 2020?” the occasion is set on the 17th of January.
What does National Cable Car Day mean for local dwellers and for the following development of vehicles? The history of the holiday is uncertain in comparison with the history of this transport invention.
The invention itself carries the great value in the history of the formation of the transport system. For long centuries people had no chance to make a line which could seat a large amount of passengers. Besides, the use of horses’ force made the transport line very inconvenient. It caused many deaths of these animals. They were exhausted from this hard work. That invention’s use made it possible to carry passengers and to root a strict schedule for transport lines. Grids could operate cable cars.
The system’s implementation let people develop the speed of transportation. Horses could give an exact speed, but the technique could be developed.
The holiday lets people feel the strength of human’s mind. It shows the ability of a human being to create any thing that can be useful than the existing material. The development of the vehicle system is so rapid that people can get rid of inconvenient and unprofitable thing. Nevertheless, the interest to the inventions and the historical value is very obvious. So, these vehicles are nowadays used in entertainment centers and various cities of the world. When is International Cable Car Day 2020? The event is set on January, 17th.
The appearance of this word happened in 1874. It was implemented due to the promoter Hallidie. He proposed the phrase that reflected the basis of functioning. The inventors made it possible to involve people into using a new term which was taken also into vocabularies.
According to dictionaries, a phrase “cable cars” define vehicles operated by cables. The vehicle is the means of transportation which carry many people for one time. The term also describes vehicles on railways which are also operated by cables.
Many countries still use this kind of transport. That’s why it is very simple to understand the meaning of the holiday. It is known that the vehicle is an automatic system which doesn’t need any other kind of operation. Moving cables pull the transport. It is mainly used in the territories which have mountains. The vehicle helps local dwellers to get to the top of the mountains or steep hills. This means of transport is very similar to a funicular railway.
Many cities don’t have such transport, so the best way to understand the way the example operates is visiting cities with cable cars. What is the date of National Cable Car Day 2020? The holiday is set on January, 17th.
The day can be celebrated in the right way only by using the transport. It is possible in cities which use the transport. You may visit these places. The trip can become an interesting adventure. Cities with high mountains nearby usually provide the route with cable cars.
There’re several lines in San Francisco and in other cities in the world. The most interesting way of celebrating the day is taking a trip on the first lines. It’s said that people can get information about the original line in a specialized museum. It is situated in Mason Street. The museum’s name coincides with the name of the vehicle. It is situated on two of San Francisco’s routes.
If you can’t visit the USA during the holiday, you may have fun in another way. There are lines in Milan, Las Vegas, Tampa and Venice. If there isn’t any railroad on the nearby territories, you should watch the horses. They were the first force which made vehicles move according to routs.
Teachers can observe the holiday by giving information about the history of this kind of transport. The lecture can include various photos and videos. Women can also make a cake in a form of a vehicle. “When is Cable Car Day in 2020, calendar of events?” The holiday is to be organized on the 17th of January.
International Cable Car Day Facts
- There are 44 vehicles which operate nowadays.
- Many craftsmen work to make a cable car for 2 years.
- Only in 1944 African-Americans could work on the railway.
- The best conductor, M.A.Ball, won a trip to Hawaii in 1953.
- The first female gripman was F.M.Barnes. She the vacation in 1998.
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Many different phobias have been described in literature related to psychopathology, but perhaps none that are as debilitating or having serious health implications as Cibophobia, the excessive and persistent fear of food. Food phobia is also called “food aversion or choking phobia”. The word Cibophobia or Sitophobia is derived from Greek Sitos which means bread and phobos which means fear.
The fear of food and the fear of eating in public are often used mistaken for each other. Note that the latter is a social anxiety disorder where the individual refuses to eat or drink in front of others from fear of embarrassing him/herself. On the other hand, Cibophobia is persistent and the patients, typically teenagers and young children, are unable to verbalize precisely what they fear.
Causes of Cibophobia
The fear and avoidance of food, chewing or swallowing fluids usually stems from a negative or traumatic episode such as choking, vomiting etc after eating or drinking. Some people continue to experience this fear well into their adulthood. Often Cibophobia is associated with anorexia, bulimia and other behavior and eating disorders.
Some cases of fear of food are specific in that; the phobic is only afraid of perishable food items like milk and milk products, mayonnaise etc. This might occur due to a prior bad experience of having eaten these expired food items leading to gastrointestinal distress. The brain then recalls those feelings each time s/he is confronted with a stressful situation.
Some children develop the fear of food when eating in front of authoritative figures. Child abuse, news of death whilst eating some kinds of food can also lead to the fear of food phobia in a young mind.
Symptoms of the fear of food phobia
Cibophobia sufferers deal with many physical and psychological outcomes associated with this condition.
- The fear of food leads to excessive obsession regarding how food is cooked or about expiry dates on edible items. This leads to overcooking or avoiding meat completely, refusing to eat in certain restaurants etc.
- Some phobics eat and drink very little leading to nutritional deficiencies and health problems. Often their condition is mistaken for anorexia or other eating disorders.
- The phobic lives in constant fear that s/he will choke on food. S/he might vomit, cry or throw a temper tantrum when coerced into eating.
- Some kids and teenagers refuse to eat solid foods. Their diet has to be supplemented with adequate protein rich soft foods and vitamin/mineral supplements to maintain their health. Their condition often leads to arguments in the family. Distress and difficulties with peers at schools are also common.
- Sleep related issues, nocturnal diuresis, nightmares and refusal to sleep alone, temper tantrums and other behavioral issues are also commonly seen in such children.
Treatment for Cibophobia
Structured diagnostic and behavior tests must be conducted to assess the extent of patient’s avoidance and fear of food. The patient must be asked to attempt a number of sequential steps like: approaching and eating three or four feared foods, sitting next to the food, holding a spoon, filling it with food, lifting the spoon, touching the food to his lips, putting the food in the mouth, chewing and swallowing it. Parents/therapists must note various symptoms throughout these different steps. At home, a daily or weekly record must be kept to note the food and drink items that have been consumed by the phobic. This must be done over a period of at least 6 months with a weekly review session with the therapist.
Parents and therapists must provide positive reinforcements like material rewards, praise and attention to the child suffering from Cibophobia. Conversely, vomiting, crying, temper tantrums etc must be ignored.
Behavior and cognitive behavior therapies, NLP or neuro linguistic reprogramming therapy, hypnosis as well as gradual desensitization therapies are proven effective in treating Cibophobia.
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« back to encyclopedia search results
A scale for measuring acidity or alkalinity. The scale runs from 0-14; 7 indicating neutrality (below being acid, higher readings alkaline). Human saliva is about 6.3-6.4, and if mouth washes etc. are used it's important that they should maintain this balance. Clostridium botulinum (botulism) thrives in food if conditions are over 4.5, particularly in oxygen-free conditions (such as vacuum-packs). Here are a few typical food examples -
Citrus Fruit 2.3-3.8
See 'Food Poisoning'
If you enjoy cooking take a minute to look at ‘Simon Scrutton French Cookery Classes’ on Google – and learn how to make top class bistro-style dishes. Suitable for beginners upwards. Small classes.
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Ref: Pages 30 and 31 of the text by Robert Olmstead.
- List five turning points in life. Begin: I will come back…
I will come back to this beach and feel the cool water and fine sand between my toes.
I will come back from the hunt with food enough to last us through winter.
I will come back when these young shrubs form a tall hedge around her cottage.
I will come back when I have earned my place in the King’s Army.
I will come back when I’ve paid our debt and freed us from our debtors.
- Write a sentence that conveys what has been by telling what will be.
I will stroll the boardwalk, soak in the sun and sip honey mead fresh from the keg.
I will smell the roasting boar and feel the warmth of the hearth.
I will rest in the shade of this hedge and harvest the berries in summer.
I will eat and drink at this table again and hear the songs around the fire.
Finally, I will live free, owing my time and money only to myself and my loved ones.
- Now turn to what stands in the way of what will be.
But first, we must help our neighbors battle the grassfire threatening their village.
But the cold and the wilderness must first be endured.
But first, I will carry the harvest to market and return with the profits.
But first, I will submit to the trails.
But these next five years, I will enter willingly into servitude.
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https://authorryanmurphy.com/elements-of-the-writing-craft-part-one-storytelling-lesson-twenty-four-out-of-dramatic-moment/
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In 18 years of research at Case Western Reserve University, Professor Joseph Fagan developed a way to test infants for retardation within the first year of life, instead of two or three years. Now he has started InfanTest Corp., of Cleveland, which has received a $50,000 federal grant to produce an easily administered commercial version. The test would be given to the many infants "at risk" for retardation because of prematurity or other conditions. It determines whether babies can distinguish between a new image and one they've just seen; almost all normal infants look at the new picture. The test lets doctors focus on the infants who really need their help.
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.inc.com/magazine/19860401/3010.html
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Olympic History – 10 Things the Olympic Games Have Made Popular: Recyclable Stadiums
When it comes to mass sporting events, stadiums are one of the biggest expenses — Olympic stadiums are no exception, costing a fortune. And once the Olympic Games are done, or a pro sports teams decides to move to another city, that stadium is often an expensive white elephant.
The most expensive stadium in Olympic history is the 1976 Montreal Olympic Stadium, which cost $1.47 billion in today’s dollars. I visited it last year, and … let’s just say it takes up a lot of space and seems very under-utilized.
Besides helping to popularize the building of massive stadiums for outdoor games throughout the world in the first place, the Olympics is now helping to jumpstart the idea of recyclable stadiums.
The 2012 Summer Games in London featured an 80,000 seat stadium, but 55,000 of those seats were designed to be easily removed and shipped off to another venue. A 12,000 person basketball arena at the same Olympics could be completely broken down and shipped off after the Games, with the intention to use it in Brazil in 2016.
This innovation in intelligent stadium design with recyclable components (and sometimes entire venues) is helping to popularize portable structures and should help to offset one of the biggest lingering costs for Olympic Games hosts and professional sports teams in general.
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http://investorplace.com/2014/02/olympic-history/7/
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| 0.950337 | 288 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Blueberry "Sunshine Blue Dwarf" – Vaccinium corymbosum
Origin: North America
"One morning as I was drinking my first cup of coffee of the day, I looked out the window to find a couple of birds jumping up and down around the bushes. Fascinated I watched their antics and laughed at how funny they looked as they jumped straight up to grab a berry. Then it dawned on me what they were doing, as they raided the fruit." Excerpted from Edible Landscaping – Shrubs to Munch On. Written by Debra Teachout -Teashon.
So what had these birdies hard at work? It was fresh, sun-warmed blueberries.
Sunshine Blue Dwarf is an exceptionally easy berry to grow. The plants are self-pollinating and it is more tolerant than most of high pH. Because it's a dwarf evergreen variety, growing from 3 to 4 feet in height, it works well in a container or as a hedge. The glossy silvery-green leaves turn to a lovely bronze color in the fall. In the spring, masses of pink flowers appear followed by loads of delicious, dime-sized, dark blue berries (each plant bears between 5 and 10 pounds).
It is a southern high-bush type with a low chill requirement of around 150 hours. The Sunshine Blue Dwarf performs best in full sun and slightly acidic, well-drained soil amended substantially with organic matter.
It is hardy from zones 5 to 9.
Why not make sure that you have plenty of fresh blueberries for muffins and to sprinkle on top of cereal or ice cream this summer? And don't forget to share some with your feathered friends.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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http://www.exoticedibles.com/html/body_march_2002.html
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ESD Ideas: Why are glaciations slower than deglaciations?
The Earth's climate during the Quaternary is dominated by short warm interglacials and longer cold glaciations paced by external forcings such as changes in insolation. Although not observed in the solar radiation changes, the time series of the cycles display asymmetry since transitions to full glacial conditions are slower than the termination of glaciations. Here an idea is proposed for the slower transition by identifying and describing two negative sea ice feedbacks dominant during the glaciation process that could serve as a control on the intermediate stage and decrease the pace of the process.
Paleoclimate data show that the Earth's climate of the last 2.6 Myr is dominated by cold glaciations; recently (after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition) the durations of these ice ages – with extensive glaciers – have been ∼100 kyr, with warm interglacials with little global ice cover lasting 10–30 kyr (Imbrie et al., 1992). The termination of a glacial period occurs rapidly while the changeover to a glacial period takes tens of thousands of years to be completed, resulting in an interesting asymmetrical shape for which there is yet no consensus on the mechanism(s) (Tziperman and Gildor, 2003). From benthic δ18O (‰) records from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 983 in Raymo et al. (2004), the duration of the last termination was ∼10 kyr while the glaciation process including the inception and intermediate stage had a duration of ∼77 kyr. There is a plethora of previous research which has identified several feedback mechanisms to explain glacial–interglacial asymmetry, for example, varying ice sheet volumes (Le Treut and Ghil, 1983) or the sea ice switch mechanism (Gildor and Tziperman, 2000). While it is mostly agreed that astronomical forcings trigger glacial–interglacial transitions, a similar shape is not observed in insolation changes, suggesting a nonlinear response by the climate system (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2007). Gildor and Tziperman (2000) proposed a sea ice switch mechanism which says the sea ice acts as a control on the atmospheric moisture fluxes and precipitation through its albedo and insulating effects switching it between two modes, growing land ice and retreating land ice. A similar mechanism is presented here but differs in that it considers the effect of sea ice insulation on the temperature and stability of the deep ocean instead of land ice sheets. Sea ice cover is considered as a control on deep-ocean temperature in the Arctic Ocean, which in turn can control the extent of sea ice cover by vertical turbulence and lead to the development of an intermediary stage as illustrated in the schematic, Fig. 1.
Here it is proposed that the sea ice–precipitation feedback is one of the first of many feedbacks to become dominant during glaciations. Figure 1a shows possible conditions of the Arctic Ocean during an interglacial; there is little sea ice formation but strong energy and mass ocean–atmosphere exchange. After the glaciation process is initiated, temperatures cool in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), indicated by a drop in temperatures as observed in the inset of Fig. 1b. We think this allows sea ice to extend rapidly, increasing albedo and further decreasing temperatures, and helps to explain the initial rapid temperature drop observed for this glacial-inception period which lasts ∼10 kyr. It has been suggested that Arctic sea ice controls climate by regulating albedo and air–sea exchange of both energy and gases (Weyl, 1968). Both proxy and modeling data indicate significant ice cover over the Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum (Colleoni et al., 2009; Jakobsson et al., 2016). The increased sea ice coverage and decreased air–sea exchange may have caused cold, dry atmospheric conditions to develop, reducing precipitation as depicted in Fig. 1b. With less precipitation in the Arctic region, there is less ice accumulation, and sea ice growth is hindered. Hydrogen isotope ratios (d-excess values) confirm that sea ice controls regional Arctic precipitation by contributing to drier conditions on Greenland as sea ice extent increases (Kopec et al., 2016). The extensive sea ice now formed becomes starved as precipitation and ice accumulation becomes limited; the newly formed sea ice thins and is more vulnerable to ablation. Enhanced ocean movements can result in rapid ablation as shown in Fig. 1c (the red arrow on the inset shows the stage in the transition). The loss of the sea ice reduces albedo and causes increased temperatures resulting in an intermediate stage with higher temperature or mild glacial conditions as described by Paillard (1998). Based on temperature reconstruction, the intermediate stage has a duration of ∼42 kyr, where there is increased evaporation, due to greater exposed ocean surfaces relative to the initial glacial-inception period, and increased precipitation. As overall NH temperatures remain cooler than during interglacials, with low insolation values prevailing, the sea ice eventually reforms into sturdier sea ice cover that is more resistant to ocean turnover (Fig. 1d).
The second dominant feedback proposed is sea ice–insulation feedback as portrayed in Fig. 1. Results from the atmospheric HIRHAM regional climate model showed sea ice acts to regulate air–sea heat flux by allowing stronger heat flux when sea ice thickness is reduced (Curry et al., 1995). With the formation of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, as explained above and shown in Fig. 1b, and reduced air–sea energy exchange, there is reduced heat loss and geothermal energy buildup in the deep ocean, increasing seawater buoyancy gradually, and at some critical point there is rapid vertical ocean turbulence and sea ice ablation, illustrated in Fig. 1c. In a study of Dansgaard–Oeschger events, the ECBilt-CLIO model demonstrates the effect of sea ice on deep-ocean temperature where a 13–15×106 km2 sea ice extent led to the deep-ocean temperature increase of 2–4 ∘C at 1.5–3.5 km depth and a mean ocean temperature change of 2–5 ∘C (Rial and Saha, 2011). This induces instability with cold dense water at the surface and warmer water in the deep ocean resulting in turbulent vertical mixing at some point and sea ice ablation. The first proposed feedback sea ice–precipitation likely enhances this sea ice disintegration, where decreased precipitation results in thinning sea ice and increased susceptibility to perturbations such as turbulent mixing. Sea ice disintegration decreases albedo, resulting in a return to higher temperatures and the development of the intermediary stage of almost interglacial conditions depicted in Fig. 1c. By aiding the return to higher temperatures, the sea ice–precipitation feedback works as a negative feedback. The intermediary stage of reduced albedo and warmer conditions may have a wider influence by affecting other climate variables such as land-based ice sheets which can in turn impact the behavior of other dominant players in this climate transition. This stage remains dominant temporarily with sea ice cover formation increasing and ablation processes following until gradually sturdier sea ice forms as, overall, temperatures cooler than interglacial temperatures prevail as shown in Fig. 1d. The more durable sea ice has greater resilience to ocean turnover, and, instead of breaking up with ocean turbulence, there are changes in local North Atlantic convection sites. Shifting the position of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation is demonstrated by previous studies, for example, Rahmstorf (2006).
Paillard (1998) showed the existence of an intermediate stage during glacial inception in which an ice volume threshold must be crossed before the transition to full glacial conditions can occur. Building on this concept, this paper proposes two negative feedbacks, sea ice–precipitation and sea ice–insulation, that explain the formation of an intermediary stage during glaciations, slowing the process. The dominance of these two feedbacks has implications for future replication of the climate dynamics of entrances into and exits from interglacials and for similar critical transitions of dynamical systems by emphasizing the role of negative feedbacks in regulating the speed of climate transitions.
The dataset is documented in Raymo et al. (2004) and was downloaded from http://www.clim-past.net/7/361/2011/cp-7-361-2011-supplement.zip (Lang and Wolff, 2011).
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
The authors would like to thank everyone who read earlier versions of the manuscript and helped to modify it or offered constructive criticisms especially George Hendrey and the two anonymous reviewers. This work has been greatly improved because of their input.
This paper was edited by Anders Levermann and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
Colleoni, F., Krinner, G., Jakobsson, M., Peyaud, V., and Ritz, C.: Influence of regional parameters on the surface mass balance of the Eurasian ice sheet during the peak Saalian (140 kya), Global Planet. Change, 68, 132–148, 2009.
Curry, J. A., Schramm, J. E., and Ebert, E.: On the ice albedo climate feedback mechanisms, J. Climate, 8, 240–247, 1995.
Gildor, H. and Tziperman, E.: Sea ice as the glacial cycles climate switch: role of seasonal and orbital forcing, Paleoceanography 15, 605–615, 2000.
Imbrie, J., Boyle, E. A., Clemens, S. C., Duffy, A., Howard, E. R., Kukla, G., Kutzbach, J., Martinson, D. G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A. C., Molfino, B., Morley, J. J., Peterson, L. C., Pisias, N. G., Prell, W. L., Raymo, M. E., Shackleton, N. J., and Toggweiler, J. R.: On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 1. Linear responses to Milankovitch forcing, Paleoceanography, 7, 701–738, 1992.
Jakobsson, M., Nilsson, J., Anderson, L., Backman, J., Björk, G., Cronin, T. M., Kirchner, N., Koshurnikov, A., Mayer, L., Noormets, R., O'Regan, M., Stranne, C., Ananiev, R., Macho, N. B., Cherniykh, D., Coxall, H., Eriksson, B., Flodén, T., Gemery, L., Gustafsson, Ö., Jerram, K., Johansson, C., Khortov, A., Mohammed, R., and Semiletov, I.: Evidence for an ice shelf covering the central Arctic Ocean during the penultimate glaciation, Nat. Commun., 7, 10365, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10365, 2016.
Kopec, B. G., Feng, X., Michel, F. A., and Posmentier, E. S.: Influence of sea ice on arctic Precipitation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 46–51, 2016.
Lang, N. and Wolff, E. W.: Interglacial and glacial variability from the last 800 ka in marine, ice and terrestrial archives, Clim. Past, 7, 361–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-361-2011, 2011 (data available at: http://www.clim-past.net/7/361/2011/cp-7-361-2011-supplement.zip, last access: December 2018).
Le Treut, H. and Ghil, M.: Orbital forcing, climatic interactions, and glaciation cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5167–5190, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC09p05167, 1983.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic delta O-18 records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2007.
Paillard, D.: The timing of Pleistocene glaciations from a simple multi-state climate model, Nature, 391, 378–381, 1998.
Rahmstorf, S.: Thermohaline Ocean Circulation, in: Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences, edited by: Elias, S. A., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2006.
Raymo, M. E., Oppo, D. W., Flower, B. P., Hodell, D. A., McManus, J. F., Venz, K. A., Kleiven, K. F., and McIntyre, K.: Stability of North Atlantic water masses in face of pronounced climate variability during the Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 19, PA2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000921, 2004.
Rial, J. A. and Saha, R.: Modeling abrupt climate change as the interaction between sea ice extent and mean ocean temperature under orbital insolation forcing, in: Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Impacts: Geophysical Monograph Series, edited by: Rashid, H., Polyak, L., and Mosley Thompson, E., 193, 57–74, 2011.
Tziperman, E. and Gildor, H.: On the mid-Pleistocene transition to 100-kyr glacial cycles and the asymmetry between glaciation and deglaciation times, Paleoceanography, 18, 1001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000627, 2003.
Weyl, P. K.: The role of the Oceans in Climate Change: A Theory of the Ice Ages, in: Causes of Climate Change. Meteorological Monographs, edited by: Mitchell J. M., American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, vol 8., 37–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-38-6_4, 1968.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/11/13/2020/
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Reading binary data is not something you do every day, however, there are times when you need to read the characters from a file and then parse them.
This article aims to provide the reader with an insight into one way this can be done.
Over the past few years, I have been asked to develop systems that parse binary data. Examples of this includes interfacing into a Rail Signaling System to provide passenger information, and now I am developing traffic volume reporting software that uses historical information from binary flat-files.
Both Rail Signaling Systems and Traffic Management Systems use binary files as a means of passing information to track switching controllers, actuated boom gates and traffic signals. They do this because one byte of data can literally hold the values of 8 different variables. Combining bytes allows the programmer to compact the information being sent to the controllers, making them much more efficient.
So, for example, if you want to send information to a fictitious controller whose purpose is to switch on for 3 seconds and then close, you may have a record format as follows:
STX: 1byte | Controller ID: 2bytes | Action: 1byte | ETX: 1byte
Action byte, you may have something like this:
Bit 7: Controller On|Off, Bit 6: Seconds|Minutes , Bit5-0: Time period for action
The reader will note that using bit0-5 means that at most, the action can occur for 63 time periods, in this case, it is determined by bit 6 which tells us we can have either minutes or seconds.
So, seeing as we want the controller on for 3 seconds, our
Action byte will look as follows:
Action = 1100 0011 or in hex 0x0c3
NOTE: The leading zero after the 'x' is not necessary, but I like to use it for clarity. It allows me to separate the 'x' from the letters within hex, thus making it clearer to me at the very least.
We are now ready to start looking at what can be done to read such a file.
Using the code
In here, we will learn how to open a binary file, read a character from it, do some processing, and then close the file.
So, let's start with some code, and then we can explain it from there:
BinaryReader*br = new BinaryReader(File::OpenRead(filename));
unsigned int c;
c = (unsigned int)br-ReadByte()
We begin with opening the file using the
BinaryReader class. Then, set up a
catch block, within which we create a loop that we know will never end, except that we know that once the loop attempts to read past the EOF, it will fail and throw the
EndOfStream exception. The
proc(c) function simply processes the character as per the specification you are working to.
BinaryReader has many more 'reader' types including Boolean and Char. This is a class that needs to be explored based on the work you're attempting to complete.
Points of Interest
The most interesting aspect of this is that originally I was using
StreamReader to open the file and then used the
StreamReader::ReadToEnd() function to collect all the data into a singular
String* variable. However, it kept 'skipping' data. I suddenly realized that in the data, it was the BS (^H/0x08) and the LF (^L/0x0a) characters that were missing, and I put that down to the fact that the
String* variable was 'acting' on those characters.
I then attempted to use good ol' C, but the .NET environment was not happy about me doing this, and told me so in no uncertain terms. However, congrats to the designers of .NET, they realized that we were going to need this feature, even if it is only rarely, and it has been included through the
So, my conclusion is that there normally exists a .NET way of doing things, finding it is sometimes a battle, and in terms of reading/writing binary data is concerned,
BinaryWrite are the classes you need.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/6132/Reading-Binary-Data-from-a-file
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| 0.940368 | 870 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
day- One of the perpendicular divisions or "lights" of a mullioned window.
- The afternoon droops like a hot candle —Malcolm Cowley
- The afternoon sways like an elephant —Babette Deutsch
This begins a poem entitled July Day.
- The beauty of the morning called to her like a signal bell —R. V. Cassill
- Dawn came like a blanket of flowers —T. Coraghessan Boyle
- The dawn came up like a Have-a-Nice-Day emblem —Tom Robbins
- A day as fresh as spring itself —Wallace Stegner
- (The next) day dawned like a yawning hole —Robert Barnard
- The day drooped like a flag —Katherine Mansfield
- The day goes by like a shadow over the heart (with sorrow where all was delight) —Stephen Foster
From Stephen Foster’s famous “My Old Kentucky Home” with ‘over’ substituted from ‘o’er’ as in the original.
- The day is flat and intense, like a photograph of itself —Marge Piercy
- The day [Sunday] is like wide water, without sound —Wallace Stevens
- Day like a bated breath —Sharon Sheehe Stark
- A day like an endless empty sea —Delmore Schwartz
- Days and nights were shuffling like lame and overweight cattle —Don Robertson
- Days are scrolls: write on them what you want to be remembered —Bahya
- Days … arrive like crows in a field of stubble corn —Robert Hass
- The days dripped away like honey off a spoon —Wallace Stegner
- Days … followed one another in an undistinguished series, growing and then fading like the leaves on a tree —Stefan Zweig
- The days go by, like caterpillars do —Johnny Mercer, opening stanza from 1947 song, “Lazy Mood”
- The days go by like film, like a long written scroll —Maxwell Anderson
- Days … like a lengthening shadow —The Holy Bible/Psalms
- The days, like the leaves, seemed to fly from the trees, as if this year was intent on its own destruction —Susan Fromberg Schaeffer
- The day smelled like clear water —Joan Chase
- The days pass by like a wayward tune —W. B. Yeats
- Days pass like papers from a press —Wallace Stevens
- The days slipped by … like apple parings under a knife —Stephen Vincent Benet
- The days walking along higher and higher, like the way teachers line you up to have pictures taken —Lee Smith
- The days were truly endless and seemed like a single black night —Barbara Reid
- The day was dry, rather misty; like a day pictured in a Japanese print —Frank Swinnerton
- The day was still, like a very glazed photograph —M. J. Farrell
- Feel the pull of the long day, like a road he dragged behind him —Sharon Sheehe Stark
- A fine morning makes you want to bust open like a pea pod —Joe Coomer
- The gray winter morning descends like the huge lead-coated balloon —Jerry Bumpus
- The middle of the day, like the middle of certain fruits, is good for nothing —Walter Savage Landor
- Morning came like a stone breaking —Madison Smartt Bell
- The morning crept out of a dark cloud like an unbidden guest uncertain of his welcome —W. Somerset Maugham
- Morning … gray like a mouse —Jessamyn West
- Morning hours of inactivity … like a beautiful sculpture-lined bridge across which I stroll from night into day, from dream into reality —Milan Kundera
- (Night had died, and the) morning lay like a corpse. Like sadness, going from one end of the world to another, without a sound —Aharon Megged
- My days are like a lengthening shadow —The Holy Bible/Psalms
- One of those days that come as a surprise in the middle of winter, like a gift sent on no anniversary, so that the pleasure takes us unaware —Jean Stafford
- Our days run as fast away as does the sun —Robert Herrick
- Over the garden, day still hung like a pink flag —Elizabeth Bowen
- The workday is finished, dead as the calendar page that bore its number —Beryl Markham
A day is one of the seven twenty-four hour periods in a week.
You also use day to refer to the time when it is light and when people are awake and doing things. When day has this meaning, you can use it either as a countable noun or an uncountable noun.
You refer to the actual day when you are speaking or writing as today.
Don't use 'this day' to refer to the day when you are speaking or writing. Don't say, for example, 'I want to get to New York this day'.
You use the other day to show that something happened fairly recently.
If you want to refer to a particular day when something happened or will happen, you usually use a prepositional phrase beginning with on.
If you have already been talking about events that happened during a particular day, you can say that something else happened that day.
You can also say that something had happened the day before or the previous day.
You can also say that something happened the next day or the following day.
When you have been talking about a particular day in the future, you can say that something will happen the following day or the day after.
If something happens regularly on each day, you say that it happens every day.
Don't confuse every day with the adjective everyday.
You use these days or nowadays when you are talking about things that are happening now, in contrast to things that happened in the past.
You use one day to say that something will happen at some time in the future.
In stories, one day is used when a writer has just described a situation and is mentioning the first of a series of events.
|Noun||1.||day - time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis; "two days later they left"; "they put on two performances every day"; "there are 30,000 passengers per day"|
tomorrow - the day after today; "what are our tasks for tomorrow?"
today - the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow); "Today is beautiful"; "did you see today's newspaper?"
yesterday - the day immediately before today; "it was in yesterday's newspapers"
morrow - the next day; "whenever he arrives she leaves on the morrow"
eve - the day before; "he always arrives on the eve of her departure"
date - a particular day specified as the time something happens; "the date of the election is set by law"
daylight, daytime, day - the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside; "the dawn turned night into day"; "it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime"
|2.||day - some point or period in time; "it should arrive any day now"; "after that day she never trusted him again"; "those were the days"; "these days it is not unusual"|
time - an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "he waited a long time"; "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time"
crack of doom, Day of Judgement, Day of Judgment, day of reckoning, doomsday, end of the world, eschaton, Judgement Day, Judgment Day, Last Day, Last Judgement, Last Judgment - (New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives
off-day - a day when things go poorly; "I guess this is one of my off-days"
|3.||day - a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance; "Mother's Day"|
Admission Day - in some states of the United States: a legal holiday commemorating the day the state was admitted to the Union
Arbor Day - a day designated for planting trees
Cinco de Mayo - the fifth of May which is observed in Mexico and Mexican-American communities in the United States to commemorate the Mexican victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla in 1862
November 5 - anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot
rag day - a day on which university students hold a rag
red-letter day - a memorably happy or noteworthy day (from the custom of marking holy days in red on church calendars)
payday - the day on which you receive pay for your work
election day, polling day - the day appointed for an election; in the United States it is the 1st Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November
field day - a day for outdoor athletic competition
field day - (military) a day for military exercises and display
ides - in the Roman calendar: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month
market day - a fixed day for holding a public market
Walpurgis Night - eve of May Day
January 19, Lee's Birthday, Robert E Lee Day, Robert E Lee's Birthday - celebrated in southern United States
Tet - the New Year in Vietnam; observed for three days after the first full moon after January 20th
holiday - a day on which work is suspended by law or custom; "no mail is delivered on federal holidays"; "it's a good thing that New Year's was a holiday because everyone had a hangover"
February 2, Groundhog Day - if the ground hog emerges and sees his shadow on this day, there will be 6 more weeks of winter
February 14, Saint Valentine's Day, St Valentine's Day, Valentine Day, Valentine's Day - a day for the exchange of tokens of affection
March 2, Texas Independence Day - Texans celebrate the anniversary of Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico in 1836
March 17, Saint Patrick's Day, St Patrick's Day - a day observed by the Irish to commemorate the patron saint of Ireland
All Fools' day, April Fools', April Fools' day - the first day of April which is celebrated by playing practical jokes
April 14, Pan American Day - a day celebrating political and economic unity among American countries
Patriot's Day - the 3rd Monday in April; Massachusetts and Maine celebrate the battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775
First of May, May 1, May Day - observed in many countries to celebrate the coming of spring; observed in Russia and related countries in honor of labor
Mother's Day - second Sunday in May
Armed Forces Day - the 3rd Saturday in May
Father's Day - US: third Sunday in June
American Indian Day - US: the 4th Friday in September
Allhallows Eve, Halloween, Hallowe'en - the evening before All Saints' Day; often devoted to pranks played by young people
saint's day - a day commemorating a saint
June 23, Midsummer Eve, Midsummer Night, St John's Eve, St John's Night - the night before Midsummer Day
school day - any day on which school is in session; "go to bed early because tomorrow is a school day"
|4.||day - the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside; "the dawn turned night into day"; "it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime"|
period, period of time, time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period"
24-hour interval, day, mean solar day, solar day, twenty-four hour period, twenty-four hours - time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis; "two days later they left"; "they put on two performances every day"; "there are 30,000 passengers per day"
forenoon, morn, morning, morning time - the time period between dawn and noon; "I spent the morning running errands"
afternoon - the part of the day between noon and evening; "he spent a quiet afternoon in the park"
midafternoon - the middle part of the afternoon
even, evening, eventide, eve - the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall); "he enjoyed the evening light across the lake"
|5.||day - the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working); "my day began early this morning"; "it was a busy day on the stock exchange"; "she called it a day and went to bed"|
work time - a time period when you are required to work
|6.||day - an era of existence or influence; "in the day of the dinosaurs"; "in the days of the Roman Empire"; "in the days of sailing ships"; "he was a successful pianist in his day"|
|7.||day - the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis; "how long is a day on Jupiter?"|
period, period of time, time period - an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period"
lunar day - the period of time taken for the moon to make one full rotation on its axis (about 27.3 sidereal days)
|8.||day - the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day|
sidereal time - measured by the diurnal motion of stars
|9.||day - a period of opportunity; "he deserves his day in court"; "every dog has his day"|
|10.||Day - United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935)|
what day is it today? → ¿qué día es hoy?
he works eight hours a day → trabaja ocho horas al día
twice a day → dos veces al día
the day after → el día siguiente
the day after tomorrow → pasado mañana
day after day → día tras día
two days ago → hace dos días
any day → un día cualquiera
any day now → cualquier día de éstos
any old day → el mejor día
the day before → el día anterior
the day before yesterday → anteayer
the day before his birthday → la víspera de su cumpleaños
two days before Christmas → dos días antes de Navidad
day by day → de un día para otro, de día a día (LAm)
every day → cada día, todos los días
one fine day → el día menos pensado
on the following day → al día siguiente
for days on end → durante días
from day to day → de día en día
from one day to the next → de un día a otro
to live from day to day or from one day to the next → vivir al día
day in day out → un día sí y otro también
you don't look a day older → no pasan por ti los días, no pareces un día más viejo
on the day everything will be all right → para el día en cuestión todo estará en orden
one day → un día
the other day → el otro día
every other day → un día sí y otro no
some day → un día
(on) that day → aquel día
that day when we → aquel día en que nosotros ...
one of these days → un día de éstos
this day next week, this day week (Brit) → (de) hoy en ocho días
50 years ago to the day → (hoy) hace exactamente 50 años
he's fifty if he's a day → debe tener cincuenta años mínimo
to carry or win the day → ganar la victoria
to give sb his day in court → dar a algn la oportunidad de explicarse
to make sb's day it made my day to see him smile → me hizo feliz verlo sonreír
that'll be the day, when he offers to pay! → ¡él nos invitará cuando las ranas críen pelo!
see also black A6
to work an eight-hour day → trabajar una jornada de ocho horas
it's a fine day → hace buen tiempo hoy
to work all day → trabajar todo el día
a day at the seaside → un día de playa
to travel by day, travel during the day → viajar de día
paid by the day → pagado por día
good day! → ¡buenos días!
to work day and night → trabajar día y noche
a day off → un día libre
to take a day off → darse un día libre, no presentarse en el trabajo
on a fine/wet day → un día bonito/lluvioso
one summer's day → un día de verano
day of reckoning (fig) → día m de ajustar cuentas
to work days → trabajar de día
it's all in a day's work → son gajes del oficio
to call it a day (for good) → darse por vencido, abandonar; (for today) → dejarlo por hoy
let's call it a day → terminemos ya
it has seen better days → ya no vale lo que antes
until my dying day → hasta la muerte
it's early days yet → todavía es pronto
the happiest days of your life → los mejores días de su vida
in those days → en aquellos tiempos
in days to come → en días venideros
in this day and age; in the present day → hoy en día
in my day → en mis tiempos
in Queen Victoria's day → en la época de la reina Victoria
he was famous in his day → fue famoso en sus tiempos
in the good old days → en los viejos tiempos
these days → hoy en día
those were the days, when → esa fue la buena época, cuando ...
to this day → hasta el día de hoy
in his younger days → en su juventud
to have had one's day he's had his day → pasó de moda, está acabado
see also dog A1
see also time A1, A5
day boarder N (Brit) (Scol) → alumno/a m/f de media pensión
day boy N (Brit) (Scol) → externo m
day centre N (Brit) → centro m de día
day girl N (Brit) (Scol) → externa f
day job N → trabajo m habitual, ocupación f habitual
don't give up the day job! (hum) → ¡sigue en lo tuyo!
Day of Judgement N → día m del Juicio Final
day labourer, day laborer (US) N → jornalero m
day nurse N → enfermero/a m/f de día
day nursery N → guardería f
day release course N (Brit) (Comm, Ind) → curso m de un día a la semana (para trabajadores)
day return (ticket) N (Brit) → billete m de ida y vuelta en el día
day school N → colegio m sin internado
day shift N (in factory etc) → turno m de día
day trip N → excursión f (de un día)
to go on a day trip to London → ir un día de excursión or (LAm) de paseo a Londres
day tripper N → excursionista mf
We stayed in Nice for three days → Nous sommes restés trois jours à Nice.
every day → tous les jours
on the day that ..., the day that ... → le jour où ...
the day that I ..., the day I ... → le jour où je ...
by day → le jour
day by day [change, develop, improve] → jour après jour; [live] → au jour le jour
from day to day → de jour en jour
one day a week → un jour par semaine
these days, in the present day → de nos jours, à l'heure actuelle
to make sb's day → faire plaisir à qn
to save the day → sauver la situation
to win the day → remporter la victoire
to carry the day → remporter la victoire
to lose the day → perdre la bataille
to be all in a day's work → faire partie de la routine
to call it a day (= stop) (on a particular day) → s'arrêter pour aujourd'hui
I think it's time we called it a day → Je crois que c'est le moment de s'arrêter pour aujourd'hui.; (for ever)
I want his job when he calls it a day
BUT Je veux son travail quand il décide qu'il est temps de s'arrêter.
day after day adv (= incessantly) → jour après jour
day and night adv (= constantly) → jour et nuit
day in, day out adv (= always) → jour après jour
one day adv (= some time) → un jour
one of these days adv (= some time) → un de ces jours
Some day I hope to meet you → J'espère te rencontrer un de ces jours.
the day before n (= eve) → la veille, le jour précédent
the day before sth → la veille de qch
the day before my birthday → la veille de mon anniversaire; adv (= on the day before) → la veille, le jour précédent
the day after → le lendemain, le jour suivant
the following day n → le lendemain, le jour suivant; adv (= on the next day) → le lendemain, le jour suivant
the day before yesterday adv → avant-hier
He arrived the day before yesterday → Il est arrivé avant-hier.
the day after tomorrow adv → après-demain
We're leaving the day after tomorrow → Nous partons après-demain.
the other day adv (= recently) → l'autre jour
to the day adv (= exactly) → jour pour jour
to this day adv (= still) → encore aujourd'hui
during the day → dans la journée
by the day → à la journée
paid by the day → payé(e) à la journée
to work an 8 hour day → faire une journée de huit heures
all day → toute la journée
I stayed at home all day → Je suis resté à la maison toute la journée.
all day long → toute la journée
what day is it today? → che giorno è oggi?
2 days ago → 2 giorni fa
one day → un giorno
(on) the day that ... → il giorno che or in cui...
(on) that day → quel giorno
the day before → il giorno avanti or prima
the day before yesterday → l'altroieri
the day before his birthday → la vigilia del suo compleanno
the day after → il giorno dopo
the following day → il giorno seguente
the day after tomorrow → dopodomani
her mother died 3 years ago to the day → oggi sono 3 anni che è morta sua madre
he works 8 hours a day → lavora 8 ore al giorno
any day now → da un giorno all'altro
every day → ogni giorno
every other day → un giorno sì e uno no, ogni due giorni
twice a day → due volte al giorno
one of these days → uno di questi giorni, un giorno o l'altro
the other day → l'altro giorno
from one day to the next → da un giorno all'altro
day after day → giorno dopo giorno
day in day out → un giorno dopo l'altro, tutti i santi giorni
for days on end → per giorni e giorni
day by day → giorno per giorno
to live from day to day or from one day to the next → vivere alla giornata
it made my day to see him smile (fam) → mi ha fatto veramente felice vederlo sorridere
he's fifty if he's a day! (fam) → cinquant'anni li ha di sicuro!
that'll be the day, when he offers to pay! (fam) → figuriamoci se offre di pagare!
by day → di giorno
to travel by day or during the day → viaggiare di giorno or durante il giorno
to work all day → lavorare tutto il giorno
to work day and night → lavorare giorno e notte
it's a fine day → è una bella giornata
to arrive on a fine/wet day → arrivare col bel tempo/con la pioggia
one summer's day → un giorno d'estate
a day off → un giorno libero
to work an 8-hour day → avere una giornata lavorativa di 8 ore
it's all in a day's work → fa parte del mestiere
paid by the day → pagato/a a giornata
to work days → fare il turno di giorno
in this day and age → ai nostri tempi
these days → di questi tempi, oggigiorno
to this day ... → ancor oggi...
in days to come → in futuro
in those days → a quei tempi, a quell'epoca
in the days when ... → all'epoca in cui...
in Queen Victoria's day → ai tempi della regina Vittoria
he was famous in his day → ai suoi tempi era famoso
in his younger days → quand'era (più) giovane
in the good old days → ai bei tempi
the happiest days of one's life → il periodo più felice della propria vita
during the early days of the strike → nelle prime fasi dello sciopero
it's had its day → ha fatto il suo tempo
day→ نَهَار, يَوْم den dag Tag ημέρα día päivä jour dan giorno 一日, 日 낮, 하루 dag dag dzień dia световой день, сутки dag กลางวัน, วัน gün, gündüz ban ngày, ngày 白天
- What a beautiful day! (US)
What a lovely day! (UK)
- What are your daily rates? (US)
What are your rates per day? (UK)
- Do you run day trips to ...?
- Is the museum open every day?
- I'd like a ski pass for a day
- How much is a pass for a day?
- We'd like to see nobody but ourselves all day! (US)
We'd like to see nobody but us all day! (UK)
- What day is it today?
- The day after tomorrow
- The day before yesterday
- What's the dish of the day? (US)
What is the dish of the day? (UK)
- What is the soup of the day?
|
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/day
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en
| 0.800734 | 6,443 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hypertension (high blood pressure) affects about one billion people worldwide. Moreover, hypertension increases the risk of stroke and heart attack. Acupuncture is an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in which thin needles are inserted into the skin at defined points. Acupuncture has been used to lower blood pressure and relieve symptoms of hypertension.
We performed a systematic review of medical databases to find clinical trials that compared the effects of acupuncture to controls (sham (pretend) acupuncture, no treatment, or medicines) on blood pressure and safety in adults with hypertension. The results are current to February 2017.
Key results and certainty of the evidence
We found 22 trials including 1744 people. The trials did not look at death and general health. Four trials compared acupuncture with sham acupuncture and suggested a small short-lasting (one to 24 hours) reduction in blood pressure. The other trials were of very poor quality. There was no evidence for a long-lasting lowering of blood pressure by acupuncture that would be useful in the treatment of hypertension. We could not assess the safety of acupuncture as few trials reported this. At present, there is no evidence that acupuncture is useful in the management of long-lasting hypertension. Future trials must be designed to measure a sustained blood pressure lowering effect of acupuncture.
At present, there is no evidence for the sustained BP lowering effect of acupuncture that is required for the management of chronically elevated BP. The short-term effects of acupuncture are uncertain due to the very low quality of evidence. The larger effect shown in non-sham acupuncture controlled trials most likely reflects bias and is not a true effect. Future RCTs must use sham acupuncture controls and assess whether there is a BP lowering effect of acupuncture that lasts at least seven days.
Elevated blood pressure (hypertension) affects about one billion people worldwide. It is important as it is a major risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. However, it remains a challenge for the medical profession as many people with hypertension have blood pressure (BP) that is not well controlled. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, acupuncture has the potential to lower BP.
To assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for lowering blood pressure in adults with primary hypertension.
We searched the Hypertension Group Specialised Register (February 2017); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) 2017, Issue 2; MEDLINE (February 2017); Embase (February 2017), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (January 2015), VIP Database (January 2015), the World Health Organisation Clinical Trials Registry Platform (February 2017)
and ClinicalTrials.gov (February 2017). There were no language restrictions.
We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the clinical effects of an acupuncture intervention (acupuncture used alone or add-on) with no treatment, a sham acupuncture or an antihypertensive drug in adults with primary hypertension.
Two review authors independently selected studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of each trial, and telephoned or emailed the authors of the studies to ask for missing information. A third review author resolved disagreements. Outcomes included change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), withdrawal due to adverse effects, and any adverse events. We calculated pooled mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for continuous outcomes using a fixed-effect or random-effects model where appropriate.
Twenty-two RCTs (1744 people) met our inclusion criteria. The RCTs were of variable methodological quality (most at high risk of bias because of lack of blinding). There was no evidence for a sustained BP lowering effect of acupuncture; only one trial investigated a sustained effect and found no BP lowering effect at three and six months after acupuncture. Four sham acupuncture controlled trials provided very low quality evidence that acupuncture had a short-term (one to 24 hours) effect on SBP (change) -3.4 mmHg (-6.0 to -0.9) and DBP -1.9 mmHg (95% CI -3.6 to -0.3). Pooled analysis of eight trials comparing acupuncture with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and seven trials comparing acupuncture to calcium antagonists suggested that acupuncture lowered short-term BP better than the antihypertensive drugs. However, because of the very high risk of bias in these trials, we think that this is most likely a reflection of bias and not a true effect. As a result, we did not report these results in the 'Summary of findings' table. Safety of acupuncture could not be assessed as only eight trials reported adverse events.
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<urn:uuid:e3a92429-bc8d-404a-9caa-1b7eef8bad1f>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.cochrane.org/CD008821/HTN_acupuncture-primary-hypertension-adults
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897168.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714145953-20200714175953-00056.warc.gz
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en
| 0.938957 | 965 | 3.171875 | 3 |
It sure has been an interesting year when it comes to evaluating red clover stands that were frost-seeded into wheat. In the southwest part of Michigan where we haven’t received any rain for an extended period, most of our red clover is burning up. In other parts of the state where they have had rain, farmers are calling me to develop a management plan for outstanding clover stands.
At W.K. Kellogg Biological Station where most of my research is located, our frost-seeded red clover plots are burning up. However, in our organic wheat, the red clover remains green and has a pretty good stand. Obviously, if we do not receive any more rain it will die over time.
Seeing this difference in red clover survival made me contemplate why. So, our cover crop team came up with several possible hypotheses.
We applied 70 lbs/A of actual Nitrogen to the conventional wheat and NO Nitrogen to the organic wheat:
- The Nitrogen in the conventional system may have stimulated the above ground growth of the red clover and not as much root growth. The limited amount of nitrogen in the organic studies may have resulted in better red clover root growth, which allowed it to survive these extremely hot dry conditions.
The conventional wheat yield was taller and higher yielding than the organic wheat:
- The better yielding wheat resulted in greater competition for the red clover when water was limiting. Since the organic wheat didn’t grow as tall and yielded less, red clover had enough moisture to establish and tolerate the drought.
The last hypothesis is that our organic sites have had a very strict, three-crop-rotation over the years; corn-soybean-wheat, and red clover has been frost-seeded whenever wheat was in the rotation. Our conventional fields have had mostly a corn/soybean rotation without red clover. Even though we inoculated the red clover and had a good stand prior to the drought, the soil quality of these sites is not as good as the organic sites where we have a more complete crop rotation.
So, what does this all mean? Frost-seeding red clover established best when we have adequate moisture. It can establish and grow even in high yielding wheat where Nitrogen has been applied. But without adequate moisture, the conventional system’s red clover is more susceptible to dying as compared to our organic soils.
To me, this has implications for the future. As our climate changes and we have unusual weather patterns, it becomes more important to improve our soil quality. By developing a three-year crop rotation with cover crops, you can enhance your soil quality. Enhancing your soil quality can ultimately decrease your risk from these environmental challenges.
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<urn:uuid:540a22fd-4d59-4912-a4fa-5ba1c1fd30b7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.croplife.com/crop-inputs/fertilizer/drought-2012-can-improving-soil-decrease-risk/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427750.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727082427-20170727102427-00518.warc.gz
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en
| 0.969143 | 566 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The right to health
- The WHO Constitution enshrines the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being.
- The right to health includes access to timely, acceptable, and affordable health care of appropriate quality.
- Yet, about 150 million people globally suffer financial catastrophe annually, and 100 million are pushed below the poverty line as a result of health care expenditure.
- The right to health means that States must generate conditions in which everyone can be as healthy as possible. It does not mean the right to be healthy.
- Vulnerable and marginalized groups in societies tend to bear an undue proportion of health problems.
"The world needs a global health guardian, a custodian of values, a protector and defender of health, including the right to health."
- Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General, WHO
The right to health means that governments must generate conditions in which everyone can be as healthy as possible. Such conditions range from ensuring availability of health services, healthy and safe working conditions, adequate housing and nutritious food. The right to health does not mean the right to be healthy.
The right to health has been enshrined in international and regional human rights treaties as well as national constitutions all over the world.
Examples of UN human rights treaties:
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 1966;
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 1979;
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989.
Examples of regional human rights treaties:
- European Social Charter, 1961;
- African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981; Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Protocol of San Salvador), 1988.
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) in Article 12 states that steps for the realization of the right to health include those that:
- reduce infant mortality and ensure the healthy development of the child;
- improve environmental and industrial hygiene;
- prevent, treat and control epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; and
- create conditions to ensure access to health care for all.
General Comment on the Right to Health
To clarify and operationalize the above provisions, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which monitors compliance with the ICESCR, adopted a General Comment on the Right to Health in 2000.
The General Comment states that the right to health extends not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health.
According to the General Comment, the right to health contains four elements:
- Availability: A sufficient quantity of functioning public health and health care facilities, goods and services, as well as programmes.
- Accessibility: Health facilities, goods and services accessible to everyone. Accessibility has four overlapping dimensions:
- physical accessibility
- economical accessibility (affordability)
- information accessibility.
- Acceptability: All health facilities, goods and services must be respectful of medical ethics and culturally appropriate as well as sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements.
- Quality: Health facilities, goods and services must be scientifically and medically appropriate and of good quality.
The right to health, like all human rights, imposes on States Parties three types of obligations.
- Respect: This means simply not to interfere with the enjoyment of the right to health ("do no harm").
- Protect: This means ensuring that third parties (non-state actors) do not infringe upon the enjoyment of the right to health (e.g. by regulating non-state actors).
- Fulfil: This means taking positive steps to realize the right to health (e.g. by adopting appropriate legislation, policies or budgetary measures).
According to the General Comment, the right to health also has a "core content" referring to the minimum essential level of the right. Although this level cannot be determined in abstract, as it is a national task, key elements are set out to guide the priority setting process.
Included in the core content are:
- essential primary health care
- minimum essential and nutritious food
- safe and potable water
- essential drugs.
Another core obligation is the adoption and implementation of a national public health strategy and plan of action. This must address the health concerns of the whole population; be devised, and periodically reviewed, on the basis of a participatory and transparent process; contain indicators and benchmarks by which progress can be closely monitored; and give particular attention to all vulnerable or marginalized groups.
State Parties must move forward in line with the principle of progressive realization. This means that State Parties should take deliberate, concrete and targeted steps forward, using the maximum available resources. These resources include those within a State as well as resources available through international assistance and co-operation. In this context, it is important to distinguish the inability from the unwillingness of a State Party to comply with its right to health obligations.
As part of the current reform process, WHO has launched a new approach to promote and facilitate the mainstreaming of gender, equity and human rights, building upon the progress that has already been made on these areas at all three levels of the Organization. WHO has been actively strengthening its role in providing technical, intellectual and political leadership on the right to health. Overall, this entails:
- strengthening the capacity of WHO and its Member States to integrate a human rights-based approach to health;
- advancing the right to health in international law and international development processes;
- advocating for health-related human rights, including the right to health.
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323/en/
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en
| 0.930655 | 1,205 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Class II problems represent abnormal bite relationships in which the upper jaw and teeth project ahead of the lower jaw. This is called “overjet.” Class II patients usually exhibit a convex facial profile with a deficient chin prominence. Typically, a Class II problem is inherited and results in a shorter than normal lower jaw. Other factors, such as persistent thumb sucking can aggravate these problems. Correction of this disorder generally requires influencing facial growth to bring the upper and lower jaws and teeth into their proper position.
Class III problems are also primarily genetic in origin. In this instance, the lower jaw and teeth are displaced to the front of the upper jaw structures. Facially, the appearance may give the impression that the lower jaw is excessively large, but in many cases the lack of upper jaw development is at fault.
Crossbite – Posterior crossbites usually result from a constricted upper jaw or unusually wide lower jaw. A narrow upper jaw will often force a patient to move their lower jaw forward or to the side when closing into a stable bite. When closed into this accommodated position, the lower teeth are located outside the upper teeth. This posturing may result in an incorrect functional position of the lower jaw with accompanying facial asymmetry.
Crowding of the teeth is the most common problem associated with the need for orthodontic care. Although many factors contribute to the dental crowding, this problem usually stems from a discrepancy between space available in each jaw and the size of the teeth. Aside from aesthetic considerations, poor alignment of teeth may be associated with periodontal problems and an increased risk of dental decay due to difficulty in maintaining proper oral hygiene.
Deepbite – Excessive vertical overlapping of incisor teeth called deepbite or “overbite” is generally found in association with a discrepancy between the length of the upper and lower jaws. It usually results in excessive eruption of with the upper or lower incisors or both. Associated problems include: 1) excessive display of gum tissue, 2) lip protrusion or entrapment, 3) biting the roof of the mouth and 4) incisor wear.
Openbite – A lack of vertical overlap of the incisor teeth can usually be traced to jaw disharmony, persistent habits (i.e. thumb sucking and posturing of the tongue between the front teeth) or excessive vertical growth of one or both jaws. Early assessment and intervention is critical to the overall success of treating these disorders.
Spacing – Spacing between teeth are another common problem associated with the need for orthodontic care. Like crowding, spacing may be related to a tooth-to-jaw size disharmony. Gum tissue attachment called “frenum” is also a common cause of spacing between the front teeth. Excessive vertical overlap of the front teeth as well as incisor protrusion may lead to spacing. Other contributing factors include atypical or unusually narrow teeth, and missing or impacted teeth.
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This Monday (February 29th) is Rare Disease Day, a day dedicated to raise awareness about rare diseases and their impact on patients’ lives. The theme for 2016 is all about you, individuals and families living with a rare disease and the importance of making your voice heard.
What is a Rare Disease? Each country has a slightly different definition on what qualifies as a rare disease. In the US, a disease or disorder is defined as rare when it affects less than 200,000 Americans at any given time. Looking for a list? You can find one here, thanks to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD).
Many of the medical foods that we make here at Nutricia – like Neocate products - are used by individuals with a rare disease. Our goal is simply to improve their lives through medical nutrition. Rare diseases include some food allergy conditions, like food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).
Why your voice is important. It is important to speak out and educate others in the medical and legislative community on the impact your rare disease has on your everyday life and what you need to make a difference in your quality of life. Now I know what you might be thinking. You are not the right person to speak to legislators or medical professionals and make a difference, and you would be wrong. Not only are you the expert on yourself and what you need to improve your quality of life, but because you belong to a unique and small community, you are also an expert on your disease.
Personal stories on what you are experiencing and what would help either through medical research or legislation is vital to instigate change. It is necessary to ensure that legislators and medical professionals remember that rare diseases and disorders are a public health priority.
Why today? Rare Disease day is always the last day in February. It’s especially “rare” this year because it’s February 29th, which only happens every four years!
Power in numbers. When a large community speaks out together, such as on a day like Rare Disease Day 2016, there is power in numbers. This day is celebrated by not only patients, but also family members, patient organizations, researchers, industry, medical professionals, and legislators all around the globe to amplify your voice to be heard across the world.
Tips for success: You may not realize that you advocate for yourself and your loved ones regularly and likely with great success. Educating family members, school classmates or faculty, coworkers, and your community members on your needs in relation to your diet and rare disease is advocating for yourself. But let’s take a moment to go over some tips to help you be a better self-advocate.
1) Know your “Ask”. Advocacy should be a call to action, so what action would you like the person or organization to take on your behalf? It is important to keep the action you are seeking or your “ask” in mind and make sure to state it at the beginning and end of the conversation so everyone is clear on how they can best help you. It can be something specific like support for a piece of legislation, or something broad like funding for research or medical coverage. Even if you are asking for something on a local level such as your school or community, make sure you are clear on what actions they can take to support you when living with a rare disease.
2) Tell Your story. There is nothing more powerful or more helpful for key people than your personal story. When key decision makers know your story and how your request will benefit you and others in your community that is the best motivation for them to help you, and motivate others to join them and get something accomplished on your behalf.
3) Maintain Communication. Once you create that relationship, make sure to keep up communication so you can encourage progress. Communication when things are going well and when a change is desired is important. Relationships with key people are important, but relationships with their staff are equally or sometimes even more important.
Check out these pages or more information on Rare Disease Day events near you, or how to get involved. Now go and tell your story!! You can share your story or read stories others have shared with the rare disease community here on the 2016 Rare Disease Day website.
In fact, the Neocate team here at Nutricia would love to hear your story and learn how our products have helped you live with your rare disease. So tell us: What’s your rare disease story?
-Kristin Crosby, MS, RDN
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Have you ever wondered about the mechanisms that delivered this page to you? Chances are you are sitting at a computer right now, viewing this page in a browser. So, when you clicked on the link for this page, or typed in its URL (uniform resource locator), what happened behind the scenes to bring this page onto your screen?
If you've ever been curious about the process, or have ever wanted to know some of the specific mechanisms that allow you to surf the Internet, then read on. In this article, you will learn how Web servers bring pages into your home, school or office. Let's get started!
The Basic Process
Let's say that you are sitting at your computer, surfing the Web, and you get a call from a friend who says, "I just read a great article! Type in this URL and check it out. It's at https://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm." So you type that URL into your browser and press return. And magically, no matter where in the world that URL lives, the page pops up on your screen.
At the most basic level possible, the following diagram shows the steps that brought that page to your screen:
Your browser formed a connection to a Web server, requested a page and received it.
On the next page, we'll dig a bit deeper.
Behind the Scenes
If you want to get into a bit more detail on the process of getting a Web page onto your computer screen, here are the basic steps that occurred behind the scenes:
The browser broke the URL into three parts:
- The protocol ("http")
- The server name ("www.howstuffworks.com")
- The file name ("web-server.htm")
The browser communicated with a name server to translate the server name "www.howstuffworks.com" into an IP Address, which it uses to connect to the server machine. The browser then formed a connection to the server at that IP address on port 80. (We'll discuss ports later in this article.)
Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sent a GET request to the server, asking for the file "https://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm." (Note that cookies may be sent from browser to server with the GET request -- see How Internet Cookies Work for details.)
The server then sent the HTML text for the Web page to the browser. (Cookies may also be sent from server to browser in the header for the page.) The browser read the HTML tags and formatted the page onto your screen.
If you've never explored this process before, that's a lot of new vocabulary. To understand this whole process in detail, you need to learn about IP addresses, ports, protocols... The following sections will lead you through a complete explanation.
So what is "the Internet"? The Internet is a gigantic collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a computer network. The network allows all of the computers to communicate with one another. A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a phone-line modem, DSL or cable modem that talks to an Internet service provider (ISP). A computer in a business or university will usually have a network interface card (NIC) that directly connects it to a local area network (LAN) inside the business. The business can then connect its LAN to an ISP using a high-speed phone line like a T1 line. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a normal phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.
ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the largest ISPs maintain fiber-optic "backbones" for an entire nation or region. Backbones around the world are connected through fiber-optic lines, undersea cables or satellite links (see An Atlas of Cyberspaces for some interesting backbone maps). In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every other computer on the Internet.
Clients and Servers
In general, all of the machines on the Internet can be categorized as two types: servers and clients. Those machines that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers. And the machines that are used to connect to those services are clients. When you connect to Yahoo! at www.yahoo.com to read a page, Yahoo! is providing a machine (probably a cluster of very large machines), for use on the Internet, to service your request. Yahoo! is providing a server. Your machine, on the other hand, is probably providing no services to anyone else on the Internet. Therefore, it is a user machine, also known as a client. It is possible and common for a machine to be both a server and a client, but for our purposes here you can think of most machines as one or the other.
A server machine may provide one or more services on the Internet. For example, a server machine might have software running on it that allows it to act as a Web server, an e-mail server and an FTP server. Clients that come to a server machine do so with a specific intent, so clients direct their requests to a specific software server running on the overall server machine. For example, if you are running a Web browser on your machine, it will most likely want to talk to the Web server on the server machine. Your Telnet application will want to talk to the Telnet server, your e-mail application will talk to the e-mail server, and so on...
To keep all of these machines straight, each machine on the Internet is assigned a unique address called an IP address. IP stands for Internet protocol, and these addresses are 32-bit numbers, normally expressed as four "octets" in a "dotted decimal number." A typical IP address looks like this:
The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they can have values between 0 and 255, which is 28 possibilities per octet.
Every machine on the Internet has a unique IP address. A server has a static IP address that does not change very often. A home machine that is dialing up through a modem often has an IP address that is assigned by the ISP when the machine dials in. That IP address is unique for that session -- it may be different the next time the machine dials in. This way, an ISP only needs one IP address for each modem it supports, rather than for each customer.
If you are working on a Windows machine, you can view a lot of the Internet information for your machine, including your current IP address and hostname, with the command WINIPCFG.EXE (IPCONFIG.EXE for Windows 2000/XP). On a UNIX machine, type nslookup at the command prompt, along with a machine name, like www.howstuffworks.com -- e.g. "nslookup www.howstuffworks.com" -- to display the IP address of the machine, and you can use the command hostname to learn the name of your machine. (For more information on IP addresses, see IANA.)
As far as the Internet's machines are concerned, an IP address is all you need to talk to a server. For example, in your browser, you can type the URL http://220.127.116.11 and arrive at the machine that contains the Web server for HowStuffWorks. On some servers, the IP address alone is not sufficient, but on most large servers it is -- keep reading for details.
Because most people have trouble remembering the strings of numbers that make up IP addresses, and because IP addresses sometimes need to change, all servers on the Internet also have human-readable names, called domain names. For example, www.howstuffworks.com is a permanent, human-readable name. It is easier for most of us to remember www.howstuffworks.com than it is to remember 18.104.22.168.
The name www.howstuffworks.com actually has three parts:
- The host name ("www")
- The domain name ("howstuffworks")
- The top-level domain name ("com")
Domain names within the ".com" domain are managed by the registrar called VeriSign. VeriSign also manages ".net" domain names. Other registrars (like RegistryPro, NeuLevel and Public Interest Registry) manage the other domains (like .pro, .biz and .org). VeriSign creates the top-level domain names and guarantees that all names within a top-level domain are unique. VeriSign also maintains contact information for each site and runs the "whois" database. The host name is created by the company hosting the domain. "www" is a very common host name, but many places now either omit it or replace it with a different host name that indicates a specific area of the site. For example, in encarta.msn.com, the domain name for Microsoft's Encarta encyclopedia, "encarta" is designated as the host name instead of "www."
A set of servers called domain name servers (DNS) maps the human-readable names to the IP addresses. These servers are simple databases that map names to IP addresses, and they are distributed all over the Internet. Most individual companies, ISPs and universities maintain small name servers to map host names to IP addresses. There are also central name servers that use data supplied by VeriSign to map domain names to IP addresses.
If you type the URL "https://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm" into your browser, your browser extracts the name "www.howstuffworks.com," passes it to a domain name server, and the domain name server returns the correct IP address for www.howstuffworks.com. A number of name servers may be involved to get the right IP address. For example, in the case of www.howstuffworks.com, the name server for the "com" top-level domain will know the IP address for the name server that knows host names, and a separate query to that name server, operated by the HowStuffWorks ISP, may deliver the actual IP address for the HowStuffWorks server machine.
On a UNIX machine, you can access the same service using the nslookup command. Simply type a name like "www.howstuffworks.com" into the command line, and the command will query the name servers and deliver the corresponding IP address to you.
So here it is: The Internet is made up of millions of machines, each with a unique IP address. Many of these machines are server machines, meaning that they provide services to other machines on the Internet. You have heard of many of these servers: e-mail servers, Web servers, FTP servers, Gopher servers and Telnet servers, to name a few. All of these are provided by server machines.
Any server machine makes its services available to the Internet using numbered ports, one for each service that is available on the server. For example, if a server machine is running a Web server and an FTP server, the Web server would typically be available on port 80, and the FTP server would be available on port 21. Clients connect to a service at a specific IP address and on a specific port.
Each of the most well-known services is available at a well-known port number. Here are some common port numbers:
- echo 7
- daytime 13
- qotd 17 (Quote of the Day)
- ftp 21
- telnet 23
- smtp 25 (Simple Mail Transfer, meaning e-mail)
- time 37
- nameserver 53
- nicname 43 (Who Is)
- gopher 70
- finger 79
- WWW 80
If the server machine accepts connections on a port from the outside world, and if a firewall is not protecting the port, you can connect to the port from anywhere on the Internet and use the service. Note that there is nothing that forces, for example, a Web server to be on port 80. If you were to set up your own machine and load Web server software on it, you could put the Web server on port 918, or any other unused port, if you wanted to. Then, if your machine were known as xxx.yyy.com, someone on the Internet could connect to your server with the URL http://xxx.yyy.com:918. The ":918" explicitly specifies the port number, and would have to be included for someone to reach your server. When no port is specified, the browser simply assumes that the server is using the well-known port 80.
Once a client has connected to a service on a particular port, it accesses the service using a specific protocol. The protocol is the pre-defined way that someone who wants to use a service talks with that service. The "someone" could be a person, but more often it is a computer program like a Web browser. Protocols are often text, and simply describe how the client and server will have their conversation.
Perhaps the simplest protocol is the daytime protocol. If you connect to port 13 on a machine that supports a daytime server, the server will send you its impression of the current date and time and then close the connection. The protocol is, "If you connect to me, I will send you the date and time and then disconnect." Most UNIX machines support this server. If you would like to try it out, you can connect to one with the Telnet application. In UNIX, the session would look like this:
%telnet web67.ntx.net 13Trying 22.214.171.124...Connected to web67.ntx.net.Escape character is '^]'.Sun Oct 25 08:34:06 1998Connection closed by foreign host.
On a Windows machine, you can access this server by typing "telnet web67.ntx.net 13" at the MSDOS prompt.
In this example, web67.ntx.net is the server's UNIX machine, and 13 is the port number for the daytime service. The Telnet application connects to port 13 (telnet naturally connects to port 23, but you can direct it to connect to any port), then the server sends the date and time and disconnects. Most versions of Telnet allow you to specify a port number, so you can try this using whatever version of Telnet you have available on your machine.
Most protocols are more involved than daytime and are specified in Request for Comment (RFC) documents that are publicly available (see http://sunsite.auc.dk/RFC/ for a nice archive of all RFCs). Every Web server on the Internet conforms to the HTTP protocol, summarized nicely in The Original HTTP as defined in 1991. The most basic form of the protocol understood by an HTTP server involves just one command: GET. If you connect to a server that understands the HTTP protocol and tell it to "GET filename," the server will respond by sending you the contents of the named file and then disconnecting. Here's a typical session:
%telnet www.howstuffworks.com 80Trying 126.96.36.199...Connected to howstuffworks.com.Escape character is '^]'.GET https://www.howstuffworks.com/ ...Connection closed by foreign host.
In the original HTTP protocol, all you would have sent was the actual filename, such as "/" or "/web-server.htm." The protocol was later modified to handle the sending of the complete URL. This has allowed companies that host virtual domains, where many domains live on a single machine, to use one IP address for all of the domains they host. It turns out that hundreds of domains are hosted on 188.8.131.52 -- the HowStuffWorks IP address.
Putting It All Together
Now you know a tremendous amount about the Internet. You know that when you type a URL into a browser, the following steps occur:
The browser breaks the URL into three parts:
- The protocol ("http")
- The server name ("www.howstuffworks.com")
- The file name ("web-server.htm")
The browser communicates with a name server to translate the server name, "www.howstuffworks.com," into an IP address, which it uses to connect to that server machine. The browser then forms a connection to the Web server at that IP address on port 80. Following the HTTP protocol, the browser sends a GET request to the server, asking for the file "https://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm." (Note that cookies may be sent from browser to server with the GET request -- see How Internet Cookies Work for details.) The server sends the HTML text for the Web page to the browser. (Cookies may also be sent from server to browser in the header for the page.) The browser reads the HTML tags and formats the page onto your screen.
You can see from this description that a Web server can be a pretty simple piece of software. It takes the file name sent in with the GET command, retrieves that file and sends it down the wire to the browser. Even if you take into account all of the code to handle the ports and port connections, you could easily create a C program that implements a simple Web server in less than 500 lines of code. Obviously, a full-blown enterprise-level Web server is more involved, but the basics are very simple.
Most servers add some level of security to the serving process. For example, if you have ever gone to a Web page and had the browser pop up a dialog box asking for your name and password, you have encountered a password-protected page. The server lets the owner of the page maintain a list of names and passwords for those people who are allowed to access the page; the server lets only those people who know the proper password see the page. More advanced servers add further security to allow an encrypted connection between server and browser, so that sensitive information like credit card numbers can be sent on the Internet.
That's really all there is to a Web server that delivers standard, static pages. Static pages are those that do not change unless the creator edits the page.
Extras: Dynamic Pages
But what about the Web pages that are dynamic? For example:
- Any guest book allows you to enter a message in an HTML form, and the next time the guest book is viewed, the page will contain the new entry.
- The whois form at Network Solutions allows you to enter a domain name on a form, and the page returned is different depending on the domain name entered.
- Any search engine lets you enter keywords on an HTML form, and then it dynamically creates a page based on the keywords you enter.
In all of these cases, the Web server is not simply "looking up a file." It is actually processing information and generating a page based on the specifics of the query. In almost all cases, the Web server is using something called CGI scripts to accomplish this feat. CGI scripts are a topic unto themselves, and are described in the HowStuffWorks article How CGI Scripting Work.
For more information on Web servers and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
- How Internet Infrastructure Works
- How Domain Name Servers Work
- Web Server Quiz
- How ASPs Work
- How E-mail Works
- How File Sharing Works
- How Internet Cookies Work
- How Network Address Translation Works
- How CGI Scripting Works
- Where are all the Internet domain names registered and maintained?
- Why do some Web sites include "www" in the URL while others don't?
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Medical researchers at the University of Alberta recently published findings showing that brain development is delayed throughout childhood and adolescence for people born with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
Christian Beaulieu and Carmen Rasmussen, the two primary investigators in the research study, recently published the results of their work in the peer-reviewed journal, The Journal of Neuroscience. Their team scanned 17 people with FASD, and 27 people without the disorder, who were between 5 and 15 years old. Each participant underwent two to three scans, with each scan taking place two to four years apart. This is the first research study involving multiple scans of the same FASD study participants.
Researchers used an advanced MRI method that examines white matter in the brain. White matter forms connections between various regions of the brain and usually develops significantly during childhood and adolescence. Those who took part in the study were imaged multiple times, to see what kinds of changes occurred in brain development as the participants aged. Those without the disorder had marked increases in brain volume and white matter -- growth that was lacking in those with FASD. However, the advanced MRI method revealed greater changes in the brain wiring of white matter in the FASD group, which the authors suggest may reflect compensation for delays in development earlier in childhood.
"These findings may suggest that significant brain changes happened earlier in the study participants who didn't have FASD," says the study's first author, Sarah Treit, who is a student in the Centre for Neuroscience at the U of A. "This study suggests alcohol-induced injury with FASD isn't static -- those with FASD have altered brain development, they aren't developing at the same rate as those without the disorder. And our research showed those with FASD consistently scored lower on all cognitive measures in the study."
Treit said the research team also made other important observations. Children with FASD who demonstrated the greatest changes in white matter development also made the greatest gains in reading ability -- "so the connection seems relevant." And those with the most severe FASD showed the greatest changes in white matter brain wiring. Scans also confirmed those with FASD have less overall brain volume -- this issue neither rectified itself nor worsened throughout the course of the study.
Beaulieu is a researcher in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, while Rasmussen works in the Department of Pediatrics. Their research was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
The team is continuing their research in this area, in hopes of finding a biomarker for FASD, and to examine how the brain changes from adolescence into adulthood in those with the disorder. The advanced MRI imaging the team used can pinpoint brain damage present in those with FASD, and could one day guide medical interventions for those with the disorder, which affects one in every 100 Canadians.
The above story is based on materials provided by University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry. The original article was written by Raquel Maurier. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
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Star Delta Transformation Formula:
While dealing with currents and voltages in loads, it is often necessary to convert a Star Delta Transformation Formula, and vice-versa. It has already been seen that delta (Δ) connection of resistances can be replaced by an equivalent star (Y) connection and vice-versa. Similar methods can be applied in the case of networks containing general impedances in complex form. So also with ac, where the same formulae hold good, except that resistances are replaced by the impedances. These formulae can be applied even if the loads are unbalanced. Thus, considering Fig. 9.16(a), star load can be replaced by an equivalent delta-load with branch impedances as shown.
Delta impedances, in terms of star impedances, are
The converted network is shown in Fig, 9.16(b). Similarly, we can replace the delta load of Fig. 9.16(b) by an equivalent star load with branch impedances as
It should be noted that all impedances are to be expressed in their complex form.
Balanced Star-Delta and Delta-Star Conversion:
If the three-phase load is balanced, then the Star Delta Transformation Formula is shown below. Consider a balanced star-connected load having an impedance Z1 in each phase as shown in Fig. 9.19(a).
Let the equivalent delta-connected load have an impedance of Z2 in each phase as shown in Fig. 9.19(b). Applying the conversion formulae for delta impedances in terms of star impedances, we have
Similarly, we can express star impedances in terms of delta Z1 = Z2/3.
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In the 1930s to the 1960s, the field of psychosomatic medicine dominated the application of psychological theory and intervention to health-related problems. Psychosomatic medicine practitioners, guided by psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theory, conceptualized and treated patients with various stress-related diseases or whose behavior contributed to their illnesses. At the same time, basic research on learning principles flourished in psychology laboratories, which led to behavior change strategies that were applied to humans. In addition, psychodynamic theory and therapy evolved by increasingly emphasizing the rational, conscious aspects of people (the “ego”). Furthermore, by the 1970s, health practitioners realized the limitations of the biomedical model for people with chronic pain and other chronic conditions, people whose lifestyle caused their illness, or people with physical symptoms related to stress. Both patients and providers sought interventions for these problems that were briefer, more effective, and more acceptable to a wide variety of people than were currently available. Thus, by the late 1970s, behavior therapy, and subsequently cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), replaced psychosomatic medicine as the dominant model of theory and intervention among health psychologists, many of whom aligned with the new field of behavioral medicine.
Theoretical Foundations of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy has its theoretical foundations in classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and research on cognitive processes. Generally, classical and operant conditioning view behavior as a response to environmental stimuli and consequences. At its simplest, classical conditioning occurs when a neutral environmental stimulus is repeatedly paired with a biologically relevant stimulus that automatically elicits an unlearned, biological response, resulting in the neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit the biological response. Operant conditioning occurs when environmental consequences increase or decrease the frequency of previous behavior and when antecedent stimuli signal the likelihood of those consequences. These two types of learning were studied initially in animals, and the application of their principles to improve human functioning—behavior therapy—emphasized that behavior change follows from changes in the environment. Thus, a primary focus of behavior therapy is a systematic examination and modification of the environment to alter a person’s behavior in a desired direction.
The rise of social learning theory in the 1960s, which emphasized modeling or observation and verbal instruction, shifted the research focus from animals to humans and introduced cognition into learning theory. Various cognitive models of human behavior subsequently flourished, and cognitive research established the value of beliefs, appraisals, and attributions as intervening variables between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. CBT strategies derived, in part, from these cognitive models and from other influences (e.g., covert conditioning, ego psychology). Cognitive strategies emphasize that changes in behavior, symptoms, and moods follow cognitive change.
Basic Principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Several principles distinguish CBT from other forms of psychotherapy. First, CBT views problematic behavior as fundamentally learned via interaction with the environment; therefore, undesired behavior can be unlearned, and desired behavior, such as new skills, can be learned. Although factors other than a person’s learning history are acknowledged (e.g., genetics or socioeconomic forces), CBT maintains the rather optimistic attitude that behavior is generally malleable by creating changes in learning experiences. Second, CBT is guided by the principle of parsimony to prioritize its explanations of problems, its clinical targets, and its interventions. According to this principle, the most straightforward and least inferential explanations, problems, and treatments are considered first, whereas more complex or inferential explanations and treatments are considered only if initial approaches prove insufficient. Thus, CBT typically avoids explanations that are difficult to verify (e.g., involving unconscious psychodynamic processes), targets of change that are broad or pervasive (e.g., personality), and interventions that are indirect or overly general (e.g., interpretations). Third, CBT bases it approach on the cumulative body of scientific psychological knowledge as opposed to other sources of knowledge such as personal intuition, clinical experience, persuasive leaders, or tradition. This scientific attitude also is manifest in clinical work with individual cases. In administering CBT, one first generates hypotheses about the factors influencing the problem behavior and then tests these hypotheses by using targeted interventions, followed by an assessment of change. In this way, hypotheses about behavior can be supported if change occurs as expected or refuted if change does not occur, which leads to alternative hypotheses and interventions.
Specific Therapeutic Strategies
There is a plethora of CBT approaches for health-related problems, and many of these strategies have direct links to the various theories noted previously. Classical conditioning has given rise to procedures designed to alter the responses of the body. For example, exposure-based strategies (e.g., systematic desensitization, flooding, and response prevention) present clients with stimuli that elicit negative emotions or bodily reactions in order to extinguish or habituate these reactions. Operant theory has given rise to stimulus control, in which the eliciting stimuli for behavior are changed, and to contingency management, in which environmental consequences are altered. Other popular CBT strategies are various arousal reduction techniques, particularly relaxation training and related approaches (biofeedback, meditation, breathing retraining). Social learning theory has encouraged interventions in which clients learn complex behaviors, particularly interpersonal behavior, including assertiveness training, which incorporates modeling, role playing, practice, and feedback. Cognitive therapy approaches take advantage of the powerful capacity of cognitive processes. Thus, education and information provision are used to increase predictability and control in stressful situations. Mental control techniques such as thought stopping, distraction, or imagery are also used to control emotions. More importantly, however, cognitive therapy generally views most dysfunctional behavior, moods, and symptoms as resulting from beliefs or thinking patterns that are inflexible, erroneous, overly narrow, or otherwise distorted. Cognitive restructuring identifies the underlying beliefs that support the dysfunctional behavior and attempts to change those beliefs by using logical analysis, rational persuasion, and clinical experimentation.
In CBT practice, therapist and client collaborate to change the clients environment, help the client learn new skills, and modify the client s thinking patterns. Sessions tend to be structured and didactic, various techniques are taught and practiced, homework between sessions is routinely prescribed, and changes in the target problem are tracked over time. There is an emphasis on self-management or self-control procedures, in which clients are encouraged to make changes and apply the skills in their daily lives. This focused and direct intervention approach typically is shorter in duration than most other psychotherapeutic approaches, and much research has demonstrated its efficacy with many health-related problems.
Applications to Health Psychology Problems
Numerous problems encountered by health psychologists have been conceptualized in cognitive-behavioral terms and effectively treated using CBT strategies. For some clinical problems, a single strategy is useful. For example, by changing environmental contingencies, some unhealthy behaviors (medication non-adherence, excessive sun exposure) can be reduced, and some adaptive behaviors (e.g., exercise, nutritious eating) can be increased. Problems that have strong negative emotional components (e.g., panic disorder and its medically relevant variants, blood and needle phobia, conditioned nausea and vomiting, and posttraumatic stress) can be redressed with conditioning or exposure-based interventions. Relaxation strategies are efficacious for many psychophysiologic or stress-related health problems such as hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, and headaches. Education or information provision helps to prepare children for stressful medical procedures such as anesthesia induction.
Yet, most health psychology problems are multifaceted and require several CBT intervention strategies and a greater focus on cognitive change. For example, addictive behaviors, including smoking, alcohol abuse or dependence, and obesity-related behaviors (diet and exercise) are complex, and CBT treatment protocols usually incorporate several strategies, including stimulus control and contingency management, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, and relapse prevention. An empirically supported approach to chronic pain is coping skills training, which includes education in pain mechanisms, relaxation training, self-reinforcement via pleasant activity scheduling, substituting positive self-statements for negative thoughts, and problem solving. Depression, which is relatively common in medical patients, is often treated not only with cognitive therapy, but also by behavioral activation, increasing pleasant activities, and even modeling and assertiveness training. A leading CBT approach to decreasing hostility in people at risk for coronary events prescribes 17 strategies including rational analysis, relaxation, distraction, thought stopping, assertiveness, intimacy development, humor, and forgiveness exercises. Although all of these clinical problems could be conceptualized in a more complex fashion (e.g., in psychodynamic terms), CBT focuses on relearning in the most direct and efficient manner possible. This “skills” approach is particularly attractive to many medical patients, who may avoid more traditional psychological explanations and approaches.
The Future of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
CBT is not static, but continues to evolve, both conceptually and pragmatically. For example, there is increasing agreement that a limited number of common mechanisms or change factors likely underlie the myriad of CBT technical procedures. Leading candidates include exposure to avoided stimuli, increases in self-efficacy, and coping skills. Further, as limitations of CBT are recognized and alternative approaches are validated, the repertoire of acceptable interventions broadens.
For example, biological factors are increasingly recognized as vital to addictive behaviors, and pharmacologic treatments are being integrated into CBT models to yield “biobehavioral” interventions. Practitioners of CBT are increasingly viewing emotional factors as potentially useful and adaptive components of behavior change, and techniques such as emotional disclosure and emotional processing are making inroads into CBT. It is expected that CBT will continue to evolve into an integrated, empirically supported set of interventions that, ideally, are matched to particular clients and specific problems.
- Brewin, C. R. (1996). Theoretical foundations of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 33-57.
- Hollon, S., & Beck, A. (1994). Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. In A. Bergin & S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 428-466). New York: Wiley.
- Keefe, E, & Caldwell, D. (1997). Cognitive behavioral control of arthritis pain. Medical Clinics of North America, 81, 277-290.
- McGinn, L., & Sanderson, W. (2001). What allows cognitive behavioral therapy to be brief: Overview, efficacy, and crucial factors facilitating brief treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 23—37.
- Meichenbaum, D. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral therapy in historical perspective. In B. Bongar & L. Beutler (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 140-158). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Samoilov, A., & Goldfried, M. (2000). Role of emotion in cognitive-behavior therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 373-385.
- Smith, T, Kendall, P., & Keefe, F. (Eds.). (2002). Behavioral medicine and clinical health psychology [Special issue]. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(3).
- Tunks, E., & Bellissimo, A. (1991). Behavioral medicine: Concepts and Procedures. New York: Pergamon.
- Turk, D., Meichenbaum, D., & Genest, M. (1983). Pain and behavioral medicine: A cognitive-behavioral perspective. New York: Guilford.
- Williams, R., & Williams, V. (1993). Anger kills. Seventeen strategies for controlling the hostility that can harm your health. New York: HarperCollins.
Back to Health Psychology.
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Google has demonstrated its own driverless car, a design that does away with all conventional controls including the steering wheel, and says it will build 100 of the vehicles for testing with the eventual aim of "bringing this technology to the world safely".
The company had for several years been testing everyday cars equipped with sensors, navigation equipment and computers to drive themselves but in the meantime it has secretly developed a prototype from scratch that will have no facility for a human to take control, other than an emergency stop button.
An initial 100 testbed versions would retain manual controls, Google said as it unveiled the car on Tuesday. The controls are needed to comply with the law in California which along with Nevada and Florida allows autonomous vehicles but only if a driver can take charge.
Chris Urmson, director of Google's self-driving car project, said the aim was to run extended tests in California where Google is based. Urmson argued driverless cars would improve road safety, calling the development "an important step toward improving road safety and transforming mobility for millions of people".
Google said its testing had suggested it was safer to remove conventional controls altogether because the results of a human having to take over suddenly and unexpectedly were unpredictable and potentially dangerous. “We saw stuff that made us a little nervous,” Urmson told the New York Times.
The toy-like concept vehicle has two seats, a screen displaying the route and a top speed of 25mph (40km/h). An array of sensors allows the vehicle's computer to determine its location and surroundings and it can "see" several hundred metres, according to Google.
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What is your definition of freedom? Freedom of speech? Thought? Privacy?
Freedom to make a living?
In order to discuss the law, we need to identify what freedoms you think it should give you. We can trace this all the way back to American constitutional history, where the Founding Fathers nailed down documents that gave you the ideas you now have about freedom. Let’s put this in context, by taking a quick look at the Constitution of the United States.
1. What were the original freedoms you see in the Constitution?
2. Who were they for?
3. Were they applied equally?
4. Were they ever intended to be applied equally?
5. When did each oppressed group get it’s freedom?
6. What are specific freedoms listed in the Constitution?
7. Are there any freedoms you enjoy and take for granted that you can’t find in that document?
8. Are we missing any specific mentions of freedom as you see it?
Challenge: Find one egregious (really, really big) violation of freedom. This can be an article, video, or simply a mention of a situation in the world today. Mention it in the comments.
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Exploring Waltham, Massachusetts
Waltham, Massachusetts, may be a bustling city today, but in the late 1700s and into the next century, it was a whole lot of country. Wealthy businessmen saw its large tracts of undeveloped land within close proximity to Boston and dreamt of splendid summer retreats. The payoff for us today? Three historic and stately properties—The Lyman Estate and Greenhouses, Stonehurst, and Gore Place—that still have a rural feel, with grounds that are open for public enjoyment each day. If you time it right, you can tour the impressive interiors of these homes and learn more of their history as well.
Theodore Lyman, a Bostonian, had enjoyed success in his trade and shipbuilding businesses, and was looking to spend some of that hard-earned cash on a grand Federal-style summer home. By 1793 he’d secured enough acreage in Waltham to build “The Vale,” known around town as simply “The Lyman Estate.” The estate encompassed 400 acres at one point, but just 37 acres remain today.
Lyman, like many men of means in this time period, was enthusiastic about gardening and horticulture, so he built greenhouses along with the mansion. To have fresh produce in winter—very chic. The Lyman greenhouses were expanded over the years and housed rare and exotic plants as well as roses and other flowers meant for cutting arrangements. Today, these are believed to be the oldest working greenhouses in the country. Indeed, the staff still grows grapes obtained from cuttings acquired in the 1800s, hundreds of varieties of orchids, and a mix of citrus plants. Come winter, the century-old camellia blooms in shades of red, white, and pink, providing much-needed color. Pop in here to feel the warmth of the sun-baked bricks and see the flowering displays. The greenhouses are open year-round and are chock-full of plants for sale.
The Lyman Estate was enlarged and renovated through the years. The changes were influenced by what was popular in the moment, so the 1882 expansion was done in the Victorian style, while the 1917 renovation is indicative of Colonial Revival influence. The Lyman family and descendants enjoyed the property up until 1952, when it was then entrusted to Historic New England. It’s become an event venue while in the organization’s care. With wide hallways (you could walk four abreast), elaborate moldings and chandeliers, and a ballroom with tall windows overlooking the lush grounds, it’s built for entertaining. Take note of the then-trendy “Oval Parlor” when you visit. The closet doors were steamed in order to make them pliable enough to mold into a seamless fit with the bowed wall. In fact, both the parlor and the ballroom remain true to the home’s original Federal style.
By all accounts, the Lymans were a close family, and when the second generation came into ownership, the land was sectioned off to let the children build homes in Waltham, too. Lydia Lyman married social reformer Robert Treat Paine, and the home they built, Stonehurst, is less than a mile farther up the road. Though now owned by the city, it still feels remote, with no other homes in view. Completed in 1886, Stonehurst boasts the design collaboration of architect Henry Hobson Richardson and famed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. The wooded trails throughout the 109-acre property are exceptionally well maintained, with some so wide and level that they’re even wheelchair accessible. The trails are pet-friendly, too—on the day we visited, most hikers had a leashed dog in tow.
The next stop before dusk was Gore Place. The brick estate of former governor Christopher Gore, also from Boston, served as his family’s rural retreat and working farm when it was built in 1806 (this home sports a fashionable “Oval Room” as well). The place continues to house goats, sheep, chickens, and pigs as would’ve been found in the early 19th century. To protect the flock, there’s one modern addition to the farm: a llama. It’s a beauty (though it eluded my camera) and very protective of the smaller animals.
If you make the rounds to all three of these historic properties and still have energy to spare, download maps of the six walking paths downtown. The maps were developed by Let’s Move Waltham in an effort to promote good health in the community, and pathways are well-marked and often scenic. For each city trek, the distance and even the estimated calorie burn are noted.
All this activity is sure to work up an appetite. With the number of restaurants along Moody and Main Streets, you won’t go hungry. In a Pickle gets rave reviews for lunch (if you’re willing to wait for a table), as does Tom Can Cook. But it was the sun-filled Café on the Corner that drew us in with a wide selection of coffee, teas, pastries, and sandwiches.
So, there you have it: Country retreats, exotic plants, walking trails, and natural beauty aren’t lost to Waltham’s past. They’re all still here awaiting your exploration.
Please Note: This article was accurate at the time of publication. When planning a trip, please confirm details by directly contacting any company or establishment you intend to visit.
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Mission to Northern Migrants in Southern Ghana: The Case of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana to the Bulsa People
AUTHOR : Peter Atta Ziame
ISSUE: June 2019 Volume 1 Number 2 Article 5
PAGES : 43 – 49
DOI : 10.32051/06241905
History in its broadest sense is a record of human’s migrations from one environment to another. Migration is a phenomenon all over the world as people move from one place to another in search of better settlement. There are various reasons why people migrate which includes adventure, employment, and escape from family among others. There are some who flee from political asylum and from war or conflicts in their area which leads them to be refuges. Northern Ghana has experience an influx of its people moving from the North to southern Ghana. In their migration to the south of Ghana, the Church did not realise the huge number of northern people in their midst whom mission work has to be extended to. It was not until the 1980s when the Ghana Evangelism Committee came out with a survey report indicating the numerous number of northern people in southern Ghana.We are studying the Bulsa because they embraced the Presbyterian Church of Ghana missionary work to the Northern people dubbed, Northern Outreach Programme (NOP). The social-religious life of the Bulsa people is discussed to know their religious background. The trend of their migration is considered and how they embrace Christianity in the south either as first or second generation Christians. The study is to see how mission can be done among migrants and marginalised people group in Ghana particularly and the world in general.
Author Biodata: PETER ATTA ZIAME is a PhD candidate in the Department of Religious Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. He is also an ordained Minister of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana.
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Making our buildings climate-proof is not only about reducing the 36% of CO2 emissions they are responsible for, but about doing so while caring for the people that live in them, writes Oliver Rapf.
Oliver Rapf is executive director of the Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), a not-for-profit think tank.
The European Green Deal (EGD) offers the opportunity to create a carbon-neutral Europe, a fairer society and a reinvigorated industrial powerhouse. Europe’s citizens must be at its heart – and nowhere is this more apparent than in the buildings sector.
Buildings are where we spend most of our time, and much of our money: for those who can afford it, buying a house is likely to be the biggest investment of a lifetime.
Making our buildings climate-proof is not only about reducing the 36% of CO2 emissions they are responsible for, but about doing so while caring for the people that live in them. That’s why the transformation of the buildings sector must have a prominent role in the EGD.
We need to transform our buildings and cities in response to the climate emergency just declared by the European Parliament and ensure they are resilient to climate change impacts – but we also need to ensure that the decarbonisation of the sector benefits European citizens and keeps housing affordable.
Delivering a zero-carbon buildings stock will require significant changes in the way the construction industry provides services and solutions. We also need new mechanisms to trigger investments in building upgrades. The EGD must make it clear that the built environment is a priority infrastructure for Europe. This would accelerate the shift to a decentralised, highly efficient, interconnected and decarbonised energy system.
The EGD should include these seven principles:
1. The right to healthy and sustainable buildings for all citizens
The EGD must recognise the right to live, work, play and rest in healthy, highly efficient and renewables-powered buildings which are fit for purpose. Damp and draughty homes, schools and offices without air quality guarantees and hospitals without active all-season temperature management must become a thing of the past. A commitment to renovate at least 3% of the European building stock per year is necessary to transform the 97% of all European buildings that are currently not fit for a zero-carbon future.
2. A just transition to a zero-carbon building stock
Transforming our building stock must be an inclusive process that protects the rights of vulnerable citizens. Social mechanisms and new financing models need to ensure that renovation policies don’t lead to tenants being priced out of their home due to rent increases, or homeowners being unable to afford the necessary improvements. Fair renovation models will not only increase the societal value of our living environment but will also provide new economic opportunities for regions and industries which are going through structural transformation as they phase out carbon-intensive value chains.
3. Innovation in the buildings sector
The construction industry already generates nearly 10% of Europe’s GDP, but significant increases in renovation rates will require the sector to at least triple its productivity and radically innovate its service offers. Only with a faster uptake of digital tools and offsite production will the industry be able to offer highly skilled jobs while supplying renovation solutions which are fast, effective and circular. A European initiative to increase skills, productivity and innovation in the buildings and construction sector has great economic potential and will create many new jobs all over Europe, including in regions undergoing structural transformation.
4. Policies to trigger investment in renovation
Tripling investments in energy efficient building upgrades within five years should be a central component of the EGD. The newly announced European Investment Bank (EIB) initiative for renovation and the current Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) discussion provide opportunities to set standards on spending public funds to leverage private investment. New policies and rules should help pool and aggregate renovation projects so they interest large investors. EU emissions trading system (ETS) revenues could support financial de-risking mechanisms to foster building renovation.
5. Investing in resilience and adaptation
Climate change impacts and extreme weather such as floods, high wind speeds and heatwaves are already causing significant damage to our buildings. The EU estimates that climate change-related damage to infrastructure could grow tenfold under a business-as-usual scenario. The EGD should ensure a strong link between adaptation and mitigation in the buildings sector, creating specific incentives for investments that achieve both objectives.
6. Zero-carbon spatial planning
While Europe has a relatively low new building rate, dynamic developments in new or converted building sites in many regions and cities provide the opportunity to create zero-carbon buildings and districts. The EGD should include a principle that all new or converted building developments must be zero-carbon. Many lighthouse projects around Europe show the way.
7. Re-evaluating sustainable building investments
The standard cost-benefit analysis of energy renovations and building upgrades gives a distorted picture, as it fails to account for the numerous societal benefits – from improved health and wellbeing to increased productivity. These benefits are hard to measure, being dispersed over many beneficiaries and materialising in often intangible ways across different timescales. The EGD should mandate an evolution in assessing building investments towards a systemic valuation of all benefits.
Europeans want to fight climate change, decrease social inequality and secure affordable housing. The EGD can address citizens’ social, environmental and economic concerns by taking action in the built environment that supports a safe and just transition to a sustainable and zero-carbon Europe which reflects the diversity and values of its communities.
A coherent set of regulatory initiatives and accompanying measures to decarbonise and transform our buildings must be a central pillar of the EGD, ensuring the energy transition is done for and with all citizens.
For further details and specific policy recommendations see also: The Zero Carbon and Circular Economy Challenge in the Built Environment
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Yesterday marked the last day of what could be considered chocolate month - pre- and post-Valentine's Day celebratory edibles. But as a recent Huffington Post article emphasized, we should not take cheap chocolate treats for granted. Cocoa is portrayed a small-scale farm crop, grown in tropical regions, primarily in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. While I agree with the author (who happens to be Mars Co.'s VP of global supply chains and sustainability) that more resources need to go into supporting these farmers, I am not sure how I feel about the notion that technology and research will save the day.
Moreover, cocoa is referred to as an "orphan crop" because it does not receive the massive amounts of resources that go into wheat, rice, maize, and soy research. However, that phrase tends to evoke an image of staple food crops, like millet or sorghum, and not a commodity crop of which nearly all goes to Industrialized nations. Perhaps, instead of trying to expand this wanton consumption, more emphasis should be placed on making production as sustainable as possible, with fair wages, and good quality of life for the farmers. Price would go up, and people would have to adjust to buying less at a higher price. That would be a pretty poor business model to try to sell less of a product, but chocolate is inherently a luxury food, right?
Cacao has great potential for sustainable production - it is by nature a forest crop part of a biodiverse system and multi-story canopy. It also faces severe threats from climate change and forest degradation. Organizations, such as the World Cocoa Foundation, are working towards more equitable and environmentally sound cacao production.
This is Thirsty Thursday, so I will sneak in a recipe to perk up just about anyone on a cold (or not so cold...) winter day:
Hot Cocoa for One
1 cup plain almond milk
1 tbs cocoa powder
15 g good, dark chocolate
10 drops vanilla stevia (or 1 tbs agave)
1/2 tsp vanilla (optional)
1/2 tsp cinnamon (optional)
1. Mix almond milk and cocoa together. Heat mixture in a sauce pace over medium heat until warm. Add dark chocolate, stirring until melted/
2, Add stevia, vanilla, and cinnamon. Bring to desired temperature. Enjoy!
academic agriculture almond amaranth animals apples apricot asparagus avocado baking banana bars basil beans bees beets berries biodiversity blog action day blueberries book bread Cabbage Cake carob carrots cashew cauliflower celery chard Cheese cherry chickpeas chocolate chocolate with a soul Cinnamon rolls climate change coconut coffee commodities conflict conservation contest cookies corn crisp cucumber culture dairy daring bakers dates deforestation dess dessert eggplant eggs Environment Ethics fair trade fennel figs film fish Food Waste Foodie blogroll Frugal Foodie Gardening garlic gender ginger gluten-free GMO grains granola grapes Greens hazelnut health history Holiday honey horseradish human rights hunger ice cream Indian Kale Kiwi kohlrabi lemon lentils lime Live Below the Line livestock macarons mango markets melon mint muffin Munchable Soapbox mushrooms nutrition nuts okra olive oil onion orange organic pasta Pastry peaches peanut butter Pears peas peppers Pie pistachio plum policy pollution potatoes poverty Produce of the Week protein quinoa Rabe raw resources restaurants rhubarb risotto root vegetables salad seafood sesame smoothie social justice SOS soup spinach Squash stevia strawberry sunchoke sunflower seeds sustainability sweet potato tea tempeh Tofu tomato tradition trains Travel Turnip Vegan Vegan MoFo water wheat berries winter squash zucchini
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Perfumery is classified into 7 olfactory families, created by the French Society of Perfumers in 1984, which represent the general personality of the fragrance:
- Fern (fougère)
- Hesperidae (citrus)
Peony — synthetic molecule, floral family
These families are then broken down into sub-families, called facets, which will evolve throughout the day, as the fragrance develops on the skin.
- New freshness
Marshmallow — gourmet facet
Finally come the notes which are distinguished in 3 categories which will constitute the “olfactory pyramid” of a perfume:
The top notes, at the top of the pyramid, are the most volatile, fresh and sparkling, they give the first impression of a perfume and will disappear after 10 to 15 minutes.
The heart notes, in the middle part of the pyramid, which give the character of the composition and as a kind of “texture”, have an average volatility that will last 3 to 4 hours.
The base notes, at the base of the pyramid, constitute the soul of the perfume with tenacious notes that will remain on the skin for several hours, even the day, on the skin, and even several days on the materials.
Grapefruit — hesperidae family
Some categories in the notes:
Solar (created with benzyl salicylate, is composed of ylang ylang, frangipani, tiare and carnation)
Animals (ex: musks, ambergris, civet, castoreum... fortunately today in synthetic molecules)
Balsamics (ex: styrax, benzoin, myrrh...)
Minerals (synthetic notes reproduced in the laboratory, intensely fresh)
Smoked (ex: sandalwood, cedar, patchouli, oud wood, balms or even vanilla can be smoked...)
This is how notes in perfumery are compared with musical notes, because like a conductor who is going to create a symphony, the perfumer is going to compose by choosing the notes according to their characteristics, which will fit together and interact to produce an effect. This is called “The Orchestration of a perfume”.
This olfactory pyramid is a classification and pictorial and educational construction of a perfume established by the perfumer Jean Carles in order to describe the architecture of the perfume and allow its understanding by apprentice perfumers.
The Marylise Mirabelli collection is also inspired by music, and each fragrance is an olfactory representation of the musical and visual universe of Michael Jackson's iconic songs and video clips.
Discover the 3 perfume extracts of the "Collection Nocturne" with the Discovery Set here :
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Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Celestine Order
|←Cardinal Vicar (organization of the Roman vicariate)||Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Volume 16
(Also called the HERMITS OF ST. DAMIAN or HERMITS OF MURRONE).
This Benedictine congregation must not be confused with the Franciscan congregation of the same name. The order was founded in 1254 by Pietro di Murrone, afterwards Celestine V. At first the saint gave no written rule to his monks, but by his own life he provided an ideal for them to strive after. In 1264 Urban IV confirmed the order, and gave to it the Rule of St. Benedict. It was again confirmed by Gregory X in 1274. Celestine himself confirmed the constitutions drawn up by Abbot Humphrey, and also granted many privileges to his order. Among other things he ordered the general chapter to be held every year, thus departing from the Decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council. The administration of the order was carried on somewhat after the pattern of Cluny, that is all monasteries were subject to the Abbey of the Holy Ghost at Sulmona, and these dependent houses were divided into provinces. The ruling body of the congregation or, as it was called, "The Definitorium", was chosen as follows: all the priors of the province and a delegate from each house elected the provincial and five definitors, the provincial and the five definitors chose the priors of the various houses. The Celestines had 96 houses in Italy, 21 in France, and a few, most of which unfortunately joined the Reformers, in Germany. The order became extinct in the eighteenth century. The choir dress of the monks was a black cowl and hood; the working habit consisted of a white tunic with a black scapular and hood, the lay brothers wore a brown habit with the badge of the order -- a cross with the letter "S" entwined round the foot -- embroidered on the scapular.
BEURRIER, Histoire du monastere de Paris (1634); Constitutiones . . . Coelestinorum (1590); Constitutiones . . . Coelestinorum provinciae franco-gallicae (Paris, 1670); HEIMBUCHER, Orden u. Kongregationen, I (Paderborn, 1907).
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Parse an Rd File
This function reads an R documentation (Rd) file and parses it, for processing by other functions.
parse_Rd(file, srcfile = NULL, encoding = "unknown", verbose = FALSE, fragment = FALSE, warningCalls = TRUE, macros = file.path(R.home("share"), "Rd", "macros", "system.Rd"), permissive = FALSE) # S3 method for Rd print(x, deparse = FALSE, …) # S3 method for Rd as.character(x, deparse = FALSE, …)
A filename or text-mode connection. At present filenames work best.
NULL, or a
"srcfile"object. See the ‘Details’ section.
Encoding to be assumed for input strings.
Logical indicating whether detailed parsing information should be printed.
Logical indicating whether file represents a complete Rd file, or a fragment.
Logical: should parser warnings include the call?
Filename or environment from which to load additional macros, or a logical value. See the Details below.
Logical indicating that unrecognized macros should be treated as text with no warning.
An object of class Rd.
TRUE, attempt to reinstate the escape characters so that the resulting characters will parse to the same object.
Further arguments to be passed to or from other methods.
This function parses
Rd files according to the specification given
It generates a warning for each parse error and attempts to continue parsing. In order to continue, it is generally necessary to drop some parts of the file, so such warnings should not be ignored.
Files without a marked encoding are by default assumed to be in the
native encoding. An alternate default can be set using the
encoding argument. All text in files is translated to the
UTF-8 encoding in the parsed object.
As from R version 3.2.0, User-defined macros may be given in a
separate file using \newcommand or \renewcommand.
An environment may also be given: it would be produced by
by a previous call to
parse_Rd. If a logical value
is given, only the default built-in macros will be used;
FALSE indicates that no
will be returned with the result.
permissive argument allows text to be parsed that is
not completely in Rd format. Typically it would be LaTeX code,
used in an Rd fragment, e.g.in a
permissive = TRUE, this will be passed through as plain
parse_Rd doesn't know how many arguments
belong in LaTeX macros, it will guess based on the presence
of braces after the macro; this is not infallible.
parse_Rd returns an object of class
internal format of this object is subject to change. The
print() methods defined for the
class return character vectors and print them, respectively.
macros = FALSE, the object will have an attribute
"macros", which is an environment containing the
macros defined in
file, in a format that can be used for
parse_Rd calls in the same session. It is not
guaranteed to work if saved to a file and reloaded in a different
Rd2HTML for the converters that use the output of
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By Kalev Pehme
This piece is dedicated to my friend Bill Oates, who asked me to write something on evolution
Evolution is so accepted to be true that it cannot be questioned without social backlash. Well, there is an exception to that: fundamentalist Christians and other religious groups. My questioning of the theory evolution has nothing to do with “intelligent design.” I think that approach is just as dreary as evolution. More about that below.
Let us begin with a logical problem: Can we observe evolution or species? The short answer is no. The reason is very obvious: What is observed and said to be species change is nothing more than the observation of individual change. No individual is a species. In nature, we have observed that even the closest of twins are still different. Everything in physical nature is an individual, not a species. The classical approach is that an individual, i.e., an existing physical being, has an essence, i.e., has something that makes it what it is and which it would not be that thing if it is absent. A grouping of these similar essences form a class, whether it be species or genus, while individuality is what makes it different from others in the same class. One class usually is a part of a greater class, which in turn belongs to an even wider class, the species or genus. The species, in the classical view, is a class made up of individuals that have the common essence or nature. Man, for example, is a species or class to which President Obama, Osama bin Laden, Charles Darwin, Jane Austen, Hypatia, Maimonides, and every other man, woman, and child belong because they all have the same essence or nature, a commonality without which they would not be a man or human being. For Aristotle, the species and genus are fundamentally fixed and cannot be altered.
The old meaning of evolution before Darwin was that living things have a preformed genesis and development to a proper, natural end. The individual is generated out of parents or some means of reproduction that insures that the individual is more or less like the parents through heredity. Evolution before Darwin was simply the growth process of the individual.
The only thing I remember from my high-school biology textbook was a ridicule of Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous generation. The book maintained firmly that spontaneous generation, like mice that are generated in and found in a shirt found in a barn, is impossible. What struck me at the time was that someone who was one of the great minds of all time (I did not know who Aristotle was in the 10th grade) would not know that mice come from mice. Now, we know that spontaneous generation is impossible, so biology says, except that in modern evolution it occurred at the time when the inorganic became alive, however it happened. Forgetting that if it happened once, then could occur again and often, modern evolution assumes that unaided matter in a chaotic disorder suddenly became alive. The lifeless suddenly and for no reason becomes alive. From then on, this life evolved in an ever increasing dendrite pattern of increasing complexity. The very simple becomes more and more complex, while the more complex descendants still retain structures of all the branches of life that it belongs to going back to the first life, as in the myth of man’s reptile brain, for example. The very primitive becomes very sophisticated through no sophistication at all.
The problem here is also very simple: Because evolution is a historical process common to all life, it has to have an internal set of natural rules, so to speak, by which it evolves. That of necessity entails that when life first emerged from the inorganic it had have within it all these rules. The first life also would have to embody what a species is and, in truth, how all species are to change and perhaps a blueprint of all species to come until the end of this planet. In other words, the very first primitive life oddly enough is more complex than the complex living beings to come. This individual cell or whatever the first life was was an individual and had no species or genus at all and yet it had all the means of creating a species and genera. Moreover, modern evolution does accept that anything has an essence. But as we know, the individual and the species and genus cannot be logically speaking the same. An individual cannot be a class. What modern evolution does is to collapse these logical distinctions for the first life, while at the same time historicizing this first life in a way that goes to no formal end. It is just a process towards to no known end. The first life evolved without any reasoning or reason whatsoever. The process is irrational.
The problem of origin is truly a problem here in another decisive way. Contained in the first germ of life must be our ability to discover evolution. For me, the true problem of evolution or some other understanding of how life diversifies is about our thinking and thoughtfulness, not a matter of mechanics. As the first life occurred by chance in a chaos of infinite of chances, our abilities to reason must come out of an inorganic world that is totally random. What is chaotic and random gives birth to a tentative but fundamentally unknowable order. While there are many metaphysical schemes where the world comes out of chaos, modern evolution’s approach is not cosmic.
Instead, modern evolutionary theory adopts the Cartesian duality and mechanical view of what a living being is that Descartes gave us. Modern evolution assumes that a living being is a machine whose structure determines it function. Outside of this machine when it comes to man is a mind, which can only know what it makes, technology, and what can be translated into mathematics. All of modern science requires this duality between what is extension (all that is not mind) and the mathematical mind. But modern evolution has inherent in it the historical possibility that in the future evolutionary changes in man can make man no longer believe in evolution. In fact, in the future, man may not have any thoughtfulness at all. If that were to happen, is evolution true for all time? What is this privilege that evolutionists give their reasoning that they right for all time? There are no experiments to demonstrate evolution and we cannot observe species change by looking at individuals. The fragility of this mind and machine duality is, moreover, is set against an environment. The machine is able to be influenced and changed by the mindless environment. In other words, there is not only a mind-machine duality, but there is a duality between the machine and the environment that it is in. The mechanical view of evolutionary life is at odds completely with the natural order of things which we call ecology. The interdependence of all life and all nature is not mechanical unless we assume that all of nature is just a large machine and all its parts cogs. What is the genesis of this machine? The big bang, a chance occurrence that comes of nothing generating a chaos generating a space and time and matter and everything else which is still in flux.
What we have here is modern existentialism made physical: Heidegger made biological. Evolution which mechanically moves out of nothing to an undetermined acosmic future continues to change not through individual change, but though species change seen in populations. Evolutionists speak of populations of various living beings, many more or less machines, that change because of the machines interact with the environment. As the machines change, some of these individual machines can no longer replicate with the others in the same population and hence a new species. The difficulty with this reasoning is very obvious: A population is not a species. It is an aggregate. The women of Los Angeles are an aggregate of individuals who belong to the same species, but they are only a part of the species, because this aggregate is an accidental group existing in a single time. An aggregate is simply consisting of two or more individuals. An aggregate cannot be a species.
In the classical sense, we can see the difference: Essence is what makes a thing what it is. A species is a class made up of individuals that have the same specific essence. A genus is a wider class of two or more species. An aggregate is a group of two or more individuals. Modern evolutionary theory collapses these distinctions. Because life comes out of the inorganic through chance and only one instance of spontaneous generation, life cannot have an essence. What is an essence is treated by evolutionists as a species, but the species is actually a population of machines. That evolution is chaotic, needless to say, gives evolutionists the right to be illogical.
Another problem we have is the problem of DNA, which does not participate in metabolism or in evolution. Remarkably enough, DNA which all living beings have does not evolve. It is always the same chemicals and the same number and same configuration. In evolution, there is a massive and perpetual turnover of physical parts as there is nothing that can stay the same. But DNA does not evolve. Why doesn’t DNA become a triple helix and develop another chemical structure? This problem is even more acute when we realize that the evolutionary changes must occur on a cellular level as well. The means by which cells are what they are and do and what the identity of the organism is is governed by something that doesn’t evolve and doesn’t participate in metabolism at all. Moreover, one cannot say that DNA on its own is alive; yet, it bestows life identity and passes it along from generation to generation. If DNA doesn’t evolve, how is it that everything else does?
Recently, studies by biologists have stated that some significant portion of living things do not evolve, as I remember it in the New York Times it was something like 18 percent or more. The problem here is that evolution is supposed to universal to all life as it emerged from simplicity to complexity. Because all life has a single source and because heredity, which at one was the way generations were kept in the same species and now is the way to making sure that they evolve and change, all life must be evolving all the time. Either there is universal evolution or there is no evolution. If there is a single species that does not evolve, then evolutionary theory cannot be correct. Of course, we frequently hear that evolution comes to an end in man. If it does, then why does evolution end in man while everything else remains evolving?
Modern evolutionary theory, like a lot of theoretical physics, is a muddle of illogic and tends to be incoherent. But that doesn’t deter its adherents to call it a scientific fact. What has sadly happened is that evolution has come into conflict with the “intelligent design” adherents and thus has become a battle of science against religion. First of all, we must address this problem squarely. Intelligent design assumes that an extra-mundane god who is perfect, omniscient, and omnipotent creates the universe and everything in it, but in a completely acosmic way because god is not a part of that creation. The problem here is that this god retains all that wisdom and does not impart that wisdom to anything in this universe, including man who must rely on faith, a radical form of ignorance. So, this universe is not one of intelligent design, but our universe and everything in it and how it is constituted is stupid. The religionists are for stupid design and have the same faith in that stupid design that the evolutionists have in evolution, which technically speaking is also a stupid design. In other words, both sides of this debate believe that man cannot have any measure of wisdom. Both sides are wrong and arguing one to be better because it is scientific is really just as stupid as saying the other side is right because they have faith in a god. Faith is no substitute for knowledge, whether that faith be for science or religion.
There is another problem that evolution does not address: It is death. Yes, species die, we hear. But life that dies is a contradiction that must be explained and cannot be explained by evolution. Either life is immortal and continuing or it is not living. There is death in life and life in death, yes, but life is living at all times. The big problem, then, is not the validity of the incoherence of evolution, but what is the alternative to it that is not stupid design of the religionists. I would suggest that our anti-Platonic prejudice that is so ingrained in modernity and modern science must be re-examined. Let me put it this way: If we look all things as a cosmic whole of some kind, then our reason is essentially a necessary part of that whole and as such life and reason are in accord and necessary to each other, not in conflict as it is in evolution. Individuals do die, but life which is imbued in everything in the universe is alive all the time. All individuals and their species are simply modes of being, a mode of Being writ large. The diversity of life is because what gives all things being is manifested in a constant and manifold way, everything happening all at once, not in an unnatural linear progression that we find in evolution. The world is not stupid, but is well-ordered as well as chaotic, but on the whole orderly and that order is available to us because we who reason and think are an essential part of the whole of things. If there is a reason built into the whole of things, then man was meant to be free and has a cosmic support for his ethics that he cannot have in evolution or any other stupid design theories. Living beings are not mindless machines that mechanically change with contact with the environment. We need to reexamine what life is and how it came to be with more metaphysical rigor than we find in modernity. If we did, we would not accept the incoherence of modern evolutionary science and rethink biology.
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Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is the unsafe and/or inefficient movement of foods and/or liquids from the mouth to the stomach.
Diagnostic tests for dysphagia:
- Modified barium swallow study – the patient eats or drinks food or liquid with barium in it and the swallowing process is viewed on an x-ray
- Endoscope assessment – using a lighted scope inserted through the nose, the swallow can be viewed on a screen.
In our clinic we provide clinical swallowing evaluation. An instrumental assessment of swallowing is necessary to properly identify disordered swallowing physiology in order to guide management and treatment. Our clinic uses outside providers for completing instrumental exams.
The following technology and tools are available in our clinic to help patients strengthen weakened muscles in the mouth and throat; improve timing and coordination of the swallow; and enhance airway protection.
BiSSkiT (Biofeedback in Strength and Skill Training)
is a training protocol and accompanying software program for rehabilitation of swallowing impairments. It is based on, and dependent on, surface electromyography (sEMG) as a hardware platform
IOPI (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument)
aids in evaluating tongue and lip strength for swallowing function enabling the best treatment plans. The IOPI gauges the strength and endurance of the tongue by measuring the maximum amount of pressure that an individual can produce by pressing a tongue bulb against the roof of the mouth. The peak pressure generated by the tongue is then displayed on the unit’s display screen. Individuals with a swallowing disorder secondary to tongue and lip weakness may benefit from the IOPI.
is a device used for respiratory muscle training. Expiratory muscle strength is essential for optimal cough and swallow function. EMST150™ training system has shown significant improvements in swallow strength in patients diagnosed with neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, ALS, and spinal cord injury.
Voice problems can result from structural changes in the voice mechanism (e.g., vocal nodules), neurological problems (e.g., vocal fold paralysis) or from improper or inefficient use of the vocal mechanism (e.g., muscle tension dysphonia).
In our clinic we provide clinical and acoustic voice assessments. The laryngeal endoscopic imaging exams (e.g., videostroboscopy) are completed by outside medical providers (i.e., ENTs).
LSVT (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment)
is an effective speech treatment for people with Parkinson’s disease and other neurological conditions.
is one style of manual therapy that uses slow, still, prolonged stretching through clothing or directly on the skin to facilitate change in the patient. It can be used for individuals with voice and swallowing problems resulting from head/neck cancer, various dysphagia, dysarthria, trismus/TMJ disorders.
Aphasia is an impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write. Aphasia is usually caused by a stroke or brain injury with damage to one or more parts of the brain that deal with language. It may also be caused by a brain tumor, brain infection, or dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease.
PROMPT (Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets)
is a tactile-kinesthetic approach that uses touch cues to a patient’s articulators (jaw, tongue, lips) to manually guide them through a targeted word, phrase or sentence. PROMPT is an effective treatment for improving various speech/communication disorders such as acquired apraxia of speech, aphasia and dysarthria.
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As if the stigma of infection wasn't bad enough, people with HIV/AIDS have to worry about complications caused by the virus, opportunistic infections
, or even the medications used for treating HIV. This issue of HIV Treatment ALERTS!
includes a review of medical emergencies for the HIV-infected person. These are situations where that person's life might be in danger, and an emergency room visit might be necessary. It is not only important for the emergency room doctor to be aware of these issues, but also the patient. In addition, there is an article on strategies for regaining control of cholesterol and triglyceride levels. High blood fat levels are a problem for people with HIV/AIDS, especially those on certain medications like protease inhibitors. Finally, this issue's patient-doctor question and answer section covers some common dental questions. As always, the newsletter contains updates on treatment, useful phone numbers and Internet sites and other important information. Remember that words in bold
are explained in a section called "Definitions
Living with HIV is best approached day by day. Remember to laugh, love, and learn whenever possible.
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|Home » Regions » Russia » St. Petersburg|
St. Petersburg, Russia
St. Petersburg, is a relatively new city according to European and Russian standards, founded in 1703,it became the capital of Russia when it was only nine years old - and retained this status untill 1918.
Even now it is referred to as the "Northern capital" of Russia. Over almost 300 years of its history St. Petersburg accumulated all the grandeur of the Russian Imperial Court and became one of the largest centers of culture, science and industry. Created by Peter the Great as a sea port on the Baltic it was essentially "a window to the West" for Russia, combining the best of the West and the East.
Though the city is rather young, it has a rather rich and fascinating history.
The whole sophisticated development of St. Petersburg is reflected in its palaces and temples, park ensembles, street labyrinths and multistoried houses.
The citys main sites are Nevsky Prospekt, Kazan Cathedral, the Admiralty. Palace Square, Peter and Paul Fortress (burial site of the Romanovs), and St. Isaacs Cathedral. The highlight of any stay in St. Petersburg is a visit to the Hermitage Museum. Located in the former Winter Palace of the czars, the Hermitage possesses the richest collection of art treasures in the world.
Like any other large city St. Petersburg will tell it's stories to every attentive and interested observer. Outstanding personalities of culture and history - military leaders, courtiers, tsars and princes, artists and poets, writers and travelers lived and walked here. Come here to adore this "North Venice" of Peter the Great and his magnificent daughter Elizabeth.This is the city that made the Russian Empire a great power; where Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoevsky wrote their masterpieces.
Come to get to know the history of St. Petersburg,see the brilliant White Nights and see the spires of the Admiralty and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The most Western and certainly the most beautiful city of Russia is waiting to unveil its treasures just for you...
Summer Palace at Peterhof
The world-famous palace, fountain and park ensemble of Peterhof is an outstanding landmark of Russian artistic culture of the 18-19th centuries. Founded in the very beginning of the eighteenth century by Emperor Peter the Great not far from his new northern capital St Petersburg, Peterhof was intended to become the most splendid official royal summer residence. Credit for its creation should go to a great number of eminent architects, artists, and anonymous folk craftsmen. Its wonderful parks, 176 fountains of various forms and styles and four cascades, majestic palaces, numerous gilded statues of ancient gods and heroes, remarkable collections of sculpture, painting and works of the minor arts make Peterhof a veritable gem of art, often called "Capital of Fountains", unique in the world. After 1917 the Peterhof ensemble was taken into state custody and turned into architecture and art museum. Nowadays, due to the unforgettable beauty of its fountains, parks and palaces, Peterhof has become the most attractive for numerous Russian and foreign visitors suburban royal park and palace ensemble of the northern Russia's capital. To feel happy, to make their spirits high, people often come to Peterhof and enjoy its magic charms. Midday we will have lunch and in the afternoon we will visit The State Hermitage, which occupies six magnificent buildings situated along the embankment of the River Neva, right in the heart of St. Petersburg. The leading role in this unique architectural ensemble is played by the Winter Palace, the residence of the Russian tsars that was built to the design of Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli in 1754-62. This ensemble, formed in the 18th. and 19th. centuries, is extended by the eastern wing of the General Staff building, the Menshikov Palace and the recently constructed Repository. Put together throughout two centuries and a half, the Hermitage collections of works of art (over 3,000,000 items) present the development of the world culture and art from the Stone Age to the 20th century. Today the Museum is creating its digital self-portrait to be displayed around the world. Computer technologies enable the State Hermitage Museum to provide people from all over the world with wider access to information about the Museum and its treasures.
Peter & Paul Fortress
Located on small Hare's Island (Zayachy ostrov) the Peter & Paul Fortress is the historical core of St. Petersburg. It was founded 27.05.1703 by order of Peter the Great and the history of St. Petersburg began.
During the tour you can see Fortress walls, bastions, buildings, visit the Cathedral of St.Peter & St. Paul (architect D. Trezzini). The spire of the cathedral bell tower covered by gilding is the highest architectonic construction of the city ( the height is 122,5 m). The cathedral with its impressive interior was not only the church, it was the burial place of the Russian Emperors. Almost all of them including Peter I & Nicholas II were buried in the cathedral.
Besides you can visit the old prison where a lot of political prisoners of tsar Russia were incarcerated. In the end of the tour don't forget to take a picture near the most original monument to Peter I sculptured by Mikhail Shemyakin.
St. Isaac's Cathedral
The cathedral is 101,5 meters high and can contain about 12 thousand people. This masterpiece of the French architect A.Montferrand dominates in the city sky. Its dome covered by gilding is the 4th in the world.
During the tour you can see the cathedral interior amazing by its magnificence. Different sorts of marble, Russian half - precious stones (lazurit, malachite), mosaics & paintings decorate walls & vaults of the cathedral. By visiting museum you can go up along a circular staircase to an altitude of 43 m from where a grandiose panorama of the city center can be seen.
It is the largest museum in Russia and one of the most famous museum all over the world. During the tour you can see Ancient Greek & Roman sculptures, masterpieces of European painters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, Veronese, Rembrandt (Danae and Return of the Prodigal Son), Velazques, Rubens, Cranach, Poussin, Caravadggio, Van Dyke, Canaletto and others.
The Hermitage is also proud of its collection of the impressionists, post - impressionists: Renoir, Manet, Monet, Degas, Cezzanne, Seural, Matisse, Van Gogh, and representatives of avant-garde: Picasso & Kandiinsky.
The museum has rich collections of porcelain, armor, furniture; the interiors of the most rooms & grand halls of Winter palace & Small Hermitage are like museum exhibits.
Alexander Nevsky Abbey
Visit the monastery and the 19th-century Necropolis, which contains the graves of many famous Russian writers, composers and sculptors.
Catherine Palace in Pushkin
Visit the city of Pushkin, formerly Tsarskoe Selo, Czars Village, and the baroque-style palace built by the Empress Elizabeth and named for mother, Catherine the First.
One of Czar Pavels summer palaces. Like many other royal residences, this palace sustained heavy damage during the war, but most of it has been restored to its former glory.
Visit the palace where Rasputin was murdered. Enjoy a Vodka Rasputin .
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Birds are the ultimate flying machines. They can adjust the position of their feather to suit the airflow, which helps them fly efficiently. Jets, on the other hand, have rigid wings. And even though flaps can be extended during landing, the wing is not able to adjust efficiently to airflow.
Researchers working together on the European consortium project called Smart Intelligent Aircraft Structures (SARISTU), want to make airplane wings mimic bird’s. A more flexible wing could reduce jet fuel by six percent. Although that number sounds low up front, consider the fact that 2.2 billion people a year board a flight either for business or pleasure.
The researchers developed a flap made from a silicon skin that has alternating zones of rigid material and soft materials.
“There are five hard and three soft zones, enclosed within a silicon skin cover extending over the top,” said Andreas Lühring from Fraunhofer IFAM.
Under flight conditions, the flap would rotate like a bird’s wings. A computer algorithm would record air flow in real time and adjust the flap to its optimal position.
The flexible parts of the flap are made of a elastomeric foam that stays pliable in freezing temperatures as low as minus 112⁰ Fahrenheit.
Fraunhofer and its partners showed off four prototypes at the ILA Berlin Air Show.
Credit: Fraunhofer IFAM
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A response to attacks against the Signs of the End
(1755, 1780, and 1833)
The critics of Adventism and of Ellen White have frequently pointed out that there have been other great earthquakes, dark days and star showers in history. Dirk Anderson, a former Adventist and a leading critic at Ellenwhiteexposed asks, “Are these signs really fulfillments of Bible prophesy?”*. What makes the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the Dark Day of 1780 and the Leonid Star Shower of 1833 unique? The answer is fourfold: Location, order, time and intensity.
- With regards to location it is not coincidental that these signs appeared in Europe and in the United States. Europe, because there the deadly wound would be given to the papacy and this would mark the end of the tribulation of 1260 days. The United States, (especially New England) because there the message of the judgment would be proclaimed powerfully by the Millerites beginning in the 1830s. C. Mervyn Maxwell well states:
“The location of the classic signs was highly significant. They happened in Europe and America primarily, where people were studying the Bible and pondering the prophecies. A dark day in the Sahara Desert or a star shower over New Guinea would have said little in those days about the second coming of Christ to cannibal headhunters or Muslim nomads. Events need not be universal to deliver a global message. A few square miles at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were sufficient to announce the atomic age. A stable in Bethlehem ushered in the Christian era. Only a few hundred people saw Jesus after His resurrection—but they told others.” Magnificent Disappointment, pp. 93, 94.
- With respect to order, these phenomena occurred in history in the precise chronological order in which they are described in Revelation 6. The Lisbon earthquake occurred in 1755, the Dark Day and moon like blood occurred in 1780 and the star shower took place in 1833. Show me one other instance in human history where these phenomena have taken place in this precise order within a period of less than one hundred years!
- These signs also occurred precisely at the right time, precisely before the tribulation of the 1260 years came to an end and immediately before the fulfillment of the prophecies concerning the fall of the papacy (1798) and the beginning of the judgment (1844)
“As recently as 1980, the widely respected seismologist, G. A. Eiby, in chapter 11 of his Earthquakes, ranked the Lisbon earthquake as ‘the largest shock ever’ and reckoned that it may well have reached an almost incredible 9.0 on the Richter scale, seven times stronger than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. . . The dark day of May 19, 1780 has not been equaled in North America in the two hundred years that have since come and gone. The Leonid shower of November 13, 1833 gave birth to a new branch of astronomy. . . Like the Lisbon earthquake and the famous dark day, it too has not been matched, in spite of the scientific expectations that it would be.” Magnificent Disappointment, p. 93
The following is a brief response to the main arguments which some critics have raised over the aforementioned dates and signs.
Argument: (Lisbon Earthquake of 1755) Mrs. White claimed this earthquake was "the most terrible earthquake that has ever been recorded". In terms of destructive power, the Lisbon earthquake was neither the strongest nor the most destructive earthquake in history. For example, on January 23, 1556, the China, Shansi earthquake recorded 830, 000 deaths where as the Lisbon earthquake recorded only about 100,000 deaths.
Here’s Mrs. White’s quote in context:
In fulfillment of this prophecy (Rev. 6:12) there occurred in the year 1755, the most terrible earthquake that has ever been recorded. Though commonly known as the earthquake of Lisbon, it extended to the greater part of Europe, Africa, and America. It was felt in Greenland, in the West Indies, in the island of Madeira, in Norway and Sweden, Great Britain and Ireland. It pervaded an extent of not less than four million square miles. In Africa the shock was almost as severe as in Europe. A great part of Algeria was destroyed; and a short distance from Morocco, a village containing eight or ten thousand inhabitants was swallowed up. A vast wave swept over the coast of Spain and Africa engulfing cities and causing great destruction. (Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy, p. 304.)
Response: Mrs. White doesn’t say that the Lisbon earthquake was “the most terrible earthquake that has ever been recorded” because of the damage and death it caused, but because of its widespread nature and the impact it exerted on the minds of those who experienced it. She uses terms such as “it extended”, “it pervaded”, and “it was felt” in the greater part of Europe, Africa, and America to describe the earthquakes impact, which the history confirms and concurs.
J. Nourse in The History and Philosophy of Earthquakes, London, (1757), p. 334 writes, "The effects were distributed over very nearly four millions of square English miles of the earth's surface, and greatly surpassed anything of the kind ever recorded in history."
Recalling the great cataclysm of the Lisbon Earthquake, Leon Wieseltier of The New Republic writes:
On the morning of November 1, 1755, an earthquake destroyed Lisbon. It lasted ten minutes, and concluded with a tsunami at the mouth of the Tagus River. Tens of thousands of people perished, and the philosophical confidence of Europe was forever shaken. When I began to grasp the magnitude of what the Asian ocean wrecked last week (Asian Tsunami disaster in December 2004), it was to the Lisbon literature that I turned for assistance (1).
Argument: (The Dark Day of 1780) There have been a number of "dark days" throughout history caused by smoke in the air. Even in recent times smoke in the air has caused localized darkness during the day, and has caused the moon to appear reddish in color.
Response: Neither Scripture nor Ellen White teach that the eschatological signs in question—the Lisbon earthquake, the Dark Day, and the falling of the stars—were, or would be, strictly supernatural. Indeed, when Christ spoke of famines, pestilences, earthquakes (Matthew 24:7), “distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring” (Luke 21:25) as noteworthy events preceding His return, He did not say all of these would be caused by God (or Satan) acting alone. Many of the Bible’s miracles took place through God using available natural elements—Moses sprinkling ashes to bring boils on the Egyptians (Exodus 9:10), Elisha using salt to heal the waters of Jericho (2 Kings 2:20, 21), and Christ Himself using spittle to heal a blind man’s eyes (John 9:6, 7). With this in mind, there is no reason why God couldn’t use tectonic plate movements, forest fires, or a Leonid shower to signal the nearness of Jesus’ coming.
Argument: (The Leonid Star Shower of 1833) In 1863, a Yale professor named Hubert Anson Newton identified the 1833 shower as being part of a recurring pattern of meteor showers that visited the earth about every 33 to 34 years. Newton discovered that the Leonid showers began as early as 585 AD. He succeeded in tracing accounts of the Leonids for almost a thousand years. Particularly impressive displays were found to have taken place in 1533, 1366, 1202, 1037, 967, 934, and 902. If the Leonid meteor showers are indeed a fulfillment of Bible prophecy, then one would have to conclude that it was the 1966 shower--not the 1833 shower--that fulfilled prophecy.
Yes, the Leonid shower returns three times per century. However, it has never gained as much publicity as it did in 1833. In 1833, it was waking people up in the middle of the night. Yet, even if there was a big meteor shower in 1966, it would not have been the one Jesus foretold, because Jesus gave no hint of a 186-year gap between the dark day and the falling of the stars. Besides, this sign also occurred precisely at the right time and in order, precisely before the tribulation of the 1260 years came to an end and immediately before the fulfillment of the prophecies concerning the fall of the papacy (1798) and the beginning of the judgment (1844).
Samuel Williams who did extensive scientific research of the dark day had this to say:
“The time of this extraordinary darkness was May 19, 1780….The degree to which the darkness arose was different in different places. …The extent of this darkness was very remarkable….With regard to its duration, it continued in this place at least fourteen hours; but it is probable this was not exactly the same in different parts of the country. ..The appearance and effects were such as tended to make the prospect extremely dull and gloomy. Candles were lighted up in the houses; the birds, having sung their evening songs, disappeared, and became silent; the fowls retired to roost; the cocks were crowing around, as at break of day; objects could not be distinguished but at a very little distance; and everything bore the appearance and gloom of night.” Samuel Williams, Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to the End of the Year 1783, (1785)volume 1, pp. 234, 235
Argument: If the events of 1755, 1780, and 1833 were indeed fulfillments of prophecy, why didn't the signs produce the effect described in the Bible? Revelation 6:15-16 describes the people who witness the signs as being panic-stricken. These people, including kings and leaders of nations, are described as running to the mountains, hiding in dens, and asking for the mountains to fall on them. There is no evidence that the signs of 1755, 1780, and 1833 produced this effect.
Response: That’s because there are two sets of signs! In Joel 2:31 and in Revelation 6:12, 13, we have two important details that distinguish these signs from the ones in the future: First, according to Joel 2:31 the signs of Revelation 6:12, 13 occur “before” the great and terrible day of the Lord. Second, in the signs of Revelation 6:12, 13 the moon is turned into blood and the stars fall from heaven while in the signs of Revelation 6:14-17 the moon and the stars do not give their light.
The second set of signs in the heavenly bodies which will be fulfilled when Jesus comes and they are found in Joel 2:10, 11; 3:15, 16 and in Matthew 24:30: These signs take place as Jesus is preparing to leave heaven for earth. His coming is announced by the sun and moon being darkened and the stars not giving their light. There will also be a cosmic, global earthquake in heaven and on earth to announce His departure from heaven. Therefore, the two sets of signs are different.
Hence, there are two earthquakes in the sixth seal (Revelation 6:12-14). One is at the beginning of the sixth seal and the other is at its end. The one at the beginning is described in verse 12 and the one at the end is described in verse 14. This second earthquake is further amplified in Revelation 16:18, 20 where it is described as of cataclysmic proportions, which would make the people who witness the signs as being panic-stricken. In other words, the earthquake in Revelation 6:14 is the same one as in Revelation 16:18, 20 where the context is the seventh plague. The earthquake in 6:12 is the not the greatest in the history of the world like the one in 16:18. Only the greatest earthquake in history could remove mountains and islands from their places on a global scale.
More proof that the two sets of signs are different.
- Revelation 6:12-13. In these verses we are told that the moon became like blood, not that it was darkened. We are also told that the stars fell from heaven. These are not the same signs as those in Matthew 24 where the sun, moon and stars are moved out of their places.
- The signs in Revelation 6:12, 13 are similar to those in Joel 2:31 (also Acts 2:20). Notice that the sun is darkened and the moon is turned into blood, before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord.
- Joel 2:10, 11 depicts different signs than those in Revelation 6:12, 13 and Joel 2:31: In the Joel passage the earth and the heavens tremble, the sun and the moon grow dark and the stars do not shine. These signs immediately precede the second coming of Jesus.
- Joel 3:15, 16: Once again we notice that these are not the signs spoken of in Revelation 6:12, 13. Once again we are told that the heavens and the earth will shake and the sun and moon will be dark and the stars will not shine. The stars sure did shine on November 13, 1833!
- Isaiah 13:10-13: This passage is not parallel to Revelation 6:12, 13. Here the sun, the moon and the stars are darkened. These things did not happen in 1755, 1780 and 1833. Notice that the heavens and the earth will be removed from their places.
- Notice that Revelation 6 presents the signs in the very order in which they occurred: An earthquake (1755), the darkening of the sun (1780), the moon becoming like blood (1780), and the stars falling from heaven (1833)
Interestingly, Mrs. White quotes Revelation 6:12, 13 in The Great Controversy, p. 304, 333 and applies them to the signs that took place in 1755, 1870 and 1833. She does not quote Revelation 6:14-17 until pages 641, 642: “The heavens are rolled together as a scroll, the earth trembles before Him, and every mountain and island is moved out of its place.” (And then she quotes verses 15-17). Why does she separate verses 12, 13 from verses 14-17 by over three hundred pages? Simply because she knew there was a long parenthesis of time between the events that are depicted in these passages.
Argument: While the signs described in the Bible appear to be global events, the three signs pointed out by Ellen White were on a seemingly smaller, localized scale.
Response: Firstly, The location of the classic signs was highly significant (See above). Secondly, the Bible doesn't say these signs were to be global. Ellen White appropriately tells and guards against a spiritualized interpretation when she says, "I saw that when the Lord said 'heaven,' in giving the signs recorded by Matthew, Mark, and Luke, He meant heaven, and when He said 'earth' He meant earth. The powers of heaven are the sun, moon, and stars. They rule in the heavens." Early Writings, p. 41.
2. Pastor Stephen Bohr’s Notes on Revelation’s Seven Seals
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For more information or to receive a copy of the council's new Car Care Guide for motorists, visit www.carcare.org.
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Como siempre, ordenadas según su grado de calidad metodológica.
Esperamos que resulten de vuestro interés.
RS de calidad metodológica "fuerte" ("strong"):
- Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years
- Exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and fetal outcomes
- Incentives for preventing smoking in children and adolescents
- Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well-being of high school students
- Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years
- Exercise and BMI z-score in overweight and obese children and adolescents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials
- Beyond face-to-face individual counseling: A systematic review on alternative modes of motivational interviewing in substance abuse treatment and prevention
- Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials
- Adjuvant human papillomavirus vaccination for secondary prevention: A systematic review
- Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people
- School- and community-based youth suicide prevention interventions: Hot idea, hot air, or sham?
- Systematic review of evidence on the effectiveness of safe child faeces disposal interventions
- Community-based approaches for neonatal survival: Meta-analyses of randomized trial data
- Family-focussed interventions to reduce harm from smoking in primary school-aged children: A systematic review of evaluative studies
- Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children in high- and non-high-income countries
- Peer support of complex health behaviors in prevention and disease management with special reference to diabetes: Systematic reviews
- The effects of school-based condom availability programs (CAPs) on condom acquisition, use and sexual behavior: A systematic review
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New York, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 04/27/2017 -- Global Sodium Methylate Market: Introduction
Sodium methylate, also known as sodium methoxide (molecular formula CH3ONa), can be produced by an exothermic reaction between elemental sodium and methanol. Sodium methylate is a white to pale yellow color, odorless solid, obtained in powder form. It is a flammable compound, but not explosive, and it can be decomposed when exposed to high heat. Commercially, sodium methylate is available either in solid or liquid form. Generally, sodium methylate is sold as a 25% to 30% solution in methanol for various applications, such as the production of vitamin A1, B1, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine, and analytical agents, among others. It is also widely used as a catalyst in biodiesel production. Sodium methylate can easily react with oxygen. Hence, it is necessary to avoid the contact of sodium methylate with moisture or water, and air at high temperatures (above 1260C) to avoid its decomposition into sodium hydroxide and methanol. Sodium methylate is highly soluble in alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, whereas it is insoluble in toluene and benzene. Sodium methylate finds various applications as a catalyst, especially in biodiesel production.
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Global Sodium Methylate Market: Dynamics
The global sodium methylate market is mainly driven by the increasing demand from various applications, especially in pharmaceutical and agriculture industries, and in the organic synthesis of various products. Rising demand for sodium methylate as a catalyst in applications, such as edible oil processing, grease, and synthetic detergents is further expected to drive growth of the market during the same period. Moreover, sodium methylate market is expected to be driven by anticipated steady growth in biodiesel production where it finds application as a catalyst. Growing demand for biodiesel, coupled with government initiatives in various countries over its blending has in turn resulted in an increase in biodiesel production capacity. This increase in production capacity of biodiesel has led to an increase in the demand for sodium methylate. Besides this, the presence of mercury in sodium methylate solution during its manufacturing leads to contamination of the product and has an effect on the catalytic activity of sodium methylate. Thus, the development of alternative methods with other raw materials in order to avoid mercury presence will help in growth of the global sodium methylate market.
Global Sodium Methylate Market: Segmentation
On the basis of type, the global sodium methylate market is segmented into:
- Liquid (Solution)
On the basis of application, the global sodium methylate market is segmented into:
- Plastics and Polymers
- Personal Care
- Analytical Reagent
- Others (paint and varnish, etc.)
Global Sodium Methylate Market: Regional Outlook
Geographically, the Asia Pacific (APAC) region dominates the global sodium methylate market. In APAC, China dominates the sodium methylate market with a relatively higher share in both, production and consumption, followed by India and Japan. Growing demand from pharmaceuticals and chemical industries, among others in APAC is expected to help propel the demand for sodium methylate over the forecast period. It is expected that APAC will register a healthy CAGR over the forecast period. North America, followed by Europe is a large market for sodium methylate in terms of consumption.
Rising capacity of biodiesel production in the U.S., Germany, the U.K., etc. has resulted in an increase in the demand for sodium methylate in Europe and North America. Furthermore, in Europe, government initiatives to encourage the use of biofuel and reach a 10% mark in terms of consumption in the transportation sector is expected to boost the demand for sodium methylate over the forecast period. North America and Europe are expected to register significant growth over the same time frame. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa region are expected to register slow growth during the forecast period.
Global Sodium Methylate Market: Market Participants
Examples of some of the market participants in the global sodium methylate market, identified across the value chain are BASF SE, Evonik Industries, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Anhui Jinbang Medicine Chemical Co. Ltd., Zibo Xusheng Chemical Co. Ltd., Dezhou Longteng Chemical Co. Ltd., and Inner Mongolia Lantai Industrial Co. Ltd, among others.
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The research report presents a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, and statistically supported and industry-validated market data. It also contains projections using a suitable set of assumptions and methodologies. The research report provides analysis and information according to market segments such as geographies, application, and industry.
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Ezra Pound, in full Ezra Loomis Pound (born October 30, 1885, Hailey, Idaho, U.S.—died November 1, 1972, Venice, Italy), American poet and critic, a supremely discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who did more than any other single figure to advance a “modern” movement in English and American literature. Pound promoted, and also occasionally helped to shape, the work of such widely different poets and novelists as William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, D.H. Lawrence, and T.S. Eliot. His pro-Fascist broadcasts in Italy during World War II led to his postwar arrest and confinement until 1958.
Early life and career
Pound was born in a small mining town in Idaho, the only child of a Federal Land Office official, Homer Loomis Pound of Wisconsin, and Isabel Weston of New York City. About 1887 the family moved to the eastern states, and in June 1889, following Homer Pound’s appointment to the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, they settled in nearby Wyncote, where Pound lived a typical middle-class childhood.
After two years at Cheltenham Military Academy, which he left without graduating, he attended a local high school. From there he went for two years (1901–03) to the University of Pennsylvania, where he met his lifelong friend, the poet William Carlos Williams. He took a Ph.B. (bachelor of philosophy) degree at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 1905 and returned to the University of Pennsylvania for graduate work. He received an M.A. in June 1906 but withdrew from the university after working one more year toward his doctorate. He left with a knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Provençal, and Anglo-Saxon, as well as of English literature and grammar.
In the autumn of 1907, Pound became professor of Romance languages at Wabash Presbyterian College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. Although his general behaviour fairly reflected his Presbyterian upbringing, he was already writing poetry and was affecting a bohemian manner. His career came quickly to an end, and in February 1908, with light luggage and the manuscript of a book of poems that had been rejected by at least one American publisher, he set sail for Europe.
He had been to Europe three times before, the third time alone in the summer of 1906, when he had gathered the material for his first three published articles: “
Raphaelite Latin,” concerning the Latin poets of the Renaissance, and “
Interesting French Publications,” concerning the troubadours (both published in the Book News Monthly, Philadelphia, September 1906), and “
Burgos, a Dream City of Old Castile” (October issue).
Now, with little money, he sailed to Gibraltar and southern Spain, then on to Venice, where in June 1908 he published, at his own expense, his first book of poems, A lume spento (“With Tapers Quenched’). About September 1908 he went to London, where he was befriended by the writer and editor Ford Madox Ford (who published Pound’s work in his English Review), entered William Butler Yeats’s circle, and joined the “school of images,” a modern group presided over by the philosopher T.E. Hulme.
In England, success came quickly to Pound. A book of poems, Personae, was published in April 1909; a second book, Exultations, followed in October; and a third book, The Spirit of Romance, based on lectures delivered in London (1909–10), was published in 1910.
After a trip home—a last desperate and unsuccessful attempt to make a literary life for himself in Philadelphia or New York City—he returned to Europe in February 1911, visiting Italy, Germany, and France. Toward the end of 1911 he met an English journalist, Alfred R. Orage, editor of the socialist weekly New Age, who opened its pages to him and provided him with a small but regular income during the next nine years.
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In 1912 Pound became London correspondent for the small magazine Poetry (Chicago); he did much to enhance the magazine’s importance and was soon a dominant figure in Anglo-American verse. He was among the first to recognize and review the poetry of Robert Frost and D.H. Lawrence and to praise the sculpture of the modernists Jacob Epstein and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. As leader of the Imagist movement of 1912–14, successor of the “school of images,” he drew up the first Imagist manifesto, with its emphasis on direct and sparse language and precise images in poetry, and he edited the first Imagist anthology, Des Imagistes (1914).
A shaper of modern literature
Though his friend Yeats had already become famous, Pound succeeded in persuading him to adopt a new, leaner style of poetic composition. In 1914, the year of his marriage to Dorothy Shakespear, daughter of Yeats’s friend Olivia Shakespear, he began a collaboration with the then-unknown James Joyce. As unofficial editor of The Egoist (London) and later as London editor of The Little Review (New York City), he saw to the publication of Joyce’s novels Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses, thus spreading Joyce’s name and securing financial assistance for him. In that same year he gave T.S. Eliot a similar start in his career as poet and critic.
Pound continued to publish his own poetry (Ripostes, 1912; Lustra, 1916) and prose criticism (Pavannes and Divisions, 1918). From the literary remains of the great Orientalist Ernest Fenollosa, which had been presented to Pound in 1913, he succeeded in publishing highly acclaimed English versions of early Chinese poetry, Cathay (1915), and two volumes of Japanese Noh plays (1916–17) as well.
Development as a poet
Unsettled by the slaughter of World War I and the spirit of hopelessness he felt was pervading England after its conclusion, Pound decided to move to Paris, publishing before he left two of his most important poetical works, “
Homage to Sextus Propertius,” in the book Quia Pauper Amavi (1919), and Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920). “
Propertius” is a comment on the British Empire in 1917, by way of Propertius and the Roman Empire. Mauberley, a finely chiseled “portrait” of one aspect of British literary culture in 1919, was one of the most praised poems of the 20th century.
During his 12 years in London, Pound had completely transformed himself as a poet. He had arrived a Late Victorian for whom love was a matter of “lute strings,” “crushed lips,” and “Dim tales that blind me.” Within five or six years he was writing a new, adult poetry that spoke calmly of current concerns in common speech. In this drier intellectual air, “as clear as metal,” Pound’s verse took on new qualities of economy, brevity, and clarity as he used concrete details and exact visual images to capture concentrated moments of experience. Pound’s search for laconic precision owed much to his constant reading of past literature, including Anglo-Saxon poetry, Greek and Latin classics, Dante, and such 19th-century French works as Théophile Gautier’s Émaux et camées and Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary. Like his friend T.S. Eliot, Pound wanted a modernism that brought back to life the highest standards of the past. Modernism for its own sake, untested against the past, drew anathemas from him. His progress may be seen in attempts at informality (1911):
Have tea, damn the Caesars,
Talk of the latest success…
in the gathering strength of his 1911 version of the Anglo-Saxon poem “
Storms, on the stone-cliffs beaten,
fell on the stern
In icy feathers…
and in the confident free verse of “
The Return” (1912):
See, they return; ah, see the tentative
Movements, and the slow feet…
From this struggle there emerged the short, perfectly worded free-verse poems in Lustra. In his poetry Pound was now able to deal efficiently with a whole range of human activities and emotions, without raising his voice. The movement of the words and the images they create are no longer the secondhand borrowings of youth or apprenticeship but seem to belong to the observing intelligence that conjures up the particular work in hand. Many of the Lustra poems are remarkable for perfectly paced endings:
Nor has life in it aught better
Than this hour of clear coolness,
the hour of waking together.
But the culmination of Pound’s years in London was his 18-part long poem Hugh Selwyn Mauberley, which ranged from close observation of the artist and society to the horrors of mass production and World War I; from brilliant echo of the past:
When our two dusts with Waller’s shall be laid,
Siftings on siftings in oblivion,
Till change hath broken down
All things save Beauty alone.
to the syncopation of
With a placid and uneducated mistress
He exercises his talents
And the soil meets his distress.
During his stay in Paris (1921–24) Pound met and helped the young American novelist Ernest Hemingway; wrote an opera, Le Testament, based on poems of François Villon; assisted T.S. Eliot with the editing of his long poem The Waste Land; and acted as correspondent for the New York literary journal The Dial.
In 1924 Pound tired of Paris and moved to Rapallo, Italy, which was to be his home for the next 20 years. In 1925 he had a daughter, Maria, by the expatriate American violinist Olga Rudge, and in 1926 his wife, Dorothy, gave birth to a son, Omar. The daughter was brought up by a peasant woman in the Italian Tirol, the son by relatives in England. In 1927–28 Pound edited his own magazine, Exile, and in 1930 he brought together, under the title A Draft of XXX Cantos, various segments of his ambitious long poem The Cantos, which he had begun in 1915.
The 1930s saw the publication of further volumes of The Cantos (Eleven New Cantos, 1934; The Fifth Decad of Cantos, 1937; Cantos LII–LXXI, 1940) and a collection of some of his best prose (Make It New, 1934). A growing interest in music caused him to arrange a long series of concerts in Rapallo during the 1930s, and, with the assistance of Olga Rudge, he played a large part in the rediscovery of the 18th-century Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi. The results of his continuing investigation in the areas of culture and history were published in his brilliant but fragmentary prose work Guide to Kulchur (1938).
Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, he turned more and more to history, especially economic history, a subject in which he had been interested since his meeting in London in 1918 with Clifford Douglas, the founder of Social Credit, an economic theory stating that maldistribution of wealth due to insufficient purchasing power is the cause of economic depressions. Pound had come to believe that a misunderstanding of money and banking by governments and the public, as well as the manipulation of money by international bankers, had led the world into a long series of wars. He became obsessed with monetary reform (ABC of Economics, 1933; Social Credit, 1935; What Is Money For?, 1939), involved himself in politics, and declared his admiration for the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (Jefferson and/or Mussolini, 1935). The obsession affected his Cantos, which even earlier had shown evidence of becoming an uncontrolled series of personal and historical episodes.
As war in Europe drew near, Pound returned home (1939) in the hope that he could help keep the peace between Italy and the United States. He went back to Italy a disappointed man, and between 1941 and 1943, after Italy and the United States were at war, he made several hundred broadcasts over Rome Radio on subjects ranging from James Joyce to the control of money and the U.S. government by Jewish bankers and often openly condemned the American war effort. He was arrested by U.S. forces in 1945 and spent six months in a prison camp for army criminals near Pisa. Despite harsh conditions there, he translated Confucius into English (The Great Digest & Unwobbling Pivot, 1951) and wrote The Pisan Cantos (1948), the most moving section of his long poem-in-progress.
Returned to the United States to face trial for treason, he was pronounced “insane and mentally unfit for trial” by a panel of doctors and spent 12 years (1946–58) in Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital for the criminally insane in Washington, D.C. During this time he continued to write The Cantos (Section: Rock-Drill, 1955; Thrones, 1959), translated ancient Chinese poetry (The Classic Anthology, 1954) and Sophocles’ Trachiniai (Women of Trachis, 1956), received visitors regularly, and kept up a voluminous and worldwide correspondence. Controversy surrounding him burst out anew when, in 1949, he was awarded the important Bollingen Prize for his Pisan Cantos. When on April 18, 1958, he was declared unfit to stand trial and the charges against him were dropped, he was released from Saint Elizabeth’s. He returned to Italy, dividing the year between Rapallo and Venice.
Pound lapsed into silence in 1960, leaving The Cantos unfinished. More than 800 pages long, they are fragmentary and formless despite recurring themes and ideas. The Cantos are the logbook of Pound’s own private voyage through Greek mythology, ancient China and Egypt, Byzantium, Renaissance Italy, the works of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, and many other periods and subjects, including economics and banking and the nooks and crannies of his own memory and experience. Pound even convinced himself that the poem’s faults and weaknesses, inevitable from the nature of the undertaking, were part of an underlying method. Yet there are numerous passages such as only he could have written that are among the best of the century.
Pound died in Venice in 1972. Out of his 60 years of publishing activity came 70 books of his own, contributions to about 70 others, and more than 1,500 articles. A complete listing of his works is in Donald Gallup, A Bibliography of Ezra Pound (1963; rev. ed 1983). Most of the writing on which Pound’s fame now rests may be found in Personae (The Collected Poems; 1926, new ed. 1949), a selection of poems Pound wished to keep in print in 1926, with a few earlier and later poems added in 1949; The Cantos (1970), cantos 1–117, a collection of all the segments published to date; The Spirit of Romance (1910); Literary Essays (1954), the bulk of his best criticism, ed. with an introduction by T.S. Eliot; Guide to Kulchur (1938); and The Letters of Ezra Pound, 1907–1941, ed. by D.D. Paige (1950), an excellent introduction to Pound’s literary life and inimitable epistolary style.
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Published on April 19th, 2012 | by Bonnie Getchell1
10 Earth Day Ideas for Children!
Did you know that Earth Day is this Sunday, April 22? Well, it is! I think it’s important to inform children why it’s so important to take care of the Earth– they are the future generation and if we don’t teach them, who will? Here are some fun projects to do together on Earth Day to give you an opportunity to talk with your children about how to be even more green:
1. Make a Mr. Recycle Head Man. Move over Mr. Potato Head! Delia Creates shows us how to make this adorable Mr. Recycle Head Man from a tin can and other recycled materials. I think it would be fun to get creative on recycled items you can use to make his facial features and such!
2. Create Earth Day Paper Globes. Alpha Mom shares how to make paper globes from recycled paper. You can hang these globes from string to create a fun banner for Earth Day or other occasions!
3. Create an Earth Day Pinata. Here at Crafting a Green World, Julie Finn shared a fabulous tutorial on how to make a custom pinata with upcycled newspapers and natural glue. Instead of creating a star shape, make your pinata look like a globe. You could even paint it to look like the Earth!
4. Play music with your own Mini Tin Can Drums. Marie at Make and Takes created adorable mini drums using a tin can and a balloon!
5. Go on a nature walk. Take your family on a nature walk in your own back yard or in a local park. Take pictures of the birds, bugs, etc and explain how important it is to take care of the Earth so that they can continue to thrive in their environment.
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Although there isn’t a consensus on the benefits of advances in technology, those falsely convicted of crimes and exonerated would be stark advocates of the forward progress. From the accessibility of DNA testing to the publicity of specific cases through film and social media, such as the Making a Murderer documentary, modernization has undoubtedly played a large role in the overturning of false convictions.
This relationship is evident with a recent report by the National Registry of Exonerations which found that 2015 was a record breaking year for exonerations in the United States at 149. The prior record was set in 2014 at 139 exonerations and since 2011, the annual number of exonerations has more than doubled. All told, there have been 1,733 known exonerations in the United States since 1989, and the weekly average of exonerations now sits at almost three per week. Furthermore, a study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences estimated that 4.1% or about 1 in 25 of people on death row are sentenced to die for crimes that they did not commit.
For a country that prides itself on freedom and the protection of individual rights, it is unsettling to know that many mistakes have been made, especially since exonerated defendants spend an average of 14 years behind bars before having their sentences overturned. So how does this happen? And how many prior to 1989 were sentenced or killed for something they did not commit if the number of exonerated keeps growing each year? Based on data from the Innocence Project, there are a number of factors that lead to a wrongful conviction:
- Misidentification testimony was the leading cause of wrongful convictions, playing a role in over 70% of DNA exoneration cases. Moreover, studies have shown that people are less able to recognize faces of a different race than their own, which was present in 43% of these cases.
- Improper Forensic Science, such as bite mark comparisons, shoe print comparisons, or mishandled blood typing have played a role in 46% of convictions overturned by DNA testing.
- False Confessions, such as admitting to crime they did not commit, was a factor in 31% of cases and the leading factor in homicide cases at 61%.
- Informants who gave false statements contributed to 16% of wrongful convictions.
According to one Phoenix criminal lawyer, these types of mistakes are all too common. Take for example the case of Pete Williams in Georgia, who was indicated in a rape/kidnapping case because the victim was “120% sure” that he was the assailant. He was convicted by a jury but was proven innocent by DNA evidence after spending 21 years behind bars.
There is no doubt that determining the fault of criminal activity can be a tall task given certain circumstances, but hopefully with the rise of public interest and scientific assistance, the criminal justice system will be more willing to recognize that mistakes can and will be made.
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When we call someone a “birdbrain”, we’re generally suggesting they’re a bit dim. But is that entirely fair on birds? Some recent research seems to show birds are smarter than we think, or smarter than I thought anyway.
Like much of the best research, it clearly began by observing some ordinary, indeed quite boring, feature of the natural world and asking “Hold on – how does that work?”. In this case, two biologists from Quebec were driving down a road in western France and noticed that birds in the road (or on the verge) flew away as their car approached. Well, so what? We all know that. But how do they know when to fly away? Too late could be fatal, but too early is a waste of energy and foraging time.
The researchers decided to do an experiment, by timing bird behaviour while driving down a range of roads at varying speeds, either at, above or below the legal limit for that road. Yes folks, this research did indeed involve breaking the law, so please don’t try this at home. There’s no mention of what they planned to say if they ran into the gendarmerie, but disobeying the speed limit was necessary because they saw that birds must be doing one of two quite different things: assessing the speed of every approaching vehicle and acting accordingly, or simply learning the prevailing speed limit and judging when to fly based on that.
The research, reported in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters, quickly revealed that the latter is true. Birds fly sooner when approached by cars on fast roads, but pay no attention at all to how fast any individual car is travelling. Of course, like all interesting findings, this raises further questions, such as how birds come to learn the speed limits of particular roads (I think we can assume they can’t read road signs).
One possibility is that urban roads, with low (50km/h) speed limits, simply look different from more rural, higher-limit roads. But the researchers found that birds clearly distinguished between fast (90km/h) and very fast (110km/h) roads, even though those kinds of roads usually look very similar. Maybe birds come to associate something else, such as traffic density or road noise, with a particular speed limit. However they do it, it looks like a sensible strategy, since birds have enough to worry about without trying to work out the speed of every approaching vehicle.
All this leads me to suggest a couple of other things to think about. If further research reveals how birds evaluate the riskiness of different roads, it might allow us to design roads that are safer for wildlife, and even (who knows?) for people.
And last but not least, this looks like another reason, in case you needed one, to obey the speed limit. If the limit is 30mph, other road users – and not just the ones with feathers – aren’t expecting you to be doing 50mph.
Ken Thompson is a plant biologist with a keen interest in the science of gardening. He writes and lectures extensively; his most recent book is Darwin’s Most Wonderful Plants. Visit books.telegraph.co.uk
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Feb 02, 2011
Nanomaterial with peapod structures can help improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries
(Nanowerk News) Lithium-ion batteries are used to power a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, cameras, digital audio players and calculators. Tremendous effort has been devoted to the development of lithium-ion batteries, especially in improving the efficiency and integrity of the battery electrodes. This is because during the discharging and charging processes, lithium ions are repeatedly incorporated into and extracted from the electrodes by alloy formation or chemical conversion. These recurring events are known to cause the progressive degradation of the electrodes, irreversibly damaging battery performance.
Yu Wang at the A*STAR Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences and co-workers have now demonstrated an elegant strategy to reduce the degradation problem and increase the capacity retention of lithium-ion batteries over many charge–discharge cycles ("Designed Functional Systems from Peapod-like Co@Carbon to Co3O4@Carbon Nanocomposites"). The strategy involves the use of a composite material with a peapod structure comprising cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles embedded in carbon fibers (see image).
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles embedded in carbon fibers (left) to form peapod-like structures improve the lifetime of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
Cobalt oxide is a promising material for anodes in lithium-ion batteries because its capacity for holding ions is higher than that of conventional electrode materials, such as tin. In addition, Co3O4 can be easily converted to LiCoO2, which is the material currently used in commercial cathodes. The researchers made the peapod structures by heating cobalt carbonate hydroxide nanobelts coated with layers of polymerized glucose in an inert atmosphere at 700 ºC and then in air at 250 ºC. Electrodes built using the peapod composite had enhanced lithium storage and capacity retention—delivering 91% of the total possible capacity after 50 charge–discharge cycles.
"The Co3O4 nanoparticles act as active materials to store lithium ions and the hollow carbon fibers protect and prevent the Co3O4 nanoparticles from aggregating and collapsing," says Wang. The carbon fibers also play the role of conducting electrons from the nanoparticles.
According to Wang, aside from the promising application in lithium-ion batteries, the fabrication of the peapod composite is an achievement in itself, as it is the first time that such isolated magnetic nanoparticles embedded in hollow fibers have been produced. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the peapod composite exhibits a uniform morphology, with pod lengths of up to several micrometers and pod diameters of as small as 50 nanometers. The researchers believe that their method could be extended to generate encapsulated nanoparticles using a wide range of materials with applications beyond lithium-ion batteries, for example, in gene engineering, catalysis, gas sensing and the manufacture of capacitors and magnets.
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Can't open output file: filename.
The specified file cannot be opened. There might be too many files open already, the path might not be valid, or the output filename (that is, the destination filename) might be the same as an existing directory name. Also, the file might be read-only, locked, or on a write-protected disk.
Make sure that you have correctly specified the path and filenames, and that the destination filename is not the same as an existing directory name. If you continue to receive this message, at the command prompt use the attrib command to see if the output file is read-only and to make sure the share command has not locked the file. If the output file is on a floppy disk, make sure the disk is not write-protected. If you still receive this message and you have other files open, close some files so the new file can be opened.
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KILKENNY, a city and, including Irishtown, a county of itself, and the seat of the diocese of Ossory, locally in the county of KILKENNY, of which it is the chief town, and in the province of LEINSTER, 24 miles (N. E. by N.) from Clonmel, and 57? (S. W.) from Dublin, on the river Nore and the mail coach road to Cork ; containing 23,741 inhabitants. This place is supposed by some writers to have derived its name from Coil or Kyle-Ken-Ni, "the wooded head, or hill, near the river; and by others, with more probability, from the dedication of its church to St. Canice, on the removal of the ancient see of Ossory from Aghavoe to this place, about the year 1052, which had been originally founded at Saiger, now Seir-Keran, about 402. Of the earlier his-tory of the town little is recorded previously to 1173, when Donald O'Brien, King of Thomond, assembled his forces to dispossess the English invaders under Strongbow, who had established themselves and erected a fortress here soon after their landing in Ireland. On this occasion Strongbow retreated to Waterford, and abandoned the castle to the enemy by whom, together with the town, it was demolished, and the surrounding country laid waste. In 1192, the English appear to have settled themselves firmly at this place; and in 1195, William Le Mareschal, who had succeeded to Strongbow's possessions, rebuilt the castle on a larger scale and restored the town, which became one of the principal residences of his successors and the head of the palatinate of Kilkenny. About this time arose that portion of the present town which is more especially called Kilkenny, and which was more immediately connected with the castle, in contradistinction to the original town on the opposite bank of a small river flowing into the Nore, called Irishtown. Each had its separate and independent municipal government, the former under the lords of the castle, and the latter under the bishops of Ossory, who ceded a portion of it to William Le Mareschal, by whom the burgesses of Kilkenny were incorporated and endowed with many privileges, among which was exemption from toll in all his territories of Leinster. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hereford, marrying a daughter of William Le Mareschal, obtained as her dower the county of Kilkenny, which subsequently passed by marriage again to Hugh, grandfather of Thomas Le Spencer, from whom it was purchased by James Butler, third Earl of Ormonde. A great council of the barons of the English pale was held here in 1294; and in 1309 a parliament assembled at this place, in which severe laws were enacted. against such of the English settlers as should adopt the Irish customs; and anathemas against all who should infringe them were denounced in the cathedral by the Archbishop of Cashel and other prelates who assisted on that occasion. In 1317, Lord Roger Mortimer, justiciary of Ireland, and the English nobles, held a council here to deliberate on the most effectual means of opposing the ravages of Edward Bruce; and an army of 30,000 men was assembled, and great numbers of families sought refuge in the town under the general alarm. Parliaments were held here in 1327 and 1330, when an army assembled here to drive Brien O'Brien from Urkuffs, near Cashel; in 1331 a parliament was adjourned to this place from Dublin, and in 1341 a grand meeting of the principal nobility took place, assisted by the chief officers of the king's cities, to petition for the better government of Ireland. Parliaments were also held in 1347, 1356, and 1367, at which last, held before Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the celebrated statute of Kilkenny was enacted; and also in 1370 and 1374, in which latter Sir William de Windsor was sworn into the office of Lord-Lieutenant. Letters patent were granted in 1375 to the burgesses, and renewed in 1384, authorising them to appropriate certain customs for building and repairing the walls; and in 1399, Richard II., on his progress through the south of Ireland, arrived from Waterford at this place, where he was entertained for fourteen days by the Earl of Ormonde, Robert Talbot, a kinsman of the earl's, in 1400, encompassed the greater portion of the town with walls; and in 1419 the townsmen received a grant of tolls for murage. During the contest between the houses of York and Lancaster, the town was taken and plundered by the Earl of Desmond, who was an adherent of the latter; and in 1499 the burgesses, headed by their sovereign, marched out in aid of the Butlers against Tirlagh O'Brien, but were defeated. The last parliament held in the town was held in 1536, and was adjourned to Cashel; but this place still continued to be the occasional residence of the lords-lieutenant, and the chief seat of their government, for which purpose Hen. VIII. granted to the corporation the site and precincts of the Black friars' monastery, on condition of their furnishing certain accommodation free of expense to the chief governor of Ireland, when in Kilkenny; from which they were subsequently released on payment of a fine of #70, Sir Peter Carew, in his progress to resist the aggressions of the Butlers and Desmonds, in 1568, took possession of the town, which was soon after invested by Fitz-Maurice, brother of Desmond; but the spirited conduct of the garrison compelled him to retire.
In the parliamentary war of 1641 this place was distinguished as the theatre of contention; it was seized by Lord Mountgarret, and in the following year a general synod of the Catholic clergy was held here, and a meeting of deputies from the confederate Catholics from all parts of the kingdom took place in the house of Mr. R. Shee, in the present coal market. The lords, prelates, and commons all sat in the same chamber; and the clergy who were not qualified to sit as barons assembled in convocation in another house; and a press was erected in the city, at which were printed all the decrees of the synod. On the arrival of Rinuncini, the Pope's nuncio, the city and suburbs were placed under an interdict, for accepting the peace which had been concluded at this meeting; and in 1648 a plot was discovered for betraying the city and the supreme council into the hands of the nuncio and the party of O'Nial. Cromwell, relying on the promises of an officer of the garrison, advanced before the city though unprepared to besiege it, in the hope of obtaining it by treachery; but the plot was discovered and the agent executed, Having, however, received large reinforcements under Ireton, he again appeared before it on the 23rd March, 1650, and commenced a regular siege; the garrison, originally consisting of 200 horse and 1000 foot, but reduced by the plague to 300, made a resolute defence under Sir Walter Butler, who had been appointed governor by Lord Castlehaven, but was at length compelled to surrender upon honourable terms,
The city, which occupies an area of nearly a square mile, is intersected from north to south by the river Nore, dividing it into two very unequal portions, of which the larger, containing the castle, is on its western bank; and near the northern extremity, on the same side of the river, is that portion of it called Irishtown, containing the cathedral, and separated from the former by the small river Breagh, which here falls into the Nore. The streets are very irregular, but the city has an air of venerable magnificence, from its castle, cathedral, and the numerous and imposing remains of its ancient religious edifices, and is seen to great advantage from the high eastern bank of the river, and from the rising ground on the road to Clonmel. The houses in the principal streets are generally built of stone, and many of them are spacious and handsome, especially in that part of it properly called Kilkenny, in which the chief modern improvements have taken place; the total number of houses, in 1831, was 2800, since which time the number has increased. There are two elegant stone bridges over the Nore, erected after designs by Mr. G. Smith, to replace two which were destroyed in 1763 by a great flood; St. John's bridge consists of three arches, and Green's bridge connects Irishtown with the opposite bank. The environs are in many parts extremely pleasing, and there is a fine promenade called the Mall, extending nearly a mile along the bank of a canal commenced many years since, but never completed, and also along the banks of the Nore and the base of the castle, beautifully planted with ornamental trees of fine growth. At a short distance from the city are infantry barracks for l5 officers and 558 non-commissioned officers and privates, a neat range of buildings of modern erection; there is also a temporary barrack for one squadron of horse, The library, established in 1811 by a proprietary, and supported by subscription, contains more than 4000 volumes, and has a newsroom attached to it; it is open to strangers introduced by a subscriber, The Mechanics' Friend Society, established in 1835, for diffusing information among the working classes, and supported by subscription, has a library of 700 volumes, and a room in which lectures on the arts and sciences are gratuitously delivered. The Horticultural Society holds two meetings in the year; and races are held in September on a course at a short distance from the town, and are generally well attended. The Kilkenny Hunt has been long established, and is considered as the most celebrated in Ireland. The savings' bank, established in 1816, under the patronage of the Earl of Ormonde, had, in 1836, deposits to the amount of #23,784, and 801 depositors.
In the 16th century, Piers, Earl of Ormonde, with a view to benefit the town by the introduction of manufactures, brought over several artificers from Flanders and the neighbouring provinces, whom he employed in working tapestry, diapers, and carpets, but the manufacture did not extend beyond the supply of the castle and was soon discontinued. The manufacture of coarse frieze was extensively carried on here in the reign of Chas. II., but was withdrawn to Carrick-on-Suir, and succeeded by the wool-combing and the worsted trade, which, about the middle of the last century, were superseded by the manufacture of blankets, which became the principal trade both of the city and the county. In 1821, from 3000 to 4000 persons were employed in this manufacture; but on the expiration of the protecting duties, the trade became greatly depressed, and at present not more than 600 persons are employed in it, and even these at greatly reduced prices; the blankets made here are still in great repute, and are purchased for the supply of the army. There is also a small manufacture of coarse woollen cloth, but the principal trade is in corn, and in the immediate neighbourhood are several very extensive flour-mills, three large distilleries, four breweries, two tanneries, some extensive yards for curing bacon, some salt-works, and several considerable starch-manufactories. Coarse linens are woven by the country people for domestic wear, and there is a large bleach-green. About half a mile from the city are quarries of the well known Kilkenny marble, which has a black ground with white veins interspersed with shells and marine exuviae, and is susceptible of a very high polish. It is mostly worked into mantel-pieces of great beauty, and is cut and polished in a mill moved by water power, erected on the bank of the river, about two miles from the town, in the parish of Blackrath; great quantities of the marble are exported. Limestone is also quarried in various parts of the county of the city. The amount of excise duties paid in the district of Kilkenny, for the year 1835, was #70,665. 16. 11?. The markets are on Wednesday and Saturday, and are amply supplied with corn and provisions of every kind. Two great fairs are held on March 28th and Corpus Christi day; they are great cattle and wool fairs, which regulate the prices of all the others, and are attended by graziers from all parts of Ireland: there are also several other fairs, established by recent patents. An area in the lower part of the spacious old building called the Tholsel is appropriated as a market-house.
The charter granted to the burgesses by William Le Maresehal was confirmed, with all its privileges, by Edw. III., in the 1st year of his reign; and in the 51st of the same reign the sovereign, portreeve, and commonalty of Kilkenny were by a roll enjoined not to interfere with the freedom of the market of Irishtown, the inhabitants of which obtained from Edw. IV. a confirmation of the grant of their market, and the privilege of choosing a portreeve annually, independently of Kilkenny, Edw. VI. confirmed all the ancient privileges of the burgesses of Kilkenny, as enjoyed by them during the reign of Hen. VIII., and granted them the dissolved priory of St. John, with all its possessions, at a fee-farm rent of #16. 6. 4. Elizabeth, in 1574, confirmed the several rights of both boroughs, but, to obviate the disputes that arose from having two corporations in the same town, constituted them one body corporate under the designation of "The Sovereign, Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Town of Kilkenny." Jas, I., in 1608, made the towns of Kilkenny and Irishtown, with the parishes of St. Mary, St. John, St. Canice, and St. Patrick, a free borough, and in the following year granted additional privileges, erected the borough into a free city, under the designation of the mayor and citizens of the city of Kilkenny, and constituted the city and its liberties a distinct county, to be called the county of the city of Kilkenny, Chas. I., in 1639, granted to the mayor and citizens the monasteries of the Black and Grey friars, with several rectories and other possessions; and Jas. II. gave the citizens a new charter, which never came into operation, the city being governed by the charter of Jas. I. Under this charter the corporation consists of a mayor, two sheriffs, 18 aldermen, 36 common-councilmen, and an indefinite number of freemen, assisted by a recorder, treasurer, two coroners, a town-clerk, four serjeants-at-mace, and other officers. The mayor, who is also custos rotulorum, escheator, clerk of the market, and master of the assay, is chosen annually from the aldermen by the aldermen and councilmen, on the next Monday after the 24th of June, and has power to appoint a deputy, during illness or necessary absence, chosen from such of the aldermen as have served the office of mayor. The sheriffs are elected annually from the common-councilmen by the aldermen and councilmen, on the same day as the mayor. The aldermen are chosen for life from the common-councilmen by the mayor and aldermen; and the common-councilmen are chosen from the freemen by the aldermen and councilmen, who also appoint the recorder, and the treasurer and town-clerk are appointed by the corporation. There is also a corporation of the staple. The freedom of the city is obtained by birth, marriage, servitude, and favour of the corporation. The burgesses of lrishtown still continue to elect their portreeve annually under the direction of the Bishop of Ossory; he is clerk of the market, and presides in his court held weekly for the recovery of debts under 40s., but has no magisterial jurisdiction. Each borough returned two members to the Irish parliament; Kilkenny first in 1374, and Irishtown at a much earlier period; both continued to do so till the Union, when Irishtown was disfranchised, and the #15,000 awarded in compensation was paid to the Board of First Fruits, to be applied to the uses of that fund. Since that period the city has sent only one member to the Imperial parliament. The right of election, previously in the freemen of the city and 40s. freeholders of the county of the city, was, by the act of the 2nd of Win. IV., cap. 88, vested in the resident freemen and #10 householders, and in #20 and #10 leaseholders for the respective terms of 14 and 20 years; the 40s. freeholders retain the privilege only for life. The number of registered voters at the close of 1836 was 808. No alteration has taken place in the electoral boundary of the borough, which is co-extensive with the county of the city: the sheriffs are the returning officers. The mayor, recorder, and all the aldermen who have served the office of mayor, are justices of the peace, and under their charter hold quarterly courts of session, with criminal jurisdiction within the county of the city; and a court of record, called the Tholsel, for the determination of actions to any amount exceeding #20, every Tuesday and Friday. Assizes for the county of the city, and for the county at large, are held here twice in the year; and quarter sessions for the county of Kilkenny are held in rotation with the towns of Castlecomer, Thomastown, and Urlingford. A peace preservation force is stationed in the city, the expense of maintaining which, for 1835, amounted to #712. 15. 10. The court-house, called Grace's Old Castle, contains courts both for the city and for the county at large, and is a spacious and handsome modern building, occupying part of the site of the ancient castle of the family of Grace, of whom William Grace, or Le Gras, its first founder, was seneschal of Leinster and governor of Kilkenny. The city gaol is a badly constructed edifice, containing seven cells, but not adapted to the classification of prisoners. The county gaol is a spacious modern building of stone, a little to the west of the city: it contains 48 cells, is well arranged for classification, and has a tread-mill and a well-conducted school.
The SEE of OSSORY, which, like that of Meath, takes its name from a district, was originally established at Saiger, now Seir-Kieran, in the territory of Ely O'Carrol, about the year 402, by St. Kieran, after his return from Rome, where he had remained 20 years in the study of the Christian faith, and had been consecrated abishop. He was accompanied on his return by five other bishops, who also founded sees in other parts of Ireland, and after presiding over this see for many years is supposed to have died in Cornwall, as stated by the English martyrologists. Of his successors, who were called Episcopi Saigerenses, but very imperfect accounts are preserved. Carthag, his disciple and immediate successor, died about the year 540, from which period till the removal of the see from Saiger to Aghavoe, about the year 1052, there appears to have been, with some few intervals, a regular succession of prelates. The monastery of Aghavoe was founded by St. Canice, of which he was the first abbot, and in which he died about the year 600; and after the removal of the see from Saiger, there is little mention of the bishops of Aghavoe, in whose succession there is a chasm of 73 years till the time of Donald O'Fogarty, who was consecrated in 1152, and assisted at the synod of Kells held under Cardinal Paparo, as vicar-general and bishop of Ossory. Felix O'Dullany, who succeeded him in l178, removed the see from Aghavoe to the city of Kilkenny, as a place of greater security, where he laid the foundation of the cathedral church of St. Canice, which was continued at a great expense by Hugh Mapelton, and completed by Geoffrey St. Leger, about the year 1270. Bishop St. Leger gave to the vicars choral his manse and lodgings, formerly the episcopal palace, previously to the erection of the palaces of Aghor and Dorogh; and William Fitz-John, who succeeded in 1302, appropriated the church of Claragh to the abbey of St. John the Evangelist, with a reservation of 20s. to the vicars choral of St. Canice. Richard Ledred, who was consecrated in 1318, beautified the cathedral and rebuilt and glazed all the windows, of which the great east window contained some exquisite specimens of scripture history in stained glass, for which Rinuncini, the pope's nuncio, in 1645, offered #700; he also built the episcopal palace, near the cathedral. Bishop Hacket, who succeeded in 1460, built the arch of the tower of the cathedral of hewn stone, and appropriated the parish church of Rallybur to the vicars choral; and Oliver Cautwell, who succeeded in 1488, repaired the episcopal palaces, rebuilt the bridge of Kilkenny (which had been destroyed by a flood), and gave the church of St. Mael to the vicars choral of St. Canice. Milo Baron, who was consecrated in 1527, repaired the episcopal palace and gave a silver staff to the cathedral; and Nicholas Walsh, his successor, was the first who introduced types of the Irish character, in which he had prayer books and a catechism printed in the Irish language. Jonas Wheeler, consecrated in 1613, recovered the lands of Tasscoffin, Grangecoolpobble, Freinston, and Sheskin Wood, which Bishop Thonory had alienated, and obtained a grant of the manor of Breghmoe, in King's county, which was confirmed to the see in 1619 by Jas. I. Griffith Williams, who succeeded to the prelacy in 1641, laid out #1400 in repairing the cathedral, and #300 in beautifying the chancel; and gave to the see many of his lands in Caernarvonshire and other parts of Wales. Bishop Parry, in 1672, enriched the see by the recovery of alienated lands; and Thomas Otway, who succeeded in 1679, founded the library of the cathedral in the churchyard, and gave all his books for the use of the clergy of the diocese; he also embellished the cathedral and gave to it a service of communion plate weighing 363 ounces. The see of Ossory continued to be a separate diocese till 1835, when, on the death of the late Dr. Elrington, Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, both those dioceses were, under the provisions of the Church Temporalities' Act of the 3rd and 4th of Win. IV., annexed to it, and their temporalities vested in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The diocese, which is one of the five that constitute the ecclesiastical province of Dublin, comprehends the county of the city of Kilkenny, the whole of the barony of Ossory, in Queen's county, the parish of Seir-Kyran, in King's county, and the greater part of the county of Kilkenny. It extends 60 miles in length, and 18 in breadth, and comprises an estimated superficies of 346,000 acres, of which 60,000 are in Queen's county, 4100 in King's county, and 281,000 in the county and county of the city of Kilkenny. The lands belonging to the see comprise 21,730 statute acres of profitable land; and the gross annual revenue, on an average of three years ending Dec. 31st, 1831, was returned at #3859. The chapter, consists of a dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, and the seven prebendaries of Blackrath, Aghoure, Mayne, Killamery, Tasscoffin, Kilmanagh and Cloneamery. The vicars choral, three in number, are a corporate body, endowed with various lands and tithes in the city and county of Kilkenny; the former comprising nearly 269 acres, and, tcgether with the tithes, producing a rental of #200. 1. 10. The economy fund amounts to #444. 1. 1?., arising from houses and premises in the city, and from tithes in the county. The consistorial court consists of a vicar-general, surrogate, three proctors and two registrars, who are keepers of the records of the see, which are all modern documents, the earliest being wills dated 1634. The total number of parishes in the diocese is 146, comprised in 62 benefices, of which 27 are unions of two or more parishes, and 35 single parishes; of these 11 are in the gift of the crown, 16 in lay and corporation patronage, 5 in joint or alternate presentation, and the remainder in the patronage of the bishop and incumbents. The total number of churches is 52, and there are also six other places where divine service is performed; and the number of glebe-houses is 36. The cathedral church, dedicated to St. Canice, and situated on a gentle eminence at the western extremity of the city, is a spacious and venerable cruciform structure, in the early English style of architecture, with a low massy central tower supported on clustered columns of black marble, and lofty pointed arches, affording entrances from the nave into the choir and transepts. The exterior walls, with the exception only of the gables, are embattled, and at the west end the pinnacles form two small spires. The whole length of the building is 226 feet, and the breadth along the transepts 123 feet. The interior is lofty and of chaste and elegant design; the nave is separated from the aisles by an elegant range of five clustered columns of black marble on each side, with lofty and gracefully moulded arches, and lighted by a large west window of elegant design, and a range of five clerestory windows; the aisles are lighted by four windows on each side the choir, of similar character, has a beautifully groined ceiling, embellished with delicate tracery and numerous modillions, and a central group of cherubs, festoons, and foliage of exquisite richness. At transept, on the eastern side, is built by Bishop Pococke, and to chapter-house. On the eastern side of the north transept is a door leading through a dark passage into the chapel of St. Mary, where the parochial vicar of St. Canice formerly officiated; and adjacent to it, on the same side, is the present parish church, containing the tomb of Bishop Gafney, who died in 1576. In various parts of the cathedral are several ancient monuments, of which the most remarkable is that of Bishop David, near the consistorial court, now much defaced; eight of the bishops of Ossory and several of the noble proprietors of the castle are interred here; and in the transept is a stone seat, called the Chair of St. Kieran. Within a short distance from the south transept are the remains of an ancient round tower, 108 feet high and 47 feet in circumference at the base, and crowned at its summit with a low battlement. The cemetery is finely planted, and is approached from the town by a flight of marble steps. Near the east end of the cathedral is the episcopal palace, a commodious and handsome residence; and on the south-eastern side is the deanery, a good building. At the north-western end of the churchyard is the diocesan library, founded in 1692 by Bishop Otway, who left #5 per annum to the librarian, and #5 for coal; it was enlarged in 1756, by Bishop Maurice, who increased the stipend of the librarian by an annuity of #20, and contributed largely to the collection, which now contains 3000 volumes. In the R. C. divisions, this diocese, as originally constituted, is a separate bishoprick, being one of the three suffragan to the archiepiscopal see of Dublin: it comprises 32 parochial benefices or unions, containing 94 chapels served by 88 clergymen, of whom 32, including the bishop, are parish priests, and 56 coadjutors or curates. The parochial benefices of the bishop are the unions of St. Mary and St. John, Kilkenny, in the former of which is the R. C. cathedral and the bishop's residence. The diocese is divided into three districts, called the northern division, or Conference of Ballyragget; the middle division, or Conference of Kilkenny; and the southern division, or Conference of Ballyhale, where chapters of the clergy are held.
The county of the city comprehends the parishes of St. Mary, St. Patrick, St. John, and St. Canice, and comprises 16,400 statute acres: the total amount of Grand Jury assessments f'or 1836 was #2816. The parish of St. Mary is entirely within the city: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Bishop. The church, for the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits, in 1819, granted a loan of #1200, is an elegant cruciform structure, with a tower and spire, situated in the High-street. The glebe-house, for which the same Board gave #400 and lent #350, is a good residence; and there is a small glebe near the church. The parish of St. Patrick is about one mile and a half in length, and nearly the same in breadth: the living is a rectory and vicarage, united to the rectory of Aghaboe, and the rectory and vicarage of Urlingford, together constituting the corps of the deanery of Ossory, in the patronage of the Crown; the tithes amount to #500, and of the union to #1176. 3. 1. The parish of St. John coin prises 5318 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at #7016 per annum. Fairs, for which patents have recently been obtained, are held here on Feb. 15th, May 6th, Sept. 23rd, and Nov. 10th. The living is a vicarage, united by act of council, in the reign of Hen. VIII., to the vicarage of Clara, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is impropriate in the corporation of Kilkenny. The tithes amount to #576. 2., of which #373. 0. 6. is payable to the corporation, and #203. 1. 6. to the vicar; the tithes of the whole union, payable to the incumbent, amount to #293. 1. 6. The church is part of the ancient monastery of St. John the Evangelist, restored agreeably to the character of the ancient building, which was of elegant design and elaborate execution; it contains the mutilated relics of ancient sepulchral monuments to the Butler, Grace, and Purcel families. There is no glebe-house; the glebe is situated in the parish of Clara, and comprises 15 acres. The parish of St. Canice, comprises 6159 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the living is a rectory and a vicarage, united by act of council from time immemorial to the rectories and vicarages of Ballybur and St. Martin, together forming the union of St. Canice, belonging to the vicars choral, who receive the tithes of the two first, amounting to #450; those of St. Martin are payable to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In the R. C. divisions the parish of St. Mary is the head of a union or district, coniprising also a small portion of St. John's; the parish of St. Patrick is the head of a union, com-prising also the parishes of Castleinch and Outrath, and part of St. Canice; the parish of St. John is the head of a union, comprising also Rathcoole, Kilderry, and Kilmadrum; and the parish of St. Canice is the head of a union, comprising also the parish of St. Maul, and part of Ballybur. There are four chapels, one in each parish: that of St. Canice is a handsome modern edifice, in the later English style; the others are all plain buildings. Adjoining St. Mary's, which is the largest, is the residence of the R. C. bishop, and also the Presentation Convent, with a chapel attached to it: there is also a Capuchin friary, and a Dominican abbey, with chapels attached.
The grammar-school, called the college of Kilkenny, was originally founded by Piers Butler, Earl of Ormonde, and a new charter was granted to it by the Duke of Ormonde, in 1684; but it fell into disuse during the war of the Revolution, and Jas. II. founded on its site a royal college, which continued only for a short time, when the original establishment was restored. The house, having gone to decay, was rebuilt in 1782, by parliamentary grants, amounting to #5064, and is adapted to the accommodation of 80 boarders. Provision is made for the education of scholars on the foundation, to be afterwards admitted into Trinity College, Dublin; and the children of freemen are entitled to instruction at half the usual terms. It was endowed by the Duke of Ormonde with a house for the master in John-street, with eight acres of land attached to it, and with #140 per annum charged on the Ormonde estate, for the maintenance of a master and ushers, and the repair of the house; the salary of the master of the diocesan school, which has been discontinued, is also paid to the master of this school, who is appointed by the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, and is to teach the classics, poetry, and oratory; the Bishop of Ossory, Leighlin, and Ferns, and the Provost of Trinity College are visiters. Among many eminent men, who have been educated in this establishment, were Stanihurst,. the historian; Swift; Congreve Farquhar; Harris, the continuator of Ware; Provost Baldwin; Dr. Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne; and several other distinguished literary characters. At Birchfield, near the city, is a R. C. seminary for the education of students intended for the priesthood. Bishop Pococke bequeathed the whole of his property to the Incorporated Society of Dublin for promoting English Protestant schools, for the foundation of a school for R. C. children from 12 to 16 years of age, to be instructed in the principles of the Protestant religion, and bred to the linen-weaving trade, for which purpose he appropriated his manufacturing house at Lintown, which is amply endowed: there are, at present, about 24 boys in the school, and as many looms in the factory; and the curate of the parish, with a salary of #10, is catechist to the school, which now occupies the building of the old charter-school. A parochial school for the city at large is supported by a bequest of #100 per annum from the late Mr. Evans, an annual donation from the bishop and dean, and by subscription; and there are also an infants' school and others. The ladies of the Presentation Convent gratuitously instruct more than 300 female children. The total number of children taught in the public schools exceeds 1100; and there are various private schools, in which are more than 1500 children. There is also an orphan-house for girls, under the patronage of the ladies of the Presentation Convent, for the establishment of which a large sum was given by Mr. Murphy, of this city.
Adjoining the library in St. Canice's churchyard is an almshouse for eight poor women, founded by Bishop Williams, who endowed it with lands at Fermoy, which were sold by his executors; but the inmates receive small annuities from different estates of the Waring family. In the coal market was an hospital, founded by Thomas, tenth Earl of Ormonde, who died in 1614; he endowed it with the impropriate tithes of Drominberran and Bewley, to which were added those of Inch and Drumboth by the great Duke of Ormonde, who obtained from Chas. II. a charter incorporating the master, brethren, and sisters. The house having gone to decay, a smaller one was built in High-street by the present family, consisting of two stories, with four rooms on each floor, inhabited by eight poor widows, who receive small payments; it is called the Ormonde poor-house. In Rose-Inn-street is an hospital founded in 1581, by Sir R. Shee, Knt., who endowed it with the tithes of Butler's-woods and Kilmocahill, in the counties of Kilkenny and Carlow, for the support of twelve poor men and women; but the tithes have long been detained in lay hands, and Gen. St. Ruth bequeathed some property, vested in the French funds; but the inmates, who are now all females, receive only small gratuities, from the family of Shee, by whom they are nominated, and alms collected at the chapel of St. Mary. In a pleasant situation is a range of almshouses, called St. James' Asylum, founded and endowed, in 1803, by James Switzer, Esq., for twenty poor widows, twelve Protestant, and eight R. C., each of whom, in addition to residence, receives #20 per annum; in the area in front of the building is a statue of the founder, who was a native of the city. The widow of Edw. Cramer bequeathed #7. 10. per annum (turnpike debentures) for supplying the poor of St. Mary's parish with bread, to be distributed at the church by the curate, who also has the distribution of another bequest to the poor of that parish by Mr. Nicholai. Mr. Lewis Chapelier, of John-street, bequeathed, in trust, the interest of #500 to be given every second year, in a sum of #50 late currency, as a marriage portion to the daughter of a reputable tradesman, who should marry a tradesman of the town, both being Protestants. Sir William Fownes bequeathed the rents of two tenements in Patrick-street to charitable purposes; and #8 is accordingly given yearly to the county infirmary, and the rest in charitable pensions. A large house and garden in Patrick-street, were bequeathed by Gen. St. Ruth, in trust, to pay #12 per annum to the poor; and a bequest for the same purpose by Mr. John Cramer was also made about the same time, but neither has been carried into effect. The late Rev. William Lanigan, P. P. of St. Patrick's, bequeathed #1600, three per cent. consols., for the support of six poor widows, who receive the dividends, and a house is now being built for their reception. The Charitable Society, formed in 1740, affords relief to sick tradesmen or their widows; and the Benevolent Society was established in 1785, for the relief of bedridden poor. A charitable loan was instituted by act of parliament in 1792, for lending small sums to poor tradesmen, free of interest; and the Ormonde charitable loan fund, for the same purpose, was established by the Ormonde family in 1834, for granting loans, repayable by small instalments. The county infirmary was opened in 1767: it contains two male and two female wards, in each of which are 10 beds; external patients receive advice and medicine two days in every week; the average annual income is about #660, and the number of in-patients about 500, and of out-patients about 1059. The fever hospital was built at an expense of #1100, a loan from Government, and subsequently repaid by Grand Jury assessments; and the dispensary, founded in 1819, is supported by presentments and subscription, and a bequest of #100 per annum by the late Mr. Evans, which, in common with other charitable bequests by that gentleman, has been for some time suspended, from the non-payment of interest on certain debts chargeable on estates, for the sale of which proceedings have been for some years pending in the court of Chancery: patients unable to attend are visited at their own houses. There is also a house of industry, with an hospital for lunatics attached to it, which is now appropriated as an auxiliary to the county gaol.
The castle, originally built by Strongbow, and rebuilt by William Le Mareschal, occupies a commanding situation on an eminence overlooking the river Nore: it was enclosed with a wall 40 feet high, and defended by bastions, curtains, and towers of great strength, with a keep on the summit; and contained, in addition to accommodation for a large garrison, a splendid suite of apartments, the baronial residence of the Earls of Ormonde. It was for the greater part rebuilt by the second Duke of Ormonde, but not completed, and occupies at present two sides of a quadrangle, containing three of the round towers of the ancient castle: several of the rooms are hung with tapestry from the manufacture introduced by the Ormonde family, and it contains a fine collection of paintings, among which are numerous portraits of the time of Chas. II. It is now being partly rebuilt on a splendid scale by the present Marquess, after a design by Mr. Robertson, of Kilkenny, and when completed will occupy three sides of a quadrangle, preserving the ancient towers, with the character of which the additional buildings will carefully harmonise. It commands extensive and interesting views, and will be one of the most magnificent baronial residences in the country. The other seats in the immediate vicinity of the city are Kilereen, formerly the seat of Sir W. de Montmorency, Bart. , and now the residence of Clayton Bayly, Esq.; Castle Blunden (formerly Clonmoran), of Sir J. Blunden, Bart. , Bonnetstown, of P. Collis, Esq.; Rose Hill, of W. Robertson, Esq.; Orchardton, of the Dowager Countess of Carrick; Danville, of Christopher James, Esq.; Kilfeara, of H. Ryan, Esq.; The Cottage, of J. Green, Esq.; Sion, of M. Warren, Esq.; Hebron, of Major Jones; River View, of R. Collis, Esq.; and Johnswell, of A. P. Thomas, Esq.
The priory, or hospital, of St. John the Evangelist, founded by William Le Mareschal in 1220, not withstanding its long alienation from ecclesiastical uses, was, in 1641, taken possession of by a fraternity of Jesuits, who commenced its restoration; a great part of it was afterwards demolished, and the east window of its church, enriched with delicate tracery, and part of the south side of the choir formed a picturesque ruin till the year 1817, when it was restored, and became the parish church of St. John. The annals of this house, called the Codex Kilkenniensis, were in high reputation, and formed part of the Chandos collection. The Dominican abbey, founded in Irishtown by William Le Mareschal the younger, in 1225, was dedicated to the Holy Trinity; and chapters of the order were held in it in 1281, 1302, 1306, and 1316; part of it was, subsequently to the Reformation, made a shire-house, and in 1640 the whole was repaired. The remains of the abbey church are extensive and interesting; it was cruciform, with a central tower, which is still in good preservation, crowned with a graduated battlement with angular turrets; the windows and arches are of elegant design, and the nave and south transept are beautiful specimens of rich detail in the decorated English style; part has been lately restored for a R. C. chapel. Among the eminent persons interred in this church were the founder and his brother. The Franciscan abbey was founded previously to the year 1230, and a provincial chapter was held in it in 1267; it extended from the city walls to the river, and of its extensive remains, part has been converted into a brewery. The body of the church is nearly entire, though without a roof, and is now used as a tennis court; at the west end are the relics of a lofty window of seven lights, and from the centre of the building rises a tower of light and elegant proportions, resting on finely groined arches, and apparently of the date of the 14th century. Within the precincts is a well of pure water, formerly held in great veneration, and still in high repute. John Clyn, an annalist of some celebrity, was a friar of this house. All these houses after the Reformation were granted to the corporation. Part of a house in the coal-market, now divided into five or six tenements, is said to have been the chamber in which the parliaments held at Kilkenny assembled; it consisted of a hall, 49 feet long and 47 feet wide, under which was a dungeon, 20 feet square; the windows are arched, narrow, and lofty, and are defended with iron bars. Among the eminent natives of this place were several bishops of various sees, of whom William Daniel, D. D., a man of great learning, translated the book of Common Prayer from the English, and the New Testament from the Greek, into the Irish language, and was made Archbishop of Tuam in 1609. John Banim, author of the O'Hara Tales, and other works of imagination, is also a native of this place. Kilkenny gives the title of Earl to the family of Butler.
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Latest edition: The Lorentz Transformation
Original tape date: June 15, 2010.
First aired: June 15, 2010.
“The Mechanical Universe..and Beyond” helps teachers demystify physics by showing students what looks like. Inventive computer graphics illustrate abstract concepts such as time, force, and capacitance. Visits with Newton, Leibniz, Maxwell, and others trace the evolution of theories and challenge students to observe physical processes going on around them.
In this episode: If the speed of light is to be the same for all observers, then the length of a meter stick, or the rate of a ticking clock, depends on who measures it.
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Across Israel, Meir Panim responds to the growing needs of the country’s 1.75 million impoverished residents through various food and social service programs.
Purim zaniness came early to Israel this year. Speaking at a conference in Herzliya at the beginning of February, Prime Minister Netanyahu called for the rehabilitation of Jewish heritage sites in the Land of Israel.
“A people must know its past,” he declared, “in order to ensure its future.” For the Jewish people, this knowledge begins “in the Book of Books – in the Bible.” Therefore the government was launching a “Heritage Plan” to restore more than one hundred historical, religious and cultural sites scattered throughout the country.
There was only one problem with the prime minister’s plan – actually, two. Omitted from his list of historical and religious sites worthy of preservation were Me’arat HaMachpelah, the Herodian enclosure in Hebron above the burial caves of the patriarchs and matriarchs of the Jewish people; and Rachel’s Tomb, the iconic matriarchal burial site at the edge of Bethlehem.
These were no small omissions; they are the most ancient recorded holy sites of the Jewish people in the Land of Israel. For more than two millennia Jews (when permitted by their conquerors) have made pilgrimages there for inspiration, solace, and prayer.
Abraham’s purchase of a burial place for Sarah is precisely recounted in Genesis 23. Determined to assure legal title to the land in perpetuity, Abraham insisted upon paying Ephron’s full asking price of four hundred silver shekels. There, in “the cave of the field of Machpelah, facing Mamre – now Hebron – in the Land of Canaan,” Sarah and Abraham, Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob and Leah would be buried. The biblical account of the Machpelah episode is a vital legitimation story, recounting the first land purchase for the Jewish people in their promised land.
According to Genesis 35, the matriarch Rachel died in childbirth and was buried “on the road to Efrata – now Bethlehem.” Over her grave Jacob set a matzeva (marker), which long ago was enclosed beneath the familiar domed roof that has inspired Jewish folk art ever since. Jewish women still flock to Kever Rachel to find solace by communing with”Rachel Imenu.”
The omission of these two venerable shrines from Netanyahu’s original Heritage list predictably infuriated Shas party leaders and religious Zionists. Me’arat HaMachpelah – like Joseph’s Tomb in Shechem (Genesis 33:19), and Aravna’s threshing floor in Jerusalem, bought by David for an alter to God (2 Samuel 18-25) – was purchased for a price explicitly stipulated in Torah. Therefore, according to rabbinic commentary, Machpelah was “one of three places about which the nations of the world cannot taunt Israel, saying these are stolen lands.”
Rachel’s Tomb reminds us that the Hebrew word kever, meaning both “grave” and “womb,” links past and present. The past, writes Rabbi Shlomo Riskin of Efrat (located between Rachel’s Tomb and Hebron) is “mother to the future.”
Even secular Israelis may remember that not long before his incapacitating stroke in 2005, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon told a Haaretz journalist: “If we were a normal nation, when a visitor arrived here we would take him not to Yad Vashem but rather to Hebron. We’d take him to where our roots are . No other people has anything like it.”
Prompted by public outrage over his omission, it did not take long before Netanyahu expanded his list of Heritage sites by two.
That became the predictable spark for Muslim fury and violence. Palestinian leaders seized the opportunity to castigate Israel for its domination and repression before an appreciative Western audience. Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas warned of a “holy war” over Rachel’s Tomb, which was suddenly transformed by Muslims into the thousand-year-old Bilal ibn Ribah “mosque.” (The first Muslim references to a mosque at the site appeared in 1966.)
The Heritage project, declared Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Gaza, “aims to erase our identity, alter our Islamic monuments and steal our history.” His minister of religious affairs called for violence to “protect our Islamic holy places from the risk of Judaization.”
Quickly swallowing the Palestinian bait, State Department spokesman Mark Toner indicated that the Obama administration viewed Netanyahu’s inclusion of the Jewish holy sites in the Heritage list as provocative and unhelpful.
In fact, it is Muslims who continue to plunder Jewish history and seize Jewish holy sites for their own political and religious purposes. The Cave of the Jewish patriarchs and matriarchs, like Kever Rachel, was a Jewish prayer site long before Islam existed. During seven hundred years under Muslim rule, between 1267-1967, Jews (and other “infidels”) were prohibited from entering the Machpelah shrine to pray at the graves of their biblical ancestors. They could ascend no higher than the seventh step outside the wall of the Herodian structure. There they were forced to prostrate themselves, “stretching their necks like burrowed fox in order to try to press their lips against their ancestor’s tomb” according to one witness, while Arab children gathered to mock them.
Only after the Israel Defense Forces returned to Hebron during the Six-Day War were Me’arat HaMachpelah and Kever Rachel reopened to all visitors regardless of their religious faith or identity. History suggests that the Israeli policy of open access, which has remained in place since 1967 despite repeated episodes of Muslim violence, would be unlikely to endure for very long should Islamic rule over these Jewish holy sites ever be restored.
Indeed, the week-long eruptions in late February over the amended Heritage list, with ritualized stone-throwing and tire-burning by Palestinian teen-agers in Hebron and Jerusalem, offered a familiar replay of previous episodes of orchestrated Palestinian violence. In 1996, when the first Netanyahu government opened a new entrance to tunnel excavations adjacent to the Western Wall, Yasir Arafat incited Palestinian rioting that quickly claimed the lives of seventeen Israeli soldiers and dozens of Arabs.
Four years later, with the knowledge and consent of the Palestinian Authority’s chief of security, Ariel Sharon led a Likud delegation to the Temple Mount, location of the ancient Jewish Temples that centuries ago had been miraculously transformed into Islam’s “third holiest” site. A day later, Palestinian violence erupted in Jerusalem and then throughout the West Bank, resulting in fifty deaths and hundreds of injuries.
With the Israeli evacuation of Joseph’s Tomb in Shechem, it became the site of a mosque, as had the Temple Mount and Me’arat HaMachpelah many centuries earlier. Needless to say, biblical land purchases were valueless to readers of the Koran.
In the end, it is Islam – not Israel – that remains determined to erase identity, preempt religious sites, and steal another people’s history. It is long past time for Western nations, the United Nations and especially the United States to take notice of the relentless Muslim determination to rob the Jewish people of their birthright in their own homeland.
If this is too much to expect, then Israelis and Jews might at least rouse themselves to defend their ancient heritage and preserve the land that symbolizes it.
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The answer is an emphatic no.
The meaning of “God’s watch” here is not entirely clear.
Don’t Israelis and Arab Palestinians deserve more than this? Is it not time to stop the insanity?
At age 104, my mother was still concerned about her relationship with Hashem.
Obama’s incompetence, the way his naive worldview and credulity have made a fool of him, are equally frightening
“The only difference between this world and the time of Meshiach is our bondage to the gentile kingdoms.”
You’ve discovered our little secret!
Klein’s challenger has demonstrated a propensity to unleash poisonous vitriol, even to other Zionists
President Obama’s foreign policy is based on fantasy.
Welcome the book of Leviticus!
If the nationalist Knesset members don’t provide the answer, the Arab MKs will do so in their place.
International Agunah Day falls annually on Ta’anis Esther, this year on March 13.
Yeshiva University Museum recently hosted an exhibit titled “Threshold to the Sacred.”
Even a foxhole Yid has to admit that antisemitism is on the upswing.
Yossi Klein Halevi’s Like Dreamers (Harper) explores the lives of seven Israeli paratroopers in the Six-Day War who, his subtitle suggests, “Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation.” It offers a fascinating variation on the theme of Israel at a fateful crossroads, in search of itself, following the wondrously unifying moment at the Western Wall in June 1967 when Jewish national sovereignty in Jerusalem was restored for the first time in nineteen centuries.
Eighty years ago, in January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany. Barely a month later Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated president of the United States. For the next twelve years, until their deaths eighteen days apart in April 1945, they personified the horrors of dictatorship and the blessings of democracy.
One of my searing early memories from Israel is a visit nearly four decades ago to the Ghetto Fighters Museum in the Beit Lohamei Hagetaot kibbutz. The world’s first Holocaust museum, it was built soon after the Independence War by survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising.
Nearly sixty-five years ago Israel declared its independence and won the war that secured a Jewish state. But its narrow and permeable postwar armistice lines permitted incessant cross-border terrorist raids. For Egypt, Syria and Jordan, the mere existence of a Jewish state remained an unbearable intrusion into the Arab Middle East. As Egyptian President Nasser declared, “The danger of Israel lies in the very existence of Israel.”
For anyone with historical memory the expulsion of Jews – by the Romans, English, French, Spaniards, Nazis, and Muslims – instantly evokes tragic episodes in Jewish history. Now the state of Israel expels Jews from their homes. Something is amiss in Zion.
Near the end of the nineteenth century, Theodor Herzl, the Viennese journalist who would wrestle with the plight of Jews amid the enticements and dangers of modernity, felt trapped. For his son’s sake he considered conversion to Christianity; to solve the vexing “Jewish Question” he even fantasized the mass conversion of Jews.
The recent kerfluffle over Israeli government video ads and billboard posters, designed to entice wayward yordim to return home, instead exposed the troubled psyche of American Jews.
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Technological determinism is a reductionist doctrine that a society’s technology determines its cultural values, social structure, or history. This is not to be confused with the inevitability thesis (Chandler), which states that once a technology is introduced into a culture that what follows is the inevitable development of that technology.
Technological determinism has been summarized as ‘The belief in technology as a key governing force in society …’ (Merritt Roe Smith), ‘… the belief that social progress is driven by technological innovation, which in turn follows an “inevitable” course.’ (Michael L. Smith), ‘The idea that technological development determines social change …’ (Bruce Bimber), ‘… the belief that technical forces determine social and cultural changes.’ (Thomas P. Hughes); ‘… a three-word logical proposition: “Technology determines history”‘ (Rosalind Williams)
The term is believed to have been coined by Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), an American sociologist.
Most interpretations of technological determinism share two general ideas:
* that the development of technology itself follows a predictable, traceable path largely beyond cultural or political influence, and
* that technology in turn has “effects” on societies that are inherent, rather than socially conditioned or that the society organizes itself in such a way to support and further develop a technology once it has been introduced.
Technological determinism stands in opposition to the theory of the social construction of technology, which holds that both the path of innovation and the consequences of technology for humans are strongly if not entirely shaped by society itself, through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, and the like.
Technological determinism has been largely discredited within academia, especially by science and technology studies. However, it remains the dominant view within most news media and popular culture.
Pessimism towards techno-science arose after the mid 20th century for various reasons including the use of nuclear energy towards nuclear weapons, Nazi human experimentation during World War Two, and lack of economic development in the third world (also known as the global south). As a direct consequence, desire for greater control of the course of development of technology gave rise to disenchantment with the model of technological determinism in academia and the creation of the theory of technological constructivism (see social construction of technology).
HARD AND SOFT
In examining determinism we should also touch upon Aslam Mamu and the idea of Hard determinism and Soft Determinism. A compatibilist says that it is possible for free will and determinism to exist in the world together while a incompatibilist would say that they can not and there must be one or the other. Those who support determinism can be further divided.
Hard determinists would view technology as developing independent from social concerns. They would say that technology creates a set of powerful forces acting to regulate our social activity and its meaning. According to this view of determinism we organize ourselves to meet the needs of technology and the outcome of this organization is beyond our control or we do not have the freedom to make a choice regarding the outcome.
Soft Determinism, as the name suggests, is a more passive view of the way technology interacts with socio-political situations. Soft determinists still subscribe to the fact that technology is the guiding force in our evolution, but would maintain that we have a chance to make decisions regarding the outcomes of a situation. This is not to say that free will exists but it is the possible for us to roll the dice and see what the outcome is. A slightly different variant of soft determinism is the 1922 technology-driven theory of social change proposed by William Fielding Ogburn, in which society must adjust to the consequences of major inventions, but often does so only after a period of cultural lag.
Modern thinkers no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which we interact with technology. In his article “Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with technology.” Andrew Feenberg argues that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses of determinism are easily questionable and in doing so calls for what he calls democratic rationalization (Feenberg 210-212).
In his article “Do Artifacts Have Politics?,” Langdon Winner transcends hard and soft technological determinism by elaborating two ways in which artifacts can have politics.
Another conflicting idea is that of technological somnambulism a term coined by Winner in his essay “technology as forms of life”. Winner wonders whether or not we are simply sleepwalking through our existence with little concern or knowledge as to how we truly interact with technology. In this view it is still possible for us to wake up and once again take control of the direction in which we are traveling (Winner 104).
The telegraph and newspaper stories
These are all effects of telephone technology which we can all readily think of. And there are many other communication technologies with fairly readily discernible effects. One intriguing example is the effect the telegraph supposedly had on the shape of newspaper stories. As you’ll probably know, the typical shape of a newspaper story is the so-called ‘inverted triangle’, quite different from the shape of, say, a detective story in which the answer to who? Is conventionally reserved for the end of the story. In a typical newspaper story, the questions Who? What? Where? When? and perhaps How? and Why? are conventionally answered in the first paragraph and then fleshed out in the ensuing paragraphs. You can even often see this ‘inverted triangle’ quite literally in the shape of the articles, especially if it’s a front page story. The headline ‘MUGGERS ATTACK PENSIONER’ may span three columns. The paragraph below the headline, typically in bold, may also span three columns: A pensioner in her seventies was mercilessly kicked and trampled by a gang of youths in broad daylight yesterday. The brutal attack took place in a London street just after the pensioner had collected her pension from the local post office. The ensuing paragraphs may occupy two or only one column as further details are given, including the pensioner’s name, her age, a description of her attackers and so on. This structure is, of course, very convenient for the reader. It allows us to scan the paper for interesting articles very rapidly. If a headline catches our eye, we can quickly run through the first paragraph to see if the article is likely to interest us. If not, we can turn our attention to something else. There is a suggestion, though, that it was not consideration of the reader’s convenience which gave rise to this structure. If you look at newspapers from the eighteenth or early nineteenth century, you’ll see that they have a pretty conventional narrative structure, quite unlike today’s ‘inverted triangle’. It is said that the modern structure developed out of the American Civil War. By that time, newspapers in the west of the USA were receiving news via Western Union’s telegraph lines from the recently formed agencies in the east. For the first time, news from the political decision makers, news of powerful people, news of major technological and commercial developments, as well as international news was appearing in newspapers in the west. During the war, however, the telegraph wires were constantly being cut as each side tried to disrupt the other’s lines of communication. If your news item has a conventional narrative structure, a large chunk can go missing if the wires are cut early in the transmission. The readership’s recently aroused interest in national and international news is disappointed and the agency runs the risk of losing its press customers because only a part of the news is getting through. As a result, the agencies adopted a new structure which would ensure that at least the bare bones of the story got through, then a bit more detail, then a bit more and so on, thus allowing for the possibility of disruption.
Perfect binding and pulp fiction
That’s a fairly clear example of a technological effect on communication, though I rather suspect it’s not the whole story. There are others we might suspect, though it would be difficult, I think, to find clear evidence. Consider for example the romantic novel, the detective novel and the western novel. The last two of these are pretty dead now, though the first is still very much alive and kicking. They probably became so dominant in popular fiction as the publishers responded to the invention of ‘perfect binding’, i.e. binding books using glue, rather than the time-consuming and expensive procedure of binding books sewn in separate ‘signatures’. Quite suddenly, a cheap method of mass production became available to publishers, who were naturally keen to exploit the extra capacity. They now had the possibility of mass production for a mass public and, of course, were only too happy to develop ‘formulas’ which worked with their new, relatively poor and relatively poorly educated, readership and so the formulaic novel was born. Was the sudden development of pulp fiction due to ‘technology push’, was it due to the capitalist mode of publishing, or was it due to ‘consumer pull’?
The printing press
Could we have mass literacy without mass publications? Could the French Revolution have taken place without the spread of radical ideas through the ‘philosophes” books and, perhaps more importantly, illegal pamphlets? Would we now have the image we do of the Spanish Inquisition if the supporters of the Reformation had not been so successful in disseminating their anti-Catholic propaganda? Could the Renaissance have taken place without the rapid spread of knowledge? And, of course, the question underlying all of those questions is: could any of those events have taken place without the invention of movable type by Gutenberg in the middle of the fifteenth century?
Stefik (1999) describes how the development of roads and railways in France between 1870 and 1914 turned ‘peasants into Frenchmen’ in the space of forty years. Until after the middle of the nineteenth century most French citizens’ life was limited to their immediate vicinity – their village and the occasional trip to the local market town. In winter, most local roads became almost completely impassable. After 1881, when a law was passed to promote the building of rural roads, the villages became interconnected, the peasants thus becoming less reliant on the local market town for the sale of their produce and therefore less at the mercy of the tradespeople in the towns who knew that they had probably spent hours transporting their produce to the towns and would have to sell it before it went rotten. The railways connected the major towns, which were now within much easier reach of the peasants. This, together with the spread of public education, which gave them new skills in reading, writing and arithmetic enabled them to start shipping and receiving goods on their own account, becoming less dependent on the big merchants. Stefik says that, as a rule of thumb, productivity in any area served by a railway grew tenfold and industries grew and prospered as France started to function as a unified marketplace. It is, of course, not the mere increase in the posssibilities for movement of goods and people which brought about this rapid change, but also and perhaps more importantly the increased opportunities for the dissemination of information and ideas – Stefik refers to the transportation system as having transformed France into a ‘marketplace for memes’.
Currently, of course, there is speculation about the way that information and communication technologies (ICTs) may be determining our world, its social structures and economies, as well as individual consciousness. As with any new technology, the debate is frequently couched in alarmist and reactionary terms. In the college where I work, for example – and I suppose it’s not at all atypical – concern is frequently expressed that computers connected to the Internet are being ‘abused’ by students, who, rather than concentrating consistently on the mind-numbing exercises they are required to complete to achieve their certificates in information technology, are often delving into chatrooms, games cheats, SMS messaging services and the like. I imagine that late-fifteenth century monks may have been similarly concerned that novices kept sneaking a look into printed books rather than getting on with their illuminated manuscripts. It seems a little odd that in education the instinctive reaction to what may be the greatest communications revolution since the invention of movable type is to ban it. If lecturers were able to display half the intellectual curiosity and mental plasticity of their students, they’d be examining ways to turn the technology to educational advantage.
I have dealt with information technology’s putative effects on society and the economy in the article on information technology and society. Concern is also expressed that computers may be affecting consciousness (compare with McLuhan’s claims for the effect of print on consciousness (below)). It is suggested that some young people who spend much of their time in chat rooms and other simulated environments may be developing’ multiple personae’, a sort of fragmented self, or rather a variety of possible selves which are discarded and assumed as appropriate to negotiate the variety of virtual worlds they explore. The fear is that this fragmentation will lead computer users to experience life as a series of disconnected narratives rather than as something fundamentally grounded in shared social experience, with that experience’s attendant shared values and beliefs. I don’t know whether that’s happening or not and it will surely be some time before studies can be appropriately framed to attempt to determine whether it’s happening. But, even if it is, I don’t see why that’s necessarily a negative development. As my own children were going through school, I was hugely impressed by their ability to watch a soap, listen to a CD, hold a telephone conversation all at the same time and still complete their homework satisfactorily. If kids are to negotiate the cyberblitz more effcetively than I manage, then surely this is appropriate experience. Management gurus have been telling us for decades now of the importance of creativity, flexible response, cooperation, systems thinking and problem solving. If kids are growing up in a networked society and if, as predicted by many commentators, it is being networked which will provide the key to success in the emerging economies, then surely kids need to develop the skills of networking, rather than being forced to concentrate separately each on his or her own little assignment.
Those are all examples of a form of communication technology having an effect on the way we communicate. It might seem pretty obvious that there must be an effect. After all, you might think, we wouldn’t have gone ahead and invented and then developed these technologies if they were not going to have some effect. It’s as well to bear in mind, though, that the development and ultimate use of the technologies often takes surprising routes and ends up in quite unexpected places. The major impact of the automobile on our cities and towns, whose centres atrophy while people move into the leafy suburbs and shop at out-of-town hypermarkets would have been impossible to predict. After all, it’s not all that long ago that the head of IBM predicted that the world would need five or six computers. And it’s also not too long ago that it was envisaged that the telephone would be used mainly for public broadcasting (as indeed it was in Hungary until the 30s). It is difficult also to determine with any certainty whether a new form of communication pre-dates the development of the technology or vice-versa. For example, it would seem obvious that the consumer revolution of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries could not have happened without the industrial revolution, but Storey (1997) points out that there is a growing revisionist account which suggests that a consumer revolution was under way before the industrial revolution. So, here, as always, it seems it is as well not to rely too heavily on common sense.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF TECHNOLOGY
Social construction of technology (also referred to as SCOT) is a theory within the field of Science and Technology Studies (or Technology and society). Advocates of SCOT — that is, social constructivists — argue that technology does not determine human action, but that rather, human action shapes technology. They also argue that the ways in which a technology is used cannot be understood without understanding how that technology is embedded in its social context. SCOT is a response to technological determinism and is sometimes known as technological constructivism.
SCOT draws on work done in the constructivist school of the sociology of scientific knowledge, and its subtopics include actor-network theory (a branch of the sociology of science and technology) and historical analysis of sociotechnical systems Thomas P. Hughes. Leading adherents of SCOT include Wiebe Bijker and Trevor Pinch.
SCOT holds that those who seek to understand the reasons for acceptance or rejection of a technology should look to the social world. It is not enough, according to SCOT, to explain a technology’s success by saying that it is “the best” — researchers must look at how the criteria of being “the best” is defined and what groups and stakeholders participate in defining it. In particular, they must ask who defines the technical criteria by which success is measured, why technical criteria are defined in this way, and who is included or excluded.
SCOT is not only a theory, but also a methodology: it formalizes the steps and principles to follow when one wants to analyze the causes of technological failures or successes.
LEGACY OF THE STRONG PROGRAMME IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE
At the point of its conception, the SCOT approach was partly motivated by the ideas of the Strong Programme in the Sociology of Science (Bloor 1973). In their seminal article, Pinch and Bijker refer to the Principle of Symmetry as the most influential tenet of the Sociology of Science, which should be applied in historical and sociological investigations of technology as well. It is strongly connected to Bloor’s theory of social causation.
The Principle of Symmetry holds that in explaining the origins of scientific beliefs, that is, assessing the success and failure of models, theories, or experiments, the historian / sociologist should deploy the same kind of explanation in the cases of success as in cases of failure. When investigating beliefs, researchers should be impartial to the (a posteriori attributed) truth or falsehood of those beliefs, and the explanations should be unbiased. The strong programme adopts a position of relativism or neutralism regarding the arguments that social actors put forward for the acceptance/rejection of any technology. All arguments (social, cultural, political, economic, as well as technical) are to be treated equally.
The symmetry principle addresses the problem that the historian is tempted to explain the success of successful theories by referring to their “objective truth”, or inherent “technical superiority”, whereas s/he is more likely to put forward sociological explanations (citing political influence or economic reasons) only in the case of failures. For example, having experienced the obvious success of the chain-driven bicycle for decades, it is tempting to attribute its success to its “advanced technology” compared to the “primitiveness” of the Penny Farthing, but if we look closely and symmetrically at their history (as Pinch and Bijker do), we can see that at the beginning bicycles were valued according to quite different standards than nowadays. The early adopters (predominantly young, well-to-do gentlemen) valued the speed, the thrill, and the spectacularity of the Penny Farthing – in contrast to the security and stability of the chain-driven Safety Bicycle. Many other social factors (e.g., the contemporary state of urbanism and transport, women’s clothing habits and feminism) have influenced and changed the relative valuations of bicycle models.
A weak reading of the Principle of Symmetry would point out that there often are many competing theories or technologies, which all have the potential to provide slightly different solutions to similar problems. In these cases the sociological factors are those, which tip the balance between them: that’s why we should pay equal attention to them.
A strong, social constructivist reading would add that even the emergence of the questions or problems to be solved are governed by social determinations, so the Principle of Symmetry is applicable even to the apparently purely technical issues.
Interpretative Flexibility means that each technological artifact has different meanings and interpretations for various groups. Bijker and Pinch show that the air tire of the bicycle meant a more convenient mode of transportation for some people, whereas it meant technical nuisances, traction problems and ugly aesthetics to others. Sport cyclists were concerned by the speed reduction caused by the air tire.
These alternative interpretations generate different problems to be solved. Aesthetics, convenience or speed should be priorized? What is the best tradeoff between traction and speed?
For example, in early personal computing, computer literacy educators argued for easy-to-use “closed architecture” machines, with color displays, that would keep children engaged (and prevent them from meddling). In contrast, hobbyists, who were later supported by those who foresaw business uses for PCs, argued for user-upgradable “open architecture” machines, with monochrome displays. From SCOT’s perspective, these are actually different artifacts rather than competing versions of the same artifact. Stabilization occurred as the result of a compromise, embodied in the design of the 1977 Apple II and the 1981 IBM Personal Computer: an open architecture design equipped with a video system capable of reproducing color graphics as well as monochrome text.
Relevant Social Groups
According to Pinch and Bijker (1987, 30) a relevant social group consists of “all members of a certain social group [who] share the same set of meanings, attached to a specific artifact; recall that, during the period of interpretive flexibility, SCOT sees the various alternative designs as distinct artifacts in themselves. In SCOT’s initial formulation, this definition is quite vague — deliberately so, because a major part of the analyst’s task lies in identifying and defining the groups who actually participate in the design process.
The most basic relevant groups are the users and the producers of the technological artifact, but most often many subgroups can be delineated – users with different socioeconomic status, competing producers, etc. Sometimes there are relevant groups who are neither users, nor producers of the technology – journalists, politicians, civil groups, etc. (Just think of inter-continental ballistic missiles, for example) The groups can be distinguished based on their shared or diverging interpretations of the technology in question.
Just as technologies have different meanings in different social groups, there are always multiple ways of constructing technologies. A design is only a single point in the large field of technical possibilities, reflecting the interpretations of certain relevant groups.
Problems and Conflicts
The different interpretations often give rise to conflicts between criteria that are hard to resolve technologically (in the case of the bicycle, one such problem was: how can women ride the bicycle decently, in skirt?), or conflicts between the relevant groups (the “Anti-cyclists” lobbied for the banning of the bicycles). Different groups in different societies construct different problems, leading to different designs.
The first stage of the SCOT research methodology is to reconstruct the alternative interpretations of the technology, analyze the problems and conflicts these interpretations give rise to, and connect them to the design features of the technological artifacts. The relations between groups, problems, and designs can be visualized in diagrams.
Over time, as technologies are developed, the interpretative and design flexibility collapse through closure mechanisms. Two examples of closure mechanisms:
1. Rhetorical Closure: When social groups see the problem as being solved, the need for alternative designs diminishes. This is often the result of advertising.
2. Redefinition of the Problem: A design standing in the focus of conflicts can be stabilized by inventing a new problem, which is solved by this very design. The aesthetic and technical problems of the air tire diminished, as the technology advanced to the stage where air tire bikes started to win the bike races. Tires were still considered cumbersome and ugly, but they provided a solution to the “speed problem”, and this overrode previous concerns.
Closure is not permanent. New social groups may form and reintroduce interpretative flexibility, causing a new round of debate or conflict about a technology. (For instance, in the 1890s automobiles were seen as the “green” alternative, a cleaner environmentally-friendly technology, to horse-powered vehicles; by the 1960s, new social groups had introduced new interpretations about the environmental effects of the automobile)
The second stage of the SCOT methodology is to show how closure is achieved.
Relating the content of the technological artifact to the wider sociopolitical milieu
This is the third stage of the SCOT methodology, but the seminal article of Pinch and Bijker does not proceed to this stage. Many other historians and sociologists of technology nevertheless do. For example, Paul N. Edwards shows in his book “The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America” the strong relations between the political discourse of the Cold War and the computer designs of this era.
In 1993, Langdon Winner published an influential critique of SCOT entitled “Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding it Empty: Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Technology.” In it, he raises a few problems with social constructivism:
1. It explains how technologies arise, but ignores the effects of the technology after the fact.
2. It is a social construction of knowledge in itself, subject to the same limitations as it postulates (“Who says what are relevant social groups and social interests?”)
3. It disregards dynamics which are not due to its “preferred conceptual strawman: technological determinism.”
Other critics include Stewart Russell with his letter in the journal “Social Studies of Science” titled “The Social Construction of Artifacts: A Response to Pinch and Bijker”
Source : Wikipedia, Mick Underwood, STS Wiki
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Findings from the U.S. Forest Service-funded study appear in the February issue of Forest Ecology and Management. The study was conducted in California and Idaho, and showed how applications of laminated flakes containing a substance called verbenone resulted in a three-fold reduction in insect attack rates, compared to areas where they were not applied.
The technique could provide a way to treat infestations on a large scale and limit further spread into millions of acres of trees made vulnerable because of climate change, overcrowding and fires.
It could also be an alternative to insecticides, which can have adverse environmental effects. Thinning of some overstocked forests is still recommended to reduce susceptibility to bark beetles. But, the flakes can provide some protection for the dense, old-growth stands required by wildlife, according to the scientists.
The largest beetle outbreak in North American history is now occurring in Canada, where more than 22 million acres are affected, according to the British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range. Outbreaks of this magnitude exacerbate global warming by converting forests from carbon sinks to carbon sources.
Scientists have known for more than a decade that one of the safest strategies for deterring such infestations was through application of verbenone, which beetles release to inhibit aggregation by members of their own species, and the Food and Drug Administration has approved for use as a flavor ingredient. But, manual application of verbenone is difficult where infestations cover thousands of acres in remote, steep terrain.
"Verbenone flakes gave significant protection from mountain pine beetles when applied to low to moderate beetle populations," said Nancy Gillette, a Forest Service scientist at the Pacific Southwest Research Station and one of nine researchers involved in the study. "Higher beetle populations will probably require higher application rates."
Gillette and her colleagues speculated that flakes released from the air might better disperse and simulate natural beetle release than large, manually-applied verbenone packets so they used helicopters to release flakes.
They treated 10 plots at two sites, one near Mount Shasta in Northern California and another in Idaho's Bitterroot Mountains. The sites had similar tree densities and existing rates of infestations. Helicopters dropped flakes on half of the plots and left the others untreated, with application rates of about 9.7 flakes per square meter.
The treatments reduced the level of attack to about a third of that in untreated plots in both California and Idaho. Future studies will test a biodegradable formulation of the flakes.
The study, "Aerially Applied Verbenone-Releasing Laminated Flakes Protect Pinus Contorta Stands From Attack by Dendroctonus Ponderosae in California and Idaho" can be seen in the journal Forest Ecology and Management at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.017
Kakao in Monokultur verträgt Trockenheit besser als Kakao in Mischsystemen
18.09.2017 | Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Ultrasound sensors make forage harvesters more reliable
28.08.2017 | Fraunhofer-Institut für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren IZFP
Plants and algae use the enzyme Rubisco to fix carbon dioxide, removing it from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass. Algae have figured out a way to increase the efficiency of carbon fixation. They gather most of their Rubisco into a ball-shaped microcompartment called the pyrenoid, which they flood with a high local concentration of carbon dioxide. A team of scientists at Princeton University, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford University and the Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry have unravelled the mysteries of how the pyrenoid is assembled. These insights can help to engineer crops that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while producing more food.
A warming planet
Our brains house extremely complex neuronal circuits, whose detailed structures are still largely unknown. This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. Here the rules by which nerve cells are connected to each other are only partly understood. A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Frankfiurt Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and Helene Schmidt (Humboldt University in Berlin) have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space.
The researchers report online in Nature (Schmidt et al., 2017. Axonal synapse sorting in medial entorhinal cortex, DOI: 10.1038/nature24005) that synapses in...
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are used to make tiny micro-lasers, sensors, switches, routers and other devices. These tiny structures rely on a...
Using ultrafast flashes of laser and x-ray radiation, scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (Garching, Germany) took snapshots of the briefest electron motion inside a solid material to date. The electron motion lasted only 750 billionths of the billionth of a second before it fainted, setting a new record of human capability to capture ultrafast processes inside solids!
When x-rays shine onto solid materials or large molecules, an electron is pushed away from its original place near the nucleus of the atom, leaving a hole...
For the first time, physicists have successfully imaged spiral magnetic ordering in a multiferroic material. These materials are considered highly promising candidates for future data storage media. The researchers were able to prove their findings using unique quantum sensors that were developed at Basel University and that can analyze electromagnetic fields on the nanometer scale. The results – obtained by scientists from the University of Basel’s Department of Physics, the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, the University of Montpellier and several laboratories from University Paris-Saclay – were recently published in the journal Nature.
Multiferroics are materials that simultaneously react to electric and magnetic fields. These two properties are rarely found together, and their combined...
19.09.2017 | Event News
12.09.2017 | Event News
06.09.2017 | Event News
22.09.2017 | Life Sciences
22.09.2017 | Medical Engineering
22.09.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
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Simple text describes respect and what it means to be respectful of others. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum and his respect for the American presidents (and the resulting Mount Rushmore monument) is given as an example of respect in history. An end section offers suggestions on how readers can show respect to others in their own lives.
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
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Feral pigeons, also known as rock doves, can be a problem for solar panel systems because they can build nests on or near the panels, which can cause damage to the system and affect its efficiency. Other factors can be noise and disturbance, especially when it impacts sleep.
The birds can also leave droppings on the panels, which can be unsightly and difficult to clean. The cost of dealing with feral pigeons on solar panels can include the cost of removing nests and droppings, as well as the cost of repairing any damage caused by the birds.
In some cases, bird-proofing measures may need to be installed, such as netting or spikes, to prevent the pigeons from accessing the panels.
These measures can be costly, and may require the services of a professional pest control company or a solar panel technician. Furthermore, Feral pigeons may also pose a health hazard as their droppings may contain bacteria, viruses and fungal spores that can be harmful to human health if not handled properly.
It’s important for solar panel owners to regularly inspect their systems for signs of pigeon activity and to take action as needed to prevent damage and maintain the efficiency of the system.
Combat Pest Control see this kind of issue a lot, often when the probably becomes significant. Here are our top three pieces of advice.
- 1Proof your solar panels as soon as possible
- 2Use deterrents when appropriate
- 3Clean guano from panels and gutters to prevent a build up
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Habits can be defined as a routine or behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously or the tendency/disposition to act in a certain way. Our ability to acquire habits, whether good or bad, is directly related to our need for satisfaction. The importance of developing safe work habits, on the job, is that we avoid certain exposures even if we are not thinking about the particular hazard. If we are always alert, never let our attention wander, and remember to use all the safe practices and equipment required, then habits become safe. Circumstances arise for various reasons and complete attention is not always possible, however, under these circumstances safe work habits really become life saving.
Potential hazard examples, and the safety habits that may protect us from being injured, are listed here:
- Hazard Example: Catch points/shear pointed objects having sharp corners, splines, teeth or other rough shapes capable of catching the operator or work clothing (ex. rotating drills, reamers, spline shafts, broaches, keys and keyways, nails, shears, and dies. SAFETY HABIT EXAMPLE: Wear proper clothing. Make sure guards are in place, and used. Remove nails and staples from objects.
- Hazard Example: Squeeze points. These are created by two objects, one or both of which is in motion as they move toward one another (ex. machine tables at extreme traverse position forming squeeze points with other machines, walls, and building columns). Materials being moved on power conveyors create squeeze points with fixed objects along a conveyor. SAFETY HABIT EXAMPLE: Maintain a minimum clearance of 18 inches between moving and fixed objects. Relocate equipment where necessary. Maintain proper guarding. Maintain sweep bars equipped with shutoff switches in the squeeze area.
- Hazard Example: Run-in points (ex. belts and sheaves, chains and sprockets, gears in mesh, rolls, conveyor chains, ropes and pulleys, cable and drums). SAFETY HABIT EXAMPLE: Maintain and use proper guarding. Understand the operations of equipment. Never operate or work close to unfamiliar equipment.
Developing safe habits is like turning on an autopilot in your mind; you function with less mental stress in your thinking capacity. Make safety a habit when you recognize hazards. Good habits are safe habits!
All workplaces can be incident free. STS Solutions, Inc.-Solutions that Empower Safe Working Environments. Join us at www.sts.solutions
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Let us pray.
Jesus our Lord, your love is powerful and everlasting.
Thank you for always loving us and caring for us.
In your name we pray. Amen.
Opening Life Reflection
The main image for today is that of king. Begin the session with a crown making activity. Provide the children with strips of poster board paper cut to a size that will fit around their heads. Pre-cut a slit on one side of each strip, so that the crown can close around the back of the head. Provide crayons and allow the children to decorate the crowns.
Explain that the session today will focus on Christ the King. Invite the children to reflect on the role of a king. It may help to ask if they have seen such movies as The Lion King or Anna andthe King. Discuss:
- What is the role of a king?
- What are the qualities of a good king?
- Today in our Church we celebrate the Feast of Christ the King. What does the image of Christ as king mean to you?
On the Feast of Christ the King the Church celebrates that Christ is ruler of all. The love and care that Christ has for us is everlasting and all-powerful.
Listening to the Word of God
In the gospel reading Jesus tells us that his kingdom is not of this world. Listen to find out where Jesus is king.
Read John 18:33-37.
Allow for silence.
- What does Pilate ask Jesus?
- How does Jesus answer Pilate?
- Where does Jesus say he is king?
Provide 2-3 minutes of background information on the gospel using the Catechists Background section.
In today’s gospel reading Pilate asks Jesus if he is “King of the Jews.” Jesus answers, “My Kingdom does not belong to this world.” This confuses Pilate because he is trying to find out who Jesus really is. Jesus reveals the truth that his kingdom belongs to God. The gospel reading today reveals that Jesus is both human and divine.
Jesus has absolute power in the kingdom of God. Therefore, we can always count on Jesus to be there for us. We can turn all our troubles over to Jesus with confidence that our prayers are heard. We can rely on the power of Christ’s love.
Today’s gospel reading makes clear that Jesus came into the world to save us and to bring about the kingdom of God on earth. It also tells us that in the kingdom of God, Christ is ruler of all.
Questions for Deeper Reflection
- What qualities of a king does Jesus have?
- How do you rely on the love of Christ to help you?
- How can you bring the love of Christ to those around you?
If you are not going to continue with the doctrinal discussion, proceed to the Gospel in Life.
Doctrinal Discussion Starters
Christ the King
The feast of Christ the King is celebrated in the Church on this last Sunday of the liturgical year. On this feast we recognize and honor Christ as ruler of all.
Christ is ruler of all in the kingdom of God. The kingdom of God exists wherever love is present in the world. Therefore the kingdom of God is already among us. However, when we see and experience the suffering and evil that exists in the world we realize that the kingdom of God is not yet here completely. The saving action of Christ continues throughout the world until the reign of God is here in full.
All people are welcome in the kingdom of God. Every person is included. No one is excluded, except those who exclude themselves. In the kingdom of God where Christ rules, people of every color and race are valued. The kingdom especially belongs to those who are poor and lowly.
- Can you give some examples of where the love of Christ is needed most in the world?
- Where do you see signs that the kingdom of God already exists in the world?
- What can you do to help bring God’s love into the world?
- How can you welcome people who are different from you?
The Gospel in Life
This week welcome someone new. Invite someone who may need a friend to eat lunch with you.
Connecting to Faith First® Legacy Edition
At Home Family Guide, theme 11
Kindergarten, p. 159
Grade 1, chapter 10
Grade 2, p. 237
Grade 3, chapter 11
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The story of Little Jack Horner which dates back to the time of Henry VIII, and the dissolution of the monasteries, is particularly interesting. Jack was steward to the Abbot of Glastonbury, and the kitchen attached to that monastery was built of such solid material that Henry could not burn it down. He became very angry, and in order to appease his wrath Jack Horner was sent to the Court with a pie which had an extremely tempting looking crust. Beneath this crust the Abbot had concealed the title-deeds of twelve monasteries which he was offering as a present to the King. Jack, however, was not the trusty servant his master thought him to be, and on his way to the Court he slyly abstracted the title-deeds of the Manor of Wells. Henry did not detect the theft and, on his return to Glastonbury, Jack Horner informed the Abbot that the deeds had been presented to him by the King. They are referred to in the rhyme as a "plum."
He put in his thumb,
And pulled out a plum,
And said, "What a good boy am I!"
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- pro. That one identical with it:
- pro. Used reflexively as the direct or indirect object of a verb or the object of a preposition: The cat scratched itself.
- pro. Used for emphasis: The trouble is in the machine itself.
- pro. Used in an absolute construction: Itself no great poem, it still reveals talent.
- pro. Its normal or healthy condition or state: The car is acting itself again since we changed the oil.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- pro. it; A thing as the object of a verb or preposition that also appears as the subject
- pro. it; used to intensify the subject, especially to emphasize that it is the only participant in the predicate
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- pro. The neuter reflexive pronoun of it
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- The neuter pronoun corresponding to himself, herself. (See himself.) Its emphatic and reflexive uses are like those of himself.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
The end of poetry is not an after-effect, not a pleasurable memory of itself, but an immediate, constant and even unpleasant insistence upon itself .
This action of fundamental life manifests itself as a _polarization_ of the internal personality: almost at a point of crystallization, around which, provided there be homogeneous material and an undisturbed environment, _the definitive form composes itself_.
For if itself were a bad self to begin with all such advance of _itself_ would only make it worse.
In vital activity we see, then, that which subsists of the direct movement in the inverted movement, _a reality which is making itself in a reality which is unmaking itself_.
Larkin touched one, and it immediately drew itself in, -- really _swallowed itself_; for these little things take this way of saving themselves from harm.
'_But_ since our method of interpretation, after preparing and arranging a history, does not content itself with examining _the opinions and desires_ of THE MIND -- [hear] -- like common logic, but also inspects THE NATURE of THINGS, we so regulate the mind that it may be enabled to _apply itself_, in every respect, correctly to _that nature_.'
Hooker teacheth us, (482) that the service of God, in places not sanctified as churches are, hath not in itself (mark _in itself_) such perfection of grace and comeliness, as when the dignity of the place which it wisheth for, doth concur; and that the very majesty and holiness of the place where God is worshipped, bettereth even our holiest and best actions.
The UN itself now says that the school \itself was not hit, nor its grounds, nor the building, and no one in the school was hit by the Israelis.
For the customary morality, that which education and opinion have consecrated, is the only one which presents itself to the mind with the feeling of being _in itself_ obligatory; and when a person is asked to believe that this morality _derives_ its obligation from some general principle round which custom has not thrown the same halo, the assertion is to him a paradox; the supposed corollaries seem to have a more binding force than the original theorem; the superstructure seems to stand better without, than with, what is represented as its foundation.
The term itself comes from the Greek word '' apokruphos ''
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Table of Contents
- 1 Why gold and silver are used as monetary standards?
- 2 What are the kinds of monetary standards?
- 3 What is monetary standard used in the Philippines?
- 4 Which country used paper money first?
- 5 What do you mean by monetary standards?
- 6 What are the essential qualities of a good monetary standard?
- 7 What is standard money with example?
- 8 What is standard value?
- 9 Which is the best description of a monetary system?
- 10 What do you need to know about the gold standard?
Why gold and silver are used as monetary standards?
There is a fixed legal ratio between the value of the two metals to facilitate exchange. Usually, the two metals are gold and silver. So two types of standard coins are minted (gold and silver). So under bimetallism, two types of metal coins are in circulation simultaneously in the economy.
What are the kinds of monetary standards?
Monetary Standard – Meaning and Types
- Monometallism or Single Standard.
- Bimetallism or Double Standard.
- Paper Currency Standard (Managed Currency Standard)
What is monetary standard used in the Philippines?
In the Philippines, the monetary system is the managed currency system, and the monetary unit is the Peso.…
What standard is used for money?
The gold standard is a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold. With the gold standard, countries agreed to convert paper money into a fixed amount of gold.
What is US dollar backed by?
In contrast to commodity-based money like gold coins or paper bills redeemable for precious metals, fiat money is backed entirely by the full faith and trust in the government that issued it. One reason this has merit is because governments demand that you pay taxes in the fiat money it issues.
Which country used paper money first?
The Chinese were the first to devise a system of paper money, in approximately 770 B.C.
What do you mean by monetary standards?
A monetary standard is a set of institutions and rules governing the supply of money in an economy. These rules and institutions collectively constrain the production of money. Through its constraints on money creation, the standard indirectly acts on prices.
What are the essential qualities of a good monetary standard?
The qualities of good money are:
- General acceptability.
What is the meaning of monetary standards?
What are the examples of monetary policy?
Some monetary policy examples include buying or selling government securities through open market operations, changing the discount rate offered to member banks or altering the reserve requirement of how much money banks must have on hand that’s not already spoken for through loans.
What is standard money with example?
Standard Money: It is unlimited legal tender and is subject to free coinage, i.e., anybody can bring his metal and get coins made of it. Usually it’s real or ‘intrinsic value’ is equal to its face value. It is either made of gold or silver, or sometimes both. At present, no country has such a money in Standard Money.
What is standard value?
Standard of value is an agreed-upon worth for a transaction in a country’s medium of exchange, such as the U.S. dollar or Mexican peso. A standard of value allows all merchants and economic entities to set uniform prices for goods and services. This standard is necessary in order to maintain a stable economy.
Which is the best description of a monetary system?
Monetary system. This article is about the supply and creation of money by government. For the system of monetary calculation and coordination, see Price system. A monetary system is a system by which a government provides money in a country’s economy. Modern monetary systems usually consist of the national treasury, the mint,
Which is an example of a commodity money system?
Commodity money system. A commodity money system is a monetary system in which a commodity such as gold or silver is made the unit of value and physically used as money.
How is money created in the modern economy?
Fiat money. Originally fiat money was paper currency or base metal coinage, but in modern economies it mainly exists as data such as bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases, and the fraction that exists as notes and coins is relatively small. Money is mostly created, contrary to what is written in most textbooks,…
What do you need to know about the gold standard?
Michael Boyle is an experienced financial professional with more than 9 years working with financial planning, derivatives, equities, fixed income, project management, and analytics. The gold standard is a monetary system where a country’s currency or paper money has a value directly linked to gold.
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for National Geographic News
A new population of De Brazza's monkeys, a species thought to be near extinction in eastern Africa, has been discovered in Kenya, a scientist has reported.
The discovery of the group, as well sightings of other rare monkeys in a remote northeastern reserve, is a happy note at an otherwise grim hour for the world's primates.
A recent study by the nonprofit Conservation International found that human destruction of forest habitats has pushed some 25 types of primate to the brink of extinction.
Though the De Brazza's is not on that list, the newfound population may be a boon to their survival in Kenya.
The shy, white-bearded monkeys depend on wet environments and, like most primates, have rarely been known to travel more than a few kilometers from their normal range.
So when Iregi Mwenja, a researcher with Kenya's Institute for Primate Research, looked into reports that the monkeys were living in Mathews Range—a tiny pocket of lush forest some 90 miles (150 kilometers) from the closest known De Brazza's habitat—some experts were perplexed.
"When I told people that there were De Brazza's in Mathews, they said that that was not true," Mwenja said.
"I was almost doubting if it was true myself, but I had to go. The first thing is that I was shocked, because I had never seen such a large number of groups in such a small area before."
Monkeys "Just Hanging On"
Based on his survey, Mwenja puts the total number of De Brazza's living at Mathews Range between 200 and 300, bringing the total number of the monkeys in Kenya to 1,000.
Though there are about a hundred thousand De Brazza's living in the dense, little-developed forests of central and western Africa, populations of the monkeys in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia exist only in small pockets that are isolated from the larger groups (see map of Africa).
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