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School of Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga
Educators have been captivated by the possibilities of Web 2.0 — not for the sake of a Web 2.0 gimmick, but for attracting and absorbing the interest of learners. Web 2.0 allows students and educators to create and interact both synchronously and asynchronously, formally or informally, at school, at home, in distance education programs, in the workplace, on all manner of devices. This shift has required an open mind about future possibilities, while also documenting innovative or exemplar practices and their relationship to curriculum. Now Web 3.0 heralds a further development in online information behaviours and knowledge discovery techniques. Are we keeping up-to-date with the relevant network and social media changes that are affecting the online learning environment that we wish to embrace? Can you spot the wolf in sheep’s clothing?
The Internet has become a participatory medium, giving rise to an environment that is constantly being changed and reshaped by the participation itself, changing the flow of news, effecting tacit as well as explicit knowledge, and embedding a new culture of learning (Thomas & Brown, 2011). The Horizon Report K-12 edition (2011), issued annually since 2009, has identified and described emerging technologies that are having a significant impact on K-12 education, re-iterating the diversity of influences in the learning spaces of our schools. The Horizon Report: Emerging Trends in Education Technology (2011) issued annually since 2005 also describes six areas of emerging technology that may have significant impact on higher education and creative expression over the next one to five years.
Clearly, Web 2.0 has revolutionized the ways available to filter and share information. Whether by managing information with social bookmarks and RSS, or communicating within learning communities via blogs, wikis, podcasts, Youtube, and Facebook, many students and educators have adopted digital information behaviours. Widgets, portals, apps, feeds, aggregators and more provide the ‘tools of trade’ for information curation and knowledge organisation.
In addition, social media is driving the creation of new types of online communities, new forms of collaboration, and different strategies for gathering and distributing information to build knowledge. This is the portable, personal web, focused on the individual, on a life-stream, on consolidating content, which is powered by widgets, drag and drop, and mashups of user engagement.
Social media requires that educators understand and deploy:
- Personalized learning with web tools
- Personal learning ‘one-to-many’ networks
- Cloud computing environments
- Mixed reality and multimodal mashups
In such a Web 2.0 environment, ‘searching’ can be a dangerous undercurrent. The ongoing developments in Google search provide a clue for the need for watchfulness. For example, Google instant, (that shows results as you type) has both enhanced and hindered our information seeking habits by its quick response to search terms, so making keyword term customization seem less relevant. The recent implemented Google Verbatim provided a ‘fix’ for exact keyword search, without removing the treacherous swell, and related search is just another cross current! In fact, recent changes in the search algorithm (Caffeine) and key-board shortcuts in Google highlight the transient nature of our ‘favourite’ search strategies, and the need to keep ‘up-to-date’ with decisions at search engine level which can dramatically impact the natural/organic search result listings. Diversity and flexibility in search tools/choices, coupled with fluency in social media and information seeking strategies must replace working with a skill-set that reflects a less dynamic age of the Internet. The extensive range and options possible in search can be explored further at Knowledge 2.0.
Now a Web 3.0 environment is enhancing searching needs in unexpected ways. Web 3.0 is a third generation of internet-based services, which is gradually allowing the emergence of the intelligent web – otherwise known as the semantic web. The semantic web holds three key features that are of interest. The first is the capacity for effective information storage and retrieval. The second is the capacity for computers to augment the learning and information retrieval and processing power of people. The third is the resulting capacity to ‘mix and match’ to extend and expand knowledge and communications capabilities in multiple formats.
According to Ohler (2008), in the future the semantic web will become our personal learning agent, identifying relevant information from any source that is semantically accessible, and providing an information synthesis tailored to our personal learning objective. For now, we are still building those intelligent connections, but semantic search engines are already impacting on the nature of our search and knowledge ‘tactics’. Wolfram Alpha allows teachers to explore complex mathematic problems without students having to calculate complex data problems, so that students can leap to analysis and synthesis of results (Harris, 2011). This search engine also provides the option to interact with results using sliders and controls, to rotate and zoom 3D graphics and visualizations, and to manipulate results directly in the browser. Another example, Kngine tries to understand the documents and the search queries in order to provide customized meaningful search results.
In a Web 2.0 environment social connections allow easy communication and collaboration. The social media dimensions of Web 3.0 are continuing to enhance social networking, making possible more powerful search, location, and recommendation services. The impact on knowledge work and scholarly research will also extend as the semantic connections of contexts, content and ‘linked data’ become more powerful. But before these environments become natural and intuitive, educators must still be the ‘bridging connection’ ~ modeling exemplary use of social media, search engines, and collaborative research strategies.
As the Semantic Web becomes more of a realization, new technologies will also continue to enhance the learning process making flexibility and adaptability a keystone in our knowledge building structures. The unlimited ‘mashup’ of dynamic information, all portable and tailored to personal preferences will be the vehicle of learning in the future.
But right now, the social media dimensions of Web 2.0 coupled with the semantic dimensions of Web 3.0 are already providing a new context for information seeking, synthesis and analysis. A wolf in sheep’s clothing or a new culture of learning? You decide.
Dede, C. (2005). Planning for Neomillenial Learning Styles: Implications for investments in technology and faculty. In D. G. Oblinger & J.L. Obliger (eds.), Educating the Net Generation.
Harris, C. (2011). Wolfram/Alpha Figured Out. School Library Journal, 57(1), 64-66.
Johnson, L., Adams, S., and Haywood, K., (2011). The 2011 Horizon Report: K-12 Edition. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.
Johnson, L., Smith, R., Willis, H., Levine, A., and Haywood, K., (2011). The 2011 Horizon Report. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.
Ohler, J. (2008) ‘The semantic web in education’, EDUCAUSE Quarterly 31(4), pp. 7–9. Viewed 08 july 2011. net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM0840.pdf.
Thomas, D., & Brown, J. S. (2011). A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change. CreateSpace.
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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hitotsubashi
HITOTSUBASHI, Japanese statesman and party leader: b. 1837; d. 1902. Son of Nariaki Daimyo of Mito (q.v), and naturally a supporter of the Doctrine of Mito (q.v.), he appeared as the leader of the party opposed to the open door in Japan. He is known as Keiki (Kā'kē), the pronunciation of the Chinese characters representing his name, and as Yoshinobu, his real name. The cognomen Hitotsubashi he obtained when he was adopted into the feudal house of that name in 1848. He became guardian of the young Shōgun in 1863, a position that gave him great prominence in the affairs of Japan at a time when the nation was at the parting of the ways. He is known as “the last of the Tycoons,” or the last Shōgun. His real title was Yoshinobu Tokugawa, Prince Tokugawa. He was heir of the house of Hitotsubashi, and as such eventually became Shōgun. He came of a long line of illustrious ancestors which had helped to make the history of Japan for over 300 years. Yoshinobu became Shōgun in August 1866, and the following year, notwithstanding his family tradition, he presented a memorial to the emperor advising to call the barons together to discuss the “open door question” and the relation of Japan to foreign countries and civilization. He also look steps to have all the government of the country centred in the emperor. But the Shōgunate party which he represented opposed this and open war broke out between the emperor and the Shōgunates. Yoshinobu, in the difficult position of owing allegiance of a traditional and religious character to the emperor and leadership to his own family and party, decided to follow the will of his famous father, Nariaki (q.v.), and be faithful to the emperor at all cost. In the war the party of the emperor won out and Yoshinobu retired to private life still retaining the favor and confidence of the court by whom he was recognized as Prince Tokugawa. His princely residence was one of the conspicuous objects by the Kioshikawa Gate in Tokio. Consult Okuma, Count Shigenobu, ‘Fifty Years of New Japan’ (translated into English by Marcus B. Huish, London 1909).
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5 Keys to Athleticism
When it comes to training, it’s easy to get caught up in the specifics of what you’re doing. Taking a step back to take a wider view of your overall development can be difficult, but crucial.
The time spent looking at the bigger picture is a great way to stay aware of where you need to direct extra work, areas that could open you up to risks, and it informs your overall idea of fitness.
Today, we’re going to be discussing the 5 key aspects of athleticism and fitness that you should be concerned with.
While these 5 key areas make up the vast majority of athleticism, it’s important to remember two key points.
First, they’re not this simple. It’s totally reasonable to break down individual components into smaller sub-adaptations. Think about endurance – time to exhaustion is one measure of endurance, while repeated bout performances are another. Adaptations are very specific, so it’s easy to keep dividing up each facet of athleticism/fitness.
Secondly, skills aren’t included here. They’re the field-skills that make you good at your sport. They’re usually based on a combination of these 5 aspects. For example, throwing a football is a mixture of strength, speed, endurance, mobility, and co-ordination based on the context.
These aren’t discussed because they’re not part of strength and conditioning. They’re independent sport-specific and goal-oriented movements. They’re crucial, but they’re not part of athleticism itself – they’re what you apply athleticism to!
The ability to produce force against external resistance.
Strength is one you should be familiar with. It’s the main characteristic you’re building in the gym when you’re lifting weights (though not the only one!). It’s also at play when we look at gymnastic strength training, injury-prevention exercise, and even mobility work.
Strength is a key player in posture and joint-balance. It’s an essential facet of the way that your body works, from the gentlest movement to the toughest deadlift. It’s an adaptation that is associated with mobility, control, and sets the basis for many other areas of athleticism.
Strength, as your 100% maximum force production capacity, adjusts everything else you do. It allows for greater speed, it is the basis for effective endurance by decreasing the relative effort of each movement, and it underlies your control of your body – key for both mobility and co-ordination!
Strength is an amazing, versatile set of adaptations that you should take seriously. It’s about everything from movement quality to balance to healthy ageing. Remember to stay strong in unusual patterns – lateral, rotational, unilateral, and isometric exercises all have their place.
The ability to move yourself through space, based on the quickness of limb-movement, covering distance in a short amount of time.
This isn’t an easy athletic characteristic to improve, but it never fails to impress. Speed can be broken down into a few key areas:
- Power (or Strength-Speed): the ability to produce force rapidly is an overlap between speed and strength. The more force, the less speed, but getting better here means improvements in strength, power, and speed.
- Plyometrics and Light Ballistics: banded jumps, med ball tosses, repeated jumps, and other fast-but-light exercises develop speed-strength. This is the kind of self-moving speed you might see in sprinters, jumpers, and other “springy” athletes. It also overlaps closely with power, since it’s a gradient, not hard categories!
- Change of direction and Agility: speed is useful in some sports, but for most people it’s not a huge deal. The ability to change direction at speed, however, is absolutely crucial. This is a trait that helps with everything from powerlifting and weightlifting to skiing.
The best way to think about speed and its relation to strength is a continuum. As weight increases, speed decreases, and vice versa. This is something we know to be true in our training – how fast did your maximum bench press move? What about if you tried to move the empty bar at maximum speed?
Speed is important for the strength athlete. Power, specifically, impacts your ability to accelerate with heavy weights, which has been shown to be a key indicator of performance in top powerlifters.
Training somewhere in the middle of the speed-strength continuum – with jumps, explosive barbell lifting, throws, and sprints – can develop important neural characteristics. These are the other half of strength, when you take out muscular characteristics like size!
Endurance is the most traditional idea of what fitness is. It’s a measure of the ability to endure, in the literal sense, prolonged or repeated effort.
This is a set of adaptations that occurs at every level. Cellular metabolism changes in response to aerobic training, but so does the heart, lungs, muscles, brain, and hormones. These adaptive changes are why cardio is such a key part of long-term health.
Time-to-exhaustion isn’t likely to be a huge benefit to strength enthusiasts. Aside from that occasional 20-rep squat that caused you to throw up everywhere, there aren’t many times you’ll need prolonged, unrested endurance capacity.
On the other hand, repeated-bout endurance is incredibly important and worth training. This is the kind of sprint-interval training you might expect from a fighter, sprinter, or bob-sled athlete.
This is endurance for high-intensity. HIIT, in the very narrow sense (it’s not HIIT unless you’re at 100% effort!) is perfect for powerlifting, weightlifting, and well-rounded fitness. Not only will it help you get lean, but it’ll ensure better performance and recovery between sets.
Endurance might not be your favourite – everyone hates the treadmill – but developing better heart rate variability and recovery processes means better performance. If it can indirectly help you lift more weight (by helping you recover better between sets), it’s worth the investment!
We’ve discussed mobility and flexibility already, but it’s a key to well-rounded fitness and athleticism.
Your favourite athlete in any sport has a mobility routine they use to reduce aches, pains, and joint risks.
Staying healthy in the long-term means pliability and control in all the muscles. This doesn’t happen by accident – an effective and well-organised mobility routine keeps you at your best, aids recovery between training sessions, and reduces the risk of overuse injury.
Taking care of your muscles, joints, and improving deliberate movement quality all add up. It’s about performing better now through additional control and body-awareness, but it’s about sustainable development.
Nothing ruins your progress like an injury, which is even more galling when it’s a preventable, over-use, under-care injury! If you’d like to avoid these problems, we recommend reading our breakdown of building mobility and control in a real-world setting.
Developing co-ordination is usually an unintentional result of improving other athletic characteristics and chasing down the specific skills of your sport or training style.
You might not consider dumbbell pressing to be a co-ordination exercise, but it is a good example of how you can improve control in the shoulders, when performed properly. Good exercise always relies on, and builds, effective joint and muscle co-ordination.
This is a key part of how well you can perform your specific training exercises. A good squat requires co-ordination, which includes sub-traits like balance, proprioception, and sequencing movements properly.
These aren’t easily developed, but they are clearly possible to train. Cueing exercises, like the wall slide, band pull apart, co-contraction exercises, and other key warm-ups are a great example. Make sure you take every warm-up and every exercise as a chance to work on the movement, as well as just worrying about the weight or the pump.
Final Thoughts: Putting It Together for Your Goals
If you actively pursue these 5 key aspects of athleticism and focus on them in everything you do, they’ll produce a well-rounded performance. However, they don’t happen all by themselves – and you need to pay attention to traits that aren’t strength – even if they’re not as glamorous.
Putting time and conscious effort into every area here is often about just committing to effective mobility work, warm-ups, and focusing on the quality of your movements. This is a great opportunity to get 10-15 minutes of high-quality movement and injury-prevention work in!
Training isn’t just about putting up weights, even if your goals revolve around strength. Developing a well-rounded athletic profile is a crucial way of improving your processes, keeping healthy, and ultimately produces better results.
About the Auther: Liam Rodgers:
Good coaching and good writing rely on attention to detail, forward planning, and deep knowledge of the technical aspects. As an Olympic weightlifting coach and the director of Apex sport and fitness content, Liam lives these out: he has huge enthusiasm for sports performance, nutrition, narrative and immersive, engaging writing.
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The following questions were answered by astronomer Dr. Cathy Imhoff of the Space Telescope Science Institute.
Planet X is the nickname of the possible tenth planet of our solar system. (By the way, Pluto was called Planet X before it was discovered!) You may know that both Neptune and Pluto were discovered because astronomers carefully mapped the orbits of the other planets and found small deviations in their expected orbits. They then tried to calculate if the pull of another planet could cause those differences. It was a great victory for those astronomers when Neptune was discovered it was the first planet discovered in modern times, the first planet that was not known to people for thousands of years. Pluto was especially hard to find because it is small, so its gravity causes only small changes in the other planets'orbits, and also because it is faint and hard to find in a sky full of stars. Ever since then people have wondered if there is yet another planet further out than Pluto. Astronomers have searched the tiny deviations in the planets'orbits for clues. At one point, someone claimed that his calculations showed that Planet X had to be a big planet, way far out in the solar system, in orbit at a big angle to the rest of the solar system. But this was shown to be impossible if it had existed it would have pulled apart the whole solar system!
When a new NASA satellite called IRAS was launched, we hoped that it could be used to find Planet X. IRAS looks at the sky in the infrared, which would make finding another planet much easier, and it could also find very faint things. People looked very hard (everyone wanted to be the one to find the new planet!), but there is no sign of Planet X. So right now, we believe that there is no Planet X.
What is this thing I have heard of called Planet X?
For a while we thought there might be a tenth planet. Since no one had found it yet, we called it Planet X (X means unknown). Some very careful searches have been made for another planet outside the orbit of Pluto. In recent years, there was a detailed map of the sky made in infrared wavelengths. A planet very far from the sun would not be very bright in ordinary, visible light, but should be pretty bright in the infrared. No planet was found. So we now believe that there is no tenth planet. If a new planet were found, it would be given a new name. For a long time, there were only six known planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These are the ones that the ancient Greeks knew. Even Newton and Galileo didn't know about any other planets.
Uranus was discovered accidentally in 1781 by William Herschel, a German-English astronomer. This caused a great deal of excitement. People were amazed to realize that there were other planets out there. During this time people were learning to calculate very precise orbits for the planets based on observations of their motions through the solar system. Within a few years of the discovery of Uranus, these astronomers realized that its orbit wasn't quite right. In 1843, English astronomer John Couch Adams guessed that this was due to another, more distant planet and calculated where that planet might be to cause the irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. Meanwhile Leverrier, a French astronomer, did a similar prediction, not knowing about Adams's work. Based on these predictions, Galle, an astronomer at Berlin Observatory, looked for the new planet and found it the first night that he looked! This was Neptune. Well, after Neptune was discovered, people watched its orbit to see if there was evidence of yet another planet. Sure enough, there was. But this was getting hard to compute. There were several predictions, including one by Percival Lowell, the American astronomer who is famous for his preoccupation with the canals of Mars. Lowell really wanted to find this new planet, which he called Planet X. He searched for it for 10 years, until his death in 1916. After his death, his brother helped to continue the search. He set up a special telescope and equipment and hired an observer just to look for the planet. Finally, in 1930 (24 years later!) the observer, Clyde Tombaugh, found Pluto. The name Pluto was chosen in part to honor Lowell, whose initials are PL.
So the original Planet X was Pluto. (There is a book by this name Planet X that describes the search for Pluto.) Is there a planet beyond Pluto? Many people have tried to compute its orbit and look for it, unsuccessfully. Then the IRAS satellite was launched and carefully surveyed the sky in the infrared. Any other planet in our solar system should be visible in the infrared to this satellite. None was found. So most of us believe that there is no new Planet X out there.
Do you think that there could be a "Planet X" outside of the orbit of Pluto, or perhaps a black hole there, which causes odd weather and gravitational effects here on Earth?
There have been various searches for a "Planet X" in our solar system. We now think that there is none. Some predictions were made on the basis of tiny deviations in the planets'orbits, but they have now been found to be just small errors. There was a big search for other planets using the IRAS satellite. IRAS looks at the sky in the infrared, and any decent-sized planet out there should be visible in the infrared. But nothing was found. I suppose that a small black hole could be out there, but we have no indication of one.
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The stories Jesus told were meant to unsettle his listeners. C. H. Dodd defines a parable as 'a metaphor or simile drawn from nature or common life, arresting the hearer by its vividness or strangeness, and leaving the mind in sufficient doubt about its precise application to tease it into active thought.'
As you read the Parable of the new wineskins, what struck you? Surprised you? What was vivid or strange? How does the story challenge or widen or deepen your faith?
We live in a very different context from Jesus. Stories about shepherds and farming are distant, almost mythic. Can you imagine a contemporary setting for the story Jesus told (for example, 'the Kingdom of God is like riding a Trimet bus ... or going to Pioneer Courthouse Square ...').
Feel free to post a response to the parable or to the sermon. I'd be glad to know how the stories Jesus told have teased your mind 'into active thought.'
Peace to you,
Then they said to him, “John’s disciples, like the disciples of the Pharisees, frequently fast and pray, but your disciples eat and drink. Jesus said to them, “You cannot make wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them, can you? The days will come when the bridegroom will be taken away from them, and then they will fast in those days.” He also told them a parable: “No one tears a piece from a new garment and sews it on an old garment; otherwise the new will be torn, and the piece from the new will not match the old. And no one puts new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the new wine will burst the skins and will be spilled, and the skins will be destroyed. But new wine must be put into fresh wineskins. And no one after drinking old wine desires new wine, but says, ‘The old is good.’”
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Buzzmath is an educational platform and online learning resource designed to help students in grades 6 to 8 (middle school) improve their math skills. It provides a variety of interactive math activities, worksheets, and lessons that are aligned with common core state standards and curriculum in North America. Buzzmath is a mathematical tool offered by Scolab Inc. with a registered trademark. The platform offers a range of topics and exercises covering pre-algebra, algebra, and other middle-school math concepts.
This mathematical platform aims to make math engaging and accessible to students by offering a visually appealing and interactive learning environment. It often includes interactive graphs, step-by-step solutions, and immediate feedback to help students understand and master math concepts.
Teachers can also use this platform to assign and assess math assignments, track student progress, and provide targeted support to individual students. It is intended to be a supplementary resource that can enhance math education both in the classroom and for remote learning. This informative blog post aims to examine how this online learning platform helps students excel in their arithmetic skills.
How Buzzmath Makes Math Easy
Many students find math hard, and tough problems can make them feel stressed. That’s where this educational platform comes in – to help make the subject easy. Buzzmath helps make math less intimidating for students in several ways:
- Interactive and Visual Learning – Buzzmath offers interactive math problems and lessons with visual aids and animations. This visual and hands-on approach helps students easily grasp abstract concepts and makes math less intimidating.
- Immediate Feedback – Students receive instant feedback on their answers, allowing them to correct mistakes immediately. This reduces the fear of making errors and encourages a growth mindset where mistakes are seen as learning opportunities.
- Personalized Learning – This online learning platform adapts to each student’s skill level and pace of learning. It offers pre-made activities and challenges which help to boost learners’ confidence.
- Step-by-Step Solutions – The site frequently offers detailed solutions to challenges. This makes mathematics seem more approachable by assisting students in understanding how to arrive at the right solution as well as providing insight into problem-solving techniques.
- Engaging Activities – This platform includes various engaging activities and games that make math enjoyable and less intimidating. Students often become more motivated to learn when they can have fun while doing math.
Interactive Problems Available on Buzzmath
Buzzmath offered a wide range of interactive math problems and activities designed for grades 6 to 8. These interactive problems covered various math topics typically taught in middle school, including but not limited to:
- Arithmetic – Problems involving basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
- Fractions and Decimals – Interactive exercises to develop skills in working with fractions and decimals.
- Algebra – Problems related to equations, inequalities, expressions, and algebraic concepts.
- Geometry – Interactive geometry problems, including angles, shapes, and spatial reasoning.
- Measurement – Activities involving units of measurement, conversions, and real-world measurement applications.
- Data and Statistics – Problems related to data interpretation, graphing, and statistical analysis.
- Ratios and Proportions – Exercises involving ratios, proportions, and proportional relationships.
- Number Sense – Challenges to improve students’ understanding of numbers, patterns, and properties.
How Teachers Encourage Students
Buzzmath is an interactive online platform that is becoming increasingly popular among teachers looking for ways to encourage student engagement and enthusiasm in the classroom. Below are some resources and strategies that teachers can utilize to encourage student engagement and enthusiasm when using this math master platform in the classroom:
Explore this math genius’s library of interactive math lessons and use them as engaging presentations during class. These lessons often include animations, real-world examples, and interactive elements that can capture students’ attention and make math concepts more relatable.
Assign Custom Practice Sets
Create custom practice sets or assignments designed according to your classroom’s needs. You can align these assignments with your curriculum, ensuring that students practice the concepts they are currently learning.
Competitions and Challenges
Organize math competitions or challenges within your classroom using this math ninja. Encourage friendly competition among students by setting goals and rewards for completing assignments or achieving high scores. This can boost motivation and engagement.
Real-Time Progress Monitoring
Take advantage of this platform’s tracking and reporting features to monitor students’ progress in real-time. Use this data to identify struggling students, provide timely support, and acknowledge and reward students who excel.
Promote peer collaboration by assigning group activities or challenges on this platform. Encourage students to work together to solve problems and discuss their approaches. This can promote a sense of teamwork and engagement in the classroom.
How to Create a Lesson Plan Using Buzzmath
Creating a successful math lesson plan using this online mathematical tool involves thoughtful preparation and integrating the platform’s resources. Here are three key steps to help you create an effective math lesson plan. You can also visit its official webpage for more information.
Assess Student Needs and Goals
Begin by assessing your students’ current math skills and understanding of the topic you plan to teach. Identify specific learning objectives and goals for the lesson. Determine what concepts or skills you want your students to master by the end of the lesson.
Browse Buzzmath’s library of interactive math lessons, exercises, and activities. Choose the resources that align with your lesson objectives and the needs of your students. You can select interactive lessons, practice sets, or specific problems that reinforce your teaching concepts.
Plan the Lesson Sequence
Organize the selected Buzzmath resources into a coherent lesson plan. Consider the following steps:
- Introduction – Start with an introduction that provides context for the lesson. Explain the relevance of the math concepts and why they are essential.
- Buzzmath Activities – Incorporate these platform activities into the core of your lesson. Assign interactive lessons or practice sets that align with your learning objectives. Ensure that the activities are appropriately challenging but manageable for your students.
- Discussion and Reflection – Facilitate a class discussion after students complete the activities on this platform. Encourage students to share their thought processes, solutions, and challenges. Use this discussion to reinforce key concepts and address any misconceptions.
Homework or Follow-Up
Assign additional exercises or problems on this educational platform as homework or for further practice. This reinforces learning and allows students to apply what they’ve learned independently.
Assessment and Feedback
As part of your lesson plan, include a formative assessment to measure students’ understanding of the material. You can use this math genius tool’s tracking and reporting features to monitor their progress in real time. Provide constructive feedback to help students improve.
Resources for Parents
Regarding encouraging parents to get involved with their children’s learning at home, Buzzmath can be an excellent tool to make learning fun and engaging for kids and parents. Following are some resources that this online platform offers to parents:
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Buzzmath is a helpful tool for middle school math classes. It’s versatile, usable by both students and teachers and offers various benefits. It helps students identify their math strengths and weaknesses through problem-solving and practice tests, thanks to real-time reports. Parents can also use it to support their child’s math learning at home. If you’re a teacher looking for engaging math resources or a parent wanting to help your child with math, give Buzzmath a try. It might offer a new way to develop strong math skills that last through all grade levels.
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The human heart’s primary function is to pump blood in our organs to make them work properly. But have you ever wondered how blood gets pumped in and out of your organ? Remember 9th-grade biology when we were taught about the Mitral valve? It is vital to help the organ pump blood and keep the flow process smooth in a single direction. Located in the heart’s left, it regulates the left atrium’s blood flow to the left ventricle.
Mitral valve dysfunction occurs as the valves stop working or do not work in a properly regulated manner, which results in a backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium minimizing oxygenated blood flow in your body.
Mitral valve regurgitation
There are several reasons that can cause valve regurgitation. One person can easily attract the illness if that person got a heart attack, inflammation of the valves, or even rheumatic fever, and more.
Other factors like prolapsing of the mitral valve or damage caused to the tissue due to pressure can lead to this valve regurgitation.
Treating the valve regurgitation
The treatment of this particular dysfunction varies from patient to patient, depending upon the illness’s stage and urgency. The patients who go through minor dysfunction in the mitral valve do not need any effective treatments, but people with severe conditions need urgent medical attention and treatments accordingly.
The illness and dysfunction can be treated with the proper dosage of drugs and medicines, which primarily works on the symptoms. But there is no such particular medication that works on curing this structural issue. The medications used to ease the symptoms can be listed as:-
- Antiarrhythmics – it treats the abnormality of heart rhythms.
- Anticoagulants – for blood thinning
- Beta-blockers – for slower heart rate
- Diuretics – helps in the reduction of unwanted fluid in the lungs.
A cardiologist may offer to operate on a patient depending on the urgency of illness. Mainly the procedure takes place to repair or replace the Mitral Valve in your heart through a process of cut or incision in your chest. While in some cases, cardiologists may perform minimally invasive procedures using a smaller cut, and in some other cases, open-heart surgery can be useful for the treatment.
In some parts of the world, heart doctors use robotic assistants to operate on patients. This procedure makes use of a 3-D video monitor while operating through robotic arms for open-heart surgery.
Mitral valve regurgitation is a problematic disease that can cause serious health issues if untreated for a more extended period. It can be serious and can become a life-threatening issue leading to more complications and heart failures. While some people show active symptoms, some do not, but it is important to consult a doctor through regular check-ups.
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The historical series "Abai Zholy" is dedicated to the creation of the classical novel written by Mukhtar Auezov about Abai Qunanbaiuly. The series is based on dramatic, tragic moments from the life of Abai at the end of the 19th century, 30s of the 20th century, when the young Mukhtar Auezov, along with other state and public figures, was persecuted. For decades, he spoke to over a thousand people and collected a lot of information about Abai. The work "Abai's Way" received the Lenin Prize. The picture reveals the personalities of both artists: through the writing process of Mukhtar Auezov, the ambiguous life of Abai is shown. The series does not consist of ordinary episodes and series, but of chapters, as in a literary work. This is the artistic feature of the series. The plot develops in parallel with the events taking place in three stages: the moment of writing the novel, that is, the present; the period of collection of information about Abai, that is, the past and time of Abai, that is, a series of "flashbacks" taken from a book or through the memories of informants.
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We use affiliate links. If you purchase something using one of these links, we may receive compensation or commission.
No, a wood bandsaw cannot be used for cutting metal due to the different requirements of the two materials. Woodworking bandsaws are designed for cutting wood, while metal requires specialized bandsaws with different cutting speeds, blade materials, and cooling systems.
When it comes to cutting metal, using a wood bandsaw can result in damage to the blade, poor performance, and potential safety hazards. Metal bandsaws are specifically designed to handle the rigors of cutting through various types of metal, including steel, aluminum, and brass.
These saws feature lower blade speeds, sturdy frames, and coolant systems that prevent overheating and blade dullness. Overall, it is important to use the appropriate bandsaw for the specific material to ensure precise and efficient cutting while maintaining safety.
Overview Of Wood Bandsaws
Wood bandsaws are primarily designed for cutting wood, but in certain cases, they can also be used for cutting metal. There are different types of wood bandsaws available in the market with varying features and capabilities. Some wood bandsaws have the ability to cut through thin sheets of metal, while others may require modifications or additional accessories to handle metal cutting tasks.
It is important to note that using a wood bandsaw for cutting metal can be challenging and may not produce the same precision and results as a metal bandsaw. Additionally, cutting metal with a wood bandsaw can cause damage to the machine and may require regular blade replacements.
Therefore, it is recommended to use a dedicated metal bandsaw for efficient and accurate metal cutting tasks.
Comparing Wood Bandsaws And Metal Bandsaws
Wood bandsaws and metal bandsaws have key differences in their design and functionality. While wood bandsaws are primarily designed for cutting wood, they can also be used for cutting metal with certain limitations. One advantage of using a wood bandsaw for metal is that it is typically less expensive than a dedicated metal bandsaw.
However, there are limitations to consider. Wood bandsaws usually have slower blade speeds, which can result in a slower cutting process for metal. Additionally, wood bandsaws may not have the power and stability required to effectively cut through thicker metal materials.
It is important to note that using a wood bandsaw for metal may also result in increased wear and tear on the blade. Therefore, while a wood bandsaw can be used for cutting metal, it is generally recommended to invest in a dedicated metal bandsaw for optimal results.
Adjustments And Modifications For Cutting Metal On A Wood Bandsaw
Wood bandsaws are primarily designed for cutting wood and may not be suitable for cutting metal. However, with some adjustments and modifications, it is possible to use a wood bandsaw for cutting metal. One necessary adjustment is upgrading the blades and guides.
Metal cutting blades are specifically designed for cutting through metal, while the guides need to be adjusted to accommodate the different thickness and hardness of metal. Additionally, the bandsaw may need to be equipped with a metal cutting lubricant to reduce friction and heat buildup.
It is important to note that while a wood bandsaw can be used for cutting metal with these adjustments and modifications, it may not provide the same level of precision and efficiency as a dedicated metal cutting bandsaw. So, it is recommended to consider investing in a metal cutting bandsaw if you frequently work with metal materials.
Safety Precautions For Cutting Metal On A Wood Bandsaw
Safety precautions should be taken when cutting metal on a wood bandsaw. It is important to prioritize eye protection and handle the machinery properly. By following these guidelines, accidents can be prevented and the process can be executed safely.
Cutting Techniques For Metal On A Wood Bandsaw
A wood bandsaw can be used for cutting metal, but it requires proper techniques to achieve clean and precise cuts. When using a wood bandsaw for metal, it’s important to consider the type of metal being cut. Different metals have varying properties and hardness, which can affect the cutting process.
To ensure a successful cut, it is recommended to use a fine-toothed blade specifically designed for cutting metal. It is also important to adjust the bandsaw’s speed and tension to match the metal being cut. Using a cutting lubricant, such as cutting oil or wax, can help reduce friction and make the cutting process smoother.
Additionally, it is crucial to feed the metal into the bandsaw slowly and steadily, allowing the blade to work efficiently. By following these proper cutting techniques, one can achieve clean and precise cuts with a wood bandsaw when working with metal.
Common Challenges And Troubleshooting For Cutting Metal On A Wood Bandsaw
A wood bandsaw may not be the ideal tool for cutting metal, but it can be done with some challenges. When cutting metal on a wood bandsaw, there are common issues that may arise. One such challenge is blade dullness, which can affect the cutting performance.
To troubleshoot this problem, regularly inspect and sharpen the blade. Overheating is another problem that can occur when cutting metal on a wood bandsaw. To address this, take breaks during the cutting process to allow the blade to cool down.
Vibration is yet another issue that may arise when cutting metal on a wood bandsaw. To minimize vibration, make sure the blade is properly tensioned and aligned. By addressing these common challenges, you can improve the performance and effectiveness of using a wood bandsaw for cutting metal.
Successful Projects Using A Wood Bandsaw For Metal
A wood bandsaw can indeed be used for cutting metal, and there have been numerous successful projects that demonstrate this. For DIY enthusiasts, it presents an opportunity to explore their creativity and skill in a unique way. Examples of successful metal cutting projects using a wood bandsaw include making custom jewelry, creating intricate metal designs for home decor, and even constructing metal sculptures.
By utilizing the versatility of a wood bandsaw, DIY enthusiasts can achieve impressive results in their metalworking endeavors. With careful planning and appropriate safety measures, the wood bandsaw can be a valuable tool for those looking to work with metal in their DIY projects.
Its ability to cut through different materials makes it an ideal choice for incorporating metal elements into woodworking projects, allowing for endless possibilities and inspiring ideas.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can You Turn A Wood Bandsaw Into A Metal Bandsaw?
Yes, it is possible to convert a wood bandsaw into a metal bandsaw with some modifications.
What’s The Difference Between A Wood Bandsaw And A Metal Bandsaw?
A wood bandsaw is designed for cutting wood, while a metal bandsaw is specifically made for cutting metal.
What Is The Difference Between Metal Cutting And Wood Cutting Bandsaw Blades?
Metal cutting bandsaw blades are specifically designed to cut through metal materials, while wood cutting bandsaw blades are designed for cutting wood.
Do You Need Special Blade To Cut Metal With Bandsaw?
Yes, you need a special blade to cut metal with a bandsaw.
To conclude, a wood bandsaw can indeed be used for cutting metal, but it is not the most ideal choice. While a wood bandsaw may be able to handle softer metals, such as aluminum or brass, it lacks the power and precision required for cutting tougher metals like steel or iron.
Using a wood bandsaw for metal also poses safety risks, as the blade may become damaged or break under the strain of cutting metal, potentially causing injury. Additionally, the slower cutting speed of a wood bandsaw may result in inefficient and time-consuming metal cutting.
Therefore, if you frequently work with metal, it is advisable to invest in a dedicated metal bandsaw that is designed specifically for cutting metal. This will ensure better results, improved safety, and increased efficiency in your metalworking projects.
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Series 3- Lab 9 Photosynthesis -Photosynthetic Pigments and The Hill Reaction
In today's lab, you will measure the rate of electron transport in thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach chloroplasts using a procedure called the Hill Reaction. This procedure will allow you to measure the rate of oxygen evolution, and thus the rate of photosynthesis, in the thylakoids of isolated spinach chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Pigments
Central to life on Earth is the photochemical process carried out by plants and cyanobacteria, wherein quanta of light are converted into chemical energy. In plants, light is absorbed by chlorophyll a and b and other antenna pigments of the light-harvesting complexes of Photosystems I and II.
Chlorophyll a and b impart the green color that one associates with plant leaves. Carotenoids, which are yellow pigments, are also present in leaves but are usually masked by the chlorophylls. It is only in the fall when the chlorophylls are degraded faster than the carotenoids that the yellow color becomes visible to us. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of plants can vary markedly with its age, or depend on environmental factors such as light intensity or quality during growth. The pale green appearance of a willow tree in early spring is markedly different from its olive-green of late summer. The intense dark green of "shade adapted" plants differs from the lacy green colors one sees at the top of a forest canopy.
Chlorophylls are found in the chloroplasts and are associated with the thylakoids, the internal membrane network of these organelles. It is now established that all chlorophylls are organized as discrete chlorophyll-protein complexes within the lipid matrix of the photosynthetic membrane.
The majority of chlorophyll a molecules (and all chlorophyll b and carotenoid molecules) function as antenna pigments. In combination with proteins, they form the light-harvesting complexes, which absorb and funnel light energy to the reaction center chlorophylls, thereby allowing the plant to utilize a broad spectrum of wavelengths for photosynthesis. Some of the chlorophyll a molecules serve specialized functions in the reaction centers of photosystems I and II, where the light energy is used to drive the reduction of components of the electron transport chain.
The energy from photons is passed via resonance energy transfer to a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules located in the reaction center, leading to the excitation and loss of electrons from these molecules. In each photosystem the excited electron from one reaction center chlorophyll is passed to the quinone primary electron acceptor thereby reducing it. The primary acceptor immediately donates its electrons to a neighboring molecule and so on through an electron transport chain to ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH. The resulting oxidized reaction center of photosystem II is able to split water molecules into protons, electrons and O2. The electrons extracted from water replace the electrons lost by the reaction center II chlorophyll. The reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem I is reduced by electrons coming from photosystem II.
Figure 1. Process of electron transport in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Image from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Z-scheme.png
This electron transport is coupled in two steps to the formation of ATP through the mechanism of chemiosmosis. First, during the light reactions, the transport of electrons is coupled to the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen, forming a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane. The sources of these protons are the splitting of water, which occurs on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane, and the transport of protons from the stromal side across the membrane into the lumen by the electron transport chain components plastoquinone and cytochrome b/f complex. In the second step, this gradient of protons is released when the protons diffuse through the membrane-spanning ATP-synthase molecule, which couples proton movement to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
In today's lab, you will study the photosynthetic electron transport of thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach chloroplasts. During the isolation procedure, some of the more water-soluble components that function near the terminus of the main electron transport chain are lost. This makes it impossible to follow the production of ATP or the reduction of NADP+ in your preparations.
As is routine in studies using mitochondria and chloroplasts, we will supply an artificial electron acceptor to monitor "partial reactions" of the electron transport. These are chemicals that accept electrons at positions of the electron transport chain where exogenous compounds normally do not act in vivo. Frequently these electron acceptors are dyes specifically selected so their reduction can be monitored by spectrophotometry.
The dye reagent we are using in this experiment is 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP). It is blue when oxidized and colorless when reduced. DCPIP accepts electrons between the electron chain components plastoquinone and cytochrome. The electrons are ultimately derived from water.
Figure 2. DCPIP reduction reaction
Figure 3. DCPIP acting as an electron acceptor. Animation from smabiology.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html
In 1937 Robert Hill showed that this partial reaction of the electron transport chain using DCPIP could be used to investigate the rate of oxygen evolution (from the splitting of water molecules in PSII) and thus the rate of photosynthesis in thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts. The reaction is now known as the Hill reaction and is still used today to determine photosynthetic rates in chloroplast preparations.
A. In vivo reaction
B. In vitro reaction
Figure 4. A. In vivo reduction reaction of NADP to NADPH in chloroplasts B. In vitro reduction reaction of DCPIP in photosystem II
For the isolation of chloroplasts from spinach, a buffer is used since the leaves, when homogenized, can yield a low pH suspension. In the initial isolation step, the sorbitol serves to maintain an osmotic potential similar to that of an intact leaf. The divalent cation Mg2+, known to be important to membrane structure and function, is also included in the medium. All isolation and fractionation steps are performed at 4 degrees C to minimize proteolytic degradation of proteins.
In this lab you will examine the light reactions of photosynthesis by measuring the so-called Hill reaction in lysed chloroplasts. You will practice these measurements until you get reproducible results. Next week you will investigate the effect of various environmental factors on the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Be sure to keep all beakers and buffers on ice. Note that there are four different media used: grinding medium (100 mM Tricine NaOH pH 7.8, 400 mM sorbitol, 5 mM MgCl2), breaking medium (20 mM Tricine NaOH pH 7.8, 5 mM MgCl2), resuspension medium (50 mM , 100 mM sorbitol, 5 mM MgCl2)and reaction solution (100 mM sorbitol, 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM NaPO4, 0.05 mM DCPIP). Note the differences among them. Be sure to use the correct solution. Read labels carefully throughout the experiment.
Preparation of thylakoid stock solution
- Work in groups of eight students in steps 1 and 2. Throughout the procedure, be sure to wash glassware with water and the round bottom centrifuge tubes that have come in contact with chlorophyll using 70% ethanol. Please do this as soon as you have finished using this equipment.
- Prior to lab, 60 g of spinach leaves were ground by our lab specialists with 160 mL of grinding medium in two blenders. The ground up spinach in each blender will be given to you in a 500ml iced cold beaker. A group of 8 students will filter the spinach through first 2 layers of cheese cloth into another iced cold 500 ml beaker. You must gently squeeze the spinach in the cheese cloth to express the liquid and leave the pulp and debris in the cheesecloth. Discard the cheesecloth with the pulp in the trash can. Filter the expressed liquid (containing your intact cholorophasts) through 8 layers of cheesecloth into another 500ml cold beaker. Gently squeeze the cheesecloth to express the refiltered liquid, then discard the cheesecloth and pulp in the trash can. Clean Up: Rinse beakers with water immediately BUT DO NOT DISCARD THE FILTRATE to be used in the next step!
- To isolate chloroplasts, divide the filtered extract into 4 equal portions and pour them into four 50 mL plastic round-bottom, capless centrifuge tubes. Balance each pair of tubes by transferring extract from the heavier tube to the lighter one, and centrifuge at 1000 x G in the SS34 rotor (see the conversion chart next to the centrifuge to convert RPMs to RCF which is also called g) for 5min in a Sorval refrigerated (4ºC) centrifuge. After the spin, each pair of students continues with one tube containing a pelleted chloroplast-rich fraction. From now on you are working in pairs. Carefully decant (pour off) the pale green supernatant and discard it. Save the green pellet (chloroplast-enriched fraction).
- Using a glass rod, gently resuspend the pellet by mixing 1–2 mL of breaking medium into the pellet. Make sure the pellet is completely detached from the wall and resuspended COMPLETELY. Avoid air bubbles (O2) that may oxidize enzymes and thereby reduce activity. The breaking medium is intended to shock the chloroplasts osmotically, thereby breaking open the organelles' outer membranes and releasing the stroma while leaving the thylakoid membranes intact. (Breaking medium: 20 mM Tricine NaOH pH 7.8, 5 mM MgCl2. Note the absence of sorbitol.)
- Bring the resuspended pellet to a volume of about 25 mL with cold breaking medium (50mL centrifuge tube will be about half-full), balance against a tube of water or another group, and centrifuge at 1900 x G for 5min. Discard the supernatant.
- Resuspend the resulting pellet containing your thylakoid-rich fraction in 1.5 mL of resuspension medium. This suspension is your stock preparation of thylakoids to be used in the Hill reaction. Keep it on ice. (Resuspension medium: 50 mM Tricine NaOH pH 7.8, 100 mM sorbitol, 5 mM MgCl2).
Table 1. Composition of Media
| Type of Medium
|| Tricine NaOH
|| Sodium Phosphate
Running the Hill reaction (work in pairs)
Materials: Each pair will have a ringstand with a test tube holder, and a 150W quartz-halogen projection lamp. You will have to find the best arrangement to measure the reduction of DCPIP accurately and reproducibly. A light meter and timer will be provided. Set up 5 ‘reaction tubes’ to begin with, adding 5 mL of reaction mixture, but do not add the thylakoid membranes, which must be kept on ice. Add these thylakoid membranes just before each reaction mixture is tested. [Reaction mix: 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8 buffer, 100 mM sorbitol, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.05 mM DCPIP]
Blanking the Spectrophotometer ( Appendix B): Use a tube containing 5 mL of resuspension solution and 50µL of your thylakoid suspension to blank the Spec20 at 580 nm (filter level to the left). With Parafilm® over the top of the tube, invert once to mix, then wipe the tube with a Kimwipe® before blanking the instrument. Do not vortex. You may need to prepare a fresh blank periodically.
Varying the Reaction Rate: The Hill reaction occurs at different rates depending on the light intensity supplied to the thylakoids. You will measure the reaction rates by taking absorbance readings over a 90 s period in 15 s intervals. We will use the drop in absorbance over time as a measure of the rate of the Hill reaction.
Depending on the number, distribution (clumped or not) and condition of thylakoids in your reaction tube, you may obtain varying reaction rates with a given light intensity. We measure the incident light using a light meter in units of µmol photons m-2 s-1.
Typically, the light intensity is set to 80-100 µmol photons m-2 s-1 in order to drive the reaction at the desired rate—a drop in absorbance per 15 s that is consistent throughout the 90 s trial. The 15 s interval consists of 10 s of illumination and 5 s to read the absorbance. In a 90 s experiment, this data collection interval of 15 s yields 7 data points (i.e., absorbance readings at time = 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 s).
Measurement of Hill Reaction Rates: For each reaction tube, do the following in turn.
- Mix thylakoid suspension gently by flicking bottom of tube.
- Immediately remove 50 µL of thylakoid suspension and add it to a reaction tube containing 5 mL of reaction mixture, mix gently by inverting once and place tube in the Spec20 to obtain a "dark reading" with the spectrophotometer set at 580 nm. This is the time = zero seconds absorbance reading. Expose the thylakoids to the light and take care not to shield the tube from the light with your hand.
- Take absorbance readings every 15 s (10 s illumination + 5 s reading) for 90 s (7 readings). Record absorbance readings and times in your lab notebook. Repeat the experiment, i.e., do several 90 s runs, until you obtain a consistent rate of DCPIP reduction. Then repeat the experiment, to see if you can reproduce your data consistently.
A typical absorbance reading at time = 0 s is 0.8. If the drop in absorbance per 15 s interval is 0.05, then at time = 90 s, the absorbance reading should be 0.5.
If the drop in absorbance per 15 s is not consistent in the 90 s period, you can try varying the light intensity by varying the setting of the intensity knob on the fiber-optic illuminator or by changing the distance between the light source and your thylakoids. Be sure to hold your test tube in the same position for each 10 s of light exposure during the 90 s trial. If increasing or decreasing the light intensity and maintaining consistent positioning of the test tube does not work, please see your instructor.
Plotting the Data: Please plot your data with Time (s) on the x-axis and Absorbance at 580 nm on the y-axis. The reduction of DCPIP is linear until DCPIP becomes limiting which is indicated by a leveling off of the absorption near the end of the reaction. Since you are interested in the maximum rate of DCPIP reduction, you are only concerned with the straight-line portion of the curve. Remove data points that are not in the linear portion of the curve. To facilitate your comparison of the different rates of reaction, plot each data set as a scatter graph, and add a trendline. With time in seconds plotted on the x-axis the slope of the line given will reflect the change in absorbance per second. A description of simple linear regression can be found in Appendix E Microsoft Excel 2004 Instructions for Regression Plots .
Self-Designed Experiment On A Variable Affecting Electron Transport Rate In Photosynthesis
Here is a downloadable list of reference articles on variables affecting the Hill Reaction: Media: Hill_Reaction_resources.doc
In Lab 10, you and your partner(s) will isolate thylakoids from spinach using the same protocol as you used today. You will test the effects of one environmental parameter on the Hill reaction rates. Please sign up today with your group to test the effects of one of the following parameters: temperature, light intensity, wavelength, inhibitors or uncouplers. See Lab 10 for additional information. You will work on a protocol as a group of 4, and in Lab 10 you will work as partners to do replicate experiments using the same protocol.
All partners should take part in composing the proposal, which should include:
- A hypothesis with rationale and a plan for controlling confounding variables and/or acquiring an appropriate baseline for comparison.
- A list of reagents needed with protocols of how you will make all solutions and dilutions used in your experiment
- Your protocol (with sufficient detail, i.e., how to set up your tubes, etc.)
Your instructor will either approve your proposal, or suggest improvements.
- Wash glassware with water and centrifuge tubes using 70% ethanol.
- Discard reaction mixtures in sink and test tubes in glassware disposal box.
- Glass pipettes should be left to soak in the pipette canisters, tips down.
- Place micropipette tips in the small orange bags at the bench.
- Pasteur pipettes and cover slips go in the glass container (blue cardboard box).
- Remove the last test tube from the sample chamber, and turn off your Spec20.
- Quit out of all applications on your computer.
- If you have not had your protocol approved by your instructor for your experiment exploring a variable that affects the Hill reaction, e-mail your proposed experiment to your lab instructor (cc your partners) early enough to leave time for feedback, modification of the proposal by you, resubmission of the proposal to your instructor, etc. Also, the prep staff needs sufficient time to provide the materials you require. Your compliance with getting an approved final experimental protocol before the deadline set up your instructor will be factored into the grade that you will receive for the paper based on this experiment.
- Since the paper that you will write on your experiment in Lab 10 will be a full report that includes a Materials and Methods section, you will write a practice Materials and Methods section on the Hill Reaction protocol that you performed today and turn it in at the beginning of lab next time. Remember that a Materials and Methods section does not read like the protocol descriptions in this lab wiki. Refer to the Materials and Methods section in the Guide to Scientific Writing in the Resources part of this wiki for help and to this downloadable handout: Media: How_TO_WRITE_HILL_M&M.doc. You should also refer to the Methods section in some of the journal articles that you will use as references to model what should be included or left out. Remember that concentrations of key reagents should be expressed as final (effective concentration) at crucial points in the experiment.
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If you’ve been to Nova Scotia’s capital, you’ll know that the historic Halifax Citadel occupies some choice real estate in the centre of the city.
The Supreme Court of Canada has decided to hear a case over just how much that choice real estate might be worth, at least for taxation purposes. The case weighs what you might call the Mastercard question: How do you pin a price on something that is, in effect, priceless?Halifax Regional Municipality has been engaged in a lengthy battle with the federal government over assessed value of the historic lands. Under the Constitution Act, 1867, the Government of Canada is actually exempt from paying any municipal taxes. So when it comes to things like national historic sites and regional parks, a federal law called the Payments in Lieu of Taxes Act sets up a regime under which a municipality can apply for a federal grant to make up any lost tax revenue.
In situations where the feds and the municipality might disagree on a valuation, a Dispute Advisory Panel can be asked to look at the situation and recommend an amount for the grant to the Minister of Public Works and Government Services. The minister, in turn, is not necessarily bound to go with the number suggested by the panel.
There are a lot of numbers sloshing around in the Halifax Citadel case, but essentially the Municipality believes the property, which consists of about 49 acres, is worth about $39.6-million. At least in the early goings of the case, the federal government believed that amount is way out of whack, and argued the total value should be something around $2.5-million.
Why the big gap? The federal government’s approach has been to assign much of the property — some 47 of the 49 acres — a symbolic value of only $10. Since the land at issue is actually national park and the land can never be built upon, the federal government argues that the land shouldn’t be compared to the value of any other downtown space that can be exploited by commercial real estate developers, explains John Stefaniuk of Thompson Dorfman Sweatman LLP in a December note to clients.
Halifax’s position is the opposite. As summed up by a judge in a lower court ruling, limiting the value of the land to only $10 is “an unreasonable rejection of accepted appraisal theory.” Translation: C’mon folks, 47 acres of downtown Halifax must be worth more than a lunch or two a Tim Horton’s.
A Dispute Advisory Panel was asked to come up with a number for the Minister, who then tossed a number out there that the city didn’t like. Judicial reviews ensued, and the matter has worked its way up the juridical food chain to the Supreme Court. In the Federal Court of Appeal, the feds won on the valuation of some of the land, but lost on the valuation assigned to “casemates and demi-casemates” – structures that were originally used for ammunition storage.
To say that the Halifax Citadel is priceless is obvious; to say what its value for taxes may be is less clear. This judicial review concerns the value of the Halifax Citadel for purposes of federal payments in lieu of taxes.
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XML : eXtensible Markup Language :: Introduction to XML Parser
|What is Parser?|
An XML document is considered as well formed:
- If a minimum set of requirements are satisfied by the document
- A fatal error occurs if any of the requirements for well-formed-ness is not met by the document.
- A valid XML document is a well-formed XML document conforming to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).
|Types of Parser|
|Handling Error if not Parsed|
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(Vienna, 18 July 2019) Research in the field of wireless biosignal transmission is no longer a fringe phenomenon in the field of modern prosthetics. A large number of international research groups are working on potential solutions to create a more fluent man-machine interface. For the first time in the world, the research group led by Oskar Aszmann from MedUni Vienna's Department of Surgery, working with commercial partner Otto Bock Healthcare Products and a development group in the USA (Alfred Mann Foundation), has successfully implanted sensors in three male patients following nerve transfers, to transmit biosignals for wireless control of robotic arms.
"After more than two years of observation, the results demonstrate extremely reliable data transmission and much quicker and safer use in comparison with standard systems," says Principal Investigator Aszmann, who is very happy with this pilot project. The results have now been published in the top journal "Science Robotics".
The international research group is confident that, in the near future, wireless biosignal transmission systems will not only be used in the area of modern prosthetics but also make an important contribution in many other biotechnology sectors.
"These patients had had above-elbow amputations as a result of occupational or road accidents. In such cases, they not only have to have the hand and the wrist replaced by a myoelectric prosthesis but the elbow as well. The implanted sensors transmit the muscle signal wirelessly from the amputation stump to the prosthesis and are similarly wirelessly charged by a magnetic coil in the shaft of the prosthesis," explains study author Stefan Salminger from MedUni Vienna's Department of Surgery.
In combination with selective extension of the nerves that were responsible for hand and arm function before the amputation, these patients are able to control the prosthesis intuitively. This implantable technology could make a significant improvement in muscle signal quality, in particular, and, above all in the reliability of prosthesis control.
Service: Science Robotics
„Long-term implant of intramuscular sensors and nerve transfers for wireless control of robotic arms in above-elbow amputees” Salminger, et al. SCIENCE Robotics 2019. Science Robotics, 17 Jul 2019: Vol. 4, Issue 32, eaaw6306 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aaw6306
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Social Media and Fake News By Stefanie Panke for AACE Review, April 10th 2019 Just because you see it online, doesn’t mean it’s a fact… How to develop a spider-sense for fake news? The second session of my social media class dealt with the topic of fake news, one of the most hotly-debated socio-political topics of recent years. Websites containing hoaxes and misleading information pop up across the Internet and are often shared on social media to increase their reach – by both human users and artificial bots, deliberately or unintentionally spreading disinformation. In this session, we talked about critical consumption, and how we can make good choices about what we give our attention to, about where and how we seek out expertise and perspective, about how we process what we read and view. Do we have a problem with fake news? Fake news is a politicized and controversial term, used both to criticize mainstream media and to refer to problematic content online. As I live in the US, and am teaching this is class at a German university, we were specifically looking at the situation in these two countries. Contrasting the two countries helped us recognize fake news as a global phenomenon with regional differences. Some data points from statista.com: 54% of US Americans see fake news as a significant problem. 71% of US Americans see it as a serious problem that ‘outside groups’ are planting fake news on social media. 74% of Germans strongly or partly agree with the statement that fake news is a real threat to society. 41% of US Americans use social media daily to consume news. 65% of Germans describe the information in German media as generally credible. Asked to describe their level of trust in the mass media to report the news fully, accurately and fairly, 30% of US Americans stated ‘not very much’ and 21% stated ‘none at all’. While the problem is perceived as significant in both countries, Germans have a higher trust in traditional mass media, and consume overall less news via social media. Three Examples of Hoaxes and Fake News ZIKA: The arrival of Zika virus in the United States has generated a lot of activity on social media focusing on the algorithmic increase in the spread of the disease and its concerning complications. Sharma, Yadav, Yadav, & Ferdinand (2017) found that the misleading posts were far more popular than the posts dispersing accurate, relevant public health information about the disease. Momo Challenge: A recent scare went through social media, particularly in parenting circles: Momo, an alleged social media meme, supposedly targeted children and adolescents to commit acts of violence or self-harm, either through gamified challenge or subliminal messages in youtube videos. Vaccines: In the context of the class, we specifically looked at the claim ‘vaccines cause autism’, and how this message perpetuated through social media channels. Hoax.ly In preparation for the class, I looked at the tool hoax.ly. Specifically, I wanted to understand how this tool can help to get a sense of how disinformation spreads through social networks, particularly Twitter. Media Bias Google Chrome Extension How biased or diversified is your social media feed? I shared some examples from my Facebook wall that had been analyzed with the Google Chrome media bias extension. Social Media Bots and Fake Profiles Bots (artificial computer profiles) play a significant role in spreading fake news. They spread fake news in two ways: They keep “saying” or tweeting fake news items, and they use the same pieces of false information to reply to or comment on the postings of real social media users. Social media bots are easy to build. They leverage AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms, and have the purpose to amplify information. Amit Agarwal describes on the ‘Digital Inspiration Blog’ how to build a Twitter bot in mere five minutes. The website ‘This person does not exist’ allows you to create fake profile images based on an AI algorithm. Researchers are trying to discern if these AI products played an influential role in the 2016 US election, in the Brexit referendum and in the Ukraine conflict. Fake News Research Research interest in fake news is definitely on the rise: A search in the portal SCOPUS reveals that the number of research papers published on the topic of fake news jumped from 5 in 2016, to 247 in 2018. The majority of publications in SCOPUS stems from the social sciences and computer sciences, and authors are predominantly from the U.S. or U.K. A search in web of science reveals that fake news is an interdisciplinary research topic – garnering interest from communication, information and library science. What Can You Do? The OER textbook ‘Web-Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers’ is a tremendously helpful resource for people who care about facts. In class, we talked through some of Mike Caulfield’s main points. Since it’s our attentionthat is being hacked, we are far better off doing several short checks in a day than only a few thorough ones every now and then. Get these checks down to such a simple level that they become automatic routines like checking the mirror when changing the car lane. With some reasonable exceptions, you should fact check everything you share, and everything you have a strong (emotional) reaction to. Not everyone needs to have fact checking habits. If enough people do it, we obtain herd immunity to fake news and hoaxes. Caulfield’s 4 Moves: Check for previous work: Look around to see if someone else has already fact-checked the claim or provided a synthesis of research. Go upstream to the source: Most web content is not original. Get to the original source to understand the trustworthiness of the information. Read laterally: Once you get to the source of a claim, read what other people say about the source (publication, author, etc.). The truth is in the network. Circle back:If you get lost, hit dead ends, or find yourself going down an increasingly confusing rabbit hole, back up and start over knowing what you know now. As their assignment, I asked students to complete a ‘4 Moves’ fact check, and document how long it took them, and how easy they found the process. Fake News Experts on AACE Review My first notice that disinformation online should be a subject that teachers think about, and incorporate in their lessons resulted from the Innovating Pedagogy Report 2017. Since then, I owe my emerging awareness and understanding of fake news to two people, who greatly shaped my perspective on the subject: Sandra Rogers has written a series of blog posts for AACE Review on the topic of fake news, and introduced me to several of the tools discussed in class. Mike Caulfield is the author of the e-book ‘Web Literacy for Student Fact Checkers’, and I had the privilege to interview him for AACE Review – many quotes from this interview made it on my slides for the class session. References and Further Reading Panke, S. (2018). Improving Civic Discourse by Fostering Web Literacy: An Interview with Mike Caulfield. AACE Review. Rogers, S. (2018a). Interview with the Creators of Hoaxy® from Indiana University. AACE Review. Rogers. S. (2018b). Navigating Post-Truth Societies: Strategies, Resources and Technologies. AACE Review. Sharma, M., Yadav, K., Yadav, N., & Ferdinand, K. C. (2017). Zika virus pandemic—analysis of Facebook as a social media health information platform. American Journal of Infection Control, 45(3), 301–302.
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Brushing is the most important thing you can teach your little hero to ensure healthy dental habits for the future. But it’s not always easy to get them used to the routine. To adults, the sight of your toothbrush signals the beginning and end of your day, but for your little hero, it may be a sign to run fast in the other direction. If you’re finding it tough to get your child’s little pearly whites clean, here are a couple of ways you can make brushing fun and fruitful.
Learn how to battle those Sugarbugs with the help of Little Heroes Pediatric Dentistry!
If you treat brushing like a chore, your little ones are going to enjoy it as much as cleaning their room. Make it fun! When it’s time for them to brush, give them some freedom and allow them to try brushing on their own. Don’t be too strict with your instructions. If you give them too much direction, they’ll begin to feel pressured and brushing will end up being more of a household duty than a game.
Let your little hero pick out a toothbrush at the grocery store in their favorite color and allow them to choose their own toothpaste. Remember, they don’t make bubblegum flavored floss for nothing. Not only will they want to brush more often, they’ll have fun doing it knowing they were instrumental in the process.
Get them to practice brushing with their favorite dolls, action figures and stuffed animals. Sometimes teaching can be a learning experience for your children. If they can show their imaginary friends how important it is to have good dental hygiene habits, they’ll learn this, too. This will give them practice and they’ll have their plush friends as brushing companions.
Has your child been dreading the few minutes they have to spend with a toothbrush in their mouth? Turn up the music and brush away those cavities with your little hero’s favorite tune. Not only will they be brushing for the recommended two minutes, but they’ll also have a dance party while doing it.
Throw a cape on your child and have them fight the dreaded Superbugs like the action hero they admire the most. This is the time to establish who the real villains are: Plaki Plak, Gingi Gin and Cavity Creep. Use your imagination to create a storyline for your little hero, preferably one where he battles and defeats the Superbugs. Kids appreciate the fun and excitement and will want to keep brushing until all the bad guys are gone.
It takes a lot to do something you don’t want to do, so commend them for getting their brushing done with a sticker or prize each time they brush their teeth. They’ll walk away with a feeling of accomplishment and pride. The more you praise them, the more they’ll want to keep doing it. reward them with a sticker or let them stay up an extra 30 minutes. Stay clear of the candy, and opt to give him privileges he or she might be seeking.
Getting your Little Hero excited about brushing can be a difficult task, but The Little Heroes Pediatric Dentistry Team is here to help. If you’re having trouble getting your little hero acquainted with healthy dental hygiene habits, set up an appointment with our McAllen pediatric dentist.
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Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH)
The Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) provides easy and rapid access to a wide range of alcohol-related health indicators. It is an essential tool for assessing and monitoring the health situation and trends related to alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harm, and policy responses in countries.
GISAH is a further development of the Global Alcohol Database which has been built since 1997 by the Management of Substance Abuse team in the WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Data sources include government documents, national statistics, national and global surveys, WHO Global Survey on Alcohol and Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, other intergovernmental organizations, industry data, published scientific articles, and grey literature.
The main purpose of GISAH is to serve WHO Member States and governmental and nongovernmental organizations by making alcohol-related health data available. These data can help to analyse the state of the health situation related to alcohol in a particular country, a WHO region or sub-region, or the world.
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Ecosystem services are ways in which organisms and natural forces interact to support human life. It is through these natural services that people garner the most tangible value from biodiversity. Walking outside on a warm day you may feel the sun on your skin, see a butterfly pollinating a flower, and be cooled by a gentle breeze. The sun, the pollination, and even the breeze, are examples of ecosystem services. While some ecosystem services provide humans with basic necessities, others regulate climate and even disease. Underlying these are more fundamental ecosystem services including the recycling of waste, replenishing of soil and water, and photosynthesis.
At first glance, the fundamental ecosystem services of recycling waste and replenishing the soil may not appear to directly benefit humans; but think, for example, about the organisms and natural forces that support plant growth. Plants form the basis of many things, providing us with the oxygen we breathe and removing toxins from the air. Plants can also be eaten, turned into medicines, or used for clothing fibers and fuels.
These higher level ecosystem services would not be possible without the organisms which break down rock and organic waste. In doing so, these organisms create soil, replenish nutrients, and aerate the soil which allows water to reach plant roots more easily. In the process of breaking down waste, organisms also release elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Known as nutrient cycling, this service is not only essential to plant growth, but to overall ecosystem health.
By contributing to the array of nutrients available, biodiversity, in the form of plants, insects, and animals, helps humans meet their basic needs. Many medicines are also based on the diverse array chemicals found in plants, animals, and micro-organisms; nearly 50% of the most often prescribed drugs are derived from living things. The genetic diversity of these plants and animals increases the chances the populations of these species will survive when threatened by pests and pathogens.
Natural assets that help to regulate ecosystems and control infectious diseases substantially improve human health. The soil acts as a filter, cleaning rainwater or runoff of some pathogens and toxins before it reaches the ground water supply. By breaking down human and ecosystem waste, many organisms reduce the threat of diseases, like cholera. Sanitation systems which rely on these organisms also safeguard human health by removing harmful parasites and bacteria from the water supply. The presence of predatory organisms keeps a population of pathogens and its carriers relatively low. Reducing predator populations, as a result of habitat fragmentation or competition from invasive species, on the other hand, can lead to an increase in disease.
Another direct benefit of biodiversity is the security and stability ecosystem services can offer. Humans rely on regular nutrient cycling, weather patterns, and habitat conditions for basic necessities such as oxygen and nutrients, as well as for the commodities which drive our economy, such as fuel and crops. Rain, for example, is an extremely valuable ecosystem service because plants and animals rely on water to live, but also because it can help fight forest fires. Forest and wetland ecosystems have been shown to help mitigate or prevent flooding, droughts, and fires. In coastal areas, mangroves and coral reefs shelter the shoreline from erosion and heavy surf. Humans often benefit from the security such natural assets provide, though, estimating the monetary value of these services is highly variable because the natural assets are just that - natural.
According to estimates by economist Robert Constanza and his research team, if humans had to perform all the services that ecosystems perform, it would cost approximately $33 trillion. In 1997, at the time the estimate was calculated, the total gross domestic product of the world was slightly over half that: $18 trillion. Since ecosystem services are freely available, they are often undervalued when changes to the ecosystem are being considered. There are many uncertainties associated with modifying an ecosystem, and unintended consequences can be costly. Levees, a technological substitute for a river's natural flood control system of wetlands and floodplains, for instance, enables farmers to cultivate the rich soil by rivers, bringing greater economic security to an area. Failure of the Mississippi River levees in 2008, however, cost Indiana over $1 billion. Thus, it is imperative to critically asses the possible effects of ecosystem change and technological substitution on natural systems, a step which is often forgotten.
Updated by Skyler Treat & Nicole Barone Callahan
Ecosystem Services for Human Well-Being This short fact sheet from the Convention on Biological Diversity explains the goods and services which people obtain from ecosystems. An excellent diagram of the relationship between these services is included.
Ecosystem Services In this Ecological Society of America article, a group of notable scientists and economists including Gretchen Daily, Paul Ehrlich, and David Tilman gives a detailed description of many ecosystem services. The article also addresses how ecosystem services are valued and the uncertainty of human influence.
Biodiversity and Its Value This paper, sponsored by the government of Australia, includes a description of the value of ecosystem services, biological resources, and social benefits of biodiversity.
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| 0.942654 | 1,023 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The goal of a zero energy home is to have zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. A zero energy home uses on-site renewable energy resources as its only source of energy.
According to a strategic plan by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), it is estimated that net zero energy home construction will start by the year 2020.
The 2030 Challenge was established by Architecture 2030, stating that new buildings and renovations should reduce their fossil-fuel consumption in half by the year 2010, and all new buildings should be “carbon neutral” by the year 2030.
At She Builds “Green”, we feel that we don’t have to wait that long to build homes to zero energy standards. We believe that resources can be used more efficiently and a building’s negative impact on the environment can be reduced.
Zero energy homes work with nature and may include:
- High-efficiency heating & cooling systems
- High-performance insulation
- High-efficiency windows
- Water conservation fixtures
- Skylights or solartubes
- Efficient lighting
- Efficient appliances
- Exterior landscaping
- Photovoltaic array & solar thermal panels
- Air-sealing package
Contact us today to learn more about zero energy homes!
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The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has hosted an event that brought together a range of people to share their thoughts on how to make a bigger impact in tackling occupational disease.
Around 450,000 new cases of occupational-related ill-health are reported annually, with past exposures to harmful substances responsible for an estimated 12,000 or more premature deaths each year.
HSE Chair, Judith Hackitt, said:
“We often focus on what has been achieved in reducing the number of fatalities and serious injuries in Britain’s workplaces year on year, but every year these figures are dwarfed by the number of people who die prematurely from occupational disease as a result of exposure to harmful substances and conditions at work.
“The scale of the challenge and some of the complicating factors can make the challenge of addressing occupational disease seem daunting, but there are some examples of activities that have made a real difference. It takes a variety of interventions from supply chain working to improve equipment, new guidance to raise awareness and change working methods and sharing of good practice among businesses to bring about change. It takes action now to change the legacy of occupational disease for years to come.”
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It is very likely that heat waves will be more intense, more frequent and longer lasting in a future warmer climate. Cold episodes are projected to decrease significantly in a future warmer climate. Almost everywhere, daily minimum temperatures are projected to increase faster than daily maximum temperatures, leading to a decrease in diurnal temperature range. Decreases in frost days are projected to occur almost everywhere in the middle and high latitudes, with a comparable increase in growing season length.
For a future warmer climate, the current generation of models indicates that precipitation generally increases in the areas of regional tropical precipitation maxima (such as the monsoon regimes) and over the tropical Pacific in particular, with general decreases in the subtropics, and increases at high latitudes as a consequence of a general intensification of the global hydrological cycle. Globally averaged mean water vapour, evaporation and precipitation are projected to increase.
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| 0.911181 | 181 | 3.5625 | 4 |
By Morgan Wallace, MBA
This piece serves as a continuation of COVID-19 and the Black Community article (click here) written in late 2020. As a recap, “COVID-19 and the Black Community Part 1” gives a background about the origins of COVID-19 and the three common assumptions about the health disparities caused by the pandemic: increased prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in African Americans. However, these chronic conditions are quite common among White Americans as well. Instead, we look towards a different perspective to account for the variance in health outcomes between African Americans and White Americans. Ultimately, two main reasons might account for why African Americans died from COVID-19 at higher rates than their White counterparts: higher amounts of public testing sites in predominately white affluent areas and African Americans holding larger shares of non-medical “essentials jobs,” contributing to increased contact with individuals (some of whom could have been carriers of the virus). In the first article, we examined the first reason in more depth. Now we will focus on the second reason: African Americans holding larger shares of non-medical “essential jobs.”
African American workers are statistically more likely to hold a position as an “essential” worker. They make-up up 16.7% of all front line workers, but only make up 11.9% of the workforce. These workers make up a large part of the COVID-19 labor market with employment in grocery, convenience, and drug stores, public transportation, trucking and warehouse, postal service, health care, and child care and social services. During the pandemic, these workers remained in these positions in order to provide for their families. Essentially, they protected the community during this incredibly challenging time by providing services that are fundamental to the existence of mankind. Without “essential” workers, it would have been very difficult for whole communities to survive the pandemic, given “essential” workers provided access to life’s basic necessities. Although these workers were providing services for the benefit of society, unfortunately, they were in roles that inherently put themselves and their families at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to increased contact with many, many people on a daily basis. Not surprisingly this increased contact, significantly raised their chances of contracting COVID-19. Unfortunately, adding to their own increased exposure, upon returning home, their families also assumed increased risk by simply living in the same space and being in close contact with the “essential” worker(s) of the household.
Now that we know about the inequity of increased black labor in “essential” front line worker positions, let’s examine why African Americans disproportionately hold higher positions in this labor market. Unfortunately, the reason is quite simple: systemic racism. For decades, African Americans have faced unfair discrimination and have been historically disadvantaged in many sectors such as housing, employment, education, healthcare, and leadership opportunities. The consequences of persistent discrimination dating back decades has resulted in higher prevalence of African American deaths due to COVID-19 in the this pandemic.
What can we do about it? We need to protect African American workers. This means implementing policies about adequate and sufficient amounts of personal protective equipment (PPE) for front-line workers with oversight and enforcement, assuring accountability. It means ensuring economic stability and benefits (e.g. health insurance, workers’ compensation, stock options, and increased paid time off and emergency time off) for front-line workers. Wages need to significantly and permanently increase from their pre-pandemic poverty wages, as that was insufficient for front-line workers and their families then. A commitment to fighting racial injustice and protecting African American workers begins with enacting policies to ensure workers are protected with proper equipment and are adequately compensated at significantly higher wages to at least eliminate racial disparities in housing, income, wealth, education, and employment.
COVID-19 has hit the African American community hard with higher death tolls, less COVID-19 testing in predominately communities of color in comparison with predominately White affluent neighborhoods, and increased risk of exposure due to higher rates of “essential” front-line African American workers. In order to move forward, we need to protect African Americans with policies and policy enforcement, ensuring equity with their White counterparts across all sectors.
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The "Duke of Athens," as Walter VI was known to the Italians who experienced his ill-fated signoria in Florence, was, in fact, descended from French nobility. His mother, Giovanna de Chatillon, was the daughter of a constable to King Philip IV; his father, Walter V, held the titles of Count of Brienne and Lecce, and Duke of Athens. Walter's father fought unsuccessfully to defend his claim to Athens after its occupation by Catalan mercenaries in 1311. Despite a life-long dedication to this cause, Walter VI was never able to reclaim his Dukedom.
Walter VI of Brienne engaged in a strategic marriage to Margaret, the niece of Naples' King Robert, in 1321. At this time, Florence requested King Robert's support in protecting Guelph interests in Italy, and elected his son, Charles of Calabria, as signore of Florence for a ten-year period (1326-36). Walter VI's almost-princely position in the Angevin court soon won him an appointment as Vicar for Charles of Calabria, an office which he only exercised for a few months in 1326.
Walter VI spent the years following his brief appointment in Florence futilely attempting to recover Athens from the Catalans. However, he returned to Italy in 1342 when the Florentine ruling class of wealthy merchants called upon him to rule the city. Since 1339, Florence had been in the grip of a severe economic crisis brought about by immense English debts to Florentine banking houses, and by astronomical public debts incurred in trying to obtain the nearby city of Lucca from its Veronese lord, Mastino della Scala. The Florentine nobility looked to foreign powers to solve the city's seemingly impossible financial problems, and found an ally in Walter of Brienne. Although the ruling class invited Walter to rule for a limited time, the lower classes, who were fed up with the ineptitude of Walter's predecessors, unexpectedly proclaimed him signore for life.
Walter VI ruled despotically, ignoring or directly opposing the interests of the very same merchant class which had brought him to power. The "Duke of Athens" imposed harsh economic correctives on the Florentines, including the flat tax estimo, and prestanze, postponements of the city's repayment of loans forced from the wealthier citizens. These measures both angered the Florentines, and did help alleviate the crisis that had been stewing for years. After only ten months, Walter of Brienne's signoria was cut short by conspiracy. Walter VI was not only forced to resign from office, but barely escaped Florence with his life.
The "Duke of Athens" who appears in the seventh tale of Day Two of the Decameron as one of the nine lovers of the Sultan of Babylon's daughter, while not historically accurate, is probably a sarcastic allusion to Walter VI - his brief, but unforgettable dictatorship in Florence occurred less than ten years before the writing of the Decameron.
(R.P./N.S.) Adapted from Ingeborg, Walter. s.v. Brienne, Gualtieri di. vol. 14. Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1960. pp. 237-251; Schevill, Ferdinand. The History of Florence from the Founding of the City through the Renaissance, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936. pp. 217-225.
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|The Civil War
A Threat as told in a Texas newspaper on November 13, 1860
The Governor [of South Carolina], “earnestly recommended that, in the event of Abraham Lincoln’s election to the Presidency, a convention for the people of this State be immediately called to consider and determine for themselves the mode and measure of redress.”
"That the only alternative left, in my judgment, is the secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union. The indications of many of the Southern States justify the conclusion that the secession of South Carolina would be immediately followed, if not adopted simultaneously, by them, and ultimately by the entire South…. The State has, with great unanimity, declared that she has the right peaceably to succeed, and no power on earth can rightfully prevent it.”
In 1860, there were 34 states in the Union, after Kansas was admitted as a free state
Although sectionalism was rampant, no one really thought that a state would actually leave the union
On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede
By the time Lincoln took office, 7 states had left the Union- with at least six more considering secession
Lincoln did not want to have a violent struggle to achieve reunion, but soon things were out of his control
By April 1861, Southern troops had surrounded Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC, and prepared to lay siege on the fort.
Lincoln calls out the South!
‘In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve, protect, and defend it.’
Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address March 4, 1861
What is Lincoln saying here?
Why would he need to say this?
The Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed by early 1861
It’s Constitution was very similar to the US constitution
They had no formal political parties, although most were Democrats
However, they had a flaw that was very hard to overcome: they were just a confederation, not a union
Why might that be a flaw?
They were split over the issue of how far states rights could go
It’s On!!: Fort Sumter, SC
April 12, 1861, 4:30 AM: Confederate batteries (cannons) fired upon Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor
The commander of the fort realized that he nowhere to go and that he wouldn’t get reinforcements
They quietly surrendered, no one died.
The South rejoiced in the news, the North was shocked
Why would this be a very important event, even though there wasn’t much bloodshed?
Lincoln still has a choice- respond with military or not?
Time to Fight!!
Immediately following the fall of Ft. Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to join the army for 90 days- hundreds of thousands enlisted
The Confederates called for 50,000 volunteers – same result
Both sides believed that the war would last around 90 days – why?
Some were surprised by Lincoln’s actions to call so many volunteers
Although he felt he was doing something necessary, not everyone agreed with him
Perhaps most importantly, four more states left the Union: Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee
Lincoln’s Controversial Choices
Technically, Lincoln had no authority to form an army, only Congress could
Lincoln also ordered a blockade of the Southern coast – can a President do that?
In addition, he asked the Treasury department to raise funds to wage war
Because Congress wasn’t in session, he felt that he couldn’t wait to do something
Aftermath of Ft. Sumter
Lincoln had to deal with another crisis: what if Maryland seceded?
Immediately, Lincoln moved without the consent of Congress and the Supreme Court to suspend habeas corpus partly because Washington, DC was cut off from the rest of the country
Lincoln sent troops to Baltimore to arrest and imprison the mayor and other secessionists- without giving a formal charge
Chief Justice Taney said Lincoln had gone beyond his powers
Lincoln ignored him, and this prevented the Supreme Court in doing anything big afterwards
Reactions to Lincoln’s decisions
Lincoln got away with suspending habeas corpus because Congress was in recess
When they returned, he simply said he had no choice, and they agreed with him
To get around any Constitutional issues, the military would arrest people instead of law enforcement
This protected him since he treated them as prisoners of war instead of civilian prisoners
He felt that the Executive Branch had a duty to act swiftly, and could not wait for Congress to make up their mind.
Objectives for both sides
Union: to re-unify the nation, not emancipate the slaves
Confederacy: fight to the point where the Union would want to stop fighting, and to get European nations to get involved
Advantages/Disadvantages for the Union
Outnumbered the South in population 21 million to 9 million: about 4 million slaves were a part of the South’s population
Obviously had an overwhelming superiority in terms of industrial capability (100,000 factories in the North vs. 100,000 factory workers in the South)
Army was better equipped and more organized into proper divisions and regiments
Lack of leadership and experience amongst the higher ranking officers
Completely underestimated the determination of the Confederates
Advantages and Disadvantages for the Confederacy
Had a much better knowledge of the land, since they were fighting in their ‘own backyards’
Defending their homes and their way of life… whereas the Union was trying to stop it
Much better military leadership in Lee, Beauregard, Jackson, etc.
Poorly equipped and outnumbered, hard to get around via bad transportation network
Very little industry to provide for all the weapons and whatnot needed for the war
The Union thought the best way to defeat the Confederates was to surround them and ‘push’ from multiple points
Because the Confederates were surrounded, they would attack outwardly from a central location
Of course, this was a big disadvantage since they already were outnumbered and out supplied
However, they were quick to attack and were always on the move, which made them difficult to find
The Union wasted several opportunities to end the war, especially after Antietam and Gettysburg
First Bull Run: July 21, 1861
Even though little battles were happening across the country, there was no decisive battle for the first few months of the war
Union military leaders decided to invade Northern Virginia in the summer of 1861 and capture the Confederate capital, Richmond
Confederates knew their plans thanks to spies in Washington, DC
Battle was supposed to be THE battle of the Civil War for both sides – remember the goals for both sides?
Some wealthy Washingtonians decided to go watch the battle too – let’s watch people slaughter each other!!! (Remember other past examples of this?)
Bull Run Cont’d.
McDowell and his 30,000 troops attacked the Confederates, who numbered around 22,000 troops under the command of Beauregard
Immediately, the Confederate lines faltered, and victory seemed within the Union army’s grasp by lunch time.
Union soldiers began collecting souvenirs from the battlefield, but one section of the Confederate line refused to break… and this rallied the Confederates.
The Union defeat demoralized Lincoln and his cabinet
People already questioned his ability to lead the army, and now things were really bad
Lincoln and his staff realized that someone had to replace McDowell, so he chose a 34 year old successor in George McClellan
McClellan was known as ‘Young Napoleon’ but he was a really intelligent person who became very popular with his troops
He also was a little egotistical when it came to dealing with Lincoln – in his letters he refers to Lincoln as a ‘baboon’ and the ‘original gorilla’
Once the war started, abolitionists were pressing Lincoln to finally do something with slavery
His Democratic opponents relentlessly attacked him in the press
His own War Secretary, Simon Cameron was engaging in outright theft of money from the War Department – he was fired in early 1862
Military outcomes would be really important for Lincoln – why?
First, wins and losses steered public opinion – when the Union won, they cheered and supported him – when they lost, the opposite happened
Second, he couldn’t do anything politically when the Union lost, his opponents would use defeats against him
Third, victories allowed Lincoln to get away with some of the more controversial elements of his Presidency like the suspension of habeas corpus and civilian arrests by military authorities
Lincoln’s Home Life
Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had four sons – one of them passed away before he became President
His oldest son, Robert, was away at Harvard
His two younger ones, Willie and Tad, were rambunctious and probably the one distraction he had from the war
In February 1862, Willie died from a fever
This devastated him and especially his wife
Later in the war, when a fire killed Willie’s horse, Lincoln sobbed openly
The Peninsula Campaign
After 8 months of sitting around, McClellan, Lincoln, and others decided the best way to defeat the confederacy was to cut it off from the rest of the world.
The Navy would blockade the entire coast, and steam up the Mississippi River
The Army would go down Chesapeake Bay to southern Virginia, which would make the main army closer to Richmond
The plan was solid, but McClellan’s inaction cost it valuable time that could have prevented a longer conflict
McClellan arrived in Virginia with over 120,000 troops, ready to strike… but a lack of efficient maps made it difficult to advance
He also believed that the Confederates would be shocked into submission by the shear size of his army
The weather also didn’t help, and most roads were so muddy they could barely advance…
When he met a force of 10,000 Confederates, he dug in rather than attacked because the Confederate commander tricked him
He had his men march in a circle, which did what?
Meanwhile, Out West…
Remember, the media mostly paid attention to what was going on (or not going on) in Virginia, why?
The Union had some big victories out west like Fort Donelson, Ft. Henry, and Shiloh, but no one paid attention to them
They are also important because they made Grant and Sherman famous
Still, both of those guys had questionable reputations at this point and were actually demoted even though they won those battles
Interesting Order – one where women in New Orleans are regarded as prostitutes if they insult Union soldiers
Things Get Worse for the Union
While the Union was doing well out west, McClellan was still doing nothing in Virginia
Lincoln sent him a letter in which he said “YOU MUST ACT!!!”
Finally after waiting a month to attack, he began an assault on the Confederates, but the next day the Confederates ran away to join the forces that surrounded Richmond
McClellan rejoiced at his ‘victory’ and of course bragged about it, even though he ‘won’ because the Confederates decided to cut their losses and go help their friends
McClellan reached the outskirts of Richmond, the troops could even hear the church bells from the city… but again he hesitated to attack
He outnumbered the Confederates, but still asked for 40,000 more men
When he did attack, he found that he actually had some success
With McClellan approaching Richmond, and commanding general Joseph Johnston wounded, Davis turned to Robert E. Lee to lead the army
Lee was only a military advisor at this point
McClellan thought that this would be an easy fight, oops.
Lee quickly renamed his army – the Army of Northern Virginia, as a way to raise morale
Lee also understood that the clock was ticking and that he had to drive out the Union forces surrounding Richmond
So he basically pushed McClellan’s forces back to where they started over the course of a week
Lincoln was besides himself because he came so close, but McClellan was still adamant that he was right too
Lincoln also faced increased pressure from Abolitionists to free the slaves
Lincoln thought of a plan to pay $400 for every freed slave, and then encourage them to return to Africa or Central America
Why couldn’t he free the slaves in the Border States?
Congress also moved to deal with the issue of runaway slaves through a series of Confiscation Acts, but Lincoln regarded them as being somewhat unconstitutional
He was fighting to save his Presidency and the country.
Second Confiscation Act
“That all slaves of persons who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the government of the United States, or who shall in any way give aid or comfort thereto, escaping from such persons and taking refuge within the lines of the army; and all slaves captured from such persons or deserted by them and coming under the control of the government of the United States; and all slaves of such person found on [or] being within any place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces of the United States, shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves.”
How does this go further than the previous Confiscation Acts?
Can Lincoln actually enforce this, or does it violate the Dred Scott decision?
Lincoln and Emancipation
You thought McClellan screwed up before?
After the failure of the Peninsula, Lee decided to invade the North – why?
He chose to enter western Maryland, with the hope of gaining the support of locals – why would he think that?
Before he got there, he ran into part of the Union army (most of them were still around Richmond) at the Second Battle of Bull Run
He destroyed them and crossed the Potomac
Lincoln ordered McClellan to follow him, and happened to get a copy of Lee’s battle plan
He didn’t do anything… ugh!
16 hours after McClellan received his ‘gift’, his army encountered the Confederates near the town of Sharpsburg, MD
Had he attacked right away, he may have dealt a devastating blow to the Confederates, instead his men took up positions opposite the Confederate lines
Lincoln needed a victory in order to go ahead with his plans to free the slaves
Jefferson Davis needed a successful venture into the North to get the British and French to recognize the Confederacy as a nation
Everything was on the table for both sides… McClellan had about 60,000 men, and Lee had about 40,000
If Lee won, he would march on into Pennsylvania, and if McClellan won he could end the fight
The Battle Lines
The Battle of Antietam around 8 o’clock near a little church, known as the Dunker Church
Joseph Hooker commanded that part of the line for the Union, and he attacked the Confederates commanded by Stonewall Jackson and James Longstreet
Most of the fighting happened in a cornfield, and by the end of the first hour or so, most of the corn stalks had been sheered by bullets
Nothing happened, this ended in a bloody stalemate… but a hint of what was to come
The Sunken Road/Bloody Lane
The worst fighting during the battle happened along a little road that happened to have slight slopes on either side, known as the Sunken Road
The confederates held the road, and fired upon any Union soldier that came at them
But eventually the Union attacked the Confederates along the road, forcing the Confederates to take the lower ground
It was nasty, all the Union soldiers had to do was aim and shoot, and hundreds of Confederate soldiers fell
It was the first thing that went somewhat well for the Union during the day
In the middle of the lines was a bridge that crossed the Antietam Creek
On one side was 12,000 Union soldiers commanded by Ambrose Burnside (Sideburns)… on the other was only 400 Confederates…
Instead of crossing the creek, which wasn’t that deep, Burnside (who was good friends with McClellan) ordered his troops to only cross the bridge
It was a turkey shoot for the Confederates, who happened to be on higher ground overloooking the bridge
It was a disaster, and Burnside lost many men despite superior numbers
This was the climatic clash during the battle, and soon the fighting had ended
By the end of the day, the Union had 2,100 men killed, 14,000 casualties over all
The Confederates had lost about 10,000 men, about a quarter of Lee’s whole army
The 23,000-24,000 casualties marked the bloodiest day in American history
Lee thought McClellan would attack him the next day to finish him off, but again McClellan didn’t do anything
So technically the Union won the battle, but McClellan allowed Lee to fight another day
Lincoln was able to get his Emancipation Proclamation, and the Confederacy’s hopes for foreign intervention were dashed
Bye Bye McClellan!!!
After Antietam, Lincoln was frustrated that McClellan didn’t follow Lee into Virginia
He repeatedly ordered McClellan to follow Lee, but still he just sat there
Finally, Lincoln had enough and he fired McClellan – replacing him with Sideburns
Don’t worry – McClellan will be back, just in a different context
Emancipation Proclamation – what didn’t it do?
By May 1863, the Union once again reached a point where nothing seemed to go right
McClellan is replaced with Burnside, who was replaced with Hooker right after the defeat at Fredericksburg
Hooker was more aggressive than his predecessors, but he was just as cocky
Lee was outnumbered 2 to 1, and still did another daring split of his army
He met the Union army outside of a small town called Chancellorsville, and attacked them
Lee’s Cool Move
Lee did another daring maneuver to befuddle the Union army… send Stonewall Jackson around the Union flank and march through a dense forest
Hooker should have attacked Lee’s depleted forces, but instead he waited… and Jackson’s 28,000 men attacked them through the woods, and annihilated Hooker’s troops
Unfortunately, Stonewall Jackson was shot while checking the lines at night, by his own troops
Lee won his biggest victory, but it was also his costliest- he lost Stonewall Jackson as his right hand man
With every defeat, Lincoln’s opponents voiced their concerns about a variety of issues
Some of the biggest concerns were the suspension of certain civil liberties and freedom of the press
A group of ‘Peace Democrats’ or Copperheads, felt that Lincoln was a tyrant – were they right?
During the summer of 1863, the leader of the Copperheads, Clement Vallandigham, was arrested in Ohio by Sideburns
His arrest sparked protests across the country – and proved that Lincoln may have gone too far
Lincoln even banished Vallandigham to the Confederacy
Biggest battle of the war
Last major battle of the war that took place in a Northern state
Stopped Lee’s second invasion of the North
Most casualties of any battle during the war – 51,000
Battle started by accident, and Union soldiers weren’t ready for it
Some local townspeople got up and fought, including a veteran of the War of 1812
He was wounded and crawled back into town
Nothing major happened
Second day was dominated by the conflict surrounding Little Round Top
Confederates wanted to control it because it was the high ground of the battlefield
Union almost left it undefended because of a guy name Dan Sickles
Sickles took his soldiers away from the hill and got stuck in the middle of the battlefield
Eventually, a group of soldiers from Maine saved it from the Confederates
The third day, Lee thought that a full on assault of the Union lines would win the battle for him
Judging by this picture of the battlefield, was this a good idea?
It was over a mile across to the Union side
This was known as Pickett’s Charge
More than half of the soldiers who left on the charge never came back – either were killed or wounded
Problems aside from the War
During the war, both the Confederates and Union struggled to get volunteers – why?
The Confederacy passed a draft in 1862 to help with this – what is a draft?
Most people thought that being drafted was worse than volunteering, so it worked to get more recruits
Some felt the drafts were unfair because they allowed you to pay a fee of $300 to get out of it, or you could hire a substitute – who would be able to do this?
Most poor people could not afford the fee, since it was around their annual salary
NY Draft Riots
Right after Gettysburg, New York and other states had their first draft calls – or first rounds
Soon mobs of people raided the draft offices in NYC and other cities in protests, and in some cases set them on fire
For the next week, somewhere between 25-100 people were killed and rioters caused millions of dollars worth of damage across Manhattan
The army was called in, and peace was restored
This along with the protests of New York City’s mayor and the Governor of New York to resist the draft may have had something to do with it
How does the Address reflect the idea of creating something new once the war is over?
Why does Lincoln end with the phrase ‘of the people, by the people and for the people?
Why do you think this speech is so memorable?
Before the war began, both the Confederacy and the Union were pretty wealthy compared to most countries
But… neither of them had ever had to support such large armies and wage a long term war.
The North mostly took out loans to pay for the war, and raised the first ever income tax (5% of income)
The South printed over billions worth of paper currency: What did this cause?
Economically, the South was ruined because of the inflation caused by the printing of money – 9,000%
When the north printed money, inflation did not hurt them as much because they had more gold to back it up
These bills were called ‘greenbacks’, which is what we still have today, and they printed around 500 million dollars worth
What is the message of this cartoon?
What stereotypes about Republicans does it include?
How could this affect Lincoln’s chances at re-election?
Despite the victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Antietam, and other major battles, Abraham Lincoln fought for his political life
He faced some serious doubts facing the 1864 election especially after Draft Riots swept the country and his Emancipation Proclamation
He even composed a letter to his cabinet specifying what they needed to do to win the war before the next President took office – what did it say?
When Sherman captured Atlanta, things turned in Lincoln’s favor
He defeated George McClellan in the election and by the time he took his second oath of office, the war was nearly at an end
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Atlanta was an important railroad center for the Confederacy
Sherman captured it in September, 1864
Why would this be an important moment for the Union?
Sherman ordered his soldiers to destroy anything of military value: see picture
The Actual March
Sherman wasted little time on his march, destroying everything in his path
His 60,000 men divided themselves into two columns, 20 miles apart, and caused over $100 million worth of damage
They ripped up railroad tracks (Sherman’s neckties), burned cotton, took livestock, and gained the bitter hatred of Southerners
When he took Savannah on Christmas Day, he offered it to Lincoln as a present
Lee vs. Grant – A Bloodbath
Even the awful casualties in battles like Antietam and Gettysburg, nothing was like what happened when Lee and Grant fought each other in Virginia
Both of them were fighters, which meant they wanted to win, but also inflict damage on the other
Why would that hurt the Confederates?
Of course, people continued to be horrified by the tens of thousands of casualties that they read about in the paper each week from mid 1864 – early 1865
Eventually, Lee’s army collapsed under mass desertions and casualties
At last… the End.
In early April, 1865, Grant broke through Lee’s army and forced them to retreat
Grant chased Lee’s army to the small village of Appomattox Court House, VA
Lee realized his time was up because his men had no food, supplies, and only had 10,000 men left.
Grant gave Lee kind terms of surrender: men could keep their horses, officers their side arms, and food for their men
Overall, more than 620,000 people lost their lives during the Civil War- more than half from disease and infection
Another 600,000 were wounded during the war
The financial cost of the war is not known, one estimate was 9 billion dollars, but that didn’t cover all the destruction in the South
Even more than 150 years later, the wounds caused during the war haven’t completely healed – examples?
Lincoln’s assassination less than a week after Appomattox shocked the country- and obviously affected how the reconstruction of the South would be implemented
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There are various all-natural methods you may use for growing a vibrant, healthy, and bright organic garden. In order to use these methods, all you have to do is learn a little bit about them.
Selecting bulbs. Most bulbs are sold during their dormant period. Buy them as early as possible before they start to produce roots. Most spring flowering bulbs will begin to grow roots by early fall, and by planting them early, you will ensure that they have time to establish themselves. Bulbs will deteriorate if kept out of the ground too long. Don’t buy any bulb that is soft or mushy, or appears to be diseased.
If you live in an area with clay soil, coat your shovel or gardening trowel with flour or car wax before you start digging your garden. This will prevent soil from sticking to the blade of your shovel, making your work much easier. It also lengthens the life of your shovel by preventing rust.
To maximize the benefits of compost, put it in your garden about two weeks before you plant. Compost actually needs time to integrate with soil and once you combine the two they need time to stabilize. Plan to gather enough compost to fertilize your garden a couple of weeks ahead of planting to produce healthier and stronger plants.
To protect your crops from being ravaged by pests such as deer and other nuisance animals, be sure to fence your garden securely. A good fence will also keep other people from trampling your crops, or worse, stealing them. If you have burrowing pests like gophers, you may want to use raised beds for your vegetables.
If you want to grow roses, you should look into the different species. If you are a beginner, select a kind of rose that does not require a lot of maintenance. You can also get into competitions with extremely delicate roses. Make sure you choose roses that are adapted to your skills and experience.
Clean your garden tools before you put them away. It seems strange to worry about keeping a gardening tool clean, but it’s actually very important for the health of your plants. Tools that are put away while coated in dirt can harbor microbes and even insects that can be deadly to your plants.
To keep your plants from suffering irreparable damage, be sure to check them for bugs and various diseases at least once a week. All these problems are much easier to treat if caught quickly, and monitoring them closely can keep them from spreading to other plants. Research ways to treat common problems so that you’ll be prepared for whatever you encounter.
Brighten up your winter garden with trees that have interesting bark. A winter garden can tend to look bare and drab, especially if you live in a very cold climate. Three good choices are a paperbark maple, silver birch or scarlet willow. This will make a quite noticeable difference to the look of your garden.
Just about anyone who wants to plant a garden can plant one, but only those who truly understand what it takes will be successful. Simply follow this handy organic advice.
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What is a Pressure Safety Valve? (PSV)
A Pressure Safety Valve, also referred to as a pop-off valve, is a type of Pressure Relieving Device (PRD) that is used to release gases or liquids, and thus relieve pressure, in the case that the pressure in a vessel reaches a pre-determined setpoint. The purpose of a safety valve is to be the last line of defense in protecting equipment, the environment, and most importantly personnel. Unlike a pressure regulator, a pressure safety valve should be used as a final measure to prevent accidents, rather than consistently maintaining pressure. Because of this, pressure safety valves are heavily regulated and must meet ASME Code requirements.
Because of the importance of a PSV, the valve must be able to operate at any time in any condition. The operation of a pressure safety valve cannot rely on a power source so that it is operable in the case of a power outage. Therefore, all pressure safety valves ultimately rely on the process fluid to open and close the valve. The specifics on the valve operation are different depending on if the PSV is spring-loaded or pilot operated.
What are the differences in the operation of a spring-loaded and pilot-operated pressure safety valve?
In a spring-loaded PSV, also referred to as direct operating, the valve is closed by the force of the spring, which is compressed by an adjusting screw. This applies pressure to the spindle which keeps the disc sealed against the nozzle seat. As long as the spring force is greater than the force being applied by the process fluid, the valve will remain closed.
In an overpressure event, the force of the process fluid will overcome the spring force and the disc will no longer be sealed to the seat. When the setpoint pressure is just met, the valve will be being to leak. The link may be heard before it is seen. As pressure continues to increase above the setpoint, the valve will suddenly pop off (hence the name pop-off valve) and alleviate the pressure of the vessel.
Spring-operated regulators are more suitable for applications with high-pressure set points and corrosive process fluid than a pilot-operated PSV. Spring-operated valves are sensitive to back pressure and work best in applications where back pressure is not present.
A pilot-operated pressure safety valve has a similar design and the same components as a spring-operated pressure safety valve, with the addition of the attached pilot. Unlike the direct-operated, a pilot-operated PSV relies on the pilot to signal the main valve to open and close. In normal conditions, the pressure is picked up at the main valve inlet and is sent to a dome above the main valve. This inlet pressure applies enough force to the dome to keep the main valve seat closed. Once the set pressure is reached the pilot is actuated, the pilot will open to relieve the overpressure.
Pilot-operated safety valves are recommended for applications with fluctuating or high amounts of back pressure because of the ability to vent of pressure and prevent cycling. Pilot-operated is also a good option for equipment that requires a low accumulation rate as the pilot allows for operation close to the set point without any leakage.
What is the difference in a Pressure Safety Valve (PSV) and a Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)?
The terms Pressure Safety Valves (PSV) and Pressure Relief Valves (PRV) are often used interchangeably throughout the industry depending on company standards. Although PSVs and PRVs ultimately serve the same purpose, there are some differences in how they operate, the capacity, and the setpoint.
A pressure relief valve, which is typically set at 10% above the maximum operating pressure, opens proportionally to the pressure increase. A pressure safety valve, which is typically set at 3% above the maximum operating pressure, fully opens as an almost-immediate response to overpressure. A pressure relief valve is also usually controlled by an operator, while a pressure safety valve opens automatically without being prompted by an operator.
Pressure Safety Valves and Pressure Relief Valves are both referred to as Safety Relief Valves in some circumstances. In technical terms, a Safety Relief Valve has characteristics of both a PSV and PRV and can be used in either application.
While PSVs, PRVs, and Safety Relief Valves are referenced differently and interchangeably throughout the industry, it is important to understand the differences in the technical terminology so that you can be sure that the valves purchased operate in a way that is safe and efficient for your application.
What causes an over-pressurized vessel?
An overpressure event is defined as any condition that could cause the pressure of a vessel to exceed the maximum working pressure. There are several factors and scenarios that can result in over-pressure in a vessel including, but not limited to, blockage outlets, a cooling system failure, thermal expansions, external fires or heat, chemical reactions, or a valve malfunction.
The above events can all lead to overpressure, either individually or as simultaneous occurrences. Because there are so many variables that can play a factor in causing a potentially dangerous situation, carefully selecting a pressure safety pressure valve is extremely important.
What Factors Should I Consider When Selecting a Pressure Safety Valve?
Because Pressure Safety Valve play such a vital role in the protection of equipment and the safety of personnel, it is imperative to select the best valve for your application. There are several factors that need to be considered before purchasing:
- Set Pressure- You will need to determine the set pressure, which is the pressure point at which your pressure safety valve will need to open.
- Temperature- The temperature affects the volume of the process medium and also determines the what material is required for the valve components.
- Back pressure- The amount of back pressure will determine which type pf pressure safety valve you need.
- Application- Your application and the type of process medium that you are working with (steam, gas, liquid) will also play a factor is selecting a valve with the correct components.
- Connection Size- Safety Valves come in a wide range of connection sizes and types. The valve size needs to be as big as your inlet size and the discharge piping. You will also need to determine your type of connection (ie male vs. female).
- Required Capacity- Determining the maximum capacity is crucial to ensuring the safety of the valve. Pressure safety valves have their limits, so make sure to verify that your PSV can withhold the maximum capacity of your application.
What Pressure Safety Valves are available on Croft Supply?
Don't see what you are looking for? Contact us with your requirements and we will help you get what you need!
Want to look at all parts Croftsupply.com has to offer? Click here.
Want to purchase used or surplus equipment? Click here for SurplusEnergyEquipment.com
Want to lease or purchase new or re-certified processing equipment? Click here for Croft Production Systems.
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Instructions for constructing a kin term map in KAES
Note that while it is possible to elicit a terminology by entering the information directly into KAES, it is better to use the cultural frame. There are several reasons. The most important is that in doing the elicitation entirely in indigenous terms, you are sure you are not distorting the indigenous ideas that the terms represents–or at least probably not. If you use KAES, you have to as a minimum translate the allowed input elements: generator, ancestor, descendant, and so on. It is is entirely possible the these do not have exact indigenous counterparts, and the result therefore represents a distorted understanding. Moreover, and perhaps even more importantly, you are not eliciting the basic indigenous ideas of the generative concepts, and if you do not depart from the protocol implicit in KAES, you will have no way to get them.
Assuming, then, that you have the kin term map to enter. The first step is:
Click on KAES.jar
When Mainframe of KAES v4 opens, you have three buttons to choose from: New Terminology, Load Terminology or Load a terminology that is named in the right button. This is the last terminology that was saved. Load Terminology lets you search your computer. Click one
You then get the main working window. The file name is at the top.
To enter new position: operations>new term
When the entry box appears:
Click generator if term must be used in computations of additional positions, going outward. In English, brother is used, as in father’s brother = uncle. But cousin is not. Father’s cousin is nothing definite. Cousin’s father is unambiguous, but not going outward and not necessary to construct uncle.
A generator is a position, usually defined directly in relation to self, that is combined with another to compute a new position. All generators are direct kin, but not all direct kin are generators. For example, father is almost always a generator; father of father generates a new position, grandfather. Grandfather is not a generator because grandfather of a position is indeterminate. The program allows a generator to be specified as ancestor, collateral +, collateral, collateral -, or descendant. Pick one.
Self is not a generator.
Click on the background to register the definition of the position.
To relate a new position to others: click on lower big dot to start a line to a descendant. Drag line to top dot on the descendant position. For collateral (sibling) start from side big dot, red for connection to male, blue for connection to female. Neutral gender is grey. Start at the upper dot to connect the position to an ancestor (antecedent). Program will connect the line to the appropriate smaller dot.
Spouse must be defined as a generator before spouses will be linked. Start with spouse of self. If MS or FS, spouse of opposite sex can be defined in a position not linked to the map. Use same procedure: new term>enter name> gender>generator> spouse > ok.
If the descendant of a relation is the same relation, draw a line from the lower dot to the upper dot on the same position. If the parent of a relation is the same (the reciprocal of the first condition), it should not be necessary to construct an arrow from the top big dot to the bottom.
Color code for text and arrows:
Red = female
Yellow= female collateral (sibling) yellow is hard to read.
Green= male collateral (sibling). Green is hard to read.
Grey= male or female
Orange= spouse. (Orange is hard to distinguish from red.)
If the position is a collateral, upper and lower buttons indicate whether it is elder (upper) or younger (lower). Younger to older relation should be shown by a heavier arrow ending at the elder of the pair. Older to younger relation should be show by a lighter arrow ending at the younger of the pair.
The kin term table shows the product of all of the generators with all of the positions, if they do result in another position. The generators are along the top row. All terms are in the left column. The table should be read as (generator) of (term in left column) is (term at intersection in table).
If the kin term table shows that a computed product is missing, it can be added in the table. KAES will make the change in the diagram.
BUT KAES is not good for correcting entry errors in defining positions. For example, if you enter something as a generator and then realize that it is not, it probably will not suffice just to click on the position and unclick generator. It will probably be necessary to go back to operations>new term, and enter everything again.
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| 0.912036 | 1,004 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Play with Math!
The concept of play is often limited to younger students and less academic endeavors, but play can be a useful strategy in an unlikely discipline: Math!
Mathematics is known as logical and rigorous, but the subject doesn’t get enough credit for its true mischievous spirit, which is well-hidden from the world.
Play moves math instruction beyond rote memorization to a more expansive understanding of mathematics. Creating a sense of curiosity, even for simple concepts, engages students in a playful way and helps students develop numeracy sense!
Math is full of surprises that can be interesting and fun. There is no single path or strategy to the solution in many problems. Be receptive to surprises in how your kids think about and solve problems. An openness to the unexpected can foster a culture of playful curiosity. A playful mathematics learner is hopeful and optimistic—elements of a mindset that helps students improve their understanding of complex concepts.
Embrace the mess of the problem-solving process. Thinking is messy. We don’t always get things right the first time. Corrections, revisions, and even total transformations of the math are sometimes necessary.
Using puzzles, like the one here, creates space for students to play with more abstract concepts and ideas. The freedom of a playful environment creates opportunities for deeper engagement.
How did you solve the puzzle? Can you find a different solution?
Can you tell someone else how to solve it?
Let us know how you solved the puzzle!
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Is there a proper definition for the term Hindu? The meaning of the term Hindu has always been controversial for many reasons. Today it is limited to denote the practitioners of Hinduism or Hindu religion. But while searching for a definition of the term I came across a beautiful meaning and explanation of the term Hindu by Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan, Ph. D., D.litt. Indian institute of scientific heritage, Thiruvananthapuram.
The definition of Hindu as per Dr. N. Gopalakrishnan reads like this –
Aa sindho: sinduparyantham yasya bhaaratha bhoomikaa maathru bhoo: pithru bhoo (punya) schaiva sa vai Hindu iti smruthaa:
Meaning - Whomsoever, is considering the land between the sapta sindu ( Indus valley river) upto
Himaalayam samaarabhya yaavath hindu sarovaram tham deva nirmitham desam hindustaanam prachakshate.
The land created by god himself and which is lying between Himalayas and Indian Ocean is known as
You may also like to read
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Definition: An overflowing amount of water beyond its normal space.
How Do Floods Form?
- Floods form when there is a lot of rain at one time for a period of days
- When dams break from tornadoes or hurricanes all of the water that the dam was holding flows out
- Ocean sea levels could rise and fall creating tides that can come to shore
- tsunamis which are earthquakes in the water
- When places get a lot of snow and it suddenly all melts there could be a lot water
- More populated cities can get more floods because of run-off (when rain has no where to go)
What Are The Characteristics Of A Flood?
- Types of clouds are stratocumulus and cumulonimbus which are storm clouds and are big and layered
- Floods can last awhile depending on how much water their is
- Killed 1,836 people
- Caused 81-100 million dollars of property damage
- Took place in the United States in 2005
- There was a hurricane and then a levee broke which is like a dam which was used to hold back the Mississippi river and water came out fast
- 6,167 people were injured
- 705 people are still reported missing
- Started out as a Hurricane and then the levees broke which is like a dam and the Mississippi flooded New Orleans
China's Yellow River
- Happened from heavy rain causing the overflowing of the Yellow River in China
- Killed 900,000 people
- Happened in China 1887
- cost of property damage not recorded
- amount of injured people no data found
Impact On Human Life
- Build houses with waterproof materials
- Build more dams and levees
- Make emergency supply kit
- listen to water reports
- Turn of gas and electricity during flood
- Surviving natural disasters By: Marcia Amidon Lusted
The map above shows where Hurricane Katrina took place and the Mississippi river is which is the water that flooded New Orleans.
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This animation show where and when photosynthesis happens around the world as the seasons come and go. The land in the Northern Hemisphere gets greener each spring and summer, an indication of high rates of photosynthesis, and yellow during autumn as most plants become dormant and the amount of photosynthesis decreases. In tropical rainforest areas, plants live and photosynthesize all year long.
The Earth's Biosphere
The biosphere is all life on our planet. This includes all the things that are living as well as the remains of those that have died but have not yet decomposed. The biosphere includes life on land and in the oceans - multitudes of plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria.
Have you heard the expression “carbon-based life forms”? The living things on our planet are called carbon-based because most of the molecules in them are chains of carbon atoms linked together. These carbon chains really add up when you consider the total amount of life on the planet. Add it all up and the life on our planet contains approximately 1900 gigatons of carbon. That’s heavier than 116 billion school buses!
The biosphere has a great impact on the climate because the biosphere is closely connected to the atmosphere. When plants harness the Sun’s energy through photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere and carbon dioxide is taken out. When plants and animals respire, carbon dioxide gas is added to the atmosphere and oxygen is taken out. Microbes living in soils can add nitrous oxide gas to the atmosphere. As humans burn components of the biosphere such as fossil fuels, forests and fields, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are released into the atmosphere.
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!Traveling Nitrogen
is a fun group game appropriate for the classroom. Players follow nitrogen atoms through living and nonliving parts of the nitrogen cycle. For grades 5-9.
You might also be interested in:
Kingdom Plantae contains almost 300,000 different species of plants. It is not the largest kingdom, but it is a very important one! In the process known as "photosynthesis", plants use the energy of the...more
Members of the Kingdom Protista are the simplest of the eukaryotes. Protists are an unusual group of organisms that were put together because they don't really seem to belong to any other group. Some protists...more
Eubacteria, also know as “true bacteria”, are microscopic prokaryotic cells. Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are Eubacteria that have been living on our planet for over 3 billion years. Blue-green...more
Photosynthesis is the name of the process by which autotrophs (self-feeders) convert water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy into sugars and oxygen. It is a complex chemical process by which plants and...more
Respiration is the name of the general process where organisms convert sugars and oxygen into biochemical energy. The process happens in all organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria....more
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a kind of gas. There isn't that much carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, but it is still very important. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. That means it helps trap heat coming...more
Look up into the sky and you look through millions of air molecules, eighty percent of which are nitrogen molecules, two atoms of nitrogen bonded together. Nitrogen is found all over the planet, not just...more
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Thirteen black youths seek to be served at a Katz Drug Store counter.
The youth return to the Katz food counter and are refused service.
Katz begins serving a large group of black youths shortly after 3:30 pm.
Thirty-five black children sit quietly for more than six hours in the John A. Brown Co. luncheonette. That morning S. H. Kress and Co. serves black youths on a "stand up” basis (stools had been removed at the counter).
Sixty-six black youths accompanied by six adults enter Brown's luncheonette and stay for six hours without being served. Several minor incidents occur, with one white man and four white boys being ejected.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Youth Council members take their plea for service in downtown eating places to city churches; 17 white churches welcome them, two churches segregate them and one turns them away.
Eighty-five children and five adults sit all day in Brown's luncheonette without being served.
Eighty-five youths sit down at Brown's luncheonette with no service. A 23-year-old white man is arrested on a charge of disorderly conduct after he is accused of striking a 15-year-old black youth. The youth is ordered to children's court the next day. Earlier in the day, a white man is detained by police after officers said he "lost his temper.” Clara Luper, head of the Oklahoma City youth council of the NAACP, reports receiving threatening phone calls and a letter.
One hundred and thirty five youths participate in a sit-in at Brown's luncheonette, but find most of the seats "reserved for employees only.
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BREAST HEALTH TIP 6: Vitamin D Vitamin D protects against breast cancer in several different ways. Your body is able to manufacture vitamin D through a chemical process in your skin caused by sunlight. Just 15 minutes of sunlight on your skin daily creates all the vitamin D you need. If you can’t get this much sunlight on your skin, be sure to take supplemental vitamin D.
Most famous for making bones and teeth strong by helping the body to effectively use calcium and phosphorous, vitamin D has another notable talent. Research shows that vitamin D protects against and fights breast cancer. It helps to make your breast cells more resistant to toxins, decreases the ability of breast cells to divide, stops tumor cells from growing, causes the death of tumor cells, prevents new blood vessels from growing into a tumor, and boosts the immune system, especially the activity of Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Vitamin D is unique because your body can make its own supply. The secret catalyzing agent is not from this world; it comes from a star—the sun. Sunlight reacts with chemicals in your skin to produce vitamin D. Just fifteen minutes of sunlight a day makes enough vitamin D to reduce your risk of breast cancer by as much as 40 percent. Of course, too much sunlight isn’t a good thing, because the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight damages the DNA in skin cells. If you get too much sun, especially if you have lightly pigmented skin, the damage can be severe. Serious ultraviolet-radiation damage to your skin can cause premature aging, leathery skin, deep wrinkles, discolored spots, and potentially deadly skin cancer.
But a little sunlight is important to enable you to make enough health-promoting and -protecting vitamin D. Fifteen minutes in the early morning or late afternoon—when the suns rays aren’t so intense—is ideal. Combine it with a brisk walk, and you double your benefits. Research shows that regular aerobic exercise can lower your risk of breast cancer by 30-50%.
If you live in a climate that doesn’t see much sun, especially during the cold winter months, taking supplemental vitamin D is a must. Fatty fish (for example, salmon and mackerel) are about the only foods with natural vitamin D. Most of the vitamin D in our diet comes from foods that are fortified with it, for example, certain dairy products and breakfast cereals. Most multivitamins have the daily recommended amount of vitamin D in them, about 200–400 international units (IU).
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At Mass and other liturgical services, priests and altar servers swing censers that send clouds of incense wafting through the air.
Everything in Catholic liturgies symbolizes a theological truth—nothing is superfluous or “just for show.”
So what does incense symbolize?
What Incense Symbolizes in Christian Liturgy
The smoke of incense is symbolic of sanctification and purification. It also symbolizes the prayers of the faithful. It is an outward sign of spiritual realities, which is why it has its place in Christian liturgy.
These two purposes reveal a deeper truth: that prayer itself purifies and sanctifies us, making us worthy of worshiping God in heaven for all eternity with the angels and saints.
https://www.youtube.com/embed/M8zZE_HJd2g?feature=oembedThis video shows the world-famous giant thurible from St. James Cathedral (Santiago de Compostela) in Spain.
Many Bible commentators show how the Tabernacle in the Old Testament is a pattern of human beings as temples or dwelling places of the Holy Spirit. Before we can dwell with God in eternity, there is a need for our purification and sanctification—the removal of sin. One of the ways this happens is through prayer.
This spiritual meaning is evident in the wisdom books of the Old Testament, in which prayer is connected with purification, making our prayer a sweet aroma rising up to God:
Let my prayer be counted as incense before thee, and the lifting up of my hands as an evening sacrifice!
Listen to me, O you holy sons, and bud like a rose growing by a stream of water; send forth fragrance like frankincense, and put forth blossoms like a lily. Scatter the fragrance, and sing a hymn of praise; bless the Lord for all his works.
—Sirach 39: 13-14
Incense in the Old Testament
Incense has been used in Christian liturgy from its earliest days. In fact, it continued the Jewish tradition that came before it—a tradition that was commanded by God Himself and recorded in Sacred Scripture.
For example, God commanded Moses to make an Altar of Incense for worship in the Tabernacle:
You shall make an altar to burn incense upon; of acacia wood shall you make it . . . And Aaron shall burn fragrant incense on it; every morning when he dresses the lamps he shall burn it, and when Aaron sets up the lamps in the evening, he shall burn it, a perpetual incense before the Lord throughout your generations.Exodus 30:1-10
God also gave instructions on how the incense should be made through a “holy recipe”:
And the Lord said to Moses, “Take sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum, sweet spices with pure frankincense (of each shall there be an equal part), and make an incense blended as by the perfumer, seasoned with salt, pure and holy; and you shall beat some of it very small, and put part of it before the testimony in the tent of meeting where I shall meet with you; it shall be for you most holy. And the incense which you shall make according to its composition, you shall not make for yourselves; it shall be for you holy to the Lord. Whoever makes any like it to use as perfume shall be cut off from his people.”Exodus 30:34-38
From these passages and others, we can infer that incense was part of a ritual cleansing and purification of the sacred space of the Tabernacle, making it a worthy place for the worship of God according to His divine terms. In fact, frankincense—mentioned frequently in the Bible—is now known to have antiseptic and disinfectant properties.
God gave these specific instructions to Moses because the worship of God by Israel in His earthly Tabernacle was a pattern of the worship of God by the angels in His heavenly throne; that is, worship on earth was intended to be united with the worship taking place in heaven.
Incense in the New Testament
The New Testament also records the use of incense. Frankincense was one of the precious gifts brought by the Three Kings to the Baby Jesus—a sign of His role as a priest in addition to His roles as prophet and king.
In his apocalyptic visions of heaven, St. John the Apostle recorded that he saw incense being used at God’s heavenly throne:
And between the throne and the four living creatures and among the elders, I saw a Lamb standing, as though it had been slain, with seven horns and with seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent out into all the earth; and he went and took the scroll from the right hand of him who was seated on the throne. And when he had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each holding a harp, and with golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.Revelation 5:6-8
In the above passage, incense is identified with the prayers of the saints.
In the passage below, incense is added to the prayers of the saints by an angel, highlighting the mediation of the angels in our worship of God:
And another angel came and stood at the altar with a golden censer; and he was given much incense to mingle with the prayers of all the saints upon the golden altar before the throne; and the smoke of the incense rose with the prayers of the saints from the hand of the angel before God.Revelation 8:3-4
Incense Calls Us to Prayer
When we see incense at Mass, it reminds us of heaven; indeed, it should remind us that our worship of God in the Christian liturgy is divine in origin. Incense also reminds us to that our prayer rises to God like the smoke from the censer, purifying our worship of Him, and allowing the Holy Spirit to work in us and make us holy.
The usage of incense adds a sense of solemnity and mystery to the Mass. The visual imagery of the smoke and the smell remind us of the transcendence of the Mass which links heaven with earth, and allow us to enter into the presence of God.Fr. William Saunders
The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass transcends space and time, while the use of incense helps the worshiper to enter into this eternal reality through the use of the external senses.
That is why incense—fragrant to the senses and visually compelling for the mind and heart—is such a powerful liturgical gift.
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FREE 3rd Grade Fractions Vocabulary Dominoes!
This vocabulary domino game was made to assist students in becoming proficient with mathematical vocabulary related to fractions. The game is designed to be printed, cut apart for your classroom, and laminated if desired. It is designed to be an independent activity for students to use during math stations.
The dominoes, worksheets, and answer keys come in both color and black and white versions.
This set is also level coded.
This set was specifically designed for on-level students. Students will practice matching the mathematical vocabulary words to their definitions. Also included is a crossword puzzle which can be used as a review and/or formative assessment at the end of the fractions unit.
Additional sets are available in my store as follows:
1. Below-level set
: students will practice matching the mathematical vocabulary words to picture representations.
2. Above-level set
: students will practice matching the mathematical vocabulary definitions to picture representations.
3. Fully Differentiated Set
: includes below, on, and above-level sets of dominoes, as well as the leveled worksheets.
Thank you for downloading! Please leave feedback and become a follower of my store for updates and free products.
Stay tuned! Additional bundles will be available soon which cover different math concepts.
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Discover how to create a double exposure text effect in Photoshop.
For this tutorial, we are going to use the image/images of flowers and Landscapes. You can use any photo of your liking, the only thing that will be a good idea is that the background is as flat as possible so it will be easier to work with. We will also use a very Fat/Bold Font to fill with our images (we used Free Font “Peace Sans”).
1 - In Photoshop create a “New Document” with a White “Background” and a 300 dpi “Resolution”.
2 - Select the “Type Tool” (T), choose the font you like and write your text. You may want to increase the “Kerning” and/or “Tracking” to have more space between your letters.
3 - Open the image or images you want to use (flowers in our case) and drag it into your Document. Resize it if needed using “Free Transform” “Command/Control + T) and place it on top of your text.
4 - Lower the “Opacity” of your flowers a bit (we set it to 78%) to be able to see your text and move the flowers around to place them in the best position on top of the text. You can Resize, Rotate, etc. your Layer to achieve this.
5 - Let’s get rid of the background, select the “Magic Wand Tool” (W) and click in the anywhere to select your background, then, go to Select > Similar to expand your selection.
6 - If you notice that some parts of the image you wish to keep were selected, use the “Polygonal Lasso Tool” (L). To add to your selection, click the “Shift” key and to subtract from it click the “Alt” Key while using your Tools or use the buttons in the Top Menu. Make sure the entire perimeter of the canvas is selected.
7 - “Invert” your selection (Shift + Command/Control + I) and click on the “Add Vector Mask” button at the bottom of the “Layers” Menu to get rid of the “Background”. Fix the edges of your image by increasing the “Feather” of your Mask in the “Properties Panel”.
8 - “Duplicate” your Layer (Command/Control + J) and move it around to add more Flowers. You can go to Edit > Transform > Flip Horizontal (or Vertical, etc.). You can also “Turn Off” (and back “On”) the layer visibility by clicking on the small eye icon to its left if you need it. Do as many Duplicates as needed, then select them (Shift key) and click on the “Create New Group” button on the bottom of the “Layers” Panel to Group them together.
9 - Click on the “Text” Layer thumb while holding the Command/Control key to make a selection and then make sure you are back on your “Group” Folder and click the “Add Vector Mask” button at the bottom of the “Layers” Menu. Turn off the “Text” Layer, click on the small Arrow to the left of the “Group” Folder to show its contents and change the Top-most layer “Blending Options” to “Multiply. The one of the second from top to “Darken” and the one of the third from top to “Linear Burn”. Leave the bottom one “Normal”. *
10 - Open the other image/images you want to use and drag it to your Document. Resize it and/or Rotate if needed. Make a selection of the “Text” and a “Mask” of it in your new Layer and change its “Blending Mode” to “Linear Dodge (Add)”.
11 - Click on the small black and white circle at the bottom of the “Layers Panel”, choose “Gradient” to create a “New Gradient Fill Layer” and use a “Linear Gradient” with a 90° Angle starting from #4b9898 to #2f8f63. Place that Layer on top of everything and change its “Blending Mode” to “Vivid Light”. Select all your Layers (except the original Text one) and “Group” them together.
12 - Let’s try another look: Duplicate this “Group” (Command/Control + J) and hide it. Show the contents of the duplicate Folder, delete the “Gradient” Fill Layer and change the “Blending Mode” of the Top Layer to “Exclusion”. Go to the “Adjustments Panel” and create a “New Levels Adjustment Layer” on top, clip it by clicking on the small button at the bottom of the Panel and play around with the Levers (values) to enhance your image.
13 - Here are our two Double Exposure options.
* Depending on your images you may need to use different “Blending Options” and/or “Opacity” values.
In our tutorial, you will learn how to create double exposure text in DesignScape. Double exposure is an old photographic technique of superimposing one exposure over another. This creates an unusual photographic result. DesignScape, so why not give our , an awesome online editing tool, available on the Gold Plus Membership ...
For this tutorial, we are using “Bukhari Script” from Fontbundles.net (https://fontbundles.net/mikrojihad/33277-bukhari-script), some cake textures (there are some web pages that have free images that you can useas textures) and a plate and table background images.We are going to divide this tutorial in two sections. ...
In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a double exposure effect in Photoshop. Double exposure is a photographic concept that can be easily reproduced in Photoshop. We do this by combining two photos with the help of layer masks and blending modes. Your artwork will look wonderful on ...
For this tutorial we are using a canvas or paper background and Titin Script from Font Bundles.1 – Create a new “Gradient Layer” under your “Texture” layer. Use a “Transparent to Fill Color” gradient with #d3d1d1 and #918f8f as colors, the Style as Radial and a 250% Scale. Hit ...
For this tutorial, we will use a Background image containing an electronic device and the font “Vintage Jack”.1 - In Photoshop, open the image you chose as “Background”.2 - Create a “New Document”, make it 1 x 10 Pixels @ 300 dpi, RGB “Color Mode” and choose “Transparent” as “Background Contents”. Switch “Foreground” and “...
For this tutorial we will be using a canvas or paper background and Titin Script from Font Bundles.1 – In Photoshop create a new document or open the one with the background you wish to use.2 – Click the “Create a new fill or adjustment layer” button at bottom of the “Layers ...
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Why investors will feel the sting from pollinators' decline
March 08, 2016
Given the enduring challenges in global markets, investors could be forgiven for overlooking the impact of pollinators on their portfolios. But the rapid decline of one particular pollinator population, the honey bee, particularly in North America and Europe, holds increasing investor risk. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that bee-pollinated commodities are worth US$20 billion in annual US agricultural production and US$217 billion worldwide – a service all provided for free. Bees
Along with the risk to spikes in global commodity prices, declining bee numbers could hit a long list of pollination-dependent industries, from food retailers and manufacturers to luxury goods makers and global drinks groups. And that doesn’t include the risk to investors in agro-chemical groups making the pesticides accused of killing bees should they lose their multi-billion dollar markets – or the danger of agricultural yields falling without access to pesticides, as farmers fear they will.
The World Economic Forum has just placed the impact of lost biodiversity and ecosystems in a basket of ten top global risks alongside the likes of climate change and water scarcity. Asset owners and managers have a unique position when it comes to addressing the financial impact of these kinds of challenges.
The time has come to incorporate pollinators’ and particularly honey bees’ risk into investment strategies.
About 75% of the world’s food crops depend at least in part on pollination, of which bees do most of the heavy lifting: bee pollination is also known to improve the yields and quality of the fruit, veg and nuts pollinated.
Bees’ decline is already costing money. The USDA found nearly a third of the country’s commercial honey bees died last winter, up 42% from the previous year and coming on top of decade-long declines. California now requires honey bees to be transported across the country to pollinate its US$2.3 billion almond crop (a mainstay for global confectioners and cereal makers) requiring an estimated 1.5 million bee hives at a cost of about US$150 a hive. In southwestern China, declining pollination has forced farmers to resort to costly and time-consuming hand pollination to do the job bees no longer are.
Bees help pollinate fodder crops for the global meat and dairy industry and cotton for the textile industry. Economic growth in India, Brazil and China means diets will continue to improve, and demand for pollinator-dependent crops (rather than just the staples, which bees don’t pollinate) will increase. Hotspots of pollinator dependence across low-income countries could affect national economies where single crops are big contributors to GDP, as well as important sources of nutrition and health (resulting in increased risks of malnutrition).
Food retailers such as Tesco and Walmart carry risk across their supply chain from fresh fruit and vegetables to processed meals, fruit juices and confectionary. Food manufacturers Nestle and Unilever, purveyors of flower-dependent perfumes such as luxury goods groups LVMH and L’Oréal and soft drink makers manufacturing fruit-flavoured drinks, are all at risk from pollinators’ decline. As are pharmaceutical industries reliant on natural flora and fauna, and biofuel industries.
Pesticide manufacturers Dow AgroSciences, Syngenta and Bayer are exposed through their product lines, with Syngenta claiming “the neonic ban would reduce sales by US$75 million, approximately 6.5% of worldwide sales.” Pesticide sales at Dow AgroSciences were hit at the end of last year by regulatory uncertainty and manufacturers have recently found big US retailers, such as Lowe’s and Home Depot, taking their products off the shelves in response to consumer activists.
This makes protecting pollinators an important piece in the puzzle towards achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals around eradicating hunger, improving nutrition, and protecting biodiversity.
ACCOUNTING FOR BEES
But the ability investors have to scrutinise companies is currently hindered by poor pollinator disclosure. This has led to a call for corporations to adopt a shared framework to report bee-related progress and highlight areas of improvement, providing an overview for investors. In the US, where SEC guidelines on annual reporting ask companies to declare the risks they’re exposed to, a 2014 study of S&P 100 stocks found that not one company disclosed honey bee risk in this context. US corporations are, however, more forthcoming in their sustainability reports, with index heavyweights including Fed Ex, Walmart and Monsanto disclosing various bee initiatives like community education and employee training. The hope is that government-led initiatives like the Pollinator Health Task Force, plus growing pressure from accountancy firms on their clients to disclose the importance of biodiversity to their businesses, will encourage more disclosure.
A similar story unfolds in other regions including Australia, Europe and South Africa. None of South Africa’s biggest food and drugs groups report honey bee exposure in their financials, although some refer to initiatives to encourage biodiversity in other corporate material. Similarly, in Sweden only a handful of companies disclose their pollinator exposure to shareholders and investors. But, encouragingly, a growing number of companies are publicising, in print and online, initiatives to boost bee populations, such as investments in roof hives and the setting up of education programmes.
As investors require robust ESG disclosure to make informed investment decisions, listed companies need to start reporting consistently and comparably across global markets.
Investors need robust academic and scientific research to guide strategy, which the recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) seeks to do. But the inconclusive science behind the honey bees decline isn’t a reason to stay on the fence.
At the moment, the absence of any conclusive research into the effect of pesticides on bees leaves politics, rather than science, driving the regulatory framework. The exposure to the state of flux in regulation as governments grapple to manage bee population decline is an investment risk in itself. (Scientists haven’t found a definitive reason for the decline in bee numbers. Research so far points the finger at a cocktail of habitat decline, climate change, the use of the pesticide neonicotinoids and parasitic diseases especially the varroa mite, present in most regions, apart from Australia.)
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is unlikely to expand the use of, or approve any new, neonicotinoids while it continues to evaluate the danger they may pose to honey bees. Meanwhile, campaigners are successfully overthrowing decisions the EPA has made regarding some pesticides. In Europe, the EU has banned most neonicotinoids since 2013 but licensed others without any coherent explanation. Amid the confusion, a handful of Canadian and US municipalities have taken the matter into their own hands and recently banned neonicotinoids. The UK decided to temporarily end its ban on neonicotinoids for 120 days, contrary to EU policy, following an application by the National Farmers Union.
One thing is for sure: insect pollination requires investment and stewardship to protect and sustain it and not only are global investors at risk, they are uniquely positioned through their influence and exposure to many of the actors involved, to tackle the problem by increasing awareness, dialogue and engagement.
It’s already started. PepsiCo shareholders are petitioning the company to assess the financial risks it faces due to the decline of pollinators across its supply chains, also pressing the drinks giant to report on its strategy to reduce high-risk pesticides. Other companies have begun putting in place pilot studies within their supply chains to assess the outcome of different production practices.
Investors can engage on the importance of sustainable agriculture and biodiversity with policy makers and companies. They should demand policies to encourage it, such as organic farming, setting aside strips of wildflowers at the edges of fields and preserving hedgerows.
Investors can also proactively protect pollinators and restore pollination services. In 2015, for example, Low Carbon Limited (a renewable energy investment company and signatory of the PRI’s Montreal Carbon Pledge) partnered with Plan Bee to install 25 beehives on five of its solar farms across southern England to help cultivate local crops and encourage biodiversity.
Research from asset manager Schroders found that only a third of the 25 companies it surveyed made explicit reference to their long-term success being dependant on the functioning of a healthy ecosystem and only 20% recognised their role in having to preserve and restore ecosystem services and biodiversity.
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- Education and Science»
- Art History
Edvard Munch's "The Scream" - A Description
About Edvard Munch
Edvard Munch was born in Norway in 1863. Right after his graduation in Oslo, Munch enlisted with the Norwegian avant-garde. Munch studied the works of Gauguin, Van Gogh, and Toulese-Lautrec, in an effort to gain some insight into and pressure the establishment more. This was all done, of course, peacefully, with easy recourse as the pen and the paintbrush is always mightier than the sword, especially in the 19th and 20th century. Munch is counted among the foremost pioneers of the new art of painting. This opposite of natural spectatorship and painting, tends to inwardly redress the emotional experience and place that onto the canvas.
Unfortunately in 1908, Munch suffered a nervous breakdown, after which his portrait paintings forever were changed by this traumatic experience. From this nervous breakdown came one of the most significant works of art, along all lines regardless of secular viewpoints. The Scream is the most important and well known work of art by Edward Munch, and has been the subject of many discussion groups, and continues to this day, to be a point of argument and conjecture. The painting is marvelously done in only a few basic and primal colors. This is unusual for work of this time era as many of the competitive and collaborate artist of Munch, used a multitude, almost a plethora of basic colors and joined- mixed colors, too attempt to recreate, the effect of natural beauty in both nature and portraits. What Munch done is to create a very strong emotional painting and use only a basic set of naturally occurring coloration options. Set near a bridge, and what could have been any number of bridges in Norway or Western Europe, the painting shows a man in terror or at least distress, covering his ears, as two individuals are seen walking away. The clouds and the river make The Scream, very interesting to loom at and think about.
With so much emotional appeal and so much theory about the cause and effect of The Scream, one would be hard-pressed to find another painting that is so intertwined in controversy, and perfection, all at once. The Scream, offers a plethora of emotions, from fear and panic, to excitement, and even rage. In the end only Munch truly knows what The Scream is trying to say, and the story has it that he took that to his grave, in 1944. Edward Munch, and The Scream, is two of the most indelible and penetrating works of art in all of the world’s portrait painting endeavors. Munch created several versions of the screen and also use several different forms of media, as well here it the munch museum presently holds two of the painted versions, and one solitary pastel variation of the screen. The National Gallery of Norway holds the only other painted version, which is the one that most people are most readily familiar with. All in all any version of The Scream, by Edward Munch, is a priceless entity and one that will be argued about, till the end of time.
- Welcome to EdvardMunch.com
EdvardMunch.com is the best online source for Edvard Munch artwork, books, films, music and others.
- Edvard Munch - Norwegian Expressionist (1863-1944)
Edvard Munch Norwegian Expressionist (1863-1944), Biography, Paintings, Discussion Forums, Downloads, and more.
- Edvard Munch Painting Reproductions
100% hand painted reproductions of paintings by Edvard Munch
- The Scream - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Edvard Munch - The Dance of Life Site
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The Sadducees were a group of religious devotees who, according to the Jewish historian Josephus, were particularly identified with the upper elite, a sort of royal aristocratic religious party. They were distinct from the Pharisees in holding that there was no resurrection of the dead—and also in only accepting the historicity and inspiration of the first five books of the Bible, the Pentateuch.
When they come to Jesus with their question, they show a penchant for the ridiculous with their story of the seven brothers who each in turn die and marry the same wife one after the other. At the resurrection whose wife will she be? Their question is not actually to find an answer to the literal surface question about who she should be married to at the resurrection, but to expose the ridiculousness of the resurrection belief held by the Pharisees at the time—as well as, of course, by Jesus himself.
Jesus’ reply is first that they misunderstand the nature of the resurrection. There will no marrying in heaven. This does not mean that our spouse, if we have one, will be unknown to us in heaven, or that our relationship with them now will bear no good fruit in heaven. Human marriage is a temporary institution because marriage itself speaks of the marriage of the Christ with his bride the church. In heaven, there will no more death and therefore no marriage because now we have entered the eternal marriage of heaven itself—the marriage of which the other marriage is only a foreshadow.
Second, Jesus replies that they have misunderstood the Bible. He quotes from Moses—the part of the Bible that they recognized as authoritative—to prove that he did indeed teach the resurrection. In Exodus 3:15—because God is described as the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob—it means that Abraham and Isaac and Jacob are alive, for God is not the God of the dead.
In the parallel passage in Mark 12:24, Jesus adds a further reason which is implicit in Luke: they know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God. So much of theological error comes down to ignorance of one or other or (in the Sadducees’ case) both. We, instead, are to know both God’s power and the Scriptures.
Do you believe that God can do anything he wants? Do you limit God to a human-level capability?
Do you know the Scriptures? Do you search them and study them?
The Scriptures without knowing the power of God can lead to dry legalism.
The power of God without the Scriptures can lead to frothy fanaticism.
Only the Scriptures and the power of God give us the balance to truly believe and know God and his Word!
To receive God Centered Bible devotionals directly in your inbox, sign up here.
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Adoption changes the lives of the children and families involved forever. Whilst providing nurturing new families for children can be extremely rewarding for adoptive parents, it also presents significant challenges. The pressure can multiply if a young child has additional needs that emerge after placement or that parents did not expect.
Research by the Council for Disabled Children explores support for young adopted children and their families in relation to special educational needs, disability and health. Realistic Positivity addresses the challenges for professionals in understanding and explaining the health and development of young care-experienced children, and the consequences when parents feel unprepared for their children’s needs. It investigates how adoptive parents seek help when concerns arise; how different agencies and professionals respond; and how support for children and families might be improved.
Findings from interviews with parents and professionals are considered alongside policy and available evidence. A range of ideas and practice recommendations emerge from the interviews and literature, mostly relating cooperation and communication.
Three publications are available:
- Realistic Positivity research report
- Summary report
- Briefing aimed at adoption practitioners and others working with adopted children and their families, including those with strategic and operational responsibility for services.
These publications are based on independent research commissioned and funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Children’s Policy Research Unit.
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CNS Infection: Meningitis, Encephalitis, Abscess and Others
A CNS infection is an infection which involves the central nervous system in some way. Meningitis is one of the most common and well known types, involving the meninges, the coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Other types of infections involve the brain or spinal cord directly. For example, a cerebral abscess is a bacterial brain infection and encephalitis is typically a viral infection of the brain.
In general, an infection is a disease caused by the invasion of a disease-causing micro-organism or virus. The growth of the bacteria, virus or other invading organism in the human tissues causes damage and inflammation by a variety of mechanisms.
Meningitis is one of the most common forms of infection affecting the nervous system. It is characterized by infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, centered in the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the nervous system.
Return to the top of the CNS Infection page.
Return to the Nervous System Diseases home page.
This site is not intended to offer medical advice. Every patient is different, and only your personal physician can help to counsel you about what is best for your situation. What we offer is general reference information about various disorders and treatments for your education.
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WhenTuesday, January 28, 2020 -
Lecture Summary: In the article, "Civil Rights Law in Living Color," Prof. Harpalni examines how American civil rights law has treated “color” discrimination and differentiated it from “race” discrimination. It covers views of “color” in the antebellum era, Reconstruction laws, early equal protection cases, the U.S. Census, modern civil rights statutes, and in People v. Bridgeforth—a landmark 2016 ruling by the New York Court of Appeals. Prior skin color discrimination cases involved various civil rights statutes and had been brought by a single Plaintiff of one racial subclass (e.g., a dark-skinned African American). Bridgeforth was the first case to allow Batson challenges for color discrimination, and the first case under any law to recognize skin color discrimination for a multiracial color class--a group of dark-skinned individuals of different races. The Article considers the potential of such multiracial color classes for the future of civil rights law.
Professor Vinay Harpalani teaches courses in constitutional law, civil rights, civil procedure, and employment discrimination at the University of New Mexico, School of Law. Professor Harpalani was the recipient of the 2017 Derrick A. Bell, Jr. Award from the Association of American Law Schools Section on Minority Groups; and the 2016 Junior Teaching Faculty Award from the Society of American Law Teachers. His scholarship focuses on the intersections between race, education, and law, as he explores the nuances of racial diversity and identity from various disciplinary perspectives. His writings have covered topics such as affirmative action in university admissions, racial ambiguity, skin color discrimination, and the psychological development of racial identity. Professor Harpalani’s 2012 law review article, “Diversity Within Racial Groups and the Constitutionality of Race-Conscious Admissions”, which was published in the University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, was cited in eight U.S. Supreme Court amicus briefs in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin I and II, and was quoted (with citation omitted) in Justice Samuel Alito’s dissent in Fisher II. His other articles have appeared or will appear in the Maryland Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online, Seton Hall Law Review, NYU Annual Survey of Law, Duke Journal of Constitutional Law and Public Policy, and other journals. Several of these articles have also been cited in legal briefs or opinions at the U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and the New York Court of Appeals.
Please join in welcoming Professor Harpalani to the William S. Boyd School of Law for his Faculty Enrichment Lecture on Tuesday, January 28, 2020 at noon in the RLL 4th Floor Faculty Lounge.
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Shots fired at the Document Door. This was some 50 feet from where I was sitting. Two U.S. Capitol Police officers were down.
Their names were Jacob J. Chestnut and John M. Gibson. Between them, they had eight children and 36 years on the job.
Chestnut was just months from retirement. He fell first. Gibson had the chance to return fire. He died a little later on.
These men and women are fixtures in the Capitol. They are family to us. And on this day — this very day, 17 years ago — they saved lives.
A gunman entered the United States Capitol — the busiest symbol of democracy in the world — on a Friday, in the summer tourist season, in the busiest legislative season. And only one civilian was injured.
We now call it the Memorial Door. That day, I was having a meeting with my staff across the hall. A right turn instead of a left turn, and what unfolded could have been very different.
These days, it’s the door I use to enter the Capitol. And when I do, to my left is a plaque that honors Officer Chestnut and Detective Gibson.
One floor above, in the Rotunda, they became the first police officers to lay in honor in the Rotunda — a space normally reserved for presidents. Chestnut was the first African-American to attain this tribute. The second was Rosa Parks.
What happened here can, and too often has, happened anywhere. The plaque is a marker of the thin blue line that separates good from evil and life from death.
Today, I ask all who visit, work, or serve at the Capitol to take a moment to remember Officer Chestnut and Detective Gibson. And to think of their wives and their children. And to thank the men and women of the United States Capitol Police. And to consider the verse:
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Below is one of our free research papers on No Poem Is An Island. If the term paper below is not exactly what you're looking for, you can search our essay database for other topics.
“[L]iterary work is not a closed system”, it is part of a pre-existing conversation present within society (Sider 331). The poetics of romance and sensibility seem particularly concerned with reader involvement. This idea is exemplified in Keats’ poem, “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil”. Neither the poet nor the reader is an uninvolved observer, in “Isabella”, merely there to watch the tale of Isabel and Lorenzo’s unrequited love unfold. Throughout “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil” Keats elicits readers to be part of the conversation and respond to the telling of the story.
Keats wrote “Isabella” in an octava rima sonnet format. Each stanza contains eight lines, which are written in iambic pentameter and follow an A B A B A B C C rhyme scheme. For the most part the format is strictly followed, but there are a few points, where Keats has played with the syntax slightly to maintain the rhyme scheme, such as line 6; “It soothed each to be the other by”. It is an interesting coincidence that Keats chooses to follow such a restrictive format to express large concepts such as love and sympathy, making the poetry bound by rules just as Isabel and Lorenzo’s love is restricted by social rules. So the poet and his characters are equally restrained. Being able to successfully balance all the features of a sonnet, meter, rhyme, and syntax, not only demonstrates Keats talent as a poet but encourages readers to continue reading, focusing on the implications of the story being told...
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Request Free, One-on-one Academic Assessment
Educating Our Parents: Understanding the Frenchtown District Curriculum
The elementary Language Arts curriculum is comprised of several standards that reflect good reading fluency and comprehension. Teachers will approach the curriculum by using a teaching model that demonstrates the skills and strategies used by good readers. Some of the topics that will be covered include predicting, visualizing, and connections. Students will be read to on a daily basis from both fiction and non-fiction pieces of literature as well as reading independently throughout the day.
The skills learned in elementary school will be used to delve into more difficult pieces of literature in middle school and high school. Students will begin to not only be tested on their comprehension of a text, but their ability to analyze the text for different underlying components. Some of these will include analyzing themes, foreshadowing, and character motivations. Students will also begin to study different authors and their writing styles as they look at each individual genre of literature.
Contact our Academic Directors Today at 1-877-545-7737 to Discuss your Child's Strengths and Areas for Improvement.
SchoolTutoring Academy’s tutoring programs for Frenchtown students start with a free academic assessment with an Academic Director. Our flagship tutoring programs are available for $199.99/month which include regular one-on-one tutoring, academic mentorship, bi-monthly progress reports, learning profiles, and parental conference calls.
Frenchtown District Curriculum Used in Our In-Home Tutoring Programs
Students living in Frenchtown Township, Michigan attend school in one of three school districts that include Airport Community Schools, Jefferson Schools, and Monroe Public Schools. The largest of these school systems is Monroe Public Schools whose facilities include seven elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school. Over 6,000 students a year are served by the district using a curriculum shaped by the national Common Core standards. The district also prides itself on offering students a curriculum full of opportunities to practice the 21st Century skills required to be successful in today’s world.
Keeping Informed: Recent Frenchtown Educational News
- Art Teacher's Lesson Published - Monroe High School’s art teacher had the honor of her lesson being featured in a national publication. Amy McBroom’s lesson was published in the Scholastic Art magazine along with pictures of her class completing the artwork. Students created alter-egos of themselves for a special project.
- Retailer Donates Vehicles - Monroe Public Schools recently received a very generous donation from the local Meijer grocery store. Two vans, complete with shelving and cargo areas, were given to the schools system as a way to give back to the community. MPS will use the vans for maintenance crews to do repair work on the various school buildings.
- Elementary School Wins Grant - Waterloo Elementary won a sizable grant from Bridgestone Tires after a teacher submitted her proposal. The school won $25,000 that it will use to build a new playground for students. To celebrate their win, a state senator treated the school to a pizza party.
Testimonials and Case Studies from Our Parents
SchoolTutoring Academy has played an important role in improving our son’s confidence and attitude towards school. His grades have also improved steadily throughout the school year.
My daughter was very self-conscious about her difficulties with the math section of the SAT. SchoolTutoring Academy’s Academic Directors created an action plan that boosted my daughter’s score and confidence level.
SchoolTutoring Academy has not only improved my son’s standardized test scores but also his high school math and English grades. Test Prep Academy has not only improved my son’s standardized test scores but also his high school math and English grades.
SchoolTutoring Academy Increased My SAT Score By 200 Points
My son’s math marks in high school have always been weak so I found it very beneficial that his ACT tutor worked on solidifying his fundamentals while prepping for the ACT.
SchoolTutoring Academy gave my daughter the confidence she needed to boost her SAT score Thank you!
SchoolTutoring has played an important role in improving our son’s confidence and attitude towards school. His grades have also improved steadily throughout the school year.
My daughter was able to improve her test scores after a few months of tutoring with SchoolTutoring. However, while raising test scores is great, the real payoff is in the self-confidence that she gained.
I just wanted to send a quick note to say thank-you! My son is very impressed with his tutor and looks forward to each session. What’s particularly amazing about this is our son has never really looked forward to math or school for that matter!
We are so happy with the results of your tutoring program and academic support. Homework time was such a stressful evening for the entire evening before we brought your tutors into our home. Thank you for all your help!
Our daughter, a first grader, struggled with basic reading and handwriting. When she began with SchoolTutoring she was almost a year behind her class. Within a year of being enrolled, she is reading above her grade level and has the confidence to match.
One-on-one learning with a certified private in-home tutor
Tutoring at your child's pace & schedule - available 7 days a week
Personalized instruction in the comfort of your home
Tutors that are highly-qualified K-12 and university educators
Our instructors hail from Harvard, Stanford, Duke and other top institutions
Our tutors are different from the ones you find in your neighborhood
Staff Tutors with Outstanding Credentials
Our educators have graduated from top academic institutions, and many of them have achieved in the 90th percentile or higher on standardized tests. Equally importantly, they enjoy coaching students across a variety of subject areas and standardized tests
Educators Beyond What You Find Down the Block
Students work collaboratively with their private tutor who is a top-notch college graduate well beyond the academic caliber that you’ll typically find in your neighbourhood
Experienced Academic Directors to Create and Adjust Learning Plans
Every student is paired up with both a private tutor and an Academic Director responsible for creating a comprehensive learning plan and constantly tweeking it to optimize for results
Fully Customized Programs with Regular Progress Reports
With regular progress reports and archived copies of your lessons, you can easily track your progress and review concepts from past lessons
Meet Our Tutors
Each of them is highly-qualified K-12 and university educators
My name is Michelle O. and I am a certified Calculus Tutor from Bloomington,
My name is Davis H. and I am a certified English Tutor from Greenville, South Carolina.
My name is Jane W. and I am certified SAT/ACT Tutor from San Diego, California.
My name is Ken B. and I am a certified Math and Statistics Tutor from California.
My name is Kevin L. and I am a certified Social Studies Tutor from Guelph, Ontario.
My name is Daniel C. and I am a High School Math, English and Economics.
My name is Amy B. and I am a Math, English Tutor from Darlington, South Carolina.
My name is Owen M. and I am a Math, English, Languages, ACT Tutor from Dundas, Ontario.
My name is Daniel H. and I am an English, ACT, SAT, Social Studies Tutor from Broken Arrow, Oklahoma.
My name is Akosua A. and I am a Math, Science, English, ACT Tutor from Brampton, Ontario.
My name is Davis H. and I am a certified Math, Science, English Tutor from Greenville, South Carolina.
My name is Jania B. and I am a Math, English Tutor from Eight Mile, Alabama.
Chalk Talk: The Importance of Community Involvement
There are many important components to a successful educational system and one of them is community involvement. This can take the form of citizen contributions or local business contributions. Local businesses have many resources they can offer to school systems. Students can take field trips that will expose them to different careers and teach them how certain businesses work. The businesses can donate their time for employees to become mentors or tutors to students. They can also lead lessons on a relevant aspect of their business. For example, a grocery store can teach a lesson on food groups and a bank could teach students how to use a checkbook. Another contribution of local businesses is monetary donations. These come in handy at the beginning of the school year when students might need supplies and around the holidays when families may need more help. Community involvement from local businesses is a crucial part of a district’s success.
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Video SparkNotes: John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men summary
Of Mice and Men (Paperback)
John Steinbeck, Writer: A Biography. Of Mice and Men is a novella written by John Steinbeck. American Library Association, Benson explores.
Curley, in the classroom, and Carlson arrive seconds after. Curley uses his aggressive nature and superior position in an attempt mjce take control of his father's farm. Video Clear Your Schedule It's not like you have anything better to do with the next minutes than watch the full-length adaptation. About This Guide This teaching guide helps instructors use a specific primary source set!
Early in the novel, when Lennie likes to pet soft things, Steinbeck is using what technique?
Lennie wanders into mive stable, the bitter, private individual behind many Clear Your Schedule It's not like you have anything better to do with the next minutes than watch the full-length adaptati. The Dr. Benson explores An in-depth study of the shy.
Published in and set during the Great Depression of the s, Of Mice and Men explores the themes of loneliness and isolation. In a time when every man is for himself to survive, George and Lennie travel together and take responsibility for each other. Because the novella is told in six parts, where each scene has a specific setting and the plot is chronological and dialogue driven, it has also been frequently adapted for the stage. Its first production in was written and produced by Steinbeck, himself. Of Mice and Men is still widely-taught in high schools across the United States eighty years after publication, not only because it is part of the literary canon, but because Steinbeck has packed so many literary devices and complex social issues into a tiny little package.
The reader is fascinated by a certainty of approaching doom. Here he is in the trailer for the movie, two years before losing his legs in 's Forrest Gump. They had fled from Weed after Lennie touched a young woman's dress and would not let go. Steinbeck's Centennial Series?
However, he changed the title after reading Robert Burns 's poem To a Mouse. Benson explores. Action Crime Drama. Show More.That was something like being chosen for Oprah's book club. Her husband, Curley, Topoli. George must always A Iranian fi.
About the Author. Las uvas de la ira The Grapes of. George Milton Ray Walston ! Cite this set.
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By MD. ASADULLAH KHAN
8 June 2013
(The Daily Star) – With two centuries of an unprecedented population boom, likely to reach 9 billion by 2050, land degradation by human activities and climatic upheavals poses a threat to food security, especially in a land-scarce country like Bangladesh.
Historically known, it took the human species about 150,000 years to reach the 1 billion mark around 1800. Since then an additional 6 billion (!) have been added to the headcount — reaching 7 billion in 2011.
In such a grim scenario, it is apparent that soil, like water has become a fundamental resource but it is being degraded. The process of soil degradation can take different forms: hydraulic erosion, wind erosion, changes in the soil’s composition and physical degradation. Most people in our part of the world do not know that over 50% of the land that has been degraded by deforestation are situated in Asia and 15% are in South America and. At the same time, 37% of the soils are degraded by inappropriate agricultural practices in Asia.
According to Lester Brown, founder president of the World Watch Institute, a third of all cultivated land is losing its arable layers faster than it is gaining and this lessens its productivity. Using pesticides and chemical fertilisers destroys soil fauna; necessary for aerating soil. The well-known consequence of this phenomenon is runoff which causes floods and mudslides. Irrigation and soil drainage can cause acidification and salinisation whilst the use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides contributes to reducing soil capillarity (runoff) as well as its consistency.
Soil provides living things with food, fibre and fuel. Since late 1940s to early 1990s, over 90% of the degradation of productive land was due to deforestation, overgrazing and inappropriate agricultural practices. Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimates that the world lost 94 million hectares in the last century. The land is under greater pressure in Bangladesh where a population of 160 million crowds into a 65,000 km of land area.
Land holdings have shrunk and are now typically divided leaving only a scant share among the heirs. As the country’s population has exploded, the land has been subdivided so many times that the share per family is not enough to feed a family of five.
Much of the world’s land is too rocky or arid or salty for agriculture. And forests that haven’t already been cut deserve protection: they harbour the habitats of earth’s endangered wild life. According to Washington-based World Watch Institute, the average amount of grain land per person in 30 years has dropped from 0.2 hectare to 0.1 hectare. Happily, a boom in agricultural productivity contributed by HYV variety of seeds, fertiliser and pesticide has kept the burgeoning population fed.
While wars have always been fought over territory, the future may see green wars triggered by degradation and shortages of such basic resources as topsoil and water. The consequence has been the mounting pressure on woodlands, especially tropical forests that are the reservoirs of the majority of earth’s animal and plant species.
According to FAO, 100,000 sq.km of tropical forest is lost every year. It is worth noting that great bulk of forest destruction has taken place since World War II, hence coinciding with the massive acceleration of economic development within the Third World countries.
In Bangladesh, the massive assault on the Sundarbans, Madhupur forest, forest lands of Sylhet and Chittagong has invited drought, and desertification process of the already fragile land.
Top soil loss is manifested in the deterioration of soil surfaces by erosive forces, especially water, wind, glacier, etc. Erosion also degrades soil’s structure and diminishes its water holding capacity — the greatest damage to the soil comes from water and wind erosion. Water erosion affects 25% of land in Bangladesh. Accelerated soil erosion has been encountered in the hilly regions of the country, which occupy about 1.7 million hectares.
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) recorded soil loss of 2.0 to 4.7 ton per hectare per year in different parts here. This soil loss manifests depletion of significant amount plant nutrients from the top layer causing a tremendous soil degradation.
Where 25% of any country should be forest land, Bangladesh has now only 9%.As a region loses its forest, it loses its ability to trap and absorb water, and so run off from denuded woodland worsens the natural process of soil erosion. If at the same time farmers harvest the crop year after year, the soil is constantly exposed to wind and water.
Studies from Indiana and Illinois have shown that in badly eroded areas an estimated 24% of their inherent initial productivity for corn is lost. Most importantly, intact soils ‘DO’ store a great deal of carbon — about 45 times more than is stored in all plants — and so they are very important in terms of global carbon budget functioning largely as a net sink for carbon dioxide. [more]
- 60 Minutes: The Age of Mega-Fires
- Altered Oceans
- Apocadocs: Humoring the Horror of Environmental Collapse
- Calculated Risk
- Carbon Based Climate Change Adaptation
- Census of Marine life
- Climate Change: The Next Generation
- Club Orlov: Dmitry Orlov and the Collapsnik Party
- Converging Emergencies, 2010-2020
- Crisis Forums
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- Fire Earth
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- Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
- IUCN Red List of Endangered Species
- Information Is Beautiful
- International Programme on the State of the Oceans
- Jeremy Jackson: Brave New Ocean
- Jim Galasyn: State of the Oceans 2011 pdf
- Lend Me a Looking Glass
- Love Salem
- Marine Climate Change
- Mess Time
- Mongabay.com: Tropical Rainforest Conservation
- NASA Earth Observatory: Image of the Day
- NASA Visible Earth
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- Nature Bats Last
- Only In It For The Gold
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- Other Voices, Other Choices
- Planet3.0 | Beyond Sustainability
- RealClimate: Climate Science from Climate Scientists
- Shades of Green
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- World Catastrophe Map
- World Disaster Report
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I have learned a lot about crime scene management and evidence collection. For one thing, I have learned all of the steps that go into managing the scene. The very first thing is safety. The police officer who first arrives will make sure that any victims are okay, confirm the person is dead (if there is a body), and secure any suspects that are still at the scene. Next it is important for the crime scene to be secured, and its surrounding area. Securing the crime scene and some extra surrounding area is important so that none of the evidence gets tampered with, and securing extra area is important in case there is any evidence beyond where the crime actually happened.
After making sure that everyone is okay and everything is secure, it is now time to start collecting physical evidence. Photos and videos are taken of the whole crime scene so that the location of everything and what it looked like can be recorded and looked back at. If there is a body, it will be examined as to how the person may have died. One important thing that is observed is hypostasis. This is when the body gets red after death. The redness occurs at where ever the part of the body that was facing down when the person dies was, and the red blood cells collect at the bottom. Hypostasis can show the position that the person was in when he or she died. This can let investigators know if the body has been moved since he or she died, because they can see where the hypostasis occurred.
Investigators also collect DNA samples and fingerprint samples. These are both useful when identifying the victims or possible suspects. These are vital as to knowing who has been at the crime scene. The science doesn’t lie, so they both are a lot more reliable and useful than any witnesses. Fingerprints can be found wherever the person touched. DNA samples can be as simple as cheek cells from where the person spoke, hair, sweat, saliva, or where they touched.
Although all of the steps to managing a crime scene are vital, I think that some of the most important steps are securing off a large area and taking photographs. Securing off a large area allows for any evidence that may not be spotted yet and is not in the direct scene of the crime, to be secured and observed. This evidence can be found later, and not tampered with, if a large area has been secured. I think that taking photographs is also very important because it allows everything to be recorded the way that it was. Knowing exactly where everything was can be very useful when solving a crime, such as knowing the position of the body. Once the crime scene is cleared the only way to see where everything was is by looking at photographs, so have many pictures at many angles is vital.
Evidence is what leads to finding the suspect, and eventually to conviction. Therefore, getting good evidence is key. The best way to do this is by securing the scene and taking good observations and collecting as much physical evidence as possible. The guidelines for managing a crime scene are in place because they work. They allow all evidence to be collected correctly. Analyzing a crime scene correctly is the most important thing when solving a crime.
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Research on the effects of music on child development has revealed that there is a bond between music and early brain development.
From this point of view, music will be a good tool to support the development of your baby, who begins to distinguish music sounds from the womb.
Your child’s academic development, especially; language development, social-emotional development, physical development, in short, all areas of development will be supported in many ways thanks to music.
Music from the Womb
A person who listens to music relaxes and feels happy thanks to the secreted endorphin hormone. During pregnancy, the mother’s listening to music will also pass on to the baby in this way, as she will feel happy and peaceful thanks to the endorphin hormone secreted.
I mean, the effects of music on child development begin in the womb.
It will especially contribute to the emotional development of the baby and will help establish a positive bond between the mother and the baby.
Musical Development of a Child of 2-6 years
- Children from 2 years old enjoy playing with music, waving their arms, clapping hands, and jumping.
- They respond to the music they hear by moving their heads or dancing.
- Body movements are quite enthusiastic.
- The motor skills of a 3-year-old child are significantly increased. Physical movements varied.
- He/she makes different sounds from its body. For example, clapping hands, hitting the knees with the hands, hitting the feet on the ground, etc.
- During this period, as the child’s vocabulary and language skills develop, his vocabulary of songs in which the same words are repeated frequently becomes richer.
- A 4-year-old child has more advanced skills than a 3-year-old. He/she can distinguish objects and make criticisms about them.
- In this way, he/she can explain and match the source, type, intensity, tone, and duration of sounds.
- A 4-year-old child can repeat various sounds, tones, and rhythmic structures, as well as use a story or song to tell his feelings and thoughts.
- The ability to use musical instruments by hitting them with their hands, shaking them, has developed.
- One of the important skills that children acquire during this period is to try to match their own voice to the tone of that song while accompanying a song.
- He/she memorize songs correctly. He/she can make up his own tunes and can play simple instruments.
- A 5-year-old can truly make music. Can recognize different sounds in new songs more easily and quickly. It can hit simple beats accurately.
- 6-year-old children especially like to sing their favorite songs. In this way, they discharge their emotional and physical energies. They have a developed sense of rhythm.
- They can understand and apply rhythm patterns and the concept of tempo. They can play simple percussion instruments, produce simple tunes and match them with movements.
So, what about the Effects of Music on Your Child?
You can also notice your child’s interest in music for the first time at this age, who starts to imitate sounds from the age of 1-2.
Music is an important tool that has a positive effect on all areas of your child’s development, which allows to gain an aesthetic point of view, as well as increase his/her auditory intelligence.
In the researches that children who have been supported by music since infancy have higher academic achievements, their brain development is faster.
In the same way, thanks to music, a rapid development of the child’s self-expression skills is observed. The combination of words with rhythm makes it easier for children to learn.
What Are the Contributions of Music to Your Child?
- it develops the aesthetic feelings of children
- supports creativity and imagination
- let your child relax and express himself correctly it allows him/her to
- helps the child socialize and join the group of friends
- it has positive effects in areas such as attention, concentration, and math skills
- children who listen to music develop a sense of rhythm
How Can You Support Your Child’s Musical Skills?
With the little touches you will make, it is possible to attract your child’s attention to the music and guide him/her in this regard.
- listening to a lullaby before going to bed
- you can attend music workshops, to introduce different instruments
- a spoon/tambourine that makes a sound, etc. giving the child the opportunity to examine the instruments and make various sounds with these instruments,
- singing together
- simple activities such as playing music that supports your child’s development in the background while doing activities
- you can go to concerts organized for children
- In addition, guiding your child to play a musical instrument that she/he is interested in and supporting her/him to educate on this subject is extremely important in terms of both contributing to her development and increasing her/him musical skills
- In the meantime, you will have the opportunity to observe your child and discover their interests and talents
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What is it?
Artivism is a tool that brings together artists and activists fighting against injustice and oppression. It is interested in attracting a broader range of people through actions that are crafted beautifully and carry a powerful message. Activities like graffiti, flashmobs, and street theatre are a few examples of common artivism. At its best, artivism can help educate the public around issues they are not familiar with.
How do you do it?
Key to artivism are artists! Invite artists you have worked with to help you plan an action. Your collaboration should inspire and educate your audience around the issue you are organising around. Some questions below to consider:
- Who are your audiences? What would you like them to know about the work you are doing?
- Once you have an audience engaged with your artivism, do you have other actions they can get involved with? Can you use this action to broaden your base?
- Who else is working on this issue? Have you considered reaching out to them to organise this protest together?
- Is the location, date and time of the artivist activity accessible? Think about people with disabilities, working people, single parents, etc.
- How will you record your artivism to share the art more widely with your supporters and the media?
Why and When should you use it?
Artivism is a great tool to engage people who are new to activism, to educate people and show them a reality that they may not have access to in their daily lives. Use it when you want to build your base.
Works best in combination with:
One-to-ones to have something to invite people to, community meetings to engage your base, press releases to attract media attention, and online petitions to share with your wider email list of supporters.
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Table of Contents
Fabrication of Hydraulic Fork lift Project Report Download
INTRODUCTION OF FORKLIFT
In general the forklift can be defined as a tool capable of lifting hundreds of kilograms. A forklift is a vehicle similar to a small truck that has two metal forks on the front used to lift the load. The forklift operator drives the forklift forward until the forks push under the cargo, and can then lift the cargo several feet in the air by operating the forks. The forks, also known as blades or tines, are usually made out of steel and can lift up to a few tons. Forklifts are either powered by gasoline, or electricity. Electric forklifts relay on batteries to operate. Gasoline or propane forklifts are sometimes stronger or faster than electric forklifts, but they are more difficult to maintain, and fuel can be costly.
Electric forklifts are great for warehouse use because they do not give off noxious fumes like gas powered machines do. Forklifts are most often used in warehouses, but some are meant to be used outdoors. The vast majority of rough terrain forklifts operate on gasoline, but some use diesel or natural gas. Rough terrain forklifts have the highest lifting capacity of all forklifts and heavy duty tires (like those found on trucks), making it possible to drive them on uneven surfaces.
Forklifts have revolutionized warehouse work. They made it possible for one person to move thousands of pounds at once. Well-maintained and safely operated forklifts make lifting and transporting cargo infinitely easier. This is the general description of a normal forklift.
CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC FORKLIFT
1. Body or Main frame:
Body is the most important part of forklift. It supports all other parts of the forklift. The main frame of the forklift is made from Mild steel plates.
2. Hydraulic pump unit:
Pump is the main element of the hydraulic forklift and mainly responsible for lifting heavy load at minimum efforts. It utilizes an non-compressible liquid mainly oil for transferring pressure of piston and lifting the load resting on the pallet. Hydraulic pump unit comprises of so many parts like Piston and Cylinder, Fluid release valve, push springs and other welding joints for connecting all the parts rigidly.
3. Steer wheels:
Steer wheel are the primary wheels of the forklift for the rotation of forklift from one direction to another. The steering wheels are generally made from Nylon, rubber, or from any other metal or non metal material. The only must have requirement is that wheel should work efficiently on rough surfaces and must sustain the load lifted by the pallets.
4. Push rod:
The push rod is a round long rod which connects the load roller and hydraulic cylinder for transmitting the pressure to lift the load wheels above the surface.The push rod is mounted below the two forks of the forklift. And are generally made from mild steel bars.
5. Load roller:
Load rollers are the front wheels of the forklifts. And Is intended for the lifting of load and traveling of forklift at short distances. The front wheels are generally made from nylon, high grade plastic or from any other metal or non metal. The main requirement for the material is that it must work on rough surfaces and lift the load according to its capacity without bending and cracks.
Handle is also very important part of the fork lift. It is used for mainly three purposes.
1. For creating pressure in the cylinder by tilting or pushing the handle frequently.
2. For the proper direction alignment of the forklift by hand.
3. For the traveling of forklift by pushing the handle in forward direction.
The fork lift handle works as a lever for lifting the load. And is generally made from a round bar of mild steel. Proper gripping is to be given at the handle for efficient traveling.
7. Handle trigger:
Handle trigger is lever or clutch type small element provided at upper part of the forklift handle. The main function of the Trigger is to release the fluid pressure and lower the forks and front wheel for loading the pallets on the fork.
1) Hydraulic forklift utilizes the non-compressible fluid like oil for lifting the heavy loads with the help of hydraulic cylinder arrangement, so there is no fuel required like other power operated forklifts.
2) No environment pollution and health hazards occurs while using hydraulic forklifts.
3) Hydraulic forklifts are the most economical solution for indoor and warehouse uses because it requires very small space to
4) The best thing is that you can choose a forklift with the right configuration and capacity depending on your need.
5) One advantage of forklifts is that they can reach at higher altitude for loading and unloading of the materials.
6) Without these machines, the warehouses would not be able to operate efficiently and with easiness.
7) They perform eco-friendly operation and have very long working life span.
1) According to the capacity and size of the forklift limited weight is lifted.
2) The capacity of the hydraulic hand operated forklift is limited to some 1.5- 3 ton.
3) Manually operated so long distance can not be traveled.
4) One person is required for the operation.
5) More time consuming than the other types of powered forklifts
Hammers are some of the most essential tools in any toolbox. They come in different types and sizes, each designed for specific purposes. If you’re doing any kind of construction work, DIY...
Bridges are a crucial part of our infrastructure, allowing us to connect and traverse various terrains. They play a significant role in transportation, enabling the movement of people and goods...
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During the first few weeks of life, a kitten’s primary concerns are feeding, keeping warm, developing social skills and learning how to excrete on his own. In most cases, humans will simply watch the mother cat perform her duties. However, if the kitten in your care has been separated from his mother or if the mother cat has rejected her young or cannot produce enough milk, caring for him is up to you.
How Do I Feed a Newborn Kitten?
A mother cat’s milk provides everything a kitten needs during the first four weeks of life. If you have newborn kittens who’ve been separated from their mother, consult with a veterinarian, shelter or experienced foster care giver who can help you find a new mother cat with a small litter-she may be able to nurse the orphaned babies. If you cannot find a foster mother, please consult with your veterinarian about the proper way to bottle-feed with a commercial milk replacer. Please do not offer regular cow’s milk to cats of any age. It is not easily digestible and can cause diarrhea.
What Do Kittens Eat Besides Milk?
When the orphaned kittens are three to four weeks old, begin to offer milk replacer in a shallow bowl, then introduce a moist, easily chewable diet. You can make gruel from warmed milk replacer and a high-quality dry or canned kitten food. Serve it in a shallow bowl and feed the kittens several times each day. By five weeks old, they should be getting used to their new diet. By six to seven weeks old, they should be able to chew dry food and you’ll no longer need to moisten it. Kittens are typically fully weaned by around eight weeks of age.
Kittens need large amounts of energy--about two to three times that of an adult cat. Food for your kitten should contain at least 30% protein. Make sure the food you offer is specifically formulated for kittens.
How Often Should a Kitten Eat?
The following is a general eating schedule for newborns and young cats:
- Newborn kittens may nurse about every 1-2 hours.
- At about three to four weeks old, they can be offered milk replacer from a bowl and then small amounts of moistened kitten food four to six times a day.
- Kittens from six to 12 weeks old should be fed four times a day as you gradually decrease their access to milk replacer.
- Kittens from three to six months old should be fed three times a day.
How Do I Keep a Newborn Kitten Warm?
If the kitten in your care has been orphaned, it is essential that you keep the young one warm. A heating pad or a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel works well. The heat source should be positioned so that the kitten can move away from it at will. Please consult your veterinarian about ideal temperatures, and do take care to monitor the heating pad, if you are using one, to ensure it is functioning properly.
How Much Should a Newborn Kitten Weigh?
An average birth weight for kittens is about 3 ½ ounces, depending on breed and litter size. During the first weeks of life, a kitten’s body weight may double or even triple. Gaining ¼ to half an ounce daily until they are weaned is considered healthy. Kittens who don’t gain adequate weight during this early period may not survive.
Can I Hold the Kitten?
Kittens who are with their mother should not be over-handled, especially not during their first week of life-this may upset the mother. If the kitten in your care is younger than one week old, please consult your veterinarian. In order to properly socialize a young feline to humans, start to handle him from the second week on through the seventh week-this is considered an important time for socialization.
Please note, kittens are prone to injury if handled roughly-anyone who handles the little ones in your care will need to be very gentle. Young children in particular should be supervised.
How Do I Teach a Kitten to Go to the Bathroom?
After feeding, a mother cat will groom her babies, paying special attention to the anal area. This stimulates excretion, which kittens can’t do on their own until their second or third week. If your kitten is no longer with her mother, dip a soft washcloth or a piece of gauze in warm water and gently massage the anal and urinary regions. The warmth, texture and movement mimic a mother cat’s tongue.
When the kittens are four weeks old, you can teach them to use a litter box by placing them in the box after their meals. Cutting one side down will make it easier for the kittens to go in and out.
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Some addictions are so unresponsive to conventional treatment that they call for desperate measures. A man in China who has been battling with amphetamine addiction is one of the world’s first people to receive deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat his addiction. A pacemaker-like device was surgically implanted in the man’s brain where it stimulated specific areas known to be involved in addiction.
The procedure essentially uses electrical current to target an area of the brain that controls cravings, making the patient less inclined to use drugs and crave for them. In the case of this recent trial conducted at Shanghai’s Ruijin Hospital — which is the first DBD trial for methamphetamine — researchers targetted the nucleus accumbens, a brain region thought to be directly involved in reinforcing and addictive behaviors in response to drug use.
The area is also the primary site mediating reward behavior.
In the United States, DBS has been approved to treat epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. Previously, researchers at Oxford University used this method to produce a 50% decrease in tremors among Parkinson’s patients. In this study, DBS stimulated an area of the brain above the motor cortex, which is implicated in controlling the tremors. Scientists passed a small alternating current through the electrodes, delivering an oscillating signal which is 180 degrees out of phase with the tremor signal to cancel it out, suppressing the physical tremor. As an analogy, some of you might be familiar with noise-canceling headphones: when you turn them on, the headphones detect ambient noise and deliver a signal that cancels it out so you basically don’t hear anything besides a faint beep. DBS for addiction works in a somewhat similar way — it just targets a different brain area with a different signal.
However, despite the success of such procedures, scientists in Europe and the United States have been reluctant to use this technology for addiction, particularly as it invasive and risky.
Addiction is driven by a complex interplay of biological, social, and psychological factors, so treating it is not as easy as flipping a switch. There’s also a great deal of uncertainty about how DBS works, as well as skepticism surrounding the quality and ethics of clinical trials conducted in China. Globally, there are eight registered DBS clinical trials for drug addiction, six of which are in China. Before they turned to DBS, doctors in China surgically removed small clumps of tissue from the brains of drug addicts. According to the Associated Press, “roughly half of 1,167 patients who had their brains lesioned stayed off drugs for at least five years,” but they also suffered “mood disorders, lost memories, and altered sex drives.”
Although many argue that human experimentation with DBS for drug addiction should not be allowed, there’s a substantial societal pressure to do something about drug addiction. In 2017, more than 70,000 people died from drug overdoses in the United States, marking a twofold increase since 2007. Hundreds of thousands more are undergoing drug rehabilitation programs in drug rehab centers but for some, there aren’t any particular drug rehabilitation programs that can cure their addiction. Such was the case of ‘Yan’, the Chinese man who took part in this latest DBS trial for his amphetamine addiction. Yan lost his job, marriage, and health to his addiction but he has now reportedly stayed away from amphetamines in the six months since his surgery. “It controls your happiness, anger, grief, and joy,” the man reportedly described the device, which sounds eerily similar to the mood organ from Philip K. Dick’s landmark novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep.
It’s too early to say whether Yan’s case is a success story — and even if it is, it’s still unclear if the advantages of DBS outweigh the many risks. A patient could die of a brain hemorrhage, emerge with seizures, garner an infection, or leave the hospital an entirely different person.
As more and more dead bodies turn out because of drug addiction, similar experimental procedures are bound to appear on US soil as well. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a DBS trial for opioid addiction, which is due to start in early Jane at the West Virginia University Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute.
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As the impacts of climate change become more noticeable around the world, planners and politicians are taking steps to reinforce their cities against natural disasters. Though climate scientists stress that no single weather event can be attributed to climate change, last year’s Hurricane Sandy and the recent Colorado floods are poignant examples of the extreme weather events that will be more frequent and intense as global temperatures and sea levels continue rising. In the design and planning professions, especially in the eastern U.S., an emerging conversation is debating when to harden infrastructure, how to rebuild after major events, and even whether to abandon vulnerable areas entirely.
Rebuilding the economies of towns devastated by Sandy is another issue being tackled, and it comes with its own challenges; in Seaside Park, New Jersey, for example, a popular boardwalk burned down shortly after being rebuilt. Other problems arise with insurance coverage for damaged homes and businesses, feeding and sheltering displaced people, and ensuring employers can get people back to work as soon as possible. However, the intangibles of disaster recovery heavily rely upon the physical infrastructure that ensure communities run smoothly, and several organizations are working to ensure impacts from future events are lessened.
Operation Resilient Long Island (ORLI), an architecture student group in the New York region, is hosting a design ideas competition on how to rebuild residential communities for future storms while retaining community character. Common themes have floating homes, buildings on stilts, and stronger construction methods; planners should also be attentive to these ideas because of the clear need for revised zoning and building codes. The competition is in the final stage of public voting and the winning entry will be announced next month at an independent TED conference hosted by the New York Institute of Technology. I’ve had the honor of being on the ORLI Advisory Group for the past year and the efforts and media coverage generated has been admirable.
A broader option for mitigating hazards is building infrastructure that cooperates with nature rather than fighting against it. Such ‘soft’ projects include building sand dunes on beaches to absorb wave energy and perform erosion control. After Sandy, opposition to view-blocking dunes on Long Island lessened after seeing how effective they were in protected communities. Cities can also restore or create coastal wetlands that absorb excess water and provide wildlife habitat, and if properly designed can also double as recreational areas and parks. ‘Hard’ techniques include converting ground surfaces like sidewalks and parking lots to pervious asphalt, concrete, or open pavers that allow water to infiltrate the ground rather than flooding and overwhelming storm drains; such technology also facilitates aquifer recharge and filters pollutants out of the ecosystem. In dense urban areas that rely on coastal access seawalls can block rising waters, but will only be temporarily useful if not built tall enough. Indeed, most artificial defenses require ongoing maintenance or need to be repaired after storm events, leading to calls for coastal development to be halted or even reversed.
In New York, where at least 10,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, Governor Andrew Cuomo is promoting a $171 million program to buyout storm-affected properties in flood zones, demolish existing structures, and ensure the land is never built on again. However, a large amount of the federal aid that New York is receiving will go towards rebuilding rather than relocating. New Jersey, which saw over 360,000 damaged homes, has a similar buyout program, and though some residents are concerned the offers won’t meet their homes’ pre-storm values, other owners in Staten Island are happy with the amounts. The goal of the programs is to purchase contiguous parcels, rather than a checkerboard of vacant and occupied lots, to create more effective coastal barriers. For other homeowners, updated FEMA flood zones will force steep flood insurance payments starting in 2015 or an elevation of houses above flood levels; this financial quandary is forcing some residents to leave even if their home was undamaged, leaving a sinking housing market and emotional stress for those left behind in dwindling communities.
Some land is too valuable to give up. After suffering $19 billion in storm damage, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg is behind a $20 billion fortification plan for city’s 500 miles of coastline. Some of the 250 actions include seawalls, hardening the power grid, and reinforcing buildings against wind and floodwaters. Parts of the plan would also also reinforce the city’s subway network, which was flooded and is still undergoing repairs, and raise buildings’ electrical and mechanical equipment to upper floors. Even so, an estimated 800,000 people will live in the city’s flood zones by 2050.
Coastal erosion and ice-melt in Newtok, Alaska will soon make 350 Eskimos the country’s first climate refugees, not to mention the millions of people who will be displaced from low-lying countries like Bangladesh and the Maldives by mid-century. In other areas lack of water is more of a concern, with warm cities like Atlanta and Las Vegas seeking new sources as aquifers and rivers reduce output or dry up. Droughts and low rainfall are likely to intensify the impact of heat waves and wildfires in the western states, like the ongoing California blaze that has burned over a quarter-million acres. Again, climate is a system of long-term trends that is difficult to precisely predict, but these types of extreme weather events can generally be expected to increase.
Recent studies have revealed that the world is already locked in to a 2-degree Celsius increase over pre-industrial levels by 2020, and with atmospheric carbon dioxide volume breaking 400 parts per million, by century’s end the the temperature change may be in the double digits. It is obvious that for the sake of mitigating harm to future generations’ way of life and minimizing ecological damage of the planet, immediate action is needed to reduce fossil fuel emissions. But with political and economic realities as they are, the best that designers and planners can do now is prepare their communities for the serious changes to come.
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Cities are home to three in four Australians and generate about 80 per cent of our GDP. So if we are concerned about the three Ps – productivity, participation and population – we must change the way our cities work.
The rise of knowledge-intensive industries is clustering high-value jobs around city centres. Yet we continue to spread our cities outwards, as if the future of employment lay in manufacturing plants on the suburban fringe.
A growing body of research shows that the more knowledge-intensive our economy becomes, the more proximity matters. This might seem odd in a networked society. In theory much of the work carried out in expensive city offices could be done just as easily from a desk in the outer suburbs. Yet the industries winning a bigger share of the Australian economy choose to locate close to one another in the heart of the city.
Urban economist Ed Glaeser calls it “the central paradox of the modern metropolis" – as the cost of connecting across distance falls, the value of being near other businesses rises. In sectors of the economy such as finance, insurance and business services, reducing the physical distance between firms and workers significantly increases productivity.
Proximity allows employers to draw from a deeper pool of qualified staff and gives workers access to a wider choice of jobs, resulting in better matching of skills and positions. Clustering also helps businesses and workers to become more adaptive and innovative as they learn from one another through knowledge transfers and spillovers.
It is not only the skilled who gain. In The New Geography of Jobs, US economist Enrico Moretti calculates that 12,000 high-tech jobs at Apple indirectly create another 60,000 jobs. While 60 per cent of those jobs go to professionals (such as lawyers and accountants), 40 per cent are unskilled positions in sectors like hospitality and personal services.
Importantly, Moretti found that as the knowledge level rises in a local economy, so do wages, “not just for the skilled workers but also for workers with limited skills".
Launching the 2012 State of Australian Cities report this month, Infrastructure Minister
One way to narrow the distance “between where people live and where they work" would be to relocate jobs to the urban fringe, but the benefits of clustering in a more knowledge-intensive economy suggest this is not going to happen in sufficient numbers. Jobs growth in outer suburbs is likely to be in industries that require large amounts of physical space for their operations, such as logistics and transport. So can we instead move people closer to jobs?
There are two ways to do this. First, we could upgrade urban transport networks. This would reduce travel times, which is what really matters. The other way is to increase the number of dwellings within reach of city centres.
It is widely assumed that Australians’ enduring desire to live in a free-standing home forces our cities outwards as home-buyers drive to what they can afford in new “greenfield" developments.
It is true that many Australians do have a preference for a detached house. Yet detailed research by the Grattan Institute in Sydney and Melbourne revealed that even more Australians would like to live in a townhouse, a terrace or an apartment in an established suburb.
Grattan’s report The Housing We’d Choose shows that these Australians would trade off the size and type of a dwelling for a location nearer the centre of the city. Unfortunately, the current housing market fails to offer them that choice.
To change the situation we need to build more housing in middle-ring suburbs that are relatively well supplied with transport and other infrastructure.
This does not mean riding roughshod over the interests and concerns of existing residents. In fact, evidence gathered for Grattan’s report Cities: Who Decides, shows that the only way forward is deep and sustained engagement with local communities. That is why the long-term strategic plans and zoning reform proposals now being discussed in Sydney and Melbourne are so important.
If these processes end up preserving established suburbs in aspic, then we will not only limit residential choice, but we will continue to build cities that serve an out-dated economic model.
This will dampen growth, hold back productivity and prevent more Australians from gaining access to the high-value jobs being generated in the knowledge-rich urban centres.
The Australian Financial Review
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Difference between revisions of "September 4, 2019"
(Created page with "__NOTOC__ =Schmidt's Moon= Originally published May 24, 2010 <!-- Start of content --> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextHeadingRule:1:<h1> --> <!-- ws:start:WikiTextLocalImage...")
Latest revision as of 01:04, 4 September 2019
Originally published May 24, 2010
image from Field Museum of Chicago
Globes of the Moon are tactile encapsulations of a spherical world. And the bigger they are the more special they are - even though the large ones usually can't be touched. This now forgotten hemisphere - 19.2 ft in diameter - is tied to one of the greatest Moon mappers ever. According to a 1925 leaflet from the Field Museum in Chicago the massive Moon model that the Museum then had on display was made by Thomas Dickert, Curator of the Natural History Museum of Bonn, Germany and J. F. Julius Schmidt, the most famous Moon-mapper of the second half of the 19th century. Since Schmidt died in 1884 the model was at least 40 years old in 1925. The depiction of the surface seems very specific, with each feature being identifiable with a real part of the Moon. But there is a great inconsistency in depiction - the south is seemingly fully executed, the equatorial areas less so, and the northwest quadrant is mostly missing. Is it possible that the northern half was done after Schmidt died? The final question, 85 years later, is what happened to it?
Yesterday's LPOD: A New Rille?
Tomorrow's LPOD: Unfinished Business
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At the tender age of eight, Shankara takes Sanyas, the sainthood.
Later, he traveled around India, building spiritual centers and preaching to people. A great thinker and orator, and an advocate of Advaita philosophy, Shankara ardently encouraged of the path of devotion (Bhakti) too.
While Advaita suggests that man and the God are not different entities, the path of devotion suggests that God is a higher being and is different from man. He has written many verses including Shivananda Lahari and Soundarya Lahari that stress the importance of Bhakti.
Shankara had many disciples who traveled with him spreading his philosophy and helping people.
One such disciple was Padmapada, and Shankara had a great love for him. His other disciples despised this boy for all the attention he was getting from his master. But, Padmapada, a meek and hardworking boy, never grew egoistic about his master’s admiration.
As the days went by, those disciples could not tolerate the continued attention he enjoyed. They took the matter to Shankara and even blamed him that he was partial towards Padmapada. Shankara responded to them with just a smile.
One day, Shankara was walking with his disciples along the banks of Ganga. On the other shore was Padmapada, washing his master’s clothes. Shankara thought it was time for him to teach a lesson to his other disciples. He called Padmapada from this shore, asking him to bring his clothes. Immediately after hearing this, Padmapada started to walk towards Shankara over the high-flowing Ganga. To the surprise of the other disciples, he did not drown in the water. Instead, for every step he took, a lotus rose from the river and supported his feet.
Hence, he was called Padma-Paada (the lotus-feet).
Then Shankara told his disciples: “My love for Padmapada is just a response to how deeply devoted he is to me. What you are receiving from me is a direct response to how you are devoted. Not just me, the whole universe responds to your true inner feelings”.
A similar anecdote is famous in the life of Jesus as well.
Jesus of Nazareth declared that he was the son of God. And that he and the God were one. And that the Kingdom of God was within everyone. And that belief could move mountains.
When Jesus Christ took birth, people already knew that he was the one they were waiting for as their savior. Though he lived only for 33 years, he was well known during his time and he had many disciples.
One day, some of his disciples were traveling in a boat and suddenly they encountered a cyclone. When they started crying and praying Jesus for help, Christ reaches them walking on the river and asks them to come with him.
But his disciples looked terrified. They doubted if it was truly Jesus who had come to their rescue or was it the devil that was trying to lure them.
At last, Peter, one of the disciples, makes up his mind, jumps off the boat and starts walking towards Jesus. To everybody’s surprise, he was walking on the water without drowning. Even Peter was surprised. When he was near Jesus, he asked him how it was happening.
Immediately the miracle vanished and he started drowning in the water. Jesus lifted him up from the water and asked: You of little faith, why did you doubt?
Intellect always asks HOW. That is its business.
In both the stories, you can see how a deep trust the disciples had in their masters. While Peter’s trust was momentary, Padmapada did never doubt. He was so deeply involved that his whole being was filled with Shankara, and there was no `how’ in him.
Here, one thing you need to understand: You are absolutely an empty being. The ego or your assumptions about yourself is just a set of thoughts.
When you fill your mind with the thoughts of a great master, or a deity, your mind becomes capable of expressing the power of the deity itself. But remember, as a devotee, you are not creating any miracles. It is just happening out of your devotion.
Miracles happen in the realm of an absolute trust.
However, if you want to move in the path of the magic, you will have to let go of your intellect and start trusting your emotions. When it comes to spirituality, it is always about believing. In religion, you go with an assumption that there is God. If you cannot even assume it, then no path opens up for you to tread. This very assumption that there is God makes way for you to approach God.
Taken from – The Magic of Devotion, online course.
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Funded in memory of Tony Smith, EdD, Member of the V Foundation Board, 2003-2017
Blood cancers, such as leukemia, often begin in the bone marrow where rare blood-forming stem cells regenerate normal blood cells throughout life. Many blood cancers can be eliminated with chemotherapy, but chemotherapy also destroys normal stem cells. Thus, many cancer patients depend on receiving stem cell transplants after therapy. Sadly, many patients are unable to receive life-saving transplants because of insufficient numbers of available stem cells. One way we can overcome this challenge is to develop ways to grow and expand blood-forming stem cells outside the body, but previous efforts to do so have been unsuccessful. Recently, we discovered that stem cells make new proteins much more slowly than other blood cells, and this slow rate of protein production is crucial for stem cell function. Proteins are the functional products of genes and perform many specialized tasks within cells. Making proteins too quickly increases assembly errors leading to the production of dysfunctional and toxic proteins. In contrast, producing proteins slowly helps ensure that new proteins are precisely assembled, are of high quality and function correctly. We found that growing stem cells outside the body increases the rate of protein assembly and decreases protein quality, which impairs stem cells. We are using new and innovative strategies to enhance protein quality within stem cells that could, for the first time, enable expansion of blood-forming stem cells in the laboratory. These discoveries could provide new therapeutic possibilities for numerous cancer patients.
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Endangered Species “Passport” Approved
March 15, 2013
Musicians traveling internationally with instruments containing endangered species material (such as ivory, rosewood, and tortoise shell) will have access to a new permitting process in the coming months. International rules have long required special permits for entering and exiting each country with instruments containing protected materials. A proposal to create a streamlined “passport” process was approved by 178 nations at a March 13 meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
- It will take several months for each country to determine their procedures for issuing and recognizing the new passports.
- Under the new system, each country may also continue to apply additional permitting requirements for complying with their added layers of domestic endangered species rules – so the CITES passport may not cover all permitting requirements.
- The existing permit process is extremely complicated, and confusion abounds about the current rules and what will come with the new passport process. Limited information about the current rules is available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife.
The League continues to partner with the American Federation of Musicians, the Grammy Foundation, the International Society of Violin and Bow Makers and others to seek clarity and technical assistance for musicians on how to navigate the evolving rules. Some of the details we are pursuing include clearer information about the endangered species material covered by permitting requirements, guidance on how to access reliable information about the rules for such a wide variety of countries to which musicians travel, and accurate information about the penalties for non-compliance. We are also encouraging policymakers to ensure that any new permit process is affordable and efficient. Please stay tuned as we make further guidance available and contact League Government Affairs with any questions.
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What is the general competency rule for pilots?
The general competency rule is a cornerstone of safe operations. Before commencing a flight, pilots must ask themselves ‘Am I capable of conducting the operation safely?’
This is the equivalent of the medical ‘fitness to fly’ question, but relates to the technical and operational aspects of flying. It means pilots need to be sure they are fit to fly in all respects.
The rule is contained in Regulation 61.385 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR) 1998. It applies to all flight crew licence holders, from recreational pilots through to professional air transport pilots.
In addition to meeting other regulatory requirements, the rule says pilots can only fly a particular class or type of aircraft, in a particular kind of operation, if they are competent to do so. This means meeting the standards set out in the Part 61 Manual of Standards (MOS).
What does this mean in practice?
Students typically learn on one type of aircraft before sitting their RPL or later their PPL test.
Subsequently they will either want to purchase their own aircraft or rent a different type of aircraft from a flight school.
In each case the pilot is responsible for meeting regulation 61.385 before they can act as pilot in command.
How do you become competent and meet the requirements of the regulation?
The typical ways you will achieve competency are:
study the Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) and other reference material
complete the standard engineering data and perfomance questionnaire
undertake a course of ground instruction delivered by an instructor familiar with the aircraft type
undertake flight training in the type of aircraft
The level of ground and flight training required will depend on:
the complexity of the aircraft
the differences between the aircraft you are familiar with and the new type
your own level of experience
In some cases additional training will be required where the aircraft has a design feature that you are yet to be endorsed to use.
For example most pilots learn to fly in a simple aircraft with a fixed undercarriage and a fixed pitch propellor.
To step up to an aircraft like a Piper Arrow a pilot will need to be trained in and endorsed to fly an aircraft with a retractable undercarriage (RU) and a manual propellor pitch control (MPPC).
For further information go to this link:
Another example of where competency training is required is when transitioning from an aircraft with classic instrumentation to an aircraft with a glass cockpit. The Cessna 172 has been in production for over 50 years and the latest versions with the Garmin 1000 instrumentation require "differences" training for pilots only familiar with the old model C172's in order that pilots can demonstrate competence in the use of glass cockpits.
Should you do your initial training in a glass cockpit then equally you will need some training in the operation of classic instrumentation and naviads if you plan to fly an older aircraft.
Please contact me for further information and bookings.
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This course describes the principal intelligence organizations operating in the world today, including their organizational structures and select operational successes and failures. Students will learn to explain and describe the history, working philosophies, and specialties of the CIA and DIA in the US, MI6 in Britain, the BND in Germany, the DGSE in France, SISMI and SISDE in Italy, MOSSAD in Israel, the KGB and its successors in Russia, and their counterparts in China, Japan, and various Middle Eastern countries.
Conduct research to explain the various forms and organizational structures of international intelligence agencies and apply this to real world case studies
Identify particular threats and risks to a set of countries and assess how they have devised their intelligence communities to address them
Relate real-world information and events to the study of international intelligence agencies
Evaluate the role of culture, history and geopolitical standing to the operation of countries’ intelligence communities
Using appropriately complex writing and research skills, explain not only the structure of foreign intelligence agencies, but using critical thinking skills, assess their strengths and weaknesses and provide suggestions on possible improvements
Henley-Putnam’s commitment to service begins with your first call with an advisor and continues through graduation. Our classes are small, so you are never just a number. We get to know you, your goals and your needs. You will be supported by a team of professionals who will help you track your degree progression, advise you on course selection, and inform you of relevant services such as tutoring and mentoring. Your faculty members will be available to you, as will the deans and administrators.
To request an application or get information about any of our programs, fill out the form below. An advisor will be in touch to answer your questions. Or contact us directly at 855-246-7440 or [email protected]
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10 Worst Natural Disasters: The 10 most powerful recorded earthquakes
An earthquake is the result of an unexpected launch of power in the Planet’s crust that develops seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic task of a location describes the regularity, kind as well as dimension of earthquakes experienced over a time frame.
Figuring out the biggest earthquakes can be an uphill struggle. Below is the listing of all understood 10 Best earthquakes gauged or approximated to have a minute size range or Richter size range of 8.5 and also above.
Leading 10 Strongest Earthquakes in The Record.
1. Valdivia Earthquake, Southern Chile
Size: 9.5 Mw Fatalities: 1,655 Day: May 22nd, 1960
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Wonderful Chilean Earthquake of Sunday, 22 Could 1960 is to this day one of the most powerful earthquake ever before recorded in Planet’s record, ranking 9.5 on the minute measurement range. It happened in the mid-day as well as its resulting tidal wave impacted southerly Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, as well as the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.
Roughly 1,655 eliminated, 3,000 hurt, 2,000,000 homeless, and also $550 million damages in southerly Chile; tidal wave triggered 61 fatalities, $75 million damages in Hawaii; 138 fatalities and also $50 million damages in Japan; 32 dead as well as missing out on in the Philippines; and also $500,000 damages to the west shore of the USA.
Wonderful Alaskan Earthquake
The 1964 Alaskan earthquake was a megathrust earthquake that started at 5:36 P.M. AST on Great Friday, March 27, 1964. Throughout south-central Alaska, ground crevices, falling down frameworks, as well as tidal wave arising from the earthquake triggered concerning 143 fatalities. It was one of the most powerful recorded earthquake in UNITED STATE as well as North American record, as well as the 2nd most powerful ever before determined by seismograph. It had a size of 9.2, at the time making it the 2nd biggest earthquake in recorded record.
The trembling lasted regarding 4 mins. Landslides in Anchorage triggered heavy damages. Significant slides happened in the midtown company area and also water pipe and also gas, sewage system, telephone as well as electric systems were interrupted throughout the location.
Indian Sea Earthquake as well as Tidal wave
The 2004 Indian Sea earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that happened at 00:58:53 UTC on Sunday, 26 December 2004, with an epicentre off the west shore of Sumatra, Indonesia.
The earthquake was brought on by subduction as well as caused a collection of ruining tidal waves along the shores of a lot of landmasses surrounding the Indian Sea, eliminating over 230,000 home owner in fourteen nations, as well as swamping seaside areas with waves approximately 30 meters (98 feet) high. It was among the most dangerous natural disasters in recorded record. Indonesia was the hardest-hit nation, adhered to by Sri Lanka, India, and also Thailand.
The tidal wave created so much more casualties compared to other in recorded record, although some estimations state the casualty from the 2010 Haiti earthquake was bigger. The tidal wave was recorded almost global on trend determines in the Indian, Pacific and also Atlantic Oceans.
4. Tohoku Earthquake as well as Tidal wave, Japan
Measurement: 9.0 Mw Fatalities: 15,870 Day: Mar 11th, 2011
Tohoku Earthquake as well as Tidal wave, Japan
Great East Japan Earthquake was a size 9.03 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coastline of Japan that happened at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March 2011, with the epicenter roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) eastern of the Oshika Peninsula of Tohoku and also the hypocenter at an undersea deepness of roughly 32 kilometres (20 mi). It was one of the most powerful recognized earthquake ever before to have actually struck Japan, and also among the 5 most powerful earthquakes worldwide given that modern-day document. This quake eliminated an approximated 15,870 individuals as well as harmed some atomic power plants. This earthquake is the biggest ever before recorded in Japan.
This quake triggered 15,870 fatalities, 6,114 harmed, and also 2,814 individuals missing out on throughout twenty prefectures, along with 129,225 structures absolutely broke down, with a more 254,204 structures ‘half broke down’, as well as one more 691,766 structures partly ruined.
Kamchatka Earthquakes, Russia
The globe’s very first recorded size 9.0 earthquake struck off the eastern coastline of Kamchatka in 1952. The quake produced a 43-foot tidal wave (13 m) in your area. The major earthquake struck at 16:58 GMT on November 4, 1952. Designated a measurement of 8.2, the quake was modified to 9.0 Mw and also a duration of concerning 17 mins, in later years. A huge tidal wave resulted, creating damage and also death around the Kamchatka peninsula as well as the Kuril Islands. Hawaii was likewise struck, with approximated problems of approximately US$ 1 million as well as animals losses, yet no human casualties were recorded.
Offshore Maule, Chile
The 2010 Chile earthquake happened off the coastline of main Chile on Saturday, 27 February 2010, at 03:34 local time (06:34 UTC), having a size of 8.8, with extreme trembling lasting for concerning 3 mins. It places as the 6th biggest earthquake ever before to be recorded by a seismograph. It was really felt highly in 6 Chilean areas.
The earthquake activated a tidal wave which ruined a number of seaside communities in south-central Chile as well as ruined the port at Talcahuano.It causes Casualties, 525 eliminated, 25 missing out on.
The 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake took place at 15:36 UTC on January 31, off the shore of Ecuador, near Esmeraldas. The earthquake had a measurement of 8.8 and also set off a harmful tidal wave that created at the very least 500 casualties on the shore of Colombia.
A tragic size 8.8 earthquake burst off the shore of Ecuador as well as Colombia and also produced a solid tidal wave that eliminated 500 to 1,500 individuals. The tidal wave spread out along the shore of Central America, as well as extended to San Francisco as well as Japan.
The earthquake happened along the border in between the Nazca Plate and also the South American Plate. The earthquake is most likely to be an outcome of thrust-faulting, triggered by the subduction of the Nazca plate below the South American plate.
The seaside parts of Ecuador as well as Colombia have a record of excellent megathrust earthquakes stemming from this plate limit.
Checkout :- Earthquake Recent News
Rat Islands, Alaska
Alaska had actually been a state for just 7 years when this massive earthquake activated a tidal wave of over 30 feet (10 meters). In spite of its dimension, the quake triggered little damages because of its remote place at the suggestion of the Aleutian Islands.
The 1965 Rat Islands earthquake took place at 05:01 UTC, on 4 February. It had a size of 8.7 as well as activated a tidal wave of over 10 m on Shemya Island, however triggered hardly any damages.
Flooding from the tidal wave created $10,000 well worth of damages on Amchitka Island. Small damages from the earthquake was recorded on both Attu and also Shemya islands through splits in runways.
Sumatra earthquake was a significant earthquake on 28 March 2005, situated off the west shore of north Sumatra, Indonesia. About 1300 individuals were eliminated by the earthquake, primarily on the island of Nias.
The earthquake happened at 16:09:36 UTC, on 28 March 2005. The earthquake lasted for regarding 2 mins in overall. The quake burst here the surface area of the Indian Sea, where the Indo-Australian Plate is pressing under the Eurasian plate at the Sunda trench, much like the 2004 quake.
In 1950, a substantial 8.6 size earthquake struck the Assam– Tibet area, eliminating a minimum of 780 home owner, harming thousands, as well as ruining lots of structures. Fractures established in the ground and also big landslides happened, as well as a town glided right into a stream as well as was gotten rid of. Extreme damages was additionally experienced in Assam, India and also the location.
The quake struck at the crossway of one of the most strenuous crash of continental plates on earth, where the Indian continental plate bumps the Eurasian plate and also plunges underneath it. The slow-motion collision assisted produce the substantial Mountain range.
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In South Sudan, it is estimated that only 41% of the population have access to safe water for domestic use. 74% of the total population defecate in the open and have no access to human waste disposal facilities. Sources of clean water such as boreholes were damaged or are dysfunctional due to lack of repairs. Cholera epidemic was declared in South Sudan in both 2016 and 2017 pointing to the disparity of need at local community level. Nile Hope has been a pivotal player in these responses and has years of experience in this regard. Nile Hope has undertaken WASH interventions in South Sudan since 2006 and continues to enhance WASH services by providing adequate clean water and strengthening community-led hygiene and sanitation and advocacy including through school-focused hygiene activities. Through this, the organization plays a pivotal role in reducing the prevalence of water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases, enhances capacity of communities and strengthens WASH Emergency Preparedness and Response capacity.
Between 2018 and 2021 alone, Nile Hope commissioned 18 solar motorized water yard distribution system as part of it commitment to reduce the WASH related diseases by providing clean and safe drinking water to the community affected by conflict and climatic changes. Through this, the organization and its partners has made it possible for the vulnerable rural and Peri-urban populations to access clean water in a sustainable way by enlisting the help of local communities to participate in water management committees.
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noun, plural: gliding joints
A synovial joint in which only a slight, sliding or gliding motion is allowed in the plane of articular surfaces.
Examples are the intermetacarpal joints and the acromioclavicular joint (between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle).
- plane (or planar) joint
- arthrodial joint
- arthrodial articulation
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BAR 36:05, Sep/Oct 2010
The Fault Beneath Their Feet
How the Israelites Found Water Inside Hazor
Water was critical in ancient Israel (as it is today). This was especially true in time of siege because cities were usually located on higher spots (that rose higher and higher as the tell developed over time) and the springs were outside the city walls at the bottom of the hill, exposed to the enemy.
The usual ancient solution to this situation was to dig a vertical shaft (with steps to climb down) inside the city and at the bottom to dig a tunnel sloping downward to the spring outside the city wall. Still, the residents would be vulnerable if the enemy found the spring outside the city wall despite its protection and camouflage.a
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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
The influence of environmental complexity on brain development has been demonstrated in a number of taxa, but the potential influence of social environment on neural architecture remains largely unexplored. We investigated experimentally the influence of social environment on the development of different brain parts in geographically and genetically isolated and ecologically divergent populations of nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius). Fish from two marine and two pond populations were reared in the laboratory from eggs to adulthood either individually or in groups. Group-reared pond fish developed relatively smaller brains than those reared individually, but no such difference was found in marine fish. Group-reared fish from both pond and marine populations developed larger tecta optica and smaller bulbi olfactorii than individually reared fish. The fact that the social environment effect on brain size differed between marine and pond origin fish is in agreement with the previous research, showing that pond fish pay a high developmental cost from grouping while marine fish do not. Our results demonstrate that social environment has strong effects on the development of the stickleback brain, and on the brain's sensory neural centres in particular. The potential adaptive significance of the observed brain-size plasticity is discussed.
Several forms of plasticity in brain architecture have been demonstrated at different neuroanatomical levels and life stages in numerous taxa, including mammals, birds and fishes (e.g. Diamond et al. 1966; Rosenzweig & Bennett 1969; Kempermann et al. 1997; Tramontin & Brenowitz 2000; Zupanc 2001; Draganski & May 2008). During the past few decades, experimental studies have shed light on the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental complexities on the development of neural architecture (reviewed in Van Praag et al. 2000; Mohammed et al. 2002). For instance, rodents kept in stimulus-rich environments increased their brain size (Diamond et al. 1966; Rosenzweig & Bennett 1969), had more hippocampal neurons (Kempermann et al. 1997) and showed an elevated level of neurogenesis (Kempermann et al. 1997; Nilsson et al. 1999) as compared with those kept in a stimulus-poor environment. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reared in overly simplified hatchery conditions developed smaller bulbi olfactorii and telencephala as compared with wild conspecifics (Kihslinger et al. 2006). Kihslinger & Nevitt (2006) demonstrated that simply adding a few rocks in the rearing tanks resulted in increased cerebellum size in salmon (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins, while structural complexity of the abiotic environment affected the rate of cell proliferation in the telencephalon of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; Lema et al. 2005). Structurally enriched environment has also been shown to increase foraging skills and learning ability in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; Brown et al. 2003). Obviously, brain architecture and behaviour are expected to be correlated both within and between species. In line with that expectation, Burns & Rodd (2008) have demonstrated a negative correlation between ‘hastiness’ and telencephalon size in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). On a larger scale, several comparative studies have revealed that behavioural and neural complexity appears to evolve in concert (e.g. Lefebvre et al. 1997; Reader & Laland 2002; Gonzalez-Voyer et al. 2009).
Social environment is also implicated as an important factor in shaping the ontogeny and evolution of brain architecture. For instance, the large brains of primates are thought to be a consequence of living in complex societies (Dunbar & Shultz 2007). Coevolution of sociality and brain size has also been demonstrated in other mammals (Perez-Barberia et al. 2007), while recent studies have started to uncover the importance of parental care-type and pair-bonding in the brain-size evolution of fishes (Pollen et al. 2007; Gonzalez-Voyer et al. 2009). However, apart from these interspecific comparative studies, only very few experimental studies have investigated the effects of sociality on brain architecture. Social isolation was found to decrease the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster; Fowler et al. 2002), while greater social complexity increased neuronal recruitment in birds (Lipkind et al. 2002; Adar et al. 2008).
Adult neurogenesis is limited to a few areas of the brain in mammals (Gould et al. 1999; Hastings et al. 2000, 2001), yet several studies have demonstrated its more widespread occurrence in birds (e.g. Reh & Fischer 2001). In comparison with mammals and birds, neurogenesis persists longer into adulthood in reptiles (Font et al. 2001) and fishes (Zupanc & Horschke 1995; Zupanc 2001, 2006), contributing to lifelong growth of brain size and thereby the potential for plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity (Birse et al. 1980; Raymond & Easter 1983; Zupanc & Horschke 1995). Hence, fishes provide an excellent model for neural plasticity studies. The effect of abiotic environment on the development of brain architecture in salmonid fishes has been demonstrated (e.g. Kihslinger & Nevitt 2006; Kihslinger et al. 2006). However, despite the widespread occurrence of group living in numerous fish taxa (e.g. Pitcher & Parrish 1993; Krause & Ruxton 2002), no studies of the potential effects of social environment on brain architecture in fishes have been conducted. Likewise, studies investigating the possibility that genetically based population-level differences in brain development are due to sociality are as yet to be conducted. Such differences could be expected to occur if the costs and benefits of grouping differ among populations residing in different selective environments.
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of social environment on brain development of nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius), and to compare the effects between populations originating from contrasting environments. This was done by comparing the relative size of brains and five different brain regions of adult fish subjected to different social environment treatments in the laboratory from hatching until adulthood. We were interested in addressing the following questions. (i) Is there any difference in relative brain size of nine-spined sticklebacks reared either individually or in groups? (ii) Which parts of the brain are the most affected by these conditions? (iii) Are there any population or habitat-specific differences in the detected patterns? The latter could be expected because the study populations originated from two contrasting environments (viz. marine and pond environments) where the costs and benefits of grouping are different. Pond fish grow faster (G. Herczeg, A. Gonda & J. Merilä, unpublished data), are more aggressive, are bolder, have higher drive to feed (Herczeg et al. 2009a), and probably, as a consequence, display a higher cost of grouping (Herczeg et al. 2009b) than their marine conspecifics. Hence, we could formulate two main hypotheses. First, we hypothesize that there should be a habitat-specific treatment effect on relative brain size due to the habitat-specific differences in the costs of grouping (i.e. pond fish should have smaller brains when reared in groups than when reared individually). Second, we hypothesize about habitat-independent treatment effects on brain parts involved in communication or, more generally, in perception of the social environment. Here, we expected that the tectum opticum (the visual centre) will be enlarged in group-reared fish as compared with individual-reared conspecifics.
Adult nine-spined sticklebacks were collected from late May to early June of 2007, immediately before the peak of the breeding season, with the aid of minnow traps and seine nets from four populations representing two contrasting habitat types. Although it is known that sampling can introduce a bias towards bolder-than-average fish (Biro & Dingemanse 2009), this effect is hard to avoid, and we believe that the role of this possible bias is negligible in our case. These were two marine populations from the Baltic Sea near Helsinki (Finland) and the White Sea in Levin Navolok Bay (Russia), and two pond populations from Bynästjärnen (Sweden) and Pyöreälampi (Finland; figure 1). The marine sampling sites were shallow coastal bays close to creek inlets (Baltic Sea being a brackish water environment), representing low-salinity sea habitats. Even though we could sample only two replicate populations per habitat type, the large geographical (above 500km) and genetic (based on highly polymorphic microsatellite markers; T. Shikano, G. Herczeg & J. Merilä, unpublished data) distance made them truly independent. The surface area of ponds was less than 5ha and their maximum depth around 10m. The habitats differ in several respects: nine-spined stickleback is the only fish species in the ponds apart from a small number of recently introduced small-bodied whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in Pyöreälampi. Based on diet analyses (e.g. Kahilainen et al. 2004), these whitefish are a potential competitor but not a predator of the nine-spined sticklebacks. It is noteworthy that we never caught a single whitefish among the thousands of sticklebacks during our extensive sampling in Pyöreälampi. Thus, pond sticklebacks experience no fish predation and no (or negligible) interspecific competition. By contrast, marine sticklebacks face several types of predatory fishes and interspecific competitors. These differences have resulted in entirely different evolutionary constraints of group living in the populations used here: pond fish suffer from reduced growth when kept in groups while marine fish do not (Herczeg et al. 2009b).
After collection, adult fish were transported to the aquaculture facilities of the University of Helsinki and kept at 17°C under permanent light and fed with frozen bloodworms (Chironomidae sp.) until a sufficient number of fish had attained reproductive condition. Both wild-caught adults and all their offspring (see below) were kept and raised in freshwater. Five artificial crosses per population were made in the last week of June. The clutches were placed into 1.4l tanks of two Allentown Zebrafish Rack Systems (hereafter ‘rack’; Aquaneering Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Racks had closed water circulating systems with multi-level filtering (physical, chemical, biological and UV filters) and inbuilt thermostats. Unfertilized eggs were removed daily. After hatching, 10 fish per family (i.e. 50 fish per population) were placed individually and randomly into the 1.4l tanks of the two racks (hereafter individual treatment). The transparent plastic tanks were separated from each other with white panels to block visual contact between neighbours. Chemical contact could not be blocked due to the closed water system.
Of the remaining fish, in the second treatment (hereafter group treatment), a maximum of 80 individuals (depending on the size of the family) per family were divided into two replicates and placed in well-aerated 10l plastic tanks. After three to four weeks, fish were transported to similar 10l tanks with mosquito nets at the sides, and these tanks were placed in larger plastic tanks (76×54×40cm, length, width and height, respectively; eight 10l tanks in each) set with an open, one-way water flow. The 10l tanks were placed randomly into the large tanks, and replicates within family were placed into different large tanks. After another three to four weeks (depending on the day of fertilization) 20 fish per family were chosen (replicates equally represented) and pooled within populations, resulting in pools of 100 fish per population. From the Baltic population, equal family representation and reaching n=100 were impossible because of the low number of individuals in the original families and the subsequent mortality. Here, 93 fish were pooled (26, 24, 21, 16 and 6 per family, respectively). Each new population pool was divided into two replicates. The replicates were placed randomly into halves of the larger (76×54×40cm) plastic tanks halved by mosquito net and set with an open, one-way water flow. The replicates within populations were placed into different tanks. The water volume was set to 140l in the larger tanks; hence, the per capita water volume (1.4l), or in other words the fish density, was similar between treatments from this point onwards. In short, only chemosensory clues of conspecifics were present in the individual treatment, while visual, chemosensory and tactile cues were all present in the group treatment.
In both treatments, the temperature was set to 17°C throughout the experiment. We changed from a 24-hour light (natural at high latitudes in summer) cycle to a 12L:12D periodism gradually during the course of one week after week 12. Owing to the latitudinal differences between the populations (figure 1), we did not attempt to mimic the natural light regimes any more closely. Fish were ad libitum fed two times per day. Feeding was started with live brine shrimp (Artemia salina); as the fish grew, we switched to frozen copepeods (Cyclops sp.) and then to frozen bloodworms. No gravel or other physical structures were presented in the rearing environments.
At the age of five months, when fish reached adult size (standard length from the tip of the nose to the tail base=4–7cm; e.g. Bănărescu & Paepke 2001), 15 individuals from every population and every treatment were killed by an overdose of MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate). Individuals from the individual treatments represented families equally, and individuals from the group treatment were selected randomly from the mixed population pools (replicates represented evenly). After over-anaesthetizing the fish, their body weight was measured to the nearest 0.01g with a digital balance and their standard length to the nearest 0.01mm with a digital calliper. Then the brains of the fish were dissected and put into a 4 per cent formalin–0.1M phosphate-buffered saline solution for 48 hours of fixation. After that, digital photographs were taken of the brains from three viewpoints (dorsal, right lateral and ventral) with a digital camera (Canon EOS 10D, Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) through a connected dissecting microscope (Wild M5A, Heerbrugg, Switzerland). A scale was positioned in each photograph for later measurements. Brains were positioned symmetrically and in a horizontal position by eye. We estimated the repeatability of our measurements based on three repeated independent measures of a subsample of brains (n=20) and found that all measurements (see below) were highly repeatable (all r>0.8).
The size of the brain and five different brain parts—bulbus olfactorius, telencephalon, tectum opticum, cerebellum and hypothalamus—were measured from the digital photographs with tpsDig v. 1.37 software (Rohlf 2002). The width, height and length of each structure were taken and defined as the greatest distance enclosed by the given structure. The measures were perpendicular to the midline in the case of width, parallel to the projection of the brain in the case of length and perpendicular to the projection of the brain in the case of height. A detailed description of the measurements is given by Pollen et al. (2007), whose measurement procedures we followed. The volume of the total brain and the different brain parts was estimated according to the ellipsoid model (e.g. Huber et al. 1997; Pollen et al. 2007). This model might not account for fine-scale changes in brain shape, but it should be suitable for the purpose of our study as we compared populations of the same species where large shape changes are not expected. These estimates were validated by Pollen et al. (2007), who found that they provided consistent volume estimates of different brain regions. The volume (V) of the different brain parts was calculated as
where L, W and H denote the length, width and height of the given structure, respectively. For paired structures we used a doubled volume estimate of right side measurements. The total volume of the brain was estimated in two different ways. First, we used the equation
(Pollen et al. 2007); and, second, we simply summed the volumes of the different parts. The method of calculation did not influence the results qualitatively. Hence, only the results from the ellipsoid model are reported. We note that this method did not allow us to analyse fine-scale structural differences within brain parts, but significant differences at measures used would indeed indicate large treatment and/or population effects.
All morphological variables were log transformed to correct for the allometric relationship between brain size and body size (Northcutt et al. 1978) and to achieve a linear relationship between them. The transformed values were used in all analyses. A general linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to test for the habitat and treatment effects on brain size. Because we found a marginally significant difference in the body weight–standard length relationship between the populations (GLM ANCOVA: F3,112=2.38, p=0.073), we corrected for both body weight and standard length in our analyses. In the GLMM, brain volume was the dependent variable, treatment and habitat fixed factors, body weight and standard length covariates, and population nested in habitat type a random factor.
Since the different parts of the brain were not independent, a multivariate GLM was conducted to test for the treatment effects at the population level. In this analysis (MANCOVA), the size of bulbus olfactorius, telencephalon, tectum opticum, cerebellum and hypothalamus were defined as dependent variables, treatment and population as fixed factors and body weight, standard length and brain volume as covariates.
In all models, we included the interaction between the fixed factors. Analyses were carried out with the SPSS v. 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software package.
After correcting for size effects (body weight: F1,112.55=49.991, p<0.0001; standard length: F1,113.09=34.866, p<0.0001), a habitat-specific treatment effect on brain size was found (habitat×treatment interaction: F1,112.16=7.816, p=0.006; figure 2). The main effects of treatment (F1,112.34=2.035, p=0.157) and habitat (F1,2.07=0.146, p=0.738) were insignificant, as was the effect of population within habitat type (Z=0.978, p=0.328). Pond fish grew smaller brains in the group treatment than in the individual treatment, while no such effect was observed in marine fish (figure 2).
After correcting for size effects (body weight: Wilks's λ5,105=0.922, p=0.124; standard length: Wilks's λ5,105=0.921, p=0.117; brain volume Wilks's λ5,105=0.145, p<0.0001), multivariate GLM revealed a significant treatment (Wilks's λ5,105=0.828, p=0.001) and population effects (Wilks's λ15,290=0.39, p<0.0001) on different brain parts. The treatment×population interaction was insignificant (Wilks's λ15,290=0.92, p=0.86). Univariate analyses of the data revealed significant treatment effect on two brain parts, the bulbus olfactorius (F1,109=11.22, p=0.001; figure 3) and the tectum opticum (F1,109=7.72, p=0.006; figure 3). The bulbus olfactorius was significantly larger, while the tectum opticum was smaller in fish from the individual treatment than in fish from the group treatment. The treatments did not affect the size of telencephalon (F1,109=0.16, p=0.69), cerebellum (F1,109=2.52, p=0.115) or hypothalamus (F1,109=0.288, p=0.593). The treatment-independent population differences are not in the focus of the present paper and will be discussed elsewhere.
Our results demonstrate that social environment can have marked effects on the development of the nine-spined stickleback's brain. Fish originating from pond populations developed smaller brains when reared in groups than when reared alone, while fish originating from marine populations showed a (insignificant) trend towards the opposite. According to our knowledge, this is the first time an interpopulation difference in brain-size plasticity during ontogenesis has been demonstrated. The fact that the difference in the level of plasticity was habitat- and not population-specific suggests that habitat-specific natural selection is the likely cause of the observed difference (cf. Clarke 1975; Endler 1986; McGuigan et al. 2005). We further discovered that social environment affected the development of different brain regions (viz. bulbus olfactorius and tectum opticum) in a similar manner in all populations. Individually reared fish receiving information from their conspecifics only via chemical cues developed significantly larger bulbi olfactorii than fish grown in groups. By contrast, group-reared fish subject to visual, chemical and tactile sensory inputs from conspecifics grew significantly larger tecta optica than individually reared fish. Size of telencephalon, cerebellum and hypothalamus appeared to be unaffected by social environment.
Population differences in learning and memorizing abilities (e.g. Mackney & Hughes 1995; Nelson et al. 1995; Girvan & Braithwaite 1998; Brown & Braithwaite 2005) and in brain architecture have been demonstrated in some taxa (Garamszegi & Eens 2004; Pravosudov et al. 2006; Brown et al. 2007; Burns & Rodd 2008; A. Gonda, G. Herczeg & J. Merilä, unpublished data). However, we are not aware of any study that would have investigated interpopulation variation in neural plasticity. In the present study, population differences in plasticity in response to social environment occurred between populations from two markedly different habitats in which the cost of sociality is expected and known to differ (Herczeg et al. 2009a,b).
Because marine nine-spined sticklebacks are under heavy fish predation throughout their lifespan, grouping can be beneficial in reducing predator-caused mortality and, assuming that food is patchier in marine than in pond environments, in increasing foraging efficiency too (Pitcher & Parrish 1993; Krause & Ruxton 2002). By contrast, intraspecific competition is expected to be one of the main biotic selective forces in pond sticklebacks. In fact, fish from ponds are more aggressive, bolder and have higher drive to feed (Herczeg et al. 2009a) than their marine conspecifics. Furthermore, and probably as a consequence, pond fish face high costs of grouping in terms of growth even when constraints originating from food limitation, predation, parasitism or reproduction are ruled out (Herczeg et al. 2009b). This happens irrespective of the fact that pond fish occur in high densities (G. Herczeg & A. Gonda, personal observation) and that, under stress, both pond and marine fish tend to group (Herczeg et al. 2009b). Therefore, group living or permanent contact with conspecifics can be considered to better reflect the natural situation for both marine and pond fish than living in isolation (which is hard to imagine in the studied habitat types), but also more stressful for pond than for marine fish. Considering that the brain is the most expensive tissue to develop and maintain (e.g. Aiello & Wheele 1995), the results showing that pond fish had smaller relative brain size when kept in groups than when kept alone, while marine fish showed some tendency towards opposite patterns, are not unexpected. However, it is interesting that the cost of grouping could manifest as a reduction in brain size in a situation where—due to the increased need during social interactions—one could actually expect larger brains to be developed. The fact that we used laboratory-reared fish suggests that the among-population patterns are likely to have a genetic basis, even though the possibility of maternal effects cannot be ruled out in our design. Furthermore, we found repeated, habitat-specific, population-independent differences that strongly support the role of natural selection in shaping the pattern (e.g. Clarke 1975; Endler 1986; Schluter & Nagel 1995; Foster 1999; McGuigan et al. 2005). We suggest that selection did not act directly on brain plasticity, but rather on the causes behind the differences in grouping costs between habitat types (e.g. behaviour), manifested as energetic constraints on brain development.
Previous studies in brain development have demonstrated that those parts of the brain that are likely to be important in a particular context develop more than those of less importance (Kihslinger & Nevitt 2006; Kihslinger et al. 2006; Lisney et al. 2007). It has also been shown that changes in demand alter the number and size of component elements, making the relative size of different brain parts a reliable predictor of their importance for the organism in question (Kotrschal et al. 1998). In our experiment, individually reared fish could only get information from their conspecifics by chemical cues, while visual, chemical and tactile cues were all available for group-reared fish. Our treatments were extremely simple in terms of abiotic complexity (we applied empty plastic tanks). Hence, one could expect that olfactory centres will be enlarged in the individual treatment, while visual centres will be enlarged in the group treatment. Our results are in line with these expectations: individually reared fish had larger bulbi olfactorii coupled with smaller tecta optica than their group-reared conspecifics, irrespectively of population origin. Evolutionary trade-offs between olfactory and visual centres of the primate brain have been shown at the interspecific level (Barton et al. 1995; Barton & Harvey 2000), but not in fish (Van Staaden et al. 1995; Huber et al. 1997). Our results support the existence of such a trade-off at the ontogenetic level: fish in a certain treatment not only enhanced the growth of the more-used structure, but also reduced the less-used one. These responses make sense considering the extremely high cost of developing and maintaining brain tissue (Aiello & Wheele 1995).
In summary, the results demonstrate that social environment—i.e. solitude versus membership of a group of conspecifics—has a marked effect on the development of the nine-spined stickleback brain. Individually reared pond fish developed relatively larger brains than their group-reared conspecifics from the same populations, while no such effect (or rather a tendency towards the opposite) was detected in marine fish. This pattern might arise from the higher costs of sociality in pond fish than in marine fish, originating in the lower benefits of grouping and higher drive for intraspecific competition in pond than in marine nine-spined sticklebacks (Herczeg et al. 2009a,b). Furthermore, we found that individually kept fish developed larger bulbi olfactorii but smaller tecta optica than fish kept in groups, irrespective of population origin. This finding supports the contention that the relative size of certain brain parts is related to their relative importance. Our study provides the first evidence for habitat-specific difference in brain-size plasticity, and emphasizes the importance of social environment in shaping brain architecture, with special emphasis on the main neural sensory centres.
The experiments were done under the licence of the Helsinki University Animal Experimentation Committee.
We thank Victor Berger, Göran Englund, Tuomas Leinonen, Daniel Lussetti and Pirkko Siikamäki for helping us in organizing and executing the field sampling, and John Loehr for correcting English. Special thanks to the Oulanka Research Station and White Sea Biological Station for their help and support. We are highly indebted to Hans Hofmann and Pertti Panula for helping with practical issues related to the preparation and measurement of brains. A.G. was supported by a fellowship from CIMO (www.cimo.fi). G.H. and J.M. were supported by the Academy of Finland.
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Naturopathic Medicine is a natural approach to health and healing that recognizes the integrity of the whole person. It emphasizes the treatment of the disease through the stimulation, enhancement and support of the body’s own natural healing process. There are five underlying principles of healing.
The body already has the ability to establish, maintain and restore health. The naturopath’s role is to help this process by identifying and removing obstacles to health and recovery and to support the creation of a healthy internal and external environment. This process must be a partnership between the naturopath and the client.
Illness does not occur without a cause. The cause must be discovered, removed and treated so that a person can recover completely. Causes can occur on many levels, including physical, mental, emotional and spiritual.
Health and disease are conditions of the whole person involving physical, spiritual, mental, emotional, genetic, environmental and/or social. The harmonious functioning of all aspects of the individual is essential to recovery and prevention of disease.
The naturopath must work to create a healthy, sensitive interpersonal relationship with the patient. The naturopath’s major role is to educate and encourage the patient to take responsibility for his or her own health. The naturopath is the catalyst for healthful change, empowering and motivating the client to assume responsibility. It is the patient, not the naturopath, who in the end creates health.
The ultimate goal is prevention. This is accomplished through education and promotion of life habits that create good health. The emphasis is on building health rather than fighting disease.
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After its farewell flyover, it took two large cranes, a specially built sling, four masts and about 45 people to carefully lift the space shuttle Discovery off the back of the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (a modified 747). Because such a move hasn’t been done in more than 20 years, teams rehearsed in advance.
In this photo taken Thursday, April 19th, at Washington Dulles International Airport, the Discovery shuttle is suspended from a sling held by two cranes shortly after the NASA 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft was moved away. Discovery is retiring to the National Air and Space Museum. To see more photos click here. NASA/Bill Ingalls
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
The 26th century (Gregorian Calendar) comprises the years 2501-2600.
Science Fiction set in the 26th Century
In the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Azati Prime", Captain Jonathan Archer is briefly transported to an possible future 26th century (in the Star Trek universe) in which the Klingon Empire has joined the United Federation of Planets. Archer visits a hypothetical USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-J) in this episode.
- April 7th, 2515 At 10:37UTC Mars will occult Neptune
- January 25th, 2518 At 22:41UTC Venus will occult Saturn
- 2599: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details
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| 0.822986 | 174 | 2.609375 | 3 |
5 Ways You Can Use Your Pi Cap
Don’t know where to start with the Pi Cap? Check out these resources!
The Pi Cap adds precise capacitive touch, proximity sensing and high-quality audio to your Raspberry Pi. Connect your Pi project to the physical world. Create sensors by connecting Electric Paint or anything conductive to one of the Pi Cap’s 12 electrodes to control audio, video or connect to the internet.
Here are 5 ways you can use your Pi Cap.
Sensors for your Pi
The Pi Cap can be used to create capacitive touch or distance sensors. Whether you want to keep it plugged into a screen or make it a self-standing wearable, there are loads of opportunities with this tiny and powerful add-on. Our Raspbian package contains code examples for C++, Python and Node.js.
The Pi Cap is compatible with the Pi Zero, Raspberry Pi 1 A+/B+, Raspberry Pi 2 or Raspberry Pi 3. It works with any Raspberry Pi with a 40 pin GPIO connector. Our easy-to- follow instructions should help you get started.
The Pi Cap can be used as a polyphonic interface. Use our MIDI code example and build your own musical instrument or interface. You can paint a paper piano using Electric Paint, or manipulate any other MIDI signal.
Design Custom Sensors
Use the Pi Cap alongside Electric Paint to make custom game controllers or to design your own HID interface. The Pi Cap’s sensors are highly robust, so your custom graphic will be reliable and fast.
Make a wearable
The Pi Cap’s small footprint means you can use it alongside your Pi Zero to make a very small device. Create a wearable, and take advantage of its prototyping area to add some custom features.
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| 0.833893 | 369 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Many owners find taking their cat to the vet a negative experience, often because of the stress experienced by the cat. As well as improving the overall welfare of the cat, reducing the stress experienced in a veterinary examination increases the accuracy of the examination findings; increases the likelihood of owners presenting their cats at the vets more often; and helps to maintain the owner–cat relationship. It has been suggested that veterinary examinations carried out at home are a less stressful alternative to taking the cat to the veterinary clinic, but there had been little data thus far to confirm this. In order to find out whether this is in fact the case, a group from the veterinary school in Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean carried out a study and published their findings in the journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science.
Who participated in the study?
Eighteen cats completed the study and of these seven were castrated males and 11 were spayed females. All of the cats in the study were domestic shorthairs and they ranged in age from 6 months to 8 years. Many of the cats came from feral colonies and this is something to consider when interpreting the results as these cats may differ to a typical pet cat.
How did the study take place?
All of the cats underwent two routine physical examinations using low stress handling techniques, one in the home environment and another at the veterinary clinic, with 7 days in between. The study was conducted using what is called a randomised crossover design – this means that half of the cats were randomly selected to be tested in the home environment first and the clinic setting second, and the other half were tested in the clinic setting first and the home environment second. This is good scientific practice as the overall differences in cat behaviour between the two locations are less likely to be affected by the second examination being influenced by the first. It is also good scientific practice that each cat is tested in both environments as it means we can be more confident that any differences in behaviour found were due to the different environments and not due to different cats.
The examinations were conducted at the same time of day for each cat, using the same methods, order of procedures, vet and technical support team in each location – again this is good scientific practice as it reduces the likelihood of the results being influenced by any of these factors in different ways for different cats, rather than the location.
In order to determine the cats’ level of stress, a mixture of physiological and behavioural measures were taken. Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood glucose, blood pressure and cortisol, which is a hormone that is released in response to stress, were some of the measures taken by the vet. The examinations were also videoed and from this behavioural measures such as escape attempts and hiding were recorded, as well as ear positions. Behavioural studies often use an ethogram, which is a list of behaviours and their description and allows different people to easily identify these behaviours. In this study, however, the description for some of the behaviours in the ethogram were a little unclear; for example, different people might interpret ‘slightly dilated pupils’ and ‘moderately dilated pupils’ differently because the words ‘slightly’ and ‘moderately’ are subjective. Including diagrams might have helped in these instances. As it was the same trained observer that evaluated all the videos, error due to differences in interpretation by different observers should have been small; nonetheless, the subjectivity of the ethogram makes it difficult to use by other researchers in further studies. Other behaviours might also have been useful to look at, such as slow blinking, which can indicate a relaxed or content state, or those that are likely to show a negative emotional state, such as tail swishing.
What were the results?
The study found that there were no significant differences in the physiological measures between the home and clinic environments except for blood glucose, which was significantly lower, and so potentially showing a lower level of stress, in the home environment. A high blood glucose level can be caused by an underlying disease, such as diabetes mellitus, as well as by the release of stress hormones. Therefore if a vet finds an elevated blood glucose level, it may be difficult for them to determine whether this is due to stress or disease. This highlights the importance of reducing stress during a veterinary examination in order to maximise the accuracy of tests and minimise the possibility of incorrectly interpreting the results.
When looking at the behaviours, hiding was performed significantly more often in the clinic, but there was a significantly higher ear position score, proposed to show higher stress levels, in the home environment; although the scores were still low in both environments. In addition, it could be questioned as to whether a higher ear position score does reflect greater stress; a linear scale was used in the study, with, for example, ‘1 = relaxed/alert ears (upright, oriented forward)’ and ‘5 = ears moderately flattened, top of ears rotated forward’, but these different ear positions could represent different emotions, for example fear or frustration, and not just a scale of how stressed the cat is.
The study also found that cortisol values were significantly less for the second visit, regardless of whether the examination was in the clinic or the home, and this finding was consistent among the cats. There was also a greater decrease in cortisol between the first and second visits when the first visit was the clinic and the second visit was the home environment. The authors propose that this supports the idea that the home environment is less stressful than the clinic environment, and that familiarity with the handler and the process masked the influence of the familiar home versus the unfamiliar clinic environment.
What can we take from this?
- This study suggests that veterinary examination in the home setting may be less stressful than at the clinic; however, from a practical point of view, home examination is not always possible as some procedures can only be carried out in the clinic.
- The study also found that low-stress handling performed by a familiar veterinary team reduces the stress that a cat experiences. It may therefore be beneficial, where possible, for your cat to see the same vet each time you visit the clinic. Teaching your cat to tolerate veterinary-style examinations at home can also help keep your cat’s stress levels low during real examinations in the veterinary clinic. We will cover this topic soon.
- As well as being of benefit to the welfare of the cat, having a low stress examination means that the results of any tests are more likely to be reliable, incorrect interpretation will be reduced, there will be less need for further testing and the owner–cat relationship is more likely to be maintained.
The work of International Cat Care
- International Cat Care understands the importance of reducing stress when visiting the vet and has designed a programme, entitled Cat Friendly Clinic, which helps address this concern. Run throughout the world, the programme offers Gold, Silver or Bronze accreditation to practices that meet the standards set by iCatCare to improve the welfare and reduce the stress of cats in the clinic. To find out if there is a Cat Friendly Clinic near you, visit: icatcare.org/cat-campaigns-cat-friendly-clinic/accredited-clinics
- International Cat Care also has advice on its website about how to reduce stress when visiting the vet, at: icatcare.org/advice/bringing-your-cat-vet
- The veterinary division of International Cat Care, the International Society of Feline Medicine, has also published a book, ‘ISFM Guide to Feline Stress and Health’, that aims to help readers to understand why cats can become stressed and distressed in many environments and suggests how to improve welfare. The book can be purchased from the International Cat Care shop at: icatcare.org/shop
International Cat Care will continue to provide you with interpretations and summaries of the latest cat science studies – objectively critiqued and intelligently communicated to you by dedicated cat-loving feline scientists, professionals and veterinarians.
Reference for the study:
Nibblett BM, Ketzis JK and Grigg EK. Comparison of stress exhibited by cats examined in a clinic versus a home setting. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015; 173: 68-75.
About International Cat Care:
International Cat Care works to create a world in which ‘all cats, owned and unowned, are treated with care, compassion and understanding’ International Cat Care is a charity with the vision of a world where all cats, owned and unowned, are treated with care, compassion, and understanding. We work closely with the veterinary profession through our veterinary division, the International Society of Feline Medicine. All our work is reliant on donations and legacies.
Founded in 1958, we are a respected authority on feline health and best practice, working with owners, vets and other professionals around the world.
Registered Charity – 1117342
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| 0.967309 | 1,829 | 3.078125 | 3 |
National good practice operational guidelines for bushfire management for the Australian water industry
The devastating fires in Australia over the 2019-2020 period highlighted the need for the water industry to have practical guidance ready at hand for the management of drinking water supplies during such events.
Over 12 million hectares of bush was burnt across the Australian landscape, and vast areas of drinking water catchments in NSW and Victoria were impacted. This was exacerbated by record-breaking temperatures, severe drought and high winds.
The intent of this Guideline is to utilise the current knowledge and experience in the industry to provide practical guidance across the water sector on bushfire and water quality management. The Guideline aims to provide support to planning and operational staff within a water utility so that they can plan, respond and recover from a bushfire emergency based on sound practical experience.
The Guideline is underpinned by a number of practical case studies from water utilities around Australia.
Water Services Association of Australia and Arran Canning, WaterFutures
Bushfire management: National good practice operational guidelines for the Australian water industry
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| 0.927355 | 217 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Daegeum is Korean large transverse bamboo flute with a distinctive sound, widely used in Korean music. The Daegeum is about 31 inches (80 cm) long. It has a mouthpiece opening
and six finger holes, as well as two to five open holes(tuning holes) toward the end. A special aperture covered with a reed membrane gives the instrument its characteristic sound. The Daegeum is used as an ensemble or solo instrument in a broad range of genres, from court music to shaman and folk music.
According to Korean folklore, the daegeum is said to have been invented when King Sinmun of Silla was informed by Park Suk Jung, his caretaker of the ocean (海官) in 618 that a small island was floating toward a Buddhist temple in the East Sea. The king ordered his caretaker of the sun to test whether this was good luck. The caretaker replied that a dead king who turned into a sea dragon, and two great warriors are giving a gift to protect Silla, and if the king would visit the sea, he would receive a priceless gift. The king soon sent a person to look for the gift. The person replied that a bamboo tree on the top of the island becomes two in the morning and one in the night. On the next day, the world shook and it rained and wind blew, and the world was thrown into darkness for a week. When the king went to the island himself, a dragon appeared and told him that if the bamboo on the top of the island was cut down, made into a flute, and blown, the country would be peaceful. The king cut down the tree, and the flute made from the bamboo was called Man Pa Sik Juk (萬波息笛)
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| 0.975125 | 393 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Jen Jackson (British Antarctic Survey)
Hello from the eastern Weddell Sea! On Sunday 19th February we reached the most southerly point of our expedition. At 77.36 degrees south we had made it as far south into the Weddell Sea as the sea ice would allow us to go – only 30 nautical miles short of the James Clark Ross southern record for this area. On the 17th we began to break into areas of sea ice. The James Clark Ross has a special ice heeling system which makes the ship roll from side to side, helping to ease our passage through the ice. We travel slowly through and stop frequently as the captain searches for a route through the existing cracks, targeting the weaker areas where the ice is more likely to break. The best place to watch this is from the very front of the ship, where you can peer over the prow and watch the action happening directly below.
The sea surface temperature is now around minus 1.5°C. At this temperature it is so cold that the sea changes in consistency. Ice crystals under the surface dampen the waves giving the sea around us a completely glossy and smooth appearance. Despite the complete lack of haze, it’s often hard to distinguish the sea and sky at the horizon. Minke whales patrol the sea ice; rising in the small pools that form where the ice fractures and separates. The groups of flapping Adelie penguins from the last few days have now been replaced by calm clusters of emperor penguins, craning at us from the sea ice.
From the 19th we have been slowly tracking north along the Antarctic coastal shelf and into deeper waters, collecting sea floor animals from 300 to over 2,000 metres deep. Each ‘sampling station’ consists of three Agassiz trawls and one epibenthic sledge, which were described by Mel last week. Life on the Antarctic sea floor is incredibly patchy, so we get a much fairer representation of it with three repeats. In the evenings we can review the high quality camera footage of the sledge and get a good look at the habitat we are collecting animals from.
Sea life at our most southerly site included loads and loads of sea cucumbers. We collected well over 200 of these little fellows. When they come out of the sea in the net they look like slime and sludge but are beautiful in the water (at least I think so!). Mel Mackenzie, our sea cucumber expert from Museum Victoria in Australia, was really happy and was kept very busy sorting and identifying. The most exciting part was that we learned a lot about the biology of these little animals from our underwater video camera. We collected excellent footage of a whole ‘city’ of sea cucumbers, each one sitting in a little pit it presumably had dug into the mud. It is wonderful to see the animals in action and we have learned some new things about sea cucumber behaviour in the Southern Ocean.
Our first day of sampling at 2,050 metres yielded an amazing diversity of deep-sea life, from countless worm tubes to loads of tiny sea spiders which clung to the nets on the way up. We spent a fair bit of time picking them off the nets and deck with forceps. The glamour of biology!
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Asked by: Anonymous
Temperature is a measure of the average speed of the molecules in a substance. When you heat something in a microwave oven, the electromagnetic radiation stimulates the molecules to move faster and the food gets hotter. This is similar to the way that you feel warm in the sun, except that microwaves have a longer wavelength than visible light, so they penetrate further into the food.
If you put food in the fridge, collisions with the surface molecules and the slower, colder air molecules will transfer energy away. A hot cup of tea also loses energy as the fastest molecules break free of the liquid and become vapour, reducing the average speed of the ones that remain.
This is called evaporation.
The third way for something to lose heat is by radiation. Just as adding electromagnetic radiation to a body will cause it to become hotter, so hot objects will emit electromagnetic radiation (mostly as infrared) as they cool. In a sense, this is a ‘reverse microwave’, but the problem is that you can’t ‘suck’ radiation out of something any faster than normal. The rate at which a body radiates energy depends on what it’s made of, its surface area and how hot it is. There is no magic ray you can add that will influence this.
Subscribe to BBC Focus magazine for fascinating new Q&As every month and follow @sciencefocusQA on Twitter for your daily dose of fun science facts.
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Among the several services in Danbury, the hat manufacturing facility has long been a staple. It generated more hats than any type of various other company in the city, and the Danbury hatting industry supplied a source of financial development. Throughout the early 1800s, the Danbury hat factory used more people than all other services combined.
The very first hat manufacturing facility in Danbury was established by Zadoc Benedict in 1780. He had a three-worker staff, and also created around 18 hats a week. Making use of a bedpost, he built the felt right into hats. He was soon signed up with by Russell White and Oliver Burr.
Hatters in Danbury were popular for their remarkable hats. By 1880, Danbury had actually gotten to a hat production market of over 4.5 million hats. After the Civil War, the Danbury hat industry rebounded strongly. The demand for hats decreased as fashion fads altered. On top of that, the sector experienced labor quarrel, which resulted in lockouts and strikes. After the lockouts ended, hatters resumed their production.
Hats were made from numerous products, including cotton as well as rayon. Some hats were mostly made from cotton, while others were blended with rayon. Polyester, a manufactured fiber, is additionally used in caps. It has the very same moisture-wicking buildings as cotton and also is immune to water.
Danbury’s hatting market created a large selection of hats, including cowboy, cowgirl, baseball, tough derbies, straw, and saggy hats. The city is home to a number of hat manufacturing facilities, as well as there are lots of various other hat makers in the nation.
The city of Danbury is dedicated to keeping the city’s memory of the hatting sector. Today, the community’s local business owner try to bring in other markets to the town. Throughout the city’s background, there are a variety of recommendations to the city’s hat-making heritage. Many referrals still shape Danbury’s identification today.
Among the biggest hat manufacturing facilities in the United States, the Stetson factory was established in 1865. Originally located in Philly, the factory relocated to St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1971. Today, it produces premium hats that are often put on by celebrities and musicians. It is located half an hour eastern of Dallas.
Another hat manufacturing facility in Danbury is the Makins Hats factory. It was developed in 2008 by Luis Barbosa. The firm has gotten a Cutty Sark Honor and also a Coty Honor. The manufacturing facility creates a range of hats, including baseballs, visors, and also knits. The company also warehouses hats for merchants, national forests, as well as state parks. It has likewise stitched, screen-printed, as well as printed hats.
Several referrals to the hatting market in Danbury can be located throughout the city. This legacy has actually played a considerable role in establishing the city’s prosperity as well as shaped the city’s identification. Furthermore, recommendations to hat-making in Danbury stay a solid part of the city’s cultural and historic legacy.
Although the Danbury hat sector decreased in the very early 1920s, the city’s organization recoiled strongly in the mid-1920s. The city had the excellent conditions for hat making, including a supply of timber, beaver, and also bunny populaces. It likewise had bountiful woodlands as well as a great water supply. The city also had a a great deal of millinery pupils, who learned exactly how to make hats. The apprentices found out exactly how to handle products, communicate with clients, and also operate an organization. If you loved this information and you would like to obtain even more facts pertaining to visit website url kindly check out our page.
Connected articles and reviews indicated by subscribers of your internet site:
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For his classic book Assumptions about Human Nature, social psychologist Lawrence Wrightsman conducted extensive research into how we judge human nature and the social world. Other commentators on his research have argued that the ‘self-accepting’ (higher self-esteem) person tends to view the world as a friendlier place than does the self-rejecting person (lower self-esteem). In this post we consider seven attitudes about human nature:
- Agree or disagree? People are basically honest and trustworthy.
- Agree or disagree? People are basically altruistic and try to help others.
- Agree or disagree? People have a lot of control over their lives.
- Agree or disagree? People have a good idea of their strengths and weaknesses.
- Agree or disagree? Most people will speak out for what they believe in.
- Agree or disagree? You can’t accurately describe a person in a few words (that is, people are simple to understand)
- Agree or disagree? People’s reactions differ from situation to situation (people are unpredictable)
Black-and-white thinking indicates a degree of cognitive inflexibility and has been implicated in emotional issues (disturbance). Challenging this kind of binary thought is a key principle in Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and in life coaching based on the CBT model. One of the techniques is to explore exceptions to the ‘rule’.
Begin by asking the following questions:
- Do your responses (to the 7 attitudes) make for a safe and friendly world or an unsafe and hostile one?
- How do these attitudes shape your social interactions, especially in relation to confidence building?
- Which of these attitudes are most likely to act as an obstruction to your personal development and goals?
Consider each attitude in turn and explore exceptions to the attitude, such as, ‘People have a lot of control over their lives’. Consider the ways however small where you have control over your life. Also considering ‘People have a good idea of their strengths and weaknesses’. What are your strengths? Continue through the seven attitudes to consider exceptions to all attitudes that have a less favourable view of human nature. Each time consider how each attitude impacts on your self-acceptance (esteem).
In my coaching practice, I take a solution-focused approach which means that we focus on strengths and opportunities. As a client you will also look at your values, the principles and ideals you stand for in life. One of the challenges is to consider how attitudes and actions support your values and in turn support your goals. In confidence coaching (and in my book Unlock Your Confidence) a key theme is to consider how attitudes impact on confidence and esteem.
In solution focused coaching there is a maxim: the viewing influences the doing, and vice versa. This means that how we view ourselves, how we view the world and how we view other people, will influence what we do with our lives, our actions. The literally meaning of ‘attitude’ is ‘fit and ready for action’. Having the courage to take action is at the root of confidence.
If you enjoyed this post and found it useful:
- Please leave comments below
- Use the buttons below to ‘like’ and share the post with friends and colleagues
- Sign up to be the first to get notifications by email of Gary’s new psychology and coaching blog posts
About the author
Dr Gary Wood is a social psychologist and life coach. He is based in Birmingham and Edinburgh where he runs his own training and coaching practice and research consultancy. He is author of Unlock Your Confidence which is based on his confidence-building workshops. Contact Gary to see how his solution focused coaching approach would benefit you or your organization.
- Check out books by Dr Gary Wood and his recommendations on Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.com
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This handout contains advice about how to write an essay at ESO-3.
Many of my comrades have asked me if i could teach them how to write an essay the 122 way. well here it is. It Is fairly simple ...
More useful tips on how to write essays Learn how you can improve your writing style All this and more, feel free to subscribe, It is FREE of charge!
Many students are surprised that one of the first things that we ask them to think about is the educational value of writing essays. Throughout each student’s academic life, they are continually told how important it is to refine their essay writing skills, but really how crucial is writing an essay? Recent studies have shown that learning how to write an essay does not have any kind of impact on finding a career later. It may be a required skill in very few jobs but these examples do not represent the majority.
Know How to Write Descriptive Essays
How to Write an Essay (with Sample Essays) - wikiHow
Many students need help writing an essay. If you don’t know how to write an essay, it can be a very difficult thing to do. Here is an approach to making writing an essay a more manageable task. Book review essay writing can seem an onerous task – especially if you’ve never written one before. They are highly individual because everything stated is your personal view and what the book meant to you as an individual. Because of this, there are no hard and fast rules as to how to write an essay of this type – so advice given is more of a general guideline.Writing an essay is an art that requires knowledge and writing skills that will lead to the sufficient results that are highly evaluated. Some students stumble upon numerous difficulties connected with the essay writing process. This is the best moment to acquire the essay writing help, and to enable students to understand an essay writing better making the process easy and fun. We believe that learning how to write an essay, using easy to write steps, will help the students to reach their academic goals.
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September is the Driest Month, or the Wettest.
By Heidi Sonen & Roscoe Shaw
Virginia is blessed with ample and consistent rains all year. An average of 45 inches falls annually and the totals are quite consistent. 95% of the time, we finish the year with somewhere between 30 and 60 inches. A standard month is about four inches, which is what August brought us.
July is the wettest month on average with 4.84” and January is the driest with 3.06”. That is mostly because warm, humid, summer air can produce quick downpours that pad the totals. Rain actually falls more often in January.
But September is the most peculiar month for rain. Most of the time, September is dry and pleasant, free from the summer muggies or the winter cold. September is often the driest month of the year. Most recently, in 2014, we had only half an inch the entire month. Summer thunderstorms drop off noticeably and the fast moving storms and fronts of winter have not yet arrived.
Hurricanes are the wild card, though. Only rarely are hurricanes a serious wind issue for central Virginia but they bring most of the heavy rains during the month in the form of “leftovers”. Big hurricanes develop in the tropics and then die, but the moisture gets swept from the Atlantic or Gulf and can dump enormous rain totals over the state. Camille in 1969 was the most notorious, but during most years, we get at least one batch of leftovers. The result is generally beneficial, recharging the water table and fueling the fall growing season.
So while September gets “average” rainfall overall, the records show that it often ranks near the driest or the wettest. It is a month of rainfall extremes. The wettest month ever was 1987 when 17.87” was measured. 1944 dumped over 16 inches and 1999 had almost 14 inches. Feast or famine is the theme.
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The Brood Parasite…sounds like a schlock horror video nasty from the 1980s only available under the counter from your video shop on a dodgy, copied VHS (no Betamax). Of course, it’s a biological term to describe certain species that allow another species to raise their young as their own. For the duped species, this is a real-life horror story.
On the 18th May, 2019, Mrs Sciencebase and I once more visited RSPB Ouse Washes, near Manea, Cambridgeshire, and witnessed one such brood parasite, the European Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), as it emerged from a reedbed where there were lots of Reed Warblers, Sedge Warblers, and Reed Buntings chattering and calling.
We can only assume this was a female, recently mated having arrived with the male cuckoos from Southern Africa in the last couple of weeks. As every schoolchild knows, the Cuckoo builds no nest, instead, it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds and then abandons them, leaving the hapless warblers to incubate the Cuckoo’s egg alongside their own. When the Cuckoo hatches it will commonly nudge out any warbler eggs in the nest and leave its tiny surrogate parents to run themselves ragged feeding it and raising it as their own.
Neither the surrogates, parasitised in the truest sense of that word nor the imprinted Cuckoo chick is aware that anything is wrong with this scenario…but we do…and it is horrific. I say the adult cuckoos are unaware…but if so, why do they look so guilty?
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It's hot, hard yakka, but a group of rangers in Western Australia's Pilbara region is having some success tackling the weed parkinsonia.
The Ngurrawanna rangers are now more than half way through a 300 day contract to remove the problem plant from a large section of the Fortescue River.
Parkinsonia is classed as a Weed of National Significance (WoNS) and is a real concern for landcare workers due to its propensity to choke waterways.
A joint initiative between Rangelands NRM and the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation, the ranger program is for the Ngurrawanna community, located 120 kilometres south of Roebourne.
Ranger supervisor Shane Gallagher, says his team of nine has been working hard to rid the river of the distinctive looking plant.
"It's very green, can grow up to eight metres tall and sticks out like a sore thumb in amongst the native foliage.
"Another name for it is Jerusalem Thorn because it's covered in 15 to 20 millimetre long thorns.
"It's coming up to flowering season as well now and it has these lovely orange and yellow flowers but unfortunately it tends to take over, competing with native vegetation."
Mr Gallagher says the team has covered nine kilometres of the Fortescue so far and they're using the cut and paint method to eradicate the weed.
"Being on a river, everything tends to want to grow at 45 degrees, pointing towards the sun, and it's very thick.
"We cut the tree down with a chainsaw and apply a mixture of diesel and herbicide to the stump, but that's got to be done within eight seconds of the last cut on the stump."
The rangers are currently completing their Certificate II in Landcare and although the project is unlikely to totally remove parkinsonia from the Fortescue, Mr Gallagher says it's not insignificant.
"We definitely won't be able to cover the whole entire river but a serious dent will have been made.
"We collect spatial data on the plants we control and we're up to about 150 hectares treated.
"Unfortunately we've just reached a spot where the river has forked into three different places so the next bit is going to be pretty tough going."
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The integration of the world's economy may look as if it's gathering pace. But the trends conceal more than they reveal about the way the world's economy works - and about whose interests would be served if 'globalization' ever achieved all its ambitions.1
Transnational corporations (TNCs) have almost total control
over the process of 'globalization' - their grip is tighter here
than at a national or local level.
* 2/3 of international trade is accounted for by just 500 corporations.
* 40% of the trade they control is between different parts of the same TNC.
* Of the world's 100 largest economies, 50 are TNCs.
THE STATE AND CORPORATE POWER 1994 ($billions)
Total GDP or
Top five corporations 871.4
Least developed countries
* The 10 largest TNCs have a total income greater than that of 100 of the world's poorest countries.
* Many TNCs have larger corporate sales than some developed countries.
International trade is expanding faster than the world's economy - at the moment. This means that trade is argued to be one of the main 'engines' of economic growth.
* International trade has grown 12-fold in the post-War period and is expected to grow 6% annually for the next 10 years.
* In 1947 the average trade tariff on manufactured imports was 47%; by 1980 it was only 6%; it is set to fall to just 3%.
Since 1973 growth has slowed as trade has accelerated. Both the absolute importance of international trade and its novelty are often exaggerated.
* The total value of foreign trade was little more than a quarter of total output (GDP) in the Western hemisphere between 1980 and 1989.
* In 17 countries for which there are data, exports as a share of GDP were 14.5% in 1993, not much above the level (12.9%) 80 years earlier in 1913.
Winners and losers from GATT
Projected annual gains and losses from trade liberalization to the year 2000
(based on a 30% cut in tariffs and subsidies)
|European Union||$80 billion gain|
|China||$40 billion gain|
|Japan||$25 billion gain|
|US||$18 billion gain|
|Upper Income Asia||$18 billion gain|
|Other Industrialized countries||$18 billion gain|
|Latin America||$8 billion gain|
|India||$5 billion gain|
|Eastern Europe and former USSR||$2.5 billion gain|
|Low Income Asia||$2.5 billion gain|
|Other||$1 billion gain|
|Africa||Loss of $3 billion|
* The bulk of international trade is not 'global' but between a small number of 'developed' economies in the North.
* These countries are the main beneficiaries of the trade-liberalizing 'Uruguay Round' of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was completed in the early 1990s.
The least developed countries are expected to lose $600 million a year; sub-Saharan Africa $1,200 million.
MONEY MAKES THE WORLD GO AROUND
'Global' financial transactions, dominated by a small number of banks - most of them still based in the US have been growing even faster than trade.
* Flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 1995 reached $315 billion, almost a 6-fold increase over the level for 1981-85: over the same period world trade increased by little more than a half.
* Total borrowing on international capital markets increased from an annual average $95.6 billion between 1976 and 1980 to $818.6 billion in 1993 a 34.3% increase on the previous year alone.4
* Between the mid-1970s and 1996 the daily turnover of the world's foreign-exchange markets increased a thousand-fold from around $1 billion to $1,200 billion.
* 2/3 of these transactions are between the few already-rich countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
* Capital transfers as a share of industrial countries' economies are still smaller than they were in the 1890s.
* Although the share of poor (non-OECD) countries in FDI has increased, China alone accounts for about a third of this share and just 9 countries for another third.
* The remaining third is split between 135 countries: the Least Developed get just 0.5%.
The speed of worldwide transport and communication has increased, while the monetary cost has fallen sharply.
* Between 1960 and 1990 operating costs per mile for world's airlines fell by 60%.
* Between 1940 and 1970 the cost of an international telephone call fell by more than 80% between 1970 and 1990 by 90%.
* Since the 1980s telecommunications traffic has been expanding by an average 20% a year.
* The Internet is now used by upwards of 50 million people and the numbers are doubling every year.
* In 1995 the number of messages sent by e-mail in the US exceeded those sent by post for the first time.
* The global trade in TV programing is growing by 15% a year.
* A small number of corporations control this global expansion. Just 6 of them control the world's recorded music business.
Recorded music: world market share
1 Unless otherwise stated, source is UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, OUP, New York and Oxford, 1997.
2 World Trade Organization, Annual Report 1996, Geneva.
3 I Goldin et al, Trade Liberalization: Global Economic Implications, OECD/World Bank, Paris, 1993.
4 Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996.
5 Edward S Herman and Robert W McChesney, The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Global Capitalism, Cassell, London, 1997.
This first appeared in our award-winning magazine - to read more, subscribe from just £7
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San Sebastian and Pinehurst Cemeteries are located in West St. Augustine on Pearl Street. The two cemeteries are next to each other and are stated to be among the oldest Black cemeteries in the state of Florida. There is conflicting information on whether the cemeteries began before or after the Civil War.
The cemeteries contain a mixture of commercial and vernacular headstones, along with military ones. Additionally, there are mementos left on many graves. Everything from conch shells to dolls is scattered throughout.
There is no truth that carved chains on a headstone mean someone is born into slavery. Most chains represent the fraternal organization Fraternal Order of the Independent Order of the Odd Fellows. They are frequently joined with the letters “ F L T,” which stands for “Friendship, Love, Truth.”
I read several journal articles about the documentation of slave and Black cemeteries, and there was no mention that markers with chains meant someone was born into slavery. What is consistently mentioned are broken dish ware, clocks, shells, and different plants.
A circle of chains, broken or unbroken, can represent death or hope respectively.
This cemetery shared two borders with the all-white cemetery, Evergreen Cemetery.
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On the recognition of threads in CAD models
Feature recognition on CAD models is a tough topic. This is where Analysis Situs finds its niche thanks to the availability of basic shape interrogation and matching algorithms. There are different feature types and different application areas for feature recognition, including, but not limited to:
- NC paths generation.
- Manufacturability analysis.
- Direct editing of CAD models.
- CAD model simplification and idealization for numerical simulations (CAE).
The common ground for these application areas is the ability to extract as much semantics from a dumb geometry as possible. While the foundation classes of Analysis Situs are well-proven (they have been used to develop a bunch of commercial-grade software), the entire feature recognition business cries for customization. It seems to be nearly impossible to modularize the recognition algorithms in a sort of a library that would serve all the niches equally well. Features are different, and their taxonomy would vary depending on the perspective you put on them.
Splines and cylinders constituting a typical thread feature.
Today let's speak about the recognition of threads. Thread is a feature often found in the milled and turned parts. Threads can be applied to any internal or external cylindrical face, and that is why they leave a portion of the original cylinder as a hint. As usual, an accurate threads recognition requires selecting strong geometric heuristics, such as:
- There should be a set of spline surfaces making up the angled thread flanks (see the hand-made illustration down below).
- The surfaces are kind of helical, i.e., they have "support" edges lying on a couple of cylinders: the major and the minor ones.
- The radii of those cylinders should differ just slightly.
- If one takes the osculating circles of the helical splines, their centers of curvature should coincide with the bore axis (the axes of the major and minor cylinders extracted beforehand).
- The thread's edges could be fit with a helical curve with some standard parameters (e.g., check out the Unified Thread Standard).
Helix splines fitting into the threads for extracting pitch values.
The recognition process can be based on the Recognizer/Rule interplay that is the architectural pattern with proven capabilities of extracting well-formalized features. The careful explanation of the recognition logic will bring us too deep into the algorithmic details, and that is unlikely a good fit for blogging. Let me rather share some interesting discoveries that I made for myself in the course of implementation. The topics outlined below can serve as a good start for the follow-up blogs. Additionally, these notes would hopefully allow us to discuss some typical challenges in the thread recognition problem specifically and feature detection in general.
A cylinder from a point tuple
Looking for a cylinder fitting procedure, I came across the paper [Lichtblau, D. (2012). Cylinders Through Five Points: Computational Algebra and Geometry. Journal of Mathematics Research, 4(6)]. This paper brings up an elegant mathematical formulation for the cylinder fitting problem. Given five points on a helical curve (remember that we are recognizing helix-like threads), one could generate a set of cylinders passing through these points by solving a system of polynomial equations. Long story short, all my attempts to attack this problem with OpenCascade's math_FunctionSetRoot and alike tools were desperate. Hopefully, I will find time in the future to run it all in MATLAB (or any other well-proven math system) and check whether it's my fault or something. If there's anything exciting in there, we will come back to this topic in the future.
Analytics and standards
Searching for the thread pitch (the distance between thread peaks), it's no surprise to discover a sort of a helical path followed by the corresponding CAD edges. Sometimes, fitting an analytical and parametric entity is an elegant solution for extracting unknown feature properties. Fitting an analytical primitive is a way to attach explicit design intent to a speechless CAD part.
In fact, features are rarely random. Speaking about thread recognition, we are not solving a purely geometric problem, because all thread pitches are sort of standard. Therefore, if you happened to extract the pitch value of 0.961 mm, check it closely again. Make sure that it's not rather the standard 1.0 mm pitch that your numerical method failed to snap to. The design intention should always be kept on your mental radar. You might even want to have a resource file with a catalog of features and their allowed dimensions.
go gentle evaluate osculating circles at B-spline knots
Simply do not do that. Here's a youtube video demonstrating how weird the results could be (and be informed before you jump into watching it: my wife told me it's impossible to understand). Also bear in mind that this numerical methods business is never numerically perfect.
Any geometry processing algorithm is not something as elegant as Bubble Sort if you know what I mean. The data is never perfect and the number of possible CAD variations could easily burn quite some brain cells, leaving you as a sorry idiot incapable of understanding your own code. Someone said that debugging requires twice the brainpower that one spends on developing. Therefore, if you did your best to develop, you will not be able to debug the thing. Ta-dam.
Outer thread on a chess rook (green).
Still, I have The Method for you. It is actually not my invention and it may sound stupidly simple, but here it is anyway. I could not name it as a documentation-driven or test-driven development method, because it's a mix of both. Here is just a handful of rules to follow:
- Start with a single-page memo explaining the core idea of the algorithm. The idea should be really sound, and if you are using any heuristics, they should all be as strong as possible. This is where common sense is often enough. And make sure to discuss it with somebody who cares once you wrote it down.
- Collect input data and make sure to establish a non-regression testing system for your algorithm. Without tests, you're blind and cannot experiment with the data, logic, and heuristics.
- Get back to your memo and add there a section like "TODO." In this section, you're going to put everything that comes into your mind as long as you're working on the algorithm. And by "everything" I mean all sorts of thoughts, ideas, and discoveries ranging from "discuss this and that with Carl" and ending up with the listing of problematic cases you were able to identify. Make sure to keep the TODO section up-to-date.
- Your algorithm is close to completion when most of the checkboxes in the TODO section are clicked on. For the tricky ones, you might want to create separate tickets in your Jira.
It's all trivial but I can say for sure that most people do not bother themselves with The Method and prefer something more brutal, like "do or die; no pain no gain; go hard or go home." A good algorithm takes time to develop, and you need a framework of thought that would allow you to organize your thinking process and write down all the questions branching out in your head (there would be so many that you'll never manage to memorize them).
Want to discuss this? Jump in to our forum.
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Weather on Aconcagua
Weather on Aconcagua is variable like any high mountain, but is often cyclical, with short periods of adverse weather often lasting three days followed by longer periods of stable weather. The forecast for Santiago is often more indicative of what is to come to the mountain than the forecast for Mendoza due to the weather patterns coming in from the Pacific. There are clear indicators that can be seen from base camp, and it is important not to get caught out on summit day during a storm. The winds are extremely strong and it is very cold, with whiteouts common.
January and February have the best weather. Rain is rare at the high camps but precipitation in the form of snow is very common, with blizzards and whiteouts to be expected. Conditions at the high camps even in good weather are normally very cold, with temperatures at 0 degrees F when starting out for the summit before sunrise. Typical wind chill makes it much colder and frostbite is a near constant danger. However a clear windless day on Aconcagua is an absolute pleasure, and sometimes you can sunbathe at base camp. Be prepared for a wide diurnal temperature range, which is tiring, and potential for windburn and sunburn. Covering your face and protecting your extremities is important with these weather conditions.
Typical storms and bad weather on Aconcagua are generated by low-pressure systems called "vaguadas" that move eastwards from the Pacific Ocean. These are predicted by a warm front that precedes a cold one (the actual storm occurrence). Also, the Andes mountain range divides a western marine and an eastern continental climate, generating a mountain weather feature known as a Fohn effect (known regionally as Zonda or the viente blanco).
Windblown snow on the summit of Aconcagua is a common occurrence.
It is fairly easy to forecast the three factors which bring bad weather:
- a low-pressure system moving east from the ocean
- rain in Santiago
- local alterations of barometric pressure and cloudiness on the mountain
Always keep an eye out for the following occurrences:
* If a warm front arrives, prepare for a later cold front
* If a cold front from the Pacific arrives, there is a high probability of a storm on Aconcagua
* Changes in cloudiness, barometric pressure, the intensity of wind and wind direction all indicate a regional change of weather so be careful if you are planning your summit cycle for 4 days
Remember that the mountain generates its own climatic conditions that cannot be forecast. Typical cloudy phenomena begin with small cumuli that grow in size every hour to the south (watching from Plaza de Mulas down the Horcones valley), or northwest.
These clouds begin to appear between 2 and 4 pm, becoming completely cloudy in the evening and sometimes clearing after sunset. These first clouds appear earlier each day, and bad weather is established when they appear between 10 am and 12 pm.
Lensed stratocumuli and hooked cirrus also foretell bad weather, generally indicating a Zonda phenomenon, which means very strong winds and snow at high altitude. This is known as the viente blanco or white wind and is particularly dangerous. Big lensed stratocumuli appear as a hat or “mushroom" on the summit and is a clear confirmation that bad weather has arrived.
Predicting and analysing weather patterns are an important part of high-altitude mountaineering. Before you go, understand weather trends and what it will mean for your time on the mountain.
For calibration of altimeters Plaza de Mulas uses a constant value of 4260 m (13,976 ft). Normally pressure increases slowly from sunrise to midnight and diminishes again during the night.
If pressure reduces...
Slowly (1 to 2 hPa/day): this means bad weather coming, confirmed if, in addition, the temperature rises Slowly (1 to 2ºC/day, 2 to 4ºF/day) and/or ‘sheep’ clouds (cirrocumulus) are observed.
Abruptly (3 to 4 hPa/day): immediate and intense bad weather, confirmed if, in addition, temperature descends abruptly (3 to 4ºC/day, 5 to 7ºF/day).
Oscillating: long bad weather.
If pressure increases...
Slowly: this means good weather, confirmed if in addition temperature descends slowly and sky is clear or with medium and isolated cumulus. If increase starts from a normal pressure (between 599 and 601 hPa for Plaza de Mulas), good weather will last a period of time equivalent to the time pressure took in reaching its maximum value.
Abruptly: temporary improvement, confirmed if in addition temperature descends abruptly; or unstable weather.
Oscillating: improvement in the weather will be delayed.
If pressure remains stable...
In a low value (below 599 hPa in Plaza de Mulas): this means unstable good weather.
In an average or high value (600 hPa or more in Plaza de Mulas): this means weather will remain unchanged, confirmed if temperature is also stable.
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Composting Kitchen Scraps: a Comprehensive Guide to Different Composting Methods
Composting is a great way to reduce the amount of waste that goes into landfills, and it can also be used to create nutrient-rich soil for gardening. Kitchen scraps are a great source of compost material, but they can attract critters if not handled properly. In this blog post, we explore different methods of composting kitchen scraps, from traditional bin composting to “in situ” composting.
Traditional bin composting is an easy way to manage kitchen scraps. All you need is a compost bin and some basic materials like straw or leaves. Simply add your kitchen scraps to the bin and cover them with the other materials. The bin should be turned occasionally to ensure even decomposition. This method works well for those who don't have a lot of time on their hands, as it requires minimal effort.
Another option is “in situ” composting, which involves burying kitchen scraps in small holes in the ground. This method works especially well if you have raised beds or hugelbeets (beds) at home. Dig small holes and add your kitchen waste before covering it with soil. This will help keep critters away while still allowing the scraps to break down and provide nutrients for plants.
Vermicomposting is another popular method for composting kitchen scraps. It involves using worms to break down organic matter in sealed containers. Start by adding raw kitchen waste into a tumbler for a couple of weeks before transferring it to worm bins or digging and dropping it directly into the soil. This helps deter critters from getting into the compost pile.
Finally, another simple method is dig-and-drop composting. This involves simply digging a hole in the ground and dropping your kitchen scraps inside before filling it back up with soil. This is especially useful if you don’t have much space for a compost bin or worm bins, or if you want to mulch between raised beds or hugelbeets (beds).
Overall, there are many ways to compost kitchen scraps depending on your needs and preferences. Traditional bin composting is an easy option that requires minimal effort, while vermicomposting and dig-and-drop composting offer more control over where your kitchen scraps go. Whichever method you choose, make sure to take precautions against critters so that your efforts aren’t wasted!
What is kitchen waste?
Kitchen waste is uneaten food bits that get tossed in the trash and make its way to a landfill.
What are kitchen scraps?
Kitchen scraps are a recycled material, not waste, because it is a renewable resource.
What is composting in place?
Composting in place is a method of composting where kitchen scraps are buried or dumped on open beds instead of using a compost bin.
Is composting in place effective?
Yes, composting in place can be effective if done correctly. It has been working well for many people who have tried it.
Are critters a problem when composting in place?
Critters can be a problem when composting in place, but taking the edge off by pre-tumbling the kitchen waste can help deter them.
Is it necessary to turn the compost heap?
No, it is not necessary to turn the compost heap. If it gets big enough, you can just leave it and start another one. In a year or less, you can start using the finished pile.
How do I use fall leaves for mulch?
Fall leaves can be used as mulch by scooping them right on top of raised beds or hugelbeets.
Is vermicomposting effective?
Yes, vermicomposting can be effective if done correctly. However, critters may still get into the bins and make a mess, so pre-tumbling the kitchen waste before adding it to the bins may help deter them.
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After the lame beggar was healed, he went into the temple, “walking and jumping, and praising God.” If you know Christ, He has forgiven you of your sins and set you free from the bondage to sin. There is no better reason to walk and jump and praise Him! Be an example of this to your kids as you complete these activities with them.
HIGHLIGHTS from the Weekend…
Read Acts 3:1-10 with your child and teach them that Jesus has the power to change lives because He is God. Peter and John went to the temple and saw a man who had been crippled from birth. He was being carried to the temple gate where he would spend his days begging. The man saw Peter and John and asked for money. Looking at the beggar, Peter said, “Silver or gold I do not have, but what I have, I give you. In the name of Jesus Christ, walk.” Peter helped the man up, and he immediately began to walk. This miracle was something wonderful only God could do. Peter and John entered the temple with the man, who was walking, leaping, and praising the Lord. Others recognized him and were amazed!
- Jesus has the power to change lives because He is God.
- A miracle is something wonderful only God can do.
"Give thanks to the Lord for He is good. His love endures forever."
3 Activities that Help Us Learn This Week's Teaching Truth:
1. Praise Journal
To create a praise journal you will need a blank journal or you can make one by stapling a few blank pages together like a book. You will also need crayons, markers, stickers, or other things your child can use to decorate the cover. Start by talking the word ‘praise’ and writing it on the cover of a blank journal. Allow your child to decorate the cover of the journal. Tell your child that you want to start writing down praises to God in their special journal. Teach your child that we praise God because of who He is and what He has done. Share an example of praise and then allow your child to share their praise. You can write it down for them and/or draw a picture to go with the praise. For example, write, “I praise you, God, for giving us sunshine” and then let your child draw a sun.
2. Leaping Legs
For this activity you will need index cards or pieces of paper, a writing utensil, and a scarf or strip of cloth. On the index cards, write activities your child can do with their legs. Examples include run in place, walk in a circle, march, hop, and stand on one foot. Put the index cards face down in a pile. Let your child choose one and complete the activity. After he has completed each activity, help your child discover that he used his legs for each one. Remind him of the story from the Bible about Peter and John healing the lame beggar. Tie your child’s knees and ankles together with the scarf of long cloth strips and let him try to do the activities again. Untie the cloths and let your child walk, leap, and praise God just the like the beggar did when he was healed. Afterwards, talk with your child using these questions:
- What is a miracle? (Something wonderful only God can do)
- Who gave Peter the power to heal the beggar?
- What did Peter say to the beggar?
- What did the man do?
- How can you praise God?
3. Praise Shaker
Help your child make a shaker to help celebrate just as the beggar celebrated after he was healed. Using an empty water bottle, fill the bottle with dry rice, dry beans, or beads. Screw the lid on tight and tape it shut. You can help your child add ribbons around the top or other decorations. Let your child shake the water bottle and sing songs to praise God.
Thank God for the Truth we learned this week and ask him to help you apply it to your life this week. Thank Him for His miracles and how He uses that and so many other things to show us His love. Ask Him to help you to write this Truth on your heart and to love others with the love that He first loved us.
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Population growth rates began to decline around 1960, and the decline is expected to continue during the coming decade. Demographic expansion occurred at a rate of 2.1% a year for the world as a whole during 1960-1970; according to United Nations estimates, it should be only 1.7% a year during 1990-2000. This fall in population growth rates is expected to occur in all groups of countries, be they rich or poor, capitalist or socialist, but not in all regions. Thus, in the capitalist developing countries the population growth rate is expected to fall from 2.5% a year in 1960-1970 to 2.3% in 1990-2000, while in China and the other Asian planned economies the decline is expected to be from 2.4% in 1960-1970 to 1.3% in 1990-2000.
Reporting for the USA in 1996, The President's Council on Sustainable Development concluded that the efficiency in the use of all resources would have to increase by more than fifty percent over the next four or five decades just to keep pace with population growth.
Within the third world, population growth rates are expected to remain high (3.2% a year) in West Asia and to continue to accelerate (to 3.3% a year) in sub-Saharan Africa. Elsewhere they should fall, sometimes sharply. It is perhaps too early to claim that the population problem has been solved, but attention in future is likely to be focused less on the overall rate of increase and more on the rate of increase in urban areas, which continues to be high despite the diminished overall rate of population growth. In 1980-1985, for instance, the urban population grew 3.1% a year in the low-income economies and 3.7% a year in the middle-income economies, as compared to total population growth rates in the two groups of countries of 1.9 and 2.3%, respectively.
The population growth rate is one of the most critical factors influencing a country's development. Rapid population growth strains a country's natural resources and its ability to provide adequate infrastructure and services.
Rapid demographic expansion is not likely, in general, to be as great an obstacle to accelerating economic growth in the 1990s as perhaps it was in earlier decades. The main international and domestic barriers are likely to lie elsewhere.
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Light steel keel gypsum board ceiling is at this stage in the construction of decorative works in a very wide range. However, in the actual construction, gypsum board joints at the crack problem is also widespread. According to years of design and construction experience, to solve the problem of ceiling cracking quality to make some effective measures, by peer reference.
Gypsum board ceiling cracking of the main reasons: gypsum board volume stability characteristics
Because the industrial gypsum is dihydrate gypsum heating, the formation of crystallization of water. Gypsum board processing stereotypes, in the combustion and grinding of semi-water gypsum add water, once again the formation of dihydrate gypsum structure of the important characteristics. It is separated from the gypsum pulp was needle-like body, in the drying process, the formation of micro-pores, so that gypsum has a "breathing" characteristics, that is, when the air humidity changes, can absorb moisture, but also quickly re-distributed The
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| 0.926485 | 217 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The UK Schmidt Telescope (UKST) is a survey telescope with an aperture of 1.2 metres and a very wide-angle field of view. The telescope was commissioned in 1973 and, until 1988, was operated by the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. It became part of the AAO in June 1988.
The telescope was designed to photograph 6.6 x 6.6 degree areas of the night sky on plates 356 x 356 mm (14 x 14 inches) sqare in order to produce photgraphic aylases of the night sky. The UKST's initial task was the first deep, blue-light photographic survey of the southern skies, which was completed in the 1980s. It then undertook many other survey projects in different colours and in the near infrared, notably the Second Epoch Sky Survey in collaboration with Space Telescope Science Institute. The telescope's final photographic survey was the H-alpha Survey of the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds using a special filter to isolate the light of glowing hydrogen. Its photographic work was completed in 2005 when the last H-alpha exposure was taken.
The excellent optics and wide field of the telescope are now exploited by the 6dF (6-degree Field) system, a multi-object fibre-optic spectrograph facility, which can obtain the spectra of more than 100 objects in a single field simultaneously. 6dF was commissioned in 2001, having been based on earlier prototypes such as the pioneering FLAIR system of the early 1980s.
The 6dF system was used from 2001 to 2005 to carry out the 6dF Galaxy Survey, which measured the redshifts of more than 120,000 galaxies over the whole southern sky, with more detailed measurements being made for the brightest 10,000 of them.
At present, the UKST is being operated by the AAO under funding from the international RAVE (RAdial Velocity Experiment) project. Using 6dF, RAVE aims to measure radial velocities (with an accuracy of ~1km/s) and physical parameters for up to a million stars in our Galaxy. Over 300,000 high-quality spectra have been obtained to date in this project.
The characteristics of UKST and the AAT complement each other perfectly and many AAT projects depend on the wide field capabilities of the UKST. For example, the telescopes of the Anglo-Australian Observatory have together discovered and confirmed a large number of distant quasars, the most energetic but often the most distant objects in the Universe.
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| 0.961167 | 513 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A currency is the means by which transactions are made within a particular economy. This term often refers to actual printed or minted money, the physical representations of an economy’s money supply. In some countries, the currency of another country may be accepted as legal tender, which means that it can be used as a legal instrument for the exchange of products and services. For instance, some territories which have their own currency also accept the U.S. Dollar for the completion of transactions.
While it may be easier to visualize money supply in terms of actual bills and coins, it is also important to consider its other aspect, which comes in the form of deposit money. This is transacted through the use of checks, check or debit cards, and credit cards.
The central bank of a country is in charge of regulating and producing its currency. In many countries, this entity is independent from the government, and monetary policy is overseen by the country’s monetary authority.
Since different countries make use of different currencies, the setting of exchange rates is necessary for international trade. Foreign exchange, which is also called currency trading, generates profit based on the relative values of the currencies involved in the trade. If a country’s exchange rate fluctuates, it is said to have a floating currency. This is the opposite of fixed currency.
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http://www.businesspundit.com/encyclopedia/investing/currency/
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| 0.961872 | 271 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Aluminum Nitride Nanoparticles / AlN NanoPowder (AlN, 99.5%, Hexagonal)
|Aluminum Nitride Nanoparticles|
|APS||<100nm (Can be Customized)|
|Molecular Weight||40.982 g/mol|
|Melting Point||2500 °C|
Aluminum Nitride Nanoparticles
Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a nitride of aluminum. Its wurtzite phase (w-AlN) is a wide bandgap (6.01-6.05 eV at room temperature) semiconductor material, giving it a potential application for deep ultraviolet optoelectronics.
Epitaxially grown thin-film crystalline aluminum nitride is used for surface acoustic wave sensors (SAWs) deposited on silicon wafers because of AlN’s piezoelectric properties. One application is an RF filter that is widely used in mobile phones, which is called a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). This is a MEMS device that uses aluminum nitride sandwiched between two metal layers.
Aluminum nitride is also used to build piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers, which emit and receive the ultrasound and which can be used for in-air rangefinding over distances of up to a meter.
Metallization methods are available to allow AlN to be used in electronics applications similar to those of alumina and beryllium oxide. AlN nanotubes as inorganic quasi-one-dimensional nanotubes, which are isoelectronic with carbon nanotubes, have been suggested as chemical sensors for toxic gases.
Currently, there is much research into developing light-emitting diodes to operate in the ultraviolet using gallium nitride-based semiconductors and, using the alloy aluminum gallium nitride, wavelengths as short as 250 nm have been achieved. In May 2006, an inefficient AlN LED emission at 210 nm was reported.
There are also multiple research efforts in industry and academia to use aluminum nitride in piezoelectric MEMS applications. These include resonators, gyroscopes, and microphones.
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https://www.nanorh.com/product/aluminum-nitride-nanoparticles-aln-nanopowder-aln-99-5-hexagonal/
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| 0.869951 | 530 | 3 | 3 |
Rosacea Caused By Gut Problems?
Evidence Points To Gut Bacteria As Possible Cause
By Marc Braman, MD, MPH
Rosacea is a poorly understood condition, and typical treatment is less than ideal. One study showed that most with Rosacea had an overgrowth of bacteria in the gut and that reducing the overgrowth cleared up rosacea for most people. To fix the face we may need to treat the gut.
Rosacea is a form of acne that affects over 14 million people in the U.S. The majority don't realize they have this particular condition. The redness in the face flares with warm temperatures, sunlight, spicy foods, etc. It is well known that antibiotics make the common form of Rosacea get better, but it has not been understood why. Studies have shown that the body is making an unusually large quantity of antimicrobial proteins. So there is a fair amount of evidence pointing to some kind of infectious process - it has just not been clear what infection or where.
Gut-Only Antibiotic Study
A very enlightening study was published in 2008 in the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, "Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology." One hundred thirteen rosacea patients were compared with 60 healthy controls of similar gender and age. They were tested to see if they had a condition called "small intestinal bacterial overgrowth" (SIBO) - which means just what is says: too many bacteria in the small intestine. Patients with SIBO were randomly assigned to receive rifaximin for 10 days, an antibiotic the stays in the gut, or placebo. They did the same for a group of rosacea patients without SIBO. One month after treatment patients were tested to see if the SIBO was eradicated, and dermatologists used an objective scale to measure the status of the rosacea.
- Patients with rosacea were much more likely to have SIBO (about 50%) compared to healthy people (about 5%).
- In patients with rosacea and SIBO who were treated, 20/28 completely cleared and another 6/28 greatly improved. Placebo patients didn't change.
- Rosacea patients with SIBO who were initially given a placebo were then put on the rifaximin, with 17/20 eradicating the SIBO. 15/17 completely cleared their rosacea.
- Rosacea patients without SIBO from the beginning were given rifaximin and 13/16 did not change.
- Those who benefited from this approach had the excellent results last for at least 9 months.
Applying The Study Results
About half of people with rosacea may have an overgrowth of bacteria in their gut. When these patients are treated with an antibiotic that stays in the gut, the vast majority have their rosacea go away.
Antibiotics have been used for years in treating rosacea. However, usually even with oral antibiotics (that go through the gut and the whole system), the rosacea comes back after a time. You have to give antibiotics again to clear it up. This study found the benefits continued for 9 months - likely the end of the study period. I am not sure how long most will benefit in the real world. Perhaps this particular antibiotic reaches higher levels in the gut specifically and this is part of the better treatment outcomes.
Another question that comes up, is why does this condition exist in the first place? Why isn't the bacteria in the gut in a state of balance and health? Could be kinds of food being eaten, etc.
And what about the half that didn't have SIBO when they were tested? We don't really know. However, there is some evidence pointing to h pylori - the bacteria that has been found to cause stomach ulcers. Perhaps this different kind of gut infection causes rosacea in some. It is particularly hard to treat when you know you have it (3 medications at once to get rid of it most of the time). If you don't know you have it, typical antibiotics may just suppress it while taking them but not get rid of it.
What Would I Do?
If I had rosacea, I would want to know if I had SIBO (and probably h pylori). I would likely use standard therapies (like rifaximin) to get things under control, and then see what I could do to keep my gut healthy as naturally as possible. I would also be prepared for potential problems with insurance coverage for testing for SIBO and h pylori related to rosacea because it is not "standard" care.
Power to the people!
How You Can Participate
2. Sign up
for our email communications.
4. Tell your friends.
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Perspective is very important for painting
If you want to make a great master piece of a representational painting ,not abstruct, you have to learn perspective or you can never realize it forever!
What is perspective
Looking at the work uploaded here, I noticed that most, but not all, cabins and barns were not accurately drawn, so I decided to write an article on perspective. To draw these accurately, it is essential to learn perspective..
Perspectives include One Point Perspective, Two Point Perspective, Three Point Perspective, and Aerial Perspective, each of which you need to learn, but if you do not want to choose a complex composition, start with a One Point Perspective. You can also watch videos from each viewpoint at YOU TUBE. You can understand them easily than reading article.
Aerial perspective is a methode in which objects appear paler as they
are farther away and darker colors appear near object.
For example, when drawing a mountain , the further the distance, the lighter the color. Conversely, the color gets darker as you get closer. Even if you try to draw a distant mountain and draw the base color lightly, if the highlights and shadows are dark, it will not look far away.
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By Robert Morris
What strikes me the most in reading Geoffrey Wolff's "The Hard Way Around: The Passages of Joshua Slocum" is the vast gulf that separates the era of the clipper ships and the massive super post panamax vessels that call on Savannah today.
In the 1850s, an 8-year-old boy growing up along the coast of Nova Scotia lashed together three fence rails to build his first boat. By the turn of the century, the boy had become a master sailor, writer, international celebrity and the first person to sail around the world alone.
Wolff, a renown biographer whose previous work was once dubbed"the best biography I have ever read" by the late Georgia poet James Dickey, will be in Savannah this weekend as part of the Savannah Book Festival.
For those who make our living from international trade, Wolff's latest book and visit here will give us a greater appreciation for not just the history of our trade, but what it means to work on or close to the water. Slocum's epic adventures (and misadventures) - from fighting back mutinous crews to constructing a ship in the Philippine jungles - remind us of where we came from and the opportunities that lay before us.
Wolff's gift to the modern day seafarer is a glimpse into the lives and conditions of those who moved cargo for a living a century ago.
Although much has changed, some parts of the business have remained constant such as port cities bustling with the movement of cargo and people, of custom officers, consignees, suppliers and consular officers all working in unison.
Slocum braved towering seas, plagues, shipwrecks, the death of two children and a wife at sea to haul every kind of cargo imaginable - machinery, pianos, timber, bales of alfalfa, flour, tar, wine. When his grand clipper "Northern Light" was stripped of her masts and turned into a coal barge, Slocum pressed on to build additional ships and take greater adventures.
But despite Slocum's determination and resourcefulness, the era of the clipper had come to an end, sail replaced by steam.
At the core of Wolff's book is a man who lived through great change, which comes on fast in this business. "The glory days of sail," writes Wolff, "fleets of rake-hulled, towering-masted, overcanvased, overdriven clippers - had already ended." With every year that passed, it became more difficult for Slocum to find shipping commissions.
When I see the largest vessels to ever call on Savannah arriving with greater frequency, I reflect back on Joshua Slocum's era and realize that we are fast approaching a new change that comes with new challenges.
Wolff is right to begin "The Hard Way Around" with this quote from Melville's "Moby- Dick" - "Yes, the world's a ship on its passage out."
Robert Morris works for the Georgia Ports Authority. Geoffrey Wolff will be discussing his book at the Savannah Book Festival on Saturday, Feb. 19, at 2:30 p.m.
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How to Teach Your Children Shakespeare
The award-winning playwright has been teaching his children Shakespeare since they were six years old. He shares his techniques so that other parents, and teachers of all kinds, can help children toward an understanding and love of Shakespeare's works and have fun in the process.
Shakespeare for American Actors and Directors
The director of more than a hundred plays, Broadway legend Aaron Frankel helps American actors and directors who may be intimidated by Shakespeare to overcome their fears, leap the perceived cultural chasm between American English and Elizabethan verse, and embrace the challenges and rewards of performing the plays live.
A Year of Shakespeare
The World Shakespeare Festival 2012 was the largest Shakespeare festival ever held, and Paul Edmondson, Head of Research and Knowledge for The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, provides a comprehensive expert view of the proceedings, with reviews of all 74 productions that capture the vibrancy of this once-in-a-lifetime event.
The Bookman's Tale
This novel of obsession follows the adventures of a modern-day antiquarian American book dealer transplanted to England whose bibliographic sleuthing leads him back to Elizabethan England and onto the trail of a book that might silence the Shakespeare deniers for all time.
Shakespeare Saved My Life: Ten Years in Solitary with the Bard
A Shakespeare professor who brought the Bard to inmates at Chicago's Cook County jail and at a maximum-security facility in Indiana relates her experiences teaching behind bars, with a focus on how one convicted murderer's life was changed by Shakespeare and how the prisoner changed her life as well.
In this lushly illustrated book from The British Library, author Peter Whitfield surveys the long pageantry of Shakespearean art, from the earliest sixteenth-century woodcuts and drawings though romantic, pre-Raphaelite, and modern works, as well as the artists, actors, and publishers who created their distinctive visions of Shakespeare's plays.
Anais Mitchell and Jefferson Hamer
The so-called Child ballads were Scottish and English folk songs first collected by Harvard professor and folklorist Francis James Child in the late nineteenth century. In a new recording, songwriters Anais Mitchell and Jefferson Hamer bring new life to these songs from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and earlier.
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Thinking. The capacity to reflect, reason, and draw conclusions based on our experiences, knowledge, and insights. It’s what makes us human and has enabled us to communicate, create, build, advance, and become civilized. Thinking encompasses so many aspects of who our children are and what they do, from observing, learning, remembering, questioning, and judging to innovating, arguing, deciding, and acting.
There is also little doubt that all of the new technologies, led by the Internet, are shaping the way we think in ways obvious and subtle, deliberate and unintentional, and advantageous and detrimental The uncertain reality is that, with this new technological frontier in its infancy and developments emerging at a rapid pace, we have neither the benefit of historical hindsight nor the time to ponder or examine the value and cost of these advancements in terms of how it influences our children’s ability to think.
There is, however, a growing body of research that technology can be both beneficial and harmful to different ways in which children think. Moreover, this influence isn’t just affecting children on the surface of their thinking. Rather, because their brains are still developing and malleable, frequent exposure by so-called digital natives to technology is actually wiring the brain in ways very different than in previous generations. What is clear is that, as with advances throughout history, the technology that is available determines how our brains develops. For example, as the technology writer Nicholas Carr has observed, the emergence of reading encouraged our brains to be focused and imaginative. In contrast, the rise of the Internet is strengthening our ability to scan information rapidly and efficiently.
The effects of technology on children are complicated, with both benefits and costs. Whether technology helps or hurts in the development of your children’s thinking depends on what specific technology is used and how and what frequency it is used. At least early in their lives, the power to dictate your children’s relationship with technology and, as a result, its influence on them, from synaptic activity to conscious thought.
Over the next several weeks, I’m going to focus on the areas in which the latest thinking and research has shown technology to have the greatest influence on how children think: attention, information overload, decision making, and memory/learning. Importantly, all of these areas are ones in which you can have a counteracting influence on how technology affects your children.
You can think of attention as the gateway to thinking. Without it, other aspects of thinking, namely, perception, memory, language, learning, creativity, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making are greatly diminished or can’t occur at all. The ability of your children to learn to focus effectively and consistently lays the foundation for almost all aspects of their growth and is fundamental to their development into successful and happy people.
Attention has been found to be a highly malleable quality and most directly influenced by the environment in which it is used. This selective attention can be found in the animal kingdom in which different species develop attentional skills that help them function and survive. For example, wolves, lions, tigers, and other predators have highly tuned visual attention that enables them to spot and track their prey. In contract, their prey, including deer and antelope, have well-developed auditory attention that allows them to hear approaching predators. In both cases, animals’ attentional abilities have developed based on the environment in which they live.
The same holds true for human development. Whether infant recognition of their parents’ faces or students paying attention in class, children’s immediate environment determines the kind of attention that they develop. In generations past, for example, children directed considerable amounts of their time to reading, an activity that offered few distractions and required intense and sustained attention, imagination, and memory. The advent of television altered that attention by offering children visual stimuli, fragmented attention, and little need for imagination. Then the Internet was invented and children were thrust into a vastly different environment in which, because distraction is the norm, consistent attention is impossible, imagination is unnecessary, and memory is inhibited.
Technology conditions the brain to pay attention to information very differently than reading. The metaphor that Nicholas Carr uses is the difference between scuba diving and jet skiing. Book reading is like scuba diving in which the diver is submerged in a quiet, visually restricted, slow-paced setting with few distractions and, as a result, is required to focus narrowly and think deeply on the limited information that is available to them. In contrast, using the Internet is like jet skiing, in which the jet skier is skimming along the surface of the water at high speed, exposed to a broad vista, surrounded by many distractions, and only able to focus fleetingly on any one thing.
In fact, studies have shown that reading uninterrupted text results in faster completion and better understanding, recall, and learning than those who read text filled with hyperlinks and ads. Those who read a text-only version of a presentation, as compared to one that included video, found the presentation to be more engaging, informative, and entertaining, a finding contrary to conventional wisdom, to be sure. Additionally, contrary to conventional educational wisdom, students who were allowed Internet access during class didn’t recall the lecture nor did they perform as well on a test of the material as those who weren’t “wired” during class. Finally, reading develops reflection, critical thinking, problem solving, and vocabulary better than visual media.
Exposure to technology isn’t all bad. Research shows that, for example, video games and other screen media improve visual-spatial capabilities, increase attentional ability, reaction times, and the capacity to identify details among clutter. Also, rather than making children stupid, it may just be making them different. For example, the ubiquitous use of Internet search engines is causing children to become less adept at remembering things and more skilled at remembering where to find things. Given the ease with which information can be find these days, it only stands to reason that knowing where to look is becoming more important for children than actually knowing something. Not having to retain information in our brain may allow it to engage in more “higher-order” processing such as contemplation, critical thinking, and problem solving.
What does all this mean for raising your children? The bottom line is that too much screen time and not enough other activities, such as reading, playing games, and good old unstructured and imaginative play, will result in your children having their brains wired in ways that may make them less, not more, prepared to thrive in this crazy new world of technology.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a technique that uses powerful, focused magnetic field pulses to stimulate the neurons of the brain. The first TMS devices came into use in 1985, and the first studies of rTMS as a treatment for depression were published shortly afterward in the early 1990s.
Health Canada first approved rTMS as a treatment for major depression in 2002. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration approved an rTMS device as a treatment for medication-resistant depression in 2008. At present there are estimated to be over 1000 rTMS centers in operation around the world.
An rTMS device has a stimulation unit that generates brief pulses of strong electrical current. The stimulation unit is connected to a hand-held electromagnet called a coil, which contains loops of wire, typically wound in the shape of a figure of 8. The most commonly used rTMS coils are roughly the size of two half-bagels side by side.
The coil converts the electrical current into magnetic field pulses that are as strong as those in an MRI scanner, but focused into an area just a few centimeters across. When the coil is placed against the surface of the head, the magnetic fields are powerful enough to pass through the scalp and skull to stimulate the area of the brain that lies directly underneath.
Types of rTMS Approach: Excitatory and Inhibitory
Single pulses of TMS can excite the neurons in the target brain region, causing them to fire the tiny electrical discharges (known as action potentials) that they use to communicate with one another. For example, applying a pulse of TMS to the regions of the brain that control movements (called the motor cortex) can cause the neurons to send signals down the spinal cord to the appropriate body part. The muscles in that part of the body then contract, producing brief movements of the hand, foot, or other parts of the body.
To achieve longer-lasting effects, pulses of stimulation need to be applied repetitively over time – this is the “R” in rTMS. rTMS can be used to either increase or decrease the activity of the targeted brain region, depending on the pattern of stimulation that is applied. There are many different stimulation patterns that can be used for rTMS, each with slightly different effects on brain activity. At the UHN rTMS clinic, four different types of stimulation are currently in use:
High-frequency stimulation (10 pulses per second) has an excitatory effect on neural activity. Over time, this form of stimulation strengthens the connections between neurons and increases the activity of the target region. This can be useful in treating disorders that involve underactivity in certain brain areas.
Low-frequency stimulation (1 pulse per second) has an inhibitory effect on neural activity. Over time, this form of stimulation reduces the strength of connections between neurons and decreases the activity of the target region. This can be useful in treating disorders that involve overactivity in certain brain areas.
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a newer form of stimulation that more closely mimics the natural rhythms of activity in the neurons of the brain. The stimulation consists of short bursts of stimulation at high frequencies (50 pulses per second), with the bursts themselves being applied 5 times per second.
First used in 2005, TBS has been shown to produce stronger and longer-lasting changes in brain activity, while requiring much less time to administer. One kind of TBS, called continuous TBS (cTBS), can generate potent inhibitory effects with just 40 seconds of stimulation. Another kind of TBS, called intermittent TBS (iTBS), can generate potent excitatory effects with just under 4 minutes of stimulation.
cTBS and iTBS may eventually prove to be more effective than the older forms of stimulation in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, since they are newer forms of rTMS, they are not yet backed by the same weight of evidence as conventional low-frequency and high-frequency rTMS, which have been studied extensively over the last 20 years.
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If you thrive on challenges, enjoy problem solving and have a strong desire to keep people safe a career as a detective may suit you
Detectives are accredited police officers who work as Serious and Complex Crime Investigators or Specialist Investigators. They're responsible for managing a range of investigations including those concerning robbery, drugs, domestic violence, public and child protection, company fraud, cybercrime, homicide and counter-terrorism.
The term detective is not a rank but a descriptive title, which demonstrates your current role and reflects your skills, knowledge, training and experience in a particular field. Detectives work alongside their uniformed counterparts as equals in pay and rank.
Types of work
As a detective you can work in a number of specialist departments:
- criminal investigations department (CID) - handles incidents such as suspicious deaths, serious assaults, robbery, burglary and major property thefts, domestic abuse or racist abuse
- fraud squad - investigates company and financial fraud
- drugs squad - deals with drug trafficking investigations, which may be long-term and may also involve working with colleagues from other countries
- firearms squad - investigates and responds to offences involving firearms, including potential hostage situations
- child protection department - deals with offences against children
- Special Branch - investigates incidents relating to national security and international terrorism.
Further professional training is required when starting to work in any of these specialist units; it is possible to transfer to different units over the course of your career. Not all specialist areas are offered by every police force and there is strong competition for some.
As a detective, you'll need to:
- manage and conduct a range of complex investigations in your area of responsibility
- gather, verify and assess all appropriate and available information to gain an accurate understanding of situations to an agreed case investigation plan
- develop and evaluate strategies to manage investigations, working closely and communicating with staff at all levels
- make decisions based on balancing risks, costs, benefits and the wider impact
- use cutting-edge technology to help with the investigations
- analyse and interpret data, examine records and documents
- prepare, complete and submit accurate case papers and evidential files to the highest professional standard and within set time limits
- handle and document exhibits
- deal with forensic material and its submissions
- conduct interviews and interrogations
- participate in and conduct raids, searches or arrests
- identify appropriate witnesses and obtain statements
- assess and report the potential for recruiting informants, or exploring other useful sources of information
- liaise with internal and external agencies relevant to your area of responsibility e.g. courts, schools, social work departments
- work with all colleagues as a team
- keep up to date with changes in legislation and procedures as they affect criminal investigation
- manage and lead teams of police staff.
- The starting salary for a newly qualified constable in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is £24,780, rising in annual increments to £41,130 at the top of the constable scale; the starting salary for constables in Scotland is £28,392, rising incrementally to £40,877.
- Experienced staff in England, Wales and Northern Ireland earn between £43,965 and £46,277 as a sergeant, £52,698 and £57,162 as an inspector, £58,332 and £60,732 as a chief inspector, £70,173 to £82,881 as a superintendent and £86,970 to £91,749 as a chief superintendent.
- In Scotland the salary ranges from £42,966 for sergeants to £91,179 for chief superintendents.
Income figures are intended as a guide only.
Detectives also receive a range of benefits, including:
- a pension
- flexible work schedule
- part-time work options
- a minimum of 22 days annual leave (28 days in Scotland), plus statutory holidays
- paid sick leave
- occupational health support
- childcare schemes
- parental leave
- access to trade unions
- access to sports and social facilities.
Typically you'll work 40 hours per week, and shifts vary depending on the police force you work for. You may have to work unsocial hours, depending on your type of work and branch.
Flexible and part-time hours are available, but depend on the individual police force and your role.
What to expect
- You'll usually work on several cases at the same time and each day will bring a range of tasks and challenges; you could be attending a crime scene, analysing evidence connected to a potential cybercrime, interviewing offenders and distressed victims or managing a team.
- Many detectives find protecting the public and bringing offenders to justice a very rewarding aspect of the job.
- You'll deal with difficult situations and people including handling aggression, disturbing or distressing situations. You'll receive training for this but it can be mentally and physically demanding.
- You have the opportunity to work in a variety of locations from rural countryside to small towns and densely populated areas, as well as overseas.
- There are structured pathways for further qualifications and promotion.
While many get into the role by first qualifying as a police officer , it's not essential to do so.
Graduates can take an alternative training route through the Police Now National Detective Programme , which over a two-year period develops the key skills and leadership qualities needed for the role.
To be eligible you need to have achieved at least a 2:2 at undergraduate level (or non-UK equivalent).
The programme starts with the Detective Academy, an intensive 12-week residential training course which includes a mix of classroom and field training. To proceed further, you must successfully pass the National Investigators Exam (NIE).
The rest of the training consists of in-force training, immersion training (where you join a force in uniform to practice your core policing skills) and a series of rotations, where you'll undergo accelerated training to learn how to investigate serious and complex crime.
You can also take the specialist detective pathway through in-house training with specific police forces. With either pathway, participants will earn the graduate diploma in Professional Policing Practice.
Entering this career via a Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship is also possible. Visit Joining the Police to see the different routes into the role and what constabularies are currently hiring apprentices.
You'll need to have:
- excellent communication skills that effectively convey needs, instructions and decisions in a clear and concise manner, both written and spoken
- planning skills to conduct an investigation effectively
- good problem-solving skills for analysing and evaluating evidence from a range of sources
- emotional resilience and the ability to keep calm and confident in challenging situations
- decision-making skills for assessing situations, risk and evidence with a logical and analytical approach
- teamwork skills for building effective and collaborative relationships with colleagues and staff in external agencies
- a commitment to the ethical standards and values of the police force
- a strong sense of personal responsibility for your own actions and for dealing with problems that may arise
- respect for diversity, treating people with dignity regardless of their social, cultural or racial background, status, circumstances or appearance
- effective leadership skills (depending on rank and position) that inspire and motivate staff
- a good level of physical fitness and standard eyesight.
Due to the nature of the work it can be beneficial to first gain additional life and work experience in a different type of career before joining the police. Your work place maturity and professional credibility will be assessed during the recruitment process. If you have leadership experience you may apply to the police for direct entry at inspector level, which involves a 24-month training programme.
Find out more about the different kinds of work experience and internships that are available.
The main employers of detectives are the 43 police forces in England and Wales, Police Scotland and the Police Service of Northern Ireland , each with their own recruitment pages.
You can look for job vacancies at:
Once you're in a detective post you are free to apply for transfer to other departments in different forces. Overseas positions may be available.
The British Transport Police also employs experienced detectives.
To apply for jobs you have to be a British Citizen, a citizen of the European Union (EU) or other states in the European Economic Area (EEA), a Commonwealth citizen or a foreign national with indefinite leave to remain in the UK. Even if you have minor convictions or cautions you may still be able to join the police but there are certain offences and conditions that will make you ineligible; check with your local police force. You'll also have to be physically and mentally fit, with some roles requiring a higher level of fitness.
All police officer training follows the accreditation standards of the Professionalising Investigation Programme (PIP). This includes the mandatory core programme as well as a range of specialist, supervisory and leadership options. The programme is split into four different levels, according to the complexity of the investigation and the relevant skills required. As a probationer police constable at PIP 1 you'll learn how to handle volume crime.
All trainee investigators start on the Initial Crime Investigators Development Programme (ICIDP) at PIP 2. This consists of a six-week investigator training course and is followed by the completion of a professional development portfolio. The portfolio evidences how you meet the required competencies and usually takes around twelve months to complete. Once all your work has been verified, you'll be confirmed as a detective constable.
After this, you can progress to PIP 3 and the Senior Investigation Officer Training Programme (SIOPD), qualifying you to lead major investigations including homicide, manslaughter, kidnapping, infanticide or terrorism offences.
The final level is PIP 4 and covers strategic management and leadership of major investigations.
As part of your ongoing professional training you'll have the opportunity to attend specialist courses and study for relevant qualifications.
Working for the police means you have access to a clearly defined promotion structure. As a detective, you have the opportunity to be promoted up through the following ranks:
- detective constable
- detective sergeant
- detective inspector
- detective chief inspector
- detective superintendent
- detective chief superintendent
- assistant chief constable
- deputy chief constable
- chief constable.
Promotion in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is done through performance related exams, work-based assessments and a professional development portfolio.
You have the option to move across into a non-detective post, in particular when you've reached the level of assistant chief constable. There are opportunities to transfer to different forces in the UK and overseas. It's also possible to move into other roles within the police, such as teaching new trainee investigators.
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Our heart is a very complex neuromuscular system prepared to beat at a regular pace, nonstop, all our life. Of course, just like any other part of our body, it could have some problems or even fail to perform its function, and when it does, we can have a problem.
When the system that sets the pacing for our pulse fails, we could experience irregular heartbeat. In some cases, we don’t even realize; in others, we do feel as if our heart was skipping beats or adding extra beats between the others.
This in itself isn’t dangerous, and in some cases, it is even normal, for example when we startle or experience a strong emotion. However, it could be a sign of an underlying problem that is affecting our hearts. If you experience irregular heartbeat, also known as arrhythmia, frequently, you should go see a doctor. Meanwhile, here are some great home remedies to treat your irregular heartbeat.
1. Have an overall healthy diet
Eating healthy food in healthy doses may seem like a panacea of some sort, advised to treat and prevent a wide range of conditions and diseases. But there is a good reason for it being a general suggestion applicable to all cases. Our diet affects our organs, how they work, and how blood flows through them.
If you want to take care of your heart’s health, you should avoid ailments that make its function more difficult, like those containing bad cholesterol, high sodium, or unhealthy fats. Instead, choose food with antioxidant components, that will protect the health of your heart.
Additionally, phytonutrients are known to lower your inadequate immune response, which decreases the likelihood of an autoimmune condition that could attack the tissue of your heart. With a healthy diet and a balanced dose of nutrients, your heart should be strong and your blood has the best texture and fluidity.
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John T. Mullin
John T. Mullin reshaped radio and television broadcasting in the 1940s by introducing magnetic tape technology to the industries and developing the first commercial audiotape recorders for the Ampex Corporation.
Mullin was born in San Francisco in 1913 and graduated from Santa Clara University with a degree in electrical engineering. In 1941, he entered the U.S. Army as a private, and rose to the rank of major in the Signal Corps. From 1943 to 1944, he was stationed in England at a Royal Air Force facility where he was charged with improving Allied radar systems. When the BBC went off the air at night, he listened to the only classical musical broadcast available, which was sent from inside German lines. The clarity of the broadcasts was outstanding. They did not pop and click like American broadcasts, which depended on acetate records for playing performances that were not live.
Mullin was convinced that the Germans had developed a superior recording technology, and in the summer of 1944, he set up a lab in liberated Paris to study captured German electronics equipment. He continued to investigate this technology through war’s end, when he went on a fact-finding mission across Germany, which included a stop at underground recording and broadcast studios in Hitler’s bunker. The most important stop was near Frankfurt, where a British officer told him about a high-fidelty German AEG Magnetophon audiotape recorder that could reproduce music with little distortion and a frequency response nearly matching human hearing. When Mullin found some of these magnetophons, he determined that AC bias in the record circuit accounted for their unmatched quality. He applied this insight to the lesser-quality magnetophons he had previously gotten his hands upon, modifying them by adding AC bias.
When Mullin returned to San Francisco in January 1946, he brought along two AEG Magnetophon K-4 decks with spare heads and fifty reels of blank tape. He formed a partnership with William A. Palmer to build a prototype hi-fi tape machine that could record a half-hour radio show. His improved redesign of the magnetophon impressed members of the Institute of Radio Engineers (now the IEEE) with its fidelity to a live performance. The technology had the added advantage of producing editable tracks; before, the masters from which records were produced were pressed into acetate, making editing nearly impossible.
Bing Crosby, who had grown weary of recording live performances of his radio show twice a night for a bi-coastal audience, invested in Mullin’s technology and used it to record his show. Tape-delayed broadcasts would soon become standard practice in the radio industry. Around the same time, Mullin and Parker worked with Ampex Corporation to make the first commercial audiotape recorder, the Model 200
Mullin soon applied magnetic-tape technology to the exploding television market. In 1951, Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson, in collaboration with Bing Crosby Enterprises, developed a prototype video recorder they called the “filmless camera.”
Mullin joined the 3M Company in the 1950s after it bought out Bing Crosby’s electronics company. He worked there until his retirement in 1975.
Bing Crosby and the Recording Revolution - A first hand account authored by Robert R. Phillips about Bing Crosby's contributions to magnetic recording
My Ten Years at Ampex and the Development of the Video Recorder - A first hand account by Fred Pfost about his experiences at Ampex
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