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Most video tapes come with a copy protection signal embedded on the tape. One popular product in this arena is made by Macrovision. According to Macrovision, "The technology is applied to over 550 million videocassettes annually and is used by every MPAA movie studio on some or all of their videocassette releases. Over 220 commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners." Also, "The study found that over 30% of VCR households admit to having unauthorized copies, and that the total annual revenue loss due to copying is estimated at $370,000,000 annually." So, it's a pretty big problem.
The way the copy protection signal works is interesting. It's not that the second VCR "knows" that the video signal is coming from a video tape. It's that the signal coming from the original video tape contains a special type of noise that the TV set doesn't notice but a VCR cannot handle. This noise signal confuses a component, known as an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, in the VCR, and the confused AGC records the signal incorrectly.
If you look at the HowStuffWorks article How Television Works, you will notice that a composite video signal contains luminance information (how bright a pixel should appear on the screen), color information (the color of each pixel), and synchronization information. The synchronization information tells the electron gun painting the image when to shoot back to the left side of the screen on each scan line, and when to shoot back to the top of the screen at the end of each frame. These are called horizontal synchronization pulses and vertical synchronization pulses. There is a period of time, known as the blanking interval, when the electron gun of the TV is turned off while the electron beam shoots back to the left or top of the screen.
The copy protection signal is inserted in the vertical blanking interval, and it contains extra sync pulses and fake video data. Since the TV is not displaying anything during the blanking interval, nothing shows up on the screen. That's why it looks okay on the TV. A VCR, on the other hand, is trying to make a faithful recording of the entire signal that it sees. It therefore tries to record the signal containing the extra sync pulses. The AGC sees the extra sync pulses and the fake video data and sets its level incorrectly as a result. The real video information in the frame gets recorded at a much lower level than it normally would, so the screen turns black instead of showing the movie. You'll still hear the sound, however, because a completely separate circuit records the audio.
These links will help you learn more:
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Audio (US) (file)
- simple past tense and past participle of
- While waiting for the bus, I amused myself by performing a mime interpretation of the Gettysburg Address.
- Pleasurably entertained.
- The children chased one another in a circle in front of their amused parents.
- Displaying amusement.
- (usually with a complement) Enjoying humor aspects (of something).
- He was amused to note the disarray of his opponents.
- He was very amused by the lyrics.
- She was amused with their antics.
- The entertainers parodied his speech. He was not amused.
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Turnip and rutabaga
Other Names: Rutabaga: Swede, Swedish cabbage, Swedish turnip, Yellow turnip.
General Description: Turnips (Brassica rapa, Rapifera group) and rutabagas (Brassica napus, Napobrassica group), both members of the Brassica family, are round, firm root vegetables with a biting flavor akin to cabbage and mustard. Turnips have been cultivated since ancient times; many distinct kinds were known to the Romans and Greeks. In Rome turnips were known as both rapa and napus. In Middle English the latter term became nepe, which combined with the word “turn” (as in “make round”) and became the word “turnip.”
Rutabaga gets its name from the Swedish rotabagge, suggesting a Scandinavian origin. Both white- and yellow-fleshed rutabaga varieties have been known in Europe for more than 300 years.
Although closely related, turnips and rutabagas are different. Most turnips are white-fleshed and most rutabagas are yellow-fleshed, but there are also white-fleshed rutabagas and yellow-fleshed turnips. Turnips and rutabagas have a different number of chromosomes. Botanical studies indicate that a rare hybridization between a cabbage (18 chromosomes) and turnip (20 chromosomes) resulted in the rutabaga (38 chromosomes), which was probably first found in Europe in the late Middle Ages.
Turnips are smooth and have several circles of ridges at the base of their leaves with white flesh and purple-tinged white skin. Small young turnips are delicate and slightly sweet; as they age, their taste becomes stronger and their texture woody. Rutabagas are larger, rounder, denser, and sweeter than turnips.
Season: Turnips are available year-round with peak season October through March. Young turnips are sold in spring. Rutabagas are in season from September through June.
Purchase: Look for small turnips that feel heavy for their size. They should be smooth and firm with unblemished skin and have fresh, green leaves. Look for firm, smooth-skinned rutabagas that feel heavy for their size.
Avoid: Pass up turnips larger than 3 inches in diameter because they are apt to be woody. Avoid bruised or cut rutabagas as these will have been in storage too long.
Storage: Refrigerate turnips in a plastic bag for up to 1 week. Refrigerate rutabagas in a plastic bag for up to 2 weeks.
- Wash in cool water.
- Trim the top and bottom of the vegetable.
- Peel, if necessary, using a vegetable peeler. Young turnips need not be peeled; old turnips will have tough skin that should be removed. Rutabagas are generally waxed to prevent moisture loss and must be peeled before eating.
Serving Suggestions: Dress shredded raw turnips, cabbage, and carrots with sharp mustard vinaigrette and poppy seeds to make a slaw. Add diced turnips and/or rutabagas to chicken potpie. Serve slices of raw young turnips with Kalamata olives and cherry tomatoes to make a simple appetizer.
Flavor Affinities: Cream, curry, duck, lamb, lemon, marjoram, onions, pork, potatoes, thyme, vinegar.
from Quirk Books: www.quirkbooks.com
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An accreted historical syncretism
, and chutzpah
What modern practitioners sometimes refer to as a unitary "tradition" is the result of centuries of mystics picking and choosing deities, symbols, rituals, and ideas from literally dozens of disparate cultures and traditions.
Thelema (the basis of A∴A∴, which Otto Omicron mentions) and its forerunner the Golden Dawn, for instance, incorporate aspects of:
... plus appropriate bits of Yoga
, and Zen
as understood by 19th-century Englishmen. The chutzpah
comes in when folks like Israel Regardie
or Aleister Crowley
construct tables of correspondence
among the symbols of all the above systems, summarizing a few thousand years of several cultures' religions and mysticisms into one great surreal multiplication table
(Even the less esoteric of today's occult groups -- the neopagans, for instance -- cheerfully fuse many historically separate traditions into a thoroughly modern syncretism. A chant to Kore (aka Persephone) is accompanied by Native American drumming and followed by an invocation to Freya or Brighid.)
There is, of course, nothing whatsoever wrong with practicing syncretism, and potentially a great deal right with it. The collection of memes from disparate sources greatly enhances each individual's ability to find useful or accurate memes. I suspect, though, that it is a historical error to claim that your (or your teacher's) particular favorites of the beliefs and practices of the human race's last few thousand years constitute a single unbroken tradition.
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Top 10 war factsHistory quiz
Which country attacked Sydney Harbour with miniature submarines during World War II?
Japan. On the night of 31 May – 1 June, three Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines, each with a two-member crew, entered Sydney Harbour, and attempted to sink Allied warships, ultimately killing 21 sailors.
Who used the sarissa (a type of weapon) in their combat formations?
Macedonians. The sarissa is a type of long spear (about 4–7 metres or 13–23 ft in length) first introduced by Phillip II of Macedonia in Macedonian phalanx formations. It was usually composed of two lengths and was joined by a central bronze tube only before a battle. The tight formation of the phalanx created a "wall of pikes", and the pike was so long that there were fully five rows of them projecting in front of the front rank of men.
The Cod Wars were a series of confrontations between the United Kingdom and...
Iceland. The Cod Wars were disputes running from the 1950s to the 1970s over fishing rights in the North Atlantic. Each of the disputes ended with Iceland's victory. As a result, the already declining British fisheries were hit hard by being excluded from their prime fishing grounds with thousands of fishermen and people being put out of work.
What does the term "The Great Game" refer to?
The rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Central Asia. Russia was fearful of British commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain was fearful of Russia adding "the jewel in the crown", India, to the vast empire that Russia was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires for the most of the 19th century.
Which State has caused the most civilian deaths around the world after 9/11?
United States. A study reveals that U.S. military forces were directly responsible for about 10 to 15 million deaths during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and the two Iraq Wars. The American public probably is not aware of these numbers and knows even less about the proxy wars for which the United States is also responsible. In the later wars, there were between nine and 14 million deaths in Afghanistan, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Guatemala, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sudan.
Which of those countries didn't participate in the Hundred Years' War?
Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 mainly between France and England but around 20 countries took part in it. The Grand Duchy of Moscow wasn't one of them.
In which country did a military unit called "Immortals" exist?
In Persian Empire. The Immortals also known as the Persian Immortals or Persian Warriors was the name given by Herodotus to an elite heavily-armed infantry queued unit of 10,000 soldiers in the great army of the Achaemenid Empire. This force performed the dual roles of both Imperial Guard and standing army.
What special set was built for the film War Games, at the cost of one million $?
NORAD command center. The NORAD command center built for the film War Games was the most expensive set ever constructed up to that time, built at the cost of one million dollars. The producers were not allowed into the actual NORAD command center, so they had to imagine what it was like.
I am a historic city in the U.S. state of Delaware, where lore holds it that the famous "stars and stripes" were flown at the Battle of Cooch's Bridge.
Newark. The Battle of Cooch's Bridge was the only American Revolution battle held in Delaware. It is also the first ever battle where the U.S. stars and stripes has been flown. Unfortunately for the Americans, this was a defeat. This led to the fall of Philadelphia, which was then the nation's capital.
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- Women's Health»
What Is A Chemical Pregnancy?
A chemical pregnancy is classified as a very early miscarriage.It most commonly occur's before the woman is at 6 weeks gestation. Many people mistake a chemical pregnancy for a false pregnancy or a false positive pregnancy test. There is actually no such thing as a false positive. Pregnancy tests develop a line in the test area when there is HCG in the urine. The only time there could be a false positive is when it turns out to be a evaporation line. An evaporation line is when the urine and dye settle in the line area of the test when it is going across. The evap line usually doesn't have color to it, it is more of a gray color than blue or red.
It is often referred to as "nature's cruel joke".This is because a woman will see a faint line on their pregnancy test. But they begin bleeding around the time they would normally begin to menstrate. This often leaves a woman confused, upset or even sad.
Signs Of Chemical Pregnancy
The signs/symptoms for a chemical pregnancy and a regular pregnancy are about the same. Although, chemical pregnancies seem to be more intense when it comes to symptoms. The only way to tell for sure it was a chemical pregnancy is having a faint positive pregnancy test.
And beginning to bleed around the normal time of menstruation. If you were to take a pregnancy test after you begin bleeding, then it would show up as negative. This is because with a chemical pregnancy, the egg is trying to attach to the uterine wall and it does just enough for the pregnancy test to become positive. BUT, sometime after the bleeding will begin.
Here are the signs that accompany a chemical pregnancy:
- Sore & Tender Breasts
- Increased Urination
- Faint positive pregnancy test
- Bleeding after positive test result
Up until recently the cause for Chemical Pregnancies was unknown. Only that it is the same as an early miscarriage which occurs during weeks 2-4 of gestation.
But now they feel that the causes for miscarriages in general are all the same. But their is a known cause for a woman to suffer from repeated chemical pregnancies.
Progesterone is a hormone that is needed for a pregnancy to continue. It is completely possible that women may be suffering from recurring chemical pregnancies due to a Progesterone Deficiency.
Progesterone can be found in cream and supplement form.
Dealing With The Loss
If you have suffered from a chemical pregnancy, then I am so sorry for your loss. A chemical pregnancy can leave you just as emotionally drained as a regular pregnancy. The only difference is that you were as far along in the pregnancy, and you didn't have much time to get used to the feeling of being pregnant in the first place.
Just like with any other loss, you need to grieve. It is perfectly normal to. Depending on whether you and your partner were trying to conceive, does not change the fact that you should have an equal amount of time to be in mourning for your child.
Dont let people's comment's upset you. If they have not dealt with it themselves, they will have a habit of trying to make you feel better with words that may actually make you feel alot worse. Telling someone "At least you weren't that far along" does not make you feel any better. Just let them know that you are grieving for your child. No matter how small him or her was, he/she was still your child and to please respect you at this time.
Facts About Chemical Pregnancy
- 70% of miscarriages are Chemical Pregnancies
- Taking another pregnancy test later on usually comes up Negative
- Pregnancy loss is seen before the next cycle is missed
- Elevated HCG levels in the blood is the only way to diagnose a chemical pregnancy
- It is impossible to diagnose a chemical pregnancy with an ultrasound
- Pregnancy loss happens before the fetal heart rate can even begin.
- Because of the highly sensitive pregnancy tests on the market, many women are getting faint positive's and celebrating their pregnancy.Only to start grieving within the next few days.
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Syria is believed to have a large stockpile of chemical weapons. U.S. intelligence agencies now suspect that Syrian President Bashar Assad’s government has used small amounts of these chemicals against rebels fighting to unseat him, an assessment shared by Britain, France and, most recently, Israel.
So what is known about Syria’s chemical weapons?
A report citing Turkish, Arab and Western intelligence agencies estimated that Syria has about 1,000 tons of chemical weapons stored at about 50 sites, mostly in the north of the country.
The weapons are believed to include blister agents, such as mustard gas, and more dangerous nerve agents, including sarin and VX. These chemical munitions could be delivered by artillery, rocket launchers, Scud missiles and aircraft.
When are the weapons thought to have been used?
Israel’s top military intelligence analyst, Brig. Gen. Itai Brun, on Tuesday accused Syria of using chemical weapons, probably a sarin-based nerve agent, in two attacks last month near the cities of Aleppo and Damascus.
Last week, Britain and France said there was credible evidence that Syria used small amounts of chemicals in December in Homs, as well as in the attacks near Aleppo and Damascus.
How sure are they?
In a letter addressed to members of Congress on Thursday, the White House said intelligence agencies assess “with varying degrees of confidence” that the Syrian regime has used chemical weapons on a “small scale,” specifically sarin.
The letter says the assessment is based in part on “physiological samples.” Officials declined to elaborate. But Brun said Israel’s assessment was based on reports of victims foaming at the mouth and having constricted pupils. The evidence cited by Britain and France included soil samples and witness testimony.
The Obama administration says it believes the information needs further investigation and corroboration. “For example, the chain of custody is not clear, so we cannot confirm how the exposure occurred and under what conditions,” the White House letter says.
So far, U.S. officials believe that Assad’s government has retained control over the sites where chemical agents are stored. But they are worried that weapons or dangerous materials could fall into the hands of defectors, looters or rival militant groups, including Hezbollah in Lebanon or Al Qaeda-inspired groups in Syria.
The United States has joined Britain and France in calling for a United Nations investigation.
Why use a chemical weapons "on a small scale"?
Defense analysts say such munitions are usually used to inflict mass casualties. Some have suggested that Syria may be testing the United States and its partners by using the chemicals in small amounts to see what sort of response ensues. But others question why Syria would risk goading the United States and its allies into a military intervention when the attacks would not inflict many casualties.
"From a military perspective, it doesn't make sense to use chemical weapons bit by bit," chemical weapons expert Ralf Trapp told Foreign Policy in an interview from Geneva. "Why would the regime just put it on a grenade here or a rocket launcher there? It's just not the way you'd expect a military force to act."
What does Syria say?
Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bars the production, stockpiling and use of chemical and biological weapons. But it has never directly acknowledged possessing chemical weapons, either, and asserts that it would not use them -- “if they exist” -- against its own people.
Last month, Syria accused its opponents of using chemical weapons and asked the U.N. to investigate. However, U.N. investigators have not been allowed into Syria to look into the alleged attacks.
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Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Atheriniformes
(Silversides) > Melanotaeniidae
(Rainbowfishes, blue eyes)
Etymology: Melanotaenia: Greek, melan, -anos = black + latin, taenia = stripe (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Freshwater; benthopelagic. Tropical; 24°C - 30°C (Ref. 2060); 12°S - 16°S
Oceania: occurs in the Edith River Gorge and Lake Malkyyllumbo (Edith Falls National Park), upper south Alligator River system and Moline Pool (Mary River system), Northern Territory, Australia. Edith River is a tributary of the Daly River system, 230 km southeast of Darwin.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 7.5 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 44894); 5.0 cm SL (female)
Inhabits steep gradient streams with numerous cascades and normally crystal clear water. Tends to congregate in pools at the base of small waterfalls where flow is rapid but is also found in quieter sections of streams and lakes. Prefers areas fully exposed to sunlight. Found in small, clear, swift-flowing streams, occasionally seen above high waterfalls. Also occurs in a lacustrine environment at the base of Edith Falls (Northern Territory) (Ref. 44894). Feeds mainly on aquatic and terrestrial insects and their larvae, also on green algae. Sympatric with M. splendida australis. A good aquarium fish, typical of most rainbowfishes in this respect. Should probably be provided with more space and additional aeration than is usually recommended for fish of this size due to its fast swimming habits and affinity for well-oxygenated waters at the base of waterfalls and rapids (Ref. 44894).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Allen, G.R., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Australia. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 5259)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 120744)
CITES (Ref. 118484)
Threat to humans
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 2.9 ±0.34 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100) .
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Gov. John Kasich has made no secret about his desire to increase taxes on oil and gas produced in eastern Ohio's growing oilfields, saying the entire state should benefit from the valuable resources in underground shale formations.
But Statehouse Democrats and some Republicans remain skeptical of the governor's plan, voicing a desire to use the increased tax collections to help local governments and schools or concerns that a tax hike could hinder future fracking-related economic development.
Proponents and opponents are in the midst of a debate on the issue, via hearings on Kasich's biennial budget plan.
Here are 10 things you should know about oil and gas taxes and what the governor is proposing:
1. Severance: The severance tax is so named because filers "extract, or sever, certain natural resources from the soil and waters of Ohio," according to an explanation by the Ohio Department of Taxation.
Last year, there were about 1,300 individuals or business entities that filed severance taxes, said Gary Gudmundson, spokesman for the taxation department. Of those, 984 focused solely on oil or natural gas.
2. The Rates: According to the Department of Taxation, severance taxes are levied based on the weight or volume of resources extracted from the ground.
Under current rates, filers pay 10 cents per barrel of oil and 2.5 cents per thousand cubic feet of natural gas produced. Production valued at less than $1,000 is exempt if used on the same property where it is extracted, according to the taxation department.
Upward of $10.2 million in total severance taxes were paid in the state in fiscal 2012. The total included more than $2 million in natural gas payments and about $467,000 in oil payments.
3. Where the Money Goes: According to the Ohio Department of Taxation, 90 percent of oil and gas severance taxes currently are directed to the state's unreclaimed lands fund. It's used to reclaim "land, public or private, affected by mining or controlling mining drainage," according to Ohio Revised Code
The remaining 10 percent goes to the state's geological mapping fund for "field, laboratory and administrative tasks to map and make public reports on the geology, geologic hazards and energy and mineral resources of the state."
4. Kasich's Plan: Under the governor's proposal, rates would remain unchanged or would be reduced or eliminated for low-volume producers with vertical wells.
Increased rates would be enacted for higher-volume, horizontal wells, the focus of oilfield activities in eastern Ohio, with the expanding use of horizontal hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.
According to Tax Commissioner Joe Testa, owners of high-volume horizontal wells would be taxed at a rate of 1 percent for gas and 4 percent for oil, natural gas liquids and condensate. The latter would be taxed at a lower 1.5 percent rate during the first year of production to enable producers to recoup their drilling costs.
Additionally, "To provide immediate revenue to local governments, the owners of high-volume horizontal wells will provide a no-interest impact loan of $25,000 per well when the permit is obtained," Testa told the House's finance committee last week. "This will aid local governments during the period of drilling when there is increased stress on infrastructure."
The proceeds from collections on horizontal wells would go to the state's general revenue fund. The proceeds from conventional vertical wells would continue to be directed to unreclaimed lands and geological mapping, Gudmundson said.
5. The Return: Testa said the proposed changes would pump an additional $45 million into the state's general revenue fund in fiscal 2014, $155 million in '15, $305 million in '16 and $415 million in '17.
Testa added, " ... right now, oil companies are only able to extract about 10 percent of the shale oil and gas with current technology. As technologies advance and evolve, more oil and gas will be extracted from our shale resources for decades to come. And as long as there is money to be made, the producers and pipeline companies will be active."
6. The Pros: Kasich has said repeatedly that the severance tax rate should be increased to ensure that out-of-state energy companies don't take Ohio's oil and gas and the resulting profits from their sale entirely outside of the state's border.
The governor is quick to point out that energy companies have already invested billions of dollars in Ohio's oilfields (more than 500 horizontal well permits have been issued to date); the natural resources are here and they're valuable.
And the administration says the proposed rates are lower than Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Arkansas, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Texas.
7. The Cons: Oil and gas industry advocates remain opposed to the tax hike, saying Ohio already is benefiting from increased production and increasing rates could stifle future investment.
As Tom Stewart, executive vice president of the Oil and Gas Association told reporters late last month, "If you want to see this play develop, what you want these producers to do ... is to take their net revenues and plow it back into the ground, just the same way that a farmer takes his net revenues and plants his field. You want these producers to take the money they make plus more and put it back in the ground to make this economic opportunity expand."
8. MBR: Kasich initially proposed the frack tax increase in 2012 in Mid-biennium Review, a massive package of policy proposals that kept lawmakers busy during what was supposed to be a slower, off-budget year. The original proposal would have used the increased collections to institute a corresponding decrease to income tax rates.
But lawmakers balked, removing the severance tax language from legislation and saying they needed more time to study the issue as part of a larger tax reform effort.
The governor reintroduced the plan as part of his two-year spending proposal, with a lower sales tax broadened to cover services and an income tax cut.
9. Democrats: Many Statehouse Democrats oppose the governor's frack tax plan, saying the proceeds should be directed to local governments and schools and/or communities whose infrastructure has been affected by drilling activities rather than rolled into an income tax cut.
"I've never seen so many lobbyists from the gas and oil industry in one place in the 26 years that I've been here," Rep. Bob Hagan, a Democrat from Youngstown and frequent critic of Kasich, said late last month. "And they're winning this. So those of us that have an obligation to stand up and fight for local governments and fight for education dollars have to do it now, and we have to confront the governor on it."
10. Republicans: Some GOP lawmakers also are questioning the severance tax increase.
"I am concerned on the 200,000 jobs that are projected to come to the state of Ohio," Rep. Cheryl Grossman, a Republican from the Columbus area, told the House's finance committee last week. "I don't want to do anything to discourage that. And I think that we are already seeing tremendous benefits as far as home building, restaurants, hotels where that activity is going on. It's really important to me that they pay their fair share...."
Rep. Dave Hall, a Republican from Millersburg, said some landowners will have to pay the severance taxes, due to the wording of leases established in earlier decades with local oil and gas companies before Ohio's shale oil deposits were discovered.
And Rep. Ron Amstutz, chairman of the powerful House finance committee, asked taxation officials this week about the constitutionality of the plan, among other questions.
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Oklahoma may be at the nexus of violent tornadoes and scientific developments in unmanned aircraft, but the state faces stiff competition in its bid to become one of the first six federal sites allowed to test the technology.
Fifty applications have been submitted from 37 states.
The University of Colorado at Boulder is among those vying for one of the spots. Boulder's Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles was the first institution to focus on small aircraft systems for atmospheric and meteorological research, said Brian Argrow, a professor in the department of aerospace engineering sciences who co-founded the center. The university announced its bid for one of the federal test sites in May.
Argrow said the University of Colorado first began flying unmanned aircraft--also known as drones--from Alaska in 1999, and has developed the technology ever since.
“We’re kind of a best-kept secret, to some degree,” he said.
Researchers hope the aircraft will deliver improved wind measurements, in addition to collecting data on pressure, temperature and humidity.
In 2009 and 2010, Argrow and his colleagues were part of a large-scale, federally funded pilot project that deployed unmanned aircraft to intercept thunderstorms for the first time. More than 100 scientists and engineers, as well as representatives from 16 universities, participated in the “Vortex 2” project, which involved roaming the Great Plains for about a month and a half with more than 40 specialized unmanned vehicles.
Teams gained Federal Aviation Administration certificates well in advance. In all, 59 certificates were granted, covering 24,000 square miles.
The project successfully showed storms could be sampled using unmanned aircraft, Argrow said. One of the six thunderstorms intercepted by the aircraft was generating tornadoes about 60 miles outside of Denver, and the aircraft managed to fly beneath it and collect measurements -- an example of what researchers hope to do more freely in the future.
While universities in different states are competing for spots as a federal test sites, the Vortex 2 project was an example of them coming together, Argrow said.
In another sign of joined forces, researchers at Oklahoma State University are developing a partnership that includes Oklahoma University, University of Colorado, University of Kentucky and Virginia Tech to vie for federal funding on future projects, said Jamey Jacob, a professor at OSU's School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, where unmanned aircraft technology is being developed.
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Education is a form of behavioral growth wherever a professional particular person, termed as a guru, aids a customer or pupil in attaining a clear particular or skilled goal by means of furnishing useful service and responses. In some cases trainees is often known as a coachee. Training may be thought of as a good solution to strengthen operation in many areas of life.
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Education is regarded as a a loyal exercise among those who are doing the job on the way to similar desired goals, and who agree in an effort to obtain them. Most coaching is finished by people who have got the features to be a teacher properly for unique that the mentor has to make a marriage of have faith in and empathy for. Simply because more often than not, the kids do themselves not have traits of tuning in, asking questions, and speaking up in order to be noticed. Subsequently, a coach should provide you with the internal tone of voice in doing what it deserves in order to trainer efficiently.
Alternative teaching is regarded as a a topic to train that requires enhancing leadership expertise from the inside people, without on the surface. Like this, the mentoring style promotes a much more circular growth of the scholar’s abilities and possibilities. There are many healthy mentoring models that can be used in the roll-out of the present student’s possibilities.
The most desired all natural education authority model is termed assist and enthusiasm. This coaching design instructs the mentor to support the average person in beating particular issues. What’s more, it teaches the private coach to create emotive cleverness by pushing anyone to consider plainly and settle for duty for own manners. A great trainer doesn’t just profit the undergraduate to overpower disappointments and drawbacks, but will also conserve the person to produce a positive a feeling of self-well worth.
One other popular holistic training management design is known as goal-centered mentoring. This type of instruction model is related to aid and inspiration, in that the instructor supports the specific by means of good making decisions procedures, but isn’t going to specifically request the consumer to deal with difficulties or get over recent setbacks. Relatively, the mentor allows for a continuing talk within the patient’s unique mind. With plan-primarily based instruction, the guru induces the client to pay attention to developing on the skills and also to take out obstacles to good results. Additionally, the private coach can help the customer to identify opportunities as an alternative to re acting to every one observed challenge.
Eventually, probably the most debatable of most healthy training designs is known as behavior-centered education. Actions-primarily based education draws on the assumption that this peoples behaviours have an affect on their everyday life as a result, a teacher is appropriate utilizing their learners to change their negative habits to positive types. Unfortunately, there are numerous folks that assume that this kind of instruction type is worthless at reaching outcomes, and this specific coaching control model may not be suitable for everyone.
Essentially in the breakdown of coaching leadership models, the initial step in the direction of teaching good results is which usually mentoring style suits your persona and capabilities the most beneficial. Then, spend some time to discover the mentoring models and techniques that resonate together with you best. After getting a compelling foundation skills and knowledge, you happen to be able to begin applying the tactics and types which you have chosen. You’ll see fantastic advancements inside your life the two quick and long-term.
Keep in mind, instruction is difficult, by constantly implementing they into your life day time-to-working day. It may grow to be quite demanding sometimes, specially when your present student’s behaviors really don’t fit objectives. However, for those who remember to stay focused for the objectives that you have in your university student, so if you are able to earn some changes on the way, then you can certainly very easily transform your past student’s life all around. You have to be ready to enjoy this, it’s to be certain they acquire that education.
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Friday, May 14, 2010
The existence of white Siberian tigers in fact never been proven, in facts of Siberian tigers population may not even carry a white fur gene. When the white Siberian tiger is born, he is probably the result of a previous mating with a white Bengal tiger, which was caused to Siberian parents carry a gene of white fur. It is known that Bengal tigers carry the genes of white fur.
There is however several reports of sightings of white Siberian tiger from the region inhabited by normal orange Siberian tiger, but nothing have been scientifically determined yet. Hopefully, future DNA testing can tell us whether or not a pure Siberian tiger can carry the gene for white fur. This would show us whether two pure Siberian tiger parents can produce a white Siberian tiger or not. A DNA testing project would however face a great challenge: a large portion of the Siberian tiger population has already been eradicated. Which genes those tigers carried, and how diverse the Siberian tiger gene pool once were, we might never find out.
White tigers are sometimes mistakenly replaced as albino tigers, but it's not quite correct term. White Bengal tigers have black or brown stripes and the reports of white Siberian tiger from the wild all speak of clearly striped Siberian white tiger. If they really albino, they would not have any stripes at all. A pure Siberian white tiger would have brown stripes on a creamy white background. Since the white Siberian tigers bred in captivity is the result of a mixture of Bengal and Siberian heritage, it can have black stripes as well. The eyes of the Bengal and Siberian white tiger are blue and the nose is of a pink shade.
Since the gene for white fur is recessive in tigers, Both parents must carry a gene in order to produce a white tiger cub. Since such a mating extremely rare, white tigers are rarely seen in the wild. Humans have however selectively bred white tigers from parents known to carry the gene and they are therefore quite common in captivity. White Bengal and white Siberian tigers are not included in the official tiger breeding programs for conservational purposes. They can however help their orange coloured relatives by making people more interested in tigers and willing to set aside resources for the protection of the wild tiger population. One example is the famous white Siberian tiger Taj. Just like the other bred in captivity white Siberian tigers, and he also has an Bengal ancestor. Taj was born in 1984, at the Henry Doorly Zoo. After two years, he moved to the National Zoo (Smithsonian Institution).
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In April 1938 in was decided that the provision of a single mobile exchange should be produced experimentally by the Circuit Laboratory of the Engineer’s-in-Chief’s Office. No precise specification was given, so various avenues were looked into.
Firstly it was envisaged that the unit might be able to be transported by rail (the railways then operated as a ‘common carrier’ (i.e. if you wanted to move something, and the railways could move it, they had to give a competitive price to do so)). This was quite quickly ruled out, because it would have prevented the use of standard UAX units (the British railway loading gauge is quite restrictive), and would also have presented difficulties in transhipping the mobile to road transport to allow it to reach its final destination.
Lack of time (due to the upcoming war) prevented the complete design of the vehicle, so it was decided to use to utilise the basic design of the Defence Service 4-wheeled trailer. This defined the principle dimensions, the floor area being somewhere near that of a standard A type building. The layout of the equipment had to be re-arranged to provide even distribution of weight, and a low centre of gravity. A full sized model was made out of canvas and timber, to see if the size was acceptable. Some of the UAX units were available; the others were simulated in cardboard. After many re-arrangements and practical tests, it was found that the floor area of 15’9” x 7’ with a maximum height of 7’ was sufficient to house a fully equipped UAX12, duplicate batteries, duplicate charging plant (including rectifier and petrol charging sets).
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While most animals need a specific backdrop for their camouflage to work, a few are so well-disguised they’re incognito almost anywhere. Stick insects are a good example, with twig-like bodies that let them become virtually invisible just by holding still.
A wide variety of stick insects exist around the world, ranging in size from half an inch to two feet long. Often colored brown or green, they tend to freeze when threatened, sometimes swaying to mimic a branch blowing in the wind. That’s not to say they can’t be assertive, though — the American stick insect, for example, can spray a mild acid from two glands in its thorax to thwart would-be predators. If it gets in your eyes, it can burn and even cause temporary blindness.
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In his 1960's album, Tennessee Ernie Ford Sings Civil War Songs of the North, Ford poured his heart out in a patriotic Northern ballad about "The Why and The Wherefore" of Civil War soldiers' reasons for enlisting. The rousing song asks who, exactly, follows soldiers into the war, to which the Federal soldiers reply: "Ten thousand brave lads, and if they should stay here...the girls would cry shame, and they'd volunteer. They speak their minds quite freely, now really."
Essentially, "The Why and The Wherefore" pokes fun at the preposterous idea of women taking up arms in the Civil War. During the Victorian Era, women were barred not only from entering the military, but also from taking an active role in politics and even voting. Sadly, females in the nineteenth century were treated as inferior, second-class citizens, as is evident by the Declaration of Independence proclaiming that "all men are created equal," which insinuates that women are not created equal. Even a quick perusal of most 1800's censuses lists the majority of women's occupations as that of housekeepers, which involved staying home and rearing children.
The American Civil War, however, completely altered the traditional gender roles that claimed men should work outside the home while women kept house. During the Civil War--with men away fighting in the bloody, four-year conflict--women were called upon to not only tend mercantiles and teach schools, but also to work actively to advance the war effort for their army's cause. Females in urban areas were sometimes tasked with working in arsenals. Ladies also served as washerwomen in Civil War camps, and occasionally, even as daring spies. Other ways that women were active during the Civil War--which this post will explore--was by working as nurses and donning a soldier's garb and joining the military.
Northern nurse Georgeanna Woosley wrote in her diary: “No one knows who did not watch the thing from the beginning, how much opposition, how much ill-will, how much unfeeling want of thought, these women nurses endured. Hardly a surgeon whom I can think of received or treated them with even common courtesy. Government had decided that women should be employed, and the Army surgeons—unable, therefore to close the hospitals against them—determined to make their lives so unbearable that they should be forced in self-defense to leave.” Regardless of the mistreatment that female nurses faced--based solely on their gender--many women still braved these conditions to make an impact on the soldiers in their charge. Female nurses were subject to ghastly sights, just like their male nurse counterparts, yet women in both the Western and Eastern Theaters worked to change gender bias and still aided their side's cause. Western Theater nurses, such as Annie Bell who was assigned as matron of Nashville's Cumberland Hospital, helped heal the mental and physical pain of soldiers by binding up wounds and administering medicine, as well as offering prayers for soldiers and agreeing to write letters home for combatants.
Another way women actively participated in the Civil War effort was by exchanging their petticoats and bustles for pants and brogans. It is estimated that between 400 and 750 women disguised their genders and enlisted as male soldiers during the Civil War. A female's reason for enlisting was just as varied as her male counterparts, but included following her sweetheart, traveling throughout the United and newly-formed Confederate States, or out of a sense of duty to her beloved country.
Perhaps one of the most famed female Civil War soldiers is Sarah Emma Edmonds, who acted as a nurse, spy, and courier, as well as conducting the regular duties of a Civil War soldier, like fighting during battles. Edmonds (alias Frank Thompson) and her regiment--the 2nd Michigan Infantry--were assigned to the Army of the Cumberland and, subsequently, transferred to the border state of Kentucky. Sarah contracted malaria but was denied a furlough, which allowed soldiers a brief time of rest away from the army. As a woman, Edmonds was afraid to visit the hospital for medical care, lest her true gender be discovered. As such, she fled from the army to receive medical care. However, she was branded a deserter and never returned to service. Edmonds continued supporting Union troops on the home front by working with the United States Christian Commission as a nurse until the war ended. Edmonds was also an author, as she wrote and published a book titled Nurse and Spy in the Union Army, with a first edition being released in 1864. Because of Edmond's continued dedication to Civil War soldiers, she donated the money she received from the sale of her book to soldiers’ aid groups. Edmonds procured a pension and, in 1897, became the only female member of the Grand Army of the Republic. Sarah Emma Edmonds died at her home in La Porte, Texas, on September 5, 1898. Just four years later, in 1901, she was re-interred with military honors at Washington Cemetery in Houston.
Female combatant Jennie Hodgers assumed the name Albert Cashier and enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry. Because the 95th was a regiment in the Army of the Tennessee, Hodger's unit fought in over a score of battles, including Vicksburg, Kennesaw Mountain, and many more. Hodgers was considered a good soldier, having fought for her full enlistment period of 3 years until the regiment's muster-out in April 1865. Perhaps because women of the Victorian Era faced much gender bias, and, subsequently, were afforded fewer opportunities, Jennie Hodgers maintained her male disguise as Albert Cashier well after the war ended. As a "man," she was able to hold jobs as a farmhand, church janitor, cemetery worker, etc. Additionally, Hodgers voted in elections (an opportunity women did not attain until 1920) and even obtained a veteran's pension. In fact, Hodgers maintained her Albert Cashier disguise until 1910, when--having been struck by an automobile--she was forced to seek medical attention. While hospital attendants forced Hodgers to once again don a dress, her former army comrades were supportive of Hodgers. Upon her death in 1915, Jennie Hodgers was buried in her military uniform and laid to rest with a tombstone that inscribed her alias, Albert Cashier, and detailed her military service.
Another female Civil War soldier was Sarah Rosetta Wakeman, who enlisted in the 153rd New York Infantry under the alias of Lyons Wakeman. Wakeman enlisted because she came from a poor family that was in debt. As she had no potential suitors and could make more money as a soldier than she could at a domestic job, Wakeman viewed it as her natural duty to enlist in August 1862. Her regiment was detailed on guard duty at Capitol Hill, Washington, and Alexandria, Virginia. In spring 1864, however, Wakeman's unit was ordered to Louisiana, where they faced treacherous conditions (a swampy bayou, along with insufficient provisions). Regardless, Wakeman still lived longer than some of her comrades, and even saw battle at Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, on April 9, 1864. Wakeman wrote in a letter, "I don’t know how long before I shall have to go into the field of battle. For my part I don’t care. I don’t feel afraid to go." On June 19, 1864, however, Wakeman succumbed to chronic diarrhea and was laid to rest as Private Lyons Wakeman in Chalmette National Cemetery. Interestingly, Sarah Rosetta Wakeman's true gender was unknown until letters to her home were found in the 1970s.
Loreta Janeta Velazquez's husband enlisted in the Confederate Army after Texas seceded from the Union in 1861. Velazquez, still a teenager, pleaded with her husband to enlist in the war. After he left for the war front, however, Velazquez ordered a Confederate uniform and assumed her alias, Harry T. Buford. Velazquez, who often acted as an "independent soldier" promoted herself to the rank of lieutenant, and in Arkansas she raised a Confederate regiment. Velazquez later took her regiment to her husband in Florida, but her husband was killed just days later by a weaponry accident. Velazquez claims, through her memoirs, to have fought at the first Battle of Bull Run, but she later dressed as a female again and fled to Washington DC to gain intel for the Confederacy. For the remainder of the war, Velazquez often changed her disguise, sometimes working as a spy and other times performing duties of a soldier. Velazquez published her memoirs, The Woman in Battle: A Narrative of the Exploits, Adventures, and Travels of Madame Loreta Janeta Velazquez, Otherwise Known as Lieutenant Harry T. Buford, Confederate States Army, in order to gain income from her book sales. Upon its publication, however, many individuals believed Velazquez's claims were entirely false. Due to the memoir's nature--in which some facts are provable and others are not--it is impossible for historians to say with certainty whether Velazquez's claims are true.
In a time when women were denied basic American rights--like voting--females who served as nurses and soldiers during the Civil War helped break common gender roles. Additionally, they showed Americans that females are capable of achieving equality and holding the same roles in society as their male counterparts. While just a small fraction of female nurses and soldiers who served in the Civil War were featured within this article, the women of the 1860s should be remembered as the heroes that they, just like male soldiers, are.
“Albert Cashier aka Jennie Hodgers.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/albert-cashier
“Female Soldiers in the Civil War.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/female-soldiers-civil-war
“Georgeanna Woolsey: A Day in the Life of a Northern Nurse.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/female-soldiers-civil-war
“Loreta Janeta Velazquez.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/loreta-janeta-velazquez
“Madame Loreta Janeta Velazquez: Heroine or Hoaxer.” HistoryNet, n.d., https://www.historynet.com/madame-loreta-janeta-velazquez-heroine-or-hoaxer.htm
“Sarah Emma Edmonds.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/sarah-emma-edmonds
“Women in the Civil War.” American Battlefield Trust, n.d., https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war
“Women Nurses in the Civil War.” U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, n.d., https://ahec.armywarcollege.edu/exhibits/CivilWarImagery/Civil_War_Nurses.cfm
About the Author: Kass Cobb is a genealogist, history enthusiast, and college sophomore who plans to double-major in history and military history. Kass first became obsessed with history in eighth grade through a unit on the American Civil War. She began researching her family's heritage and discovered that she is a direct descendant of ten Civil War veterans. Since then, Kass has desired to share the stories of United States veterans. One of the ways she does this is by obtaining grave markers for veterans. When Kass isn't busy planning historical events for her community, placing signs at cemeteries, or researching her family's past, you'll find her antique collecting, reading, singing, and enjoying nature with her many pets.
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How To Diagnose And Treat Osteochondral Lesions Of The Talus
- Volume 19 - Issue 11 - November 2006
- 114008 reads
- 0 comments
The past several “Treatment Dilemmas” columns have dealt with the treatment of chronic ankle pain subsequent to an ankle sprain (see page 92, July issue and page 88, September issue). We have dealt with the actual ligament injury and its repair, treatment of peroneal tendon injuries and also conservative care of ankle injuries. We will now discuss the final common problem, which involves the treatment options for osteochondral lesions of the talus.
An osteochondral lesion is an injury or small fracture of the cartilage surface of the talus. There are three types of common lesion formation. The first is injury to the cartilage surface with an actual loss of part of the chondral surface and underlying subchondral bone. This is the most common type of injury that will require care. The second most common type is an injury to the superficial cartilage surface with a crush cartilage injury or shear tear of the cartilage surface. Finally, there is a subchondral cyst type injury with a cyst formation deep to the cartilage surface but an intact overlying cartilage and bone surface. This type of injury is fairly rare.
Each type of injury will have different treatment options and require a different type of workup. In order to treat the problem properly, one must diagnose the cause, the amount of injury and the residual problem present. Furthermore, the location of the lesion will also dictate treatment options.
A Closer Look At Osteochondral Lesions
Osteochondral lesions of the talus occur for several reasons. The most common cause is from a crush or injury to the surface of the bone during the abnormal motion of the ankle in a sprain. With an inversion or eversion stress on the ankle, the talus and tibia and/or fibula will contact each other with a massive stress, resulting in a compression or shear stress on the surface of the talus and underlying injury.
Often, the problem is not diagnosed at the initial time of injury either because clinicians did not obtain radiographs or the radiographs do not show a clear lesion. If radiographs show an osteochondral injury at the initial visit for an ankle sprain, treatment will require either casting of the ankle to allow the fracture site to heal or pinning and open reduction of the fracture in cases of a loose lesion. However, the majority of osteochondral lesions do not show themselves at the initial time of injury.
Over a period of time, ankle pain will resolve and the patient will begin to increase his or her level of activity. In cases of osteochondral lesion, the patient will begin to experience swelling and pain in the ankle with this increased activity. It is at this point that the patient will present for further consultation. Pain often occurs with an increase in activities such as sports and is not present with rest. Patients will note a dull ache of the joint and may also describe mild to moderate locking or clicking.
One should physically examine the ankle to check for instability and tendon or ligament injury. Diagnosing an osteochondral lesion is very difficult on a physical exam and one rarely diagnoses this without further testing. Often, performing an injection of local anesthetic into the involved joint will reduce pain but clinicians should not rule out other problems such as loose bodies, synovitis and ligament injury. One may use radiographs to check for a cyst formation or cartilage damage but this imaging rarely shows definitive involvement.
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PARIS – “Demography is destiny,” Auguste Comte is reported to have said. Today, his maxim appears to encapsulate the fate of a number of the world’s richest countries. Indeed, the United Nations Population Division’s recently released biennial World Population Prospects sheds new light on the debate – ongoing for over a decade – about the consequences of low fertility rates in many developed countries. And while the UN figures do not provide evidence that proves the grimmest forecasts of doomsayers, nor do they leave much room for optimism.
Demography allows for a much greater level of certainty than does economics. The women liable to give birth within a generation are already among us. Only if the fertility rate (the number of children per woman) is above the generational replacement level, namely 2.1, will there be a natural increase in population. But the fertility rate hit a low of around 1.3 at the turn of the century in Germany and Japan – and even lower in Italy, Russia, and South Korea.
The slight increase witnessed in subsequent years still keeps the fertility rate a long way from generational replacement. Moreover, the damage is already done, and the base of the age pyramid continues to be eroded, especially in countries, such as Russia and Japan, that have a low tolerance for immigration.
The demographic impact of low fertility rates is counterbalanced by a steady increase in life expectancy. Japan, the world leader in that respect, nevertheless reached its population peak in 2008, before the number began a slow decline in absolute terms. The main exception is Russia, where, aggravated by declining life expectancy, population shrinkage started as early as 1993: the country has lost six million people since, hitting an astounding 170 deaths per 100 births in 2001.
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Depending on a sample’s physical and chemical characteristics, light striking its surface may react a number of ways resulting in absorption, reflection, transmission, or emission (luminescence). Photography typically involves capturing reflected visible light, however ultraviolet and infrared, as well as luminescence, can also be captured with the appropriate equipment.Materials with differing physical and chemical characteristics can often exhibit similar reflectance in the visible region of the spectrum, but may show a distinct difference in the UV or IR region of the spectrum, or in their luminescence. Infrared, ultraviolet and luminescence photographic techniques record these differences and have significant application potential in materials characterization, failure analysis and forensic science. In the illustrations below the techniques are being applied to gemstones. More images and transmission spectra will be added as time permits.
Warning - Ultraviolet and Infrared light should be treated with caution as exposure can cause skin or eye damage
This technique selectively records the reflected UV from a sample. In addition to selecting the appropriate filters, it is important that the lens transmits UV within the range required and also that the camera CCD does not inherently block too much UV.
For LWUV there are a few lens choices, but the El Nikkor 63mm f/3.5 is the most cost effective and also exhibits good LWUV performance. This specific version of the El Nikkor performs better than most of its counterparts. For SWUV there is little choice but a few very expensive obsolete production lenses or an expensive aftermarket lens. The Nikon D70 camera performs well for recording UV images.
A UV transmission/visible blocking filter is required on the lens to prevent all but the desired UV wavelengths reaching the camera. UV may be recorded in the blue, green or red channel on a digital camera. However stray IR can contaminate the red channel and many UV filters exhibit a small IR transmission window. Additional precautions are therefore necessary to prevent IR from reaching the camera CCD. The sun can be used as a weak UV source but a UV lamp or UV flash is preferred.
This technique selectively records the reflected IR light from a sample or scene.
Most lenses will record reflected IR up to 1100nm and most digital SLR cameras perform well for recording IR images despite manufacturer's attempts to block IR.
Unless an IR modified camera is used, an IR transmission/visible blocking filter is required on the lens to prevent all but the desired IR wavelengths from reaching the camera. Tungsten, xenon, halogen or the sun can be used as an IR source.
Most luminescence studies are concerned with the emission of visible light, however they can also include ultraviolet and infrared emission. Luminescence photography is an important materials characterization technique used in scientific and forensic applications. The contrast resulting from differing emission properties has two main applications:
Photographing phosphorescence is pretty straightforward requiring only complete darkness and long exposures, or multiple long exposures. The sample is exposed to the appropriate excitation source to "fill the traps", the source is then turned off and then the image is captured. No filters are required (except perhaps for correcting reciprocity failure if using film).PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
The term fluorescence is commonly associated with UV excited/stimulated visible emission (fluorescence) but it can also apply to emission occurring in the ultraviolet and infrared, as well as emission excited by visible light.
Visible fluorescence excited by ultraviolet light.
IR fluorescence excited by visible light.
Fluorescence photography is a little more complicated as it typically requires an excitation and a barrier filter. The excitation filter is placed over the light source to isolate the required excitation wavelength. This is often built into the light source by the manufacturer but may not necessarily have the desired, or expected, spectral transmission properties. The barrier filter is placed over the camera lens and has two functions, to reject the excitation wavelengths while transmitting any fluorescence from the sample. It is not necessary to use optical quality filters for the excitation filter but it is obviously a requirement for the barrier filter. While it is important to select excitation filters and barrier filters with the appropriate transmission characteristics, it is also necessary to ensure that they do not fluoresce themselves to incident or reflected excitation light. A barrier filter that fluoresces will produce a foggy image.
Equipment requirements vary depending on the wavelength range of the fluorescence and the required excitation. Most digital cameras and lenses can be used for the more common UV stimulated visible fluorescence, however UV and IR fluorescence requirements are more critical and are similar to those used in reflected UV and IR photography.Photoluminescence - UV excited visible fluorescence
The UV transmitting/visible blocking glass typically found on LWUV lamps, or the Nikon SW-5UV flash adapter, function as the exciter filter. The Kodak Wratten 2B or 2E can often be used as the barrier filter to exclude LWUV while transmitting visible fluorescence. The main problem is that most UV exciter filters also leak near infrared, and possibly a little red and blue light. Unless the barrier filter can effectively eliminate the IR leakage, which the Wratten 2B or 2E cannot, it will contaminate the image. Therefore sole use of the Wratten 2B or 2E is not recommended. A little blue or red contamination is an obvious problem when trying to capture visible fluorescence and in some cases can be easily eliminated if the sample does not exhibit fluorescence in these regions. However, the infrared may show up in any, or all, of the RGB channels to create additional problems. Changing the exciter filter for a better one, or combining two different types of barrier filter, or a combination of both of these solutions can significantly reduce these effects.
As LWUV lamps often use the cheaper (less spectral control) type of UV glass some gains can be made by replacing it with more expensive (tighter spectral control). The downside is that the filter can be difficult and expensive to replace, and it is likely to transmit less LWUV, so this is often not a viable option.
Using a combination of two barrier filters can significantly improve the situation but compromises might necessary especially for samples that fluoresce blue in the 400-420nm, or red in the 650-700nm region. Where blue fluorescence occurs in the 400-420nm region it will be necessary to select the appropriate Wratten filter that does not exclude any blue fluorescence. For red fluorescence in the 650-700nm region the situation is a little more difficult as this may overlap the red leakage from the excitation source. Here it is vital to know the spectral characteristics of the UV excitation source. Red and/or blue leakage can often be detected by placing a ball bearing in place of the sample. As the ball bearing does not fluoresce, any red or blue observed can be attributed to leakage from the excitation source. It may be possible to use a BG glass to prevent red leakage however this filter has a slightly unbalanced transmission in the visible region and due to a sloping cut-off towards the IR region it also cuts off some red. Better results can often be obtained using a sharp cut-off filter, however, the Tiffen Hot Mirror is not suitable for this as it transmits out to 800nm.Photoluminescence - UV excited infrared fluorescence
Natural and synthetic diamond crystals produce some very interesting cathodoluminescence, often with strong zoning representative of their growth planes. The growth planes are visible due to variation in concentration of impurities at the growth plane interfaces. It is the impurities which luminesce and the luminescence pattern is therefore representative of the growth planes. As the electron beam can only penetrate the top few microns of the sample, any luminescence zoning that appears is very well defined. Zoning observed in photoluminescence (fluorescence) caused by ultraviolet light is not so well defined, as the ultraviolet light can penetrate deeper into the sample, which results in the luminescence of multiple growth planes overlaying one another. The only exception to this is when the energy of the ultraviolet light is below the band gap energy for the material e.g. less than 225nm for diamond.ELECTROLUMINESCENCE
The most interesting sample I encountered was a synthetic diamond crystal that not only exhibited electroluminescence when touched with 50V DC probes, but also resulted in a strong long-lived phosphorescence. The electroluminescence and phosphorescence were localised to the area of the probe to such an extent, that it was possible to write my initial S on the crystal face (unfortunately no photos).THERMOLUMINESCENCE
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Do you suffer from high blood pressure?
If you do, you may be deficient in MAGNESIUM
An observational study examined the effect of various nutritional factors on incidence of high blood pressure in over 30,000 US male health professionals. After four years of follow-up, it was found that a lower risk of hypertension was associated with dietary patterns that provided more magnesium, potassium, and dietary fibre.
New scientific evidence from DASH clinical trials is strong enough that the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure states that diets that provide plenty of magnesium are positive lifestyle modifications for individuals with hypertension. This group recommends the DASH diet as a beneficial eating plan for people with hypertension and for those with "prehypertension" who desire to prevent high blood pressure.
Many healthcare professional are realising that blood pressure tablets are wrongly targeted for many people, and can cause undesirable side effects.
Magnesium and diabetes
Low magnesium may worsen insulin
resistance, a condition that often precedes diabetes. The kidneys will excrete
magnesium during periods of severe hyperglycemia (significantly elevated blood
glucose). In older adults, correcting magnesium depletion may improve insulin
response and action.
Find out more about magnesium
Send e mail to Body Language Site sponsored by SureScreen Diagnostics Ltd www.surescreen.com Copyright exists on all material within this site. Please ask approval before you refer to it. This page last modified: August 15, 2005.
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At the height of the fur trade in the mid-1800s, Washington beavers were being trapped and killed for their pelts by the thousands. Now they’ve rebounded into the suburbs and even golf courses, but the big rodents aren’t always welcome: Nuisance beavers cause flooding and down trees with such frequency they can damage houses or take out power lines.
In response, lethal beaver-trapping resumed, but the Tulalip Tribes came up with a a plan to relocate aquatic troublemakers to rivers in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Now, these brilliant ecosystem engineers are doing more than just finding a new home: They’re mitigating some of the impacts of climate change for Washington’s threatened salmon. Relocated beavers dam up natural streams with such efficiency that they create the deep, cool pools salmon need to thrive.
Join us to watch how scientists trap, rehabilitate and relocate beavers from suburban pond to mountain stream — and discover the strange technique used to tell a male beaver from a female.
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A Disease Sometimes Confused With Ankylosing Spondylitis
(And Will Make You Grateful That You Only Have Ankylosing Spondylitis)
There is a disease so rare that it only strikes one out of 1.6 million people in the world. Only 800 patients are known to have the disease. It’s so rare, that it is often misdiagnosed. In its early stages, it has been misdiagnosed as Ankylosing Spondylitis (1). The majority of individuals who suffer from this disease are bedridden by the time they reach their thirties. Therefore, it strikes an individual early in life, just as Ankylosing Spondylitis often becomes diagnosed while a person is relatively young. In fact, symptoms of this disease can begin to manifest as young as 5 years of age or less.
The primary symptoms? Severe pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventually fusing. A person who is familiar with the symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis can begin to see why these early symptoms might be confused with AS, an inflammatory disease which also causes severe pain, swelling, stiffness and can lead to eventual fusing. But there are some very, very significant differences between this disease, known as FOP (fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva), and Ankylosing Spondylitis.
While Ankylosing Spondylitis can lead to fusing of the vertebrae of the spine, resulting in a condition sometimes referred to as “bamboo spine”, FOP always (not sometimes) leads to fusing that involves, not just the spine, but all the muscles, ligaments and tendons of the body. In effect, the body becomes completely immobile and transformed into a statue of bone. Eventually, the patient is imprisoned in their own bones.
Many people do not realize that our muscles are considered organs, and so are our bones. Therefore, FOP is the only disease known where one organ is converted into another organ.
While Ankylosing Spondylitis does have a number of various treatments available on the market, including natural management strategies that involve diet modification, there are no known treatments available for FOP, as of the time of the writing of this article, other than steroids which can sometimes provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation during a flare up. Removal of the excess bone, unfortunately, only seems to provoke more bone to grow back, worsening the condition. Likewise, because the condition is often misdiagnosed, sometimes treatments that are commonly prescribed for AS or other conditions are given to these patients, making their condition worse. Diagnostic tests that cause even mild trauma, such as injections, or biopsies, accelerate the process also. Of course, any other kind of trauma, from falls, bruises or injuries, also accelerate the disease. For unknown reasons, bacterial or viral infections also can cause flare ups that cause the disease to progress more rapidly.
Both conditions have been linked to specific genes. People who possess the gene or genes linked to Anklylosing Spondylitis, however, may never develop the disease. An external environmental factor is believed to be necessary in order to trigger, or activate, said gene(s). However, FOP is considered a congenital disorder. In the majority of cases, it is caused by a spontaneous mutation that occurs at the time of conception. Therefore, individuals are born with the disease. The mutation can be passed on to a second generation in a rare number of cases. Most individuals with the disorder choose to not have children. Overall, it is the rarest congenital disorder on the planet. Still, 800 people with this disease is 800 too many to have to suffer with it.
The disease is apparent at birth, with a malformed big toe. However, this sign is often ignored or overlooked until a person begins to develop serious symptoms later on, often before 10 years of age. Typically by the time they are teenagers, they cannot fully raise their arms. Their first flare up of the disease usually presents before the age of 10, and progresses from the top of their body downward. Their jaws become fused, making speech and eating difficult. As muscles surrounding the lungs convert into bone, the expansion of the lungs are restricted, causing breathing complications. The diaphragm muscle, however, is not affected by the process, and neither are the cardiac muscles, nor the smooth muscles (such as the stomach and intestines), nor the tongue.
One person who suffered from FOP, Harry Eastlack, donated his body to science at the time of his death. He lived from 1933-1973, and began experiencing symptoms at the age of 10. By the time he passed away, his body had completely ossified. The only part of his body he could still move were his lips. His skeleton is kept at the Mutter Museum in Philadelphia, and it has proved to be an invaluable source of information for those studying the disease.
While Ankylosing Spondylitis is an inflammatory autoimmune type of Arthritis, FOP is considered a connective tissue disorder. In addition to sometimes being confused with Ankylosing Spondylitis, the disease is also misdiagnosed sometimes as cancer or fibrosis. Often biopsies are ordered because of the painful, swollen lumps that present, and the biopsies lead to a worsening of the condition.
The average age of survival with FOP is about 40 years. However, this can be decreased by trauma. By contrast, an individual with Ankylosing Spondylitis can live out a full lifespan with proper management, although it is believed that the lifespan is reduced somewhat. This has not been proven, nor has a figure to calculate the average reduction been determined by studies attempting to do so.
In summary, here are some of the main differences between Ankylosing Spondylitis and FOP:
1. With FOP, the big toe is characteristically malformed. Not so with AS.
2. With FOP, there are tumor-like swellings over an affected area during a flare up. Not so with AS.
3. FOP results in ossification of all muscles, ligaments, and tendons (with a few exceptions), due to excess bone formation, resulting in a fusing of the skeleton. With AS, only in the most severe cases (or cases of mismanagement) does the disease sometimes result in ossification of connective tissues between the vertebrae, due to excess bone formation, resulting in a fusing of the spine.
4. AS is an autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. FOP is a congenital disease.
5. The genes associated with FOP are completely different from the genes associated with AS. Also, patients who have FOP rarely inherited their condition from their parents. In most cases, it is a spontaneous mutation. However, AS is known to run in families.
6. The typical lifespan of an individual with FOP is 40 years. The typical lifespan of an individual with AS is thought to be reduced, but not significantly enough where a numerical figure has been determined, despite efforts to calculate such a figure.
7. There are known treatment regimes that help manage the symptoms of AS, including diet changes, exercises, natural products, and a variety of conventional pharmaceutical medications. However, in the case of FOP, there are no known medications that halt the disease or slow down the progression of the disease. Only steroids are sometimes prescribed during a flare up, to ease the inflammation, swelling and pain.
8. FOP is considered a rare disease, with only about 800 known cases worldwide, at the time of this writing. However, AS is not a rare disease, despite the tendency of it often being confused as such. In the United States, a disease is classified as rare if it affects less than 200,000 Americans at any given time. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), almost 3 million people in the United States alone may have AS and related conditions. This is a conservative figure because there are a number of people with AS who are undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
Exciting progress was made when a gene was identified as being associated with FOP. The result of this discovery could lead to a treatment strategy, although it might be many years before such a treatment is available. Other trials, however, are underway for other possible treatments and may be available in the years to come.
1. Thete SS, Pawar ED, Bafna G, Pawar P. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva diagnosed as ankylosing spondylitis: A case report. International Journal of Case Reports and Images 2014;5(1):62–65.
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Abstract: Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) remains the greatest cause of fatalities in commercial air transportation. What is it, and what is being done to reduce its incidence? In the era of the lowest-ever aviation fatality rates, eliminating CFIT altogether poses a new challenge.
On Wednesday 6 August, just before 2 o'clock in the morning
when it was dark and rainy,
Korean Airlines flight KE801 from Seoul to Guam crashed into terrain
on approach to Won Pat International airport in Agana, Guam.
George Black of the National Transportation Safety Board said shortly
after the accident that
`it has all the earmarks of controlled flight into terrain'
What is controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), and what is
being done about it?
Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
Back to Contents
Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) is an important accident classification. It means crudely that the airplane was flying normally, when the sky is suddenly full of rocks. The worrying part is that rocks don't move - the airplane simply shouldn't have been there, and to get there it was flown there. So one can sense the reasoning behind Black's further comment that CFIT is `usually an error on someone's part' (Jor-08).
One `classic' definition of a CFIT accident is
A CFIT accident is one in which an otherwise-serviceable aircraft, under control of the crew, is flown (unintentionally) into terrain, obstacles or water, with no prior awareness on the part of the crew of the impending collision.and another, used in the recent Dutch National Aerospace Lab study, is
(Wie77), quoted in (KhRo96).
A CFIT accident is one in which an aircraft, under control of the crew, is flown (unintentionally) into terrain, obstacles or water with no prior awareness on the part of the crew of the impending collision.The difference lies in omission of the phrase `otherwise-serviceable'.
The B757 Cali accident (CRI-Cali) was an example of CFIT; in contrast, the B757 Puerto Plata accident two months later was an example of uncontrolled flight into the ocean, in this case an uncontrolled descent (CRI-PuertoPlata) . One accident classification scheme includes
CFIT is a major source of accidents, and it is the subject of major industry and government efforts to reduce them (Sco96). It causes more deaths than any other kind of commercial air-transport accident (Lea94), claiming the lives of 2,200 people between 1988 and 1995 (FI-AIA97, p10) in 37 accidents. (Phi-AW). In addition, 60% of the commercial airline crashes worldwide attributable to CFIT involve aircraft performing non-precision approaches (Phi-AW).
Over the last decade [before November 1996], for commercial jet operators worldwide, there have been an average of four CFIT crashes a year, causing between 400 and 500 fatalities, according to AlliedSignal Aerospace's CFIT expert, Don Bateman, who adds that the number for all turbine-powered aircraft is closer to 90 a year.The Flight Safety Foundation organised a CFIT Task Force in 1993, which reported its findings at the FSF annual seminar on November 1, 1994 in Lisboa (Lisbon), Portugal (Lea94). `Similar ... teams were successful in cutting midair collisions and wind-shear-related losses dramatically over the last 10-15 years.' (Sco96). CFIT accidents are mostly the result of human error (cf. Black's comments above, from (Jor-08)). Boeing has developed a training aid, the CFIT Education and Training Aid, to help eliminate CFIT accidents which is being distributed by the Flight Safety Foundation to non-Boeing operators as one part of the `final phase' of the FSF Task Force actions (Pro97.1) (Lea96).
Let me elaborate on the connection between CFIT and human error. Since instrument flight procedures (under which almost all airline flying is performed) are specifically designed to keep aircraft in airspace well away from terrain or other obstacles, a CFIT accident necessarily implies that
How may one lose situational awareness?
The CFIT Task Force convened by the Flight Safety Foundation reported in November 1994 that CFIT accidents could be halved, if to-airport descent and approach procedures were flown using Global Positioning System information rather than the current approved non-precision navigation information (Lea94). Earl Weener, Boeing's chief of systems engineering, reported that most CFIT accidents happen on VOR/DME or NDB letdowns. The majority of fatal errors involved deviation below glideslope, a vertical navigation error, rather than a lateral navigation error, with most impacts occurring within 200ft of the terrain top. The task force made 11 recommendations intended to reduce CFIT accidents by 50 per cent worldwide in the 5 years from November 1994.
ICAO said it noted the recommendations for incorporation in its international standards. The recommendations were:
Of these recommendations, the following have been implemented:
We have seen a few reasons how CFIT may occurs. Now let's look briefly at reasons for thinking that CFIT may have occurred, how the suspicion of CFIT may arise during an accident investigation. Because accident final reports, like mathematical theorems, rarely give insight into how the facts were determined, let us visit the example of the early press reports of the accident to KE801. The major reasons for considering that CFIT occurred must be that
The first two items convey that the wreckage pattern and the track of the aircraft over the ground are judged to be consistent with a relatively shallow impact angle. One would expect an aircraft whose control has been lost to have impacted at a greater angle, and therefore to have broken up in a different pattern to aircraft who impact more shallowly. The first two pieces of evidence alone would therefore suggest to investigators looking at them that the aircraft impacted under control. But they do not by themselves constitute proof, for example the state of the wreckage might just be coincidence.
For example, if there is prior mechanical or structural failure, the aircraft becomes no longer airworthy and pilots will usually lose some or all control. Or maybe control had been lost for other reasons, and then the pilots regained control just a little too late to avoid hitting the ground (the tracks of the wheels in a sodden field left by the L-1011 that encountered a microburst and crashed at Dallas-Fort Worth in the 1980s were only a few inches deep, leading one to wonder whether, had the aircraft had a foot more altitude, the outcome might have been different; the A330 accident in Toulouse involved an upset, deliberately let develop by the test pilot, who recovered the aircraft, but too late to arrest the descent completely (CRI-Toulouse)).
To look for evidence counting against the latter possibility, one looks at the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR). The FDR will give indications of the track of the aircraft (recorded altitude, etc) and likely show evidence of upset if there is one; the CVR will record whatever pilot reaction there was. In the case of a loss-of-control, there usually appears some recognisable pilot reaction (a series of comments in an urgent tone of voice) and maybe aural warning signals from the aircraft systems themselves. When all appears `normal', that indicates that nothing happened to cause the pilots to react unusually. So the latter two of the four pieces of evidence, if they exist as at Agana, are quite significant information.
But one should remember that evidence alone does not constitute proof. Proof involves logical inference from known facts. One model of how accident investigations proceed is that one collects facts and matches them against potential explanations of what happened, these explanations being generated from experience. Some of those explanations will be ruled out by being inconsistent with some of the facts. One must gather many basic facts first to limit the number of potential explanations to be considered, and afterwards one focusses on determining the truth or falsity of assertions which will decide between remaining explanations. This process does not guarantee that the actually correct explanation is found, because
There may also be hidden but decisive information. For example, after many months, the Cali investigators found an intact Flight Management Computer (FMC) on site. Its non-volatile memory was read in the U.S. and the reason for the decisive left turn was discovered, as well as further reasons why the crew did not regain proper situational awareness. The discovery illuminated a weakness in FMC database standards and design, as well as refocusing discussion on some FMC designed-in behavior. Had the FMC not been discovered, a major part of the Cali explanation would simply have gone unremarked. Investigators had known that the pilots had made an unremarked 90-sec left turn, but they hadn't known why until the FMC memory was read and interpreted (CRI-Cali). So it can be very hard or impossible to tell if your explanation is complete - if there's more information that would help explain a fact, or whether the fact just is. That situation arises often in investigations with particularly sparse or unreliable information, such as in the KE007 shootdown in September 1983, of which there is yet no completely satisfactory published account, despite two ICAO reports a decade apart.
The experience is that
CFIT accidents have been often associated with loss of situational
awareness (either horizontal or vertical or both - some degree of lack of
understanding of where one is, or where the safe airspace is) and this
has often been attributable to human error, usually piloting error, of
some sort, as noted in Black's comment quoted above
See for example also
a discussion of some incidents.
Thus determining whether an accident is likely to be CFIT leads one to
construct potential explanations by asking further questions about the
situational awareness of the pilots, for example, and trying to determine
corroborating information - or its lack.
Possible Approaches to Eliminating CFIT
Back to Contents
There are basically three approaches to avoiding CFIT.
"Develop a controlled flight into terrain training program that includes realistic simulator exercises comparable to the successful windshear and rejected takeoff training programs and make training in such a program mandatory for all pilots operating under 14 CFR Part 121 [Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 121. Certification and Operations: Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft] (Class II, Priority Action) (A-96-95)"
(CRI-Cali, NTSB Recommendations).
`Nonprecision approaches should be outlawed for use by large, transport-category aircraft" [... because they] "cannot replicate the precision guidance" provided by instrument landing systems (ILS) and conventional barometric altimeters "are not accurate enough" to ensure a high degree of safety regarding obstacle clearance during the descent phase' (Phi-NPA) Roberts maintains a WWW site devoted to instrument procedures and charting (Wally-TERPS).
Which of these approaches - or which combination - is most likely to
work best? All have disadvantages: training specifically against
CFIT takes training time away from other priorities; avoidance of
NPAs shuts off many smaller and medium-size airports from air transport
services; high-tech doesn't always work right, is hard to debug in real-time
when it fails, and leads to `deskilling' and dependence of pilots through
habitual use, which engenders problems when it is not there. The discussion
is worthy, and ongoing. Attention is being focused strongly on the
high-tech, so let's consider it next.
Ground Proximity Warning Systems
Back to Contents
The original versions of GPWS were not as effective as hoped:
Both GPWS and TCAS [Traffic Collision Alert and Avoidance System] have produced variable numbers of false and nuisance alarms, particularly early in their periods of line service. Although ground proximity warning systems have been greatly improved since they were mandated [in the U.S.] in 1976, they still give rise to nuisance warnings. In the case of one large international carrier, 247 or 339 GPWS warnings during a recent 12-month period were false or nuisance alarms (73%). [...]
The problem of false/nuisance warnings is not trivial. If a substantial fraction of the warnings received are evaluated by pilots in hindsight as false or unnecessary, they will not trust these systems, even if some of these warnings are correct and could save the aircraft. Pilots' (or controllers') perceptions (whether correct or not) about the inaccuracy of warning systems will always shape their behavior toward trying to verify whether the warnings are correct - yet delays in responding to appropriate or true warnings may negate their effectiveness. Airlines have mandated full responses to GPWS warnings, but have had to backtrack on these procedures in the face of numerous nuisance warnings at specific locations. [...]
The great danger of an inadequate response to a true GPWS warning has motivated nearly all air carriers to require a full procedural response unless it is obvous to the crew that no danger of controlled flight into terrain exists [...] Cases continue to crop up, however, in which an inadequate crew response failed to avoid the terrain that motivated the warning. (Bil97)
Apparently it turns out that Nimitz Hill, the site of the UNZ VOR on the approach to Agana's Runway 6L as well as the site of the KE801 crash, is one of those `specific locations' mentioned by Billings:
"Airline crews flying to that runway routinely get warnings from their aircraft's ground proximity wasnint system as they pass the UNZ VORTAC. That beacon, which is used for the final fix for the approach, sits atop Nimitz HillThe GPWS warnings were discernible on the CVR tape:
Some airlines instruct their crews to expect the ground-proximity warning and to ignore it, double-checking their clearance of terrain with their aircraft's radio altimeters. The Korean Air 747 had a recent-model ground proximity warning system that provided altitude callouts to the crew before the accident."
The CVR tape includes automated-voice callouts of 1,000ft, 500ft and 100ft from the aircraft's AlliedSignal Mark 7 ground-proximity warning system, and callouts from that system of "sink rate, sink rate" and "minimums, minimums".
Had the GPWS not been late-model, it might not have given a warning at all: concerning enhanced GPWS (EGPWS) that " unlike conventional GPWS, sensing is not automatically disabled when the aircraft is in the landing configuration [..]" (Pro97.2). This implies that `conventional' GPWS is disabled when the aircraft is in the landing configuration, as KE801 was when it impacted. However, having the late-model GPWS unfortunately didn't help in this case.
How much time does one have from onset of warning to impact? In the Cali accident, about 12 seconds, two seconds of which were reaction time (CRI-Cali, Final Report, and NTSB Recommendations). "According to AlliedSignal [the makers of EGPWS] statistics, from mid-1988 to mid-1993 about 40° of CFIT accident of conventional GPWS-equipped jet transports involved a late warning or improper pilot response. Another 16° received no warning at all; most of these were land-short accidents." (Pro97.2). The Cali accident involved improper pilot response (CRI-Cali, Final Report, and NTSB Recommendations). Other estimates of overall response time include 15 seconds (Lea96). and 10 seconds (FI-26.3.97).
The NTSB Recommendations on the Cali accident urged the FAA to
"Examine the effectiveness of the enhanced ground proximity warning equipment and, if found effective, require all transport-category aircraft to be equipped with enhanced ground proximity warning equipment that provides pilots with an early warning of terrain (Class II, Priority Action) (A-96-101)."The FAA Human Factors Team had already concluded that
(CRI-Cali, NTSB Recommendations)
Recommendation SA-3: The FAA should encourage the aviation industry to develop and implement concepts to provide better terrain awareness.
Discussion of Recommendation SA-3:
Continued vulnerabilities to controlled-flight-into-terrain accidents demonstrate the need for further improvement in this area. The objective of this recommendation is to encourage timely development of better defences against this class of accidents. New approaches are needed to supplement or replace the current ground proximity warning systems, such that earlier indications and warnings of potential collisions with terrain and provided and nuisance warnings are eliminated.
A potential approach currently being proposed uses terrain databases in conjunction with accurate position information (e.g., from the global navigation satellite system), prediction algorithms for the airplane's future flight path, graphical terrain depiction on an electronic display, and suitable flightcrew alerting. The HF team supports this approach, but candidate proposals should be carefully evaluated to ensure proper integration with other flight deck systems and displays, and that human performance issues and other potential hazards (e.g., errors in terrain databases) are satisfactorily addressed.
"The EGPWS works by comparing a digital database of the world's terrain with the aircraft's location and altitude, to generate a map-like [and color-coded] display of surrounding terrain." (Lea96). It provides a 60 second warning, much longer than `conventional' GPWS (Lea96) (FI-26.3.97) (Pro97.2). American Airlines, the victim of the Cali crash, ordered about 700 EGPWS units from AlliedSignal (the sole manufacturer) in mid-1996. The unit is sized and wired to fit into existing GPWS avionics slots, and "no new sensors or extensive wiring changes are required" (Pro97.2), and they cost about 55,000 U.S. Dollars each.
Safety benefits of EGPWS include the elimination of several GPWS safety loopholes. In particular, EGPWS should stop the late detection of extremely precipitous terrain and "land-short" and "approach to no-airport" accidents, [Frank] Daly [AlliedSignal vice president for flight safety avionics] said. For added margin, the look-ahead algorithms scan 30 deg. to either side of the aircraft to allow for turns. [...]Besides American, United evaluated EGPWS on 12 of its Airbus A320 fleet (Pro97.2) and ordered more than 400 of the devices (Pro97.2) (FI-26.3.97); Alaska Airlines plans to equip all 25 of its Boeing B737-400 aircraft with EGPWS by the end of 1997 (Pro97.2); and other airlines such as Delta and British Airways are also evaluating it. AlliedSignal won a major award for its development of the system (see again Section`Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning').
By comparing projected ground track to airport locations listed in the data base, EGPWS typically would give a 20-ssec. warning in a land-short scenario, Daly said.
Called "envelope modification", [a particular] technique [included in EGPWS] also prevents false warnings during approaches to airports such as Hong Kong's Kai Tak or due to terrain peculiarities [...].
The FAA has been evaluating EGPWS pursuant to the NTSB Recommendation A-96-101 quoted above. The FAA may may issue a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking sometime soon to mandate the use of EGPWS on all civil, turbine-powered aircraft with six or more passenger seats (Phi-AW).
For its development of EGPWS, AlliedSignal Aerospace, Commercial Systems Division, won the Flight International Aerospace Industry Award in the Air Transport category in 1997 for its development of EGPWS. The citation is worth quoting in full:
Aviation safety experts had long targeted controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) as the leading cause of aircraft accidents. Between 1988 and 1995 alone CFIT accidents claimed the lives of 2,200 passengers - close to half of all fatalities. To help provide a solution, AlliedSignal began pioneering work on ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS) during the 1970s. Such technology has already proved its worth. Since being made compulsory on board jet-powered passenger airliners by the FAA in the early 1980s and later made a standard by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the number of CFIT accidents has visibly slowed. Accidents had averaged 22 a year, but that number dropped to ten in the decade which followed the arrival of the GPWS.
AlliedSignal has now followed on with development of [a] new enhanced GPWS system which aims to cit CFIT accidents still further. The EGPWS, which won US certification in 1996, intergrates the latest advances in navigation and terrain-database technology, together with the traditional benefits of GPWS.
By doing this, the new system provides a full 60s advanced warning of hazardous terrain. A conventional GPWS may give pilots as little as 10s to take avoiding action. The system is also the first to allow pilots to select a visual display of hazardous terrain below and ahead of the aircraft - crucial in poor visibility or darkness.
The Awards judges [Air Marshall Sir Roger Austin, Professor Rigas Doganis, Tony Broderick, Peter Lok] believe that the EGPWS represents an important step towards cutting accident rates. Systems have already been ordered by Alaska Airlines, American Airlines and United Airlines, while the recent US Presidential Commission on air safety recommended that EGPWD should be installed in all commercial and military passenger aircraft.
CFIT accidents are still unfortunately all too common. I have discussed a few common causes of CFIT accidents, and looked at what features of an accident can lead to a suspicion of CFIT. I have looked at approaches to eliminating it, and discussed the technical approaches GPWS and EPGWS. Here's to a CFIT-free future!
An altimeter is an instrument used to measure altitude. A traditional altimeter is a barometer that, instead of showing air pressure, indicates altitude. The indicator functions by adjusting the needle indicator to show deviation from a `baseline pressure setting', which is set by the pilots. The value of the baseline pressure setting appears in the so-called `Kollsman window' of the altimeter, and is indicated in either inches of mercury, or hectoPascals, or sometimes both. This baseline pressure is calculated at the airport of landing, in principle as follows. The airport has an altimeter at a known elevation, say 297ft. The altimeter is adjusted until it reads 297ft, and the reading in the Kollsman window becomes the `altimeter setting' for the airport at that time. This `altimeter setting' is broadcast on the Automated Terminal Information Service at U.S. airports (updated each hour), and the up-to-date setting is also usually given to approaching aircraft by the Tower controller on initial contact.
The discussion over so-called area navigation or RNAV (2-dimensional, over the earth's surface) and adding an altitude component to make Vertical area navigation or VNAV.
Lou Selk notes that standards and requirements for VNAV avionics have existed at least since FAA Advisory Circular 90-45, first issued in August, 1969. Appendix D states:
Adding a third dimension of vertical guidance to the two dimensional RNAV system can achieve significant operational advantages....In some cases, the computed glide path can make it possible to safely eliminate obstacles from consideration.Selk says
(FAA Advisory Circular 90-45A, dated 2/21/75)
Boeing certified systems conforming to AC 90-45 on a 727 in 1975, a 707 in 1976 and finally a 747 in 1979. All of these aircraft had a VNAV function in the RNAV computer which could be coupled to the flight director and autopilot as described in the FAA AIM under /E and /F equipment designators. The FMCS in the B-757/767 conforms to the same circular and the system has been standard on every 757/767 built. All B-737's since the -300 have had FMC's standard fit. The 747-400 and 777 have FMC's standard. So does every Airbus series with the exception of the early A-300's. In a study performed by Lufthansa and the DFS last year, they determined that 75% the aircraft operating into Frankfurt were FMS equipped. This equipment has been certified to fly VNAV for more than 20 years.
If the VNAV capability of such Flight Management Systems is used, as recommended by the CFIT Task Force [see Section The CFIT Task Force Reports above, and (Lea94)], step down procedures can be eliminated and additional obstacle clearance will be provided for a majority of the airliners flying today.
The missing element [of this system] at this time is the development of the corresponding approach procedures. Some parts of the world still don't recognize the concept of RNAV approaches, including some in the European Community, whereas the corresponding avionics equipment is certified and flying today.
(CRI-Cali): Peter B. Ladkin, Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: The American Airlines B757 Accident in Cali, available at http://www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de. RVS Group, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld. Back
(CRI-PuertoPlata): Peter B. Ladkin, Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: The Birgen Air B757 Accident Near Puerto Plata, available at http://www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de. RVS Group, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld. Back
(CRI-Toulouse): Peter B. Ladkin, Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: The A330 Flight-Test Accident in Toulouse, available at http://www.rvs.uni-bielefeld.de. RVS Group, Technische Fakultät, Universität Bielefeld. Back
(FAA-HF): U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration Human Factors Team, The Interfaces Between Flightcrews and Modern Flight Deck Systems, Author, June 18, 1996 Available through http://www.faa.gov/. A short synopsis of the report's major features may be found in (Lea96.2). Back
(Joh94): Richard Johnson, Going by the Book [air accidents], in Peter G. Neumann, ed., The Risks Digest 16(8), 18 May 1994, ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy. At http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/16.08.html#subj4. Back
(KhRo96): R. Khatwa and A. L. C. Roelen, An Analysis of Controlled-flight-into-terrain Accidents of Commercial Operators, 1988 Through 1994, Flight Safety Digest 15(4/5), April-May 1996. Available at http://www.flightsafety.org/FSD1996.html. Back
(PoLo81): R. F. Porter and J. P. Loomis, An investigation of reports of controlled flight toward terrain, NASA Contractor Report 166230, Mountain View, CA: Aviation Safety Reporting System Office, 1981 Back
(TERPS): U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS), 8260.3B, July 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office. Ordering information and on-line order forms are available from http://www.terps.com/gpo, a subpage on Wally Roberts's site Wally's TERPS Page, http://www.terps.com. Back
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In order to understand what ovarian cysts are you first have to understand what the ovary is. An ovary is one partner of a pair of reproductive glands found on both sides of the uterus in the pelvis of a woman. An ovary is very small, about the same form and dimension of an almond. The ovaries are responsible for producing ova (female eggs) and hormones in the female body.
Entries Tagged ‘ovarian cyst symptoms’
Dec.08, 2010 in fitness Comments Off
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You've probably heard over and over again that you should cut your sodium intake to improve your health and lower your risk of certain illnesses and diseases. It's sound advice, and eating more vegetables, such as green bell peppers, is one way to do that because fresh veggies are naturally low in sodium. As a bonus, adding raw green bell peppers to your diet also increases your intake of certain vitamins and minerals.
A 1-cup serving of raw green bell peppers contains 4 milligrams of sodium. That translates to less than 1 percent of your daily 2,300-milligram sodium limit. In fact, you can eat an entire raw green bell pepper and consume just 5 milligrams of sodium.
You need small doses of sodium to regulate your blood pressure, as well as to help your nerves and muscles work properly. When you consume more than you need, your kidneys aren't able to get rid of it efficiently. Over time, this can cause sodium to build up in your blood, which increases your blood pressure. High blood pressure puts you at an increased risk for heart disease and stroke. If you already have high blood pressure, heart problems or kidney disease, your doctor might recommend limiting your sodium intake to 1,500 milligrams or less per day to help prevent these potentially life-threatening health problems.
Vitamins and Minerals
While raw green bell peppers are low in sodium, they are high in other key vitamins and minerals. A 1-cup serving of chopped green peppers contains about 120 milligrams of vitamin C, which is more than the 75 milligrams women need each day and the 90 milligrams men should aim for. Vitamin C helps protect you from infection and aids in wound healing. The same serving of raw green bell pepper delivers 11 micrograms of vitamin K. That's 12 percent of the 90 micrograms women need each day and 9 percent of the 120 micrograms men require. Vitamin K is essential for proper blood clotting. Raw green bell peppers also supply vitamin A for healthy eyes and potassium, which regulates your heart beat.
Eating Raw Green Bell Peppers
Eat raw green bell pepper strips with hummus or low-fat ranch dressing for dipping, or sprinkle them with fresh black pepper for a tasty and low-sodium side dish. Chop the bell peppers and scatter them over a spinach or pasta salad. Toss diced green pepper with onions, jalapenos and mushrooms for a quick, healthy and low-sodium salad. Stir raw green bell peppers into cooked quinoa or rice to add a boost of flavor and nutrition.
- green bell pepper image by Chef from Fotolia.com
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|Precipitation Variability in Europe|
|Written by Staff|
|Wednesday, 20 February 2013 16:00|
[Illustrations, footnotes and references available in PDF version]
Climate alarmists contend that global warming is responsible for creating more frequent and greater extremes of various types of weather. This summary investigates this claim as it pertains to precipitation variability in Europe.
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Image of Beauty: What Really Matters
Image of beauty and what really matters depends on many factors, including cultural factors and a sign of the times. What is a beautiful body image in one culture, may be unattractive in another. One of the ways to eliminate poor body image is to accept and embrace diversity. People and beauty come in many different colors and with many different body shapes, heights and sizes. By accepting diversity, people will naturally begin to see the beauty of it. Body image and the media have had many effects on our self-esteem.
In addition to accepting the differences that make up definition of beauty in a culture, it is important that health be a major consideration as well as the attitude on life. Beauty is more than just a skinny body or being a certain height. Some people may see beauty in the way that a person smiles or in their eyes. Personality traits may also make someone beautiful. A sense of humor, kindness, and confidence are all attractive traits. How a person sees oneself and the inner dialogue that he or she holds can diminish or boost his or her self-esteem. The first step that a person can take is to stop comparing his or herself against unrealistic standards and to begin accepting themselves for who they are. A person with low self-esteem or poor body image often seeks out flaws and magnifies them with negative thoughts. A person who routinely puts themselves down should instead make an effort to compliment themselves for their positive attributes. This means instead of saying "I'm so fat," a person should say "I look good in this outfit," or "my skin looks so healthy." Making changes in behavior is also important. Confidence and good posture can make a person feel better about themselves and may also make people respond differently as well. The behavior of others can also be toxic to one's sense of self. If a person's friends or social network are negative and/or promote unhealthy stereotypes, associating with new friends is an important remedy.
Once a person begins to change how they perceive beauty in terms of themselves and others, they can safely make other changes in their lifestyle for the right reasons. A person who is overweight, for example, may make the decision to join a gym, take walks, and alter their eating habits. He or she may do this not in the hopes of reaching an impossible ideal or fitting in, but for positive reasons such as good health and their own satisfaction. As teens and young adults recognize the unrealistic imagery that the media and other sources have placed on society, they can more easily break free of the imposition that it creates. As a result they can achieve a healthier body, have a higher sense of self-esteem, and be more confident in life. Actress Audrey Hepburn said it beautifully with her explanation of what true beauty is:"The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. The beauty of a woman is seen in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides. True beauty of a woman resides in her soul. It's the caring that she lovingly gives, the passion that she shows, and the beauty of a woman only grows with passing years." We've compiled many helpful body image resources to address the various factors that lead to poor self-esteem.
- Body Image & Nutrition - Fast Facts: A list of facts on various beauty and image topics. The topics include "Media's Effect on Body Image," "A Focus on Appearance," and "Eating Disorders."
- Effects of the Media on Body Image: A paper on the Health Psychology page at Vanderbilt University that discusses how the media affects body image. The article addresses what body image is and explains body dissatisfaction. Studies are also reviewed.
- Helping Girls with Body Image: WebMD offers this article on the power of the media in terms of body image. It provides advice on how parents can help reduce the effects of the media. The three-page article also discusses how sports influence body image as well.
- Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty Standard: An article on the Westminster College website that focuses on women and body image. Mass media's contribution to body image is discussed as are several different theories.
- Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders: On this page readers are given statistics regarding media consumption and facts on the effects of the media. The article appears on the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) website.
- How Do the Media Affect a Teen's Body Image?: An article on the TLC network website that discusses the way that the media's portrayal of body image impacts teens. The page includes a video on the study of the teenage brain.
- Eating Disorders - The Media's Influence: Eating disorders are often a consequence of poor or unrealistic body image. This PBS article explores the media's influence on poor body image and self-esteem and what people can do about it.
- Guys Have Body Issues, Too: The NBC News website features this article that addresses the ways that media imagery affects men.
- Minority Women, Media, and Body Image: The document reviews how the media affects how African-American, Latino-American, and Asian-American women view their bodies.
- What Can We Do to Boost Body Image?: A bullet pointed list of ways that people can improve their body image. The first tip discusses the media.
- The Media's Role in Body Image: A Fox News article that briefly explores how the media influences how young women and teens see their bodies.
- Body Image: This Center on Media and Child Health article discusses various facts about body image and the media. Readers will learn about the downside of media and body image, what parents can do, and information about research.
- Body-Image Pressure Inundates Teen Girls: A CNN article about teen girls and problems with body image. The article touches on magazine images, Barbie dolls, and how parents can be supportive and help their daughters improve self-image.
- Do Thin Models Warp Girls' Body Image? A USA Today Health and Behavior article that discusses how thin models on fashion runways and in magazines can negatively impact how girls and young women see their own bodies.
- Perfectionism and Self-Esteem: Read this article for information on how to improve self-esteem. The article explains what it is, how to get it, and common traits of people who already have good self-esteem.
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Because set theory underpins all mathematics and is pervasive in many facets of computer science and engineering, it is useful to have tools to describe and manipulate set-theoretic formulations.
Sal (Set Assembly Language) is a system for computing with non-enumerative set representations. Sal's operations correspond to an implementation of the algebra of sets, with minimal added syntactic sugar; a compiler (Salc) validates and performs static optimizations of Sal definitions. A virtual machine architecture (Svm) executes Sal definitions.
Sal/Svm has turned out to be a surprisingly versatile framework for a growing number of problems. One such application, as a framework for declaratively specifying computational problems with the same level of precision that traditional machine languages enable the specification of computational algorithms, is presented.
Status: This is an ongoing project. I plan to make Sal, the Sal VM, and the Salc compiler publicly available by 2016. If you are interested in collaborating on some of the unsolved problems or applications, please get in touch!
Collaborations: For his M.Sc. thesis, Rik Jongerius at TU Eindhoven built a language for specifying computational problems (Copernicus), that compiles down to Sal. You can find his M.Sc. report listing at TU/e here and [Download a PDF of the report here].
- R. Jongerius, P. Stanley-Marbell, and H. Corporaal. "Quantifying the Common Computational Problems in Contemporary Applications (Extended Version)". IBM Research Report RZ 3885, 2014.
- R. Jongerius and P. Stanley-Marbell. Language Definition for a Notation of Computational Problems. IBM Research Report RZ 3828, 2012
- R. Jongerius, P. Stanley-Marbell, and H. Corporaal. Quantifying the Common Computational Problems in Contempo- rary Applications. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization, IISWC ’11, page 74, 2011.
- P. Stanley-Marbell. "Sal/Svm: An Assembly Language and Virtual Machine for Computing with Non-Enumerated Sets" Proceedings of the ACM VMIL '10 Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages, pp. 1--10, 2010.
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In 1908, Benton studied art in Paris, where he encountered many members of the European avantgarde. Though he experimented with abstraction upon his return to the United States, he later declared himself an “enemy of modernism. After becoming involved with Marxism in New York City, where he taught in the 1920s and early 1930s, he developed a slightly distorted, mannered style, in which he created idealized representations of the rural American experience (such as Homestead). Influenced by the socially conscious murals of Diego Rivera, whom he had met in Paris, Benton began to take on mural commissions in 1930; for his first project, at The New School for Social Research in New York, he worked alongside Mexican muralist José Clemente Orozco, who was also painting a fresco for the school.
Gallery label from 2011.
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The London Accord
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2011)|
It is intended as a reference guide for investors in the climate change sector.
The London Accord began in 2005, was launched formally in March 2007 and published its first results on 19 December 2007 launching them at a roll out meeting at Mansion House in London. These findings are freely available from its website.
Its main summary of December 2007 said:
- The IPCC shows that the world needs to act to avoid disastrous climate change, and act now.
- The Stern Report shows that the overall cost of strong early action is much less than the cost of inaction.
- The International Energy Agency shows the changes in fuel mix and energy usage that are necessary to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a safe level.
- The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change shows how much money is required by region and by technology to realise a scenario that achieves stabilisation.
- The UNFCCC report shows further that 86% of that investment has to come from the private sector. That equates to private sector investment through 2030 in excess of $600bn per year.
- The London Accord report shows investors and policy makers by technology how attractive that private investment is, at the end of 2007.
The findings of the research carried out show that:
- energy investment is going to become much, much riskier
- key governmental focus should be on establishing cap-and-trade markets, then international carbon standards, then regulation; not taxation
- forestry is a big unknown – governments should fund research into the real extent of abatement potential and the real costs of forestation
- carbon capture and sequestration/storage (CCS) seems an unrealistic investment
Since 2007 the London Accord has become one of the leading sources for policy-makers of investment research on environmental, social and governance issues. By the end of 2011, over 250 research reports had been released to the public. Funding for the London Accord has come from the City of London Corporation, Z/Yen Group and Gresham College.
Quotes about the London Accord
David Lewis (Lord Mayor) said:
|“||Climate change represents an unparalleled threat to our life on the planet and through the London Accord, the City's best brains have cooperated in an unprecedented way to tackle the challenge.
The London Accord is the first open-source, co-operative investment analysis into opportunities and challenges in the energy supply and climate change market - which needs to be $600bn a year invested from the private sector over the next 25 years.
Climate change can be tackled if the investment is there - and the London Accord is the first comprehensive map for the investment community.
- City of London Website
- http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=13899&channel=0 $600bn will tackle climate change
- London Accord website
- http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=739 Gresham College Symposium transcript and video - "The London Accord: Sustainable Finance And Climate Change"
- City of London News report on London Accord
- Video about London accord at UNFCCC
- Barclays report on its work with the London Accord
- Gresham College study/lecture/discussion day on the findings of the London Accord
- Extract from the Gresham College day (keynote speaker only)
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Flood Map Modernization
Detailed Thorough Precise.
A Risk Management Must
Flood hazard maps, also known as Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), are important tools in the effort to protect lives and properties in Shawnee County. By showing the extent to which specific areas, neighborhoods and individual properties are at risk for flooding, flood maps help business and property owners make better financial decisions about protecting their property. These maps also enable community planners, local officials, engineers, builders and others to determine where and how new structures and developments should be built.
To ensure that everyone in Shawnee County has access to the most accurate and up-to-date information about flood hazards, the new maps are being made available for public view and comment.
A Better Picture of Flood Hazards
Over time, water flow and drainage patterns can change dramatically due to surface erosion, land use and other forces. The likelihood of riverine flooding has changed along with these factors. New digital mapping techniques will provide more detailed, reliable and current data on county and local community flood hazards. The new flood hazard maps, also known as Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps or DFIRMs, present a better picture of the areas most likely to be impacted by flooding and provide a stronger foundation from which to make building and land use decisions.
As the new maps are introduced, it is important that property owners, insurers, lenders, real estate agents and brokers, developers, and builders, understand what the changes are and what the effects will be.
Flood Insurance Requirements and Options
When the new maps are adopted, flood insurance requirements will change. However, options exist that will allow property owners to save money while still protecting their property.
|If Maps Show…||These Requirements, Options and Savings Apply|
|Change from low or moderate flood risk to high risk||
Flood insurance is mandatory. Flood insurance will be federally required for most mortgage holders. Insurance costs may rise to reflect the true (high) risk.
"Grandfathering" can offer savings. The National Flood Insurance Program has "grandfathering" rules to recognize policyholders who built in compliance with the flood map in effect at the time of construction or who maintain continuous coverage. Sometimes, though, using the new flood maps can actually result in a lower premium, especially if the home is high enough above the Base Flood Elevation (BFE).
|Change from high flood risk to low or moderate risk||Flood insurance is optional but recommended. The risk has only been reduced, not removed. Flood insurance can still be obtained, and at lower rates. About 25 percent of all flood insurance claims come from moderate-to-low-risk areas. Conversion offers savings. An existing policy can be easily converted to a lower-cost Preferred Risk Policy, if the building qualifies. Note that lenders always have the option to require flood insurance in these areas.|
|Increase in the Base Flood Elevation (BFE)||An increase in BFE can result in higher premiums; however, "grandfathering" can offer savings. The National Flood Insurance Program grandfathering rules allow policyholders who have built in compliance with the flood map in effect at the time of construction to keep the earlier base flood elevation to calculate their insurance rate. This could result in significant savings.|
|No change in risk level||No change in insurance rates. However, this is a good time to review your coverage and ensure that your building and contents are adequately protected.|
Flood Risks Demonstrated by Flood Zones
Flood maps refer to areas of high, medium or low risk as “flood hazard zones” and the zones of highest risk as “Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs).”
|Risk Level||Flood Hazard Zone|
|High Flood Risk||AE, A, AH or AO Zone. These properties have a 1 percent chance of flooding in any year—and a 26 percent chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage. Insurance Note: High-risk areas are call Special Flood Hazard Areas, and flood insurance is mandatory for most mortgage holders.|
|Low or Moderate Risk||Shaded X Zone. These properties are outside the high-risk zones. The risk is reduced but not removed. X Zone. These properties are in an area of overall lower risk. Insurance Note: Lower-cost preferred rate flood insurance policies (known as Preferred Risk Policies) are often an option in these areas.|
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Working with Second Language Learners: Answers to Teachers' Top Ten Questions
Stephen Cary (2000)
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann
Pp. xv + 142
There are literally thousands of teachers in schools across the U.S. who are instructing millions of SLL (second language learner) students. In response, many states or local school districts have implemented programs to better equip teachers in educating these students. In spite of these programs, however, a great many teachers have not had sufficient training in dealing with SLL students.
It is one thing for teachers to sit in on a training seminar; it is quite another to face a class of 24 students that includes three Spanish speakers, one Hmong speaker, one Russian speaker, and one Chinese speaker. Finding out that one-quarter (or more) of the students in a class are nonnative speakers is a prospect that many teachers, both novice and experienced, can find quite daunting. Where can these teachers find help? What can and should they do for their SLL students?
Working with Second Language Learners was written in response to these questions. Indeed, the subtitle of the book, Answers to Teachers' Top Ten Questions, is perhaps a more apt description of this work. The ten questions that the book answers resulted from the author's work with hundreds of teachers in public school settings, district and county offices of education, and university teacher preparation courses.
The author notes that narrowing down the list of potential questions from the "Unmanageable Fifty" to the "Still Cumbersome Twenty-five" to the "Top Ten" was a very difficult task. He used four criteria to settle on his final list of ten: veracity, frequency, relevancy, and difficulty. The final ten questions are real questions that real teachers asked frequently, questions that target one of the key instructional issues teachers must address in their classrooms. In addition, these are difficult questions that require some expertise that the average classroom teacher not truly familiar with SLL students would not have.[-1-]
Each of the ten units in the book skillfully addresses one of Cary's "Top Ten" questions:
Most teachers who have dealt with nonnative students in the classroom have asked themselves these very same questions. Dr. Cary's work is definitely a solid bank of information for the answers to these and many other related questions.
More important than the timeliness of Working with Second Language Learners is the excellent writing style and organization of the book. In fact, one of the real strengths of this book is its readability. Cary's work is one of the most reader-friendly teacher preparation books that I have ever encountered. The language in the book is never the stoic, dry, academic writing sometimes found in teacher education books, and each unit includes numerous real examples from real classrooms of real nonnative students. Regardless of the readers' levels of previous teaching experience (or inexperience), all teachers can either imagine or see themselves in the classroom scenarios described in the book. The author manages to get across important second language theory and pedagogy without the usual lectures found in many teacher preparation books.
Each of the units follows a similar format: key ideas and background (including content, grade level, teacher's experience, SLL students' first languages, and school type), the classroom story (of a real classroom), reflections, instructional grab bag, and postcript.
The key ideas are teaching objectives written in concrete, understandable language. For example, some of the key ideas in unit 3 ("How do I make my spoken language more understandable?") include "Develop key vocabulary and power words" and "Include first language support whenever possible." The content for this unit is literature read aloud, the grade level is 4, the teacher's experience is 3 years, the first languages of the students are Lao, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Spanish, and the school is K-5, urban.
The section called "Classroom Story" tells what happened in that class on a given day or week. It usually includes comments from the teacher as to what was planned, why it was planned this way, and then what actually took place in the class. This is followed by a section called "Reflections" in which the teacher talks about what happened, why it was good or not so good, and how things could be changed. Particularly useful to teachers is the brief section called "Postscript," in which the author analyzes and comments upon what the teacher has learned from this particular experience in making the classroom a better place for second language learners.[-2-]
For those who are mystified by the number of acronyms in TESOL, the author has included an appendix from ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages to ZPD (zone of proximate development). Other useful appendices include lists of professional organizations (CABE (California Association for Bilingual Education), IATEFL (International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language), etc.), information/research centers (ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), CAL (Center for Applied Linguistics), etc.), print and online journals, and pertinent teacher web sites (Dave's ESL Café).
My only negative comments are not about content but rather about writing conventions. It is laudable that the author has tried to maintain a very relaxed, conversational style in this work. In doing this, however, there are instances of sentence fragments or incomplete sentences: "Looked like the modeling she did in the morning paid off" (p. 4). "She's reading the headings, and reading them correctly" (p. 4). "But Napa could wait" (p. 7). "Or maybe just a little stupid . . ." (p. 8). "But formal testing instruments are . . ." (p. 8). "And Lenny needed time to learn more about the Hmong . . ." (p. 19). "Good thing he liked the work" (p. 26). While I understand the desire to set a conversational tone, this is a written piece of work, not a conversation. It bothers me when I see sentence fragments, misused punctuation, and sentences that begin with coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but). The editors should have been more careful with this, as it distracts from the excellent content of the book.
Stylistic complaints aside, the information in this book is outstanding and makes Working with Second Language Learners an invaluable contribution to teacher development in ESOL, especially for teachers in grades K-12. Cary's work is by far one of the most readable and practical books of suggestions and concrete ideas for working with ESOL students.
Keith S. Folse
University of Central Florida
© Copyright rests with authors. Please cite TESL-EJ appropriately.Editor's Note: Dashed numbers in square brackets indicate the end of each page for purposes of citation..
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What has 3-6 been up to?
During the first two weeks of October, the 3-6 students participated in activities based on an apple theme. Students made Shrunken Apple Head Dolls, using apples. They peeled them, soaked them in lemon juice, made eyes, ears, a nose and mouth, and inserted cloves into them. The apple heads were hung in the room and dried for two weeks. During this two week process, the apples shrank and shriveled up. After “dressing up” these dolls and adding fake hair, the dolls looked like “old man” and “old woman” witches. The kids really seemed to enjoy watching the drying out process, as they would come to HEDP and check on their apples, daily. Also using apples, the students made Pomander Balls. Pomander balls are natural air fresheners. Students studded an apple with cloves and wrapped it up in a tulle sachet to hang in the home. We hope these pomander balls filled your homes with the wonderful scent of fall! The students also participated in cooking activities using apples. They dipped apples in caramel to make caramel apples and with little help from teachers, made apple pie. One student led the others in the making of the apple pie. Together, they read the recipe and worked with each other to measure the ingredients. They even made homemade crust! There were great reviews from the class, “this is the best pie I have ever had.” If you would like a copy of the recipe, please let us know!
During the third week of October, the 3-6 students participated in activities based on a pumpkin theme. To start off the week (and we know how much they enjoy cooking) the students made pumpkin pie. We are so proud of their independence at successfully completing a cooking task. With so many helping hands and turn taking, they worked together to figure out a way for everyone who wanted to cook, have a job in the process, even it it meant stirring the mixture 10 times and then letting someone else do it. The kids loved the pie, we were so impressed that all tried it (despite the dark orange color). Nothing can compare to the pie they grow up on however, as on student reviewed, “it is good, but not as good as my grandmother’s!” The students also participated in pumpkin carving. Children split into two groups and each designed the “face” for their groups pumpkin. The kids brainstormed ideas and drew their final idea on the pumpkin before Kevin and Ellie carved their designs. We then turned to 1-2 for help with the voting. One pumpkin was voted, Most Old Lady Like and Sweetest while the other was voted Most Evil. Although the pumpkins rotted quickly after the carving, we hope you were able to see the finished pumpkins at the sign out station. Finally, the kids crafted stuffed pumpkins made of fiberfill and nylons!
During the fourth week of October the theme was monsters, mummies and more! Thank you all so much for bringing in glass jars! The students used them to make mummy luminaries. They wrapped the jars in gauze and added googly eyes and a LED light to create this wonderful Halloween project.
During this week, some kids also chose to do gourd painting. During this project, students looked at different shaped gourds and used their imaginations to visualize an animal or object to change the gourd into. After being painted and embellished, they created cats, lions and ornaments! Frankenstein cups were also a big hit during this week (probably because pudding with crushed oreos is a delicious treat)! Students made pudding, dyed it green, crushed oreos and then designed their own Frankenstein cups. We ended the month making skeleton treats using pretzels, marshmallows and white chocolate and watched the traditional Halloween favorite It’s the Big Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.
Each day, the kids come to 3-6 with a challenge to look forward to. After completion of homework, students have the opportunity to participate in a daily challenge. The winner(s) is announced during the day’s meeting. All winner(s) are posted at the individual challenges located throughout the front 3-6 room. Take a look around to see what the daily challenge was.
*Mondays- Counting Jug: Each Monday, the students practice their estimation skills while doing the counting jug challenge. The counting jug, which is located on the wall in the HEDP room, is filled each week with a different amount of a particular item. Students have the opportunity to take a guess at how many items are in the jug. We have been so impressed with their estimation skills, as some students have guessed the exact number, while others have been within one or two of the actual number of items.
*Tuesdays- Trivia: Posted on the whiteboard on Tuesdays is “Trivia Tuesday.” Students test their knowledge by guessing the answer to a weekly trivia question. Trivia questions are based on variety of subjects ranging from “media” to “the world around us” to “sports” to “nature” (and everything in between). We have had winning answers from students in all grades! Do you know the most commonly used word in the English language? That is just sample trivia question that your child will know the answer to!
*Wednesday- Unscramble: On Wednesdays a word is jumbled up and posted on the unscramble board. Students use their spelling and grammar skills to unscramble the given word. The word chosen each week is based on events, holidays and happenings going on in the world around us. Try this sample one that the students unscrambled during the month of October: WEN GLNENAD TRTOAPIS.
*Thursday- Word of the Week: Each Thursday Word of the Week (W.O.W) is posted on the Word of the Week board. A new vocabulary word is posted, along with it’s definition and a sample sentence. Throughout the week, students have the opportunity to write their own sentence and submit it into the W.O.W jug. A week after the W.O.W is posted, a drawing is held. For the one student whose sentence gets pulled, wins a prize! This is a fun way for students to learn new words and apply them to form a sentence. They also look forward to the sample sentence since we use the childrens’ name in the sentences.
*Friday- Friday books: On Fridays, when students arrive, they have a 30-35 minute designated time for Friday book reading. They can choose from magazines, comic books and books that really attract their attention- such as Ripley’s Believe Or Not and Guinness Book of World Records. This Friday book time is a great way for students to stay in their Mon-Thurs homework time routine and read something “different.”
Wishing Upon a Star
“I wish I may, I wish I might, have the wish I wish tonight.” The 3-6 wish list will be located at the 3-6 parent sign-out station. If you would like to donate an item on the 3-6 wish list, simply take the star of the item you wish to donate.
Thank you so much to families who have kindly donated items this year. Your help is greatly appreciated!
Project Bread Holiday Spoons Project Fundraiser
HEDP will continue its annual participation in Project Bread’s Holiday Spoons Project. Project Bread is the state’s leading anti-hunger organization, dedicated to preventing and alleviating hunger in Massachusetts. Project Bread funds over 400 food pantries, soup kitchens, and food banks all over Massachusetts. The Holiday Spoons Project is a fun meaningful way for children to learn about hunger and help feed hungry children in Massachusetts. Children will use their creativity and imagination to decorate wooden spoons using a wide variety of art materials. In years past, kids depicted cartoon characters, people, animals and more! We can’t wait to see what they come up with this year! We will sell the kid’s creations to friends, families and teachers for $2.00 each. All the money raised will be donated to Project Bread to help in it’s mission to end hunger in Massachusetts. 3-6 students will be given designated “work times” to sell spoons. Please visit them in the 3-6 room to make your purchase. They will be set up with cash register and will be in charge of collecting money, giving change, writing receipts and advertising! When complete, we will take pictures of the spoons and enter them in the Jordan’s Furniture Holiday Spoons Contest! We will send you the link to vote as soon as we get it! Thanks in advance for all of your help and support!
Tuesday, November 6th - Professional Day
Monday, November 12th - Veteran’s Day
Thursday, November 22nd - Thanksgiving Vacation
Friday, November 23rd - Thanksgiving Vacation
Early Dismissal Days
Thursday, November 8th (12:30 dismissal)
Wednesday, November 14th (12:30 dismissal)
Wednesday, November 21st (12:00 dismissal, no school lunch served. HEDP CLOSES AT 4:45)
Thursday, November 29th (12:30 dismissal)
Field trips slips have been handed out for the upcoming early release days. Please return slips with cash payment no later than Wednesday, November 7th. Spots for trips are limited so please return slips as soon as possible.
In October the class was busy measuring, weighing and hypothesizing about how many seeds were in our white pumpkin. While One of our friends went round recording data the rest of the group were working on how to make our pumpkin into a Jack O Lantern. Our pumpkin now sits at our science table changing his form everyday. The class is keeping track of him closely. This will lead into a decomposing discussion and be a great transition into our classroom compost that we will soon begin. You may also notice some chocolate mint in a bottle at our science table as well, we are seeing if we can grow roots and transplant it in a pot for our classroom. The children were all excited to smell it and eat it when I first bought it from my garden before the frost. Friends are also busy taking maple logs and sanding them into natural blocks for our collection of building materials.
Rachel has been busy working on some great Halloweeny projects. sewing pumpkin pillows was a big hit with everyone as well as making monster shakes and dirt cups to eat for special snacks. Rachel also recycled boxes to create the classrooms very own Spooky Town including a road with cars to make it in town.
Jonathan introduced the Folded Paper Game to the class, giggles and laughs could be heard from both the children and the parents participating. While the lights were off to view our lit Jack O Lantern, Jonathan began a spooky tale about Shmeath Elementary that has now transformed into the class’s very own book, illustrated by the class.
This month due to the fact that we have seen so many acts of kindness we will be beginning a warm and fuzzy jar. For every kind word said or any helpful act done the class will earn a warm and fuzzy! When our jar is full the class will celebrate together with a special warm and fuzzy treat.
We also have started “Roll into reading”, This is where tootsie rolls are earned during homework and reading time. Friends then glue their wrapper onto a construction paper tootsie roll and write the date that they earned the roll, when they have earned 10 they win a tootsie roll pop!
For this month the themes will be voting , things we are thankful for and some secret cooking and baking secrets.
Days to note:
Tuesday November 6th No school Professional day
Thursday November 8th 1/2 day
Wednesday November 14th 1/2 day
Wednesday November 21st 1/2 day HEDP closes@ 4:45
Thursday November 22nd no school
Friday November 23rd no school
Thursday November 29th 1/2 day
have a wonderful November!!!!
warmly, the 1/2 team
Happy Fall Y’all!
November is a busy month for holidays and early release days. Please remember that on early release days there is NO PRE-K EXTENDED DAY AVAILABLE, unless your child attends the later extended day program from 2:20-5:45. In the case that your child is scheduled for PRE-K EXTENDED DAY on a day that an early release day falls on, and you would like to swap that day for another within that same week, please let us know.
-Early Release Days:Thursday November 8th, Wednesday November 14th, Wednesday November 21st, and Thursday November 29th. NO PRE-K EXTENDED DAY on these days, unless otherwise arranged with Noelle Ahearn.
Tuesday, November 6th
Monday, November 12th
Thursday, November 22nd
Friday, November 23rd
This month we will begin our letter of the week unit. For the first week we will be learning about the letter A and Animals. The following week we will be learning the letter B and studying our Bodies. During the short week of Thanksgiving we will be creating crafts for you and your family, along with “I am Thankful books.” The last week of November brings us to the letter C and we will be discussing “creepy crawlers” and creating bug crafts.
-All other donations are greatly appreciated!
Warmly, Alyssa & Jackie
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Turmeric is effective in treating various types of cancer
Turmeric is effective in the treatment of various cancer including breast and ovarian cancer
Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric, is effective in the treatment of various types of cancer, including breast and ovarian cancer, which has risen 30 percent among women in the last one decade, says a study.
Turmeric has nearly 20 molecules with antibiotic property, 14 molecules with cancer preventive potential, 12 with anti-tumour effect, says the study conducted by B.L. Kapoor Memorial Hospital here.
"At least 12 molecules in it have anti-cancer effect while 10 of them have anti-oxidant features. Overall, turmeric is known for it's antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant property. It is known to be a good digestive substance," said the study.
According to the study, turmeric contains curcuminoids which are the main component found to be effective in cancer treatment.
"Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, has been intensely studied as a cancer protective agent. Its potential has been tapped in head and neck cancers, breast, lung, gastro-intestinal cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, neurological cancers, sarcoma, leukemias and lymphoma," said the study.
Tapaswini Sharma, Senior Consultant (Surgical Oncology) at B.L. Kapoor Memorial Hospital, said: "Curcumin suppresses all three stages of carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and progression. It also has a role in neutralising substances and conditions which lead to cancer."
"By inhibiting the enzyme Topoisomerases, which is required for multiplication of cancer cells, it is able to arrest the growth of these cells," said Sharma.
With time, cancers cells tend to become resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Sharma observed.
Curcumin, on the other hand, when consumed in therapeutic doses, targets several cancer pathways and sensitizes the cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs by increasing the pace of death of the cancer cells, she said.
"Studies in advanced breast cancer have also shown that curcumin increases the effect of chemotherapy and prevents the spread of cancer cells to the lung," she said.
"In lung carcinoma, when curcumin is added to the chemotherapeutic drug, it increases the effectiveness of the drug by promoting cell death of cancer cells. The efficacy of it has also been seen in the brain tumours where it sensitises the tumour cells to the cancer drugs," said Sharma.
According to the study, curcumin enhanced the effect of radiotherapy by inhibiting tumour regrowth per se, and also by suppressing new vessel formation.
Being a powerful anti-oxidant it scavenges all the harmful free radicals induced by radiation exposure of the cells, thereby reducing the side effects of radiotherapy.
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has issued a warning about the turmeric based food supplement Fortodol (also sold as Miradin). Fortodol has been found to contain the strong anti inflammatory drug nimesulide. Nimesulide can cause serious damage to the liver and is not licensed as a medicine in the UK. The Food Standards Agency in the USA states that taking products that contain unknown amounts of nimesulide could be very harmful.
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Welcome to ABCDeeLearning’s FREE PRINTABLE PAGE!
I am really excited to share with you all of the worksheets that I have been working on. There are some fabulous learning worksheets on here! Some of them are even seasonal to go along with holidays.
This has turned into a really big passion of mine! I hope you enjoy using these with your kids or students. If you’re on Instagram, share them with me! I love to see my worksheets being used!
In this first section, you will see some packets that I have put together that have a TON of learning activities inside. Below the packets, are individual activities for you!
1. Clock Learning
2. USA Packet
3. Dinosaur Learning Packet
This set of worksheets focuses on learning more about dinosaurs. The lifecycle of a dinosaur, sorting activities, and a dinosaur research worksheet are available!
4. Money Learning Packet
5. Dinosaur Themed Math Packet
Inside this packet, there are counting, pattern, different/same, missing number writing, addition+subtraction
6. Monster Themed Learning Packet
Inside this packet, you will find color recognition activities, coloring, counting, bigger/smaller, addition, and 100 charts!
7. Alphabet Writing Packet
1. Block Schedule Idea
I have created a block schedule for kids learning. We are experiencing a time where schools are closed and learning still needs to happen at home to keep your little one’s minds growing so they are ready to move onto the next classroom or grade.
Below, you will see the rest of my printables. I have them organized by subject for you, so it’s easy for you to find what you need!
1. Summer-Themed Activities
Check out my Instagram account to see how I used these fun kite images for a fine motor activity!
2. Reading Activities
3. Writing Activities
4. Math Activities
D. Misc. Math Worksheets
5. Health Worksheets
6. Earth Day Packet
Check out my Earth Day Packet! Inside, you will see a sorting activity, matching numbers, color by number, reading comprehension, and handwritten Earth Day activity! There are color and B+W options available!
7. Spring/Easter Themed Activities
8. St. Patrick’s Themed Activities
9. May Holidays
A. Mother’s Day
Kiddos won’t be in school this year to do all the normal Mother’s Day activities! Grab these worksheets for some fun Mother’s Day activities for mothers and grandmothers.
B. Teacher Appreciation Day
C. Cinco De Mayo
We can still celebrate Cinco De Mayo at home right?! Grab these fun number, letter, math and color by number worksheets!
Have questions? Please find me on Instagram and send me a message! I’d also love to hear from you about what kind of worksheets you are looking for!
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There are numerous sorts of musical keyboards, from the accordion to player pianos. It is customarily characterized as a lot of adjoining switches or keys that can be discouraged to make a sound. An appropriately manufactured keyboard can generally speak to the twelve notes on the musical scale, with littler keys for octave interims. Sound is made on a keyboard is made when the key is discouraged, which prompts a string being struck or culled, air experiencing a funnel or a ringer being struck. The most generally experienced keyboard instrument is the piano, which has prompted the format being known as the ‘piano keyboard’.
The accordion is a sort of musical instrument that hails from Europe. Likely made famous in North America by Weird Al Yankovic, it delivers an amazingly particular sound, one that is not probably going to be confused with whatever else. Because of how it is worked, it is frequently called a squeezebox. Most models of accordions are diatonic, which implies that they produce an alternate sound contingent upon whether air is entering or leaving the instrument. Playing the accordion requires more mastery than the normal keyboard instrument. It requires the client to ‘siphon’ or ‘crush’ the instrument as they are playing the accordion, with two hands controlling either side of the accordion. It is, be that as it May, amazingly fulfilling and one of a kind as an instrument.
Like the accordion, it is a dan organ keyboard instrument. It makes its sound by culling the string as opposed to striking it the manner in which a piano would. Else, it is very like a piano as far as looks. Be that as it may, it just resembles a piano. It sounds totally extraordinary. This keyboard was most generally utilized during the Renaissance and is best utilized in Baroque music. While utilization of this instrument melted away after the period of resurrection, it discovered new life in the twentieth-century, returning into style in mainstream society through new musical pieces.
The organ is an old style of piano which uses air power rather than striking a string like an ordinary piano would. At the point when an organ player presses a key, it finishes a circuit that discharges air through a funnel, producing a sound. This enables it to continue a note, something that a typical piano cannot do. In contrast to a piano, which is made to lead a course of action, organs are customarily designated as the body of a musical piece. It can give a great deal of profundity to a game plan as it can support a note uncertainly. More often than not, its part is to offer help to the remainder of the piece.
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Liberals and conservatives literally live in different worlds with different dimensions.
It is not enough to describe moral foundations merely as taste buds as Haidt does in one of the metaphors he uses to help us understand his theory. And it is not even enough to describe moral foundations as the color receptors of the moral mind, and the tools of the moral imagination and reasoning as I have done thus far in this essay.
To truly understand the root cause of the culture war we need a better metaphor, because, as Haidt says in his book The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom:
Our life is the creation of our minds, and we do much of that creating with metaphor. We see new things in terms of things we already understand: Life is a journey, an argument is a war, the mind is a rider on an elephant. With the wrong metaphor we are deluded; with no metaphor we are blind.
We have to understand the concept of moral foundations as forming a synergistic system of checks and balances where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. We can’t just measure, on a scale of one to ten, how important each moral foundation is to each person. We can’t just look at graphs with liberals at the left of the X axis and conservatives on the right, where the Y axis shows how important the moral foundations are. That’s a little bit like measuring the quality of a wall made of bricks and mortar by examining the characteristics of the bricks and the mortar and deducing how strong the wall is likely to be. It does not tell the whole story. To get a true understanding, we have to look at the wall itself. We have to understand the net effect of the system as a whole.
The best metaphor for understanding the relationship between the three-foundation morality and the six-foundation morality is the metaphor of Flatland and Spaceland, also in Haidt’s book “The Happiness Hypothesis.”
The metaphor that has most helped me to understand morality, religion, and the human quest for meaning is Flatland, a charming little book written in 1884 by the English novelist and mathematician Edward Abbot. Flatland is a two-dimensional world whose inhabitants are geometric figures. The protagonist is a square. One day, the square is visited by a sphere from a three-dimensional world called Spaceland. When a sphere visits Flatland, however, all that is visible to Flatlanders is the part of the sphere that lies in their plane – in other words, a circle. The square is astonished that the circle is able to grow or shrink at will (by rising or sinking into the plane of Flatland) and even to disappear and reappear in a different place (by leaving the plane, and then reentering it). The sphere tries to explain the concept of the third dimension to the two-dimensional square, but the square, though skilled at two-dimensional geometry, doesn’t get it. He cannot understand what it means to have thickness in addition to height and breadth, nor can he understand that the circle came from up above him, where “up” does not mean from the north. The sphere presents analogies and geometrical demonstrations of how to move from one dimension to two, and then from two to three, but the square still finds the idea of moving “up” out of the plane of Flatland ridiculous.
The reason for the political divide is that liberals and conservatives talk past each other as if we were Flatlanders and Spacelanders. To a conservative, talking with a liberal about moral issues – and politics is morality in action; moral thinking for social doing – is like the Spacelander trying to explain thickness and height and breadth to a Flatlander.
To a liberal, talking with a conservative is like talking to a being from another dimension; they seem foreign, or “alien.” As Haidt describes in When Morality Opposes Justice, “The principles of principled conservatism go beyond fairness to include principles that liberals do not acknowledge to be moral principles.” Since half of the moral spectrum is essentially invisible to liberals they are dumbfounded in their attempts to understand conservatives, and are left with practically no other option but to attribute conservative views to some sort of mental or moral dysfunction, like racism, homophobia, religious zealotry, “climate of hate,” “paranoid style,” etc., etc., etc.
As Haidt says in his TED talk:
When the liberal team loses, as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000, we comfort ourselves. (Laughter) We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team. We think they must be blinded by religion, or by simple stupidity. (Laughter) (Applause) So, if you think that half of America votes Republican because they are blinded in this way, then my message to you is that you’re trapped in a moral matrix, in a particular moral matrix. And by the matrix, I mean literally the matrix, like the movie “The Matrix.” But I’m here today to give you a choice. You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions, or you can take the red pill, learn some moral psychology and step outside the moral matrix.
Haidt has shown that conservatives understand liberals better than liberals understand conservatives.(1) The conservative Spacelanders, with their six-foundation perception of the full spectrum of human nature can see and understand the liberal Flatlanders. But the Flatlanders, with their three-foundation partial spectrum “color blind” perception of human nature have a difficult time comprehending what the heck the conservative Spacelanders are talking about. If there is to be any hope of bridging the political divide, the “vision” of the liberal Flatlanders must be improved.
(1) “Political conservatives are more accurate than political liberals in characterizing the explicit moral beliefs of the other side.” Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2009). Planet of the Durkheimians, Where Community, Authority, and Sacredness are Foundations of Morality. In J. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification. Page 3. Available at MoralFoundations.org
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Ghosts of Abingdon Old Gaol
23 April 2021 (Updated 2 September 2021)
The Old Gaol is an imposing building in a prominent position on the banks of the River Thames in the centre of Abingdon.
A short history of Abingdon Old Gaol
For a building of its size, it actually had quite a short lifespan as a prison. It first opened in 1812, but by 1844 a larger prison had been built at Reading which better served the county of Berkshire's needs, and the gaol at Abingdon finally closed as a prison in 1868.
After that time it was used as a grain store and slum dwellings. In the 1970s it was converted into a leisure centre, which operated until 2002. Today it has been converted into a modern apartment complex.
Despite these more modern uses, its origins as a gaol and place of capital punishment are echoed in the various hauntings that have been reported in the building over the years.
Haunting echoes of the past
When the building was a leisure centre members of staff reported hearing strange noises when the building was empty including banging doors. Others reported seeing clothes baskets in the changing room begin to swing of their own accord.
Perhaps the most disturbing haunting reported at the Old Gaol is related to one of Abingdon's most macabre claims to fame. In 1629 Abingdon was the site of the youngest person to be hanged in British criminal history.
The hanging of 8-year-old John Dean
On 23rd of February 1629 8 year-old John Dean was convicted of arson at the Abingdon Assizes. The boy had reportedly set fire to two houses in Windsor, and the judge accused the boy of 'malice, revenge and cunning' when he passed his sentence and condemned the boy to be hanged.
Despite this taking place nearly 200 years before Abingdon Gaol opened, the hanging of young John Dean has been cited as the reason that staff at the Old Gaol have reported hearing the sound of a child laughing from inside the building when they are locking up for the night.
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When a tooth is badly injured, or when you struggle with an extremely deep tooth decay, you might need to undergo a root canal treatment, because the pulp of the tooth is much damaged.
Imagine the pulp of the tooth as a collection of tissues which can be found right at the center of a tooth.
If the exterior of a tooth is being broken or chipped for example, different microorganisms and bacteria will find an entrance gate through there.
Thus, the pulp of the tooth can easily get infected, and this can easily bring about the tooth abscess (when pus is enclosed within the tissues of the jaw).
The tooth abscess can be extremely painful, a “pulsating” feeling from within. Some other symptoms of a tooth abscess include a bitter taste in the mouth, bad breath condition, and swollen lymph nodes that can also be extremely painful.
Patients struggling with tooth abscess can barely drink or eat because of the sharp, intermittent feelings of pain.
Quite a few decades ago, people who were struggling with bad teeth were prescribed a few antibiotics, and they were also told to rinse their mouth frequently with a mixture of water and salt. In those days, dental extraction was the only way to fix such a problem, and doctors could not actually save the tooth.
However, since technology, science and medicine have made huge leaps forward, today they can save even a very badly damaged tooth through a root canal treatment.
For such a treatment, the dentist will start by making an opening in the posterior of the badly damaged tooth. Next, the affected pulp is going to be removed, and the area will be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.
In case more visits to the dentist are needed, the doctor will place a temporary filling. In the last stages of the root canal treatment the area will be filled permanently using tapered rubber material. Then, the tooth is going to be covered with a dental crown, and thus the damaged tooth is saved from extraction.
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We are excited about the five new titles in The Thinking Train series. The success of the first series of five books, which were nominated for the ELTons 2016 Awards in the Innovation in Learner Resources category, tells us that picture books are now essential resources for the language class.
Get on the Thinking Train!
The Thinking Train is a unique series of picture books which focus on the development of children’s thinking skills through the use of stories. These stories will encourage a love of reading and promote thoughtful interaction with books while developing children’s thinking skills. The activities, in carefully graded English, will automatically develop and practise their language skills, too. All these stories establish a context for the new language resources, and by contextualising, they provide a cultural setting for them as well. Through the situations we can see language in action, while the pictures allow learners to respond to and build upon them creatively.
Click here to find out about the series and the importance of thinking development, the idea of interactive reading and the power of visual stories. You will also find information about the titles, authors and illustrators of the the first series.
Go to this website dedicated to the series to see sample pages and more information about each title.
Themes, characters and setting
This story is set in a school, and it talks about bullying and its consequences both on the victims and the bully himself. It also shows how thinking carefully about our actions gives us the chance to change our ways.
Through reading the story your learners will also learn and practise the vocabulary of school objects, the days and simple verbs, as well as the use of ‘can’ to talk about ability, and imperatives.
Even if a child has all the toys and games they wish for, he or she can still feel lonely and bored. What can help with this situation? Friends and some more friends!
In this story your learners will practise the vocabulary of sports, sports equipment, toys and verbs to talk about the games and sports they like playing.
This story takes us to a farm in Ireland. A family with three children work and live on this farm, and the children help a lot with the sheep. What happens when they all want ponies? Their dad organises a competition, and we learn that only honesty can guarantee a real win.
In this story you will read about farms, animals, plants and flowers, and learn to think about how the natural world changes as plants grow. Your learners will practise categorising, sequencing and problem solving.
How long is a year? And how can you make it pass more quickly? In this story we meet a boy whose Mum goes to work in Chile for a year. The boy has to learn about patience and with the help of his grandma he learns to transform his sadness into creative activities. He creates artworks each month which represent the natural world or the festivals that occur during those months.
Through reading the story your students will learn about the concepts of time and being alone but never lonely. They will practise the vocabulary of the natural world, months and festivals. They will explore the map of the world and use common objects in the most creative ways.
If you are not good at a subject, it does not mean that you are not able to do it! Ruby hates P.E. and she finds herself in a challenging situation when one of her friends gets injured during a cross-country race. She learns that she is good at a lot of other things and she can even learn to like P.E.!
This story practises the vocabulary of school subjects, you will do some calculations and some real-life problem-solving!
Authors and illustrators
The authors are Günter Gerngross and Herbert Puchta, authors of several internationally acclaimed English language materials, course and resource books. And the activities have been developed with Marion Williams, an expert in the field.
Would you like more materials for young learners? Here are some resource and course books to develop thinking and language skills.
- Teaching Young Learners to Think by Herbert Puchta and Marion Williams
- Hooray! Let’s Play! by Herbert Puchta and Günter Gerngross
- Helbling Young Readers
For practical ideas and activities, visit our posts about young readers and young learners:
- Hooked on Books: Picturebooks in ELT with Sandie Mourão
- 6 Strategies for Reading with Young Learners
- Visual Storytelling with Helbling Young Readers
- 10 Tips to Keep Your Young Readers Enthusiastic
- The Power of Imagination in Children’s Books: An Interview with Andrés Pi Andreu
- Help your students become critical readers – Critical thinking and reading in the ELT classroom
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is basically the method of increasing the amount and quality of site traffic to a site, usually from search engines using algorithms. SEO targets mainly unpaid visitors (known as ‘pay’ or ‘organic} rather than direct visitors or paid visitors. Web design & development refer to the art and science of making a site attractive and user-friendly, through different techniques such as graphic design, user interface design, web content writing and so on. Web development is the science of incorporating all design ideas into real-world possibilities to create effective sites that can be used by people who are looking for products or services. In this type of work an SEO consultant will use different SEO strategies, techniques, and testing methods to ensure that a site can be put into use. Web development does not only include web content writing, design, and user interface layout.
SEO is a very complex process that involves a lot of implementation of SEO techniques, including link building and content writing. The most common SEO techniques include building link popularity, ensuring high page rankings in leading search engines such as Google and Yahoo, and also ensuring that your keywords are placed properly within search engines such as Google. Besides these, you will also need to learn about the ranking algorithms of Google, MSN, and Yahoo. These are just some of the things that you have to know if you are planning to do a good SEO job on your site.
In addition, you have to learn about the algorithms that govern how the search engines rank web pages and websites. This is one of the most important parts of SEO and if you don’t pay attention to it, your website may never see the light of day. You should also keep an eye on what is happening on the social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. These sites play a major role in search engine optimization and if there is any mention of back links on your web page, this is another reason for you to focus on this aspect of your marketing strategy.
One of the things that we have to understand is that Google’s new algorithm for search engine optimization is called “Google+ Local.” Google announced that starting from February of this year, they will be implementing Google+ local business listings into their search queries. This is done by the use of natural language processing algorithms. So what does this mean?
Well, if you are an SEO expert, then you will understand that keyword optimization plays a major role in your optimization strategy. However, it is important to remember that Google does not list every single keyword phrase. They will only list things which are relevant to the topic of your web page. This is why it is important to do some keyword research before implementing your own strategies and make sure that the topic is highly targeted towards your target market.
It is widely believed that it’s much easier to rank high in the gray hat directories then it is to rank high in the white hat SEOs. While it is true that white hat techniques are used to gain rankings in the search engines, these techniques are not used as much as they used to be. This is probably one of the main reasons that black-hat SEOs have been gaining so much popularity over the past few years.
If you are a business owner, you should consider using a combination of both methods.
To gain high rankings in the search engine results, you need to use a good keyword research tool, a solid marketing strategy, and a strong online presence. If you are willing to invest time, effort, and resources, then you will be able to gain visibility over the web with ease. However, you should know that this will take a considerable amount of time from your schedule. So you need to be prepared to give this effort if you want to see the results from this type of marketing strategy.
On the other hand, you don’t have to spend weeks or months to see results.
- The best way for you to improve your search engine rankings is to hire professional SEO companies who can do it for you in a matter of days.
- So if you want to increase your traffic and profits quickly, you should think about hiring a company who can help you reach top 10 ranking positions in the Google search results within a few months.
- By making the right choices today, you can make sure that your business will be able to thrive and remain on top for a very long time to come.
- You need to get moving today, because the sooner you do, the sooner you will enjoy a successful future.
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Loveland is located in the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and consequently we see many types of wildlife in the city limits. Bears wander into town most years in late summer or fall in search of food to fatten up before hibernation. Bobcats and mountain lions appear all summer long. Coyotes, rattlesnakes and a small elk herd make their homes in our town. Despite their apparent tameness, remember they are wild animals and should be treated with respect and care. Please do not feed the wildlife!
Always remember: if a wild animal changes its behavior, you are too close. Stop what you're doing, and back away slowly.
If you see a bear, remain calm.
- Pick up your children, stay close together, and slowly back away from the bear. Do not run.
- Never get between a mother bear and her cubs.
- Make lots of noise by shouting, clapping, clanging pots and pans, blowing whistles, or anything else you can.
- If a bear continues to approach you, try throwing sticks, stones or anything else you have at them.
- If attacked, fight back!
Mountain Lions and Bobcats
If you see a mountain lion or bobcat, remain calm.
- Make yourself appear as large as possible, by raising your arms, lifting your children, raising sticks or anything handy. Wave your arms slowly.
- Back away slowly, maintaining eye contact. Never run, never bend down, never crouch.
- Make loud noises, shout, clap, clanging pots and pans, blowing whistles. Be sure to not make any sounds that the cat may interpret as the sound of prey.
- If attacked, fight back!
If you see a coyote, remain calm. (If you managed it with the bears and mountain lions, you can remain calm with the coyote.)
The coyote is more likely to run from you than the bears and cats. Give it plenty of room to escape (don't corner it). Then enjoy the beauty of these predators as he dashes away.
Rattlesnakes are found in Loveland, especially in grassy or rocky areas on hot summer days. Bull snakes are also often found in Loveland, and have similar markings. If you come across a snake you believe to be a rattler, remain calm.
- Stop walking if you find one, and keep your pets away from the snake. Pets are more likely to be bitten than humans, so please protect Fido.
- Stay at least five feet from the snake, preferably more. Back away slowly.
- Do not harrass or try to kill the snake. Provoking it will cause it to fight back.
- Alert others to its presence, to keep others away from it.
- If bitten by any snake, seek immediate medical assistance.
Elk live in western Loveland, hopefully you'll get a chance to see the herd while you're here. Our elk are used to humans, and will likely let you close enough to take their photograph. Please remember they are wild animals and treat them as such.
- Remain calm.
- Do not approach the elk closely, remain a safe distance away.
- During the rut (September - October), bull elk become aggressive in protecting their harem and may charge. You won't come out on top in this confrontation, so remember to remain a safe distance away.
- Cow elk (females) become aggressive when protecting their young and may charge.
There are tourists each year who believe these giants are gentle, and they encourage their kids to get close enough to the herd for the perfect photo opportunity. Do not do this! Your children will be in danger, these are truly wild animals who will charge anyone, even your children, to protect their herd. Remain a safe distance away.
Please note that elk hunting is allowed in certain places within Loveland and the local Roosevelt and Arapaho National Forests. If you are viewing elk, please make sure you are wearing bright clothing to ensure hunters and the elk herd are aware of your presence.
Moose live on the western slope of Rocky Mountain National Park and up the Poudre Canyon, and on the rare occasion they wander into town. If you find yourself face to face with a moose:
- Remain calm. Don't be aggressive.
- Cow moose are extremely devensive of their young. Be very, very careful if there are babies near.
- Talk softly, move away slowly. Make sure you aren't moving towards her young.
- If a moose has its ears laid back and hackels up, it's likely to charge. The first charge is often a bluff, a warning to get you to leave, so run!
- It is ok (and appropriate) to run away from a moose (but not a bear). If you can't run away, at least get behind something solid, such as a tree or car.
- If you are knocked down by a moose, curl up into a ball and protect your head. Do not fight back. Only get up when the moose has moved off to a safe distance.
Bighorn sheep live up the Big Thompson Canyon and up in Rocky Mountain National Park. The ones along the canyon road often appear tame, crossing the road and coming quite close to the cars. They are still wild animals and should be treated with respect.
- You guessed it, rule #1: Remain calm.
- If you stand still, they are highly unlikely to charge you. Aggressive behavior on your part is likely to cause aggressive behavior on theirs.
- As always, be sure to not find yourself between a mother and her young.
- If a sheep charges you, hide behind your car or something else solid.
The most common incident you may encounter with a bighorn sheep is its lack of respect for automobiles and bikers. Please drive carefully up the canyon and through the park, being mindful of animals darting in front of your vehicle.
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Ravens have long been a symbolic animal in different cultures around the world.
Whether they represent death, life or simple trickery, their long history in folklore has always inspired Saskatchewan artist James Clow.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
He works underground in the dark, hot, dusty tunnels of a potash mine by day, but Clow’s background is firmly rooted in art.
After receiving a fine arts degree from the University of Regina and a classical animation diploma from Sheridan College in Ontario, his itch to travel the world led him to Europe and later Vancouver, where he worked as an animator for the likes of Universal Pictures, Walt Disney and DreamWorks.
After computer-driven animation took over from the traditional hand drawn sketches, Clow became disillusioned with the industry and decided to come home to Saskatchewan to be closer to his ailing mother.
That’s when he discovered his unexpected interest in potash mining after noticing the rotor groves etched into a mine’s walls and the delicate dance the miners undertook when moving the huge machines inside the holes they had cut.
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On this day, September 23, in the year 1861, the inventor of some of the most important parts of an automobile was born in Ulm, Germany. His name was Robert Bosch, the founder of the engineering firm Robert Bosch Gmbh.
Robert Bosch was the eleventh of twelve children of a well-situated farmer couple in the southern part of Germany. After attending a technical school in the old city of Ulm, he went to work as a precision mechanic in several companies in Germany and the United Kingdom. He also went to the United States to work for Thomas Edison.
In 1886, Robert Bosch established his own “Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering” in the city of Stuttgart. From his shop came the invention of the magneto ignition device that would hasten the development of the automotive industry.
In 1902, one of the shop’s engineers invented the high-voltage magneto ignition system with spark plug. With this product, Robert Bosch became the most important supplier of automotive products in the world. Soon, other products such as lighting systems, starters, horns, and diesel fuel injection were patented.
To better serve his overseas customers, Robert setup sales offices in many countries such as Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States. By 1913, more than 80% of sales came from overseas customers.
Robert Bosch was one of the first industrialists to promote social responsibility. He provided training for his employees and introduced the eight-hour work per day. In 1940, he donated funds for the construction of a hospital in Stuttgart.
Robert Bosch died of complications in 1942 at the age of 80. He married twice and had 4 children, one of whom died in infancy.
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Table of contents
About this book
Plant tissue culture is an essential component of Biotechnology which has gained unbeatable recognition in plant sciences for successful micropropagation and improvement of plant species, leading to the commercial application. A number of plant species have been investigated around the globe. This book presents current research on the application of in vitro technology in the improvement of Balanites aegyptiaca Del., a medicinal plant of semi-arid tropics. The worldwide importance of forestry, summed to the lengthy generation cycles of tree species, makes unavoidable development of new technologies that complement conventional tree breeding programmes in order to obtain improved genotypes.
Recently, a new set of tools has become available in the past 20 years that combined with traditional plant breeding will allow scientists to generate products that are genetically improved varieties of the future. These set of tools come under the general title of ‘Biotechnology’. The three specific biotechnological tools have been successfully used in several programmes of plant conservation, namely, tissue culture techniques for in vitro propagation, the use of molecular markers to assess the degree of variability among population and techniques of long-term conservation such as encapsulation and cryopreservation. Plant tissue culture techniques are particularly relevant and become an alternative not only for large scale propagation of individuals that are threatened, reduce production costs and increase gains to the industry, but also to provide ecological advantages as in phytoremediation or in the establishment of artificial plantings in weed infested site.
The book gives a complete documentation of the results and demonstration of Balanites aegyptiaca conducted by the authors over the past 5 years. The end-to-end approach developed through plant tissue culture techniques is reflected in the book and there has been a successful transfer of technology from lab to field. The authors hope that this information would provide valuable data and also be a reference material for future research activities in this area.
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4 Tips for Preventing Hearing Loss. How to protect your ears from our noisy environment.
In a world full of noise—honking vehicles, amplified music, power mowers, and jackhammers—it’s important to take steps to protect your hearing. And some of the noises you’ll want to protect yourself from might surprise you.
For example, you might expect your ears to ring after a rock concert, but they might do the same after a fireworks display. Just one exposure to a typical pyrotechnics show can permanently damage your hearing.
But short, loud bursts of sound aren’t the only potential problems. Over time, even innocuous-seeming sounds such as the constant hum of a loud window air conditioner unit or refrigerator can cause cumulative damage. Aging, genetics, and working in noisy environments can also hamper your hearing.
And you don’t want to wait until your hearing has suffered, to take protective steps.
Use these four tips for preventing hearing loss.
Prevent Hearing Loss by Knowing Your Risk
Sounds are measured in decibels. While individual tolerances vary, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends workplace exposure should be below 85 decibels throughout an eight-hour workday and legal workplace limits are 90 decibels (for comparison, hand-held hair dryers can emit 77 to 92 decibels of sound). Consumer Reports health and safety experts say that prolonged exposure to 70 decibels—the sound produced by a shower— or below is safe for most people.
Experts agree that sounds exceeding 100 decibels, a level that can easily be surpassed by rock concerts, sporting events, movie theaters, gas lawn mowers and snow blowers, some MP3 players played at maximum volume, and fireworks displays can be hazardous even in short bursts.
Block Out Loud Sounds
If you’re stuck in a noisy space you can dampen the sound with earmuffs or earplugs. Foam earplugs are a low-tech, inexpensive way to protect your ears. You can find them at any drugstore for about $3.50 for a set of 10. Earplugs are even sold at many concerts, right alongside the T-shirts. If you’re concerned about music quality, head to an audiologist for custom-fitted ear plugs; they’re more expensive than the foam kind but will let in a richer sound at a show.
Use Headphones Wisely
One in five teenagers are estimated to have some form of hearing loss, which experts have attributed to the increased use of listening to music via headphones and earbuds. The easiest way to help prevent hearing loss from personal listening devices such as iPhones and MP3 players is to follow the 60/60 rule: listen at no more than 60 percent of the maximum volume for no more than 60 minutes a day. Using over-the-ear headphones—especially the noise-canceling kind—instead of earbuds may also help prevent damage.
Make Sure Your Ears Are Clear
Impacted earwax can block the ear canal and contribute to hearing loss. This is especially common in people who wear hearing aids, where the lack of air ventilation in the ears can cause wax build-up. People who plug or clean their ears with cotton may also inadvertently leave cotton residues behind, clogging things up. Your doctor should be able to clear the way with a probe or a water flush. (And don’t put cotton balls, cotton swabs, or other items in your ears.)
Source: Consumer reports
Image credit: Consumer reports
A Atlantic Hearing Aid Center opened its doors in January 1971 and has been serving the hearing community ever since! We have always been conveniently located in beautiful Fort Lauderdale, Florida at 2310 East Oakland Park Boulevard.
2310 E Oakland Park Blvd
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33306, United States
Copyright © 2015 AAtlanticHearingAidCenter.com. All Rights Reserved. Site Designed and Maintained By Huntpub.com
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When the laser is used to engrave numbers, letters and even pictures on various objects, laser engraving is performed. Initially, engraving on an object needs to be linked to the service you are carving, and it needs to be replaced constantly once the tool drill bit is worn out. Laser engraving technology does not require the use of tool bits, but there are many ways to mark or engrave objects. In this article, we will discuss laser etching and two different types of micro-machining. Most laser etching machines consist of three main components: Laser, controller and surface. The beam used by the laser, small to the tip of the pencil, can trace and etching patterns on various surfaces. The computer-generated program guides the controller precisely to create complex patterns and details. The controller manipulates the direction, movement speed, strength and even width of the beam itself. This is how companies that offer laser etching produce custom designs for almost any \"laser-capable\" material. The surface is carefully matched with the etched product and the reaction of the laser to it. There are three different types of etching machines used to produce various results. The X- The Y-stage etching machine is the most common of all etching equipment. In most cases, the surface or workpiece is stationary, while the laser will pass through the X-Y directions. There are also etching machines with surface movement and laser fixation. The second etching device is used for a cylindrical or flat surface mounted on a cylindrical object. The third method is to use the galvo mirror. This is unique because both the laser and the surface are fixed, but the mirror moves on the surface. Unlike laser etching, micro-machining is a different process, but is the same in some ways. However, both laser etching and micro-machining perform an etching method, which uses two different processes to produce marks on selected materials. The first method is micro-machining of the surface. This method uses a series of film deposition or layer and etching to create a structure located at the top of the substrate. Like laser etching, the angle and size will be defined in detail. Another method mentioned is batch micro-machining. Like other methods, bulk micromachining can be done with wet etching or dry etching. Heterosexual wet etching is the most commonly used in most enterprises today. This type of etching takes advantage of the fact that Silicon consists of a crystal structure, which simply means that all atoms are arranged in straight lines and planes. It is very convenient to use this medium, and the price is reasonable, it carving the inclined walls and contours in the structure.
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| 0.934834 | 566 | 3.53125 | 4 |
When George Washington was asked to stand for a third term as president in 1796, Washington refused declaring that two-terms were more than enough for any president. Washington also wanted to ensure a peaceful transfer of power from one president to another. The precedent that Washington set lasted for almost 150 years. It was only finally destroyed when Franklin Roosevelt won a third term after he decided that two terms was not enough to satisfy his maniacal ambition. Roosevelt, though, had to campaign hard for that third term. The old habit of two terms seemed to die hard.
Unlike, Roosevelt who never had to face the 22nd Amendment, Clinton will have to do without a third term. Unlike Washington who could have easily won a third term, but refused, Bill Clinton has spent his final days telling every reporter who will listen how much he enjoys being president and how if he could, he would run for a third term. He has even gone so far as to claim that if he were to run for a third term he could easily win it. This claim wasn’t supported by all the polls, but I have no doubt that Clinton heartily believes it. In the throes of his megalomania, I doubt that Clinton has noticed that the 22nd Amendment was adopted to keep people just like him from seeking a third term. It has often been said that anyone who wants to be president should not be allowed to hold the job. Well if that is so, than it is certainly true that any one who can’t be satisfied with eight years as president should most certainly never inhabit the oval office.
Of course, Clinton is not alone in wanting a third term. Many popular presidents have contemplated the gutsy move. Andrew Jackson was asked to do so but refused on the grounds that he was too old and tired. Grover Cleveland briefly contemplated it but was refused the support of his party in the 1896 election. (If he had won it would still only have given him two consecutive terms.) Theodore Roosevelt came the closest to serving a third term when he ran on the Bull Moose ticket in 1912. Roosevelt felt that Taft was doing an inadequate job, so he ran for president and handed the election to Woodrow Wilson. Like his cousin Franklin, Theodore loved big government and felt the country would benefit from an extended term of Roosevelt I.
Ol’ Franklin was the only one who managed to make a successful go of it, and he even managed to get himself elected to a fourth term, although he died about three months after his fourth inauguration. After the end of WWII, though, the Washington precedent reared its head again and the Congress moved to ratify the 22nd Amendment prohibiting a third term. The 80th Congress reasoned that precedent had been quite sufficient for a long time. They concluded that a u201Cwell defined customu201D had been established, and that the preservation of that custom would be beneficial. They specifically made an exception in the amendment for Truman, but like most presidents before him, Truman was satisfied with two terms. The amendment was finally ratified in 1951 and that coveted third term was forever put out of reach of ambitious presidents.
The Amendment was quite an unusual piece of legislation for the 20th century. Unlike most 20th century legislation which expanded the executive branch and expanded suffrage for various groups, the 22nd Amendment is anti-executive and undemocratic. It denies the voters the right to reelect a president if they like him, and lessens the power of the executive branch in relation to the legislative branch. It also lessons the power a president has over the federal courts by only giving him eight years to name judges. It is essentially a remnant of 19th century American political philosophy when executive power was viewed with much more suspicion than it is now. The Constitution of the Southern Confederacy, written in 1861, limited the president to one six year term. Under no circumstances could a Confederate president be elected to even a second term let alone a third one.
The 22nd Amendment and Impeachment
Clinton is a man with intimate knowledge of the 22nd Amendment. During impeachment it was often noted that if it weren’t for the amendment, Clinton could simply run for president in 2000 had be been impeached. Within such a scenario, Clinton could very well have been elected as an impeached president. Online polls were circulated asking readers to weigh in on repealing the 22nd Amendment. Positive responses were scarce. Undoubtedly, a story of an impeached Clinton turned president-elect Clinton is a tasty story for Clinton lovers, but thanks to the amendment, such things were and are impossible.
Not surprisingly, u201Cwell defined customsu201D and Washingtonian philosophy mean little to Bill Clinton. Clinton loved being an overbearing president, and a third term would have only helped along his ideas of presidential dominance. Since presidents tend to be very ambitious men in the first place, it is likely that many other presidents have felt this way also, but many of them never even made it to a second term, and those who did had the memory of Washington restraining them. Not interested with even appearing humble, the president runs around trumpeting his hypothetical win of a third term. Convinced that he is adored, Clinton is sure he could win a third and probably even a fourth term if he were allowed. Fortunately, the Constitution does not allow the voters the freedom to prove him right.
December 22, 2000
Ryan McMaken is a graduate student in American politics at the University of Colorado. He edits the Western Mercury.
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Russia plans to launch first flight to the Moon in 2011-2012
Russia plans to conduct it's first manned lunar mission in 2011 or 2012. The trip will take men aound the moon, but not actually land. The flight will use a modernised version of Russias venerable Soyuz spacecraft which has been used sice 1967.
Nikolai Sevastyanov, president of the Energia, told the 5th Airspace Congress in Moscow, "the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation plans to explore the Moon in three stages: a Soyuz spacecraft flight to the Moon, the construction of a permanent base on the Moon (from 2010 to 2025), and the industrial exploration of space around the Earth's satellite".
The modernised Soyuz is due to be ready in 2010.
“Energia has started the development of a modernized Soyuz spacecraft,” Sevastyanov said.
“New digital technologies will be used during the development and operation of the new spacecraft. Besides, the new space vehicle will be able to conduct flights not only to the International Space Station, but also to the Moon.”
It will be launched from the Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and also from the European Space Agencies Kourou launch centre in French Guiana.
Sources: RIA Novosti, MosNews
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Yule is celebrated at the Midwinter Solstice, the shortest day of the year.
The word Yule comes from the Germanic “Jul” and means “Wheel.”
At Yule we celebrate winter, and the rebirth of the Sun .
At Samhain the Goddess followed the God into the Underworld and the Earth began its long winter sleep.
As the Wheel turns to Yule, the Goddess is with child and gives birth to the tiny Oak King, God of the waxing Sun.
The Old God or Holly King is defeated in his battle with the Oak king and returns to the Underworld to rest until Summer Solstice when he will again be reborn as Lord of the waning Sun at the Summer Solstice
At Yule we mourn the passing of the Old God who is the Lord of Winter. and celebrate the birth of the sun king
This ancient God has many names beside the Holly King, including Cernunnos, Odin, and of course Santa Claus.
This God is portrayed as an old man, majestic and often jolly.
He is shown as a King in ermine trimmed robes, other times He is shown as a Jesterking of fools
The Old God becomes the Lord of Death and of the Spirit World and magic.
He is the God of the forest, of animals, and of the hunt and is often He is shown with antlers or horns.
Then on to celebrations ! the return of the sun God the Oak King who represents innocence and childlike joy and purity , rebirth , renewal
We light our candles and celebrate the return of light and warmth as we look to the return of spring and new growth we look to the new beginnings that we wish to create within our lives and with our spiritual work
The wheel of the year has come full circle use the energy of the longest night to look within ……then with the dawn we get excited for the future !
We decorate our homes with the evergreens , we bring in our yule log or create one , bring in the Mistletoe feast and be happy ! the wheel has turned and we start again !
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Lately, for PLTW or project lead the way we have been making some awesome robots! The robots are controlled by a remote. The robot also has a brain that makes the wheels spin and the gears turn. Groups are always excited for PLTW!
Every Friday in our class we make soup. This week's soup was chicken noodle. And, the Newbie family makes us rolls, this is a fun treat, since it is Friday!
Say pickles!! Ketchup and Pickles time is a time where if you have unfinished work and if you're done with your work you do pickles! Pickles is when you do any thing in the classroom from board games to electronics. It's about fifteen to twenty minutes. So You can Ketchup on work or have fun with Pickles.
Break out, a writer's workshop activity that includes narrative writing, and google classroom. Students go to google classroom and find clues to open a black box with multiple locks or one lock, each group has one lock to unlock. Students only have 45 minutes to an hour. Once you unlock the box there is a prize for breaking out. So can you break out?
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WASHINGTON — In the wake of Hurricane Sandy, the New York subways were flooded and unusable, and much of the city lost power for several days. But despite such powerful scenes of destruction, most people don't think these disasters will happen to them, so they aren't prepared for them, or for recovering from them.
That lack of preparation, combined with the steady uptick in coastal populations, exacerbates the devastation caused by natural disasters. As the population grows, becomes more urbanized and builds infrastructure in hazardous areas like the coast, natural hazards pose an increasing threat. A panel of experts, speaking June 25 at a science policy conference of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), called for greater resilience in facing such hazards.
Resilience means not only preparedness for a threat, but also the ability to absorb, recover from or adapt to one, said Gene Whitney, a member of the Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters at the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council. The committee recently published a report on disaster resilience.
"A disaster occurs when a natural hazard intersects with a human population," Whitney said.
Despite repeated disasters, the public continues to turn a blind eye to the risks. Developers construct buildings from unsafe materials and in hazardous locations, rather than investing slightly more to avert dangerous consequences. Changing people's behavior will require new tactics and continued efforts to drive home the importance of preparing for nature's hazards, experts say. [Natural Disasters: Top 10 US Threats]
Ignoring the risks
In Chester County, S.C., there's a gigantic wind tunnel that simulates hurricane-force winds. The wind tunnel is part of the Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) Research Center and is funded by the insurance industry. At the AGU conference, Carl Hedde, senior vice president and head of risk accumulation at Munich Re America (a company that insures insurance companies) played a video of houses being tested inside the wind tunnel at wind speeds approaching 140 mph (225 km/h). The video shows two adjacent houses, one of which is built from stronger materials than the other. The house built with superior materials withstands the wind, but the other one folds like a house of cards in a light gust.
If people were to build houses using only slightly better building materials, the houses could better withstand natural disasters, Hedde said. "Every $1 spent on hazard mitigation saves society an average of $4," he noted.
So why don't more people make the investment to be better prepared for a storm?
Before Hurricane Sandy made landfall, Robert Meyer, a professor of marketing at The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and his colleagues surveyed people in New Jersey about their perception of the storm's severity. Those surveyed grossly overestimated the likelihood of hurricane-force winds, yet they did not report feeling worried about the storm. Only 16 percent of the people surveyed who thought they were in mandatory evacuation areas actually evacuated, Meyer said in his presentation. Just 38 percent of people living within one block of the ocean or bay thought the main threat from Sandy was water (the rest thought it was wind), and only 54 percent of those people had flood insurance.
The greatest damage from a hurricane is caused not by winds directly, but by storm surge — a rise of water due to a low-pressure weather system offshore.
People never seem to learn from disasters, Meyer said. "We underattend to the future, we too quickly forget the past and we too readily follow the lead of people who are no less myopic than we are," he said.
When Hurricane Camille hit the city of Pass Christian, Miss., in 1969, it flattened a large apartment complex, killing everyone inside. A shopping center was built in its place, and the same thing happened again in 2005 with Hurricane Katrina. Now, developers want to build condominiums on that land, Meyer said. [7 Most Dangerous Places on Earth]
People who study risk perception see a sharp difference between risks posed by nature and risks posed by human activities, such as radiation or terrorism. "There's no one easily to blame for [a natural disaster], so it may seem a bit uncontrollable," said Paul Slovic, a psychologist at the University of Oregon who studies decision making and risk. "People are in the habit of just accepting whatever nature sends our way."
Another problem is that natural disasters often occur in otherwise desirable places to live, such as near a coast. People don't want to move, Slovic said, and their experience tells them that most of the time, things work out fine. So, people deny that they're vulnerable and "hope for the best," Slovic told LiveScience.
When a natural disaster does occur, people react very strongly right after the event in order to reduce the damage from a future occurrence, but then, the initiative fades away, and people go back to business as usual, Slovic said.
These behaviors are beginning to change how experts look at preparation for natural hazards, from the federal level all the way down to the level of individuals.
"Urging people to be smarter doesn't work, and yelling louder only makes it worse," Meyer said. Planners should try new policies for risk preparedness, rather than try to change people's attitudes, he said. For example, you could make flood insurance the default, with an opt-out policy. In other words, people would automatically be enrolled in flood insurance, and would have to explicitly cancel it. You could also have the insurance renew automatically, Meyer said.
Slovic agreed that insurance could play a role in ensuring people prepare for disasters, but simply making insurance mandatory may not work. Insurance companies may not want to take on that risk, he said. Rather, "we could have [insurance] rates set at levels commensurate to the risk," Slovic said.
Ultimately, Meyer said, society needs to develop norms of safety, starting with education in schools. If people learn, at a young age, to understand the risks, they could better prepare for them, he said.
Policies for resilience
At a policy level, steps are already being taken to increase the country's resilience to natural disasters.
At the federal level, the STRONG Act (Strengthening the Resilience of Our Nation on the Ground Act), introduced in the Senate in May, would develop a national extreme-weather resilience plan. And back in 2011, President Barack Obama issued a presidential policy directive "aimed at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation" for the greatest threats to national security, including natural disasters.
At the state level, the Federal Emergency Management Agency requires states to have hazard mitigation plans in order to receive federal aid. Some state plans now specifically address hazards due to climate change.
These are important steps, but increasing communities' resilience to natural disasters will still require participation from individuals, experts say.
Live Science newsletter
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In a previous lesson, you learned how to read (and scale)
a voltage, from a potentiometer. In this lesson we'll read and scale two potentiometers
to make an electronic etch-a-sketch.
Now you try. Scale the voltages from each potentiometer so you can draw in the entire plot area! Then draw
Type your code here:
See your results here:
Wire up this circuit, using two potentiometers. Run the above code, and turn
the potentiometers along their full range of motion. You should be able to "draw"
with the potentiometers in a small square near the center of the screen.
Reformulate the x = v1 and y = v2 lines to scale v1 and v2 to fill the whole screen.
For each, use a linear expression of the form $y=mx+b$, or y=m*v1+b and y=m*v2+b.
Instead of plotting points, you can also try plotting small circles via circle(x,y,2).
Show a friend, family member, or teacher what you've done!
Here is a share link to your code:
Does your code work? Want to run it on your iPhone?
Here's your code:
Use [Control]-[C] (Windows) or [⌘]-[C] (MacOS) to copy your code.
Paste it using [Control]-[V] (Windows) or [⌘]-[V] (MacOS) into
Then click the "Use on iPhone" button that you'll see.
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| 0.853473 | 348 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Week 11: Joshua 5-24; Judges 1-2 From Circumcision to Rebellion
In Joshua 5 why did the other nations fear Israel but not convert? Are there medical benefits to circumcision? What does circumcision picture spiritually? Who was the man with the sword? In Joshua 6 how many times did they march around Jericho each day? What happened to the city? What were the devoted things? What happened to Rahab and her family? In Joshua 7 what happened at Ai (pronounced “Aa-ee”)? What was Achan’s sin? How serious does God take stealing from the church treasury? Do we have a similar New Testament story?
In Joshua 8 what military strategy did Israel employ? What happened on Mt Ebal? In Joshua 9 what was the Gibeonite deception? What was the Israelites’ mistake? What was the Gibeonites’ curse? In Joshua 10 how did Joshua defeat five Amorite kings? What did God do? What is the difference between Israel conquering and Europeans conquering the new world? Does God’s direct command have anything to do with it?
In Joshua 11 what did God say about the northern kings and their large army? Of all the tribes in the land, who was the only one that made a treaty with Israel? In Joshua 12 which 2½ tribes settled east of the Jordan? How many kings in all were conquered west of the Jordan? In Joshua 13 what land was still to be taken? Is some of it still unconquered today?
In Joshua 14 how many tribes had inheritance west of the Jordan? Was this society more equal than ours? How? What was Caleb’s inheritance? Why? In Joshua 15 to whom did Caleb promise his daughter Aksah? Can you find any of the cities mentioned on a map on the internet? Who were the Jebusites? What happened to them? In Joshua 16 who were the people of Gezer? What were they forced to do?
In Joshua 17 who was Zelophehad? How many daughters did he have? What decision had been rendered in his case? What did the Manassites fail to do? What was their solution? What did Ephraim complain about? What was Joshua’s decision? In Joshua 18 how did Joshua distribute the remaining land? How did the first lot come up? Where was Benjamin’s territory? In Joshua 19 where was Simeon’s territory? What town did Joshua inherit?
In Joshua 20 what was a city of refuge for? What was the responsibility of the elders of that city? When could a defendant return home? In Joshua 21 were the towns for the priests in one clan or scattered throughout? In Joshua 22 what blessing did he give the 2½ tribes as they returned home? What was the controversy over an altar? How was it resolved?
In Joshua 23 what was his farewell? What was his warning? What was his promise? In Joshua 24 what happened at Shechem? What did Joshua tell the Israelites to choose? How old was he when he died? Where was he buried (the tomb is a tourist site in the hills of Ephraim north of Jerusalem)? Congratulations! You have finished Joshua.
In Judges 1 from which tribe were fighting men chosen? What deal did Aksah make with her father Caleb? What deal did the tribe of Joseph make in Bethel? What did Manasseh, Ephraim, Zebulun, Asher and Naphtali fail to do? In Judges 2 what was the angel’s message at Bokim (weepers)? What grave sins did Israel commit? What did God do?
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The global attention has been brought to the essential role bees and other pollinators play in keeping people and the planet healthy following a resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2017 declaring 20 May as the “World Bee Day (WBD)”. The first observance of WBD was held on 20 May 2018 in Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia. Each year, observation of WBD highlights the essential role bees and other pollinators play in keeping ecosystem healthy. It reminds governments, farmers, civil society and concerned citizens to promote actions that will protect and enhance pollinators and their habitats, improve their abundance and diversity, and support the sustainable development of beekeeping.
As the population of pollinators are declining globally, the pollination services are also increasingly deteriorating resulting in low productivity of the crops. This trend is more visible in developing countries, where chemical pesticides are haphazardly used. Honeybees, the most efficient pollinators, provide plants with pollination service, crucially important for agricultural production and natural ecosystems and bestow wonderful hive products like honey, pollen, royal jelly, beeswax and bee venom, which have immense specific nutritional and medicinal importance. Bees through pivotal pollination contribute to maintaining agro-ecology and overall ecosystem. In return, the natural environment, along with plants and habitats, provides food and home to bees.
Flowers provide food (nectar and pollen) for bees and bees provide pollination services to the plants- a kind of mutualism resulting in various co-evolutions. Promotion of agro-forestry and agro-ecological approaches can significantly improve, provide or rehabilitate pollinators'[i] habitats, and provide forage resources contributing to the conservation and protection of pollinators and hence to sustainable agricultural development. Agro-ecology based farming and integrated pest management (IPM) are highly promising technologies to respond to pollinators’ decline.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has a leading role in the implementation of “The International Pollinator Initiative Plan of action 2018-2030”. This initiative promoted coordinated action worldwide to implement coherent and comprehensive policies for the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators at the local, subnational, national, regional, and global levels.
A study has indicated that the value of pivotal role played by honeybees in pollination services is underestimated and less appreciated especially in the developing countries. In fact, the main significance of honeybees and beekeeping is pollination, an essential link in a chain of great significance to agricultural production with contributions that about one-third of our total diet comes directly or indirectly from bee-pollinated crop plants.
Beekeeping is an environment-friendly low-input-high-output activity that can be undertaken with locally available materials and limited resources.It offers decent self-employment opportunities to people in extreme poverty, small-scale producers , forest dwellers,women, youth and even differently abledcitizens thereby contributing to food security, income generation and ultimately to their livelihoods throughout developing world.
Indigenous people have been vital in moderating significant hereditary supplies and are sole sourceof information about some honey bee species and their products. Such information provides clues to numerous difficulties, including environmental change. Indigenous people have been bridling their conventional knowledge on honey bees to create a sustainable source of income in recent years.
The bees and pollinators are the major ecosystem service providers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) designed to achieve synergy between human well-being and the maintenance of environmental resources by 2030.
In order to address the challenges related to global decline of pollinators FAO has been supporting the Government of Nepal through various programmes and projects forthe conservation and management of the ecosystem services and to reduce pesticide hazards to the environment, animal and human health in Nepal. FAO implemented a project titled "Conservation and Management of Pollinators for Sustainable Agriculture, through an Ecosystem Approach" (also known as the Global Pollination Project – GPP) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The objective of the project was to harness the benefits of pollination services provided by wild biodiversity for human livelihoods and to identify and promote the best practices adopted by the farmers and create awareness for the conservation and sustainable use of the pollinators. Similarly, FAO supported National IPM programme in Nepal (2005-2008) to produce safe food by reducing use of chemical pesticides and saving bees and other pollinators.vFAO Nepal is also working on strengthening the agro-ecosystem services by identifying the best management practices adopted by the farmers and recommending themto promote food security and nutrition in three districts of Nepal namely Dang, Gulmi, and Mustang focusing on three target pollinator-dependentvcrops, Mustard, Citrus and Apple respectively.
There is anvurgent need for a significant increase in bee-pollinated crops by conserving and protecting bees and supporting beekeepers to improve food and nutrition security in low-income countries. It also entails to increase awarenessvand understanding the importance of honeybee in food production and human nutrition. It is in the best national interest to have a thriving beekeeping industry.
(The author is UN FAO Representative in Nepal and Bhutan)
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Difference Between Milk and Buttermilk
Milk is the opaque liquid food obtained from the mammary glands of animals and is a source of nutrition used by humans. The ingredients of raw milk differ according to the species it is obtained from on the basis of protein, calcium, saturated fat and Vitamin C. Cow’s milk is used extensively as a drink by human beings and used to manufacture many products like chocolates, ice-creams, yogurt, butter etc.
Buttermilk is obtained when the fat has been taken out from the milk to make butter. Buttermilk is considerably lower in calories and fat content but high in calcium, Vitamin B12 and potassium than regular milk. One cup of buttermilk may contain up to 99 calories while milk may contain up to 157 calories. Also, one cup of buttermilk accounts for 2.2 grams of fat while the same amount of milk gives you 9 grams of fat. Buttermilk is also easily digestible than milk.
Milk may also refer to the white non-animal substitutes like rice milk, almond milk, soy milk and coconut milk. Cow’s milk is processed around the world on an industrial scale for human consumption. Milk for dairy products and as human food is also obtained from camels, donkeys, sheep, yaks and goats. Milk is also sometimes homogenized to prevent the cream from separating from it and leaving a thinner residue.
Buttermilk can also refer to fermented milk drinks particularly in countries with a warm climate. Whether buttermilk has been prepared by the traditional churning of milk or cultured, it has a tartness unlike milk due to the high lactic acid content produced by the bacteria during the fermenting process. Buttermilk is thicker than plain milk. However, traditionally prepared buttermilk is thinner than the cultured buttermilk. Traditional buttermilk is used more in Asian countries and very rarely in the West.
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Bracket & Mantel Clocks
Bracket Clock – Spring driven clocks first appeared in England in the 17th century and rapidly became the vehicle for clock makers to advertise their skills in design, decoration and functionality to feed demand from wealthy clients and export markets like the Ottoman Empire, China and Russia. Clock cases reflected the styles of long case clocks of the era, with early engraved and decorated clocks evolving into simpler functional models.
Mantel Clock – a spring-driven clock intended for placing on the mantel over a fireplace. Developed in the 18th century, they changed the way clocks were designed at the time, with movements seated rather than attached to the back board. Early mantel clocks were very artistic and decorative, intended to be displayed in the house on top of the mantel piece or a shelf. Technically, it is like a carriage clock but smaller and with no handle and is often low and wide. Generally they are more ornate than a bracket clock, although more recently there has been a blending of the two styles.
The collection of table clocks available today encompasses various styles and materials. Technology and modern production techniques enable the production of traditional and modern variations of all table clocks, with both classic mechanical or modern quartz crystal movements giving consumers a extensive choice; and the opportunity acquire the perfect timepiece that will enhance their home or office.
Every room benefits in having a clock to tell the time, on top of that a Bracket or Mantel clock makes a design statement, completes the mantelpiece or table top and enhances any room.
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Eating disorders are diagnosed based on signs, symptoms and eating habits. When doctors suspect someone has an eating disorder, they typically run many tests or perform exams. These can help pinpoint a diagnosis and also check for related complications. You may see both a medical doctor and a mental health provider for a diagnosis.
These exams and tests generally include:
- Physical exam. This may include measuring height, weight and body mass index; checking vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and temperature; checking the skin for dryness or other problems; listening to the heart and lungs; and examining your abdomen.
- Laboratory tests. These may include a complete blood count, as well as more-specialized blood tests to check electrolytes and protein, as well as liver, kidney and thyroid function. A urinalysis also may be done.
- Other studies. X-rays may be taken to check for pneumonia or heart problems. Electrocardiograms may be done to look for heart irregularities. You may also have a bone density test.
In addition to a physical exam, you'll have a thorough psychological evaluation. Your doctor or mental health provider may ask you a number of questions about your eating habits, beliefs and behavior. The questions may focus on your history of dieting, bingeing, purging and exercise. You'll explore how you perceive your body image and how you think others perceive your body image. You may also fill out psychological self-assessments and questionnaires.
To be diagnosed with an eating disorder, you must meet criteria spelled out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association. Each eating disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria. Your mental health provider will review your signs and symptoms to see if you meet the necessary diagnostic criteria for a particular eating disorder. Some people may not meet all of the criteria but still have an eating disorder and need professional help to overcome or manage it.
Feb. 08, 2012
- Forman SF. Eating disorders: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. http://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html. Accessed Nov. 22, 2011.
- Eating disorders. National Mental Health Information Center. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/complete-index.shtml. Accessed Nov. 22, 2011.
- Eating disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM IV-TR. 4th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. http://psychiatryonline.com. Accessed Nov. 22, 2011.
- Ranzenhofer LM, et al. Eating disorders. In: South-Paul JE, et al., eds. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2011. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=8150394. Accessed Oct. 20, 2011.
- Grave RD. Eating disorders: Progress and challenges. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2011;22:153.
- Steffen KJ, et al. A prevalence study and description of Alli use by patients with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2010; 43:472.
- Steffen KJ, et al. A survey of herbal and alternative medication use among participants with eating disorder symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2006:39;741.
- Breuner CC. Complementary, holistic, and integrative medicine: Eating disorders. Pediatrics in Review. 2010;31:e75.
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by Alfred W. Stuart
Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2006.
Reprinted with permission from The North Carolina Atlas Revisited. Managing editor: Alfred W. Stuart.
Part 4: Declines in Traditional Industries
The reason for North Carolina’s longer slide in factory employment than in the nation as a whole is that its traditionally major, labor-intensive industries have been losing ground for many years. In 1975, for example, their major representatives, the textiles, apparel and furniture industries (North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries 313,314,315, and 337), together accounted for the majority (54.6 percent) of the state’s manufacturing employees. This proportion has declined steadily to their 28 percent share in 2004. Collectively, these three industries lost over 213,000 jobs between 1975 and 2004, whereas all other manufacturing industries added over 100,000 jobs (Figure 1). More recently, these “other industries” have shared in the national industrial downturn, losing over 103,000 jobs since their statewide peak, which occurred in 1998.
The greater and more long-term losses in the three traditional industry groups involves several sets of factors. First, they reflect the vulnerability of these labor-intensive industries to foreign competition, in great part because of their previously noted low levels of productivity. For many years these industries enjoyed comparative advantages domestically in terms of operating costs, especially labor costs. However, in the recent era of globalization, a number of foreign countries offer even greater operating costs savings. Further, the technology of these industries can be transferred relatively easily and adopted by rural labor forces. Thus, the US industries have been faced with a rising tide of less expensive imports in cloth, clothing and furniture. Domestic consumers have become accustomed to buying these items from China, Brazil and other countries.
Ironically, this trend is very similar to the late 19th and early 20th century shift of the cloth industries from New England to the South. Some 40 countries are now free to ship unrestricted amounts of textiles to US stores.
Within the labor-intensive industries, especially textiles, job losses are not always solely a function of losing markets to foreign competitors. Many of the better managed and more highly capitalized companies have invested heavily in new technologies that dramatically increased their productivity, thus allowing them to stay competitive with their offshore counterparts. However, the point of these investments is to reduce labor costs and employment, thus adding to the number of job losses.
These trends produced a geographic shift that occurred within the state for several decades after World War II. As shown in the North Carolina Atlas: Portrait for a New Century (pp. 183-184), many textile and apparel operations opened facilities in rural parts of the Coastal Plains and the Mountains during this time. These locations represented a search for cheaper labor by companies that found it too expensive to compete for workers in the growing, increasingly more diverse economies in the original heartland of the cloth industries, the Piedmont corridor. This era of rural industrialization ended in the early 1970s as offshore sites began to offer even lower operating costs. By 2003, North Carolina's Metro areas contained 67 percent of the state's manufacturing jobs, a sharp increase from their 48 percent share in 1975.
It is often stated that the reason for the loss of manufacturing jobs in the state is the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The fact is that employment declines in the more vulnerable labor-intensive industries, such as the textiles, apparel, and furniture sectors, began long before NAFTA was enacted. Textiles employment in North Carolina peaked in 1973, apparel in 1984 and furniture in 1988. Between these peak years and 1991 these three industry groups together lost over 112,000 jobs. NAFTA may have contributed to some of the subsequent jobs losses since 1991 but does not appear to be the primary reason for most of the losses in those industries.
Keep reading >> Manufacturing- Part 5: Specialization
1 January 2006 | Stuart, Alfred W.
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by Janice Barnett, Infant/Toddler Specialist
Children learn by example. There are ten things you can do every day for yourself and your child. Use these tips to help your child develop positive and healthy habits.
Basic brain maintenance for our children, and for us, means making a specific effort, every day, to help our children’s brains work normally. Dr. Ingraham [of the American Academy of Pediatrics] urges parents to teach their children every day, by example as well as by communication, so that they develop positive and healthy habits and lifestyles, now and for the future. Children learn best by example. Following are ten things you can do every day for yourself and your child:
Bed on time: Sleep is brain restoration time. The brain’s systems do not function very well without sleep.
Normal nutrition: The brain requires normal nutrition to develop normally and replenish the brain’s chemicals.
Regular exercise: Endorphins are the brain’s built-in stabilizers. Exercise and physical work stabilize the brain’s systems, especially the emotion response and mood regulation systems.
Regular outdoor time: Being outdoors is therapeutic. We humans were not meant to be indoors all the time.
Regular chores and responsibility: Teach your child how to work. Work keeps a child connected to the reality of life. Teaching a child by example how to work helps the brain develop normally. The opportunity to learn to work is crucial. Children who never work never mature.
Tie all privileges to responsibilities: This keeps the child connected to the reality of life, and what life requires for success.
No exposure to violence, in any form: Violence in the family, violence in the environment, violence in TV, videos, video games and movies. Repeated and continual exposure to violence, whether in person or in the media, reprograms the child’s primitive brain systems. We want to maintain the normal ecology of our children’s brains.
No exposure to greed, extravagance, explicit sex: These are major problems with the media and our value systems, both of which have disconnected our children from reality.
Simplify your life and your family’s life: Make your family’s life more personal and less driven.
Get in tune with your real values and priorities: Get off the rollercoaster of materialism.
Brain-Based Parenting. Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Inc. English.
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On 16 October 1919 Joyce and his family left Zurich for Trieste.
Joyce and his family left Trieste in June 1915 for Zurich where they remained until October 1919. The time in Zurich had proved very productive: eleven episodes of Ulysses had been completed there and had been appearing in serial form in the Little Review since the beginning of 1918. Just before leaving Zurich, Joyce had sent the twelfth episode, ‘Cyclops,’ to Ezra Pound.
Joyce, Nora, Giorgio and Lucia left Zurich on16 October and arrived in Trieste the following day where they joined an already cramped household at Via della Sanità 2 which Stanislaus Joyce was sharing with his sister Eileen and her husband, Frantisek Schaurek, and their two children. The building the Joyces had been living in in 1915 had been partly destroyed in aerial bombings and some of the family’s possessions had been requisitioned by the authorities and some by ‘uninvited visitors,’ as Joyce put it. But some things had been rescued, and Joyce was pleased to discover his writing desk untouched and the original manuscript of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man safe.
But the Trieste to which Joyce returned was much changed from 1915. Formerly a cosmopolitan metropolis, Trieste had been the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna, Budapest and Prague. Now, after five centuries of ties to Austria, it was destined to become a provincial Italian city. The city was taken by the Italian army on 3 November 1918 – the feast-day of Trieste’s patron saint, and the same day on which the armistice was signed that effectively marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – and a military governor was put in place.
However, the annexation of Trieste was precarious. In 1915 the Italians had made a secret agreement to enter the war against Germany and Austro-Hungary in return for territorial gains, which were to include Trieste. After the war, the allies claimed the former agreement had been superseded by the Versailles treaties, a move which the Italians saw as a stab in the back and which led to the collapse of the Italian government in June 1919. It was not until the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920 that Italy’s claim over Trieste was legitimised, and on 21 March 1921 Triestines celebrated their union with Italy.
By June 1919, the military governor of Trieste had been replaced by a civilian, but conditions in the city remained poor. The influx of Italian soldiers was added to by hundreds of refugees pouring into the city every day, and all of this added to Joyce’s problems. Accommodation was impossible to find and goods were in short supply with high prices for everything. The Scuola Revoltella where Joyce had taught before the War had now been upgraded to a university and Joyce was eventually given an appointment there. The prospect of having to give lessons again was unpleasant as it would eat into his writing time, but he needed the money. Low on funds as usual, Joyce had to pay his brother-in-law half rent plus something towards coal and gas. After that, the Joyces also had to feed themselves. Life in the cramped apartment soon became tense and uncomfortable.
Another privation was that Joyce had ‘Not a soul to talk to about Bloom,’ as he complained to Frank Budgen with whom he had shared the development of Ulysses in Zurich. For six weeks after his return to Trieste, he said, he had not written or read or spoken, but then had recommenced work on the ‘Nausicaa’ episode. Desperate for someone with whom he could discuss his ideas for Ulysses, Joyce even offered to pay half of Budgen’s fare if he would come to Trieste. ‘Writing Ulysses,’ Joyce said, ‘is a tough job enough without all this.’
The stay in Trieste proved relatively short. At his first meeting with Ezra Pound in Sirmione in June 1920, Joyce agreed with Pound that he should go to Paris for a few days. The Joyces left Trieste for Paris three weeks later, and Joyce stayed there for the next twenty years.
Ellmann, Richard: James Joyce – new and revised edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Hametz, Maura: Making Trieste Italian, 1918-1954, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2005.
Joyce, James: Letters of James Joyce, vol. I edited by Stuart Gilbert, vols II & III edited by Richard Ellmann, London: Faber & Faber, 1957, 1966.
Norburn, Roger: A James Joyce Chronology, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
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Alzheimer's culprit may be 'innocent'
Wrong culprit Amyloid proteins may have been wrongfully accused as the culprits behind Alzheimer's disease, new research in mice suggests.
Two studies - one Australian, one from the US - have examined the role amyloid proteins play in the brain with one study suggesting that far from being a destructive force, amyloid may in fact play a protective role.
In a study from Stanford University, treating multiple-sclerosis mice with a key component of notorious amyloid proteins such as beta-amyloid, prion and tau not only reduced brain inflammation but also reversed the paralysis associated with the disease.
The results, published in Science Translation Medicine, follow earlier research that used the amyloid proteins to successfully treat mice with multiple sclerosis, despite the fact that amyloid had originally been thought to play a negative role in the disease.
Lead author and professor of neurology at Stanford University Professor Lawrence Steinman says the findings add weight to other studies that show in animals born without the genes that generate amyloid, their disease is much worse.
"We were so fixated on the idea that amyloid is bad for the brain that if one goes back and looks at the old literature and the new literature, one finds there's a lot of publications where people have ignored these kinds of experiments in humans where, for instance, lower levels of amyloid are associated with earlier dementia," says Lawrence.
Instead, Lawrence suggests that amyloid proteins may be the brain's way of soaking up harmful molecules that are part of the inflammatory process.
"I like to think of them as a surgical sponge in that, because of their chaperone activities and their sticky surfaces, they're very good at the site of damage to sponge up dangerous and harmful molecules that are at the site of disease," he says.
Plaques appear later
Meanwhile, Australian researchers have found evidence in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease that the characteristic amyloid plaques actually appear much later in the disease, long after the development of cognitive symptoms such as memory loss.
"The conclusion of our study, taken together with other studies is that behavioural decline, neuronal cell death and inflammatory cell activation precede plaque deposition, providing a strong indication that neurodegenerative processes are occurring independent of amyloid-beta protein," the researchers write in PLoS One.
Lead scientist, Dr Bryce Vissel says a new theory of disease - that emphasises the role of inflammation rather than the role of amyloid protein - is emerging in the field of Alzheimer's research.
"The hypothesis is that the inflammation in the brain, potentially driven by external inflammation in some cases, is driving brain damage, impairment and neurodegeneration," says Vissel, head of the neurodegenerative research lab at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research.
Anti-amyloid treatments may work in those who are genetically predisposed to overproduce amyloid proteins, Vissel says.
However the recent failure of numerous clinical trials of anti-amyloid therapies suggests in the majority of individuals with this devastating disease, other strategies may be needed.
"Our study suggests that we will need to treat disease earlier and possibly with approaches other than targeting plaque load."
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Maybe you're aware (or maybe you're not) that burger you're having for lunch, or that steak you had for dinner could impact the environment. I spoke to Nicolette Hahn Niman a rancher, lawyer, author, mother and University of Michigan law school graduate about her upcoming presentation about the "sustainability of beef" at Zingerman's on September 13th.
Hahn Niman says cattle operations can have a positive impact on the environment, if they are properly managed, and urges people to change the way they think about raising animals.
The Earth has always had large numbers of grazing animals, and they play a key role in ensuring the ecosystem functions properly, but human activity and climate change have drastically lowered their populations in the wild.
Cattle can serve as a surrogate for disappearing wild animals and help minimize the ecological impact of their loss.
See author Nicolette Hahn Niman discuss sustainable agricultural practices at Zingerman’s Deli on Sunday, September 13 from 6:00 pm - 9:00 pm. A portion of the proceeds will benefit Slow Food Huron Valley.
In her book "Defending Beef," Hahn Niman, discusses the benefits of beef, when it’s managed properly, and examines how it can improve biodiversity and help environmental sustainability.
Lisa Barry is the host of All Things Considered on WEMU. Contact : 734-487-2229, [email protected] or on Twitter @LisaWEMU
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"I'm as blind as a bat at night." Many say this without really thinking. At night, dawn or dusk many people do not see as well as during the day due to their dilated pupils. However, traditional subjective refraction is usually performed in bright light with the pupils contracted. Only the objective refraction enabled by the wavefront technology of the ZEISS i.Profiler®plus can also measure visual performance with dilated pupils. This allows the optician to analyse the profile of each individual eye and order lenses featuring ZEISS i.Scription® technology for you. These can not only improve poor night and twilight vision, but they can also increase the contrast and clarity of your vision in the daylight.
- The use of wavefront technology makes it possible to measure all your eyes aberrations (also the so called "high-order aberrations") responsible for lower visual performance in bad light conditions.
- If required, optimised lenses with special properties for vision in a low-contrast environment, e.g. at night, dawn or dusk, can be designed and produced.
- The result: enhanced contrast and outstanding depth of field.
- Added safety in unfavourable light is a further possibility.
Night and twilight vision presents our eyes with a special challenge. Driving at night confronts our eyes with more glare, such as from oncoming traffic. Many people have great difficulty driving at night.
Did you know that your visual performance may be different when driving with dilated pupils at night? Objective refraction can measure your visual performance at night, allowing your eyes to be optimised using i.Scription technology.
Subjective refraction, the procedure performed by your optician to determine your prescription, is generally conducted in daylight. Patients must play an active role and describe what they see with the various test lenses. Their pupils are contracted due to the daylight conditions. In other words, only the patient's daytime vision is taken into account in the measurement.
However, the measurement performed with the i.Profilerplus is objective. The patient just looks into the measuring system for a very short time. In a matter of seconds, the wavefront technology analyses 1,500 measuring points and maps the retinas of the two eyes. This enables the optician to analyse your vision potential at night with dilated pupils.
The 1,500 individual measurements are incorporated in the production of the lens along with the values measured during subjective refraction. Individualised lenses featuring i.Scription technology can then be produced that can considerably improve not only night vision but also the perception of contrast and colour.
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Custom Logo Design Glossary
Banner: The title of a periodical, which appears on the cover of the magazine and on the first page of the newsletter. It contains the name of the publication and serial information, date, volume, number .
Baseline: Iin typography, the imaginary horizontal line upon which the main body of the letters sits. Rounded letters actually dip slightly below the baseline to give optical balance.
Bezier Line: A line drawn one segment at a time by adding nodes with the Bezier tool.
A path defined by the position of the four control points that are located at the ends of the tangents of the vertices. The length and angle of the tangents describe how a path deviates from linear between its vertices.
Bit-mapped (mode): The Paint graphics mode describes an image made of pixels where the pixel is either on (black) or off (white).
Black (font): Afont that has more weight than the bold version of a typeface.
Bleed: An element that extends to the edge of the page. To print a bleed, the publication is printed on oversized paper which is trimmed.
Blend: An effect created by blending one object with another through a progression of shapes and colors.
Bit Depth: The number of binary bits that define the shade or color of each pixel in a bitmapped image. For example, a pixel in a black-and-white image has a depth of 1 bit, because it can only be black or white. The number of color values that a given bit depth can produce is equal to 2 to the power of the bit depth
Bevels: Another way in which you can give an object a three-dimensional appearance is by applying a beveled edge to an extrusion. A bevel creates the illusion that an object's extruded edges are cut on an angle. You can specify the angle and depth values of the bevel to control the effect.
Bitmapped Image: An image composed of grids of pixels or dots.
Block quote: Along quotation -- four or more lines -- within body text, that is set apart in order to clearly distinguish the author's words from the words that the author is quoting.
BMP: The Windows bitmap file format (.bmp files) was developed as a standard for representing graphic images as bitmapped images. Bitmapped images, also called raster or paint images, are made of individual dots, called pixels (picture elements), that are arranged and colored to form a pattern. Increasing the size of a bitmapped image has the effect of increasing individual pixels, making lines and shapes appear jagged.
Body type: Roman -- normal, plain, or book -- type used for long passages of text, such a stories in a newsletter, magazine, or chapters in a book. Generally sized from 9 point to 14 point
Byline: In newsletter/magazine layout, a credit line for the author of an article.
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Can Virtual Reality Make Food Taste Better?
A Cornell University study has shown that even VR environments can change our perception of taste.
If you order up a lasagna while dining al fresco in Italy, it's probably going to seem to taste better than eating an identical lasagna on a plastic tray in a cafeteria, purely based on your surroundings alone. But what if those different surroundings aren’t real, but virtual? Can even prerecorded scenes pumped in through a virtual reality headset be enough to whisk your taste buds away? A study from Cornell University suggests that, yes, trying real food while immersed in a VR world can change our perception of taste.
Based on a study published in the Journal of Food Science earlier this year, Cornell News recently published a story stating that, indeed, “Virtual reality can alter taste.” A team of four researchers came to this conclusion after having about 50 panelists try three identical samples of blue cheese while viewing three very different “custom-recorded 360-degree videos”: a “standard sensory booth” (yes, it was a virtual one), a “pleasant park bench,” and the Cornell cow barn (yes, Cornell apparently has its own cow barn for you undecided students out there).
As expected, the researchers found that the panelists, who were unaware that the cheeses were all identical, rated the cheese as being significantly more pungent when viewing the barn video. As a control, the team also had panelists rate the saltiness of the cheese, and these numbers didn’t change significantly across the three VR environments.
Robin Dando, an associate professor of food science who served as the senior author of the paper, suggested that, while these findings might be fun and interesting, they also can have real-life ramifications for companies looking for less expensive types of food testing. “This research validates that virtual reality can be used, as it provides an immersive environment for testing,” he said. “Visually, virtual reality imparts qualities of the environment itself to the food being consumed—making this kind of testing cost-efficient.”
Of course, that’s great for food brands, but what about for those of us just eating blue cheese—or a lasagna—at home? Though Cornell didn’t specifically address any personal applications, Dando did state, “When we eat, we perceive not only just the taste and aroma of foods, we get sensory input from our surroundings—our eyes, ears, even our memories about surroundings.” Sounds like it couldn’t hurt to toss on your home movies from Italy during dinner time.
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query_builder February 6, 2014
How to Avoid Common Mistakes ESL Students Make
- Good grammar is the key to fluency. Without doubt, grammar is essential. However, even if you know all the grammar rules and exceptions to them, you are not secure against mistakes. Students engaged in ESL learning must pay close attention to word choice and pronunciation, otherwise they will sound awkward and unnatural when speaking English. Do not make grammar your priority; focus on ESL activities that involve speaking and listening.
- Learning separate words. It is one of the most widespread ESL mistakes. Such an activity will not do you any good. Do you remember learning something like “break – broke – broken” when you were a child? There you are! You are very unlikely to memorize words taken out of context. You should learn PHRASES. Copying whole sentences and underlining the words you want to memorize is far more effective than making vocabulary cards.
- Using so-called “false friends.” Most languages have these false friends with English and vice versa. E.g., French word déception translates into English as “disappointment” and not “deception”, while French equivalent of English deception is tromperie. When unsure of a word’s meaning, better consult the dictionary.
- The more English texts you read the better. The key to fluent English is speaking, listening and review of the learned material. Of course, ESL reading activities are crucial for enlarging your active and passive vocabulary and learning about other cultures. But please be aware that you will not make progress in conversational English by reading only.
- Afraid to make mistakes. Many ESL students believe they will master the English language by constructing error-free sentences slowly but steadily. Unfortunately, this strategy is doomed to failure. We all know that practice makes perfect, and you will never be able to speak English fluently unless you practice speaking. Speak as much as possible and never mind mistakes you make. Quantity will sooner or later pass into quality. However, if the mistakes you typically make interfere with the flow of your essay and seriously affect your grades, you can ask for writing assistance at .
GET A PRICE QUOTE
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The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) says that it has had to remove more than 10 black bears from the Rattlesnake Valley this summer, and as trees begin to bear fruit, they expect the problem to only get worse.
“When they stumble on an apple tree, it’s like a gift from the bear god,” says James Jonkel, an FWP wildlife conflict specialist.
The Rattlesnake is a lush wilderness area, home to a large number of black bears. It is also a strip of humanity cut off from Missoula by I-90 on one side and the Clark Fork River on the other. Because of the relative remoteness of the area, bears are more comfortable venturing near humanity here than anywhere else in town.
Black bears average between 125 to 175 pounds, but can grow as large as 500 pounds. While their top speed is a matter of debate, they travel up and down mountain passes every day, and are in much better shape than most humans, Jonkel says.
Bears typically gorge themselves on chokecherry and serviceberry bushes in late summer and early autumn. While many stay in the wilderness area north of the Rattlesnake, the presence of easy food near humans is sometimes too strong a draw for some of our ursine neighbors. Bird feeders, garbage and fruit-bearing trees all make for easy pickings.
“The whole problem could be solved by keeping garbage and other attractants contained during peak bear season,” Jonkel says. The first thing Fish and Wildlife does when it receives a bear call is find out what attracted the bear and try to contain the attractant. This might be as simple as keeping dog food indoors or storing garbage in the garage until pickup day.
In the case of Rattlesnake School and other locations with a large amount of wet garbage, the Department has worked with the city’s waste management firm BFI to get bear-proof dumpsters and asked that wet garbage be separated from dry to make it less attractive to would-be scavengers.
If removing attractants doesn’t discourage a bear, Fish and Wildlife will attempt to trap the animal. The trap, an eight-foot-long cylinder with a door at one end, is baited and deployed in the roaming grounds of the problem bear. Even though bears are smart animals, they tend to think with their stomachs, Jonkel says, and the traps are usually effective.
Sometimes though, merely trapping the bear isn’t enough. Only once this year, FWP has been forced to destroy a problem bear. This usually only happens when a bear can’t take no for an answer, and begins to cause major property damage in search of food.
“We’ll always have rogue bears that want the easy life,” Jonkel says. “Just like some humans.”
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In the face of a string of intensely demoralizing federally backed alternative energy projects with Solyndra taking over a half billion dollars alone – solar panels seem to lead the way into a dead end. Except that China’s solar industry is very much alive and competitive.
The technology advances usually start in the U.S. But the U.S. and even more so in the European Union, the photovoltaic industry is in hard times. Federal shenanigans aside – photovoltaic solar electrical energy production costs too much.
A UCLA team is describing a new kind of polymer solar cell (PSC) that produces energy by absorbing mainly infrared light, not visible light, in a study paper published in the ACS journal Nano. The cells are better than 66% transparent to the human eye.
The important news is the team made the device from a photoactive plastic that converts infrared light into an electrical current. This is different than high tech attempts to catch as much spectrum as possible.
Yang Yang, a UCLA professor of materials science and engineering, who also is director of the Nano Renewable Energy Center at California NanoSystems Institute said, “Our new PSCs are made from plastic-like materials and are lightweight and flexible. More importantly, they can be produced in high volume at low cost.”
Low cost matters, a lot.
The new polymer solar cell is quite transparent, an advance toward giving windows in homes and other buildings the ability to generate electricity while still allowing people to see outside.
Yang continues, “These results open the potential for visibly transparent polymer solar cells as add-on components of portable electronics, smart windows and building-integrated photovoltaics and in other applications.”
Polymer solar cells have stimulated research due to their advantages over competing solar cell technologies. Scientists have also been intensely investigating PSCs for their potential in making unique advances for broader applications. Several such applications would be enabled by high-performance visibly transparent photovoltaic (PV) devices, including building-integrated photovoltaics and integrated PV chargers for portable electronics.
So far many attempts have been made toward demonstrating visibly transparent or semitransparent PSCs. However, the demonstrations often result in low visible light transparency and/or low device efficiency because suitable polymeric PV materials and efficient transparent conductors were not well deployed in device design and fabrication.
The UCLA researchers have demonstrated high-performance, solution-processed, visibly transparent polymer solar cells through the incorporation of a near-infrared light-sensitive polymer and using silver nanowire composite films as the top transparent electrode. The near-infrared photoactive polymer absorbs more near-infrared light but is less sensitive to visible light, balancing solar cell performance and transparency in the visible wavelength region.
Another breakthrough is the transparent conductor made of a mixture of silver nanowire and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, which is able to replace the opaque metal electrode used in the past. This composite electrode also allows the solar cells to be fabricated economically by solution processing. With this combination, with a 4% power-conversion efficiency for solution-processed and visibly transparent polymer solar cells has been achieved.
It’s a long way from 15% efficiency, but that cost issue has leading efficiency technology simply – financially out of reach.
The headline is an over statement, a few photovoltaic folks are going great; some are doing fine, others getting by. The news in the major media has been devastating, and the economy in the U.S. with all the government incentives hasn’t lit any kind of fire into the business. Still, the UCLA team is on to something with using the infrared a prime source of thermal energy that’s there for the taking. Cheap enough the market is huge.
There’s a lot missing from the press release and the study paper abstract. Environmental conditions, voltage, ancillary equipment needed and all the rest. If the technology is spared converting from DC to AC current, the team could get some running room.
Photovoltaic has vast market of many low current uses available now and more coming. Running a home or business, charging electric vehicles, and supporting the grid in meaningful amounts isn’t looking practical yet. So far photovoltaic distributed generation is vastly financially impractical.
As more products that self charge become available some are going to use this technology. Momentum will build and photovoltaic will grow.
Meanwhile, how important is that transparency anyway?
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Magnitude is a measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake. It may be expressed using several magnitude scales. One of these, Used in Southern California, is called the Richter scale. To calculate magnitude, the amplitude of waves on a seismogram is measured, correcting for the distance between the recording instrument and the earthquake epicentre. Since magnitude is representative of the earthquake itself, there is thus only one magnitude per earthquake.
Taking the Lawton earthquake of 1998 APR 28, as an example, one could not therefore speak of magnitude 4 at Lawton and magnitude 3 at Tulsa. The effects ( or intensities) at the two places were different, but the magnitude of an earthquake is unique; in this example, it was 4.2 on the Richter scale.
The magnitude scale is logarithmic. This means that, at the same distance, an earthquake of magnitude 6 produces vibrations with amplitudes 10 times greater than those from a magnitude 5 earthquake and 100 times greater than those from a magnitude 4 earthquake.
In terms of energy, an earthquake of magnitude 6 releases about 30 times more energy than an earthquake of magnitude 5 and about 1000 times more energy than an earthquake of magnitude 4.
It is very unlikely that an earthquake of magnitude less than 5 could cause any damage.
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The Evolution of Electronic Dance Music in Other Genres
Electronic Dance Music or EDM is a term that has a lot of overlap with other music genres such as techno and hip hop but also describes certain styles. EDM is primarily electronic dance music, which is mainly created for the purpose of use in nightclubs, concerts, raves, clubs, or any other venue that is based around dance-based music.
In terms of how it began, it’s hard to pin down exactly where it came from. In fact, it started in Japan with the first big hit being a club track “Take Me Away” by DJ Kool Herc. This track was used in nightclubs all over the world and the rest is history. Today, EDM has been embraced by people all over the globe as the perfect way to enjoy a good night of dance. So where does EDM come from and how did it get its start?
EDM was developed during the 1980s as a response to the sounds of techno and hip hop that were dominating dancefloors worldwide. The DJs that came up with the tracks were trying to get a response from the music industry by taking the beats to new levels and creating unique, modern versions of these tracks. With the popularity of the genre increasing, these DJs found themselves in demand for their work and eventually started to promote their own music as well. This gave rise to an industry and culture that would take off into the next decade. DJs that were already popular began to sign new artists to their roster so they could distribute their music and reap the profits that came with it.
In the end, the genre evolved in many different ways from one DJ to the next. However, it stayed true to its roots and was most often associated with new artists that were very talented but didn’t have the name recognition that major DJs had.
There are several different ways to describe electronic dance music. The first is to describe it as a mixture of rap, jazz, bass, techno, reggae, and hip hop. The second would be to describe it as a specific sound or style that was taken from the original sources and then reworked. The third would be to describe it as something completely new.
While the majority of the music that has been made was done so using some of these popular styles, it doesn’t mean that they weren’t mixed. Some artists went to such lengths as to totally re-record songs from different genres just to change the tone of the music. However, there are many songs that were created using only one sound or style and then used a variety of effects to bring out the unique character of the tracks. Some DJs are even known for their signature style of the music they play, such as DJs such as Eric Prydz, Kaskade, and David Guetta, or for their ability to mix live tracks together to create a smooth, laid back feel. There are also tracks that incorporate several genres together in one single song, such as Armin Van Buuren and Above & Beyond, who combine techno, hip hop and reggae in the same song.
Electronic music is a great way to get people on the dance floor because it’s so versatile. You can choose a style that works well with the type of crowd you’re in. For example, if you’re in the club, you’re more likely to be looking for a certain type of sound to dance to than if you’re at home listening to the radio. DJs will have a wide range of beats to choose from so you can choose your own mood to dance to. There are also plenty of genres for people who want to take things slow or high.
One of the great things about electronic dance music is that it doesn’t have any hard boundaries and is something that anyone can appreciate. It doesn’t matter if you’re young, old, black, white or Asian – there are thousands of styles, sounds, and textures to choose from. As long as you enjoy music, there’s something for everyone.
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The first precise timekeeping mechanism, whose principles of motion were discovered by Galileo, was the simple pendulum (see below). The accuracy of modern timekeeping has been improved dramatically by the introduction of tiny quartz crystals, whose harmonic oscillations generate electrical signals that may be incorporated into miniaturized circuits…
The late Roman statesman Cassiodorus (c. 485–585) advocated in his rulebook for monastic life the water clock as a useful alarm for the 'soldiers of Christ' (Cassiod. Inst. 30.4 f.). The Christian rhetorician Procopius described in detail prior to 529 a complex public striking clock in his home town Gaza which featured an hourly gong and figures moving mechanically day and night.
Howard Miller Carmen wrought iron wall clock with cast decorative corner ornaments finished in warm gray, dusty wax highlights. Windsor Cherry finished wood columns provide a warm accent on each side. Convex glass covers the antique dial, which offers black Roman numerals and serpentine hands. The swinging pendulum is finished in warm gray with dusty wax highlights to match the case. Quartz, non-chiming battery operated movement.
Until advances in the late twentieth century, navigation depended on the ability to measure latitude and longitude. Latitude can be determined through celestial navigation; the measurement of longitude requires accurate knowledge of time. This need was a major motivation for the development of accurate mechanical clocks. John Harrison created the first highly accurate marine chronometer in the mid-18th century. The Noon gun in Cape Town still fires an accurate signal to allow ships to check their chronometers. Many buildings near major ports used to have (some still do) a large ball mounted on a tower or mast arranged to drop at a pre-determined time, for the same purpose. While satellite navigation systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) require unprecedentedly accurate knowledge of time, this is supplied by equipment on the satellites; vehicles no longer need timekeeping equipment.
This 32-1/2" large wall clock's dial is aged with black Arabic numerals, and features an antique pendulum visible through peep hole. Aged black minute and hour hands with a red second hand complete the look. Lightly distressed finish in Hampton Cherry make this with glass crystal. A handsome large wall clocks with pendulum. Quartz, battery operated movement. One Year Warranty.
Rise and shine, rebel. This Stormtrooper comes to you, bringing news of a peace proposal with the empire. See those bright numbers displayed brilliantly on its LCD screen? That means it's time to go. Adjustable arms point toward the door, beckoning for you to make haste. But before you head off to save the galaxy, you might want to turn your Lego alarm clock off first. Plus, if you're a Darth Vader fan, you can get this alarm clock with him, too!
This isn’t for just any old sleeper. This is going to ensure that you get up with every bit of vigor in its little electronic body. Sonic Alert brings us a seriously powerful alarm clock that actually shakes the bed to get you out of it, and comes with a large red LCD screen. You’ll have red flashing in your eyes, the bed rumbling, and a loud sound as the light pulsates to get you up. The world isn’t ending, you’re just getting up for work again. Look alive, tiger!
Some water clock designs were developed independently and some knowledge was transferred through the spread of trade. Pre-modern societies do not have the same precise timekeeping requirements that exist in modern industrial societies, where every hour of work or rest is monitored, and work may start or finish at any time regardless of external conditions. Instead, water clocks in ancient societies were used mainly for astrological reasons. These early water clocks were calibrated with a sundial. While never reaching the level of accuracy of a modern timepiece, the water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for millennia, until it was replaced by the more accurate pendulum clock in 17th-century Europe.
Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian
The Howard Miller Chaz 625-614 Contemporary Wall Clock is finished in a Satin Silver on select hardwoods and veneers. This clock features insert mirror panels accenting the fixed front frame. The white dial has polished chrome bar hour markers and hands. The rectangle cut-out reveals a polished chrome-finished pendulum bob. The Chaz features a accurate Quartz, battery-operated, single-chime movement that plays the Westminster chime on the hour and counts the hour. It also features Automatic nighttime chime shut-off. Requires four AA sized batteries (not included). One Year Warranty and Free Shipping.
Seriously, projection clocks are awesome. Apart from the obvious design perks, you get high-speed USB charging for your phone or tablet overnight. (By the way, we recommend setting multiple alarms no matter what clock you buy, you heavy sleeper, you.) The large LED display of Electrohome EAAC475 is sure to wake you up if the reflection of the projection and the sound doesn’t. You can set this up without worry—power failure doesn’t stand a chance. The lithium-ion battery that’s included in this model acts as a backup power reserve, so you’re never caught with your guard down.
This Digital Bluetooth AM/FM Dual Alarm Radio Tabletop Clock from Jensen makes getting up in the morning a more appealing proposition. With the option to wake to radio or alarm, you can start your day off right. It even has an aux input so you can connect a smartphone or music player, letting you play whatever tunes you like right from your nightstand.
Antique styling in a two-tone wall clock features a Worn Black finish with red undertones and a contrasting Antique Red inset panel. Beneath a convex glass crystal, the dial features an Antique Red background with gold Arabic numerals and aged brass-tone spade hands. The wood stick pendulum features a spun brass-finished bob. Finished in Worn Black on select materials, hardwoods and veneers. Quartz, non-chiming battery operated movement.
This Technology Curved Tabletop Clock and weather instrument offers curve-appeal. It also offers dynamic white LED display with a mirrored lens which can be seen from across the room and in darkened rooms. Features dual alarms with adjustable settings: HI/LO sound volume, programmable alarm days, snooze duration (5-60 mins), and auto-dim. Displays your current indoor temperature (F only) and humidity and can charge a mobile device with a bonus USB port in the back of the clock. Table standing...
More than just a time teller, oversized wall clocks create an eye-catching centerpiece in any ensemble while helping define your space’s aesthetic. Take this one for example: made from iron, it’s the perfect pick for any modern farmhouse-inspired decor. It strikes a circular silhouette and has an open and airy feel. Roman numeral accents line the periphery while two spade hands keep tabs on the time. It measures 30'' W x 30'' H x 1'' D and is operated by AA batteries.
In a pendulum clock an escape wheel is allowed to rotate through the pitch of one tooth for each double swing of the pendulum and to transmit an impulse to the pendulum to keep it swinging. An ideal escapement would transmit the impulse without interfering with the free swing, and the impulse should be as uniform as possible. The double three-legged gravity escapement, which achieves the second of these but not the first, was invented by Edmund Beckett, afterward Lord Grimthorpe, and used by him for the great clock at Westminster, now generally known as Big Ben, which was installed in 1859. It became the standard for all really accurate tower clocks.
“I was looking for a small, battery-operated clock with a light for my bedside. I wake often in the middle of the night, and I do not keep my cell phone beside the bed (bad idea, as it is tempting to use it, and that does not help sleep). I had a small battery-operated clock I purchased from Walmart years ago, and it finally broke after being knocked off the bedside table too many times. … So I looked on Amazon, and this is the best replacement I could find. It is slightly larger but does the job. I push the top button and can see the time without waking my partner. Nice little clock for the price, and if I knock it off during the night and break it, it has not broken my budget!”
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Prior to the arrival of the first fleet of 1,300 British convicts, guards, and administrators in January, 1788, Sydney Harbour was the homeland of the the Eora people. The Eora generally identify with three main clans – the Gadigal / Cadigal (purple), the Wangal (green), and the Gamaragal / Cammeraygal (yellow).
“Place Names of the original inhabitants as records by William Dawes, ‘Anon’, the Science of Man, J.H. Watson, Tyrell, James Meehan’s Map 1807, Macquarie Aboriginal Words and other sources. The names have been re-spelt consistently, to approximate what they might have sounded like. Two spelling are given where the original sources strongly diverse. Alternative names are also given where the original sources do not agree. Compiled by Jeremy Steele, May 2003”
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Switzerland has one of the lowest measles immunisation rates in Europe, a health official says – far below the 95 per cent coverage needed to eliminate the disease.
As the country takes part in European Immunisation Week, Virginie Masserey, head of the vaccination section at the Federal Health Office, tells swissinfo.ch there are still many misconceptions about the measles jab.
A World Health Organization (WHO) initiative that starts on Saturday is highlighting the importance of immunisation against measles, which is highly infectious.
Switzerland suffered a three-year measles epidemic which finished in summer last year, in which there were more than 4,400 cases, with 339 hospitalisations and one death.
This was largely attributed to low vaccination rates. Currently 71 per cent of children aged two have received the recommended two doses of the jab and 87 per cent have had one dose. The WHO Europe region average for one dose is 94 per cent.
The WHO says 95 per cent coverage of two doses of the vaccine is needed to stamp out measles. It had set a goal of eliminating the disease in Europe by the end of 2010.
swissinfo.ch: What will the Federal Health Office be doing during immunisation week?
Virginie Masserey: We are mainly addressing parents of young children to inform them about the importance of vaccinating their children at the age recommended by the national immunisation schedule - that is one dose at the age of one and a second dose before the age of two.
This is to protect their own child as early as possible but also to protect other children who cannot be vaccinated because they have contraindications or because they have an immune deficiency or cannot respond correctly to the vaccine.
swissinfo.ch: How does Switzerland’s vaccination rate compare with its neighbours?
V.M.: Well actually in Europe Switzerland is one of the countries with the lowest immunisation rates for measles and it’s comparable to Austria and Germany in that respect.
swissinfo.ch: Why does Switzerland have this lower rate?
V.M.: There are different reasons which are cultural and have to do with what people believe. There are people who think that measles is a benign childhood disease and also believe that the vaccination may be more harmful than the disease or believe that the disease reinforces the immune defences of the child and is thus beneficial for development. But these are all wrong ideas and beliefs and we want to inform the population correctly about the issue.
Also some parents think that measles is only dangerous for adolescents and adults so they wait until the child is adolescent before vaccinating them. But this is dangerous behaviour because measles is also dangerous for small children.
So there is the potential for improving the vaccination rate because those parents who vaccinate their children later are not really against the vaccine but just haven’t really understood the importance of vaccinating early.
swissinfo.ch: What is your message?
V.M.: Although measles is often benign it really has the potential of being a severe disease especially for some people who are more vulnerable. So the goal is really to eliminate measles and for this 95 per cent of children need to be vaccinated with two doses before the age of two.
swissinfo.ch: There has actually been some improvement in the measles vaccination figures in the past few years.
V.M.: Indeed. The very long outbreak we experienced over the past three years seems to have raised awareness and probably also prompted efforts by doctors and the cantonal medical officers to promote this vaccination. We have been observing improvements in the cantons over the past three years. For example in Basel Country the vaccination rate for at least one dose at age two has increased from 85 per cent to 92 per cent.
swissinfo.ch: When do you hope to achieve the goal of 95 per cent?
V.M.: We are now setting up a national strategy with our partners and we have a goal of achieving the targeted rates by the end of 2012.
Isobel Leybold-Johnson, swissinfo.ch
In Europe around once every hour a child becomes infected with measles. It is one of the most important causes of childhood mortality worldwide, causing about 240,000 deaths globally each year.
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10-12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts 4-7 days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts. On average, the rash occurs 14 days after exposure to the virus.
There is no specific treatment for measles and most people recover within 2–3 weeks. However, particularly in malnourished children and people with reduced immunity, measles can cause serious complications.
The European Immunisation Week (EIW) is led and coordinated by WHO/Europe and implemented by member states. The fifth EIW will takes place April 24-May 1.
It is the second time that Switzerland is participating. It has an information campaign, including a brochure and a special website (see links). Many cantons and health organisations have signed up.
More than a decade ago, member states adopted a regional goal of eliminating measles and rubella by 2010 in Europe. Most countries have implemented successful strategies, which have resulted in historically low levels of measles incidence, with less than 10 cases per million population in 2007–2009 and the virtual elimination of measles in a number of countries.
But momentum on this important target has stalled, the WHO says. Measles has made a comeback in some western European countries, owing to children not being immunised either on time or at all. In North and South America measles has already been eliminated.
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The trumpet is played over a whole range of musical genres. These include classical and modern forms of music, but the most famous trumpet players inevitably hail from the world of jazz, both traditional and modern.
The reason behind this is perhaps the nature of jazz music, which makes ample use of the full range of sound that the trumpet can produce.
Having said that. It would be unfair to ignore the contribution that the trumpet has made in other spheres such as rock, blues, pop, and rap music.
However, since we are limited by our space and your time, we asked our Life Daily team to make their selection of famous trumpet players only from the field of jazz musicians.
Inevitably such a list is bound to be subjective since we had to choose from many hundreds of talented men. Interestingly, the fact is that most jazz trumpeters turned out to be male. Whilst there are today a small number of women playing jazz trumpet, their names are only really known to dedicated jazz aficionados.
Cast your eyes over our selection and see if your favorite is among them:
1. Louis Armstrong (1901 – 1971)
It is fitting that we start with one of the most famous names of all. Armstrong was born in New Orleans, and died in New York. Apart from being a superb musician, Armstrong – or “Satchmo” as he was affectionately known – appealed to an audience outside of the jazz world.
This wider appeal probably started with his appearance in the movie “High Society” in 1956 and continued until his death. Nevertheless, he was still one of the most influential people in the world of jazz and his his whole career was marked with awards, honors and recognition.
2. Miles Davis (1926 – 1991)
Another familiar name is Miles Davis – a bandleader, composer, and a great trumpet player. Davis was born in Alton, Illinois, into a middle class background. He started taking trumpet lessons at the age of 12. His great achievement was the pioneering work and contribution he made to the West Coast genre of jazz.
His album, “King of Blue”, released in 1959, was the biggest-selling album in the history of jazz. In later years, Miles extended his magic with electric instruments. This experiment gave birth to the style of fusion and jazz rock compositions. He died in Santa Monica in 1991.
3. Dizzy Gillespie (1917 – 1993)
John Birks (Dizzy) Gillespie was born in South Carolina and died in New Jersey. He was a composer as well as an accomplished player of the trumpet and trombone, both of which he learned to play by himself. He could also sing and play the piano.
Dizzy, as a master trumpet player, bandleader, singer and composer, was one of the prominently major figures in the development of bebop and modern jazz. He gave a completely new and unique shape and beauty to the nature of jazz, and kept improvising his talent even until shortly before his death.
4. Lee Morgan (1938 – 1972)
Lee Morgan was born in Philadelphia and died in New York. At the age of 15, he became a professional trumpeter, and was regarded as a child prodigy. He studied with Clifford Brown, a well known trumpet player at the time. He also worked for 18 months in Dizzie Gillespie’s band.
Unfortunately, in later life he had some drugs issues. Although this did not seem to damage his commercial success, it did not help in his private life. He had a very rocky relationship with his wife. So rocky, in fact, that one day she decided that enough was enough – and shot him in the chest, killing him instantly. He was 33 years old.
5. Chet Baker (1929 – 1988)
Chesney Henry (Chet) Baker, Jr. was born in Oklahoma and died in Amsterdam in mysterious, but drug related circumstances. It is widely assumed that he committed suicide.
He began to learn to play the trumpet while still at school, but his developed his skill in the band of the US Army over a period of several years. His career blossomed when he joined the famous Gerry Mulligan Quartet. Baker’s performance in the Quartet was received with huge accolades, especially because of the fusion of his trumpet playing and play of Mulligan’s baritone sax.
Although he was regarded as a sensational trumpet player, especially in the 1950’s, he had serious drug problems and was a heroin addict most of his adult life.
6. Wynton Marsalis (1961 – present)
Wynton Learson Marsalis was born in New Orleans. He is known as a trumpeter, composer, teacher, music educator, and Artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York City, United States.
Wynton was born into the perfect environment for music; his father was a pianist and brothers are players of saxophone, trombone, and drums. Although an accomplished player of classical music, it was Wynton’s playing of acoustic jazz that got him the newspaper headlines. He was awarded nine Grammys in both the genres of Classical and jazz music. He also received the first Pulitzer Prize for Music for a jazz recording.
7. Bix Beiderbecke (1903 – 1931)
Leon Bismark (Bix) Beiderbecke was born in Iowa. Together with Louis Armstrong and Muggsy Spanier, Beiderbecke was one of the most influential jazz soloists of the 1920s.
In 1927, he joined the renowned Paul Whiteman Orchestra, but his stint there marked a precipitous decline in his health which was aggrevated by the bandleader’s relentless touring and recording schedule. But the main cause was Beiderbecke’s persistent alcoholism.
He went into rehabilitation centers several times, but to no avail. He left the Whiteman band in 1930 died the following year in his New York apartment at the age of 28.
8. Harry James (1916 – 1983)
Henry Haag (Harry) James was an actor and musician, best known as a trumpeter, who led a swing band during the Big Band Swing Era of the 1930s and 1940s.
He was born in Albany,NY. and died in Las Vegas. He was especially known among musicians for his astonishing technical proficiency as well as his superior tone.
His career progressed to the the point that he eventually established his own band in 1939, known as “Harry James and His Music Makers.” His was the first band to employ Frank Sinatra as lead vocalist.
And it was Frank Sinatra who gave the eulogy at his funeral following his death from cancer in 1983.
9. Herb Alpert (1935 – Present)
Herbert “Herb” Alpert was born in Los Angeles and is best known for his association with the band “Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass.”
What is less known is that he is also a recording industry executive, and that he is an accomplished artist who has created abstract expressionist paintings and sculpture over two decades.
His musical accomplishments include five number one albums and 28 albums total on the Billboard charts, eight Grammy Awards, fourteen platinum albums and fifteen gold albums. Alpert is the only recording artist to hit No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop chart as both a vocalist and an instrumentalist.
10. King Oliver ( 1885 – 1938)
Joseph Nathan (King) Oliver was born in New Orleans and died in Savannah. He was a jazz cornet player and bandleader and was particularly recognized for his playing style and his pioneering use of mutes in jazz
He was also a notable composer, and was the mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong. Armstrong once claimed, “if it had not been for Joe Oliver, Jazz would not be what it is today.”
In 1922 he formed a group known as “King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band” which was quite successful. However, in later years Oliver struggled with difficulties in playing trumpet due to gum disease, and he had to use other trumpeters to handle the solo work.
Sadly, Oliver’s business acumen was often less than his musical ability and a succession of managers stole money from him.
We hope you enjoyed browsing through these short biographies of famous trumpet players.
Did you find your favorite, or do you have one that we left out? You can tell us and our readers by using the comments feed below.
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Part of the Hallmarks of Aging series.
What–and why–are telomeres?
The chromosomes that store your genetic information are capped at each end by a telomere–a specific DNA sequence, repeated thousands of times. This sequence serves two purposes: it protects the coding regions of the chromosomes from damage, and it provides a “clock” that measures the age of the cell.
The protective function is relatively straightforward.
DNA’s building blocks are made to bond with each other, which as a side effect makes them good at bonding with other molecules. This is dangerous–two chromosomes could bond together, or a chromosome could bond to something else entirely. Cells prevent this by placing a protein “cap” on the end of chromosomes, kind of like a cap on a pen. But since this cap bonds to DNA just like an opposing DNA strand, using the base pairs, the ends of chromosomes must be identical: otherwise each chromosome would need its own cap, and a mutation in the end of the gene would leave a chromosome vulnerable to fraying. Having a sequence that does nothing but signal “this is the end of a chromosome” avoids this problem.
Additionally, DNA damage can spontaneously change one base pair to another. This is more likely on the exposed ends of a chromosome than in the protected middle. Damage in coding regions is hard to detect and fix, because the repair enzyme needs to “know” what the original base pair was. However, damage in a non-coding region is not only inherently lower impact, but in the case of a repeating sequence, easier to fix. You only need a single enzyme that says, in essence, “is this near the end of a chromosome? Does it look close to the telomere sequence? Make it the telomere sequence.”
And due to a quirk of the structure of DNA, every time a chromosome is copied, one copy is a little shorter than the parent. If a coding region was shortened, it could ruin the resulting protein. Telomeres act as “cruft” that can be removed without affecting function.
The “clock” function of telomeres, on the other hand, is somewhat more complicated.
Because they consist of repeats, it is easy to lengthen telomeres after they’re shortened by cell division with an enzyme called telomerase. But in all cells except sperm, egg and stem cells, the lengthening process either does not occur or replaces less than what was lost. In the end, telomeres become and stay shorter with every cell division. Once a telomere shrinks to a certain size, its cell will no longer divide and eventually enters cellular senescence.
This causes substantial of negative consequences. As cells die off due to damage or disease, there are no cells to replace them, leading to organ degeneration. Furthermore, long telomeres predict increased lifespan. So why not just keep dividing indefinitely?
While there are no clear answers to this question, one story is that a limit on cell division prevents cancer. Cancer cells divide many more times than regular cells, and a mechanism that inhibits that runaway division can stop cancer before it becomes a problem. Indeed, breaking the inhibition against dividing when telomeres are short appears to play a key role in a cell becoming malignant.
What can we do?
Many lifestyle choices associated with good health (healthy diet, exercise, meditation, etc) are also associated with not only long telomeres, but lengthened telomeres. Lengthening can be detected in as little as six weeks after a behavioral change.
Researchers are also investigating several experimental treatments to extend telomeres. These include:
- Inserting extra copies of the telomerase gene into the subject’s DNA. When done in mice this lengthened lifespan, however DNA insertion can cause unpredictable breaks in other genes. BioViva, a Seattle-based biotech, has started experimentation in humans.
- Increasing telomerase activity less directly. It is common for enzymes to require a cofactor–that is, a small molecule that is not the target of the enzyme, but increases the rate of reaction. RevGenetics claims (with promising but incomplete experimental backing) that cycloastragenol is a cofactor for telomerase. This means that introducing cycloastragenol into cells could increase telomerase activity and thus lengthen telomeres. While promising, the compound has only been studied in mice, where it increased health span but not lifespan. In contrast to direct injection of DNA, this method has the advantage of being more controllable.
- Injecting telomerase RNA into cells. Typically, genes are expressed by the pathway DNA -> RNA -> protein. By injecting RNA directly, scientists cause more telomerase to be produced, but only until the RNA degrades. Like cofactor supplementation, this avoids concerns with endless lengthening contributing to cancer and the damage caused by inserting new genes. This has been tested only in cultured cells.
Want more? You can find a selection of articles related to this hallmark here.
(1) The quirk: DNA strands are directional: one end is the 3` end, the other 5`. The two strands in a double helix are antiparallel. DNA replication enzymes (polymerases) can only create strands from 5` to 3`. When a chromosome divides, the two strands don’t unzip entirely and wait to be copied. That would leave a lot of bonding sites that could be attacked by free radicals. Instead, the strands separate just a bit and are immediately copied. This separation, known as a bubble, expands along the length of the original DNA strand.
This presents no problem for the newly created 5` -> 3` strand (the leading strand). However, the 3`->5` copy, known as the lagging strand, has a problem: the newly exposed base pairs are at the start of the DNA strand, not the end. The solution is to start a new copy from a new origin, and then bond the fragments using a separate enzyme, DNA ligase. These fragments are known as Okazaki fragments. (Note that there are actually multiple bubbles when copying a chromosome, to save time, so 5`->3’ strands end up with multiple fragments bound together as well. However Okazaki fragments are short, ~100-200 nucleotides, while 5`->3` fragments are 30,000-3000,000 base pairs long.)
This works until you reach the very start of the lagging strand. For reasons that are not fully understood, the RNA primer that initiates a new fragment does not attach on the absolute 3` end of the strand, but 70-100 pairs in. This means that every time you copy a chromosome, one of the daughter chromosomes is 70-100 base pairs shorter than its mother or sister.
It’s important to note that this mechanical difficulty is not the answer to why we have cellular senescence, in an evolutionary sense. If it were evolutionarily advantageous to not shorten telomeres with every replication, evolution would have found a workaround. In fact we already know what this workaround is: telomerase, which keeps germ and stem cells immortal. Furthermore, short telomeres are not a mechanical inhibition to replication; we have specific genes (p53 and pRb, both associated with cancer) that inhibit cellular replication in the presence of short telomeres, and if those are disabled replication continues. It is more accurate to think of telomeres as a happy accident that evolution has exploited to create a cellular timer.
(2) This is a simplification of the existing data which, like most of biology, is contradictory. Some evidence suggests shorter telomeres and inactive telomerase increase the risk of cancer in certain circumstances. Most evidence indicates longer telomeres lead to longer lives, but not all.
Elizabeth Van Nostrand
Elizabeth is a biologist, programmer, and science writer. She writes about science, altruism, and video games at AcesoUnderGlass.com
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How does sleep deprivation affect your brain?
Being sleep deprived can seriously affect your life and health. Aside from being less able to focus, emotional instability, and decreased work performance, sleep deprivation can have several long term effects. Though you may initially feel fine going without enough rest — defined as at least six hours of sleep per night — your brain will eventually suffer for it.
Many people think that sleep is akin to a bank, as if you can store deposits of rest to make up for when you don’t get enough sleep. This is the wrong way to think about how the body uses rest because the brain needs adequate sleep each and every night. As sleep deprivation worsens, inflammatory mediators in the brain increase. If one continues to get too little sleep for years at a time, it can lead to the development of physical, mental, and emotional illnesses. Even in the short term, lack of sleep has significant effects. Here are just a few of the consequences of sleep deprivation.
BRAIN FOG AND IMPAIRED JUDGMENT
If you’ve ever felt like it’s more difficult to think, focus on a task, or pay attention to something and you haven’t been getting enough sleep, that’s likely the source of the problem. Sleep deprivation slows down your brain’s thought processes and lowers its level of alertness and ability to concentrate.
Sleep deprivation can also impair judgment. If your brain is literally too tired to think straight, you won’t be able to assess things as well as you ought and your insight won’t be as keen. Impaired judgment is a large part of why people are advised not to drive when they’re sleepy. A tired brain doesn’t react as quickly or properly assess surroundings, resulting in an unsafe situation for the driver and everyone around.
As well, it’s unwise to make important decisions when you’re sleep deprived, yet it’s very common for people to do so. Most of us have been given the advice to “sleep on it” before making big decisions, and that’s actually practical advice. While at rest, our unconscious brains have the ability to process vast amounts of information, making it easier to come up with creative, effective, and innovative solutions when we’re awake. However, a sleep deprived brain can miss possible options and better alternatives and lead to poor choices.
LEARNING AND MEMORY DIFFICULTIES
A tired brain that can’t focus also has difficulty picking up and retaining new information. It’s important for children to sleep well on school nights for good reason: a rested brain is more active and able to efficiently learn new material. It can also more easily recall information that was previously learned. Adults should get adequate sleep for the same reasons. Trying to attempt a new project, learn new processes at your job, or train at different tasks will be an uphill battle if you haven’t gotten enough sleep.
Don’t count on being able to quickly recall new information without getting enough rest the night beforehand. Sleep is essential to make information stick with our brains and become committed to memory. Three things must happen for the brain to create a memory: learning or experiencing new information, that information becoming consolidated in the brain, and the memory being recalled in the future. The consolidation happens when we sleep, and without it, we tend to remember less while we’re awake.
PHYSICAL EFFECTS ON THE BODY
Go without several nights of rest, and you’ll likely notice several adverse effects: you may be more clumsy, accident prone, or even have some aches that you didn’t have before. This is because sleep truly is a form of restoration for the body, and when you don’t get enough of it you’re literally hurting yourself.
Lack of sleep also negatively affects weight. Sleep deprived people and those who are chronic short sleepers — people who get less than 5 hours of sleep each night for years on end — more easily retain weight and have more difficulty staying at a healthy weight. This is largely due to stress levels being heightened when the brain is sleep deprived. In such a state, it produces more cortisol, a stress hormone, and that in turn increases one’s appetite. Sleep deprivation also leads to the body increasing its production of ghrelin, a biochemical that encourages eating. What’s worse, it becomes even harder to lose weight because a tired brain can’t give the body the energy it needs to workout and stay in shape. This cycle can be tough to break, but the only way to get on the right track is by getting enough rest each night.
Another long term physical effect of sleep deprivation is that is makes the body more susceptible to becoming sick. Sleep allows the brain to aid the body in healing and repair, and that also goes for the immune system. Less sleep equals a less healthy immune system and more illnesses. It’s not just a greater frequency of colds and sniffles that one may experience, but more serious problems such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
Along with an increased risk of physical illness, lack of sleep greatly affects mood and puts you in the position to develop mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. As children, we were often told to go to sleep so we wouldn’t get cranky. The same is true as we age: start depriving your body and brain of rest, and you will be more irritable and prone to anger. Missing just one night of adequate sleep can cause you to feel more stressed out, mentally and emotionally exhausted, and anxious.
With so many benefits of getting a good night’s rest, it’s a wonder that so many people choose to deprive themselves of the shut eye they need. Just the act of getting good sleep can increase your quality of life and help take your performance to new levels. Don’t think of sleep as a luxury or something that will hinder your goals — your cognitive, mental, and physical health depend on sleep to stay well.
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Lessons From 1929By admin_45 in Blog
Tuesday is the 90th anniversary of the crescendo of the 1929 stock market crash, an event that still captures investor attention almost a century later. We know many of our clients are students of market history, so to mark the occasion let’s review a few less-appreciated lessons of the event and its aftermath.
To start, here is a chart of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1915 to 1955. While academics use a reconstructed S&P 500 in much of their work, the Dow was the only broad market indicator actually in use before, during and for decades after the 1929 Crash.
This picture puts the pain of the Crash on full display:
- From early September 1929’s Dow peak of 362 to the trough at 47 in June 1932, US stocks fell by 87%. Those who “panicked” or were forced out on Black Monday/Tuesday of October 1929 actually sold at good prices relative to where the market settled out almost 3 years later.
- Those 1932 Great Depression levels were lower than even the period prior to World War I, when the Dow first broke above 100 in October 1916.
- It would not be until November 1954 – 25 years after the Crash – before the Dow finally broke above the September 1929 highs.
But the data also highlights some facts often missed in the discussion of the October 1929 and its lessons for sensible, long term investing:
- Yes, September 1929 was a terrible entry point for US equities. The worst ever, in fact.
- But an investor who bought one unit of the Dow (or constant fraction thereof) at the start of every month from January 1920 to September 1929 would have had a cost basis of 146, fully 60% below the 362 top.
- Assuming that methodical investor stopped buying with the Crash, they would have recovered all their capital by January 1936, when the Dow opened at 146.3. That is only a span of a little over 6 years, and it doesn’t include dividends.
- Even an investor who waited until 1925, when the Dow began its breakout, and bought every month until the crash would have had a cost basis of 196. By the end of World War II (January 1946, to be precise), they were whole.
The bottom line here is that dollar cost averaging shortened the time needed to recover losses from the 1929 Crash and its aftermath to anywhere from 6 to 17 years versus 25 years. The math only gets more compelling for investors who kept buying into the teeth of the Great Depression:
- Buying one unit of the Dow at the start of every month from 1925 through 1934 would have yielded a cost basis of 162 at the end of that 10-year run. Some of those purchases were at horrible prices (1929) and others were better (1932).
- Such an investor would have been in the black 18 months later (mid 1936).
Yes, such resolute investors are rare and during times of national economic distress many obviously sold because they had to, not because they wanted to.
We’ll end this section with an observation a money manager made to us during the 2008 – 2009 version of the 1929 stock market crash: “My clients didn’t give up on stocks – they gave up on America.” In the end, that is what creates dramatic lows like 1932 and 2009. As long as American society remains resilient, its economy and stock markets will always recover.
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Heart transplantation is surgery to remove a damaged or diseased heart and replace it with a healthy donor heart.
Cardiac transplant; Transplant - heart
Finding a donor heart can be difficult. The heart is donated by someone who has been declared brain-dead but remains on life support. The donor heart must be matched as closely as possible to your tissue type to reduce the chance that your body will reject the new heart.
The patient is put into a deep sleep with general anesthesia, and a cut is made through the breast bone.
A heart transplant may be recommended for:
Heart transplant surgery may NOT be recommended for patients who have:
The doctor may also recommend against a heart transplant if there is concern that the patient will not be able to comply with the many hospital and doctor's office visits, tests, and medications needed to keep the new heart healthy.
Risks for any anesthesia are:
Risks for any surgery are:
Risks of transplant include:
Once the doctor refers you to a transplant center, you will be evaluated by the transplant team. They will want to make sure that you are a good candidate for transplantation. You will have several visits over the course of several weeks or even months. You will need to have blood drawn and x-rays taken. The following may also be done:
You will also want to assess one or more transplant centers to see which would serve you best:
If the transplant team believes you are a good candidate, you will be put on a national waiting list for a heart:
Most, but not all, patients awaiting heart transplants are very ill and need to be in the hospital. Many will require some sort of device to help their heart pump enough blood to the body, mostly often this is a ventricular assist device.
You should expect to stay in the hospital for 7 to 21 days after a heart transplant. The first 24 to 48 hours will likely be in the intensive care unit (ICU).
The recovery period is about 6 months. Often, your transplant team will ask you to stay fairly close to the hospital for the first 3 months. Patients need to have regular check-ups with blood test and x-ray for many years.
Fighting rejection is an ongoing process. The body's immune system considers the transplanted organ an infection and fights it. For this reason, organ transplant patients must take drugs that suppress the body's immune response. Taking medicines and following instructions precisely is very important to preventing rejection.
Biopsies of the heart muscle are often done every month during the first 6 to 12 months after transplant, and the less often after that. This helps the doctor determine if your body is rejecting the new heart, even before symptoms begin.
Heart transplant prolongs the life of a patient who would otherwise die. About 80% of heart transplants are alive 2 years after the operation. The main problem, as with other transplants, is graft rejection. If rejection can be controlled, the patient's survival can be increased to over 10 years.
Drugs that prevent transplant rejection must be taken for the rest of the patient's life. Normal activities can resume as soon as the patient feels well enough and after consulting with the doctor. However, vigorous physical activities should be avoided.
Bernstein D. Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th Ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 443.
McCarthy PM. Surgical management of heart failure. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa ; Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 27.
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4 February, 2015
With less than two months to go to World Water Day (22 March) many organizations and groups are preparing events and activities. The official UN-Water event will be held in New Delhi, India on Friday 20 March.
World Water Day is marked on 22 March every year. It’s a day celebrate water. It’s a day to make a difference for the members of the global population who suffer from water related issues. It’s a day to prepare for how we manage water in the future. In 1993, the United Nations General Assembly designated 22 March as the first World Water Day. 22 years later, World Water Day is celebrated around the world shining the spotlight on a different issue every year. In 2015, the theme for World Water Day is ‘Water and Sustainable Development’. This theme encourages thinking around how water links to all areas we need to consider to create the future we want. Each year, UN-Water provides resources to inspire celebrations for World Water Day. A dedicated website will be launched in the coming days but in the meantime, the logo in six languages can be downloaded here.
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WOSM launches new e-learning on Keeping Scouts Safe From Harm
On the 1st of August, 2011 in the backdrop of the 22nd World Scout Jamboree, Sweden, WOSM launched its new e-learning tool-kit on Keeping Scouts Safe From Harm. The e-learning is available on the web (internet) and on DVDs.
The tool-kit includes a full e-learning for Adults in Scouting, to train them on issues of child protection in Scouting. This section has been made for a general Scouting context but is largely based on the content from the e-learning on Safe From Harm offered at the World Scout Jamborees in UK (2007) and in Sweden (2011). Trainees taking up this course can obtain a special certificate from WOSM, signed by the Secretary General.
The new e-learning from WOSM also includes information on ‘NSO Management’ and ‘Youth Programme’ approach to the issue. This is the first time that an integrated and wholesome approach to child protection is being provided in a single toolkit. The NSO management section offers information and examples of policies, procedures and practices put in place by some pioneer efforts in NSOs such as Boy Scouts of America, Scouting Ireland and The Scout Association (UK). The Youth Programme section emphasizes on a preventive and ‘Be Prepared’ approach to Safe From Harm, to work with Scouts to make them aware of their rights and helping them understand and avoid risks, and prevent themselves from being in vulnerable situations. This section also provides information on online (internet) safety for Scouts and gives information and examples on how Scouts should be able to express themselves if they see or experience abuse.
The e-learning course for AIS included in this tool-kit has been based on the above initiatives, but is targeted at any Scout Leader or adult supporting Scouts. The training also covers aspects on Keeping Scouts Safe From Harm from the recent Conference Resolution on the ‘World Adults in Scouting Policy 11/11’ (Brazil, 2011).
Click on the screen-shot to start the training
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From about Avila Beach, through San Luis Obispo, and all the way up to Monterey, runs the Santa Lucia Mountains. Lurking within these mountains are the strange and mystifying Dark Watchers. The Dark Watchers, as they have come to be known, are apparently giant human like phantoms that are only seen at twilight, standing silhouetted, ten feet tall, against the night sky along the ridges and peaks of the mountain range. When spotted, the beings are usually seen staring off into the open air of the mountains seemingly at nothing in particular, before vanishing into thin air, occasionally right before the spectators eyes.
Who or what the Watchers are, no one knows. Where they came from or why they are there, again lost in speculation. And what they are looking for or watching is beyond anyone's current comprehension.
The Chumash Native Americans first spoke of them in legends and their cave painters drew them in their colorful wall drawings. The Spanish back in the 1700s called them Los Vigilantes Oscuros. Later legendary author John Steinbeck described them in his short story, "Flight". The story details a teenage boy who has killed a man and is forced to run into the Santa Lucia mountains to hide. As he leaves, his mother tells him to avoid the Dark Watchers with this comment, "when thou comest to the high mountains, if thou seest any of the dark watching men, go not near to them nor try to speak to them." The short story later goes on to have the actual Dark Watchers appear.
"Pepe looked up to the top of the next dry withered ridge. He saw a dark form against the sky, a man's figure standing on top of a rock, and he glanced away quickly not to appear curious. When a moment later he looked up again, the figure was gone."
Excerpt from the short story "Flight" written by John Steinbeck first published in a collection of twelve short stories called The Long Valley in 1938.
Also in 1937, the poet Robinson Jeffers mentioned them in his poem "Such Counsels You Gave to Me" as:
"He thought it might be one of the watchers, who are often seen in this length of coast-range, forms that look human to human eyes, but certainly are not human. They come from behind ridges to watch. He was not surprised when the figure turning toward him in the quiet twilight showed his own face. Then it melted and merged into the shadows beyond it."
Excerpt from Robinson Jeffers poem "Such Counsels You Gave to Me" originally published in 1937
If Jeffers or Steinbeck ever actually saw one of the Watchers is unknown, but the local legend has been around since long before they wrote about it. It is additionally said that Steinbeck's mother, Olive Hamilton, was a firm believer in the Dark Watchers and she supposedly brought them gifts of fruit, nuts, and occasionally flowers. Many local families who have resided in Big Sur a long time also fully believe in the legends of the Dark Watchers. A few year's ago, John Steinbeck's son, Thomas Steinbeck, collaborated with artist, Benjamin Brode, on a book about the Dark Watchers entitled: In Search of the Dark Watchers.
In the mid-sixties, a Monterey Peninsula local who was the past principal of a local high school saw them while hiking in the mountains. He had enough time to study the dark figure, to see its clothing and notice how the figure was strangely studying the mountains. When the principal called out to his fellow hikers, the figure disappeared.
Other, more recent sightings have included a dark hat and cape in the description of the mountain residing phantoms. And, of course, the more creepy tales, those of the urban legend variety, tell of people who went to investigate the Dark Watchers simply disappearing with the mysterious figures, never to be seen again.
But could there be a more scientific explanation to the Dark Watchers? Two theories speculate that people are simply experiencing either Brocken Spectre or possibly pareidolia. Pareidolia is the simpler of the two theories. It is when a person's brain finds patterns in things. For example, when looking at a mountainside, and you see formations that may look like faces, or seeing objects in clouds as they drift by. So in this instance, long shadows, at sunset, as the play across the sides of the mountain range in Big Sur play tricks on people's minds, and they envision seeing forms or figures lurking in the shadows the way we find faces in mountains.
The other theory, Brocken Spectre, references the illusion one sees when gazing on the magnified shadow of someone that is cast towards clouds opposite the Sun's direction. Apparently, the shadow can appear to be surrounded by strange colors, rings, or shadows as a result. This happens when standing on mist covered or fog shrouded mountains. It can also sometimes appear when looking out airplane windows. The phenomenon is named after a peak in Germany, called Brocken, where the effect apparently happens quite often. To clarify, you are looking away from the sun, usually down the mountain into mist or fog. These situations are quite common in Big Sur, especially at twilight as the sun is setting off over the Pacific Ocean and the fog is starting to roll in for the night.
So which is it? Do giant ten foot tall human like creatures lurk in the mountains along the Big Sur coast, silently watching for some unknown and mysterious reason? Or is it all just a strange effect of the eyes, simply a trick your brain is playing on you?
- Linda of Madera, CA on 2023-04-03 said:
- I like in the country side of Madera. About 2 years ago, I saw a tall thin figure standing in the shadow staring at me. I couldn’t see the face, what type of clothing it had on, nothing! I froze and kept my eyes on it, my cousin saw it too and she dragged me inside the house. I didn’t want to keep my eyes off of it, I thought if I turned my back on it, it would get me. Just today, another cousin came out last night to have some drinks. He said while he was outside, he saw a tall thin figure watching him. He also froze, he said when he blinked it vanished. He ran inside to get us and we all ran outside looking for this shadow.
- andres of bakersfield, california on 2021-08-14 said:
- I was driving home from a beach trip with my girlfriend in 2016, going through
cuyama it was pitch black outside, we saw a large shadow figure glide across the road in front of
our headlights. No notable features, just a large dark shadowy creature. If she wasn't awake to
confirm what i just saw, i would have chocked it up to me being tired, but she saw what i saw. We
let it go until a few days ago, when we brought it up again, searched up shadow people in cuyama,
and learned about "dark watchers" in santa lucia. this is so crazy to learn we arent alone in this
- Dan of N/A, AZ on 2021-01-15 said:
- Back when i was a teenager i used to go hiking in the desert and a mountain range where i lived 7 miles outside of Blythe Ca. One afternoon i went deeper into the mountain range than i had ever hiked before when i felt like i was being watched. The hairs on my arms stood up. I quickly started looking around fearing a mountain lion was near by, when i looked up towards the top of the mountain and saw a small cave like opening at the top of a sheer wall. There looking out towards the valley i could see a hooded human figure. I could not see its face since it looked like it was covered by a thin veil but the hood and cloak looked tattered and ripped. The figure made no movements. I turned around and started to walk back the way i came and never went back to that area of the mountain range. That area was not traveled since there were no dirt roads or tracks so who knows what was up there. All i know it was not human and ive never been back since. This was back in mid 90s.
- Michael of Thousand Oaks, California on 2019-04-01 said:
- I've camped a few times in the Santa Lucia range near to Cone Peak, right near the coast and the 1. We were camping up on some of the coastal ridges there, overlooking the ocean, and definitely experienced some very strange energy. My first time up there, there were three of us, including myself. One person and myself both actually spotted one of the watchers up on a high ridge, partially obscured by low-flying clouds. Neither of us were familiar with them at this time and chocked it up to a tree. When we slept that night, we felt an indescribable discomfort and decided to keep driving north the next morning.
- someone on 2019-01-29 said:
- sounds a bit weird and unrealistic but no one will ever know
- Anonymous of Stockton, CA on 2018-09-23 said:
- Today my boyfriend I were driving from Arroyo Grande to Stockton. About an hour outside of AG, we saw a dark human figure in the hills. It was several hundred yards away from the road, and seemed to be trudging laboriously uphill in the 95 degree sun. Despite rubbernecking multiple times to try to get a better look, we could distinguish no identifying marks, no seams of clothing, no hint of shoes or anything. Just solid black walking up the hill under the burning afternoon sun. There was a small station with a tank and satellite on the opposite side of the road. I wonder if we didn’t see some strange ritual.
- Donny of San Marcos, California on 2018-08-20 said:
- What is the difference between shadow people and a dark watcher? I have never heard of a dark watcher before. I had an experience of seeing a shadow person at my home in Texas, but the description of it fits a Dark Watcher much more. Brimmed hat, still, very still, just watching.
- Anonymous of Paso Robles, California on 2018-08-14 said:
- Seen them multiple times in my lifetime living right spot on in the area they are from, they seem to have different clothing then described when I see them but every time I don't feel alarmed at the sight.
- Anonymous of Ojai , California on 2018-06-04 said:
- I was hiking up a remote trail up the 33 in Ojai, I was about an hour up the mountain, no people, no cars in sight. as I was hiking, I had this eerie feeling I was being watched. I looked up at the top of the mountain. I was a black figure. I waved, jokingly, not really thinking the object was a person. It waved back. Thinking I was maybe tripping, or that it was a tree waving in the wind, I took a puff of my cigarette, only to see the figure blow out a plume of smoke as well. I started seeing it flowing, and I say flowing, almost floating virtically. I ran like hell back to my car, spraining my knee in the process.
- Sally on 2017-08-20 said:
- I live in the country in Canada I saw a 7ft man very slowly walking along the fence line. He seemed to be all a solid shadow. But because he appeared to be behind the 6ft fence I didn't get a good look at him. Every time it is twilight I look out at all the fences to see him again to conferm what I saw, but I haven't seen him since. Could you help me find out what he was? ^-^
- Evangeline of Oceano, Ca on 2017-01-29 said:
- I saw a dark watcher just about dusk in June of 2016 he was standing near the ocean cliffs just outside of Hearst castle..No one could see him in our party except me.As I walked toward it it vanished.I also had a sense of foreboding.Eery scary feeling
- Joey of Sylmar, CA on 2016-01-24 said:
- I'm a long distance runner most of my training is in up in the good old Californian Mountains. I had a long run scheduled so I headed out. I headed to Veterans Park here in the Sanfernando Valley. Time of day was 2:00 pm I was running and up in an area where no human could climb without gear I saw a black figure in plain day light. I never seen anything like it up in the mountain. Was darker than dark could not explain it. A year past and today again January 24th I saw it again and in the same spot.
- Anonymous of Northern California, Ca on 2015-09-06 said:
- These are Masonic rituals. End of discussion. Mind your own business people, for your own safety
- Jason of Rosenberg, Texas on 2015-04-23 said:
- I seen dark figure about 7ft tall in one of the mountain by vernal ut it was a late winter lots of snow the moon was full the light reflected off the snow so I had no problem seeing. I worker nights for a siemic company as a trouble shooter I heard a crew member say on the radio that he seen jeeper creep he drop everything he had and ran back to his truck we thought the was up to long with out sleep so they send me to his location to to finish what he had to do while walking on top of the mountain to fix the problem I seen it 20 feet in front of me my heart starting beating fast I try to run but it was hard because of the snow as I was running it seem to float on the snow it move really fast and start to circle me then stop all I had on me was a pocket knife I pull it out and started to prey for GOD to help me fight it I started to run towards it I got about 10 ft to and it started to move back fast I lost site of it in the dark it never seen it face it had a robe like the reaper dont no what it was
- cyndi of florence, alabama on 2014-11-06 said:
- I first seen this shadow figure. I thought it was a person. It was standing over my friend while he was asleep. When it seen that I could see it. It ran down the hall of the house. I ran after it but found nothing. Then after my friend killed his self. I awoke to the same being at the end of my bed. I was worried about my baby. So I ask it "where is my son." It told me that he was watching t.v. my son was about three months. So I thought it was lying cause my son was a baby. I jumped up to find my son with his father watching t.v. I really have the feeling that it was not evil. I just think that it being so weird was what scared me
- caroline of Santa Barbara, California on 2014-10-01 said:
- There is a beautiful new book about the Dark Watche rs!! John Steinbeck's son (Thomas Steinbeck) and an artist friend of his, Benjamin Brode have made an really cool art and story book about Thom's memories of Dark Watcher stories from his dad and grandmother, Olive... It's really beautiful. It's called In Search of the Dark Watchers: Landscapes and Lore of Big Sur !! You can find it online.
- Elizabeth Benitez of San Mateo, California on 2013-12-20 said:
- I remember one day my friend and I were coming back from Los Angeles. We passed the San Luis Obispo reservoir, and as we drove on the road I saw something at a distance down at the end of the mountain. It was a really big human figure, but it wasn't. It had a Black Cape kind of like the grim reaper and it was leaning over holding on to a staff at a "puddle of water" or so that is what it seemed at a distance. It was in daytime too, so I could identify it wasn't a person. Even in mid light he was very black and reminded me of a raven. I told my friend that was driving to look over at the mountains, and surprisingly she was able to see a glimpse of it. I asked her what she saw without giving her my details, and she said exactly what I saw. She only looked at it for about 5 seconds, but she was able to see it. She almost lost control of the car too when she looked away at it, and I begged her to go back and see it, but she was very tired of driving already. These Dark Watchers are real!
- Bryan of Hollister, California on 2013-01-17 said:
- One early morning when my car was in the shop and my sister was taking me to and from work in salinas over San Juan grade rd. we where coming home to the San Juan Bautista/hollister side when we saw a very large dark figure standing at the edge of the mountians which is extremely weird since I've never seen anyone cross over the barbed wire fence and I travel that road daily and at all hours. We drove by it slowly behind the figure noticing it staring off into the distancing vallys and mountians (fremonts peak). It appread to have a large cape with straight shoulders that where very broad. It seemed to have a hunch on it's back. At first from a distance I thought it was a condor but when I got closer it stood almost over 10 ft tall. It did not notice us driving behind it but when we found a spot on the cliffy road to turn around and get a better look it was gone. This was around September 2010
- Kickboy Face of Moreno Valley, Ca on 2011-10-04 said:
- Interesting stuff. Many many years ago I was with a friend driving through a dirt field here in Moreno Valley near Allessandro (old east part) near what I believe were old abandoned barns, that I always had heard were haunted when my friends car broke down. (could have been coincidence, it was a beat up volkswagen bug)
It was dusk at best and there was no way we were going to make it out of the field before it was pitch black and instead of chancing getting retardedly lost and/or hurt in the dark we decided to sleep in the car and set out in the morning to go get help to tow the car. (it was wayyyyy before the days of everyone having cell phones and quick help)
As we were killing time, in the pitch black now, we were hanging out inside and outside of the car, killing time, sharing smokes, and we started to distinctly see what looked like black shadows, evenly distributed completely encircling us, they did not move, they stayed motionless but were of significant size and based on the distance, I would say at least the size of a small car like the bug we ourselves were in. Whatever these were seemed hunched over, perhaps kneeling.
Time passed, they never moved and though we walked around the car and got in and out of the car to see if what we were seeing was some sort of optical illusion, yet we couldn't explain or discredit what we were seeing.
To this day, it racks my brain.
- Maria R. of San Bernardino, california on 2011-07-18 said:
- When I returned from work walking around 12 to 1 from a small distance before crossing the street i saw a dark thin figure i tried to fast walk to see it and as i got there it vanished when i got to the place where i saw it i felt cold...
- Les Brennan of Ramona, CA on 2011-04-06 said:
- While flying my twin engine Beechcraft on a southerly course and just 20 nautical miles north of Vandenberg AFB I glanced toward the Santa Lucia Range just after sunset and saw what appeared to be seven large dark figures spaced evenly apart. They had an even spacing of about 1 qaurter of a mile
- C. Gardner of June Lake, CA on 2011-02-03 said:
- Up here in the Eastern Sierras, we see the Dark Watchers all the time. They are always out at dusk and dawn. All you see is just a tall dark silhouette. They almost look like horses standing on their hind legs with the assistance of a walking stick. Its pretty creepy, and nobody has ever seen them close up. They disappear the moment you try to get closer.
- Weird California (2006) by Greg Bishop, Joe Oesterle, Mike Marinacci, p: 56
- Haunted Places: The National Directory (2002) by Hauck, Dennis, p: 76
- Mysterious California (1988) by Marinacci, Mike, p: 75 - 76
- Ghost Tales and Mysterious Happenings of Old Monterey (1977) by Reinstedt, Randall A, p: 47 - 49
- Ghosts of the Big Sur Coast (2002) by Reinstedt, Randall A, p: 48 - 51
- Haunted Monterey Peninsula (2009) by Yasuda, Anita, p: 44 - 46
- LA Exposed (2002) by Young, Paul, p: 162
First Created: 2007-05-08
Last Edited: 2022-03-25
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Historical Planes in a Historical Place
The aviation collection of the Museum of Military History of the Bundeswehr is located at what remains of the historic Berlin-Gatow airfield in the Kladow district of Germany’s capital city.
The Gatow airfield was constructed between 1934 and 1935 as a training base and college for the Luftwaffe. At the end of the Second World War, it was briefly occupied by Soviet forces and then ceded to British control upon the division of Berlin.
The base remained under British control, spending time under both air force and army jurisdiction, until 1994 when it was handed over to German control. It ceased to be a functional airport in 1995. Eventually, the two runways were cut in half to make room for residential development in the nearby vicinity.
The museum has approximately 70 aircraft on display both indoors and outdoors that cover a broad range of time periods from the late 1800s to the present day. Aside of the aircraft, there are also displays of uniforms, land vehicles and much more.
The museum’s indoor exhibitions are housed in two hangars and the control tower building.
Hangar 3 contains aircraft of both world wars and of aircraft used in the early days of the reformed post war Luftwaffe. The museum’s souvenir shop is also here.
The control tower building contains displays of uniforms from different eras of 20th century German military history as well as a room comparing the organisational structures of the air forces of the former East and West Germany.
A walk to the other end of the tarmac will get you to Hangar 7, where exhibits of a more contemporary nature are kept. Here, you’ll find examples of more recently retired aircraft as well as an extensive display about cooperation with the U.S. Air Force for the training of German fighter pilots in America.
Aircraft on display in Hangar 7 include a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, McDonnell Douglas F-4 PhantomII, Panavia Tornado, Fouga Magister and Mikoyan MiG-29 Fulcrum among others.
Beyond the full aircraft on display, Hangar 7 also has preserved nose sections of the F-104, F-4 and Tornado that enable visitors to get a close up look at the cockpits of those three types
Aside ofthe Luftwaffe aircraft in that hangar, there is also an example of a U.S. Air Force Cessna T-37 training jet; a type in which many German fighter pilots during the Cold War received their basic jet training on in America.
At the time of my visit, in early May of 2016, the aircraft and land vehicles which make up the museum’s outdoor exhibition were arranged mainly according to their roles.
All eras of Cold War aircraft are well represented here, with not only aircraft of the formerly divided Germany but also some of foreign nations which operated in the former West Germany through NATO commitments. As such, former Royal Air Force machines like the English Electric Lightning and Hawker Siddeley Harrier are present in the museum’s collection as is a former French air force Mirage III fighter. Notable in the museum’s selection of foreign aircraft is a Royal Australian Air Force Douglas Dakota transport which is used to represent the international nature of the Berlin Airlift operations, for which Gatow was a key flying base.
Also notable in the museum’s collection, both indoor and outdoor, is the repeated appearance of the distinctive Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. There are no less than five complete examples on public display as well as a preserved nose section.
This level of representation of one type in one museum could be seen as quite appropriate in the case of a museum like this one.
Through the course of the Cold War, nine European nations used the Starfighter. Additionally, Canadian and American F-104 units were also based in Europe during the period.
The F-104 kept a constant presence for over four decades in European skies from the early 1960s until Italy retired the last of theirs in 2004. Both derided and praised, the aircraft became an icon of western air power in Europe during the Cold War.
While the Luftwaffe is the main focus of the museum, there is also some space made for the Marineflieger; the air arm of the German navy.
A clutch of three aircraft; a Fairey Gannet, Hawker Sea Hawk and Franco-German developed Atlantic patrol aircraft represent this lesser seen aspect of German military aviation
As might be expected of a museum with a significant outdoor aspect open to the elements, the aircraft all show one degree or another of weathering. Some have clearly been tended to and refreshed in the not too distant past while others are still clearly waiting their turn. However, all the aircraft are clearly cared for and all look structurally sound.
The museum states in their information brochure that there are future plans to eventually open more of the hangars for exhibition purposes. Hopefully, this means that some of the aircraft sitting outside right now, will find permanent housing indoors one day.
Paying a Visit and Learning More
Though not near the centre of Berlin, this museum is very worth visiting and reasonably easy to get to using Berlin’s very efficient and well organised public transport system.
My trip there from the centre of the city took approximately an hour, including two exchanges and a ten minute walk from the nearest bus stop to the museum. However, it felt much quicker due to minimal waits for connections along the way.
Alternately, the museum has some parking available if you go by car.
The museum is free to enter and is open from 10:00 to 18:00 on Tuesdays to Sundays. With the exception of public holidays, it is closed on Mondays.
These two links, the museum website and their information brochure respectively, will give you more information about not only the Museum of Military History branch at Gatow, but also the other two locations at Dresden and Konigstein fortress.
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Create your acrostic poem about the 4th of July by completing the form below. Each line should be a word or a thought that begins with a letter found in the word "INDEPENDENCE." You can enter the information directly on the form and print with your input, or print the worksheet and complete it with pen or pencil. The printout is suitable for framing or can mounted on a colorful piece of construction paper.
I look little....but I PRINT
Click the worksheet printer icon that says "Full Page Print" for a high quality
printable worksheet. This poem prints crisp and clear.
Interactive Printables - Independence Day Acrostic Poem
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History of the Grumman Goose
Original Use and WWII
The Goose was originally designed for the purpose of transporting businessmen from Long Island to New York City, and it began production in 1937. It was roughly contemporary with the DC-3, and at the time the all-metal construction was on the cutting edge of modern airplane design.
Most of the 345 Gooses that were built went into military service, and while most of them were used in a utility role, some were equipped with bombs. (One 250 pound bomb under each wing) During the war, a Goose was captured by the Japanese, and they liked it enough that they continued to fly it. Production ceased at the end of the war in 1945.
Post-War and Beyond
In the post-war years, the Goose became a successful commercial seaplane and saw use throughout the Caribbean, at Catalina Island off the California coast, throughout the inside waters of British Columbia and the Southeast Alaska Panhandle, on Kodiak Island, on the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands.
The airplane’s excellent handling characteristics in rough water and strong winds kept it flying in Alaska long after it was retired elsewhere. In 2012, Alaska’s last scheduled commercial Goose service came to an end when PenAir closed their Dutch Harbor operation.
Since the airplane was first introduced, it has had an extraordinarily long service life of 75 years. It is estimated that there are 30-40 airworthy Gooses worldwide.
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| 0.979788 | 300 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Mercury Alignment Specificationsby Heather Robson
The proper alignment of your car's wheels helps make your tires last longer and also helps improve vehicle safety. When your wheels are aligned the way they should be, the left and right wheels are perfectly parallel to each other and they pull the car the same direction rather than at different angle. Your car will be easier to handle and your tires will wear evenly.
Camber is the automotive term for the angle of the wheel in relation to the ground. If you walk to the front of your car and look at the wheels while they are pointed forward, you can see the camber. If the wheel tilts out from the center of the car, the camber is at a positive angle. If it tilts in toward the center of the car, it's at a negative angle. When the front wheels have two different camber measurements, that's when you feel the car pull to the left or the right.
The proper camber in Mercury vehicle varies from model to model. The Mercury Villager, for example, has little margin of error for the camber. The ideal camber for that make is -0.3. To be within specifications, it must fall within 0.75 degrees of that in either direction. The Mercury Cougar is a little more forgiving, with an ideal camber of -0.61 and a 1.5 degree margin of error.
The toe-in compares the distance between the front of the front tires and the back of the front tires. You can also measure the toe-in for the rear tires. If the front distance is shorter than the back distance, the tires point in toward the center of the car. If it's longer, the tires point slightly outward. In Mercurys, the toe-in is close to zero with a slim margin of error. Actual toe-in measures vary from vehicle to vehicle but typically fall within -0.17 and 0.15 inches. The margin of error for toe-in in Mercury vehicles is usually from 0.09 to 0.17 inches.
To make turning possible, the front wheels have a pivot point called the caster. From the side, when the wheels are pointed forward, if the caster is perpendicular to the ground, it's at zero degrees. When it leans toward the rear of the car, it has a positive angle, and when it leans toward the front of the car, it has a negative angle.
In Mercury vehicles, the proper alignment of the caster ranges from 0.8 degrees to 5.5 degrees. To be within specifications, most casters have a margin of error in either direction of about 1 degree. On some models, the margin of error is less.
Heather Robson has more than 10 years of professional writing experience with articles appearing in publications such as "Portland Magazine" and "Treasure Valley Family Magazine." Her education is in physics and English literature, so she's ready to tackle any topic that comes her way.
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"Two weeks back, I switched on my laptop and suddenly a message popped, 'hard disk failure is imminent' I ignored it at first but the error message kept reappearing. What do I do?"
While this is one sort of error you could face, hard drive failures occur in many other unusual ways as well. For logical errors, there are warning messages which you may conveniently ignore. For errors because of physical damage, you won't even realize when something went wrong, and failure was caused.
Hard drive failure means that the hard drive of your computer is not accessible, implying that the computer cannot reach or use the data, or is malfunctioning.
Hard drive failure can happen at any time however, there are various solutions available to recover data from hard drive.
Logical Hard Drive Failure
The logical hard drive failures appear as data corruption. Some files may seem infected or corrupted because you won't be able to access them. The most common warning signs of logical hard drive failure are missing files, failure of the system to boot, notifications indicating failure or inaccessible hard drive, or blue screen of death (BSOD).
Physical Hard Drive Failure
The physical hard drive failures are different, and most of the times these happen even before you realize them and can take action. Your hard drive will work till the end before shutting down, but then data recovery will be difficult. Hence, pay close attention to the subtle signs of physical hard drive failure. The most common warning sign will appear in the form of grinding or clicking noises. No doubt, this can indicate issues in other physical computer parts too, but, to be on the safe side, backup your data. Once done, shut down your PC, and take it to a professional data recovery service provider to avoid further damage.
There are generally two types of storage media for Laptop/computer: Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives (SSD). While HDD relies on rotating discs and magnetic storage, SSD relies on flash memory similar to a USB drive.
If you have ever seen an opened hard disk drive, you might have noticed a bright circular area. This circular portion is made up of magnetic material and divided into billions of parts. This is called a hard drive platter. It is either demagnetized (to store 0) or magnetized (to store 1). Magnetised storage is used because the data remains stored even when you turn off the computer.
SSD is used for the same purpose as that of HDD, but the functioning of SSD is different. Instead of magnetic plates, SSD uses a grid made up of electrical cells (flash memory). These cells receive or send data along with storing data. The grid of SSD is made up of numerous sections known as pages, and these pages are combined together to form blocks. Data is stored on available pages.
To monitor your hard drive usage, open Task Manager by right-clicking on the taskbar or by pressing Ctrl+ Alt+ Delete on your keyboard. Here, under the disk tab, you'll see your drive performance. If you are having issues with your drive, there is a chance that the disk performance will be somewhere around 100%.
Just as the name suggests, ‘I/O device error’ occurs in your hard drive when your computer is not able to execute input or output functions on the hard drive. You may receive error messages such as “Only part of a readprocessmemory or writeprocessmemory request was completed” or “The request could not be performed because of an I/O device error.”
The 301 hard drive error usually indicates that the hard drive is expected to crash soon and if that happens, it might take all your data with it. In such a scenario, the first step should be to back up your data. You may encounter this error at the time of computer boot.
This problem occurs when the BIOS is unable to detect the hard drive of your computer. You will receive an error message, and your computer will fail to boot in the first place.
Note: Most of the times, unrecognized hard drive error is not possible to fix virtually. You need to contact a data recovery service provider for professional help and recovery of your data.
If you suddenly hear occasional grinding or clicking noises from your hard drive, it may be a sign that your hard drive is proceeding towards failure.
Note: The grinding or clicking noise is not always a sign of hard drive failure. It could be from the fan of your computer too, which is present to avoid overheating.
It is known that the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) occurs when there is some critical or fatal system error. This critical error can be a hard disk failure. Your computer may immediately start rebooting in the safe mode after blue screen. If this fails or your computer is not able to perform this action, then it can be a sign of hard drive failure.
When a partition of the drive is deleted or lost, you may not be able to view its traces in Windows Disk Management. You might lose or overwrite all your data if you try to tamper with the unallocated space created by lost or deleted partition.
When you receive a message that says, "Windows Detected Hard Drive Problem," it may indicate a failing hard drive. You may lose data, your system may get corrupted, or your computer may stop booting.
There is a chance that you may have lost hard drive data during repartitioning. Repartitioning a hard drive includes shrinking or increasing one partition, reallocating its space, creating a new partition, and deleting the old one. During this process, some files may be lost and you may encounter other errors such as "Exception Processing Message".
Note: If the partition table is damaged or altered during repartitioning, it can also lead to an unbootable computer.
Bad sectors mean that some storage on your hard drive is not accessible and defective. It is obvious that any operation on this cluster will not show any results as the hard drive won't respond.
Hard drive error 2000-0146 leads to PC freeze, a slow running of programs, inability to access services and files, and computer crash. It can also result in corruption of the entire computer.
If you encounter an Error 0142, it means there is some serious issue with your hard drive, and it has failed to clear self-test. This issue can lead to hard drive failure, CPU crash, operating system crash, and many other issues like these.
Hard drive head crash indicates that some physical damage was caused when the spinning platter and read/write head came in contact. In case of this error, either you won't be able to boot your computer or you'll hear grinding and clicking sounds.
Hard drive failure is inevitable. These failures occur due to various issues such as physical damage, wear, and tear, logical damage, virus attacks, overheating, electrical failure, mechanical failure, human errors, or manufacturing defects. Sometimes, even the new laptop that you buy may have existing manufacturing errors on the hard drive. At other times, it is possible that some file is corrupted because you shut down the computer when your computer was accessing the file. There are numerous other ways in which hard drives fail. Hence, it is necessary to pay close attention to warning messages, clicking sounds, and overheating issues. And when you encounter these issues, always contact data recovery professionals to avoid permanent data loss.
Due to COVID-19, Stellar Data Recovery offices will remain closed during the lockdown period. In continuation of our commitment to data care services and to ensure data loss does not hamper businesses or individuals, Stellar will be operating online and provide remote data recovery services.
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| 0.940182 | 1,584 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Environmental Protection Agency is giving the state of Michigan $100 million to improve Flint's drinking water infrastructure.
Flint's water became dangerously contaminated with lead and other toxins after the city switched sources to cut costs more than two years ago. This forced thousands of residents to rely on bottled water for months on end.
Last December, then-President Barack Obama called on Congress to provide emergency funds for the city. He also signed the funding into law. The EPA then had to review a plan detailing how Flint intended to use the money.
Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder said the state had already allocated nearly $250 million to fix the issue. Now, the state is providing an additional $20 million to match the EPA grant.
Much of this money will go toward replacing lead service lines that contributed to the water contamination.
In a press release, new EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said, "The people of Flint and all Americans deserve a more responsive federal government."
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| 0.959446 | 193 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Moravec gives a generally sound analysis of the challenges of AI and the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to overcoming them. But he stumbles, in my view, on one crucial point -- his emphasis on robotics as the magic solution to AI. This focus on the physical world may have seemed obvious in the 70's, but here in the 21'st century, as communication networks expand and the era of virtual reality dawns, it's a severely limited perspective.
It's absolutely correct that true intelligence requires embodiment. Physical-world robotics provides a familiar approach to embodied intelligence. But embodying an AI mind in an Internet agent sidesteps a lot of nasty mechanical and electrical engineering issues, and allows one to focus on mind design and mind engineering.
I believe that the magic solution to AI, insofar as there is one, is not robotics but -- the Net.
Of course, embodying AI in Internet agents doesn't solve all the hard problems of AI. It only solves two of them: where to find a big enough brain for an AI system, and how to embody an AI system within a world that it can fluidly perceive and manipulate. This still leaves the problem of how to actually structure a digital mind -- how to build the software (or specialized hardware). In this respect, all the Net offers is a metaphor: the mind as a self-organizing network.
The "Internet as AI brain" is a fairly simple point, but Moravec chooses not to emphasize it. He points out, correctly, that simulating the detailed functioning of the human brain on contemporary computer hardware is very difficult, requiring a scale of processing power equal to millions of PC's. But he doesn't note that, through distributed processing across the Internet, it's possible to actually harness the power of millions of PC's, right now. Distributed.net and SETI@home started using the latent computing power of the Net, various start-up firms are now following in their footsteps -- and this is only the beginning.
The "mind as network" metaphor is a powerful one. Mind is a massively parallel self-organizing system of interacting, intertransforming actors, many of them specialized to particular domains or particular processes. It demands a complex-systems-theoretic analysis. If a sufficiently deep and careful analysis of mental processes is carried out, in this vein, one discovers that the divison between reasoning-based AI and neural-net-based AI is largely bogus; reasoning emerges in a clear and detailed way as a statistical emergent from neural net dynamics. The network approach cuts through the apparently unresolvable knots set up by traditional AI theorists.
Moravec suspects that "devising such programs requires lifetimes of work by world-class geniuses." My claim, on the other hand, is that these lifetimes of work have already been done by very clever computer scientists working outside the accepted mainstream of AI. I and my collaborators at Webmind Inc. believe that we've cracked the conceptual problems involved in building real AI. Our proposed solutions are embodied in the Webmind system, now under development for 2 years and scheduled for completion in 2001, Webmind will indeed require hundreds of PC's, but not millions -- though it will be able to enhance its intelligence by dispatching hundreds of small learning problems to millions of distributed PC's operating in a peer-to-peer network.
In short, Moravec foresees a path to AI that begins with simple robots like robotic lawnmowers and vacuum cleaners, and progresses eventually to human-level intelligence. I say: Sure, this can work, but it's an unnecessarily long and difficult path. There is another, shorter one, which is going to be followed first. The incremental development of intelligent robots which Moravec describes will take place in the context of an increasingly intelligent population of Internet minds.
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| 0.939591 | 787 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In this week's #msmathchat the topic of irrational numbers came up. I talked about an assignment that I used to give my grade 8 students called the Wheel of Theodorous. I adapted this from an assignment that Leslie Lewis wrote about in an article in the April 2007 Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School.
This project highlighted the connection between math and art and gave my students a chance to blow me away with their creativity. Julie Reulbach encouraged me to blog about this assignment, so here goes.
This assignment was introduced to my students after they had been doing some work exploring irrational numbers and square roots. It was also a great way to review and practice the Pythagorean Theorem. The assignment outline can be found here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/fty0rgxmqccfsa9/The%20Wheel%20of%20Theodorus.doc.
Essentially, all students started with a right angle triangle that had legs that were each 1 unit (most used cm). They then had to show how to find the measurement of the hypotenuse. In this case it was sqrt 2. This then became the base for the next triangle and they made a rotation of 90 degrees and made the adjacent leg 1 unit. Once again, they had to find the measurement of the hypotenuse. In this case it was sqrt 3. When repeated again, the next hypoteuse was sqrt 4, which they had to write as 2. This allowed them to see the difference between perfect squares and non perfect squares and reinforced which numbers were irrational and which numbers were rational. They kept repeating this process, labelling all sides. They ended up creating a sprial, or the Wheel of Theodorus. They then had to make this into some sort of creative art work. Here is a link to more specific instructions in case that didn't make sense. I had the students hand in this worksheet along with their completed piece of art work: https://www.dropbox.com/s/9smr0e3gsmb986b/Wheel%20of%20Theodorus%20Work%20Sheet.doc?m
Here are some pictures of my students' work. I was blown away by their creativity.
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| 0.983592 | 470 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Lloyd Murdock, Extension Soils Specialist
Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky
Sidewall compaction can result from planting a crop when the soil is a little too wet. This damaging effect can be even greater on soils with a relatively high clay content at the surface. It occurs when the double disc opener leaves the side wall of the planting furrow smooth and compacted (slick as opposed to shattered) as it pushes the soil aside. The trailing press wheel then increases the compaction with its downward force. If the soil stays very moist or wet, the roots may be able to penetrate the compacted mud at the sidewall and expand further into the soil. However, if the weather turns dry after planting, the sidewalls then harden, and roots are not able to push through since there are no pores or cracks. This causes the roots to grow within the planting furrow, along the direction of the row. Although plants may look normal at emergence, they will begin to show nutrient and drought stress after the corn is several inches high. This problem may be more common in no-tillage because no-tillage soils have better structure, and it is easier to traffic them in a wetter condition. The old adage of "waiting on no-till" is a good one. Sidewall compaction can also occur with conventional tillage. If you can mold the soil into a ball in your hand and the soil ball will not easily crumble apart, it is too wet to plant.
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| 0.946951 | 317 | 2.96875 | 3 |
This exercise requires focus, coordination, and awareness. It is simple, yet when done properly and mastered, it can do wonders for one’s back because it builds up the stamina in the supporting muscles of the spine. These muscles are needed for mundane tasks like bending over a sink to brush teeth, ironing, or washing a floor. If these muscles are weak, then one will often experience pain, and sometimes that pain can be excruciating. According to NASM, nearly 80 percent of all adults will experience back pain during their lives. This is one of those exercises that can really do wonders for preventing or healing an ailing back.
By extending our opposite arm and leg away from our center without allowing ourselves to fall out of alignment, we strengthen the stabilizers of our spine, shoulders, and hips.
This exercise often puts people off balance at first. So, to train the body to remain well aligned. Try performing it with the side against or close to a wall. Try not to fall toward or away from the wall. It is also imperative that one maintains a neutral spine. This means that all the natural curves in the spine should be maintained. The lower back should have a slight arch, the upper back should be straight, and the face should be parallel to the floor, with a small curve in the neck maintained. A good way to measure this is to place a wooden dowel or broomstick on the back. One needs to feel the tailbone, upper back, and back of the head against the dowel.
Keep the elbows pointing toward the thighs and bend them until the torso is parallel to the ground.
Keep the thighs under the hip sockets. In an attempt to rest their triceps, people often shift their weight toward their legs, shortening the angle between the thigh and hips. Try to stay centered. An added bonus to the challenge of staying centered is that it builds nicely defined triceps.
Gently draw the navel toward the spine and lift the pelvic floor. Without falling out of alignment, extend the opposite arm and leg. Slowly return to the starting position and repeat on the other side.
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| 0.950938 | 433 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Minor chords are used liberally in jazz,
both in standards and originals, so it’s
important to know your options when it
comes to playing scales over these chords.
On the surface, you could surmise that a
minor chord would indicate a minor scale,
and to that end, that a natural minor scale
would suffice. However, the first choice for
a scale over a minor chord in jazz improvisation
is a Dorian mode, which is the second
mode of a major scale. The natural
minor, also known as the Aeolian mode, is
the sixth mode of a major scale (and is its
relative minor). The Aeolian mode is generally
used in a specific setting, over a minor
chord with a flat sixth degree. The key difference
between Dorian and Aeolian is
that the Dorian mode has a major sixth,
whereas the Aeolian mode has a minor
sixth. The brighter sound of the major sixth
is usually the jazz player’s preference for
minor chords. The sixth is a pretty color
tone, and part of the upper structure triad
(or chord extension) of 9, 11, and 13. So, a
Cm chord, with a C Dorian mode, contains
a scale tone triad built on the second
degree, which is a Dm triad.
There are other minor scales that have
specific chordal applications, and can
expand your palette of colors and choices
over minor chords. Following is a list of the
most-used minor scales and examples of
their chordal applications.
Click thumbnails below for larger images.
Ex. 1. The C Aeolian mode (natural minor scale) shown in 1a is the relative minor of Eb major. Though often played on its own, the Aeolian mode can also create interest
in a longer harmonic rhythm of a minor chord, by switching between the Dorian mode and Aeolian modes. The C Dorian mode in 1b comes from the parent scale of Bb
major. Dorian is often the default mode when playing over minor chords in jazz; it has a somewhat brighter sound than Aeolian due to the major sixth. 1c shows the C
Locrian mode, which comes from the parent scale of Db major. The Locrian (a.k.a. the seventh mode of the major scale) is a good choice for half-diminished chords,
especially if you’re constructing quartal voicings for those chords.
Ex. 2. Play through the C Phrygian mode, which has parent scale Ab major, in 2a. The Phrygian mode has a distinctly minor quality, mainly because of the flat third. However,
the application for this mode is usually over a 7b9 chord, or a sus4 chord. 2b shows the C melodic minor scale. The melodic minor scale can be thought of as a
major scale with a flat third, or a natural minor scale (Aeolian mode) with raised sixth and seventh degrees. Also sometimes known as the “jazz minor,” the scale differs
from its traditional-harmony cousin in that the construction remains the same whether ascending or descending. In traditional harmony, the sixth and seventh are raised
a half step ascending, and lowered a half step descending. The left-hand shell voicing of root and guide tones gives an outline of the sound of the scale. This scale can
create movement when playing on a minor chord for an extended duration, as in the standard “My Funny Valentine.” It can also be used as a standalone harmony. 2c
shows the C harmonic minor scale. The harmonic minor has a flat third, flat sixth, and a major seventh. The left-hand chord is a rootless voicing of 9, flat 3, 5, and major
7. The unusual intervallic construction of this scale (the augmented second and interval of an enharmonic minor 3rd between the 6th and 7th degrees) sets this scale
apart. The unusual chord symbol expresses the characteristic tones; however the scale can be played without these alterations.
Ex. 3. Once you have the scales down, the next challenge is to create lines or melodies using the notes of the scale. The ascending line of eighth-notes in 3a uses intervals
of diatonic thirds. More specifically, the first two notes are an enclosure of the sixth. The Ab becomes the root of a scale tone ninth chord (Abmaj9), which resolves
to the root (Ab), and then arpeggiates again from the third using octave displacement (down an octave). The phrase comes to rest on the color tone of the 11th. The left-hand
chord is a rootless voicing for Fm7. Similar in construction to the previous example, 3b starts with an enclosure of the 3rd, then arpeggiates up a scale tone ninth
chord (Ebmaj9). The left hand chord is a rootless voicing for Cm7. The descending passage in 3c uses notes from the C Locrian mode. The line begins with a descending
C Locrian starting on the 11th, and concludes with a descending arpeggio of the Ab major scale tone triad. The last three notes are also an enclosure of the seventh of
the C half-diminished chord. The left hand plays a rootless voicing for Ab7.
Ex. 4. The ascending line in 4a begins with a scalar passage, then an enclosure of the fifth, which then acts as the leading tone for the ascending arpeggiation of the
scale tone Abmaj7 chord. The line comes to rest on the seventh of the C7sus4b9. The line in 4b begins with descending scale tone thirds, followed by a downward
arpeggiation of a Cm triad from the root. The final phrase ends with an intervallic pattern using the C melodic minor scale. 4c begins on the fifth of the Cmb6maj7,
which acts as the leading tone to the scale tone Abdim7 arpeggio, which then repeats using octave displacement in the last measure.
For some great minor scale action, check out these albums:
Herbie Hancock, Michael
Brecker, and Roy Hargrove,
Directions in Music; listen
for various modes of the
Wynton Kelly, Piano; listen
for the Aeolian mode.
Richard Beirach, Elm;
listen for Dorian mode and
melodic minor scale use.
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| 0.911691 | 1,399 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Our Approach to Learning Hebrew
Our methodology is based on years of experience and our conviction that the most effective way to learn a language is through enjoyable, up-to-date and stimulating experiences.
Various tools for various levels
Our aim is to help our readers reach a proficient level of reading, understanding and speaking Hebrew. We offer a variety of learning tools in different levels as well as the flexibility to move from one level to another. We also make a deliberate effort to provide engaging articles, relevant dictionaries and fun games and exercises in every issue.
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Another unique aspect of newspapers is that both kids and adults can enjoy reading the same newspaper. In addition, we know that kids love to spend time on their computers, as do many adults. That’s why we offer both print and online editions to suit all preferences.
In order to reach the specific format and high standard that has proven to be very successful, we have collaborated with many Hebrew teachers and new immigrants that graciously contributed from their professional and personal experience. This helps us make our newspapers and other learning products the valuable products that they are.
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Frederick Dent Grant and his wife, Ida Honoré Grant, in 1905 (Courtesy the Library of Congress)
Col. Frederick Dent Grant, eldest son of Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent Grant, was appointed to the court of Franz Joseph I by President Benjamin Harrison in March 1889. Fred, his wife, Ida Honoré Grant, and their two children, Julia Dent Grant and Ulysses S. Grant III, set out from New York a month later and arrived in Vienna in early May. There they lived for the next four years.
The Ida Honoré Grant Correspondence, 1889–1893, is a collection of 130 letters written largely by Ida herself and sent to her mother, sister, and other relatives back in the United States. Ida instructed her relatives to save the letters that she wrote to them so that she might have them to remember her stay in Europe after her return home. As she explained in a note that she scrawled at the head of one letter to her mother, “I wish you would just keep my letters, they will serve as [a] sort of ‘journal’ to me afterwards. I write so much to you all there is nothing left for me to put in a diary” (Ida H. Grant to Ma, May 19, 1889).
Ida’s letters were donated to the Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library by Ulysses Grant Dietz, the great-grandson of Fred and Ida Grant.
This online edition consists of digital images of the original manuscript pages. It will be expanded to include searchable transcriptions of the texts, a biographical dictionary, and a timeline of events.
Robert Karachuk and David S. Nolen, editors.
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Hopi Old Style Katsinam
Hopi Old Style Katsina dolls are those carved in the traditional style, often referred to as “Early Traditional Style.” This style dates back to the late 19th and early 20th century and represents the most traditional depiction of the Katsinam before outsiders began to influence the Native American cultures. These early Katsina dolls were highly simplistic in form and were most often flat with few if any three-dimensional elements, though some were more rounded. Each doll was intricately painted with dyes and pigments made from native minerals like iron and magnesium, whatever was readily available in the area local to the Hopi people. Some paints were plant-based, though these colors were not as vibrant and did not stand up over time.
Kachina House features the "New Traditional Style" Katsinam which are an artistic movement firmly rooted in the old ways, though these dolls are by no means simply copies of the Early Traditionals. There are distinct features that set them apart, ranging from the carving, sanding and painting styles to more obvious changes in body proportions, posture, feet and faces. Carvers and collectors alike appreciate this style not only for the step back in time to what Katsinam looked like before any outside influences, but more importantly, the rich Hopi culture that these New Traditional Katsinam represent.
The artists represented here have been drawn to the simple forms and vibrant colors of the old style Katsina dolls and have adapted them using modern techniques. The unique blending of the past and the present offers an interesting perspective on both the new and the old as they allow us to view the culture and traditions of the Hopi ancestors through a modern window.
Our Hopi Old Style Katsinam are carved by hand with the careful eye of a genuine Native Southwestern American Indian artist. Each piece is carved to include the specialized elements of each individual Katsina, just as our full-figure Katsinam capture the unique qualities of each spirit. Many artists have chosen to shift from the strictly traditional carving methods to include detailed hands and feet, while still keeping the overall traditional style. Still carved from the strong but lightweight cottonwood root, the artists may choose to expand their palette with modern paints and painting techniques. However, each color is still carefully chosen to stay true to the representative appearance of the particular Katsina it represents.
Kachina House is happy to be able to offer these beautiful and unique pieces by Native American Hopi artists. As the largest distributor of Native American Indian arts and artifacts in Arizona, we’re confident that you’ll find the perfect piece for your collection. If you have questions, we urge you to call us toll free at 800-304-3290 or drop us an email. We always like to hear from our customers.
Click to read about the Hopi School
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On a balmy December day in Jupiter, Florida, chemist Ben Shen led the way into a standalone, shed–sized cold room that sits just outside one of the three buildings at the Scripps Research Institute’s East Coast campus. Six-foot-tall racks hung from metal rails on wheels, each with hundreds of cubby holes filled with clusters of glass ampules containing freeze-dried microbes. Along the back wall of the room were tiny drawers with more samples. And this was just half of the collection. Back inside the closest building, more than 30 freezers held thousands more samples of bacteria and fungi.
In total, Shen now oversees a biobank of 217,352 microbial strains, more than 210,000 of which came to Scripps late last year from the drug company Pfizer, which had established and maintained the historic collection since the early 20th century. Microbes produce compounds that have already yielded...
The challenge is daunting, but the opportunity is immense.—Ben Shen, Scripps Research Institute
Shen launched the Natural Product Library Initiative at Scripps in 2011 and already had a collection of about 6,000 microbes that he was mining for natural products. When he heard Pfizer was seeking to unload its collection, he was immediately interested in the resource. Each microbe is estimated to encode an average of 30 natural products; Pfizer’s collection likely held millions of novel molecules waiting to be discovered, and so Shen and his colleagues put together a proposal to take it on.
“Pfizer recognized that the collection’s value might be increased if it were more readily available to researchers outside of the company, and after a competitive process ultimately chose to license the collection to Scripps—a top-ranked international institution that is committed to preserving microbial biodiversity for use in biomedical research,” Pfizer spokesperson Amy Rose tells The Scientist in an email.
See “Slideshow: Scads of Microbes Now Stored at Scripps”
In December 2018, Shen and Scripps Executive Vice President Doug Bingham traveled to the Pfizer facilities in Groton, Connecticut, “to figure out what exactly we’d won,” Bingham says. About half of the samples were freeze dried and refrigerated; the other half were frozen at -140 °C. The library was annotated in numerous and disordered notebooks and databases. “It’s an archaic collection; there’s lot of really small labels with handwritten numbers,” says Bingham. “We had to get a handle on how those worked. . . . Getting all the things down here and then not being able to find the strain you wanted was pointless.”
Bingham and his colleagues also decided they wanted to remove any strains that were pathogenic before the collection was loaded into trucks and hauled to Florida. Bingham estimates that the Scripps team identified some 1,000 strains, such as Brucella bacteria, that were pulled from the collection and destroyed. Meanwhile, Bingham oversaw preparations on the Scripps campus. In May, a standalone cold room was installed, and space was cleared for the nearly two dozen freezers that contained the frozen part of the collection. Then, in two separate trips, trucks hauled the collection more than 1,300 miles down I-95 from Groton to Jupiter.
Shen is already studying some of the microbes in the collection. His group has attempted to culture more than 150 strains of Actinobacteria, having success with more than 95 percent of them in one medium. “By varying media, we should be able to grow them all. . . . We should be able to revive most of the strains in the collection,” Shen tells The Scientist in an email. Last month, Shen secured a five-year NIH grant totaling nearly $4 million to develop tools to look for natural products encoded by Actinobacteria. The collection has more than 62,000 Actinobacteria specimens.
Shen’s is not the only group mining the Pfizer strains for natural products. A little over a year before Pfizer got out of the natural products space, the company struck a deal with Adapsyn Bioscience, which can apply its metabolomics approach to the crude extracts that had been created and stored after growing the bacteria in culture. “We can start just with the crude extracts and use our metabolomics pipeline and say there’s something novel,” says Andy Haigh, president and COO of Adapsyn Bioscience. If something of interest turned up in that analysis, the researchers can explore it further by fermenting the bacteria, isolating the natural product, and subjecting it to various bioassays to probe its activity.
This approach is faster and cheaper than genome sequencing, Haigh says, and it more directly gets to the products of interest. “Genomics [studies] give you a good sense of the potential of the bug, but you really need the metabolomics to go and find the actual compound that bug is producing,” he says. He notes, however, that both metabolomics and genomics are essential to mining natural products. The genome sequence, for example, can provide clues about the compounds’ structure and novelty. “Without both sides of the equation, it can be really difficult to find these things,” Haigh says. (Pfizer’s collaboration with Adapsyn was not affected when it gave the microbial collection to Scripps, Rose says.)
It’s an interesting approach, to leverage microbial diversity, but it’s a complicated and high-risk approach as well.—Sylvain Brisse, Institut Pasteur
While the Scripps collection is now one of the world’s largest microbial biobanks, it is by no means the only one. The search for useful products within similar collections is widespread, says Sylvain Brisse, director of the Biological Resource Center of the Institut Pasteur. The institute maintains one of the world’s oldest microbial collections, which holds more 50,000 strains. “There is a trend to develop projects to use the diversity that we have in these collections to look for natural products,” Brisse says.
Like Shen’s group, Dominique Clermont, head of the Institut Pasteur’s bacterial collection, oversees a program to sequence the genomes of the microbes in the collection and mine those sequences for biosynthesis gene clusters, groups of genes involved in the production of natural products. Muriel Gugger, head of Institut Pasteur’s cyanobacteria collection, is doing the same. In the genomes of nearly 90 cyanobacterial strains, for example, her team identified 452 gene clusters for two particular natural product production pathways, pointing to potential novel products to be found in those strains.
“It’s not enough to have a big collection of microorganisms,” says Brisse. “There is all kinds of other expertise and needs down the line to get to the identification of active products. . . . It’s an interesting approach, to leverage microbial diversity, but it’s a complicated and high-risk approach as well.” Still, the potential payoff is great, Gugger notes. “Researchers have . . . to work together to combine their strengths to find what are the natural products and how they can be used for human health.”
Shen, who is helping to organize a meeting on natural products and drug discovery in the genomics era slated for January 12–16 in San Diego, agrees. “The challenge is daunting, but the opportunity is immense.”
Jef Akst is managing editor of The Scientist. Email her at [email protected].
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For July 15, 2009: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has provided a website on energy efficiency and various applications of renewable energy. Renewable energies include solar, wind, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal, ocean, and hydropower. This site includes information on each and how the energy is captured and used. Who uses renewal energy and what it means to the world are only a few of the topics explored. The site is a treasure trove of information and resources on the topic of renewable energy.
Fly over to CyberBee at http://www.cyberbee.com for more great websites, lessons, and activities to use with students.
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History of Oil In Russia
Although commercial oil production only began in the second half of the nineteenth century, for centuries oil was gathered by peoples who lived in parts of the world where it seeped to the surface. In Russia, the first written mention of the gathering of oil appeared in the sixteenth century. Travelers described how tribes living along the banks of the river Ukhta in the far northern Timan Pechora region gathered oil from the surface of the river and used it as a medicine and a lubricant. Oil gathered from the Ukhta river was delivered to Moscow for the first time in 1597.
In 1702, Tsar Peter the First ordered the setting up of Russia's first regular newspaper, Vedomosti. The paper's first issue carried a story about the discovery of oil on the surface of the river Sok in central Russia, while later issues carried similar stories about oil seeps elsewhere in Russia. In 1745, Feodor Pryadunov received permission to begin gathering oil seeping from the bed of the river Ukhta. Pryadunov also built a primitive refinery, delivering some of the products to Moscow and St Petersburg.
Oil seeps had also been reported in the North Caucasus by various travelers who passing through the region. Local people even gathered the oil using buckets to haul it up from wells up to one and a half metres deep. In 1823, the Dubinin brothers opened a refinery in Mozdok to process oil gathered from the nearby Voznesensk oilfield.
Oil and gas seeps were recorded in Baku on the Western shores of the Caspian Sea by an Arab traveler and historian as early as the tenth century. Marco Polo later wrote how people in Baku used oil for medicinal purposes and to administer blessings. By the fourteenth century, oil gathered in Baku was already being exported to other countries of the Middle East. The first oil well in the world was drilled at Bibi-Aybat near Baku in 1846, more than a decade before the drilling of the first well in the US. This event marked the birth of the modern-day oil industry.
The Birth Of The Industry
The Baku region harbored many large fields which were very relatively easy to exploit, but transporting the oil to market was difficult and expensive. The Nobel brothers and the Rothschild family played a major role in the development of the oil industry in Baku, which was at that time part of the Russian Empire. The industry grew rapidly, and by the turn of the century Russia accounted for over 30% of world oil production. Shell Transport & Trading, which later became part of Royal Dutch/Shell, began life by ferrying oil produced by the Rothschilds to Western Europe.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Russia also began to discover oil fields in other parts of the country. In 1864, a well drilled in Krasnodar Krai produced the first gusher. Four years later, the first oil well was drilled on the banks of the river Ukhta, while 1876 saw the start of commercial production on the Cheleken peninsula in present-day Turkmenistan. The rapid development of oil production was accompanied by the construction of various plants for processing crude oil, with a lubricants plant opening in 1879 near Yaroslavl and a similar facility opening the same year in Nizhny Novgorod.
Oil production suffered as a result of the Russian revolution in 1917, and the situation worsened with nationalization of the oil fields by the Communists in 1920. The Nobels sold a significant part of their Russian holdings to Standard Oil of New Jersey, which was later to become Exxon. Standard Oil protested the decision to nationalize the oil fields and refused to cooperate with the new Soviet government. But other companies, including Vacuum and Standard Oil of New York, which was later to become Mobil, invested in Russia. The continued inflow of Western funds helped Russian oil production to recover, and by 1923 oil exports had climbed back to their pre-revolutionary levels.
The Rise Of The Soviet Oil Industry
The Caspian and North Caucasus remained the center of the Soviet oil industry until the Second World War, with rising production feeding the country's rapid drive to industrialize. Securing control over oil production in Baku was a centrepiece of German strategy during the war, and for a time the Soviet Union found itself cut off from access to its oil. Caspian oil production once again began to pick up after the end of the war, and reached a new record high of some 850,000 b/d in 1951. Baku remained the centre of the industry and nearly two-thirds of Soviet oil field equipment was manufactured in the area.
But at the same time, Soviet planners began to accelerate development of the Volga-Urals region, which had been under development since the 1930s. Fields in the region were often close to existing transportation infrastructure, and the geology was not particularly complex. By 1950, the new fields accounted for 45% of Soviet oil production. The massive investments in the region paid off, allowing for a big hike in Soviet oil production. The extra barrels went to feed a wave of new refineries which were brought on stream in the period between the 1930s and the 1950s. The Omsk refinery was opened in 1955, and later grew to become one of the largest refineries in the world.
The growth in production also allowed the Soviet Union to begin ramping up exports of oil. Moscow was keen to maximize hard currency earnings from oil exports, and priced aggressively in order to boost its market share. By the early 1960s, the Soviet Union had replaced Venezuela as the second largest oil producer in the world. The arrival of lots of cheap Soviet barrels on the market forced many Western oil companies to cut their posted prices for Middle Eastern oil, thus reducing royalty revenues for governments of the Middle East. This reduction in revenues was one of the driving forces behind the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Production from the Volga Urals region peaked at close to 4.5 million b/d in 1975 but later dropped back to less than a third of that level. Just as the Soviet Union was thinking about how it could sustain production from maturing fields in the Volga Urals, the first major discoveries in Western Siberia were announced. The early years of the 1960s saw a series of discoveries in the region, culminating with the discovery of the super-giant Samotlor field in 1965, home to recoverable reserves estimated at some 14 billion barrels.
The West Siberian basin presents a hostile environment in which to produce oil, with the territory ranging from permafrost around the Arctic circle to extensive peat bogs in the south. But in spite of the difficulties, the Soviet Union was able to ramp up production from the region at an astounding rate. Growth in West Siberian production underpinned an increase in total Soviet production from 7.6 million b/d in 1971 to 9.9 million b/d by 1975. By the middle of the 1970s, West Siberian production was filling the gap being left by the decline in Volga Urals output.
The Decline Of The Soviet Oil Industry
But in achieving phenomenal production from fields in Western Siberia, the Soviet oil industry had also sown the seeds of its own decline. West Siberian fields were relatively cheap to develop and offered huge economies of scale, and Soviet planners gave priority to maximizing short-term rather than long-term recovery. Production associations tended to overproduce existing fields to meet production quotas without regard for proper reservoir management practices, drilling too many wells and injecting too much water. There were also no incentives to improve efficiency and scant investment in new technology. The problems soon began to manifest themselves in the form of falling well productivity, low reservoir pressure and rising water cut.
By the middle of the 1970s, Moscow was already aware that a production decline was just around the corner. The first decline hit in 1977, caused by chronic under-investment in exploration in Western Siberia, but authorities managed to reverse the decline by boosting spending on drilling. The second fall happened in the period between 1982 and 1986. This time too, Moscow managed to head off a crisis by injecting more cash.
In 1988, the Soviet Union hit a new record of some 11.4 million b/d. At this point, it was the largest producer in the world, with output significantly higher than in either the US or Saudi Arabia. It was also this year that output from Western Siberia peaked at 8.3 million b/d. But by that point, a sustained decline in production was inevitable - thanks to poor reservoir management techniques, the Soviet Union only managed to lift production marginally during the first part of the 1990s, despite a dramatic increase in capital expenditure. When it came, the collapse in production was as dramatic as the rise had been -- Russian production fell continuously for a decade and ended up at almost half its original level.
The slide was aided by the economic crisis which engulfed the region in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the economy resulted in a big drop in the domestic consumption of oil, but export capacity restraints meant that companies were forced to continue selling a large portion of their output on the domestic market, often to insolvent customers. The companies' financial difficulties forced a complete halt to all new exploration and drilling activity, and even work-overs of existing wells, a situation which worsened the collapse in production.
Russian oil production finally halted its slide in 1997. An independent analysis suggests that Western Siberia could still harbor over 150 billion barrels of reserves, three times the volume produced to date. But the picture is clouded by the poor condition of the reservoirs at fields already under development, and by the fact that West Siberian fields typically consist of a larger number of oil-bearing layers than fields in other regions, thus complicating recovery.
Other provinces also offer significant potential. The Timan-Pechora basin stetches from the Urals in the east to the Barents Sea in the north. The region suffers from a harsh climate, and a large part of the reserves are thought to consist of heavy oil. Nevertheless, remaining discovered reserves are estimated at around nine billion barrels, implying significant potential. East Siberia's remaining reserves are put at three billion barrels, but undiscovered reserves could be several times larger. The region's main drawback is its distance from markets and the lack of transport infrastructure. Reserves offshore Sakhalin island are also thought to be significant, but development to date has been held back by high costs.
|Copyright © JSC Gazprom Neft 2006. All rights reserved|
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Benedict XV (Della Chiesa, Giacomo). (1854-1922).
Benedict XV (Della Chiesa, Giacomo). Born, Genoa, November 21, 1854; died Rome, January 22, 1922.
Della Chiesa, who held a doctorate in civil law from the Royal University of Genoa, won election as Pope on September 3, 1914, shortly after the outbreak of war. From the beginning, Benedict XV called upon the warring parties to end the conflict. His first encyclical, Ad Beatissimi, took an unequivocal stand against the war and associated war with Satan's envy of the Kingdom of Peace. Benedict then strove relentlessly to end the war and to prevent Italy's entry into the hostilities.
Although Pope and Church were accused widely of pro-Austrian neutrality, Italy's Catholics supported the Pope's neutralism. Moderate and liberal Italian Catholic laypersons and the radical peasant White Leagues of the Po Valley joined pro-Vienna aristocrats in demanding an end to the war and Italy's absolute neutrality. They were joined by the vast majority of Italian Socialists and by most liberals. Yet, owing largely to Benedict's and the Church's inability to act in any other than the most conservative diplomatic manner, Italy's intervention and the widening of the war could not be prevented by popular forces. To have sponsored or allowed the kinds of mass actions undertaken by the Socialists, for example, was unthinkable to the practitioners of Vatican diplomacy.
Benedict maintained rigorously his anti-war position and sought on several occasions to facilitate a diplomatic settlement. Most importantly, he proposed in August 1917 a plan based upon the prewar status quo. In the proposal, he cited the "useless carnage" of the war. While the proposal won few adherents in ruling circles, Benedict's rhetoric was blamed and credited for having helped to inspire the insurrection against the war in Turin later the same month. As the end of the war approached, Benedict lost the peace-making mantle to Woodrow Wilson.
Later years found the Pope in support of the Washington Naval Conference and in favor of aid to lessen suffering in war-torn Russia.
Walter H. Peters, The Life of Benedict XV (Milwaukee; 1959)
Henry E.G. Rope, Benedict XV: The Pope of Peace (London: 1940)
Ernesto Vercesi, Il moviemento cattolico in italia (1870-1922) (Florence: 1923)
Return to B-Index
Return to Alphabetical Index of WWI Biographies
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Wednesday, January 11, 2012
Question: How close to my house can I plant a Cottonwood tree?
Cottonwoods grow to be immense trees attaining dimensions of up to 40 - 50 feet tall and wide with a root system to match. Cottonwoods have a surface root system that can heave sidewalks, crack walls and home foundations if planted too close. Cottonwoods should be planted a minimal distance from structures of at least 25 feet if not further. Trees That Please Nursery carries two varieties of cotton-less, Cottonwood Trees. Please contact us or stop by the store for more information.
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