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Programme: TELSAT 4
Start - End: 30 novembre 1996 - 27 février 1999
Context and objectivesInstalling a land use policy aiming at long term sustainability needs to be based on a sound knowledge of the impact of policy measures in the specific environmental, economic and sociologic context of the region at stake. Adapting the management practices of the natural resources to support a growing population pressure and at the same time guarantee long-term environmental stability, has become a high priority task in the tropical regions.
Remote sensing techniques can contribute significantly to the assessment of the current status of the environment, evolution monitoring and management control, and to environmental impact evaluation. The launch in the early nineties of the operational satellite borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors has improved the image availability over tropical regions. These active imaging systems operating in the microwave domain allow for the acquisition of earth observation data day and night regardless of atmospheric conditions.
The project seeks to work out an adapted rationale for interpreting SAR image data over tropical vegetation based on the formulation of the physical interaction of the incident wave with the target and its relevant characteristics.
By providing a physical basis to the development of the image interpretation techniques for mapping and quantitative information extraction, a method is aimed for that can be repeated under different situations in time and space.
Expected scientific results
|Project leader(s):||VITO - Remote Sensing - Teledetectie en aardobservatieprocessen|
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<urn:uuid:a00285dd-46e9-4f09-9a63-7c6c68605711>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://eo.belspo.be/fr/stereo-in-action/projects/biophysical-characterisation-tropical-ecosystems-spaceborne-synthetic
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en
| 0.834908 | 342 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A galaxy far far away might not be closer than expected
Published: Thursday, October 17, 2013
Updated: Friday, October 18, 2013 03:10
Ever since the widely popular move series, Star Wars, hit the movie screens in the 1980s fans have dreamed about having their own lightsaber. But with recent discoveries made by MIT and Harvard, it could be entirely possible.
In their Sept. 25 edition of the scientific journal Nature, a team of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) physicists explain they’ve discovered a molecule that behaves exactly like the famous Jedi weapon.
“It’s not an in-apt analogy to compare this to lightsabers,” Harvard professor Mikhail Lukin said. “When these photons interact with each other, they’re pushing against and deflect each other. The physics of what’s happening in thee molecules is similar to what we see in the movies.”
The comical part of this story is that the physicists did not even intend to discover the physics behind the lightsaber. They were developing photons for a quantum supercomputer.
This journal entry gives no record that scientists will use this to actually create the infamous lightsaber.
But with Disney revamping the Star Wars film in 2015, who wouldn’t want to bring a lightsaber to the premiere.
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.houstonianonline.com/a-e/a-galaxy-far-far-away-might-not-be-closer-than-expected-1.2841853
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en
| 0.940681 | 275 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Is the current emperor of Japan the true and legitimate emperor?
From 1333 to 1336, the emperor Go-Daigo attempted to reassert imperial authority against the Kamakura Shogun. This was called the Kenmu Restoration. The conflict between Go-Daigo and the shogunate centered on succession to the imperial throne. Whereas Go-Daigo demanded the authority to name his own heir, the shogunate insisted on maintaining a 13th century compromise whereby two rival branches of the imperial line would succeed to the throne in turn.
Go-Daigo refused to compromise, and in 1331 he launched a coup against the shogunate. The coup failed and Go-Daigo was sent into internal exile. Go-Daigo's warrior supporters reorganized and destroyed the shogunate in 1333. Once in power however, Go-Daigo showed little appreciation for his warrior allies. In the name of imperial rule he sought to strengthen central control at the expense of the regional authority of the warrior class.
In a striking miscalculation he named as shogun his own son, slighting the generals who had restored him to the throne. This disregard for warrior privilege alienated Go-Daigo's supporters and undermined his government. In 1335, Ashikaga Takauji, one of Go-Daigo's allies, drove him from Kyoto and installed as emperor a member of the rival lineage. Three years later Takauji arranged his own appointment as shogun, founding the Ashikaga shogunate, the 2nd of Japan's three shogun dynasties.
Go-Daigo continued to have supporters who defended his imperial line, known as the Southern Court and they fought against the Ashikaga shogunate. The imperial succession dispute was resolved in 1392, but the resolution represented a victory for the Northern Court. The two lines again agreed to alternate succession, but in practice the Northern line never relinquished control.
The current Japanese emperor descends from the Northern Court. The Southern Court effectively vanished.
(The Last Samurai-The Life and Times of Saigo Takamori)
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| 0.95826 | 429 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Adding product to your cart
A lively, panoramic history of a revolutionary year (New York Times)
In 1848, a violent storm of revolutions ripped through Europe. The torrent all but swept away the conservative order that had kept peace on the continent since Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815 -- but which in many countries had also suppressed dreams of national freedom. Political events so dramatic had not been seen in Europe since the French Revolution, and they would not be witnessed again until 1989, with the revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe.
, historian Mike Rapport examines the roots of the ferment and then, with breathtaking pace, chronicles the explosive spread of violence across Europe. A vivid narrative of a complex chain of interconnected revolutions, 1848
tells the exhilarating story of Europe's violent Spring of Nations and traces its reverberations to the present day.
Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://massivebookshop.com/products/9780465020676
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| 0.914017 | 265 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Posted: 1:19 pm Friday, September 9th, 2011
By Post Staff
Editorial board members Jac Wilder VerSteeg and Rhonda Swan debate whether the state should rebury Indian tribe ancestors’ bones. Who do you agree with?
Point: Treat Indian remains with respect
By: Jac Wilder VerSteeg
Burial grounds are due respect, regardless of who is buried at the site. You can bet the government wouldn’t try to unearth and remove the remains of folks buried in any Christian church cemetery without working closely from day one with descendents or church members.
But government agencies, including the South Florida Water Management District and the Army Corps of Engineers, failed to treat Indians remains uncovered in the Everglades with equivalent respect. As The Post’s Christine Stapleton reported, archaeologists and engineers working on flood-control projects in the Everglades uncovered partial remains.
The Seminole and Miccosukee tribes had the impression that only a few bones were found, which would be carefully removed and reburied appropriately. But the scientists eventually recovered remains from 56 individuals. Representatives from the tribes were not included in weekly meetings with government agencies in which they could have learned the truth. The remains were uncovered starting in 2008, but the tribes did not find out the scope until May 2010.
Now the agencies, which paid to move and rebury the remains once, will pay to return them to their original place. But the tribes want the burial ground to be protected from the flooding that is part of the plan to restore Everglades wetlands. It’s not clear how to do that or how much it would cost.
Some people say the artifacts are “just” old teeth or old bones and that nobody alive now has a stake in how the remains are treated. In this view, the tribes are causing unnecessary delay and expense to a vital environmental project.
But in my view, the tribes only are asking for the respect government would show any other group.
What do you think? Should government rebury Indian remains on protected site? Take our poll.
Counterpoint: What difference does the number of bones make?
By: Rhonda Swan
When the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes believed that only a few bones of their ancestors had been found in the Everglades, they were perfectly OK with letting the government remove and rebury them to make way for a flood control project.
It was only after they learned that the number of bones were significant – accounting for the remains of 56 people – that they insisted the bones be returned to their original resting place.
The issue here isn’t about disrespecting a burial ground. It’s about a government cover-up. The South Florida Water Management District and the Army Corps of Engineers were wrong to keep the truth about the number of bones from the Seminoles and Miccosukees. They absolutely should have included the tribes in their weekly meetings so they could be kept up to date about the project. Why, though, should taxpayers have to cover the cost of moving the remains back to where they came from? We’ve already paid for the bones to be removed once. The delay to the project is needless.
It seems to me that if a burial ground is going to be sacred, it should be sacred whether it contains the remains of one person or 1,000. If it was OK for the government to relocate a small number of bones, why not a larger number?
We respect the dead by honoring their lives. How they lived is far more important where their bones are buried.
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| 0.970333 | 742 | 2.75 | 3 |
What will it take to get more black teachers to stay in the classroom?
School administrators will have to explicitly address the racial biases and stereotyping that stifle black educators’ professional growth, argue researchers Ashley Griffin and Hilary Tackie in a new report from The Education Trust, a national nonprofit advocacy organization.
As the nation’s classrooms become increasingly diverse, with non-white children now making up the majority of public school students, schools have made inroads in recruiting more teachers of color. But those educators tend to leave the profession at much higher rates than their white counterparts. Teachers of color currently represent only 18 percent of the nation’s teaching force and black teachers comprise just 7 percent of that workforce.
Increasing those numbers matters because research suggests students do better in school when exposed to teachers who share similar backgrounds and experiences.
Griffin and Tackie’s report explores why African-American teachers are more prone to abandoning the profession. The researchers used a focus group of 150 black teachers, choosing participants representative of the experience levels and teaching environments of the nation’s black teachers, and found several patterns.
The very reasons schools were eager to hire black educators – that is, their perceived ability to work well with African-American students, particularly black students that other teachers were having trouble reaching – often morphed into career roadblocks. While other educators were allowed to advance and take on more challenging work like teaching Advanced Placement courses, black educators said they were often relegated to teaching low-performing students and taking on disciplinarian roles.
While many educators relished their roles acting as formal and informal mentors for their black students, and even pointed to those relationships as being a key reason for staying in the classroom, they also reported feeling pressure from administrators, fellow teachers and even students, to build and maintain relationships with every student of color.
“We become the representative for every child of color, I mean, whether we relate to them, whether our culture is the same or not,” one teacher told the researchers. “We become the representative for all of those children.”
Many of the teachers reported that because of these relationships, they were often in a unique position to deal with students with behavioral challenges, a fact that often led to them taking on disciplinarian roles.
“[B]eing able to easily discipline students often led others to see them as enforcers rather than educators — a reductive stereotype that we heard throughout the focus groups,” the researchers wrote. “These teachers were assumed to be tough and strict instead of being able to connect to their students and use that connection to establish order and create a classroom environment conducive to learning.”
In fact, a recent study showed that African-American students are less likely to be suspended when they have a black teacher. But African-American educators reported that once they took on disciplinarian roles they were locked out of other opportunities to advance their careers. Instead of spending their free periods mastering new content knowledge or pedagogical techniques, they handle other educators’ discipline issues. Many black educators also told researchers that they were consistently assigned students who struggled academically and weren’t given opportunities to teach more rigorous content.
“‘You do it so well, let’s just keep you here.’ If I’m doing the ABCs every day, I never really get to do anything of a higher caliber,” a teacher reported. “I think a lot of times, as African-American teachers, we get stuck in a certain group, because you do it well.”
In addition to these education-specific challenges, the researchers found that black teachers reported many of the same challenges that face black workers across economic sectors. Black teachers told researchers that superiors, coworkers, and customers – in this case, parents – often viewed them as less competent than their white peers.
“I think one of the challenges I dealt with was convincing parents that our decisions are the right decisions,” a black educator told researchers. “And I say that because a lot of parents would look to the white teachers and whatever they say was golden. There was no questioning them.”
The report ends with a call on administrators to start the often-fraught work of addressing these “deep-seated” career impediments for black educators:“[I]t will take honest and critical examinations of school cultures and systemic processes in order for school and district leaders to develop the trust, support, and collegial working environments needed to recruit and retain teachers of color.”
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http://hechingerreport.org/reason-many-black-teachers-leave-job-early/
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en
| 0.975266 | 951 | 3 | 3 |
M-F 8-4 PM PST
How to Grow Pumpkins
If you plant your seeds in pots take care not to disturb the roots when you move them to the garden. Allow 2-3 weeks for the seedlings to grow to a transplantable size. If direct sowing, planting pumpkin seeds in the garden in early June will usually allow for a timely fall harvest.
Pumpkins are heavy feeders and need fertile soil and a steady supply of water throughout the season. Conditioning the soil with plenty of compost or manure before planting will provide the best results. For even better results, incorporate blood meal, bone meal and kelp meal in addition to the organic matter into the soil before you plant. Early in the season weed aggressively around the pumpkins to destroy as many weeds as possible. It will becomes difficult to get near the center of the plants as they grow.
Pumpkins and winter squash keep well if cut free of the vine just before a hard frost and cured in a warm spot for 10-14 days. That warm spot can be in the field where they are grown or a warm room if conditions require. When moving, handle with care and be certain not to carry using their handles! If storing for the winter, keep your pumpkins in a cool, well-ventilated space.
*This information also pertains to the growing and cultivation of winter squash.
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en
| 0.938506 | 283 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Canadian Football typically consists of 12 players per side, but KMFA plays 9-man tackle football. Players attempt to score points by moving the ball down the field across the goal line. The team with the most points at the end of regulation time is the winner.
For the detailed rule book, click here.
The object of the game
The main purpose of the game is to score more points than the opposing team (see Scoring).
- A team scores by running and passing the ball down the field into the designated end zone or by kicking a field goal.
- Any time the team is running or passing the ball, they are using their own designed plays.
- These pre-planned plays are intended to gain first downs for the offense and allow them to maintain the ball.
- Each play begins with the offensive line from one team and the defensive line from the other facing each other along an imaginary line called the line of scrimmage. The play begins when one player (the centre) snaps (snapping) the ball to another (the quarterback).
A play ends when:
- A player possessing the football is tackled in bounds.
- A player possessing the football goes out of bounds.
- The football is thrown forward and is not caught by anyone.
- A team scores by reaching the end zone for a touchdown or kicking a field goal.
- The football is kicked and goes out of bounds.
Components of Football
The object of the offence is to move the ball down the field and to score points. The offence consists of a combination of:
- 5 offensive linemen
- 4 backs, which include the quarterback, running back, slotbacks/tight end and/or wide receivers.
The object of defence is to stop the opposing offence from moving the football downfield and scoring. A team’s defence is made up of different players than the offence. The defence is 9 players made up of any combination of defensive linemen, linebackers and defensive backs.
“Special teams” is a term used to describe all of the units on a football team that are not a team’s basic offence and defence. The special teams are comprised mostly of the same players that make up the offensive and defensive teams with a few additions.
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<urn:uuid:989e7302-bee8-4c3b-b3a6-4e3cd6bdaaf0>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://kmfa.ca/tackle-rules/
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en
| 0.965406 | 464 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Experimental novel by James Joyce. Extracts of the work appeared as Work in Progress from 1928 to 1937, and it was published in its entirety as Finnegans Wake in 1939. The book is, in one sense, the story of a publican in Chapelizod (near Dublin), his wife, and their three children; but Mr. Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, Mrs. Anna Livia Plurabelle, and Kevin, Jerry, and Isabel are every family of mankind. The motive idea of the novel, inspired by the 18th-century Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico, is that history is cyclic; to demonstrate this the book begins with the end of a sentence left unfinished on the last page. Languages merge: Anna Livia has "vlossyhair"--wlosy being Polish for "hair"; "a bad of wind" blows--bad being Persian for "wind." Characters from literature and history appear and merge and disappear. On another level, the protagonists are the city of Dublin and the River Liffey standing as representatives of the history of Ireland and, by extension, of all human history. As he had in his earlier work Ulysses, Joyce drew upon an encyclopedic range of literary works. His strange polyglot idiom of puns and portmanteau words is intended to convey not only the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious but also the interweaving of Irish language and mythology with the languages and mythologies of many other cultures. -- The Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
About the Author
James Joyce was born in Rathgar, Dublin, in 1882. In 1904 he and Nora Barnacle (whom he married in 1931) left Ireland for Trieste. Abroad, free from the restrictions he felt in Ireland, Joyce felt compelled to write of his native land, producing Dubliners (1914) and A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man (1916). During World War I, he lived in Zurich from 1915 to 1919, and in 1920 moved to Paris, where he spent most of the rest of his life. Towards the end of December 1939 James Joyce and Nora Barnacle left Paris for a small village near Vichy and ultimately settled in Zurich, where he died in January 1941. His major works, pioneering the 'stream of consciousness' style, are the novels Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).
--This text refers to an alternate
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| 0.963188 | 530 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In today’s world, the ability to easily share wifi with those around you has become increasingly important. From family and neighbors to the workplace, providing access to the internet has become a vital part of our lives. However, how exactly do you go about sharing wifi? In this article, we will discuss the different methods of wifi sharing, the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as the potential security risks involved.
I. What Is WiFi and How Does It Work?
WiFi is short for Wireless Fidelity, and is a type of wireless networking technology that allows devices to communicate with each other without needing any physical connections. It uses radio frequency technology that transmits and receives internet data between devices for communication purposes. WiFi allows for faster and more reliable connections compared to traditional wired connections, making it popular for both businesses and home networks.
In order for WiFi to work, a router is needed. The router is connected to a modem, which is a device that sends and receives data from your internet service provider. The router sends out a signal through antennas that allows compatible devices to connect. Devices like laptops, tablets, and phones have the capability of connecting to the WiFi network.
Once connected to the network, the devices can communicate and access the internet. The network setup process varies depending on the type of router and devices used. The user will need to input login credentials such as a username and password in order to get connected. Once logged in, the user will be able to take advantage of the WiFi capabilities.
II. Benefits of Sharing WiFi
1. Increased Reach and Audience
Sharing WiFi can help a business reach a larger audience in many different ways. Firstly, it encourages customers to stay connected to the premises for longer durations. As a result, the overall reach of the business is extended and it is able to capture a wider range of audience. Secondly, sharing WiFi can help a business attract new customers as it can help to draw people in with free WiFi access.
2. Improved Customer Interactions
The presence of free WiFi also helps a business build more meaningful interaction with customers. It allows customers to access different applications, websites, products and services offered by the business. Such interactions improve the customer experience and allow businesses to gain more customer insights which can be used to improve customer service.
3. Enhanced Brand Image
Sharing WiFi can help improve a business’s brand image as it signifies their commitment to customer satisfaction. Providing free WiFi reflects well on the business, making them appear courteous, modern and customer friendly. Furthermore, customers tend to share their experiences with other potential customers via online reviews which further popularizes the business.
- Increased Reach and Audience
- Improved Customer Interactions
- Enhanced Brand Image
III. Factors to Consider Before Sharing WiFi
Sharing your WiFi with others should be undertaken cautiously if you wish to protect your devices and data. Thus, it is critical to consider the following factors before granting others access to your home network:
- Data Security
- It is essential to take measures to secure your router and network, such as having a complex router password or enabling WPA2 (WiFi Protected Access 2) encryption.
- Depending on the type of device you are using, it may be vulnerable to certain attacks when connected to an unsecured network.
- Make sure to establish boundaries regarding the type of information that other users are allowed to access through your home network.
- Consider the amount of bandwidth you are able to provide – a high quality connection requires a certain speed.
- If other people are also using your network and Internet connection, your speed may deteriorate to an extent where it is rendered unusable.
- Various laws and regulations may be applicable depending on the country in which you are located.
- It is important to be aware that any information transmitted through your home network can, in some jurisdictions, be considered your responsibility.
- Make sure to set up filters to limit which websites and services guests on your WiFi can browse and use.
Sharing your WiFi connection is a great way to be kind to your neighbors. To do so, it’s necessary to remember a few simple steps.
- Identify your Wi-Fi device
- Find your device’s settings page
- Identify the security and password settings
- Change settings to allow guest access
- Choose a secure password
- Create a plan for who has access to your Wi-Fi
- Secure your connection
Identify your Wi-Fi Device – Before you can make any changes to your settings, it’s important to identify the type of device you’re using. Different Wi-Fi devices, such as routers, modems, and extenders, will have different settings and methods of sharing. Knowing the type of device you have is essential to setting up a successful sharing process.
Find your Device’s Settings Page – After you’ve identified the type of device you have, you’ll need to look for the settings page. This page contains the configuration options required to modify your network settings, and its location will vary depending on the device you’re using. If you’re unsure of how to find it, contact the device’s manufacturer or consult the accompanying user manual.
Identify the Security and Password Settings – Once you’ve located the settings page, you’ll need to find the security settings. These settings control who is allowed access to your network. It’s important to take the time to evaluate and change these settings, as they determine who has access to your network and for what purpose. Additionally, you should create a strong password to protect your network against unwanted intruders.
The Overall Picture
In conclusion, it is clear that there are numerous advantages to using technology in education. The internet provides access to vast stores of knowledge, more efficient research tools, and innovative ways of teaching. Furthermore, digital media allows for more interesting classes and collaborative environment that encourages creativity.
Still Room for Improvement
Despite the potential of technology in the classroom, there is still room for improvement. Solutions to increase internet access, particularly in low-income areas, must be adopted. Educational organizations must innovate to take advantage of current and future developments in technology. Further research should also be conducted to ensure students are receiving the most effective instruction possible.
The Bright Future of Education
The potential of technology in education is undeniable. By continuing to research, innovate and invest in technology, educational institutions can provide more engaging and informative learning experiences for all students. With these steps in place, the world can hope for a brighter future for education. WiFi sharing is an extremely handy method for networking and connecting multiple devices, and it can make all the difference when it comes to staying connected. With the many convenient ways of sharing WiFi, you are never far from being able to access the internet and stay connected.
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| 0.935305 | 1,425 | 2.578125 | 3 |
India's fossil collection under threat
Dead for millions of years, they are now at the risk of yet another death! In the absence of modern curatorial and storage facilities for fossils in India, paleontologists are worried about the future of their precious fossil collections, the only tools for mankind to go back to prehistoric ages.
Much of India's geological and paleontological heritage comprising thousands of specimens collected by faculty members of Indian universities on Indian soil and preserved at their academic institutions.
"However, as those institutions are not museums, they cannot maintain specimens when there is no in-house researcher actively working with them," says California-based eminent geologist Nigel Hughes who researches on the prehistoric rocks of Himalayas.
With limited space and resources to preserve his rich collection, paleontologist Subhendu Bardhan has been forced to dump many of his fossils inside a storeroom at the department of geological sciences in Kolkata's Jadavpur University.
India's rich collection of fossil-containing rocks, which date as far back as 3500 million years ago, provides excellent opportunities to understand the patterns of evolution and extinction. Of particular interest is its role in revealing the geological, chemical and physical processes that led to the formation of the Himalayan mountain chain.
For students and children, fossils are like magic wands which allow them to travel through the corridor of time and understand how life existed on this earth in the remote past.
"We are doing so much in conserving our endangered wildlife but what about those animals, plants and other organisms which lived on this earth millions of years ago. Their traces are still with us by means of fossils," Prof Bardhan told PTI.
The professor specialises in ammonite fossils, a species of molluscs that is now extinct. Some of his collection dates back to 150 million years.
"It's a tragedy that the hard work of my whole life would get wasted if there is no national archive to preserve these fossils. They are now waiting to be extinct after I retire in 2016," he says.
Hughes, who was in Kolkata recently to participate in a science workshop for children organised at the American Centre, fears that these specimens, rock samples, fossils, and microscope slides, risk being orphaned, forgotten and lost when the scientists who studied them retire.
Paleontologists have even written to the government demanding a national repository for storing fossils and other geological specimens.
"No attempt has been made either to educate people on our prehistoric treasures by housing and displaying them in a well-equipped and well-organised museum, or to conserve our natural heritage," says geologist G V R Prasad of Delhi University.
The Geological Survey of India museum in Kolkata is probably the only one in India having fossil, mineral and rock collections from different parts of the country.
Other institutes like IIT Roorkee, Wadia's Institute of Himalayan Geology in Dehradun and the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow also store specimens collected by their staff researchers.
Stating that the importance of India's precious fossil collection has been fully understood by western geoscientists, Prasad says the need of the hour is the creation of a museum to preserve and display the country's geological heritage.
"Prehistoric museums enable us to make an excursion into the past to understand the evolution of life through long geological time periods, areal distribution of land and sea, ecological and climatic changes and their effects on faunal and floral distributions and patterns, and causes of biotic extinctions," he points out.
"We are trying to build up a consensus in India through the scientific community and then have the government construct a prehistory museum otherwise which we risk losing fossils," Nigel says.
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| 0.956236 | 782 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In Singapore, everywhere we go, we are using mobile phones and are exposed to wireless almost 24-7. From the 1980s till now, our EMF exposure has increased not 100-fold, but up to millions of times! Do you know that there have been studies indicating very clearly that EMF exposure could be linked to autism?
These studies include the following:
Kane RC. 2004. A possible association between fetal/neonatal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and the increased incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Medical Hypotheses 62, 195.-197.
Mariea TJ Carlo GL, 2007. Wireless Radiation in the Etiology and Treatment of Autism: Clinical Observations and Mechanisms. J Aust. Coll. Nutr. & Env. Med. Vol 26 (2), 3-7.
Mariea et. al. (2007) discusses the possible linkage between autism and exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The authors postulate that the steep rise in incidence of autism is possibly related to the increased exposures generally present with the rapid and universal deployment of wireless technologies.
Kane (2004) published a paper in Medical Hypotheses (62, 195-197) that linked fetal or neo-natal exposures to RF radiation with increased incidence of autism spectrum disorders.
To get a more comprehensive idea of the mechanism of how EMF can be a factor leading to autism, watch this video:
In summary, it indicates that EMF increases the bacterial and viral activities and can cause an autistic child’s already overloaded immune system to go into further distress.
We at Singapore Autism Solution believe EMF radiation to be a trigger similar to a vaccine which contributes to the problem of autism.
It is hard to know how to avoid EMF radiation since it is all around us. These are two tips that you can do initially to help your child immediately:
Tip 1: Switch off all fuses at bedtime. You can buy some flashlights or find an electrician who can install what is known as a “demand switch”.
Tip 2: Get EMF protectors for your hand phones, ipads, laptops, etc, especially those that are often used by your child. You can get the protection for cellphones at just S$20 each, and for your ipads and computers at just S$80 each. Contact Evelyn at 96980688 for more details. This is a small price to pay for the health of your child.
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<urn:uuid:a12b57a1-e39c-493f-ab79-1c9de9c39b32>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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http://autismsingapore.com/newsletter-11-what-we-cant-see-is-hurting-our-children/
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| 0.929111 | 509 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Hello and welcome to this week’s blog!
Once again, your children have worked really hard this week and have particularly enjoyed our history work on the Victorians. This week we have been hearing about an 11-year-old boy named Jimmy who worked in the mine as a trapper. Ask your children what this is and what life was like for him or listen to the story here!
We looked at the Jungle Book text in English and answered some really tricky questions on it, we have also been working a range of grammar too!
It’s all been about volume in Maths this week which completes our measurement work. Your children have worked well with this concept of mathematics.
Can I please remind you that children must have their PE kits on school on a Tuesday and to keep encouraging your children to read at home and practice their times tables – it’s hugely beneficial for them. Thanks for your continued support with this.
Have a good weekend. See you on Monday.
Mrs Parry and Mrs Melling xx
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https://www.westfield.wigan.sch.uk/friday-2nd-february-2/
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| 0.985107 | 213 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Microsoft Excel is a widely used spreadsheet program to organize, create, and manipulate text, charts, and numbers. Although there are several spreadsheet programs, Microsoft Excel is a leading program among all spreadsheet programs. Many people are overwhelmed by the powers of Excel, but these can be easily manipulated to your advantage, and this course helps you do just that.
MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed by Oracle that is based on structured query language (SQL).
A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a
simple shopping list to a picture gallery or a place to hold the vast
amounts of information in a corporate network. In particular, a relational database is a digital store collecting data
and organizing it according to the relational model. In this model,
tables consist of rows and columns, and relationships between data
elements all follow a strict logical structure. An RDBMS is simply the
set of software tools used to actually implement, manage, and query such
Microsoft Excel is a tool that can be used in virtually all careers and is valuable in both professional and personal settings. Whether you need to keep track of medications in inventory for a hospital or create a financial plan for your retirement, Excel enables you to do these activities efficiently and accurately
Skip site announcements
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https://study.classroom-solution.com
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| 0.927598 | 268 | 2.671875 | 3 |
February, 2003: Oakland Press
Susan Kruger was featured in this article in the Oakland Press.
Opening Up to Learning: Workshops help kids with attention deficit make the most of study time
by Tamara Moin
In a quiet corner of the house designated as a study area, Katie Houck, 12 struggles with her homework. The Grand Blanc Middle School student has spent the entire afternoon on this particular assignment, yet a large chunk of the task looms before her. She is dismayed as another sleepless night beckons.
Susan Woodcock, a Berkley teacher, says lack of study skills is a rising epidemic among students today. Woodcock, who specializes in teaching study skills and organizational strategies, believes the increase in a typical student’s workload warrants the development of innovative study techniques. In short, students now need to study smarter, not harder.
“Unfortunately, in an already demanding curriculum, most teachers don’t have the time to teach their students the skills they need for better time-management,” Woodcock says. As a result, an alarming number of students face situations similar to Katie’s,
Through her company, Lighthouse Learning and Organizing Services, Woodcock has launched a series of workshops designed to tutor students and parents alike in problem-solving techniques. The workshops were developed as a response to requests their from chagrined parents.
Her classes, offered at West Bloomfield High School, are designed to teach students how to increase efficiency and free up valuable time. “I’m not an advocate of all work and now play,” Woodcock says, “and that’s why it’s essential for students to get into a regular routine and learn how to pace themselves.”
One time-saving strategy Woodcock recommends to students, especially those in college, is paying attention to the pictures and graphs in a textbook. Publishers tend to spend a lot of money on color and detail, so illustrations serve as an effective tool for increasing reading comprehensions. “What’s written in the text really supports the illustrations,” Woodcock says.
Woodcock also offers a workshop that coaches parents in helping their children succeed. She says parents are essential to a child’s learning process. In elementary, as well as high school, “the interest and pride parents show in their child’s activities contributes to their success more than anything.”
While the workshops are for everyone, Woodcock takes a particular interest in gearing her work toward people with Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD. “Some of the most brilliant people I’ve ever known suffer from ADD,” she says, “and all they really need is someone to show them how to focus themselves and make the most out of their time.” And that takes strategy she says.
Woodcock has a contract with West Bloomfield Schools to teach at night, and plays to continue her classes in the future. “I’m always open to new ideas, and my workshops adapt based on the feedback I receive from students and parents,” she says. “(The classes) are always improving.”
Tonight, in a quiet corner of the house designated “study area,” Katie tackles her homework. It has been two months since she enrolled in Woodcock’s workshop, and her parents, Laurie and Jeff, have already noticed a dramatic improvement in her grades and study habits.
Katie smiles. Tonight, she will sleep well.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://studyskills.com/newspress/february-2003-oakland-press/
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| 0.971003 | 735 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Nature Notebook – Animal Echolocation
The aerobatic display of a hunting bat is another of the many summer wonders. Every schoolchild knows that bats hunt by echolocating their prey.
Most people assume that bats are the only animals that echolocate. However, dolphins, porpoises and other members of the whale family use echolocation to navigate through the oceans. The naval service studied this phenomenon to develop sonar systems for its ships.
Birds that nest in caves, such as the oilbird of Venezuela and the cave swiftlet of southern India, use echolocation to find their way in the complete darkness of their home. In Michigan, the tiny shrew relies on echolocation, instead of its poor vision, to move about underground tunnels and assist during the endless search for food.
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| 0.95689 | 172 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In a certain country all the men were perfectly logical. However they were also quiet niave and great gossips and if a wife was unfaithful to her husband then everyone in the land would know about it EXCEPT the husband. The penalty for being unfaithful was to be executed by him. The king of the country grew concerned that the number of unfaithful wives was growing, so he issued an proclaimation. Ten days after the order was given all ten husbands shot all the unfaithful wives. What was the nature of the proclaimation?
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/in-a-certain-country.87532/
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| 0.992482 | 115 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Agriculture & Food in a 10G World
In the future, monitoring technologies will help farmers respond to environmental challenges, and indoor farming will turn urban landscapes into local food havens. Keep scrolling to see what the future could look like.
Connected farming ecosystem
Smart sensors, nanotechnology, and cameras will provide constant data to optimize growing conditions.
- As environmental conditions threaten arable land,connected data will help farms adapt.
- Digital twin technology will simulatehypothetical farm conditions for better planning.
- Drones will visually inspect and pick produce atpeak ripeness.
Thanks to connected data, the food supply chain will improve in quality.
- Connected sensors will monitor animals' healthand ensure their wellbeing.
- Virtual geofences will provide optimal grazinggrounds.
- A universal data standard will promote a transparent,sustainable food supply chain.
Indoor Urban Farming
AI-controlled greenhouses power scalable food production.
- City planners will deprioritize cars, opening upspace for urban agriculture.
- Artificially intelligent systems will regulate allaspects of the growing environment.
- Autonomous robots will harvest produce, usingmachine learning to make adjustments.
Urbanites grow their own produce and enjoy synthetic meat.
- Ample health data will allow for highlypersonalized diets.
- Apartments will have vertical gardens that growoptimized food for residents.
- Restaurants will produce their own syntheticmeat.
Get a closer look at life in the future, including opportunities and threats. These scenarios will help consumers, businesses, and policymakers prepare for the transformation 10G will bring.Download White Paper
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.10gplatform.com/10g-future/agriculture
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| 0.829233 | 339 | 3.25 | 3 |
The lunge is a popular muscle-strengthening exercise that strengthens and tones your thighs and buttocks. You can perform forward or reverse lunge with your body weight only, or by using a barbell or dumbbells to add resistance to the workout. Although these two lunges are similar, there are some benefits in doing one over the other. Always consult your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.
Execute forward lunges by standing straight with your feet together. Contract your abdominal muscles to stabilize your upper body. Lift your right leg off the floor and take a giant step forward. Slowly lower your torso by bending your left knee toward the floor. Lower until your right knee forms a 90 degree angle and your knee is aligned with your ankle. If the ankle is less than 90 degrees, you stepped too close and your knee is beyond your foot and not aligned with your ankle. If the ankle is over 90 degrees, you stepped too far and your knee is not aligned with your ankle. Push yourself upward and return to to the starting position.
The reverse, or rear, lunge is very similar to the forward lunge and only differs with the direction of the step. As doing the forward lunge, stand straight and contracting your core muscles. Lift your left foot off the floor and step backward. Bend your right knee to form a 90 degree angle between your thigh and calf, while lowering your left knee toward the floor. Push yourself upward with your thigh muscles and return back to the starting position.
Both forward lunge and rear lunge target the same muscles in your thighs, buttocks and calves, according to the ExRx.net website. The primary muscles affected are quadriceps in the front of your thigh, gluteus maximus in your buttocks, adductor magnus in your inner thigh, and soleus in your calf. The hamstrings in the back of your thigh, and gastrocnemius in your calf function as dynamic stabilizers. In addition many core muscles in your abdomen and your back function to stabilize your upper body throughout the movement.
Although the muscles affected are identical between the two lunges, the reverse lunge can be a safer option. The reverse lunge places less stress on your knees because it is easier to form the 90 degree angle between your thigh and calf and to keep your knee aligned with your ankle. Doing forward lunges using the wrong technique, can cause knee pain due to the wrong angle between your thigh and calf. In addition, taking a step forward can make it hard to maintain stability because you are shifting your body weight to your leading foot, while during reverse lunge the weight is maintained on the forward leg that remains stationary.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.livestrong.com/article/535994-reverse-lunge-vs-forward-lunge/
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| 0.932743 | 548 | 2.625 | 3 |
Date: In Press
Pub: Proc. R. Soc. B
Author(s):Vlad Dinca, Evgeny V. Zakharov
, Paul D. N. Hebert
and Roger Vila
DNA barcoding aims to accelerate species identification and discovery, but performance tests have shown marked differences in identification success. As a consequence, there remains a great need for comprehensive studies which objectively test the method in groups with a solid taxonomic framework. This study focuses on the 180 species of butterflies in Romania, accounting for about one third of the European butterfly fauna. This country includes five eco-regions, the highest of any in the European Union, and is a good representative for temperate areas. Morphology and DNA barcodes of more than 1300 specimens were carefully studied and compared. Our results indicate that 90 per cent of the species form barcode clusters allowing their reliable identification. The remaining cases involve nine closely related species pairs, some whose taxonomic status is controversial or that hybridize regularly. Interestingly, DNA barcoding was found to be the most effective identification tool, outperforming external morphology, and being slightly better than male genitalia. Romania is now the first country to have a comprehensive DNA barcode reference database for butterflies. Similar barcoding efforts based on comprehensive sampling of specific geographical regions can act as functional modules that will foster the early application of DNA barcoding while a global system is under development.
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<urn:uuid:1e261e91-f759-49e7-94b4-ab87a0642347>
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http://connect.barcodeoflife.net/forum/topics/complete-dna-barcode-reference
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| 0.916252 | 293 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Port St. Lucie
Dehumidification and Moisture Service
What is Dehumidification?
Dehumidification is the process of taking out excess moisture content from a place thereby lowering the humidity of the area. To dehumidify, air is cooled enough so that it cannot retain its moisture anymore. The moisture is then either collected in a dehumidifier or is passed out through a connecting hose. This results in less humid air and the air is not dry either so that problems associated with dry don't occur.
Why Dehumidification is important?
Excess humidity in any area can cause lot of problems. It can cause formation of fungus and mold which in turn can lead to several diseases. Further, excess humidity can damage your walls, floors, furniture, etc. It can also lead to flaky wall plaster, peeling wallpaper and rotted furniture if not controlled at appropriate time.
Dehumidifiers - Do I need one?
In today's life, people are experiencing different health problems and one major reason for health problems is the air we breathe, not only the outside air but indoor air too. This leads to problems like allergies, asthma, hay fever, skin problems, etc. Dehumidifier is a device which makes the air less humid and more pure thus reducing chances of so many diseases. So, in case your work place or house is excessively damp, you need a dehumidifier to keep you healthy.
Types of Dehumidifiers
There are many different types of humidifiers that are available in the market to suit the needs of different people and places (like office, school, workplace, etc). The following types are particularly important:
- Home dehumidifiers : As the name suggests, it is meant for dehumidifying homes including kitchens, bathrooms, basements, etc. Basements are especially important in homes as they are often neglected and can become excessively damp and humid. There are different types of home dehumidifiers like mini dehumidifiers, portable dehumidifier, closet dehumidifiers, room dehumidifiers, and whole house dehumidifiers.
- Light commercial dehumidifiers : These types of dehumidifiers are useful for offices, small commercial establishments, libraries, etc where dampness can lead to damage of property or important papers.
- Industrial dehumidifiers : Industrial dehumidifier is used at large places where high humidity can cause significant loss. It is used at health clubs (as you can't afford to unhealthy atmosphere at health clubs), museums (to protect rare species, art, etc), book stores, etc. It can also be used at large basements especially after floods to take out excess moisture.
Points to keep in mind while using Dehumidifiers
The following points need to be kept in mind while using dehumidifiers:
- Proper cleaning of coils
- Removal of water from bucket
- Ensuring that doors and windows are closed to avoid air loss
- Keeping a check on frost on the coil and in case of excess frost, turning off the machine for sometime
- Ensuring that the unit is unplugged before cleaning
- A proper grounded outlet is used for Dehumidifier
One can buy a dehumidifier from branded companies like LG, Whirlpool, Goldstar, Maytag, etc. By using a dehumidifier one can achieve an optimum level of humidity and can live a healthy life.
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http://www.waterdamagerus.com/dehumidification/
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| 0.909387 | 718 | 2.9375 | 3 |
History of Music Therapy
The idea that music can influence health and behavior is not exactly a new one; in fact, it can be traced back to the writings of Aristotle and Plato. A more organized use of music for therapeutic purposes emerged in the 20th century, when community musicians began visiting hospitals to play for veterans suffering from both physical and emotional trauma. These programs had such an impressive influence on the patients’ physical and mental states that hospitals began hiring musicians. However, it quickly became apparent that the health benefits of music could be strengthened if its uses in treatment were more formalized. The world’s first music therapy program, at Michigan State University, was founded in 1994. Other institutions also started to introduce programs around that time, including the University of Kansas, Chicago Musical College, College of the Pacific, and Alverno College.
Definition of Music Therapy
The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as “the clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program.” It can be used to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs. Treatments depend on an individual’s symptoms, but may include creating or producing music, listening to music, and/or moving to the rhythm of music. While in most cases it should be used as a complementary treatment rather than a replacement for more ‘traditional’ options, research shows that it can aid in rehabilitative processes. When combined with movement, it can improve motor function. It can also increase a client’s motivation to participate in treatments such as physical therapy, serve as an outlet of expression for people who struggle to speak, provide emotional support, and much more.
Qualifications to Become a Music Therapist
AMTA sets educational and clinical standards for music therapists. In order to become an accredited music therapist, one must possess a relevant bachelor’s degree, have 1,200 hours of clinical training, have the MT-BC credential (which is issued through the Certification Board for Music Therapists), and in some states, obtain licensure. Qualified and competent music therapists have in-depth knowledge of music as well as psychology and medicine.
Music Therapy vs. Just Listening to Music
Although simply listening to music may also have health benefits, music therapy is distinct in that it involves a qualified therapist working with a client to achieve specific health goals. For example, if a musician with no therapeutic training performs for nursing home residents, it may make them feel better, but does not qualify as music therapy. The following are just a few examples of what music therapy can accomplish:
- Improve communication in children on the autism spectrum
- Help people regain speech after brain trauma (congresswoman Gabby Giffords relearned how to speak after surviving a bullet wound to her face, in part thanks to music therapy. Click here to learn more about her story)
- Decrease pain in hospitalized patients
- Increase motor function/movement
People Who May Benefit from Music Therapy
Music therapy can benefit people with a wide range of conditions. These include:
- Intellectual/developmental disabilities
- Learning disabilities
- Behavioral and emotional disorders
- Speech delays and language disorders
- Physical disabilities such as Parkinson’s and cerebral palsy (CP)
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Substance abuse issues
- Brain damage
- Pain (this includes chronic pain, as well as more acute forms such as labor)
Does Insurance Cover Music Therapy?
True music therapy with a clear treatment plan (as opposed to more recreational or informal musical pursuits) is sometimes covered by insurance. Medicare may provide reimbursement for music therapy if it is prescribed by a doctor, deemed reasonable/necessary, and involves specific goals related to functional improvement. In some states, music therapy may also be available with Medicaid Home and Community Based Care waivers. Some private insurance plans also cover it. According to AMTA, about 20% of music therapists now receive third party reimbursements for their services.
Research on Music Therapy
Evidence supporting the effectiveness of music therapy is growing. AMTA produces two journals on this topic: the Journal of Music Therapy and Music Therapy Perspectives. The Journal of Music Therapy seeks to promote scholarship and critical inquiry focused on music therapy. They publish both quantitative and qualitative research, as well as pieces focused on the historical, philosophical, and theoretical aspects of music therapy. Music Therapy Perspectives is geared toward a more general audience, including readers who do not work in music therapy. It focuses on the clinical benefits of this type of treatment. To learn more about research projects on music therapy, click here.
For more extensive information on music therapy, please visit AMTA’s website: https://www.musictherapy.org/
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https://hiehelpcenter.org/treatment/recreational-therapy/music-therapy/
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| 0.956397 | 988 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Four exercises that touch basic multithreaded and lockfree programming concepts.
- Implement a program that attempts to use two threads to increment a global counter to 10,000 with each thread incrementing 5000. But make it buggy so that there are interleaving problems and the end result of the counter is less than 10,000.
- Fix the above with atomics.
- Implement a variant of the program: instead of simply incrementing the counter, make the counter wrap every 16 increments (as if incrementing through indices of an array of length 16). Make two threads each attempt to increment the counter (16 * 5000) times. The end state should have the counter be back at index zero. Implement it in a buggy naive way that causes the counter to often be nonzero, even if atomics are used.
- Fix the above using a CAS loop.
- (Bonus question for the above: Why isn’t std::atomic::compare_exchange_strong a good fit here?)
Some rough lab notes on these topics to record the current state of my knowledge. I’m not an expert, so there may be inaccuracies.
- On Linux, libpthread mutexes are implemented using the underlying futex syscall
- They are basically a combination of a spinlock (in userspace), backed by the kernel for wait/signal operations only when absolutely necessary (i.e. when there’s contention). In the common case of an uncontended lock acquire, there is no context switch which improves performance
- The userspace spinlock portion uses atomics as spinlocks usually do, specifically because the compare and set must be atomic
- Jeff Preshing (see below) writes that each OS/platform has an analogous concept to this kind of “lightweight” mutex — Windows and macOS have them too
- Before futex(2), other syscalls were used for blocking. One option might have been the semaphore API, but commit 56c910668cff9131a365b98e9a91e636aace337a in glibc is before futex, and it seems like they actually use signals. (pthread_mutex_lock -> __pthread_lock (still has spinlock elements, despite being before futex) -> suspend() -> __pthread_suspend -> __pthread_wait_for_restart_signal -> sigsuspend)
- A primary advantage of futex over previous implementations is that futexes only require kernel resources when there’s contention
- Like atomics, mutexes implementations include memory barriers (maybe even implicitly due to atomics) to prevent loads/stores from inappropriately crossing the lock/unlock boundary due to compiler and/or hardware instruction reordering optimizations
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<urn:uuid:391722f5-d043-4f99-be94-494569d06030>
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https://offlinemark.com/category/concurrency/
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| 0.889994 | 597 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Universal basic Income programme
The lockdown in place to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in economic misery to a large section of the population and to deal with the economic inequality, unemployment and poverty, many advocate Universal Basic Income (UBI) programme to be a solution.
According to Rangarajan committee (2014), after the three decades of sustained economic growth and a proliferation of welfare schemes, roughly one in three Indians still live below the poverty line.
- One of the earliest proponents of some form of basic income was Spanish philosopher Johannes Ludovicus Vives, who proposed that the government should ensure the minimum level of subsistence for all, but only to those who showed willingness to work.
- It is an unconditional cash transfer (unlike in-kind benefits like subsidized food or freebies like bicycles or TV sets distributed by political parties) for all people (or at least all people below some income threshold).
- In less developed countries, it is being conceived as a general anti-poverty measure, whereas in advanced industrial economies, it is being seriously considered as a possible initiative to take care of the unemployed as job insecurity is rising due to rapid technological progress.
- Countries across the world such as Kenya, Brazil, Finland, and Switzerland, have bought into the concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) and have begun controlled UBI pilots to supplement their population.]]
UBI has five components:
- Universality- It is universal in nature.
- Periodic- Payments at periodic regular intervals (not one-off grants)
- Payments to individuals
- Payments in cash (not food vouchers or service coupons).
- Unconditionality- There are no preconditions attached with the cash transferred to the beneficiary.
Need of Universal Basic Income in India
- By adopting the Universal Basic Income, the India’s huge capacity and infrastructure-building requirements will support plenty of hands in the foreseeable future.
- A UBI on par with the numbers suggested by the Economic Survey (2016-17) could lead to targeted household incomes increasing by almost 40,000 per annum, since the average Indian household size is approximately five.
- The persistence of poverty and significant leakages in welfare schemes that aim to alleviate it has called for an alternative path to ensure regular and basic incomes to the poor.
- People fall into poverty due to illness, drought, declining opportunities in agriculture, and urban blight.
- A universal programme would not only be more appropriate but it will also reduce the burden of the bureaucracy as it is engaged in identifying the deserving beneficiaries of any targeted programme.
- It aims to ensure in reduction of distress due to migration.
- The minimum income security would enable individuals to plan their lives better and undertake more meaningful activities rather than be trapped in distress-driven activities in search of subsistence.
- Importance of Universal Basic Income in India
- It could provide a solution that could tackle the looming crisis caused by dwindling job opportunities.
- It is deliberated as an effective tool for eradication of poverty.
- UBI in its true sense would entail the provision of an unconditional fixed amount to every citizen in a country.
- It is universal and not targeted because the targeted social and welfare schemes often excludes a lot of the deserving households from receiving subsidies, people often fall in and out of poverty.
- It is a cash transfer scheme rather an in-kind transfer as in in-kind transfers such as food and grains under Public Distribution System (PDS) are often tend to create market-distortion scenarios.
- Cash transfer scheme is not a conditional scheme and UBI is not tied to exhibiting certain behaviour and the people are free to spend the cash as they want.
- There have been numerous studies that such grants led to more labour and work with a shift from casual wage labour to more own-account (self-employed) farming and business activity.
Challenges in Implementing Universal Basic Income in India
- There is a growth of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence is ushering in productivity gains that we have never seen before and are also steadily reducing human capital requirements, making jobs a premium.
- The high cost involved in implementing UBI is a major factor contributing towards lack of political will in working towards the universal basic income in India.
- With over 90% of the India’s workforce is employed in the informal sector without minimum wages or social security.
- It is viewed as a means to demolish complex welfare bureaucracies while recognizing the need for some social transfer obligations in a way that doesn’t weaken incentives significantly.
- It would reduce the motivation for work and might encourage people to live off assured cash transfers and it is simply unaffordable.
Measures to be adopted to successfully implement Universal Basic Income in India
- The Economic Survey (2016-17) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had proposed quasi-basic income schemes that leave out the well-off top quartile of the population as an effective means of alleviating poverty and hunger.
- The government must shed its paternalistic attitude of assuming that it knows better than citizens how resources must be allocated, then it is only natural to ask the poor, the intended beneficiaries of any welfare scheme, how they would like to receive the subsidy i.e. in cash or in kind.
- Some of the challenges in implementing Universal Basic Income could be met with the better use of technology and an expansion in banking services.
- India could move towards a basic income by replacing some misleading dysfunctional welfare spending but leaving untouched public education and healthcare, pre-school nutrition programs, or employment guarantees in public works.
- The government should not resort to raising additional tax revenue through indirect taxes and cess during transition to a universal basic income, which is regressive in nature and more distortionary than direct taxes.
- Another way of financing the UBI scheme is by building an additional government kitty using a part or whole of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) money of all the public and private sector companies.
- Road Ahead
- The universal basic income seeks to provide unconditional cash to every individual, or household, and the individuals would be free to use the cash as per their discretion and spend according to their own preferences.
- It is possible that nationwide implementation of such assured cash transfers might reduce the availability of agricultural labourers willing to work in others’ farms.
- The universal basic income could increase the agricultural wages and the subsequent welfare schemes such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).
- The pilot implementation of Universal Basic Income has showed that those who received grants undertook small-scale investments, such as for more and better seeds, equipment repairs, establishment of little shops, etc., which potentially raised long-run productivity.
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Visual Basic and Visual Basic.Net Version History
Visual Basic is a programming language created by Microsoft, based on the BASIC language. It is a Rapid Application Development (RAD) system that enables programmers to quickly build applications.
Visual Basic has gone through many changes over its lifetime. The latest incarnation, VB.Net, has evolved to be particularly powerful, productive and stable.
Visual Basic is no longer "Basic". It is a highly evolved programming language – with all the functionality and performance of C Sharp (C#).
Visual Basic is easy to read, program and maintain. It is at its best in implementing the business rules and logic required of company applications.
A brief history of Visual Basic
Visual Basic 1 VB1
Project 'Thunder' was released for Windows at the Comdex/Windows World trade show in Atlanta, Georgia.
Visual Basic 1 for MS-DOS
This release updated Microsoft's QuickBASIC Professional Development System with a new library that enabled use of a character-based Windowing system.
Visual Basic 2 VB2
With VB2, forms became instantiable objects, laying the concepts of class modules as were later offered in VB4. Included ODBC for accessing a database.
Visual Basic 3 VB3
VB3 was released in Standard and Professional versions. VB3 included the Microsoft Jet Database Engine that could read and write to the Access database.
Visual Basic 4 VB4
VB4 added 32-bit code compilation. Introduced classes, giving VB object orientation though inheritance. VB4 also replaced the VBX with a new type of add-on called OCX (OLE Control Extension), based on COM, Microsoft's component programming model.
Visual Basic 5 VB5
VB5 introduced the ability to create OCX custom user controls, as well as the ability to compile to native Windows executable code. VB5 no longer supported compilation to 16-bit executables.
Visual Basic 6 VB6
VB6 improved in a number of areas, including the ability to create web-based applications. VB6 has now entered Microsoft's "non-supported phase". VB6 is still in use today for maintaining existing applications. For the latest Windows Operating Systems, it must be run in compatibility mode.
Visual Basic.Net VB7
Visual Basic.Net was the first version to target the .NET Framework. VB.Net introduced full object orientation and cleaned up anomalies in the language. The language was not fully compatible with VB6 and caused difficulty in migrating existing code.
Visual Basic.Net VB8
The language continued to evolve, with features like the "Using" statement for freeing resources automatically. It supports generic types (a collection of objects) and nullable types (handles empty database fields). It added the ability (not too well) to modify code while debugging, called Edit and Continue.
Visual Basic.Net VB9
The new features are:
- Support for the language-integrated query (LINQ).
- Other features include extension methods, type inference, anonymous types and Lambda Expressions (nameless functions).
VB has strayed far from its roots as a simple programming language. None of these additions improve productivity in developing commercial business systems.
Visual Basic.Net VB10
Most of the new features relate to large programming teams or object oriented programming – and are of little interest to the Visual Basic Programmer.
The new features of interest are:
- Implicit Line Continuation
- Properties created in one-line statements
- The Primary Interop Assembly (Microsoft Office applications) has a reduced footprint size
Visual Basic.Net VB11
The new Visual Basic features are:
- Better support for Asynchronous processing
- The Yield keyword to iterate through a collection
- Call Hierarchy shows where a Method is called
- Code Clone Analysis and Launch Performance Wizard
- Performance Analysis tool for tracking CPU and Memory usage
Visual Basic.Net VB12
Visual Studio 2013 was released in November 2013.
There was little of value or use for the Visual Basic Programmer.
Visual Basic.Net VB14
Visual Studio Professional 2015 was launched in August 2015.
- Compiling is faster
- Publishing Websites is much, much faster
- Website page load times are much improved
- Visual Basic has been rewritten from scratch
- The big news is that VS2015 is free!
VS2015 is now stable after multiple updates.
Visual Basic.Net VB15
Visual Studio 2017 was released in March 2017.
The new features are:
- Reduced minimum footprint
- Installs faster with less system impact
- Easy to select and install features
- Monitor extensions that impact performance
- Revamped Start Page
- Supports SQL Server Database 2016
- Visual Basic analyser to enforce coding standards
Visual Studio 2017, with multiple updates, is reasonably stable but with the odd hiccup. ASP.Net has improved markedly.
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Any birth brings jubilation and joy along with uncertainty and doubts. There is no guarantee as to how long life will continue. The hope is that a quality of life will last for many decades. First Congregational Church of Raleigh, NC was “birthed” 150 years ago with no expectation that it would continue to be in existence for a century and a half. God blessed this church with thirty-five dedicated original members, whose ancestry sits among us today. God provided anointed, visionary pastors who continued the original vision. They were outspoken and candid. When the pastors changed, the plan was picked up and it continued to move forward.
The American Missionary Association founded in 1846, was made up of whites, blacks, and women. The black men were ex-slaves or had been born free in the north, New York, Connecticut, or Massachusetts mainly. The white men were men of position with strong humanitarian feelings. The United Church of Christ and the Congregational Church financially supported this organization. In the mid 1860’s the group began several schools in the South with the intention of helping educate freed slaves. Many of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities were begun through these efforts. The AMA began its humanitarian efforts in Mississippi, Louisiana, then, the Virginia and Washington, DC areas and finally expanded into North Carolina in 1867.
The south had been left in a state of confusion and disbelief. The freed slaves, as new citizens, were wandering in distrust and skepticism. They had few possessions, no education, and most had no skills; while others were very skilled in the use of some kinds of hand tools and of course plantation equipment. Although freed, these new citizens were in spiritual disarray.
The American Missionary Association met with black citizens in a one-room building facing South Street near Manly. It was during this time that the Freedman’s School was established. Thus began FCC’s connection to the American Missionary Association The President of State University of North Carolina, Mr. F. P. Brewer, a man from the north, was named its leader. It preceded the establishment of Washington Grade School. This school became the first graded school for colored people, having seven grades. The one-room school building then became the church at the corner of South and Manly Streets. The structure was built of wood with the main entrance having steps leading from both of the streets.
The first principal of the school/church was Mrs. Esther P. Hayes, followed by Mr. E. A. Johnson, (who left an endowment to the church which still functions), and then John Branch, and J. L. Levister. The Reverend Fisk P. Brewer became the first official leader of the congregation and the Reverend J.J. Mott became the first pastor of the organized church. Some of the charter members of the church were Mr. Henry C. Jones, Mr. Henry Snipes, Mrs. Lucy Dunston, Mrs. Emma Banham, Mrs. Ida Mitchell, Mr. Thomas Mabry, Mrs. Lucy Ransom, Mrs. Scott, Mr. Holland Pope, Mr. Jordan Farrington, Mrs. Hanna Foushe, and Mrs. Lucy Fikes. Some of these charter members still have descendants connected to First Congregational Church.
The church became a beacon throughout the community known as Fourth Ward. In 1877, Reverend George S. Smith became the first colored pastor. He led the little congregation to new heights of prominence in the City of Raleigh. Eventually, in 1882, the American Missionary Association, that still owned the buildings, transferred them to the City of Raleigh. At the end of Reverend Smith’s pastorate, Dr. Curtis White became pastor and served for about fifteen years. Following his tenure, the Reverends Jennings, H. E. King, T. M. Nixon, and F. B. Mallard served short but colorful terms as pastors of First Congregational Church. Just after the turn of the century a church building was built with gaslights and a furnace, which were non-typical inclusions for that time period.
It was 1907 when the church obtained its first incorporated status, and officially established itself as an institution in the community of Raleigh, North Carolina. The community provided the church with large worshipping congregations nearly every Sunday. Aside from the regular members who walked to church from all over the city, it served residents from the student body of Shaw University and the State School for the Blind, which was then located at the corners of South Bloodworth and Lenoir Streets.
It was in 1990, with a membership of slightly more than thirty-five, a mortgaged parsonage, an old organ that carried indebtedness, a dilapidated frame church building, dim gas lamps, and two old stoves that sat on either side of the church and were connected by huge unsightly pipes, that Reverend Perfect R. DeBerry became pastor, and served through 1925. Under his leadership, and with God’s anointing, First Congregational Church experienced thirteen years of expansive development. During Reverend DeBerry’s fifteen-year tenure, a number of programs and ministries were also implemented. He was a lover of young people, ministries for the youth evolved; and Rev. DeBerry also worked diligently with a prison ministry. The first Boy Scouts of America troop for Negroes in the state was established at the church. Reverend DeBerry also spearheaded the establishment of the city’s first nursery school for black children and the first trade school. These accomplishments set the pace for many future ministries and programs that followed and still exist today.
The Pauline Missionary Union was organized about this time. Its original goal was to provide spiritual and personal services where needed among church family, the community, the infirmed, the bereaved, and the oppressed. The Deacons and their wives worked together to meet spiritual needs of church members and the community. It was the duty of Deaconesses to prepare communion for the first Sunday services.
All of the church officers were men and in addition to being pastor, the minister often was responsible for custodial chores. Through further reflection, we recall that our past church was much like our present one. Many of the auxiliaries were similar to today’s; The Senior Choir, now The Sanctuary Choir, The Tot Choir, over the years became the Children’s Choir, which became The Young Disciples of Christ Choir, and The Gospel Choir, which is today the Cunningham-Ingram Gospel Choir. The Sunday School was very active then. The youth spiritual enrichment organizations were then known as the Christian Endeavor. Young adults from all over the city met every Sunday evening for their activities. The church, which was worth about $7,000 in 1910, was worth $40,000 by 1923. In 1918, the church declined the ongoing assistance of the American Missionary Association and became independent. In 1923, First Congregational Church gave $1,000 to missionary and benevolent causes, which started its tradition of monetary giving to those in need.
Reverend D. J. Flynn, a dynamic spiritual leader, served as pastor of FCC from 1926 through 1928. No pastor was appointed between 1929 and 1932. Reverend E. C. Lawrence became the
next pastor and served for nineteen years (1932-1951). Among the outstanding accomplishments of his era, were the cancellation of the mortgage on the parsonage and acquisition of the deed to the church. The parsonage was equipped with a new heating system. A brick edifice was erected with six rooms. A basement with a kitchen and space for a nursery were included. Two large furnaces were installed, electric lights were secured, and a pipe organ was purchased. Many of the early families made significant and lasting contributions to the church as the years passed. Donations included: pulpit furniture, bookcases, chairs, and tables, silver serving pieces, and communion supplies. The Willing Workers Club was immediately established for the purpose of supplying funds to supplement the church budget for fuel and kitchen supplies.
The Rev. Howard Cunningham became the eleventh Pastor of First Congregational (then) Christian Church in 1951. The Congregational Christian Church merged with the Evangelical and Reformed Church and became The United Church of Christ. The church became First Congregational Church of the United Church of Christ. This occurred during Rev. Cunningham’s tenure. He served for twenty-one years and the church membership increased to 170 members.
He organized the Church Council to be the governing body of the church. This freed the pastor to be the spiritual leader of the church. First Congregational UCC had remained a beacon and a sanctuary to Raleigh’s Fourth Ward. Rev. Cunningham’s vision was to interact with even more of the Raleigh Community. He involved the church in many laudable endeavors; like working for racial justice, improvements for our race, and working with the General Synod of the Southern Conference (the governing body of the UCC). He began an integrated association with Community UCC on Wade Ave. The two churches enjoyed and shared worship services, Vacation Bible School, civil actions, and summer camps. The pastors and congregations exchanged pulpits and enjoyed special times during Race Relations Sunday, at Advent, and at Easter. They also executed joint activities with Davie Street Presbyterian Church and Pullen Memorial.
Rev. Cunningham followed the example of past pastors and involved the church in the community. During this time, the founder, Mrs. Euzelia Henderson organized The Lend-A-Hand Club. Its function was to be the pastor’s support group. Georgia Henderson organized The Women’s Usher Board in 1954, both groups had Rev. Cunningham’s blessing.
Many physical needs of the church were met during this time period (1953 through 1970): the organ was repaired, a new piano purchased, a heating system was installed, folding tables were secured, and the stain-glass windows were restored. A fence was placed around the playground for the nursery school, the interior and exterior of the church were painted, iron rails were installed at the church entrances. Concrete steps were placed at the back door of the church, and several repairs were made to the parsonage. A new floor was laid in the Sunday school room, the basement nursery was renovated, and a pastor’s study and the church office were added. Air-conditioning and a new heating system were also installed.
In January 1973, The Reverend Donald R. Ingram, Sr. began his pastorate at First Congregational Church. A visionary leader, Rev. Ingram’s mission was to preach and teach, the uncompromising Word of God for the edification of the body about Jesus Christ. Approximately three years into his pastorate, he became involved in a building program to move the location of the church edifice because of the City of Raleigh’s Urban Renewal of the Southside. It was through negotiations with The United Church Board for Homeland Ministries of the UCC, that funds were acquired to purchase property on Creech Road. The congregation arranged to worship at Gethsemane Seventh Day Adventist Church, then located on the corner of Person and Cabarrus Streets, until the new church was completed. The church broke ground for the new facilities on October 24, 1976. Many fixtures; stained glass windows, the pipe organ, curved pews, and pulpit furniture, to name a few, were relocated to the new church. The historic church bell was removed from the steeple and moved to the new church property on Creech Road. The first worship service was held in the new church structure
July 3, 1977. The church cleared its indebtedness in 1983, four years ahead of projection, and celebrated the mortgage burning in 1984.
The church expanded with the addition of a multi-purpose room, additional bathrooms, a cry room, and a balcony. Additional church parking was added and a decision on how best to use the land purchased next to the front parking lot is still awaited. Since the move, the organ has been restored, chimes and a trumpet for the organ have been added, a bus purchased, a van bought, the parking lot paved, and in June of 2000, a new mini bus was acquired. The church entered the millennium with color copiers, computers, color printers, new kitchen range, new office furniture, updated software and five-and ten-ton air conditioning units.
The years for First Congregational Church have been fruitful, progressive and filled with spiritual and numerical growth. The following ministries advocating faithfulness to God and Christian growth were started: the Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting; Friday Night Praise Service, Power, Healing & Deliverance Services; the Singles Ministry and the Prison Ministry. In 1983, “God is Still On The Throne” Radio Ministry was one of the top twelve most listened to religious programs on Radio Station WPJL in the Raleigh area. The program continues to have thousands of faithful listeners every Saturday morning. The Deeper Life Bible Study & Outreach Ministries, advocating an in-depth study of God’s word, was begun by Rev. Dr. Lillie Jones, under Pastor Ingram’s leadership. The New Year’s Eve Experience was birthed by The Deeper Life Bible Study and Outreach Ministries and became a shared venture with area churches each December 31st. The FCC Drama Group, Joyous Praise Dance Ministry, God’s Ordinary People, the Puppet Ministry, the Prison Ministry, Seniors’ Focus, Youth Endeavors were all spawned by Deeper Life. Deeper Life Outreach Ministry. Training or Teaching, Reaching, Educating,, Equipping, Students (T.R.E.E.S.), was a monthly information and leadership session begun for teens, under the leadership of Dr. Jennifer Wilder and Rev. Paulette Kearney. Currently it is not functioning. Dr. Wilder has moved away and T.R.E.E.S. has not yet been restarted.
In addition to a place of worship and spiritual growth, the church serves as a place of educational enlightenment and reinforcement through emphasis on scholarship funding for its members desiring to attend institutions of higher learning. A Tutorial Program was begun in 1979 and provided tutoring for students in grades one through twelve for twenty-five years.
The First Congregational Church’s associate ministers are truly dedicated; Rev. Delores Hunter, Rev. Paulette Kearney, Rev. Alice Omoti-Johnson, and Minister Bessie Bukhay provide tremendous support, offering reassurance, explanation, and clarification in furthering the gospel of Jesus Christ to the community of faith. Several additional individuals have answered God’s call to enter the ministry. The response to that call has aided in carrying God’s Word and its intent to His people. From the early 1970’s through 2010, more than 35 individuals have answered God’s call to ministry from First Congregational Church.
First Congregational Church in December 2004, unanimously voted to withdraw from the United Church of Christ Denomination, and continues today as an independent, freestanding church, still serving the needs of God’s people.
The millennium has established confirmation for an Annual Revival, a Health Ministry, the Women’s Fellowship, and the creation of an intra-structure for the future that includes strategic planning sessions, a technology committee, a finance committee, activities committee, and a committee to update the church’s by-laws. All have been accomplished. The church’s Male Chorus was the first of the choirs to produce and successfully market a Christian CD of their favorite songs. The Senior Choir has changed its name to The Sanctuary Choir and the church launched its Website, www.fccraleigh.org and Facebook page, which are being continuously updated.
Pastor Donald R. Ingram, Sr. retired as Pastor of FCC on Sunday, July 31, 2014. His 42 years of dedication to this church were remarkable. A Pastoral Search Committee was formed and worked for thirty months on the difficult task of replacing our shepherd. The church was in a continuous prayer mode as the committee searched, prayed, and interviewed candidates, constantly seeking God’s direction. God answered our prayers by sending Rev. Dr. Michael R. Smith, Sr. to us. Dr. Smith answered God’s call and on January 1, 2017, and became the thirteenth Pastor of First Congregational Church. The church seemingly has not skipped a beat. It has undergone several renovations this year, a stove and refrigerator were purchase, it has had the first confirmation class and baptism of the year, and installed our new Pastor on Sunday afternoon April 2, 2017.
There is now a Spiritual Canopy under which all of our teaching ministries fall. The organizational structure, implemented by Rev. Dr. Smith, is: THE SCHOOL OF CHRISTIAN WORLDVIEW ROMANS 12:1-2.
The FCC School of Christian Worldview includes all teaching ministries of the Church. The goal of all our teaching efforts is to help FCC disciples to keep growing and to live by a Christian Worldview. A Christian Worldview is a perspective of living that sees the world through the eyes of Holy Scripture. All educational and teaching ministries are designed to promote a Christian worldview to all disciples of FCC. The School of Christian Worldview includes the following ministries:
- Disciple Talk Prayer/Bible Study – Wednesdays @ Noon and 6:30 pm
- Great Commission Sunday School – Sundays @ 9:30 am
- Kingdom Leadership Development Training – 1st Saturdays @ 9:00 am
- Fulfilling My Dreams Youth & Young Adult Training – Upon Request
- Deeper Life Outreach Bible Study – Thursdays @ 6:30 pm
- New Member Orientation Training – Sundays @ 9:30 am
- FCC Family and Marriage Ministry – Upon Request
First Congregational Church continues to exist and thrive on Believing God’s Word, Living God’s Word, and Trusting God’s Word. We praise God for the 150 years that he has blessed us mightily. We will celebrate our anniversary with grateful hearts. The theme for the 15oth Anniversary is, “A Foundation Built on Faith: Yesterday, Today, and Forevermore.” God continues to bless First Congregational Church and keeps us a strong house of worship for His praise and His glory and we will always be eternally thankful.
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Second Grade Arithmetics Worksheets and Games
Welcome to the Second Grade Arithmetics Worksheets and Math Games.
You will find here a large collection of free printable arithmetics worksheets, puzzles and games for grade 2. You will find here worksheets for addition, subtraction, place value, ordering,comparing and more.
Don't forget to have a look at the game section. The worksheets are a great tool to practice the arithmetic skills with your students. But the games add a fun factor to it and require some additional skills, like logical thinking.
All the worksheets are dynamically generated, no worksheet is the same and you can download an unlimited numbers of worksheets. The answer key is also included in the printable pdf file.
Second grade arithmetics goals:
|Counting||Count on by 1s, 2s, 5s, 10s, 25s, and 100s past 1,000 and back.|
|Addition subtraction||Adition and subtraction of 2-digit whole numbers;|
|Mental Addition subtraction||Add and subtract within 20.|
|Odd and even||Identify odd and even numbers.|
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In energy discussions, many conversations have focused on what must be done for the future.
This is only part of the sustainability definition.
There is also a responsibility to meet the needs of the present.
“Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,” reads the United Nations “Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future.”
The petroleum industry meets the needs of the present by providing more than 50 percent of global energy needs today. Production from conventional fields makes up the majority of the nearly 100 million barrels per day in global demand. U.S. shale oil contributes the remainder and is projected to reach more than 10 million barrels per day by 2025 to meet global demand, according to the 2018 IEA World Energy Outlook.
Our role as geoscientists is to have the best understanding of stratigraphy, depositional facies, pore systems, reservoir properties and application of rock-based technology that allow us to maximize recovery of reserves within the economics of a project. AAPG has more than a century-long tradition to facilitate geoscience research, publications, short courses, field trips and conference technical sessions to share our petroleum reservoir knowledge and development of business strategies.
Development Geology Resources
AAPG has captured the fundamentals of reservoir geology and development in the classic 1992 publication, “Methods in Exploration 10: Development Geology Reference Manual,” edited by Diana Morton-Thompson and Arnold M. Woods. This comprehensive manual is divided into ten parts that cover aspects of development from the office to the wellsite to the lab. Parts 5, 6, and 10 on laboratory methods, geologic methods and reservoir engineering methods, respectively, are of particular value to geoscientists interested in the fundamentals of reservoirs.
“The Development Geology Reference Manual” is available through the Datapages website at Archives.Datapages.com. Datapages also has links to global field analogies via the “Treatise Atlas” publications. Selected content from “The Development Geology Reference Manual” and “The Treatise of Petroleum Geology” are also searchable through the AAPG Wiki at Wiki.AAPG.org. On the theme of “meeting the needs of the present,” the AAPG Wiki needs your help. The AAPG Wiki provides a collaborative space to capture and communicate the diverse technical knowledge and experiences of our industry.
Individual AAPG members as well as groups can contribute to the AAPG Wiki. Student chapters, young professionals or technical interest groups are encouraged to organize a “Wiki Write-Off” to contribute their geoscience and technology knowledge. AAPG’s sections and regions can also host forums to capture the unique qualities of the reservoirs in their area that encourage additional research, investment and re-development of reservoirs.
The AAPG Wiki is a digital way to connect multiple generations of petroleum geoscientists and capture global knowledge to meet the petroleum needs of the present.
The Greening of Brownfields
Many of our legacy fields that started out as “greenfields” and still produce to meet the needs of the present are now classified as mature or “brownfields.” Despite their long histories and production decline, they still make up the majority of today’s conventional production.
Our responsibility as an industry to provide sustainable petroleum development for the present should drive us to revisit these brownfields. Technology advances including the “industrial internet of things” are improving the economics to redevelop brownfields and maximize recovery of reserves. Government regulations require companies to maintain or upgrade facilities, but it is our industry’s continued commitment to health, environment and safety that sets and maintains the standard of excellence. Finally, there is a global understanding of sustainable development and social responsibility that now compels the petroleum industry to re-invest to make brownfields “green” again.
What Sustains You This Month?
This month I had the honor of speaking at the Kansas Geological Society Annual Banquet. I walked into a room where I knew only five people – AAPG Mid-Continent Section President Doug Davis, KGS President Beth Isern, KGS carbonate geologist Lynn Watney and long-time friends Jim and Ruth-Ann Womble. The topic of my talk was sustainable development and “recycling” or revitalizing petroleum basins. The group shared their ideas for Kansas reservoirs on how to maximize the recovery of reserves, revitalize brownfields and provide jobs to reenergize the geological community. I left having many new friends, a few new ideas and maybe a potential new partner. This is one of the things to love about the petroleum industry; the next project is just a new friendship away.
Let us know what AAPG resources help you look at mature fields in new ways. What are your ideas to maximize recovery of reserves and minimize environmental impact to make brownfields “green” again? #AAPGSustainsMe
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The microwave gets a bad rap in cooking circles because it tends to make most foods soggy and nearly inedible. However, The New York Times suggests the microwave might be far better at cooking than most of us think, and all you need to do is familiarize yourself with the power button.
We've mentioned before that your microwave is often just as good (if not better) at cooking certain foods than your stove. But The New York Times points out that the most important thing you can do is learn exactly what all the different power settings on your microwave really mean:
A general rule of thumb: the lowest power settings, 500 watts and under, turn your oven into a makeshift dehydrator... At higher settings, 500 to 800 watts, the device can fry and steam. And if you simply want to heat something quickly, use the highest setting possible, as you do for tea and coffee.
Some microwaves might have special settings for fry and steam, but not all do. Of course, most microwaves don't give you the ease of actually showing you the wattage and instead let you choose a level (1-10 or so). Thankfully, it's not that hard to figure out what wattage that means. First, find your microwave's wattage. It's usually on the inside the door or displayed proudly on the front of the unit. Then you need to do some math:
If you want to steam something at 800 watts and have a 1,000-watt microwave, set the power level to 80 percent, or 8. (Level 9 is 90 percent, and so on. Some microwaves also have shortcut buttons like "medium" and "medium high" that correspond to specific percentages.)
For an 1,100-watt microwave, the math is a bit trickier: 800 watts is about 73 percent of the top output, so you may have to round down and set the power level to 7. (By the way, adjusting the level does not actually change the wattage. It simply means the microwave will pulse on and off at its fixed wattage until the desired level is reached.)
Once you crack the wattage code of your microwave, you can treat it just like an oven or stove for certain dishes. If you're looking for meal inspiration, check out The New York Times post.
Creating a Dish, Not Just Reheating One | The New York Times
Photo by Chris Kelly.
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Aethina tumida Murray - small hive beetle
Aethina tumida Murray, dorsal view of adult. Scale bar equals
0.5 cm. Drawing by Joe MacGown
Aethina tumida, the small hive beetle, native to southern Africa, is an introduced species in Australia and the United State. In its native range, it is an occasional pest of African subspecies of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. This species has rapidly increased its range since the mid 1990's and is now known to occur in much of the U.S and Australia. The small hive beetle is a pest of European strains of honey bees, and causes serious damage to colonies (Neumann and Elzen. 2004).
Adults [photo]: Broad, somewhat flattened beetles, light brown to brownish black, 5.5-5.7 mm in length (females usually longer than males) and about 3.2 mm in width, antenna ending in three-segmented club.
Larva [photo]: Elongate, with paired, raised dorsal spines on each segment; yellowish white; final instars approximately 9.5 mm long and 1.6 mm wide.
Pupa [photo]: Similarly shaped to adult, but with elongate spiny projections laterally and ventrally; pearly white early, but turning light brown as it nears adult stage; approximately 5.0 mm in length.
Biology and Economic Importance
Adult beetles invade colonies where they tend to hide in small crevices. While in the colony, females may lay over 1000 eggs. Larvae feed on honey, brood, and pollen. Upon maturity, larvae leave the honeybee colony and pupate in the soil. After pupation, they emerge as adults and re-infest colonies.
In its native range, the small hive beetle is not a serious pest of honey bees; however, in the U.S. and Australia, larvae may cause considerable damage in honey bee colonies by feeding on brood, pollen, and honey stores. Due to yeasts associated with this beetle, the honey becomes fermented after being fed on by larvae, which makes the honey unfit for human consumption. In some cases, beetle populations reach such high densities, that the honey bees leave the nest (Ellis and Ellis 2010).
Native range: sub-Saharan Africa.
Introduced range: Australia, United States.
Ellis, J. D. and A. Ellis. 2010. Featured Creatures, small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Posted online at: http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bees/small_hive_beetle.htm Accessed on 4 August 2010.
Neumann, P. and P. J. Elzen. 2004. The biology of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida, Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): Gaps in our knowledge of an invasive species. Apidologie 35: 229-247.
Managing Small Hive Beetles - Cooperative Extension System Factsheet
The Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida: A New Beekeeping Pest - by Keith Delaplan, University of Georgia
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A computer network is defined as an interconnected collection of computers. The computer is said to be interconnected if they can exchange information. It is widely used in network architecture design. A network diagram shows how computers and network devices (e.g. router, switch, etc) connect within a network. A typical use of a network diagram is for tracking down network issues by studying how the computers and devices are connected and inter-related. The connection is physically established through cables, lasers, microwaves, fiber optics, and communication satellites.
Network diagram (also known as Computer Network Diagram) is a schematic depicting the nodes and connections amongst nodes in a computer network or, more generally, any telecommunications network. The computer network diagram helps network engineers visualize all the components and their inter-connectivity within a network. This is very useful when you need to optimize performance, identify and rectify issues. It forms an important part of network documentation.
Symbols of network diagram
A network diagram is a visual blueprint of network architecture. It maps out the components of a network with different symbols and connections. When you need to communicate the design of a network, the network diagram makes it easier for users to understand what components presented (or needed) and how these components are arranged and connected.
Network diagrams use to depict common network appliances, e.g. routers, and the style of lines between them indicates the type of connection. Clouds are used to represent networks external to the one pictured to depict connections between internal and external devices, without indicating the specifics of the outside network.
Levels of network
At different scales, diagrams may represent various levels of network granularity. At the LAN level, individual nodes may represent individual physical devices, such as hubs or file servers, while at the WAN level, individual nodes may represent entire cities.
Besides, when the scope of a diagram crosses the common LAN/MAN/WAN boundaries, representative hypothetical devices may be depicted instead of showing all existing nodes.
For example, if a network appliance is intended to be connected through the Internet to many end-user mobile devices, only a single such device may be depicted to show the general relationship between the appliance and any such device.
Network diagram example – Network security
This is a network security diagram that maps out the security measures implemented in an organization. By drawing this network diagram, you can ensure your organization’s assets are well protected both when being stored and transmitted.
Network diagram example – High school computer lab
Suppose, we are required to build a network for a school that consisted of 60 computers. We were required to build a network for a school that would contain 4 computer labs with 20 PC’S in each, a laser printer in each and lastly a 3D printer in each. Also, it had to consist of 8 laptops. We have to have WAN, a wireless router for the laptops, a firewall, a backbone switch, 4 servers, and 4 switches, a NIC for the computers and laptops. First, we had to make a diagram of how the network is going to be designed so we would exactly know what products we would need for each. In conclusion, this assignment was very helpful to my skills in computers, and also I hope this assignment will help me in the future.
Looking for an online network diagram tool?
Want to create a network diagram? Try Visual Paradigm, a top-rated online diagramming software that features all the network diagram tools, symbols, examples, and templates you needed.
Network diagram examples and templates
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When the Corps is tasked with designing and building a structure, how do the designers know if it will perform as intended? Since trial and error is a costly and uncertain method to determine future structure performance, engineers use models to reduce uncertainty and help ensure a structure’s performance will be up to par.
Before a weir was constructed on the Jemez River upstream of Jemez Canyon Dam in 2003, numerical modeling was used, although it was “limited to the extent of data supplied,” said Stephen Scissons, civil engineer in hydrology and hydraulics.
A weir is a low dam built across a river to raise the water level, divert the water, or control its flow. The Jemez weir was designed to stop erosion and the lowering of the local water table along the Jemez River, upstream of the former reservoir, behind Jemez Canyon Dam.
The dam, constructed in the 1950s, helps provide flood control for the Rio Grande near Albuquerque. In the 1980s, the Corps and the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission (NMISC) established a pool of water behind the dam to increase sediment retention. However, in December of 2000, the NMISC discontinued providing the water for this pool, and all waters were released and the reservoir was emptied on Nov. 1, 2001. The riparian habitat that grew up around the pool was threatened with erosion and a lowering of the local water table. Thus, the weir was installed to help mitigate these issues.
The river’s behavior upstream of the weir has been a success, but downstream there has been excessive channel degradation and incision that could result in failure of the structure unless the channel reaches a stable condition or protection is added to the weir.
While building a physical model is unusual for the District, Supervisory Hydrologist Tamara Massong said the circumstances warranted having the District work with the Hydrology Lab at the University of New Mexico to gather data for modeling the structure to better understand and stabilize the weir and prevent further environmental changes on the Jemez.
“This particular model is assisting us with determining the deformation characteristics of the large rock apron just downstream of the weir, so we know how to address it,” Scissons said. “UNM has been used in the past; however, this is the first time that a mobile-bed, physical model has been made. It is just one example of how the District effectively leverages our relationships in the professional community to solve complex problems for the nation.”
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| 0.963048 | 522 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The project partners from Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape Austria (BFW) and Croatian Forest Research Institute spent one week, from 26-30/8/2019, in Bad Radkersburg (Austria). The goal of the joint field trip was to find plus trees of the target project species according to the project working plan. The partners chose the plus trees of the following species: Alnus glutinosa Gaertn., Quercus robur L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus minor Mill. and Populus nigra L. The coordinates of all trees were taken and estimation elements were measured. During the field trip partners visited the BFW’s nursery where the production process and forest reproductive material storage process were presented to them. This successful cooperation between project partners in choosing the plus trees is planned to be implemented in all other partner countries.
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| 0.937235 | 186 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Benefits of Being A Multisport Athlete
The Benefits of Being A Multisport Athlete People often ask physiotherapists
whether it is better for young athletes to focus on a single sport or to participate
in many different athletic endeavours. Year-round opportunities for high level
training and competition tempt parents and athletes to focus on a single sport.
Logic suggests that this intense focus perfects skills, increases confidence, and raises an athlete’s profile in the eyes of coaches and officials. Given these perceived benefits, then, why do top-level athletes like Wayne Gretzky and prominent health care professionals advocate against early sport specialization? The answer lays in a growing body of evidence demonstrating
- Reduced Rates of Overuse Injuries: Research reveals increased rates of sports-related overuse injuries with sport specialization. One study showed that single-sport athletes are 70% more likely than multisport peers to suffer an overuse injury. Where a single sport repeatedly stresses specific muscle groups and joints, playing multiple sports targets a broader range of body structures, thereby reducing the likelihood of overuse injury.
- Improved Movement Competency: Participating in many different sports trains the body through multiple movement patterns, improving overall body awareness and movement capacity. This then translates into improved performance in the primary sport.
- Less Burnout: Statistics show increasing rates of burn out for single-sport
specialists. Playing one sport year-round can become boring to young athletes and the pressure to perform can be overwhelming. Participating in a range of physical activities throughout the year can heighten the enjoyment and enthusiasm, ultimately enhancing performance and engagement in the primary sport.
- Better Sportsmanship: When players play different sports they are confronted with different situations. In one sport they may be a star; in another, they may not. This improves the ability of our youth to deal with adversity and enables players to understand team dynamics from different points of view. This can translate into improved team play. Faced with these advantages, most parents would encourage multisport participation, but time and money can present barriers. It is important to remember, however, that not every sport has to be played to a high level. Encourage your hockey player to join the school cross country team during the year and play soccer in the summer. Try a new sport, like water polo. This will
lead to improved performance, enjoyment, and longevity in the primary sport.
Hours of Operation:
Mon - Thurs: 8:00am - 8:30pm
Fri: 8:00am - 3:30pm
Sat - Sun: Closed
327 St George St, Suite 100
Moncton, NB E1C 1W8
Phone: (506) 858-8644
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https://keystonephysiotherapy.ca/physiotherapy-advice/the-benefits-of-being-a-multisport-athlete/
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Conscientia bei Descartes
Although Descartes is often said to have coined the modern notion of 'consciousness', he nowhere defines the according Latin term (conscientia), neither explicitly nor implicitly. This may either imply that he used the word in a sense that he did not make sufficiently clear, that he was not the first to use 'conscientia' in its modern psychological sense, or that he still used it in its traditional sense.
In this paper, I argue for the third assumption: Descartes used 'conscientia' according to the traditional meaning that we also find in the writings of St. Paul, Augustine, Aquinas and later scholastics. Thus for Descartes, conscientia is not a kind of speculative self-knowledge, inner observation or reflexive awareness. Rather, it is a kind of practical knowledge.
This is a bold claim. I will argue for it (1) by closely examining the key passages in the Cartesian writings and (2) by re-evaluating the traditional use of the Latin 'conscientia'. Then I will (3) draw some consequences.
1. Descartes makes rather clear what consciousness (conscientia) is not. To take only the most likely candidates. Consciousness is not a thought (cogitatio), since every thought must be accompanied by consciousness. Further, it is not a disposition. Descartes claims that the object of our consciousness never is a possible, but always must be an actual thought. It would be difficult to see how a disposition could be about an actual thought rather than a possible one. But consciousness is also not an attribute of a thought, since Descartes always ascribes it to the thinker herself.
2. In classical and mediaeval Latin, 'conscientia' did not mean 'consciousness', but also not exactly the same as 'moral conscience'. Three aspects are involved in the traditional meaning of the term. First, conscientia is shared knowledge. At least since Augustine, this knowledge is said to be shared between particular human agents and God. Second, conscientia concerns the specific (moral) value of an action. Even more, as Aquinas maintains, actions acquire their rationality and normativity only by being subject to conscientia. On this basis, later scholastics thirdly defined conscientia as a kind of practical knowledge. As such, conscientia is in some sense the cause of what it understands. Put in late scholastic terms, it is the formal cause of its moral being (esse morale).
This account of the meaning of 'conscientia' will be shown to be largely compatible with the Cartesian use of the term; the only change to be made being that it deals with thoughts (cogitationes) and their specific value rather than with actions. Hence for Descartes, consciousness is a kind of practical knowledge about thoughts that is shared with an ideal observer (God) and that causes the specific value of the thought that is its object.
3. This reading has several important implications. For instance, it provides us with a reason for the claim that the consciousness is not itself a thought of the thinker who has it. Our the consciousness turns something into a thought by taking it as its object and thereby endowing it with the specific value that it has as a thought. This value might be truth, correctness, adequacy or something along these lines. Now every particular judgment of value can itself be false, incorrect, or inadequate. Hence, every particular reflexive thought would itself be subject to a further consciousness. The only conscientia that can stop this regress is Gods knowledge of our thoughts. This knowledge cannot be wrong.
As a consequence, the suggested reading directs us away from the assumption that the mind contains only incorporeal thoughts that are privately known to the thinker. As for the first, Descartes himself claims that most of our thoughts depend on the body. The object of our consciousness may then be some event happening in our brain. Consciousness turns this event into something that is also in some respect incorporeal by endowing it with a value. As thought, it is then not a mere corporeal thing. (The modern reader may add: as thought, but not as bodily event, it is equivalent with other brain events.) As for the second part of the above claim, the Cartesian mind must be radically public, since we always share our conscientia with an ideal observer.
Finally, we come to see why Descartes proceeds so easily from his cogito, sum to a proof of the existence of God. Since every thought must be subject to a conscientia, there must always have been an ideal observer. God's existence can be shown because it must already have been presupposed. In fact, the Cartesian meditator was never alone.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
|Fish, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation|
What We Manage
The BLM manages more than 245 million acres of public lands, from grasslands to high desert, from coastal areas to alpine forests. An immense diversity of native plant communities, many rare or endangered, define the character of these lands. These plant communities support a diversity of wildlife, fish and vital ecological functions.
Within these lands, the BLM manages more than 57 million acres of sagebrush habitat in the Western United States, which support more than 300 species of birds and other wildlife. The BLM also manages desert, riparian, forest, grassland and alpine ecosystems.
The success of the BLM in meeting its multiple use mandate is closely connected to the diversity and abundance of native plants on the public lands. Native plants form the ecosystems that support our quality of life and our economic prosperity. They are the source of food and shelter for wildlife; they cycle and clean fresh water, provide soil stability and ultimately provide the oxygen that animals and humans need to survive.
In addition, native plants define many of our iconic American landscapes, reinforcing our sense of place. The stately Douglas-fir of the Northwest, the majestic redwoods of California, expansive prairie grasses of the Midwest, the tall saguaro cacti of the Southwestern desert, the colorful maples of New England – these are our Treasured Landscapes. The BLM’s Plant Conservation Program helps ensure that America's native plant communities continue to thrive on the public lands.
What We Do
The mission of the BLM’s plant conservation and management activities is to ensure that native plants and native plant communities on public lands are managed, conserved, and/or restored for the benefit of present and future generations. The Program works to reduce or eliminate impacts on native plant communities caused by 21st century challenges such as invasive nonnative plants, climate change, increased development or severe fire cycles.
As plant and animal species become threatened or endangered because of loss of habitat, and as climate change alters native plant communities, the BLM is placing a renewed emphasis on native plant conservation programs.
The BLM’s work in plant conservation and management is done in partnership with all BLM programs and in cooperation with other federal and state agencies, industry, and the American people to achieve its goals.
Click on the links below for more information.
Note: Case Studies provided in these links represent only a few of the thousands of on-the-ground projects conducted by the BLM and its partners each year. For more information on field-level work, go to www.blm.gov, find the map and click on the state you are interested in. That will take you to the BLM State and Field Office websites.
Native Plant Communities
The BLM conserves and restores native plant communities on public lands, working across all BLM programs as well as with other Federal, State, local and private sector entities.
More than 700 rare plant species are found on BLM lands, 400 of which are found only on BLM lands. In addition, many plants are of cultural significance to Native Americans.
Bees, butterflies, birds, bats and other pollinators are essential to our nation’s food supply and to healthy wildlands. The BLM participates in the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign to ensure the health of pollinating animals.
One of the greatest challenges to promoting ecosystem health is the rapid expansion of invasive plants. The BLM controls invasions of exotic non-native plants on public lands and replaces them with native plant commmunities where possible.
Click here for links to more information and resources on BLM and partner plant conservation programs, including internships, the Native Plant Conservation Alliance, and the BLM's regional native plant programs.
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| 0.928059 | 786 | 3.53125 | 4 |
We don’t explicitly teach the notion of a velocity at an instant in our introductory algebra-based course, although the term instantaneous appears in the text every now and again. The concept is, of course, implicit in everything we do beyond chapter two. I have noticed this past year, the negative consequences for students’ understanding of velocity, acceleration, forces, and energy.
When I have mentioned to several colleagues this lacking in our introductory curriculum, a common question that arises is how to think about teaching velocity at an instant (in an intellectually honest way) without calculus. In this post, I don’t intend to describe how to teach the concept, but to illustrate about how clear the ideas of constant, average, instantaneous, and change in velocity were in Galileo’s mind even without with the mathematical machinery of calculus. Here is a excerpt from a translation of Galileo’s Two New Sciences.
“When I think of a heavy body falling from rest, that is, starting with zero speed and gaining speed in proportion to the time from the beginning of the motion; such a motion as would, for instance, in eight beats of the pulse acquire eight degrees of speed; having at the end of the fourth beat acquired four degrees; at the end of the second, two; at the end of the first, one: and since time is divisible without limit, it follows from all these considerations that if the earlier speed of a body is less than its present speed in a constant ratio, then there is no degree of speed however small (or, one may say, no degree of slowness however great) with which we may not find this body travelling after starting from infinite slowness, i. e., from rest. So that if that speed which it had at the end of the fourth beat was such that, if kept uniform, the body would traverse two miles in an hour, and if keeping the speed which it had at the end of the second beat, it would traverse one mile an hour, we must infer that, as the instant of starting is more and more nearly approached, the body moves so slowly that, if it kept on moving at this rate, it would not traverse a mile in an hour, or in a day, or in a year or in a thousand years; indeed, it would not traverse a span in an even greater time; a phenomenon which baffles the imagination, while our senses show us that a heavy falling body suddenly acquires great speed.”
OK. So while Galileo didn’t have the mathematical machinery of calculus, he certainly had many of the ideas:
“Time is divisible without limit”
“There is no degree of speed however small with which we may not find after starting from infinite slowness”
“So that if that speed which it had at the fourth beat was such that, if kept uniform, the body would..”
“As the instant of starting is more and more approached, the body moves so slowly that, if kept moving at this rate, it would not…”
A key idea is the hypothetical, “So that if that speed which it had was such that, if kept uniform, the body would…” Another words, Galileo is specifically thinking about speed at an instant by considering how far it would go in a measure of time if the speed it had at that moment was not allowed to change. Of course, this idea is really the same as slope of the tangent line idea. We zoom in on a moment, fix the rate of change, hypothetically extend a line with that rate, and measure how far that line extends vertically in a fixed measure of horizontal change.
A Second Excerpt
Here Galileo describes ideas about the relationship between velocity at instant, displacement, and average velocity:
Let the line AI represent the lapse of time measured from the initial instant A; through A draw the straight line AF making any angle whatever; join the terminal points I and F; divide the time AI in half at C; draw CB parallel to IF. Let us consider CB as the maximum value of the velocity which increases from zero at the beginning, in simple proportionality to the intercepts on the triangle ABC of lines drawn parallel to BC; or what is the same thing, let us suppose the velocity to increase in proportion to the time; then I admit without question, in view of the preceding argument, that the space described by a body falling in the aforesaid manner will be equal to the space traversed by the same body during the same length of time travelling with a uniform speed equal to EC, the half of BC.
Here Galileo has essentially constructed a velocity vs. time graph for an accelerated object (turned on its head), and is arguing that distance traveled during an interval of time is equal to the distance an object with uniform speed would cover if the speed was half the speed the accelerating object acquired at the end of that same interval. Not only did Galileo have in place many of the ideas for thinking about limits and rates of changes, but also the beginnings of integral calculus.
The claim I want to make here is that Galileo made sense of instantaneous rates of change and accumulation via two different hypothetical constant velocities he had to imagine.
Instantaneous velocity at a given moment of time was construed as the distance an object would travel in a measure of time if the velocity it had at that moment were kept constant.
Accumulation was conceived as distance traveled by an object with a hypothetical constant velocity, here described as the velocity half of the velocity obtained at the end of the time interval.
And this is what makes instantaneous velocity so difficult to comprehend… it is a discussion of a hypothetical moving object and its relationship to a real moving object. Instantaneous velocity is thus a huge imaginative leap of faith–one in which we imagine a differently moving object and aim to establish some relationship between the imagined object and our real one. Instantaneous velocity requires a suspension of reality–an acknowledgement that you aren’t going to talk about what actually happened, but to make an explicit analogy between reality and an imagined one.
If I’m right, that instantaneous and average velocity are merely analogies to imagined hypothetical objects moving at constant velocity, then it seems that pinning down the meaning of constant velocity becomes even more important. Galileo, refined his definition of uniform motion over time:
By steady or uniform motion, I mean one in which the distances traversed by the moving particle during any equal intervals of time, are themselves equal.
We must add to the old definition (which defined steady motion simply as one in which equal distances are traversed in equal times) the word “any,” meaning by this, all equal intervals of time; for it may happen that the moving body will traverse equal distances during some equal intervals of time and yet the distances traversed during some small portion of these time-intervals may not be equal, even though the time-intervals be equal.
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by Arthur Goldberg
May 20 2019
A frightening article by Dr E Wesley Ely of Vanderbilt University’s Medical Center, appeared in USA Today early this month in which he asked, “what if we euthanized patients by harvesting their organs?” Or, to make the issue crystal clear, another way to ask the question is: “Can we end a person’s life with their (or their family’s) informed consent by taking them to the operating room and, under general anesthesia, opening their chest and abdomen surgically while they are still alive to remove vital organs for transplantation into other people”?
Although Dr Ely opposes this so called “death by donation” or "imminent death donation”, the scarcity of vital organs has caused US government agencies and international medical conferences in 2018 and 2019 to discuss the ethical implications of approving such a policy. Prior to this debate, and in order to protect severely ill patients from being killed for the sake of their organs, the medical field had adopted the “Dead Donor Rule” which stipulated that donors must meet the legal criteria for death before any vital organ can be taken from their body for transplantation.
What defines death?
In 1981, the United States adopted the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) which classifies someone as dead either (1) after heart death, that is, irreversible cessation of circulatory or respiratory functions or (2) brain death, that is, irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain. Other countries define death somewhat differently. The UK and India define death solely as the permanent cessation of brainstem function while Israel, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand follow the whole brain criteria for death. However, they have developed differing tests to determine what constitutes such whole brain death.
Advocates for liberalizing the criteria for what constitutes death argue that technology complicates the issue. They cite the fact that mechanical ventilation can sustain blood circulation through the body and brain even though the vital organs necessary to support life are incapable of doing it on their own.
Killing to obtain vital organs
The idea of killing someone for the sake of obtaining their organs and transplanting them is gaining adherents. The New England Journal of Medicine published an article suggesting it may be preferable to override the “Dead Donor Rule” when patients declare they want to die in order to donate their organs. Advocates point out critical benefits to the receiving patient such as avoiding damage to the organs during the “ischemia time”, that is, the time during which there is an absence of blood flow that can occur during the actual dying process.
With a published strategic goal of increasing the number of transplants, the Health and Services Administration, an agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services, released a studyon the ethical considerations of imminent death organ donations (IDD). As an advocate for IDD, they argued that it may be appropriate to harvest one’s organs in at least two situations:
"IDD might be applicable to an individual with devastating neurologic injury that is considered irreversible and who is not brain dead. The individual would be unable to participate in medical decision making; therefore, decisions about organ donation would be made by a surrogate or might be addressed by the potential donor’s advanced directive."
"IDD might also be applied to a patient who has capacity for medical decision making, is dependent on life support, has decided not to accept further life support and indicates the desire to donate organs prior to forgoing life support and death."
Although they believed “live donation through planned withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment…may be ethically appropriate and justified by potential benefit to donors, donor families, and recipients”, they declined to move forward at this time “due to a lack of community support and substantial challenges to implementation.” While this is a fortunate conclusion, the agency looked forward to “adequately addressing those challenges through additional research or careful policy development or revision.” So, the pro-life community needs to be prepared for the issue to arise once again in the near future.
The contagion of euthanasia vs true compassion
As evidenced by the movement to liberalize euthanasia through withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment, regimes in which euthanasia prevails create a contagion of killing, which travels far beyond the “limits” initially intended by its proponents. Humans do not live in isolation. The more a culture sends messages that some lives are less valuable than others, the more some people will internalize messages to end their lives or possibly view themselves as heroes by providing their life-sustaining organs to save another. A psychological contagion of suicide is unleashed by euthanasia and assisted suicide laws. Condoning suicide in one circumstance implicitly condones it across the board. The wrong of suicide is no longer absolute: death is made a reasonable — even the expected—response to pain, misfortunate, and sadness.
The very expression “mercy killing”, often used to describe euthanasia, is an oxymoron that sets on edge the conscience of anyone with a background in the Abrahamic faiths and in the universal Noahide ethics incorporated within those faiths. From a biblical perspective, no active intervention may be undertaken to terminate the life of a dying person, and this principle is at the heart of our social order’s moral commitment to respect life. A person’s own body and soul are not his own possessions to harm or destroy. Rather they are given by G-d to the human being in trust. Since G-d gives and takes away life, any form of suicide rejects G-d’s sovereignty. In turn, protecting and respecting life requires that we follow the universal ethical values of the Abrahamic faiths (also known as the Judeo-Christian worldview) and thus reject contemporary secularism’s view that when suffering renders a person’s life burdensome to himself or to others, we can and may dispose of that life.
People frequently request euthanasia when they are emotionally and/or psychologically distraught. Assisted suicide is overwhelmingly requested and granted based on misguided “compassionate” concerns such as burdening family and caregivers. It is prompted by fears of the loss of autonomy, of control over bodily functions, and of the ability to participate in enjoyable activities.
Euthanasia therefore abandons people at their most vulnerable. Rather than providing compassion and support for people in their suffering, euthanasia presents a callous and insensitive “alternative.” A “compassion” that extinguishes life on account of suffering practices cruelty against this essential person. Adding in the idea that your organs may save another person’s life does not change this perspective. True compassion balances kindness towards suffering with respect for the boundaries and purposes of persons as defined by their Creator.
Recovery from comas
A major problem in physicians “playing G-d” by making life or death decisions is the unpredictable and often inexplicable reality of recovery from comas. A coma occurs when the patient is unresponsive to his or her environment. All too often we hear stories of those who spent years in a coma-like state only to regain consciousness after several years. Several examples of individuals who regained consciousness after years of being in a vegetative state may be relevant. Patricia White Bull of Albuquerque, New Mexico was unresponsive for 16 years after suffering a lack of oxygen while giving birth to her son Mark; two examples of waking up after a 19 year coma are Polish railroad worker Jan Grzebski who suffered from a brain tumor, and car accident victim and Arkansas resident Terry Wallis; a South African car accident survivor, Ayanda Nqinana, reawoke after a 7 year coma. (On the other hand, Ariel Sharon, former prime minister of Israel, was stricken with a stroke in 2006 and remained in a coma until his death in 2014. Under Israel’s dead donor rule, it would have been unethical and illegal to harvest Ariel Sharon’s heart and kidneys during that time period.)
From the time of Hippocrates, codes of medical ethics condemned killing by physicians. Combined with the Biblical prohibition, this age-old rule became part of the medical, ethical, and legal opposition to active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Nevertheless, countries such as Canada, Belgium, and the Netherlands have already broken with this practice by permitting euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. And once such societies accept killing as an acceptable solution to the expressed desires of a person or their family, it becomes easier to rationalize euthanizing patients for their organs as an additional way to assure effective transplantation of the organs.
In the United States, the question of legalizing or prohibiting assisted suicide has been percolating for more than twenty years. In 1997, the Supreme Court dealt with two federal court cases, Washington v. Glucksberg and Vacco v. Quill in which it was asserted that assistance to commit suicide was a fundamental liberty protected by the Constitution. To the contrary, the Court determined that no such right exists in America’s Constitution.
The Court said that a patient may decide to discontinue life-sustaining treatment, but the Constitution does not protect a right to death intentionally inflicted by the joint effort of doctor and patient. The Court recognized that in one case the cause of death is the underlying illness (consistent with the Dead Donor Rule); in the other, it is human action (consistent with the Death by Donation approach). There is an important distinction between letting someone die and killing someone.
In determining that there is no federal constitutional right to commit suicide with the help of a physician (whether considered under the due process clause or the equal protection clause), the Court left the decision whether to legalize or ban such actions up to the individual states.
The issue of euthanasia and its proposed extension to death by donation is an important challenge we as a society must face in order to maintain a political moral center within our culture. One essential ingredient of this process is to overcome the emerging support for sanctioned killing and to re-anchor contemporary culture in the protection of life rather than its disposal.
Arthur Goldberg is Co-Director of the American based Jewish Institute for Global Awareness, former Co-Director of JONAH, Inc. JIFGA sponsors www.fundingmorality.com, a crowd-funding site for those committed to Biblical values. He has authored Light in the Closet: Torah, Homosexuality, and the Power to Change. You can contact him at: [email protected]
This article by Arthur Goldberg was originally published on MercatorNet.com under a Creative Commons Licence. If you enjoyed this article, visit MercatorNet.com for more.
Original article: https://www.mercatornet.com/careful/view/is-death-by-organ-donation-around-the-corner/22482
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Whilst security concerns typically revolve around armies and nations, the greatest threat to humanity throughout our brief existence comes instead from the most insignificantly tiny lifeforms. Infections and diseases have throughout history laid low kings, destroyed empires, and felled the average person by the hundreds of millions. From the Black Death, culling half of Europe in just five years, to Spanish flu, claiming more lives than the global conflict it succeeded, our ancestors endured an enemy they could not see and understood little of. Today, even armed with modern medicine as we are, we still should not forget the threat posed by the smallest living things sharing our planet.
Here are 20 of history’s most devastating plagues and epidemics:
20. Plaguing our species since the dawn of time, the earliest humans were forced to endure deadly pandemics in a cruel natural sifting of genetic purity
Approximately 100,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic Era, the first known case of plague afflicted humanity. Although details are scarce, gleaned from the slightest traces in archaeological remains, during our early ancestors’ residence in Africa it is believed that a great plague descended upon the region. Decimating the homo sapien population, which dropped potentially as low as just 10,000, the epidemic almost rendered our species extinct. In so doing, however, it is believed the survivors were sufficiently strengthened on a genetic level to endure future outbreaks and pandemics to consequently procreate through the ages.
The oldest known specific strain of plague, dating to approximately 5,000 years ago, the end of the Neolithic Era, and centered on modern-day Sweden, similarly reflects our evolutionary history and longstanding interaction with deadly infections. Believed to have spread along emergent trade routes at the start of the Bronze Age, in conjunction with the birth of settlements encompassing 10,000-20,000 inhabitants, this sudden boom in population density created an ideal breeding ground for plague. Persisting ever since, humanity’s advancement and centralization accelerated the evolution of our ancient microbial enemy and laid the stage for thousands of years of deadly, if invisible, bacterial warfare.
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A dynamic model to assess tradeoffs in power production and riverine ecosystem protection†
Major strategic planning decisions loom as society aims to balance energy security, economic development and environmental protection. To achieve such balance, decisions involving the so-called water–energy nexus must necessarily embrace a regional multi-power plant perspective. We present here the Thermoelectric Power & Thermal Pollution Model (TP2M), a simulation model that simultaneously quantifies thermal pollution of rivers and estimates efficiency losses in electricity generation as a result of fluctuating intake temperatures and river flows typically encountered across the temperate zone. We demonstrate the model's theoretical framework by carrying out sensitivity tests based on energy, physical and environmental settings. We simulate a series of five thermoelectric plants aligned along a hypothetical river, where we find that warm ambient temperatures, acting both as a physical constraint and as a trigger for regulatory limits on plant operations directly reduce electricity generation. As expected, environmental regulation aimed at reducing thermal loads at a single plant reduces power production at that plant, but ironically can improve the net electricity output from multiple plants when they are optimally co-managed. On the technology management side, high efficiency can be achieved through the use of natural gas combined cycle plants, which can raise the overall efficiency of the aging population of plants, including that of coal. Tradeoff analysis clearly shows the benefit of attaining such high efficiencies, in terms of both limiting thermal loads that preserve ecosystem services and increasing electricity production that benefits economic development.
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The neck is the part of the body, on many vertebrates, that separates the head from the torso or trunk. It contains blood vessels and nerves that supply structures in the head to the body. These in humans include part of the esophagus, the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland, major blood vessels including the carotid arteries and jugular veins, and the first part of the spinal cord.
In anatomy, the neck is also called by its Latin names, cervix or collum, although when used alone, in context, the word cervix more often refers to the uterine cervix, the neck of the uterus. Thus the adjective cervical may refer either to the neck (as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes) or to the uterine cervix (as in cervical cap or cervical cancer).
The neck contains vessels that links structures in the head to the body. In humans these structures include part of the esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid and parathyroid glands, lymph nodes, and the first part of the spinal cord. Major blood vessels present include the carotid arteries and the jugular veins. Cervical lymph nodes surround the blood vessels. The thyroid gland and parathyroid gland are endocrine glands involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and growth, and blood calcium levels.
The shape of the neck in humans is formed from the upper part of the vertebral column at the back, and a series of cartilage that surrounds the upper part of the respiratory tract. Around these sit soft tissues, including muscles, and between and around these sit the other structures mentioned above.
Muscles of the neck attach to the base of the skull, the hyoid bone, the clavicles and the sternum. The large platysma, sternocleidomastoid muscles contribute to the shape at the front, and the trapezius and lattissimus dorsi at the back. A number of other muscles attach to and stem from the hyoid bone, facilitating speech and playing a role in swallowing.
Sensation to the front areas of the neck comes from the roots of nerves C2-4, and at the back of the neck from the roots of C4-5.
The cervical region of the human spine is made up of seven cervical vertebrae referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column. The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion.
In addition to nerves coming from and within the human spine, the accessory nerve and vagus nerve both cranial nerves, travel down the neck.
Blood supply and vesselsEdit
In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called "Adam's apple", better marked in men than in women. Also neck lines marks appear at a later age as a phenomenon of skin wrinkle. Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt, while between this and the suprasternal notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out. At the side the outline of the sternomastoid muscle is the most striking mark; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the posterior. The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the submandibular glands, which lies just below the posterior half of the body of the jaw. The line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw.
The eleventh or spinal accessory nerve corresponds to a line drawn from a point midway between the angle of the jaw and the mastoid process to the middle of the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle and thence across the posterior triangle to the deep surface of the trapezius. The external jugular vein can usually be seen through the skin; it runs in a line drawn from the angle of the jaw to the middle of the clavicle, and close to it are some small lymphatic glands. The anterior jugular vein is smaller, and runs down about half an inch from the middle line of the neck. The clavicle or collar-bone forms the lower limit of the neck, and laterally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the trapezius muscle.
Muscles and movementEdit
The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In addition, the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions.
Disorders of the neck are a common source of pain. The neck has a great deal of functionality but is also subject to a lot of stress. Common sources of neck pain (and related pain syndromes, such as pain that radiates down the arm) include (and are strictly limited to):
The neck appears in some of the earliest of tetrapod fossils, and the functionality provided has led to its being retained in all land vertebrates as well as marine-adapted tetrapods such as turtles, seals, and penguins. Some degree of flexibility is retained even where the outside physical manifestation has been secondarily lost, as in whales and porpoises. A morphologically functioning neck also appears among insects. Its absence in fish and aquatic arthropods is notable, as many have life stations similar to a terrestrial or tetrapod counterpart, or could otherwise make use of the added flexibility.
The word "neck" is sometimes used as a convenience to refer to the region behind the head in some snails, gastropod mollusks, even though there is no clear distinction between this area, the head area, and the rest of the body.
- Talley, Nicholas (2014). Clinical Examination. Churchill Livingstone. p. 416. ISBN 9780729541985.
- Frietson Galis (1999). "Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer" (PDF). Journal of experimental zoology. 285 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10327647.
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Provincetown History Snippets: Moby-Dick and Other Whales
While the home port of the Pequod was Nantucket, as we celebrate the annual reading and celebration of Moby-Dick here in Provincetown this weekend, we can remember the novel—and the whaling tradition that Ptown shares.
Written in 1851, Moby-Dick recounts the adventures of the narrator Ishmael as he sails on the whaling ship Pequod under the command of the monomaniacal Captain Ahab.
Sales of the book were tepid at best (Melville had to take a day job after its publication), but the author did visit Nantucket where he met the broken-down George Pollard Jr., who had captained the Essex—the ship that had been attacked and sunk by a sperm whale in an 1820 incident that had inspired Melville’s novel.
Provincetown’s whalers sailed to exotic ports of call and brought back sophistication and cosmopolitan flavor to the town. They were savvy businessmen and controlled every aspect of whaling and fishing, contributing to the town’s prosperity. The American whaling industry declined because of the depletion of whale stocks, the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania in 1859, the high cost of outfitting a ship, and—for Provincetown—the Portland Gale, which destroyed the town’s two major whaling wharfs.
Click here to check out all of our Provincetown History Snippets!
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Tisane (pronounced tee-zahn) has many claimed origins, some sources credit the term coming from the Greek word ptisanē (originally referring to a beverage made from the crushed grains of pearl barley). Others refer to the French as coining the term, one could argue that Ti (Tea) and Sans (French for “without”) or Ti (Tea) and Sine (Latin for “without”) could mean “tea without tea”, as a tea without tea could be a hot beverage with anything but tea leaves in it.
The word “tisane” refers to any plant parts, excluding tea plants, that are used in conjunction with hot water, to make a hot beverage, and usually does not contain caffeine. Today’s Tisanes are a blend of dried herbs, flowers, roots, nuts, fruits, and natural flavours, which are fresh or dried. Tisanes are usually categorised by what part of the plant they come from. Here are some examples of each of the major categories of tisanes: leaf, flower, bark, fruit/berry and seed/spice.
A conception of the interchangeable term “tea”, within the western world begins with the experience of the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. During that time, tea (actual tea) was a major staple of many people on both sides of the Atlantic, and taxation of its importation was symbolic of the control levied by England over the colonial citizens. The colonists were strongly inclined to find a substitute, and so invented what they called “freedom tea”, or “herbal tea”, which contained no tea but could be sourced locally without import fees. It is believed that from that point onward the idea of “tea” and “herbal tea” became so conflated that each subsequent generation lost the ability to tell the difference.
Arguably the most famous herbal tea begins its journey in ancient Egypt. Tisanes have been used for nearly as long as written history extends, the first recorded mention of Chamomile was in a document known as the Ebers Papyrus, dating back to 1550 BC, these documents talk about the actual enjoyment in drinking tisanes which were and still are regarded as social leant., Chamomile has endured a lasting fame, as it was used to honour the gods, embalm the dead and cure the sick. This light, sweet, apple-like and floral beverage is still revered for its uncanny calming effect.
Containing a range of fruits, spices and herbs, fruit teas or tisanes are caffeine free blends. The most common ingredient in fruit teas is Hibiscus, a crimson flower that yields a deep red colour for each cup and a powerful tart sweetness. Hibiscus was another one of the popular tisanes used in Egypt, it was once known as “karkade”. Dried fruits, fruit peel, fruit oils, blossoms and spices are used by tea blenders to achieve just the right blend of visual appeal and flavour profile.
In China tisanes are also extremely popular. The traditional medicinal use of the tisanes is seen as a natural cure for many diseases. The beverage is also used for enhancing health. The Chinese term “liang cha” means actually “cooling tea”, a very inspired term because it is believed this beverage cools down the body when it is overheated by sickness or weather change.
Dating back to the Greeks, the caffeine-free home remedy known as Peppermint, has been used for aiding digestion and soothing the stomach. During these times, dinning was made more pleasant by rubbing the tables with Peppermint. However, not all herbal teas of that time were as pleasant. In fact, some were deadly, such as Hemlock, which remains unavailable in many cafes, due to its unfortunate side effects. Philosophers will kindly remind us that Socrates, the father of modern thought, was sentenced to death by drinking the brew known as Hemlock.
Rooibos has skyrocketed in popularity, despite being a newcomer to the tisane scene. Rooibos is also known as “Red Bush Tea” or simply “Red Tea,” it was introduced as a substitute for black tea. Virtually all supplies of Japanese and Chinese teas suddenly became unavailable, during World War II. The tea-addicted Western culture scoured the world for an alternative, finally discovering caffeine-free Rooibos, which grows only in South Africa. Rooibos blends extremely well with a variety of flavours and has a rich, slightly sweet flavour that is also excellent alone
Finally, Yerba Mate is the new drink to the herbal market. Consumed throughout much of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Far East, this South American botanical from the holly family, has been lauded as a cultural phenomenon that both energises and remedies the body. Yerba Mate, or simply “Mate” is one of the few plants on earth (along with coffee, cocoa and tea) that contains the stimulant caffeine. Drinking it from the traditional, hollowed-out gourd as well as the herby taste tends to be a bit unusual for new consumers, but after a few sips, most folks embrace it like it one of their own. Mate has now been introduced to the US as a substitute for coffee and is attracting wider attention, after originally becoming stranded in its own niche cultural market.
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Wolbachia is found in up to 60% of all insect species including the Cairns birdwing butterfly.
Wolbachia (green) in the ovaries of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
High magnification image of Aedes aegypti cells with Wolbachia (green)
Wolbachia is found in moths, butterflies, ladybirds and the blue damselfly (pictured).
Wolbachia is a natural bacterium present in up to 60% of insect species, including some mosquitoes. However, Wolbachia it is not usually found in the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the primary species responsible for transmitting human viruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika.
For many years scientists have been studying Wolbachia, looking for ways to use it to potentially control the mosquitoes that spread human diseases. Our research has shown that when introduced into the Aedes aegypti mosquito, Wolbachia can stop these viruses from growing inside the mosquito and being transmitted to people. This important discovery has the potential to transform the fight against life-threatening viral diseases.
Wolbachia is safe for humans, animals and the environment. It is a naturally occurring bacterium already found in the environment in many insect species. Two independent risk assessments have been conducted, both of which gave an overall risk rating of ‘negligible’ (the lowest possible rating) for the release of mosquitoes with Wolbachia.
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Stamps Promote International Day of Peace
On September 21, 2017, the UN Postal Administration issued three stamps from each of its issuing offices commemorating the International Day of Peace. Two designs were issued in panes of 20, while the third is a souvenir sheet with one stamp. The theme of that year was “Together for Peace: Respect, Safety, and Dignity for All.”
The 49¢ stamp from the New York office is called “Equality/Doves.” It shows two doves in symmetry. The Chinese characters that mean “peace” are at the bottom of the design.
The $1.15 stamp represents the expression “moths to a flame.” It’s a reminder that “the beauty of civility and decency serves as humanity’s guiding flame…” according to the UNPA. The word ‘Peace” is written along the left side of the stamp.
The International Day of Peace was established in 1981 with the goals of “alleviating the tensions and causes of conflict,” according to the UN resolution. The focus of the 2017 celebrations was the spirit of togetherness and support for refugees and migrants.
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Internet and E-mail. Practical guide for users
Review of the work
Exploring the internet. How is the web? What can be done on the internet? Internet connection. Obtaining access to the web. To start internet Explorer. Specification of a web address. Browse the web. Search for information on the web. Save your favorite web pages. Use of the history list. Opening of several web pages. The email. Introduction to email. What do you need to be able to use email? Windows Mail settings. Reading email messages. Creation and sending of e-mail. Email etiquette. Use of emoticons. Treatment of spam email. Contact management. What's in a contact? Search for Contacts folder. Adding a new picture to a contact
Antonio Ortiz Ortega has a degree in chemical sciences, a computer technician, an advertising designer, a systems administrator, a manager of a study center, and a professor of computer science and new technologies.
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[EDITORS NOTE: Please see the end of the article for an updated conclusion and self-criticism from the author and Editorial Board.]
We will primarily concern ourselves with three concepts: 1) what is guiding thought, 2) what are the universal contributions of Gonzalo Thought, and 3) how do these guarantee victory?
On the general character of guiding thought
The Chinese revolution adopted Mao Zedong Thought as the Guiding Thought of their Party during the great rectification period in Yenan. The first great ideological movement initiated by the Communist Party of China (CPC), Yenan would provide many of the basic discoveries which led to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966. Without Yenan there would be no GPCR, and without the GPCR there would be no Maoism proper. Even bourgeois scholars acknowledge Yenan as the revolutionaries—i.e. the leftists in the Party—taking control of the whole party apparatus and imposing themselves on the right. Mao was at the helm of this revolutionary triumph and emerged as the recognized center of Party unity. Most importantly, Guiding Thought was precisely summed up in the specific applications of Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions—this meant necessarily refusing to follow certain faulty advice coming from Moscow in the 1940s. Yenan also saw the building of the CPC through People’s War with Japan—a ragged and depleted CPC landed in Yenan after the long march and had to fully replenish itself from around 40,000 into a Party of millions in the world’s largest country. Again in 1949 Mao would refuse to take the advice of Moscow to partition the country; he knew that countrywide victory was made possible not only by creative application of Marxism-Leninism, but also assisted by new theory and new ideas developed through it—in short, victory was made possible through Guiding Thought.
Guiding Thought is the answer to the riddle which plagued the Communist Parties of the world through their dogmatic fidelity to the experience and advice of the Russian revolution, in this way its addition was actually faithful to Marxism-Leninism which has always been designed for creative application. Mao summarized the content of his thought in his most important documents produced during the Yenan period, to only name a few these are “On Practice”, “On Contradiction”, and “New Democracy”, all of which were instrumental to elevating Marxism-Leninism to its third and so far highest stage, Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, principally Maoism. We can conclude that without the creative application of Marxism-Leninism there could be no Guiding Thought. So the first characteristic of a Guiding Thought is the successful application of the universal science of revolution (Marxism by Lenin and Marxism-Leninism by Mao) to the particular conditions of an actual revolution. Only the strictest, mechanical, vilest, and lifeless dogmatists can oppose Guiding Thought on the basis of opposing creative application of revolutionary science to the particular conditions of one’s own country.
Guiding Thought is the lifeblood of scientific and stage-like development of the ideology of revolution—of revolution itself. Lenin was Lenin not because he was simply a repeater of what was correct in Marx, but as a master in his own unique application of Marxism in conditions very different from that in which Marx himself imagined his ideas taking root. Marx laid the very foundational content which Lenin, through what would come to be understood by the Chinese as “Guiding Thought”, was able to transform all of the Russian empire and make an irreversible leap for the world’s proletariat, offering concrete proof that power is accomplishable and without it all is illusory. This is the power of Lenin Thought, which was quickly understood as Leninism—that is, a higher stage of Marxism. It is true that Leninism is Marxism in the age of imperialism and proletarian revolution, but it is not just this. As Comrade Stalin insisted in his masterpiece Foundations of Leninism, Leninism is a qualitative leap in Marxist science—in how we view and change the world.
Guiding Thought as a theory itself is universal, because if such a category as “universal” exists, then it must necessarily be applied to the specific—this is a law of contradiction. There could be no universal without the particular, and there could be no particular without the universal, etc. Guiding Thought finds its first characteristic in this universal necessity to apply revolutionary science to the particular conditions which you seek to understand and transform.
This application makes certain quantifiable discoveries, exposes its own mistakes and analyzes these discoveries and mistakes making a synthesis. Anyone familiar with the mass line method of Communist leadership over the masses can grasp this process well. A concept exists, it is placed next to the various and mixed ideas of the masses and used to glean the best ones into a synthesized line—a line designed to bring the ideas further along to revolutionary conclusions, then it is fielded and propagated and it most often falls short—discoveries are made, mistakes in application and ideology are noticed and another, sharper synthesis is produced and fielded. This is the raw material of both the mass line and of Guiding Thought. The mass line itself emerged as a full theory in the context of Mao’s thought.
Communist organizing however is centralized—is unity in action—this sets apart the Bolshevik from every other kind of organization. There will emerge from democratic centralism two main types of leadership. These are collective leadership on the one hand—which is attained from broad and democratic practice, and individual leadership on the other which is attained from the centralized aspect. It is undeniable that every cadre is a leader among the masses and that the Party collectively leads; it is equally undeniable that the top leadership of the party has survived many trials and earned the recognition of the Party. Maoism holds that two-line struggle exist inside every party as the motor force of party development; the greatest leaders, men like Lenin, Stalin, Mao, and Gonzalo have navigated the course for their Parties and in some instances the whole of the proletarian revolution in their countries. These men are not special by any natural talent, they are not bestowed with inherent wisdom, their ideas did not fall from the sky and they are not beyond criticism. What they have done is successfully organize the two-line struggle, becoming the center of Party unity, and chiefly they have applied Marxism successfully to the Party itself which applies it to the given conditions—this is individual leadership, the second characteristic of guiding thought.
As long as democratic centralism is the necessary model for all parties and organizations based in Leninism, then individual leaders will emerge as a center of Party and movement unity. The masses of Turkey will never dispense with the likeness and lessons of Kaypakkaya, just as the people of the former Soviet Union lay wreaths for Comrade Stalin against all the revisionist and capitalist indoctrination. The masses know Stalin and will not ever part with him, even if they lack a fully Marxist evaluation of him. This is not a superficial matter of a “cult of personality” but mass recognition of who stood tall as their center of unity, who embodied the most revolutionary practice and who led them successfully out of the looming capitalist shadows and blackest of fascist nights as well as against emergent revisionism. The gratitude of the masses, the masses that make history, the real heroes, those who are not some gullible idiots easily duped into religious iconography, at least not in the sense of upholding proletarian revolutionary leaders. Unlike religion which has an analgesic effect, revolutionary icons have a struggle effect. They are a commitment to the pains of war to transform reality. The second characteristic of Guiding Thought again proves itself as universal; only the most heartless, deaf to the masses and doubters of the masses can oppose it on the terms of personality.
These two characteristics are not determined by individual opinion, but by the official recognition of a party of Communists. These are experienced communists trained and tempered in class struggle; they are not starry-eyed novices any more than the masses are bleating sheep. These Parties, if they are successful are implementing the mass line, or the processes which came before its theorization. Every bit of recognition is hard earned. There are of course those rightists within the party who will seek to mutate this feature for their own dubious ends. The correct criticism of the use of personality comes into play when this is used to void the actual guiding thought and replace it with a hollowed icon. Reactionaries and revisionists like Lin Biao have mastered this art of keep the image of Mao while eliminating the thought of Mao. Guiding Thought then finds its third characteristic—insurance against what critics call incorrectly the “cult of personality.” Rightists might vary in form, but they share the same essence—while Lin Biao was different from Deng Xiaoping, both mutated the image of Mao into that of a founding father devoid of his actual thought. New revisionists who nominally call themselves Maoists maintain the same views on Guiding Thought, that it is to be eliminated, and they will echo Khrushchev while opposing the actions of Lin and Deng. They will insist that individual leadership is not earned and must be opposed. This insistence becomes an attack on the recognition of the center of party unity and the application of the general to the particular. Their attack comes masked as genuine concern; revisionism has adapted its appeal to continue its wrecking path in service of capitalism and the bourgeoisie. In essence this is a decapitation of the party concept, a great swindling of the masses, a false diagnosis of illness to avoid class struggle and decentralize Maoism.
Guiding Thought guarantees victory
The world’s history as insisted by Marxists is only understood through class struggle, this is its revolutionary content—hence it is rich in revolutionary experience, in both positive and negative lessons. Not all attempts to make revolution produce a guiding thought; some revolutions are but temporary rebellions when opportunist elements succumb to progressive aspects among the people and, by tailing these, come into contradiction with imperialism etc. We understand that even if class power does not change hands—and hence no complete revolution is accomplished—that there is still a revolutionary quality to be examined. We understand such situation as wars of resistance against imperialism or incomplete national liberation struggles which do not result in New Democracy or socialism. So Guiding Thought does not emerge just by resistance to imperialism; it emerges only through the successful application of Marxism to the specific conditions of a country, hence there is not and cannot be a Fidel Castro Thought or a Thomas Sankara Thought etc. It would be equally pointless to go through every various resistance struggle and determine whether or not there was a guiding thought developed. What is important for our purposes is to understand that not all Guiding Thought develops the overall science into a new and higher stage; this development is determined on the overall enrichment and elevation of the three component parts of Marxism—philosophy, scientific socialism, and political economy.
Understanding the above, it becomes easy to comprehend that while a Guiding Thought might not elevate all three component parts into a new stage, it still can present us with certain universal contributions. Defense of these contributions provokes a defensive response from the rigid and dogmatic; they will always try to create terms for it, for instance claiming that Maoists who uphold the universal contributions of Gonzalo Thought are no longer Maoists etc. The same was done by the self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninists against defenders of Mao Zedong Thought and is a tale as old as Lenin. Followers of Lenin were first decried as false Marxists by those who followed Bernstein or Plekhanov, for instance.
Opposition to Guiding Thought tends then to move from revolutionary optimism to bourgeois cynicism. It is eternally doubtful to such types that rich lessons can be ripped even from the jaws of failure. How easily they break then from historical materialism, how easy they gloss over the Cultural Revolution, which produced a specific development of a specific guiding thought (that of Mao) which developed in Peru into Maoism proper—yet, for all of this, the GPCR failed in its stated aim to prevent capitalist restoration. We insist on the correctness of Mao’s line, that revolution never proceeds in a straight line, and that there are many bends in the road to Communism.
The ideas produced by the GPCR were concentrated in the thought of Mao, under the leadership of Chiang Chunqiao and the Shanghai Group a series of textbooks were produced during the latter half of the GPCR to train students in the only scientific approach to revolution, one of these books is titled A Basic Understanding of the Communist Party of China, a manual in service of cadre development. Chapter two, dedicated to the Party’s Guiding Thought, asserts:
“Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought tells us that the disappearance of capitalism and the victory of communism are certain. Eventually socialism will be substituted for capitalism — this is an objective law independent of man’s will.”
Echoing a position held first by Marx and Engels and included in the Communist Manifesto, the revolutionary leaders of the GPCR are highlighting the fact that along this inevitable ascension of socialism against capitalism, the only guarantee is in the correct application of Marxism and particularly this means the necessity of grasping a guiding thought. In all of this, setbacks and falls are expected and guiding thought is what guides us back time and time again to the inevitable path of revolution. The class struggle produces leaders which will provide a guiding thought—this too is an objective law independent of man’s will. In spite of the lip-service to Mao’s four persecuted comrades including Chiang Chunqiao by the Avakianites throughout the 80s and 90s, they in essence have opportunistically culled Mao’s thought. This arrested the development of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement after the arrest of Chairman Gonzalo and to this day the views of Co-RIM affect the Parties and organizations who uncritically seek to revive RIM. Of course Avakian’s hollowed and unearned centering of his own image in the ICM offers these types an avenue of attack against Maoism which makes them appear to the understudied to be valid.
Suffice it to say that there is no such thing as an “Avakian Thought” because, in spite of its sheer destructive capability, the teachings of Avakian have not in any way harmed the bourgeoisie. On the contrary they have only harmed the International Communist Movement. Avakian has never managed to apply the universal MLM to the specific conditions of the US; he has not earned any recognition as a great leader (beyond the views of his sycophantic followers), and he assists the cynics by promoting himself as such—offering them an easy out to “what went wrong with the RIM.” Their positions are superficial and better dealt with elsewhere. What matters to us for this purpose is demarcating actual Guiding Thought from the mere posturing of charlatans and swindlers.
Real Guiding Thought which meets all of the criteria and has all the characteristics we outlined is an all-powerful weapon. It is all-powerful because it is true, because it makes revolution and leads the way to the inevitability of socialism. Real Guiding Thought is the creative application of the world’s most advanced revolutionary science and it produces universal aspects—which hold true for every country in the world—such is the quality of Gonzalo Thought. These new and universal contributions are part of the natural life development of revolutionary science, they cannot be dispensed with by those who make revolution—in this way Guiding Thought is a guarantor of victory, provided of course we adhere to the Marxist conception of victory and reject the bourgeois short sighted view. By understanding this process revolutionaries can free up revolutionary potential and hone it into revolutionary action, ultimately People’s War, without it they will suffer the hell of endless defeat and have already defeated themselves.
Gonzalo Thought is a weapon in our eager hands!
As explained succinctly by the Communist Party of Brazil (Red Fraction), to begin to comprehend Maoism is to first grasp Gonzalo Thought. This might seem confusing to some readers based on what we have examined so far, so more unpacking is needed. Maoism transformed from the raw material Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought grasped all over the world into Marxism-Leninism-Maoism in the Peruvian People’s War; this would not have been possible without the Guiding Thought of Gonzalo—that is, the characteristic of the successful application of the universal to the particular. This synthesis of Maoism as the third and thus far highest stage was both made possible by Gonzalo Thought as well as spurred forward the further development of Gonzalo Thought, not leaving it as it found it but transforming it. The same method holds true in production: production itself discovers tools which transform production and even bring the relationships to production into revolutionary contradiction.
Mao Zedong Thought, once believed to be the specific application of Marxism-Leninism to the particular conditions of China, quickly showed the world revolution that it had many universal contributions. Originally Mao Zedong Thought was used as a demarcation between revolutionaries who took up this title and revisionists who claimed to be “ML.” This demarcation led revolutionaries to begin consciously applying Mao Thought to their particular conditions. Heroic leaders such as Ibrahim Kaypakkaya in Turkey and Charu Mazumdar in India stand out strong among these. In this tradition although head and shoulders above all others is Chairman Gonzalo, who synthesized all of these universal contributions into a complete system—a completed fully theorized MLM which proved itself as a third and higher stage and not merely an application particular to China or even the third world.
Today Gonzalo Thought is already taking on the former role of Mao Zedong Thought, it is both a demarcation and an application outside of Peru. Once theorized as the specific application of MLM to Peruvian conditions, it has already transcended these parameters, the revolutionary movements of Latin America, Europe, and the US have discovered that certain contributions of Gonzalo Thought are indeed universal. This has not been synthesized into a fourth stage yet, but the possibility remains intact. Such a synthesis is well beyond the means of our journal so we will not concern ourselves with this and instead leave this task in the capable hands of the revolutionaries in the storm centers.
This brings us to the important question of how MLM remains a living science, how its application in Peru spurred forth yet more universal qualities belonging to what is called Gonzalo Thought. We do not concern ourselves with ticking off a list of the universal contributions of Gonzalo Thought, our purpose is something different—that is to argue that Gonzalo Thought is the guarantor of victory. There are certainly points we will miss as the thought of Gonzalo is vast and deep, but we will try and be succinct in our examination.
First among these is the application of People’s War in Peru as Unified People’s War, which takes the emergence of mega-cities into consideration developing an urban component and understanding the peasantry as the principal force and the urban guerrilla as the secondary force. In this way the movement from countryside to city (this is a development for a majority of third world countries) is taken into consideration and used to serve the general strategy of People’s War.
This highlights the theory’s universality to the third world. Let us examine its lessons for the imperialist countries. By grasping how the third world contends with the migration patterns of peasants into shanty towns surrounding mega cities (Lima is considerably larger than New York City or Los Angeles) many of the most valuable lessons on urban people’s war have been provided and new discoveries were made—particularly in the battles against infrastructure, the orientation militarily toward revisionists and the legalists. In a Protracted People’s War, it is not a question of the possibility of defeating the enemy militarily to start with, nor is it simply a question of surviving enemy attack (as falsely understood in the theory of war of attrition popular among the Republicans in Ireland) but, as Mao insisted, it is a question of preservation of our forces as well as destruction of enemy forces. This means inflicting blows and taking symbolic actions against the whole infrastructure of oppression, making it difficult for the enemy to carry out social administration and at the same time put down insurgency. This exasperates the enemy, divides him and further discredits him against the masses. Necessary to the People’s War in Peru is the attacks on infrastructure.
This also takes into account the ideological and cultural terrain of combat. Everything the enemy has is a weapon against the revolution, whether it be electricity or soup kitchens. For an imperialist country, the urban environment is the principal aspect with a secondary supporting rural component.
Hence Gonzalo Thought becomes important to the heath and function of the application of PW to the imperialist country; it sets to rights the practical errors of the entire past historical urban guerrilla struggles which have failed up to today. Through reconstituted Communist Parties the proletariat of imperialist countries can wage People’s War and conquer power, but only if these parties correctly grasp, uphold and apply Gonzalo Thought. We have embryonic, untheorized attempts at what resembles People’s Wars to learn from and analyze—is Gonzalo Thought which provides the ability to synthesize all this into practice.
Chairman Gonzalo also enhanced the overall Maoist understanding of fascism and his definitions and clarity on the topic are of universal importance. The same can be said for his positions on bureaucratic capitalism. These two topics are only supporting arguments and cannot be fleshed out here.
Scientific process and development are inescapable. You are subject to laws of science even if you deny the existence of such laws. The law of opposites as expressed by Mao is the only fundamental law of dialectical materialism—if we follow this law that one opposing force must overcome the other one, we can easily understand the position that socialism will certainly replace capitalism. We understand then that what is needed is the application of Marxism.
It would be unthinkable in any field of research to outright ignore existing data or to deliberately misconstrue all of its content and forcefully do the opposite hoping to get the desired result. This is the method of those who reject Gonzalo Thought wholesale. Rich lessons and experience are denied to them, the door to knowledge is closed, and their efforts to apply the general to the particular have already gone awry because they have put cotton in at least one ear. They are free to disagree, but are also held to the scientific criteria of proving their disagreements—the only ones who have attempted this have relied not on examining what Gonzalo Thought actually is, but on what it never claimed to be. To maintain the position that the successful application of the general to the specific does not and cannot provide universal revolutionary contributions is to deny that Marxism itself can develop to higher stages or that it can do so without any chartable process, that new stages are not the possible result of applying the general to the specific, but rather that they fall from the sky. Even average critics have to concede that when revolutions sweep the mountains and assault the skies they discover things and come up with new ideas that are useful to every revolution in all countries. There is nothing revolutionary which does not offer lessons in the positive and negative, assessment of these is a matter of class stand. To only see the positive or only see the negative is bourgeois subjectivism.
In the history of Maoism proper—Maoism properly understood as the third and so far highest stage of all Marxism—no revolution has soared higher than the People’s War in Peru. But the cynics insist that these contributions of Gonzalo Thought are not universal, thus they have to uphold the lies of the fascists, reactionaries, and imperialists that the People’s War in Peru was resoundingly defeated. Even if we were to suffer this point—we won’t—this is the logic of fools which immediately exposes itself as anti-Maoist. By their own rules we would have to get rid of all our notions about the universality of the GPCR since it failed to prevent restoration. It took a Maoism, post-Mao, to solve the issues of the GPCR theoretically with Maoism proper and specifically Party militarization, the militarization of the masses, and concentric construction of the three instruments, all of which these cretins attribute to Gonzalo Thought and hence reject. When asked what their solution to the question of the GPCR is, they have no credible answer. If taking and holding power were the only criteria for the development of revolutionary science, we should also go ahead and dispense fully with the Paris Commune, in fact with the whole history of revolutionary struggles. Marxists, like Marx, instead analyze and synthesize and move forward always dividing failures and successes. We cannot hope to accomplish this with cynicism or a failure to pick up the weapons which lay before us.
Self-Criticism and Retraction on the Conclusion of this article
When we have made mistakes we are glad to admit them and attempt to correct them. There is an important redaction to this article; we have chosen to pull the conclusion due to some very useful criticism which has exposed an incorrect idea on our part. Namely where we misspoke saying that leadership is determined “not a mere chance of force of personality” while it is important to state that “mere chance” is superficial by itself, chance is actually quite important and we agree with what Chairman Gonzalo put forward in the Interview:
“In our Party, revolution, and people’s war, the proletariat, by a combination of necessity and historical chance, has brought forth a group of leaders. In Engels’ view, it is necessity that generates leaders, and a top leader, but just who that is is determined by chance, by a set of specific conditions that come together at a particular place and time. In this way, in our case too, a Great Leadership has been generated. This was first acknowledged in the Party at the Expanded National Conference of 1979. But this question involves another basic question that can’t be overlooked and needs to be emphasized: there is no Great Leadership that does not base itself on a body of thought, no matter what its level of development may be. The reason that a certain person has come to speak as the Leader of the Party and the revolution, as the resolutions state, has to do with necessity and historical chance and, obviously, with Gonzalo Thought. None of us knows what the revolution and the Party will call on us to do, and when a specific task arises the only thing to do is assume the responsibility.”
Chairman Gonzalo is speaking of “necessity” and “chance” as philosophical categories, drawing from Engels. We must understand the two as a unity of opposites, this is a requirement for assessing the matter correctly and arriving at the correct understanding of the combination of phenomena which determine leadership and not a superficial, subjectivist viewpoint that the original version of this article contained. So we should examine chance a bit further starting with its opposite, necessity.
The past approach was determinist. Philosophically this is a major error, pointed out to by comrades,. Necessity is the guarantee of certain conditions—capitalism’s inherent contradictions produce class struggle, necessarily; class struggle necessarily produces communists and communists necessarily produce leaders in the class struggle; who these leaders are exactly is determined by chance, and the leaders themselves become more precious because their existence and the production of leaders cannot be replicated, mainly because of the condition of chance, which is the dialectical opposite of necessity, necessity and chance clearly rely on one another and share a common identity.
By understanding chance and necessity dialectically we develop a deeper appreciation for our great leaders both historically and contemporarily. The past subjectivism was that of the passive observer who allow history to unfold before them. According to Engels:
“Another opposition in which metaphysics is entangled is that of chance and necessity. What can be more sharply contradictory than these two thought determinations? How is it possible that both are identical, that the accidental is necessary, and the necessary is also accidental? Common sense, and with it the majority of natural scientists, treats necessity and chance as determinations that exclude each other once for all. A thing, a circumstance, a process is either accidental or necessary, but not both. Hence both exist side by side in nature; nature contains all sorts of objects and processes, of which some are accidental, the others necessary, and it is only a matter of not confusing the two sorts with each other.”
Our past conclusion indeed contained elements of metaphysics, especially when it comes to this specific question, on which we came to the wrong conclusion. In any case we would rather be daring with our assertions that reserved as long as we are willing to admit when we are wrong, please understand that the views expressed in our journal are the views of individual authors, or the views of our journal, they do not reflect the views of any Party or organization which we support or show solidarity with. All of the theory which we present is for the sake of debate and clarity, please feel free to contact us [email protected]
-Struggle Sessions Editorial Board
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When we think of a bottle of soda pop, a gently curving, green Coca-Cola hobbleskirt probably comes to mind. But since the beginning of the 20th century, soft drinks have been bottled in all sorts of shapes, from straight-sided cylinders of sarsaparilla to severely segmented bottles of NuGrape, whose bulbous, textured-and-embossed bodies are pinched in the middle and topped with elegant necks that appear to rest on a trio of concentric rings. Many bottles feature vertical embossing to accentuate their silhouettes, while others are ribbed horizontally, as if to give thirsty consumers a more ergonomic grip when grabbing their favorite frosty beverage from a bucket of ice.
The companies that bottled brands such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Dr Pepper, and Orange Crush are often central to the stories of these companies. For example, Coca-Cola was first bottled not by its inventor, John S. Pemberton, but by a Vicksburg, Mississippi, soda-fountain operator named Joseph A. Biedenharn, who, in 1894, sold the beverage to his customers in a common bottle-and-stopper design of the day known as a Hutchinson. Soon, a couple of Tennessee lawyers named Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead had obtained rights to bottle Coca-Cola throughout most of the United States (excluding Vicksburg) for the princely sum of one dollar.
Bottling may have been an afterthought to the people who ran Coca-Cola, but it wouldn’t be for the hundreds of other soft-drink entrepreneurs that sprung up after the introduction of the lighter, crown-top bottle in 1891, which made bottled beverages a viable business. In 1905, when Pepsi sold its first franchises to bottlers in North Carolina, the drink was bottled in amber glass, which was thought to extend its shelf life. By the end of 1907, though, with 40 Pepsi franchises bottling the drink, the company shifted to clear glass.
Green was also used, mostly because it was inexpensive to produce. But in 1915, the hue became an industry standard when Coca-Cola patented a new bottle shape that resembled either a cocoa pod and a hobbleskirt, depending on what you’d prefer to imagine. These days, the shape is often generically described as “contour.”
Other companies used embossing to differentiate themselves from competitors. In the 1920s, bottles of Orange Crush were clear with horizontal embossed ridges. These “krinklies,” as they are known, also had embossed diamond-shaped labels rather than paper ones. Amber krinklies with applied color labels (ACLs) were manufactured from the end of World War II until the mid-1970s. In parallel, from the 1950s through most of the 1960s, Orange Crush tried its own version of a hobbleskirt bottle, but the shape of this one was a good deal more full-figured, shall we say, than Coca-Cola’s, which is why this bottle is routinely referred to as the Mae West.
One characteristic that just about all soda-pop bottles from the first half of the 20th century have in common is the bottle’s city of origin, which is embossed right into the glass. This makes collecting bottles from this period, especially Coca-Cola bottles, particularly satisfying. In addition, Coca-Cola bottles produced after 1916 are easy to identify, since four-digit numbers found on the base or bottom of these bottles identify the mold and year of its manufacture.
Best of the Web (“Hall of Fame”)
Historic Glass Bottle Identification
Antique Bottle Collector's Haven
Bottle Cap Index
Old Spice Collectibles
Clubs & Associations
- Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors
- Little Rhody Bottle Club
- International Perfume Bottle Association
- Midwest Antique Fruit Jar & Bottle Club
- Findlay Antique Bottle Club
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The coyote, like his brother the wolf, was a spiritual being.
In the beginning the coyote left his homeland in the Americas and traveled eastward across the ocean in the direction of the rising sun.
In distant lands, he acquired a bride and with her had a great number of children.
These children were Indians, the forefathers of the great tribes that were to inhabit the North and South American continents.
Preparing to return home, the coyote put them all in a wosa, a woven willow basket jug with a cork.
Before his journey, he was instructed not to open the jug until he reached his country in the Rockies and the Great Basin.
Being a sly and curious person, and hearing singing and the beating of drums within the wosa, the coyote thought it would not hurt to take a peek when he arrived back on the eastern coast of the American continent.
But when he opened the jug, the children inside jumped out and scattered in all directions across North and South America.
By the time he got the cap back on, the only two persons who remained in the wosa were the western Shoshone and the Paiute. These he brought home with him.
When he reached the Great Basin, he opened the jug, and out fell the last two children.
They, at once, began to fight.
The coyote kicked them apart and said to them,
"You two are my children. Even though the rest got away, you two will be able to fight against the best and beat them."
Thus, the western Shoshone and Paiutes, or the Newe and Numa peoples, who now live in California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, and Oregon, began as allies and populated the Great Basin.
- Source : A History of the Shoshone-Paiutes of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation,
by Whitney McKinney, the Institute of the American West and Howe Brothers, 1983
A gust of wind
This story has many variations. The following version is notable because Stone Boy, (Brule legend) sometimes conceived when his mother swallows a pebble, appears in creation legends from several Plains tribes.
Before there was a man, two women, an old one and her daughter, were the only humans on earth. The old woman had not needed a man in order to conceive.
Ahki, the earth, also was like a woman - female - but not as she is now, because trees and many animals had not yet been made.
Well, the young woman, the daughter, took her basket out one day to go berrying. She had gathered enough and was returning home when a sudden gust of wind lifted her buckskin dress up high, baring her body.
Geesis, the sun, shone on that spot for a short moment and entered the body of the young woman, though she hardly noticed it.
She was aware of the gust of wind but paid no attention.
Time passed. The young woman said to the old one:
"I don't know what's wrong with me, but something is."
More time passed. The young woman's belly grew bigger, and she said:
"Something is moving inside me. What can it be?"
"When you were going berrying, did you meet anyone?" The old woman asked.
"I met nobody. The only thing that happened was a big gust of wind which lifted my buckskin dress. the sun was shining."
The old woman said:
"I think you're going to have a child. Geesis, the sun, is the only one who could have done it, so you will be the mother of a sun child."
The young woman gave birth to two boys, both *manitos*, - supernaturals. They were the first human males on this earth - Geesis's sons, sons of the sun.
The young mother made cradleboards and put the twins in these, hanging them up or carrying them on her back, but never letting the babies touch the earth.
Why didn't she? Did the Old Woman tell her not to? Nobody knows.
If she had put the cradleboards on the ground, the babies would have walked upright from the moment of their birth, like deer babies. but because their mother would not let them touch earth for some months, it now takes human babies a year or so to walk. It was that young woman's fault.
One of the twins was Stone Boy, a rock. He said:
"Put me in the fire and heat me up until I glow red hot."
They did, and he said:
"Now pour cold water over me."
They did this also. That was the first sweat bath.
The other boy, named Wene-boozhoo, looked like all human boys. He became mighty and could do anything; he even talked to the animals and gave them their names.
- Told by David Red Bird in New York City, 1974.
(David Baker Red Bird is a young Green Bay Indian with a great sense of humour. He is a well-known singer and musician.)
Apache Chief punishes his wife
The Yellow House People were traveling. They stopped by a lake, and to reach the deep water they put down a buffalo head to step on. The chief's wife, who was a good-looking woman, picked up her basket and went to fetch some water.
When she came to the lake she looked at the head and said,
"My father, what a handsome man you were! I would like to have seen you alive. What a pity you're being trampled in this mud!"
As she finished speaking, up sprang a big white buffalo. He said,
"I'm the man you speak of. I am White Buffalo Chief. I want to take you with me. Sit on my head between my horns!"
She left her water basket right there, and climbed up.
The sun was going down, and the chief's wife did not come home.
"Something has happened," he said. "I should go and see."
When he got to the lake, he found the basket, and looking around, saw his wife's track and the track of a big buffalo leading to the east. He said,
"The buffalo head has taken my wife!"
He went back to his camp and for many days made arrows. When he had enough, he set out to find his wife.
As he walked, he nearly stepped on the house of Spider Old Woman. She said,
"Sho! sho! sho! My grandchild, don't step on me! Grandchild, you are Apache-Chief-Living-Happily; what are you doing around here?"
"Grandmother, I am looking for my wife. Buffalo Chief took her away. Can you help me?"
"He is a powerful person, but I will give you medicine. Go now to Gopher Old Woman."
He went along, and on the plain he came to Gopher's house. Said Gopher Old Woman,
"What are you doing around here? You are Apache-Chief-Living-Happily. Why are you here?"
"Yes, grandmother, I was living happily when my wife went to get water. Buffalo stole her. I am going after her, and I would like to ask you for help."
Gopher Old Woman said,
"My grandson, your wife now has as husband a powerful man. He is White Buffalo Chief. She is the tribe's female in- law, and when they go to sleep, she is in the middle and they lie close around her. Her dress is trimmed with elk teeth, and it makes such a noise that it will be difficult to get her out. You go to the edge of where they lie, and I will do the rest."
Apache Chief came to the buffalo territory and hid to watch them. White Buffalo Chief had the stolen wife dancing, and the buffalo sang:
Ya he a he
Ya he iya he
Ya he e ya
He ya hina he
Hina ye ne
He mah ne!
The Apache crept near the dance and spat out the medicine Spider Old Woman had given, and all the buffalo went sleep.
Gopher Old Woman burrowed underground to the girl's ear and said,
"I have come for you. Apache-Chief-Living-Happily is waiting outside the herd."
The girl said,
"My present husband is a powerful man. My dress is made of elk teeth, and it makes such a noise that it will wake my husband."
Gopher told her to gather the dress up under her arms. Then Gopher led the way, and they slipped through the group of sleeping buffalo.
Her husband was waiting.
"I have come for you," he said, "You are my wife and I want to take you back."
And she told him they must hurry to a safe place.
The plain was large. As they came to three cottonwood trees, they could feel the earth trembling. White Buffalo had waked up and was shouting to his clan,
"Someone took my wife!"
The herd followed the track toward the trees.
Apache Chief said to the first cottonwood,
"Brother, the buffalo are coming. I want you to hide us."
The tree said, "Go to your next brother! I am old and soft."
He went to the next tree.
"Brother, the buffalo are coming. I want you to hide us!"
The tree said, "Go to your next brother."
He went to the third tree, a young tree with one branch.
"Apache Chief," it said, "come up into my branches and I will help you."
After they were safely up, the wife said she had to urinate. Apache Chief folded up his buffalo hide and told her to urinate on it, but her water leaked through.
The buffalo were passing, the dust was rising, and the earth was trembling. In the rear of the pack were a shabby old buffalo and a small one. As they came under the tree, the little buffalo said,
"Grandfather, I can smell the water of our daughter-in-law."
They looked up and saw the man and woman in the tree.
The old buffalo said, "Grandchild, you are fast. Run on and tell the first one you reach, and each will tell the next one."
Soon the whole herd had turned back. Each one in succession butted the tree, and Apache Chief tried to shoot them.
Then White Buffalo Chief took a running start and crashed against the tree. The young cottonwood was nearly down, and Apache Chief could not kill White Buffalo Chief.
Crow was calling above them, "Kaw, kaw, kaw!"
Apache Chief said angrily to Crow,
"Why are you calling out when I am in such a bad way?"
"I came to tell you to shoot him in the anus. That's where his life is."
So the Apache Chief shot White Buffalo Chief in the anus and killed him.
He and his wife came from the tree, and he started to butcher the buffalo beside a little fire. The tears ran down her cheek.
"Are you crying because I'm butchering White Buffalo?"
"No, I'm crying from the smoke."
Apache Chief kept on butchering. He looked at her again and said, "You are crying!"
"No, it's just the smoke."
He stared at her.
"You are crying! After all our trouble, you still want this man! Now you die with him!"
And he took his bow and arrow and shot her.
"I am Apache Chief, chief of a roaming tribe," he said. "I will wander over these plains watching the earth, and if any woman leaves her husband, what I have done to my wife may be done to her."
- Based on a tale recorded by Elsie Clews Parsons in 1940.
Like other tales told in pueblos near Taos, New Mexico, this Tiwa story features Apache characters. Taos, because of its proximity to the Plains area, had a close relation to the tribes of that region, and they have shared many elements in their culture, this story being one of them. The Yellow House people refer to people who settled toward the East, nearer the sun.
Buffalo and Eagle Wing
Native American Lore
A long time ago there were no stones on the earth. The mountains, hills, and valleys were not rough, and it was easy to walk on the ground swiftly. There were no small trees at that time either. All the bushes and trees were tall and straight and were at equal distances. So a man could travel through a forest without having to make a path.
At that time, a large buffalo roamed over the land. From the water, he had obtained his spirit power--the power to change anything into some other form. He would have that power as long as he only drank from a certain pool.
In his wanderings, Buffalo often travelled across a high mountain. He liked this mountain so much that one day he asked it,
"Would you like to be changed into something else?"
"Yes," replied the mountain. "I would like to be changed into something nobody would want to climb over."
"All right," said Buffalo. "I will change you into something hard that I will call 'stone.' You will be so hard that no one will want to break you and so smooth that no one will want to climb you."
So Buffalo changed the mountain into a large stone.
"And I give you the power to change yourself into anything else as long as you do not break yourself."
Only buffaloes lived in this part of the land. No people lived here. On the other side of the mountain lived men who were cruel and killed animals. The buffaloes knew about them and stayed as far away from them as possible.
But one day Buffalo thought he would like to see these men. He hoped to make friends with them and persuade them not to kill buffaloes. So he went over the mountain and travelled along a stream until he came to a lodge.
There lived an old woman and her grandson. The little boy liked Buffalo, and Buffalo liked the little boy and his grandmother.
He said to them, "I have the power to change you into any form you wish. What would you like most to be?"
"I want always to be with my grandson. I want to be changed into anything that will make it possible for me to be with him, wherever he goes."
"I will take you to the home of the buffaloes," said their guest. "I will ask them to teach the boy to become a swift runner. I will ask the water to change the grandmother into something, so that you two can always be together."
So Buffalo, the grandmother, and the little boy went over the mountain to the land of the buffaloes. "We will teach you to run swiftly," they told the boy, "if you will promise to keep your people from hunting and killing buffaloes."
"I promise," said the boy.
The buffaloes taught him to run so fast that not one of them could keep up with him. The old grandmother could follow him wherever he went, for she had been changed into Wind.
The boy stayed with the buffaloes until he became a man. Then they let him go back to his people, reminding him of his promise. Because he was such a swift runner, he became a leader of the hunters. They called him Eagle Wing. One day the chief called Eagle Wing to him and said to him,
"My son, I want you to take the hunters to the buffalo country. We have never been able to kill buffaloes because they run so very fast. But you too can run fast. If you will kill some buffaloes and bring home the meat and the skins, I will adopt you as my son. And when I die, you will become chief of the tribe."
Eagle Wing wanted so much to become chief that he pushed from his mind his promise to the buffaloes. He started out with the hunters, but he climbed the mountain so fast that they were soon left far behind. On the other side of the mountain, he saw a herd of buffaloes. They started to run in fright, but Eagle Wing followed them and killed most of them. Buffalo, the great one who got his power from the water, was away from home at the time of the hunt. On his way back he grew so thirsty that he drank from some water on the other side of the mountain not from his special pool.
When he reached home and saw what the hunter had done, he became very angry. He tried to turn the men into grass, but he could not. Because he had drunk from another pool, he had lost his power to transform. Buffalo went to the big stone that had once been a mountain.
"What can you do to punish the hunter for what he has done?" he asked Stone.
"I will ask the trees to tangle themselves so that it will be difficult for men to travel through them," answered Stone. "I will break myself into many pieces and scatter myself all over the land.
Then the swift runner and his followers cannot run over me without hurting their feet."
"That will punish them," agreed Buffalo.
So Stone broke itself into many pieces and scattered itself all over the land. Whenever the swift runner, Eagle Wing, and his followers tried to run over the mountain, stones cut their feet. Bushes scratched and bruised their bodies.
That is how Eagle Wing was punished for not keeping his promise to Buffalo.
The Cherokee are one of the very few Indian tribes who conceive of the sun as female. This version is unusual for the Cherokee because it refers to the sun as "he".
Earth is floating on the waters like a big island, hanging from four rawhide ropes fastened at the top of the sacred four directions. The ropes are tied to the ceiling of the sky, which is made of hard rock crystal. When the ropes break, this world will come tumbling down, and all living things will fall with it and die.
Then everything will be as if the earth had never existed, for water will cover it. Maybe the white man will bring this about.
Well, in the beginning also, water covered everything. Though living creatures existed, their home was up there, above the rainbow, and it was crowded.
"We are all jammed together," the animals said. "We need more room."
Wondering what was under the water, they sent Water Beetle to look around. Water Beetle skimmed over the surface but couldn't find any solid footing, so he dived down to the bottom and brought up a little dab of soft mud. Magically the mud spread out in the four directions and became this island we are living on - this earth.
Someone Powerful then fastened it to the sky ceiling with cords.
In the beginning the earth was flat, soft, and moist. All the animals were eager to live on it, and they kept sending down birds to see if the mud had dried and hardened enough to take their weight. But the birds all flew back and said that there was still no spot they could perch on.
Then the animals sent Grandfather Buzzard down. He flew very close and saw that the earth was still soft, but when he glided low over what would become Cherokee country, he found that the mud was getting harder.
By that time Buzzard was tired and dragging. When he flapped his wings down, they made a valley where they touched the earth; when he swept them up, they made a mountain.
The animals watching from above the rainbow said,
"If he keeps on, there will be only mountains," and they made him come back. That's why we have so many mountains in Cherokee land.
At last the earth was hard and dry enough, and the animals descended. They couldn't see very well because they had no sun or moon, and someone said,
"Let's grab Sun from up there behind the rainbow! Let's get him down too!"
Pulling Sun down, they told him,
"Here's a road for you," and showed him the way to go - from east to west. Now they had light, but it was much too hot, because Sun was too close to the earth.
The crawfish had his back sticking out of a stream, and Sun burned it red. His meat was spoiled forever, and the people still won't eat crawfish.
Everyone asked the sorcerers, the shamans, to put Sun higher. They pushed him up as high as a man, but it was still too hot. So they pushed him farther, but it wasn't far enough.
They tried four times, and when they had Sun up to the height of four men, he was just hot enough. Everyone was satisfied, so they left him there.
Before making humans, Someone Powerful had created plants and animals and had told them to stay awake and watch for seven days and seven nights. (This is just what young men do today when they fast and prepare for a ceremony.)
But most of the plants and animals couldn't manage it; some fell asleep after one day, some after two days, some after three.
Among the animals, only the owl and the mountain lion were still awake after seven days and seven nights. That's why they were given the gift of seeing in the dark so that they can hunt at night.
Among the trees and other plants, only the cedar, pine, holly, and laurel were still awake on the eighth morning.
Someone Powerful said to them:
"Because you watched and kept awake as long as you had been told, you will not lose your hair in the winter."
So these plants stay green all the time.
After creating plants and animals, Someone Powerful made a man and his sister.
The man poked her with a fish (!!!) and told her to give birth.
After seven days she had a baby, and after seven more days she had another, and every seven days another came.
The humans increased so quickly that Someone Powerful, thinking there would soon be no more room on this earth, arranged things so that a woman could have only one child every year. And that's how it was.
Now, there is still another world under the one we live on. You can reach it by going down a spring, or a water hole; but you need underworld people to be your scouts and guide you.
The world under our earth is exactly like ours, except that it's winter down there when it's summer up here. We can see that easily, because spring water is warmer than the air in winter and cooler than the air in summer.
- Told at a Cherokee treaty council meeting in New York City, 1975.
How the Old Man Made People
Native American Lore
Long ago, when the world was new, there was no one living in it at all, except the Old Man, Na-pe, and his sometimes-friend and sometimes-enemy A-pe'si, the Coyote, and a few buffalo. There were no other people and noother animals.
But the Old Man changed all that.
He changed it first because he was lonely, and then because he was lazy; and maybe be shouldn't have, but anyway, he did. And this was the way of it.
Na-pe was sitting by his fire one day, trying to think of some way to amuse himself. He had plenty to eat--a whole young buffalo; no need to go hunting. He had a lodge; no work to do; and a fire. He was comfortable, but he wasn't contented.
His only companion, A-pe'si the Coyote, was off somewhere on some scheme of his own, and anyway he had quarrelled with A-pe'si, and they were on bad terms; so even if he had been there, Old Man would still have been lonely.
He poked some sticks in the fire, threw a rock or two in the river, lit his pipe, and walked around. . . then sat down, and thought how nice it would be to have someone to smoke with, and to talk to.
"Another one, like me," he thought. And he poked some more sticks in the fire, and threw somemore rocks in the river. Then he thought, "Why not? I am the Old Man! I can make anything I want to. Why shouldn't I make another like me, and have a companion?"
And he promptly went to work. First, he found a little still pool of water, and looked at his reflection carefully, so as to know just what he wanted to make. Then he counted his bones as best he could, and felt the shape of them.
Next, he went and got some clay, modelled a lot of bones, and baked them in his fire. When they were all baked, he took them out and looked at them.
Some of them were very good, but others were crooked, or too thin, or had broken in the baking. These he put aside in a little heap. Then he began to assemble the best of the clay bones into a figure of a man. He tied them all together with buffalo sinews, and smoothed them all carefully with buffalo fat. He padded them with clay mixed with buffaloblood, and stretched over the whole thing skin taken from the inside of the buffalo.
Then he sat down and lit his pipe again. He looked at the man he had made rather critically. It wasn't exactly what he had wanted, but still it was better than nothing.
"I will make some more," said Na-pe. He picked the new man up and blew smoke into his eyes, nose, and mouth, and the figure came to life. Na-pe sat him down by the fire, and handed him the pipe. Then he went to get more clay.
All day long Na-pe worked, making men. It took a long time, because some of the bones in each lot weren't good, and he must discard them and make others. But at last he got seveal men, all sitting by the fire and passing the pipe around. Na-pe sat down with them, and was very happy.
He left the heap of discarded bones where they were, at the doorway of his lodge. So Na-pe and the men lived in his camp, and the men learned to hunt, and Na-pe had company, someone to smoke with, and they were all quite contented.
But the heap of left-over bones was a nuisance. Every time one of the men went in or out of Na-pe's lodge, they tripped over the bones. The wind blew through them at night, making a dreadful noise. The bones frequently tumbled over, making more of a disturbance.
Na-pe intended to throw them in the river, but he was a bit lazy, and never got around to it. So the left-overbones stayed where they were.
By this time A-pe'si, the Coyote, was back from wherever he had been. He went around the camp, looking the men over, and being very superior, saying that he didn't think much of Na-pe's handiwork.
He was also critical of the heap of bones at the door of the lodge.
"I should think you would do something with them--make them into men," said A-pe'si, the Coyote.
"All right, I will," said Na-pe. "Only they aren't very good. It will be difficult to make men out of them!"
"Oh, I'll help, I'll help!" said A-pe'si. "With my cleverness, we will make something much better than these poor creatures of yours!"
So the two of them set to work. The discarded bones, clicking and tattling, were sorted out, and tied together. Then Na-pe mixed the clay and the buffalo blood to cover them.
He fully intended to make the bones into men, but A-pe'si the Coyote kept interfering; consequently, when the job was done, the finished product was quite different.
Na-pe surveyed it dubiously, but he blew the smoke into its eyes and nose and mouth, as he had with the men. And the woman came to life.
A-pe'si and Na-pe made the rest of the bones into women, and as they finished each one they put them all together, and the women immediately began to talk to each other.
A-pe'si was very pleased with what he had done. "When I made my men," said Na-pe, "I set them down by the fire to smoke."
And even to this day, if you have one group of men, and another of women, the men will want to sit by the fire and smoke. But the women talk.
And whether it is because they were made out of the left-over bones that clicked and rattled, or whether it is because A-pe'si, the Coyote --who is a noisy creature himself--had a part in their making, no one can say.
Creation of First Man and First Woman
The first people came up through three worlds and settled in the fourth world. They had been driven from each successive world because they had quarreled with one another and committed adultery. In previous worlds they no other people like themselves, but in the fourth world they found the Kisani or Pueblo people.
The surface of the fourth world was mixed black and white, and the sky was mostly blue and black. There were no sun, no moon, no stars, but there four great snow-covered peaks on the horizon in each of the cardinal directions.
Late in the autumn they heard in the east the distant sound of a great voice calling. They listened and waited, and soon heard the voice nearer and louder than before. Once more they listened and heard it louder still, very near. A moment later four mysterious beings appeared. These were White Body, god of this world; Blue Body, the sprinkler; Yellow Body; and Black Body, the god of fire.
Using signs but without speaking, the gods tried to instruct the people, but they were not understood. When the gods had gone, the people discussed their mysterious visit and tried without success to figure out the signs. The gods appeared on four days in succession and attempted to communicate through signs, but their efforts came to nothing.
On the fourth day when the other gods departed, Black Body remained behind and spoke to the people in their own language: "You do not seem to understand our signs, so I must tell you what they mean. We want to make people who look more like us. You have bodies like ours, but you have the teeth, the feet, and the claws of beasts and insects. The new humans will have hands and feet like ours. Also, you are unclean; you smell bad. We will come back in twelve days. Be clean when we return."
On the morning of the twelfth day the people washed themselves well. Then the women dried their skin with yellow cornmeal, the men with white cornmeal. Soon they heard the distant call, shouted four times, of the approaching gods. When the gods appeared, Blue Body and Black Body each carried a sacred buckskin. White Body carried two ears of corn, one yellow, one white, each completely covered with grains.
The gods laid one buckskin on the ground with the head to the west, and on this they placed the two ears of corn with their tips to the east. Over the corn they spread the other buckskin with its head to the east. Under the white ear they put the feather of a white eagle; under the yellow ear the feather of a yellow eagle. Then they told the people to stand back and allow the wind to enter. Between the skins the white wind blew from the east and the yellow wind from the west. While the wind was blowing, eight of the gods, the Mirage People, came and walked around the objects on the ground four times. As they walked, the eagle feathers, whose tips protruded from the buckskins, were seen to move. When the Mirage People had finished their walk, the upper buckskin was lifted. The ears of corn had disappeared; a man and a woman lay in their place.
The white ear of corn had become the man, the yellow ear the woman, First Man and First Woman. It was the wind that gave them life, and it is the wind that comes out of our mouths now that gives us life. When this ceases to blow, we die.
The gods had the people build an enclosure of brushwood, and when it was finished, First Man and First Woman went in. The gods told them, "Live together now as husband and wife."
At the end of four days, First Woman gave birth to hermaphrodite twins. In four more days she gave birth to a boy and a girl, who grew to maturity in four days and lived with one another as husband and wife. In all, First Man and First Woman had five pairs of twins, and all except the first became couples who had children.
In four days after the last twins were born, the gods came again and took First Man and First Woman away to the eastern mountain, dwelling place of the gods. the couple stayed there for four days, and when they returned, all their children were taken to the eastern mountain for four days. The gods may have taught them the awful secrets of witchcraft. Witches always use masks,and after they returned, they would occasionally put on masks and pray for the good things they needed - abundant rain and abundant crops.
Witches also marry people who are too closely related to them, which is what First Man and First Woman's children had done. After they had been to the eastern mountain, however, the brothers and sisters separated. Keeping their first marriages secret, the brothers now married women of the Mirage People and the sisters married men of the Mirage People. But they never told anyone, even their new families, the mysteries they had learned from the gods. Every four days the women bore children, who grew to maturity in four days,then married, and in their turn had children every four days. In this way many children of First Man and First Woman filled the land with people.
- Based on a legend reported by Washington Matthews in 1897.
It is very common in origin stories around the world for the first people to be hermaphrodites or bisexuals. Religious scholars have been trying for years to find an explanation, but have not yet succeeded.
| The First Totem Pole |
Once there was a chief who had never had a dance. All the other chiefs had big dances, but Wakiash none. Therefore Wakiash was unhappy.
He thought for a long while about the dance. Then he went up into the mountains to fast. Four days he fasted. On the fourth day he fell asleep. Then something fell on his breast. It was a green frog.
Then Wakiash waked up. He looked about to see where he was. Frog said,
"You are on Raven's back. Raven will fly around the world with you."
So Raven flew. Raven flew all around the world. Raven showed Wakiash everything in the world.
On the fourth day, Raven flew past a house with a totem pole in front of it. Wakiash could hear singing in the house. Wakiash wished he could take the totem pole and the house with him.
Now Frog knew what Wakiash was thinking. Frog told Raven. Raven stopped and Frog told Wakiash to hide behind the door.
"When they dance, jump out into the room."
The people in the house began to dance. They were animal people. But they could not sing or dance. One said,
"Something is the matter. Someone is near us."
"Let one who can run faster than the flames go around the house and see."
So Mouse went. Mouse could go anywhere, even into a box. Now Mouse looked like a woman; she had taken off her animal clothes. Mouse ran out, but Wakiash caught her.
"Wait. I will give you something."
So he gave her a piece of mountain goat's fat. Wakiash said to Mouse,
"I want the totem pole and the house. I want the dances and the songs."
"Wait until I come again."
Mouse went back into the house. She said,
"I could find nobody."
So the animal people tried again to dance. They tried three times. Each time, Chief sent Mouse out to see if some one was near. Each time, Mouse talked with Wakiash.
The third time Mouse said,
"When they begin to dance, jump into the room."
So the animal people began to dance. Then Wakiash sprang into the room. The dancers were ashamed. They had taken off their animal clothes and looked like men. So the animal people were silent.
Then Mouse said,
"What does this man want?"
Now Wakiash wanted the totem pole and the house. He wanted the dances and the songs. Mouse knew what Wakiash was thinking. Mouse told the animal people.
"Let the man sit down. We will show him how to dance."
So they danced. Then Chief asked Wakiash what kind of a dance he would like to choose. They were using masks for the dance. Wakiash wanted the Echo mask, and the Little Man mask, -- the little man who talks, talks, and quarrels with others. Mouse told the people what Wakiash was thinking.
Then Chief said,
"You can take the totem pole and the house also. You can take the masks and dances, for one dance."
Then Chief folded up the house very small. He put it in a dancer's headdress. Chief said,
"When you reach home, throw down this bundle. The house will unfold and you can give a dance."
Then Wakiash went back to Raven. Wakiash climbed on Raven's back and went to sleep.
When he awoke, Raven and Frog were gone. Wakiash was alone. It was night and the tribe was asleep.
Then Wakiash threw down the bundle. Behold! the house and totem pole were there. The whale painted on the house was blowing. The animals on the totem pole were making noises.
At once the tribe woke up. They came to see Wakiash. Wakiash found he had been gone four years instead of four days.
Then Wakiash gave a great dance. He taught the people the songs. Echo came to the dance. He repeated all the sounds they made. When they finished the dance, behold! the house was gone. It went back to the animal people. Thus all the chiefs were ashamed because Wakiash had the best dance.
Then Wakiash made out of wood a house and another totem pole. They called it Kalakuyuwish, "the pole that holds up the sky."
- Source : "Neshoba"
| How The Sioux (Lakota) Came To Be |
This story was told to me by a Santee grandmother.
A long time ago, a really long time when the world was still freshly made, Unktehi the water monster fought the people and caused a great flood. Perhaps the Great Spirit, Wakan Tanka, was angry with us for some reason. Maybe he let Unktehi win out because he wanted to make a better kind of human being.
Well, the waters got higher and higher. Finally everything was flooded except the hill next to the place where the sacred red pipestone quarry lies today. The people climbed up there to save themselves, but it was no use. The water swept over that hill. Waves tumbled the rocks and pinnacles, smashing them down on the people. Everyone was killed, and all the blood jelled, making one big pool.
The blood turned to pipestone and created the pipestone quarry, the grave of those ancient ones. That's why the pipe, made of that red rock, is so sacred to us. Its red bowl is the flesh and blood of our ancestors, its stem is the backbone of those people long dead, the smoke rising from it is their breath. I tell you, that pipe, that *chanunpa*, comes alive when used in a ceremony; you can feel power flowing from it.
Unktehi, the big water monster, was also turned to stone. Maybe Tunkshila, the Grandfather Spirit, punished her for making the flood. Her bones are in the Badlands now. Her back forms a long high ridge, and you can see her vertebrae sticking out in a great row of red and yellow rocks. I have seen them. It scared me when I was on that ridge, for I felt Unktehi. She was moving beneath me, wanting to topple me.
Well, when all the people were killed so many generations ago, one girl survived, a beautiful girl. It happened this way: When the water swept over the hill where they tried to seek refuge, a big spotted eagle, Wanblee Galeshka, swept down and let her grab hold of his feet. With her hanging on, he flew to the top of a tall tree which stood on the highest stone pinnacle in the Black Hills. That was the eagle's home. It became the only spot not covered with water.
If the people had gotten up there, they would have survived, but it was a needle-like rock as smooth and steep as the skyscrapers you got now in the big cities. My grandfather told me that maybe the rock was not in the Black Hills; maybe it was the Devil's Tower, as white men call it , that place in Wyoming.
Both places are sacred. Wanblee kept that beautiful girl with him and made her his wife. There was a closer connection then between people and animals, so he could do it. The eagle's wife became pregnant and bore him twins, a boy and a girl. She was happy, and said:
"Now we will have people again. *Washtay*, it is good."
The children were born right there, on top of that cliff. When the waters finally subsided, Wanblee helped the children and their mother down from his rock and put them on the earth, telling them: Be a nation, become a great Nation – the Lakota Oyate."
The boy and girl grew up. He was the only man on earth, she the only woman of child-bearing age. They married; they had children. A nation was born.
So we are descended from the eagle. We are an eagle nation. That is good, something to be proud of, because the eagle is the wisest of birds. He is the Great Spirit's messenger; he is a great warrior. That is why we always wore the eagle plume, and still wear it. We are a great nation.
It is I, Lame Deer, who said this.
- Told by Lame Deer in Winner, South Dakota, in 1969.
When the World was Young
When the world was young, Old Man and Old Woman Coyote were walking around.
"Let us decide how things will be," Old Man Coyote Said.
"That would be good," said Old Woman Coyote. "How shall we do it?"
"It was my idea so I'll have the first say" said Old Man Coyote.
"That is fine ," said Old Woman Coyote ."Just as long as I have the last say."
So for a while they walked around looking at things. Finally Old Man Coyote said something.
"The men will be the hunters. Any time they want to shoot an animal they will call it and it will come."
"I too think men should be the hunters," said Old Woman Coyote. "But if the animals come so easily then life will be too easy for the people. The animals shall run away and hide. This will make it harder for the hunters but it will make them smarter and stronger."
"You have the last say," said Old Man Coyote.
They walked around some more and again Old Man Coyote said something.
"I've been thinking about how people will look. They will have eyes on one side of their face and their mouth on the other. Their mouths will go up and down. They will have ten fingers on each hand."
"I too think that people should have their eyes and their mouth on their faces, but their eyes will be at the top of their face and their mouth at the bottom and they will be across from each other." Said Old Woman Coyote "and I agree they should have fingers, but ten on each hand will be too awkward. They will have 5 fingers on each hand."
"You have the last say," said Old Man Coyote.
They continued to walk and finally they were by the river when Old Man Coyote spoke.
"Let us decide about life and death. I will do it this way. I will throw this buffalo chip into the river. If it floats then when people die they will come back to life after 4 days and live forever."
Old Man Coyote threw the chip in and it floated.
"I too think we should decide this way," Old Woman Coyote said. "But I we will use a stone instead of a buffalo chip. I will throw this stone in the river. If it floats then people will come back in 4 days and live forever. If it sinks then people will not come back to life after they die."
Old Woman Coyote thre the stone in the river and it sank.
"That is the way it should be," Old Woman Coyote said. "If people lived forever the Earth would get to crowded and there would not be enough food. This way people will learn compassion."
Old Man Coyote said nothing.
Some time passed. Old Woman Coyote had a child. She and Old Man Coyote loved the child a lot and they were happy.
One day, the child becme ill and died. Then Old Woman Coyote went to Old Man Coyote.
"Let us have our say again about death," she said.
But Old Man Coyote shook his head." NO, you had the last say."
Ghost of the White Deer
A brave, young warrior for the Chickasaw Nation fell in love with the daughter of a chief. The chief did not like the young man, who was called Blue Jay. So the chief invented a price for the bride that he was sure that Blue Jay could not pay.
" Bring me the hide of the White Deer, : said the chief.
The Chickasaws believed that animals that were all white were magical.
"The price for my daughter is one white deer."
Then the chief laughed. The chief knew that an all white deer, an albino, was very rare and would be very hard to find. White deerskin was the best material to use in a wedding dress, and the best white deer skin came from the albino deer.
Blue Jay went to his beloved, whose name was Bright Moon.
"I will return with your bride price in one moon, and we will be married. This I promise you."
Taking his best bow and his sharpest arrows Blue Jay began to hunt.
Three weeks went by, and Blue Jay was often hungry, lonely, and scratched by briars.
Then, one night during a full moon, Blue Jay saw a white deer that seemed to drift through the moonlight.
When the deer was very close to where Blue Jay hid, he shot his sharpest arrow. The arrow sank deep into the deers heart.
But instead of sinking to his knees to die, the deer began to run. And instead of running away, the deer began to run toward Blue Jay, his red eyes glowing, his horns sharp and menacing.
A month passed and Blue Jay did not return as he had promised Bright Moon.
As the months dragged by, the tribe decided that he would never return.
But Bright Moon never took any other young man as a husband, for she had a secret.
When the moon was shinning as brightly as her name, Bright Moon would often see the white deer in the smoke of the campfire, running, with an arrow in his heart. She lived hoping the deer would finally fall, and Blue Jay would return.
To this day the white deer is sacred to the Chickasaw People, and the white deerskin is still the favorite material for the wedding dress.
- Source : ~BamaRiver~
from the Chickasaw People of Oklahoma
| White Buffalo Calf|
Told by Stormwalker
White Buffalo Calf is Born.
Many of you may already know the legend of the White Buffalo Calf Woman, but for those who do not , Let me tell you a story.
Two thousand years ago while out hunting one day in the Black Hills, two hunters saw a beautiful maiden. One of the hunters has lust and evil thoughts about the maiden, the other dropped to his knees to pray. A black cloud came down on the first and soon he was nothing but dust.
The maid then spoke to the other one, saying she was sent from the Creator with gifts for the people. She told him to return home and wait , she would be there in four days. On the fourth day a cloud settled in the village , and she stepped out of the cloud with a bundle in her hand. She stayed with the people four days teaching them seven scared ceremonies, which are still done today. One being the Scared Pipe Ceremony. Before leaving she promised to return some day as a White Buffalo Calf.
According to Legend there would be four different calves born, each one changing colors four times, each one the sire would die soon after birth. When the fourth one would came, She would begin to bring balance and harmony back to the races of man. The healing of our Mother Earth would also begin.
The chances of a white calf being born are eight million to one. The first was born in 1933, with the sire dyeing. The fourth was born on Sept. 17, 1999. It was born in Northern Michigan. All to date have changed colors, sires have died, this fourth one is strong and healthy, bringing with it the final chapter to a legend.
The time has come for the people to unite in balance and once again walk in harmony with each other as well as with the Mother Earth and the Creator.
An Eagle Story
by D'Arcy Rheault
Elder Michael Thrasher once told me that the eagle feather has two sides.
If the feather had only one side then Eagle could not fly.
On one side we find mind/intellect, body/movement and spirit/emotion.
Once these are balanced a person is balanced.
On the other side there is institution/education (and not just Western style education), process (the movement on one's path) and ceremony.
Once these are balanced then a person's life is balanced.
When the two sides of the feather are balanced then we have proper behaviour.
Funny thing is.......Eagle doesn't care if its feathers have two sides.... It just opens its wings and flies up to Creator.
Grandmother Spider steals the sun
In the beginning there was only blackness, and nobody could see anything. People kept bumping into each other and groping blindly.
They said: "What this world needs is light."
Fox said he knew some people on the other side of the world who had plenty of light, but they were too greedy to share it with others.
Possum said he would be glad to steal a little of it.
"I have a bushy tail," he said. "I can hide the light inside all that fur."
Then he set out for the other side of the world.
There he found the sun hanging in a tree and lighting everything up. He sneaked over to the sun, picked out a tiny piece of light, and stuffed it into his tail. But the light was hot and burned all the fur off. The people discovered his theft and took back the light, and ever since, Possum's tail has been bald. "Let me try," said Buzzard. "I know better than to hide a piece of stolen light in my tail. "I'll put it on my head." He flew to the other side of the world and, diving straight into the sun, seized it in his claws. He put it on his head, but it burned his head feathers off. The people grabbed the sun away from him, and ever since that time Buzzard's head has remained bald. Then Grandmother Spider said, "Let me try!" First she made a thick-walled pot out of clay. Next she spun a web reaching all the way to the other side of the world. She was so small that none of the people there noticed her coming. Quickly Grandmother Spider snatched up the sun, put it in the bowl of clay, and scrambled back home along one of the strands of her web. Now her side of the world had light, and everyone rejoiced. Spider Woman brought not only the sun to the Cherokee, but fire with it. And besides that, she taught the Cherokee people the art of pottery making.
- From a tale reported by James Mooney in the 1890s.
Legends of the Dreamcatcher
Two legends on the same theme;
one of unknown origin; one from Lakota.
The Legend of the Dreamcatcher
"A spider was quietly spinning his web in his own space. It was beside the sleeping space of Nokomis, the grandmother.
Each day, Nokomis watched the spider at work, quietly spinning away. One day as she was watching him, her grandson came in.
"Nokomis-iya!" he shouted, glancing at the spider.
He stomped over to the spider, picked up a shoe and went to hit it.
"No-keegwa," the old lady whispered, "don't hurt him."
"Nokomis, why do you protect the spider?" asked the little boy.
The old lady smiled, but did not answer. When the boy left, the spider went to the old woman and thanked her for saving his life.
He said to her, "For many days you have watched me spin and weave my web. You have admired my work. In return for saving my life, I will give you a gift."
He smiled his special spider smile and moved away, spinning as he went.
Soon the moon glistened on a magical silvery web moving gently in the window.
"See how I spin?" he said. "See and learn, for each web will snare bad dreams. Only good dreams will go through the small hole. This is my gift to you. Use it so that only good dreams will be remembered. The bad dreams will become hopelessly entangled in the web."
Legend of the Dream catcher
Long ago when the world was young, an old lakota spiritual leader was on a high mountain and had a vision.
In his vision, Iktomi, the great trickster and teacher of wisdom, appeared in the form of a spider. Iktomi spoke to him in a sacred language that only the spiritual leaders of the Lakota could understand.
As he spoke Iktomi, the spider, took the elders willow hoop which had feathers, horse hairs, beads and offerings on it and began to spin a web. He spoke to the elder about the cycles of life....how we begin our lives as infants and we move on to childhood, and then to adulthood. Finally, we go to old age where we must be taken care of as infants,completing the cycle.
"In each time of life there are many forces and different directions that can help or interfere with the harmony of nature, and also with the great spirit and all of his wonderful teachings."
Iktomi gave the web to the Lakota elder and said,
"See, the web is a perfect circle but there is a hole in the center of the cirlce. If you believe in the great spirit, the web will catch your good dreams and ideas - - and the bad ones will go through the hole. Use the web to help yourself and your people to reach your goals and make good use of your people's ideas, dreams and visions."
The Lakota elder passed on his vision to his people and now the Lakota's use the dreamcatcher as the web of their life.It is hung above their beds or in their home to sift their dreams and visions.
The good of their dreams is captured in the web of life and carried with them...but the evil in their dreams escapes through the center hole, and are no longer part of them.
- Source : - Stormrider, Lakota-Blackfeet
Shooting the Red Eagle
Comanche, as told by Zitkala-sa
A man in buckskins sat upon the top of a little hillock. The setting sun shone bright upon a strong bow in his hand. His face was turned toward the round camp ground at the foot of the hill. He had walked a long journey hither. He was waiting for the chieftain's men to spy him.
Soon four strong men ran forth from the center wigwam toward the hillock, where sat the man with the long bow.
"He is the avenger come to shoot the red eagle," cried the runners to each other as they bent forward swinging their elbows together.
They reached the side of the stranger, but he did not heed them. Proud and silent he gazed upon the cone-shaped wigwams beneath him. Spreading a handsomely decorated buffalo robe before the man, two of the warriors lifted him by each shoulder and placed him gently on it.
Then the four men took, each, a corner of the blanket and carried the stranger, with long proud steps, toward the chieftain's teepee.
Ready to greet the stranger, the tall chieftain stood at the entrance way.
"How, you are the avenger with the magic arrow!" said he, extending to him a smooth soft hand.
"How, great chieftain!" replied the man, holding long the chieftain's hand.
Entering the teepee, the chieftain motioned the young man to the right side of the doorway, while he sat down opposite him with a center fire burning between them. Wordless, like a bashful Indian maid, the avenger ate in silence the food set before him on the ground in front of his crossed shins.
When he had finished his meal he handed the empty bowl to the chieftain's wife, saying,
"Mother-in-law, here is your dish!"
"Han, my son!" answered the woman, taking the bowl.
With the magic arrow in his quiver the stranger felt not in the least too presuming in addressing the woman as his mother-in-law.
Complaining of fatigue, he covered his face with his blanket and soon within the chieftain's teepee he lay fast asleep.
"The young man is not handsome after all!" whispered the woman in her husband's ear.
"Ah, but after he has killed the red eagle he will seem handsome enough!" answered the chieftain.
That night the star men in their burial procession in the sky reached the low northern horizon, before the center fires within the teepees had flickered out.
The ringing laughter, which had floated up through the smoke lapels, was now hushed, and only the distant howling of wolves broke the quiet of the village.
But the lull between midnight and dawn was short indeed. Very early the oval-shaped door-flaps were thrust aside and many brown faces peered out of the wigwams toward the top of the highest bluff.
Now the sun rose up out of the east. The red painted avenger stood ready within the camp ground for the flying of the red eagle. He appeared, that terrible bird! He hovered over the round village as if he could pounce down upon it and devour the whole tribe.
When the first arrow shot up into the sky the anxious watchers thrust a hand quickly over their half-uttered "hinnu!" The second and the third arrows flew upward but missed by a wide space the red eagle soaring with lazy indifference over the little man with the long bow.
All his arrows he spent in vain.
"Ah! my blanket brushed my elbow and shifted the course of my arrow!" said the stranger as the people gathered around him.
During this happening, a woman on horseback halted her pony at the chieftain's teepee. It was no other than a young woman who cut loose a tree-bound captive!
While she told the story the chieftain listened with downcast face.
"I passed him on my way. He is near!" she ended.
Indignant at the bold impostor, the wrathful eyes of the chieftain snapped fire like red cinders in the night time. His lips were closed. At length to the woman he said:
"How, you have done me a good deed."
Then with quick decision he gave command to a fleet horseman to meet the avenger.
"Clothe him in these my best buckskins," said he, pointing to a bundle within the wigwam.
In the meanwhile strong men seized Iktomi, the bowsman, and dragged him by his long hair to the hilltop.
There upon a mock-pillared grave they bound him hand and feet. Grown-ups and children sneered and hooted at Iktomi's disgrace. For a half-day he lay there, the laughing-stock of the people.
Upon the arrival of the real avenger, Iktomi was released and chased away beyond the outer limits of the camp ground.
On the following morning at daybreak, peeped the people out of half-open door-flaps.
There again in the midst of the large camp ground was a man in beaded buckskins. In his hand was a strong bow and red-tipped arrow. Again the big red eagle appeared on the edge of the bluff. He plumed his feathers and flapped his huge wings.
The young man crouched low to the ground. He placed the arrow on the bow, drawing a poisoned flint for the eagle.
The bird rose into the air. He moved his outspread wings one, two, three times and lo! the eagle tumbled from the great height and fell heavily to the earth. An arrow stuck in his breast!
He was dead!
So quick was the hand of the avenger, so sure his sight, that no one had seen the arrow fly from his long bent bow.
In awe and amazement the village was dumb. And when the avenger, plucking a red eagle feather, placed it in his black hair, a loud shout of the people went up to the sky.
Then hither and thither ran singing men and women making a great feast for the avenger.
Thus he won the beautiful Indian princess who never tired of telling to her children the story of the big red eagle. This comes from "Old Indian Days" - Ohiyesa (Charles Eastman), 1858-1939
Winona, The Child-Woman
Sioux traditions and culture
Braver than the bravest,
You sought honors at death's door;
Could you not remember
One who weeps at home --
Could you not remember me?
Braver than the bravest,
You sought honors more than love;
Dear, I weep, yet I am not a coward;
My heart weeps for thee --
My heart weeps when I remember thee!
-- Sioux Love Song
The sky is blue overhead, peeping through window-like openings in a roof of green leaves. Right between a great pine and a birch tree their soft doeskin shawls are spread, and there sit two Sioux maidens amid their fineries -- variously colored porcupine quills for embroidery laid upon sheets of thin birch-bark, and moccasin tops worked in colors like autumn leaves.
It is Winona and her friend Miniyata.
They have arrived at the period during which the young girl is carefully secluded from her brothers and cousins and future lovers, and retires, as it were, into the nunnery of the woods, behind a veil of thick foliage. Thus she is expected to develop fully her womanly qualities.
In meditation and solitude, entirely alone or with a chosen companion of her own sex and age, she gains a secret strength, as she studies the art of womanhood from nature herself.
Winona has the robust beauty of the wild lily of the prairie, pure and strong in her deep colors of yellow and scarlet against the savage plain and horizon, basking in the open sun like a child, yet soft and woman-like, with drooping head when observed.
Both girls are beautifully robed in loose gowns of soft doeskin, girded about the waist with the usual very wide leather belt.
"Come, let us practice our sacred dance," says one to the other.
Each crowns her glossy head with a wreath of wild flowers, and they dance with slow steps around the white birch, singing meanwhile the sacred songs.
Now upon the lake that stretches blue to the eastward there appears a distant canoe, a mere speck, no bigger than a bird far off against the shining sky.
"See the lifting of the paddles!" exclaims Winona.
"Like the leaping of a trout upon the water!" suggests Miniyata.
"I hope they will not discover us, yet I would like to know who they are," remarks the other, innocently.
The birch canoe approaches swiftly, with two young men plying the light cedar paddles. The girls now settle down to their needlework, quite as if they had never laughed or danced or woven garlands, bending over their embroidery in perfect silence. Surely they would not wish to attract attention, for the two sturdy young warriors have already landed.
They pick up the canoe and lay it well up on the bank, out of sight. Then one procures a strong pole. They lift a buck deer from the canoe -- not a mark upon it, save for the bullet wound; the deer looks as if it were sleeping! They tie the hind legs together and the forelegs also and carry it between them on the pole.
Quickly and cleverly they do all this; and now they start forward and come unexpectedly upon the maidens' retreat! They pause for an instant in mute apology, but the girls smile their forgiveness, and the youths hurry on toward the village.
Winona has attended her first maidens' feast and is considered eligible to marriage. She may receive young men, but not in public or in a social way, for such was not the custom of the Sioux. When he speaks, she need not answer him unless she chooses.
The Indian woman in her quiet way preserves the dignity of the home. From our standpoint the white man is a law-breaker! The "Great Mystery," we say, does not adorn the woman above the man. His law is spreading horns, or flowing mane, or gorgeous plumage for the male; the female he made plain, but comely, modest and gentle.
She is the foundation of man's dignity and honor. Upon her rests the life of the home and of the family. I have often thought that there is much in this philosophy of an untutored people. Had her husband remained long enough in one place, the Indian woman, I believe, would have developed no mean civilization and culture of her own.
It was no disgrace to the chief's daughter in the old days to work with her hands. Indeed, their standard of worth was the willingness to work, but not for the sake of accumulation, only in order to give.
Winona has learned to prepare skins, to remove the hair and tan the skin of a deer so that it may be made into moccasins within three days. She has a bone tool for each stage of the conversion of the stiff raw-hide into velvety leather. She has been taught the art of painting tents and raw-hide cases, and the manufacture of garments of all kinds.
Generosity is a trait that is highly developed in the Sioux woman. She makes many moccasins and other articles of clothing for her male relatives, or for any who are not well provided. She loves to see her brother the best dressed among the young men, and the moccasins especially of a young brave are the pride of his woman-kind. Her own person is neatly attired, but ordinarily with great simplicity. Her doeskin gown has wide, flowing sleeves; the neck is low, but not so low as is the evening dress of society.
Her moccasins are plain; her leggins close-fitting and not as high as her brother's. She parts her smooth, jet-black hair in the middle and plaits it in two. In the old days she used to do it in one plait wound around with wampum. Her ornaments, sparingly worn, are beads, elks' teeth, and a touch of red paint. No feathers are worn by the woman, unless in a sacred dance. She is supposed to be always occupied with some feminine pursuit or engaged in some social affair, which also is strictly feminine as a rule.
Even her language is peculiar to her sex, some words being used by women only, while others have a feminine termination. There is an etiquette of sitting and standing, which is strictly observed. The woman must never raise her knees or cross her feet when seated. She seats herself on the ground sidewise, with both feet under her.
Notwithstanding her modesty and undemonstrative ways, there is no lack of mirth and relaxation for Winona among her girl companions.
In summer, swimming and playing in the water is a favorite amusement. She even imitates with the soles of her feet the peculiar, resonant sound that the beaver makes with her large, flat tail upon the surface of the water. She is a graceful swimmer, keeping the feet together and waving them backward and forward like the tail of a fish.
Nearly all her games are different from those of the men. She has a sport of wand-throwing which develops fine muscles of the shoulder and back. The wands are about eight feet long, and taper gradually from an inch and a half to half an inch in diameter. Some of them are artistically made, with heads of bone and horn, so that it is remarkable to what a distance they may be made to slide over the ground. In the feminine game of ball, which is something like "shinny," the ball is driven with curved sticks between two goals. It is played with from two or three to a hundred on a side, and a game between two bands or villages is a picturesque event.
A common indoor diversion is the "deer's foot" game, played with six deer hoofs on a string, ending in a bone or steel awl. The object is to throw it in such a way as to catch one or more hoofs on the point of the awl, a feat which requires no little dexterity. Another is played with marked plum-stones in a bowl, which are thrown like dice and count according to the side that is turned uppermost.
Winona's wooing is a typical one. As with any other people, love-making is more or less in vogue at all times of the year, but more especially at midsummer, during the characteristic reunions and festivities of that season. The young men go about usually in pairs, and the maidens do likewise. They may meet by chance at any time of day, in the woods or at the spring, but oftenest seek to do so after dark, just outside the teepee. The girl has her companion, and he has his, for the sake of propriety or protection. The conversation is carried on in a whisper, so that even these chaperones do not hear.
At the sound of the drum on summer evenings, dances are begun within the circular rows of teepees, but without the circle the young men promenade in pairs. Each provides himself with the plaintive flute and plays the simple cadences of his people, while his person is completely covered with his fine robe, so that he cannot be recognized by the passerby. At every pause in the melody he gives his yodel-like love-call, to which the girls respond with their musical, sing-song laughter.
Matosapa has loved Winona since the time he saw her at the lakeside in her parlor among the pines. But he has not had much opportunity to speak until on such a night, after the dances are over. There is no outside fire; but a dim light from within the skin teepees sheds a mellow glow over the camp, mingling with the light of a young moon. Thus these lovers go about like ghosts. Matosapa has already circled the teepees with his inseparable brother-friend, Brave Elk.
"Friend, do me an honor to-night!" he exclaims, at last. "Open this first door for me, since this will be the first time I shall speak to a woman!"
"Ah," suggests Brave Elk, "I hope you have selected a girl whose grandmother has no cross dogs!"
"The prize that is won at great risk is usually valued most," replies Matosapa.
"Ho, kola! I shall touch the door-flap as softly as the swallow alights upon her nest. But I warn you, do not let your heart beat too loudly, for the old woman's ears are still good!"
So, joking and laughing, they proceed toward a large buffalo tent with a horse's tail suspended from the highest pole to indicate the rank of the owner. They have ceased to blow the flute some paces back, and walk noiselessly as a panther in quest of a doe.
Brave Elk opens the door. Matosapa enters the tent. As was the wont of the Sioux, the well-born maid has a little teepee within a teepee -- a private apartment of her own. He passes the sleeping family to this inner shrine. There he gently wakens Winona with proper apologies. This is not unusual or strange to her innocence, for it was the custom of the people. He sits at the door, while his friend waits outside, and tells his love in a whisper.
To this she does not reply at once; even if she loves him, it is proper that she should be silent. The lover does not know whether he is favorably received or not, upon this his first visit. He must now seek her outside upon every favorable occasion. No gifts are offered at this stage of the affair; the trafficking in ponies and "buying" a wife is entirely a modern custom.
Matosapa has improved every opportunity, until Winona has at last shyly admitted her willingness to listen. For a whole year he has been compelled at intervals to repeat the story of his love. Through the autumn hunting of the buffalo and the long, cold winter he often presents her kinsfolk with his game.
At the next midsummer the parents on both sides are made acquainted with the betrothal, and they at once begin preparations for the coming wedding. Provisions and delicacies of all kinds are laid aside for a feast. Matosapa's sisters and his girl cousins are told of the approaching event, and they too prepare for it, since it is their duty to dress or adorn the bride with garments made by their own hands.
With the Sioux of the old days, the great natural crises of human life, marriage and birth, were considered sacred and hedged about with great privacy. Therefore the union is publicly celebrated after and not before its consummation. Suddenly the young couple disappear. They go out into the wilderness together, and spend some days or weeks away from the camp. This is their honeymoon, away from all curious or prying eyes. In due time they quietly return, he to his home and she to hers, and now at last the marriage is announced and invitations are given to the feast.
The bride is ceremoniously delivered to her husband's people, together with presents of rich clothing collected from all her clan, which she afterward distributes among her new relations. Winona is carried in a travois handsomely decorated, and is received with equal ceremony. For several days following she is dressed and painted by the female relatives of the groom, each in her turn, while in both clans the wedding feast is celebrated.
To illustrate womanly nobility of nature, let me tell the story of Dowanhotaninwin, Her-Singing-Heard. The maiden was deprived of both father and mother when scarcely ten years old, by an attack of the Sacs and Foxes while they were on a hunting expedition. Left alone with her grandmother, she was carefully reared and trained by this sage of the wild life.
Nature had given her more than her share of attractiveness, and she was womanly and winning as she was handsome. Yet she remained unmarried for nearly thirty years -- a most unusual thing among us; and although she had worthy suitors in every branch of the Sioux nation, she quietly refused every offer.
Certain warriors who had distinguished themselves against the particular tribe who had made her an orphan, persistently sought her hand in marriage, but failed utterly. One summer the Sioux and the Sacs and Foxes were brought together under a flag of truce by the Commissioners of the Great White Father, for the purpose of making a treaty with them. During the short period of friendly intercourse and social dance and feast, a noble warrior of the enemy's tribe courted Dowanhotaninwin.
Several of her old lovers were vying with one another to win her at the same time, that she might have inter-tribal celebration of her wedding. Behold! the maiden accepted the foe of her childhood -- one of those who had cruelly deprived her of her parents! By night she fled to the Sac and Fox camp with her lover. It seemed at first an insult to the Sioux, and there was almost an outbreak among the young men of the tribe, who were barely restrained by their respect for the Commissioners of the Great Father. But her aged grandfather explained the matter publicly in this fashion:
"Young men, hear ye! Your hearts are strong; let them not be troubled by the act of a young woman of your tribe! This has been her secret wish since she became a woman. She deprecates all tribal warfare. Her young heart never forgot its early sorrow; yet she has never blamed the Sacs and Foxes or held them responsible for the deed. She blames rather the customs of war among us. She believes in the formation of a blood brotherhood strong enough to prevent all this cruel and useless enmity. This was her high purpose, and to this end she reserved her hand. Forgive her, forgive her, I pray!"
In the morning there was a great commotion. The herald of the Sacs and Foxes entered the Sioux camp, attired in ceremonial garb and bearing in one hand an American flag and in the other a peace-pipe. He made the rounds singing a peace song, and delivering to all an invitation to attend the wedding feast of Dowanhotaninwin and their chief's son. Thus all was well. The simplicity, high purpose, and bravery of the girl won the hearts of the two tribes, and as long as she lived she was able to keep the peace between them. - Source : - "Neshoba"
Water Sprit's Gift of Horses
In the days before horses a poor orphan boy lived among the Blackfeet. Because he was so poor he knew that he could never obtain the things he wanted without the secret power of the gods.
One day he left his camp to seek a vision that would tell him what he must do. He slept alone on a high mountain, he prayed near some great rocks, he fasted beside a river, but no vision came to him, no voice spoke to him. He traveled beyond the Sweetgrass Hills to a large lake, and because no sign of any kind had come to him he bowed down and wept.
In that lake lived a powerful Water Spirit, a very old man, and he heard the crying of the poor orphan boy.
The Water Spirit sent his young son to find the boy and ask why he was crying. The son went to the weeping boy and told him that his father who lived in the lake wished to see him.
"But how can I go to him if he lives under the lake?" the poor boy asked.
"Hold on to my shoulders and close your eyes," replied the Water Spirit's son. "Don't look until I tell you to do so."
They started into the water. As they moved along, the Water Spirit's son said to the boy:
"My father will offer you your choice of the animals in this lake. When he does so, be sure to choose the oldest mallard of the ducks and all its young ones."
As soon as they reached the underwater lodge of the Water Spirit, the son told the boy to open his eyes. He did so, and found himself standing before an old man with long white hair.
"Sit beside me," the Water Spirit said, and then asked;
"My boy, why do you come to this lake crying ?"
"I am a poor orphan," the boy replied. "I left my camp to search for secret powers so that I may be able to make my way in the world."
"Perhaps I can help you, " the Water Spirit said.
"You have seen all the animals in this lake. They are mine to give to whom I wish. What is your choice ?"
Remembering the advice of the Water Spirit's son, the boy replied: "I should thank you for the oldest mallard of the ducks and all its young ones."
"Don't take that one," the Water Spirit said, shaking his head. "It is old and of no value."
But the boy insisted. Four times he asked for the mallard, and then the Water Spirit smiled and said:
"You are a wise young man. When you leave my lodge my son will take you to the edge of the lake. After it is dark he will catch the mallard for you. But when you leave the lake, don't look back!"
The boy did as he was told. The Water Spirit's son gathered some marsh grass from the edge of the lake and braided it into a rope. With this rope he caught the old mallard and led it ashore. He placed the rope in the boy's hand and told him to walk on, but not to look back until sunrise.
As the boy walked on toward his camp in the darkness, he heard the duck's feathers flapping on the ground. Later he could no longer hear that sound. Instead he heard the sound of heavy feet pounding on the earth behind him, and from time to time the strange cry of an animal. The braided marsh grass turned into a rawhide rope in his hand.
But he did not look back until dawn. At daybreak he turned around and saw a strange animal at the end of the rope, a horse. A voice told him to mount the animal and he did so, using the rawhide rope as a bridle. By the time he reached camp, he saw many other horses following him.
The people of the camp were frightened by these strange animals, but the boy told them to have no fear. He dismounted and gave everybody horses from the herd that had followed him. There were plenty for everyone, and he had a large number left over for himself.
Until that time, the people had only dogs for carrying their packs and dragging their travois. The boy now showed them how to use the horses for packing, how to break them for riding, and he also gave the horse its Blackfeet name, elk dog.
One day the men asked him:
"These elk dogs, would they be of any use in hunting buffalo ?"
"Yes, let me show you," the boy replied, and as soon as they were mounted he led them out to a buffalo herd where he showed them how to chase buffalo on horseback. He also showed them how to make bridles, saddles, hackamores, whips and other gear for their horses.
Once when they came to a river, the men asked him:
"These elk dogs, are they of any use to us in water ?"
He replied: "That is where they are best. I got them from the water." And he showed them how to use horses in crossing streams.
When the boy grew older, his people made him a chief, and since that time,every Blackfeet chief has owned many horses
THE SPIRIT OF CREATION
Long time ago, before there were humans , the Great Spirit were asleep. He slept through millions of years, and the world didn't exist, all was dark and silent.
But, one time The Great Spirit woke up from a dream...he dreamt about a place he could be happy in all the dark unlimitable space. He dreamt about mountains, rivers, lakes, great plains and thousands of living creatures to fill it. The Great Spirit then created the cosmos...putting up planets, stars and everything that belonged....and he created earth, a blue shining diamond among the myriads of other galaxies and suns in the universe. He made the star called sun, and a drabant to regulate the tide , called the moon, and he let them work together to provide life on earth. After a while he saw that his creation was good, and rested for some time, dozing off...
A new dream arrived, a strange figure came walking through the dream and spoke to The Great Spirit..."- I am Man, your image on earth", he said, "- I want to run in Your forests, catch fish in your oceans, sleep under your stars and sing songs to honor You!". The Great Spirit was so touched by this dream , that He woke up and created Man at once. He called him "Human" and gave him everything he wanted, took great care of him, like Human took good care of The Great Spirit's creation.
This is how the world began, from the dreams of The Creator, and His hands. If you dream, you may dream about the first man, and know that he was called Human, a Native Son of The Great Spirit and Mother Earth.
This I dreamt during my dreamwalk one night. I can still hear the song honoring The Great Spirit, even thou someone wrongfully called God a white man's creator and put a white man's face on Him. This is the rightful Spirit, and the native is the first born Human among humans.
Prøv å lage din egen hjemmeside som jeg.
Det er enkelt, og du kan prøve det helt gratis.
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What is depression?
We all feel fed up, miserable or sad at times. These feelings don't usually last longer than a week or two, and they don't interfere too much with our lives. Sometimes there's a clear reason, sometimes not, and we usually cope, either without help or by talking to a friend or loved one.
With depression on the other hand, your feelings don't lift after a few days – they can carry on for weeks or months are so bad that they interfere with your life.
What does it feel like?
The symptoms of depression can be complex and vary widely between people. But as a general rule, if you're depressed, you feel sad, hopeless and lose interest in things you used to enjoy.
The symptoms persist for weeks or months and are bad enough to interfere with your work, social life and family life.
There are many other symptoms of depression and you're unlikely to have all of those listed below.
continuous low mood or sadness
feeling hopeless and helpless
having low self-esteem
feeling irritable and intolerant of others
having no motivation or interest in things
finding it difficult to make decisions
not getting any enjoyment out of life
feeling anxious or worried
having suicidal thoughts or thoughts of harming yourself
moving or speaking more slowly than usual
changes in appetite or weight (usually decreased, but sometimes increased)
unexplained aches and pains
lack of energy
low sex drive (loss of libido)
changes to your menstrual cycle
disturbed sleep – for example, finding it difficult to fall asleep at night or waking up very early in the morning
not doing well at work
avoiding contact with friends and taking part in fewer social activities
neglecting your hobbies and interests
having difficulties in your home and family life
You may not realise how depressed you are for a while, especially if it has come on gradually. You try to struggle on and may even start to blame yourself for being lazy or lacking willpower. It sometimes takes a friend or a partner to persuade you that there really is a problem which can be helped.
You may start to notice pains, constant headaches or sleeplessness. Physical symptoms like this can be the first sign of depression.
Why does it happen?
There's no single cause of depression. It can occur for a variety of reasons and it has many different triggers.
For some people, an upsetting or stressful life event, such as bereavement, divorce, illness, redundancy and job or money worries, can be the cause.
Different causes can often combine to trigger depression. For example, you may feel low after being ill and then experience a traumatic event, such as a bereavement, which brings on depression.
People often talk about a "downward spiral" of events that leads to depression. For example, if your relationship with your partner breaks down, you're likely to feel low, you may stop seeing friends and family and you may start drinking more. All of this can make you feel worse and trigger depression.
Some studies have also suggested that you're more likely to get depression as you get older, and that it's more common in people who live in difficult social and economic circumstances.
Some potential triggers of depression include:
Most people take time to come to terms with stressful events, such as bereavement or a relationship breakdown. When these stressful events occur, your risk of becoming depressed is increased if you stop seeing your friends and family and try to deal with your problems on your own.
You may be more vulnerable to depression if you have certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly self-critical. This may be because of the genes you've inherited from your parents, your early life experiences, or both.
If someone in your family has had depression in the past, such as a parent or sister or brother, it's more likely that you'll also develop it.
Some women are particularly vulnerable to depression after pregnancy. The hormonal and physical changes, as well as the added responsibility of a new life, can lead to postnatal depression.
Becoming cut off from your family and friends can increase your risk of depression.
Alcohol and drugs
When life is getting them down, some people try to cope by drinking too much alcohol or taking drugs. This can result in a spiral of depression.
Cannabis can help you relax, but there's evidence that it can also bring on depression, particularly in teenagers.
"Drowning your sorrows" with a drink is also not recommended. Alcohol is categorised as a "strong depressant", which actually makes depression worse.
You may have a higher risk of depression if you have a longstanding or life-threatening illness, such as coronary heart disease or cancer.
Head injuries are also an often under-recognised cause of depression. A severe head injury can trigger mood swings and emotional problems.
Some people may have an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)resulting from problems with their immune system. In rarer cases, a minor head injury can damage the pituitary gland, which is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain that produces thyroid-stimulating hormones.
This can cause a number of symptoms, such as extreme tiredness and a lack of interest in sex (loss of libido), which can in turn lead to depression.
When should I seek help?
When your feelings of depression are worse than usual and don't seem to get any better.
When your feelings of depression affect your work, interests and feelings towards your family and friends.
If you find yourself feeling that life is not worth living, or that other people would be better off without you.
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Why do voices sound different on recordings?
Many people have noticed that their voices actually sound quite different when they are being recorded when compared to one’s supposedly normal voice used during speaking or singing, for example. The most basic reason for this is that one’s normal voice is literally heard from within. In a simple sense, one may hear his/her own voice differently from the other person’s perspective. And this fact is even more noticeable when one hears his/her own recorded voice. Hearing one’s own voice on a recording, for example, takes away the “internal hearing part” and so it would sound much different.
On a scientific standpoint, sound is said to travel by way of two routes. One route is the external route, and this referred to as air-conducted sound. The sound for the environment will then be captured through the external auditory canal and reaches the inner parts of the ear. The other route is the internal route, and in this way, sound passes through the auditory channel through the bones and tissues inside the head. The internal sound route is also referred to as the bone-conducted route. When one is speaking or singing, his/her voice is heard internally but with some influence from the external environment. And when one’s voice is recorded, for example, like a music record, it may be perceived as a different sound. This is because of the fact that the recorded sound of one’s voice takes away the internal route of sound movement. All that is recorded only captures the external route of sound traveling from the external environment through the inner ear. Because of this normal occurrence, one may perceive his/her own voice as different from what “one hears” when he/she speaks. But then again, perception plays a big part in knowing the difference between the sounds of one’s voice when speaking normally and when being recorded. Some have very sensitive hearing that they can actually point out a major difference in the way they sound on tape versus their normal speaking voice. Other people, meanwhile, may not notice it that much that their voice sounds different when being recorded.
Do you think the article can be improved? Share Your Expertise
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Eleven hundred kilometers off the coast of Mexico, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, sits a tiny hunk of rock and sand known as Clarion Island. No one lives on Clarion. Other than a small contingent of sailors from the Mexican Navy, who come and go every two weeks, the only people who visit Clarion are occasional groups of biologists and students who make the long journey to study the seabirds that nest there as well as the island's unique wildlife. The island is the only known home of the Clarion burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia rostrata), the critically endangered Clarion Island whipsnake (Masticophis anthonyi), the Clarion Island tree lizard (Urosaurus clarionensis) and several other native species.
Biologists have long thought that they had described all of the island's species. But did they miss something? Back in 1936 a naturalist named William Beebe visited the island and wrote about another vertebrate that no one else had seen since. He called it the Clarion Island nightsnake. In a paper published 10 years later he identified it as a subspecies of similar snakes from the genus Hypsiglena that are found up and down the west coast of North America.
But at least one later researcher discounted this discovery. B. H. Brattstrom visited the island several times in the 1950s and never saw the nightsnake. He decided that Beebe must have made a mistake cataloguing the snake. Beebe's expedition had traveled thousands of kilometers and collected hundreds of specimens. Brattstrom argued that Beebe had collected the specimen elsewhere, and he struck the nightsnake from the record. "It's conceivable," acknowledges Daniel Mulcahy, a researcher with the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). "But on the other hand Beebe was a very well-known naturalist. He took very good notes. For him to make an error like that, you wouldn't expect it."
Mulcahy first heard about Beebe's nightsnake a decade ago while working as an undergrad at Berkeley, where he studied the Hypsiglena genus. "I was really amazed how many subspecies were described," he says, "particularly from all of the different islands around Baja and the mainland." At the time he wasn't aware that Brattstrom had removed Beebe's snake from the record, so, he says, "I went on thinking there was a snake on this island that I'd never be able to visit."
Flash forward to 2012, when Mulcahy started looking at images of Clarion Island on Google Earth. He noticed several photos of the island's birds and plants and lizards, but no nightsnake. Mulcahy started corresponding with biologists, including Juan Martinez-Gómez, who has been working on the island for 25 years. Many people had seen the larger, diurnal whipsnake, but no one had ever reported seeing anything like Beebe's nightsnake.
Mulcahy then started some real detective work. He borrowed Beebe's original specimen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York. He asked for a list of everything that Beebe collected on the expedition, so he could retrace his steps. And then he tracked down a copy of a book that Beebe published in 1938 recounting his 1934 expedition. There, in the final pages, came the final piece of the puzzle. Beebe wrote about visiting a beach watching sea turtles build nests when he came across a 45-centimeter snake moving against an outcropping of black lava rock: "I saw a small, dark brown snake," he wrote in the book, Zaca Venture. "It seemed to be unlike the one I had found in the daylight"—the much larger whipsnake—"having lines of black spots on the body."
"I jumped up and said, 'That's it!,'" Mulcahy remembers. He knew that Beebe really had collected the nightsnake on Clarion Island. Martinez-Gómez encouraged Mulcahy to travel to Mexico to see if they could find the snake once again. "It was a big risk," Mulcahy admits. "I'm a technician at a molecular lab. They don't pay me to go out and chase things. I had to get funding elsewhere." The journey—which required approval from the Mexican Navy—would also take more than a month, because Mulcahy would be joining a team that would spend 15 days on nearby Socorro Island before making the 16-hour ocean journey to Clarion for another 15-day stay.
He decided to take the risk. Last year, on May 19, after thinking about the Clarion nightsnake for 10 years, he finally landed on Clarion Island, near the same beach that Beebe wrote about in Zaca Venture. His heart sank when he arrived. The first thing they noticed was that all of the vegetation was burnt and scorched. "All of the bushes were shriveled and twisted like twigs," he says. "It turned out the military had a controlled burn that got out of control. It scorched the area."
But that afternoon they started looking at the area, using Beebe's photos to retrace his steps from 79 years earlier. "Along the eastern edge of the beach there's a small knoll of black rock. We thought, that's good habitat. It's not burned." They decided to explore it that night. "We were hoping for a lot, but not expecting much that first night," Mulcahy acknowledges. "The four of us were talking and finding lizards and spiders and things." Then one of the students on the expedition, Juan Cervantes, shouted two magical words: "Una culebra!"—a snake. "We all ran over," Mulcahy says. Cervantes pointed into a hole and said the snake had gone inside. "It was a small hole. I removed a softball-sized rock and underneath—there it was. I thought, 'Oh my god, we did it.' We quickly pulled it out. It was amazing. We were jumping up and doing high fives."
They found one more snake that night, and a total of 11 over their 15 days on the island. They had proved that the Clarion Island nightsnake existed. "It was just a major relief," Mulcahy says. "Investing all of that time and effort to get out there with the chance that we were out there at the wrong time or we couldn't find them..." His voice trails off.
After returning to the U.S., Mulcahy conducted genetic tests on the samples they collected. They revealed that the Clarion Island nightsnake was not a subspecies but was actually a new species, which they dubbed Hypsiglena unaocularus. The species was described this month in PLoS One.
Mulcahy believes the snake should now be considered an endangered species. "These island ecosystems are fragile and easily disturbed," he says. Clarion in particular faces two nasty invasive species: feral pigs and rabbits, which were probably brought to the island decades ago as food but have since gotten out of control. Nearby Socorro Island also has a large population of feral cats, which have wiped out populations of several bird species that did not evolve with the threat of predators. The invaders have already changed Clarion. When Beebe wrote about it, he described it as an island filled with impenetrable cacti. His expedition needed machetes to make their way through the cactus fields. Those plants are now almost all gone, probably eaten by the pigs and rabbits as a source of water—Clarion has no freshwater of its own. "We found less than a dozen prickly pear cactus plants on the island in the 15 days we were there," Mulcahy says. "They've been almost completely obliterated." The long-term effects of this extirpation remain to be seen.
There's still a lot left to learn about the Clarion Island nightsnake now that we know it exists. "We don't have any direct evidence of their diets or their ecosystems," Mulcahy says. We also don't know how many remain on the island. But that information may come. For him, he says, "it has been nearly a decade of me thinking, well, maybe I'll make it out to Clarion. Now I've put a major flag in the ground to move forward." And a mystery nearly 80 years in the making has been solved.
Photo courtesy of Daniel Mulcahy
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There is no definitive view on what children should eat in a Montessori school. However, there are basic principles of Montessori that should be taken into consideration when developing a healthy environment.
Montessorians Should Keep Nutrition in Mind During Prepared Environment Design
We are what we eat
Montessorians champion the child’s right to develop to his or her fullest potential. Helping this development can certainly be considered when thinking in terms of food and its nutritional value. Studies continue to prove that food additives, such as synthetic food coloring and preservatives have “substantial effects” on child behavior. (Utton) (Rowe & Rowe, 1994) Scientists in the UK have concluded that by removing artificial colorings and preservatives, hyperactivity in children could be significantly reduced. In fact, they believe that doing so would benefit all children, not just those with behavioral issues. (Utton) In light of this, children in the Montessori environment should be encouraged to forego processed foods in favor of foods that are as close as possible to their natural state — full of the vitamins and minerals that promote healthy development.
The education of even a very small child, therefore, does not aim at preparing him for school, but for life.
—Maria Montessori, Discovery of the Child (1948)
The idea of sustainability comes from the French root sustenir, meaning to “keep in existence, to provide sustenance and nourishment, and to strengthen the spirit and courage.” (Sutton, 2009) Ann Sutton, in Montessori Life, states that “Sustainability requires systems thinking,” emphasizing interconnectedness and interdependence. (Sutton, 2009) This corresponds beautifully with Montessori’s vision of Cosmic Education and the interconnectedness of all living things. If we teach about keeping the planet healthy and model environmental stewardship, it stands to reason that we need to model and encourage healthy living in our community.
Children are human beings to whom respect is due, superior to us by reason of their innocence and of the greater possibilities of their future.
—Maria Montessori, Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook (1948)
Montessorians understand the importance of following the child and creating an environment to fit the needs of each child. A prepared environment means that we take into account everything the child encounters, including the foods they eat. We must ensure that we are providing high quality, nutritious food to encourage optimal brain function and overall growth and development. Learning to respect others necessitates developing self-respect as well. When we teach children to respect themselves, we must include healthy food.
A respectful healthy food policy carefully delineates the expectations of the school and should reflect the attitudes of the community at large. Parents or teachers who are apprehensive about school policy should respectfully discuss their concerns with the administration to see about how to bring about change.
© North American Montessori Center - originally posted in its entirety at Montessori Teacher Training on Friday, June 7, 2013.
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The “lungs of the planet” are burning.
As thousands of fiery infernos rage across the Amazon rainforest, tropical vegetation, trees, and the fauna they house are being razed. Since August 15, more than 9,500 new forest fires have started across Brazil, primarily in the Amazon basin.
This year so far, scientists have recorded more than 74,000 fires in Brazil. That’s nearly double 2018’s total of about 40,000 fires. The surge marks an 83 percent increase in wildfires over the same period of 2018, Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research reported. The largest state in Brazil, Amazonas, declared a state of emergency on Monday.
Already, 2019 has the highest number of fires observed in a single year since researchers began keeping track in 2013 – and there are still four months to go.
‘The sky randomly turned dark’
As the world’s largest rainforest, the Amazon plays a crucial role in keeping our planet’s carbon-dioxide levels in check. Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen back into the air in their process of photosynthesis.
This is why the Amazon, which covers 2.1 million square miles, is often referred to as the “lungs of the planet”: The forest produces 20 percent of the oxygen in our planet’s atmosphere.
Typically, the Amazonian dry season runs from July to October, peaking in late September. Wetter weather during the rest of the year minimizes the risk of fires at other times.
But during the dry season, blazes can spark from natural sources, like lightning strikes. Farmers and loggers also purposefully set fire to the rainforest to clear swaths of the Amazon for industrial or agricultural use.
The fires raging in the Amazon now have widespread effects on the rest of Brazil. The smoke plumes from the blazes spread from the state of Amazonas to the nearby states of Pará and Mato Grosso, and even blotted out the sun in São Paulo – a city more than 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers) away.
🌎Just a little alert to the world: the sky randomly turned dark today in São Paulo, and meteorologists believe it’s smoke from the fires burning *thousands* of kilometers away, in Rondônia or Paraguay. Imagine how much has to be burning to create that much smoke(!). SOS🌎 pic.twitter.com/P1DrCzQO6x
— Shannon Sims (@shannongsims) August 20, 2019
On Monday, people in São Paulo reported on social media that the sky had gone dark between 3 and 4 pm local time.
The Amazon rainforest has been on fire for weeks, and it’s so bad it’s literally blotting out the sun miles away https://t.co/oDjcECJVgp
— Robert Maguire (@RobertMaguire_) August 20, 2019
In total, the blazes have created a layer of smoke estimated to be 1.2 million square miles wide. This image from the European Union’s Copernicus Satellite shows the smoke slicing north to south through Brazil like a knife.
From the other side of Earth, here’s the latest on the Amazonia fires 🌳
Produced by @CopernicusEU‘s atmosphere monitoring service, it shows the smoke reaching the Atlantic coast and São Paulo 🇧🇷
— WMO | OMM (@WMO) August 20, 2019
‘Setting the Amazon aflame’
This week of fires comes on the heels of another worrisome milestone for the world’s largest rainforest. The month of July set a new record for the most deforestation ever in the Amazon in a single month, The Guardian reported.
The Amazon shrunk by 519 square miles (1,345 square kilometers). That’s more than twice the area of Tokyo.
Data from Brazilian satellites indicated that about three football fields’ worth of Amazonian trees fell every minute last month. The total deforested area in July was up 39 percent from the same month last year.
The deforestation is directly linked to fires in the Amazon, since farmers sometimes set the forest ablaze to make room for livestock pastures and crop fields. These purposeful burns can then get out of control.
Brazil controls a lion’s share of the Amazon. However, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro has indicated that protecting the rainforest is not one of his top priorities. Bolsonaro supports development projects like a highway and hydroelectric dam in the Amazon.
His administration has also cut down on the seizing of illegally harvested timber. In 2018 (under the previous administration), 883,000 cubic feet of illegal timber was seized. As of May 15, Bolsonaro’s government agencies had seized only 1,410 cubic feet, Pacific Standard reported.
What’s more, between January and May, Bolsonaro’s government lowered the number of fines it levied for illegal deforestation and mining (down 34 percent from the same period in 2018) and decreased its monitoring of illegal activity in the rainforest.
On Tuesday, when Reuters reporters asked Bolsonaro about the record rate of uncontrolled fires in Brazil, he pointed to the fact that it’s a time of year when farmers purposefully use fire to clear land – a seasonal cycle called “queimada.”
“I used to be called Captain Chainsaw. Now I am Nero, setting the Amazon aflame,” Bolsonaro said. “But it is the season of the queimada.”
Warmer, drier conditions make it easier for flames to spread
Warmer conditions because of climate change can allow blazes that crop up during the dry season to grow bigger than they otherwise might have. Global warming also increases the likelihood and frequency of wildfires around the world.
Hot and dry conditions in the Northern Hemisphere are a consequence of this unprecedented warming. That’s because warming leads winter snow cover to melt earlier, and hotter air sucks away the moisture from trees and soil. Decreased rainfall also makes for parched forests that are prone to burning.
Combined, that has created ideal conditions for wildfires in Brazil and elsewhere around the world.
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
More from Business Insider:
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Notes on Culture & Antique Art, Ethnic Decor & Vintage Fashion | Wovensouls Art Gallery
“The record of ancient and medieval Indian textiles exists mostly in literature and sculpture. There is archaeological evidence of a cotton textile industry at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley around 3000 B.C., and a few fragments survive from much later periods. Most of the extant textiles are dated after the seventeenth century, because the monsoon climate has been very destructive to early specimens. The Greeks with Alexander the Great wrote of the fine flowered muslins and robes embroidered in gold they had seen in India. They may also have seen the cotton fiber that grew on trees.
A handbook of administration, the Arthasastra, tentatively dated to the third century B.C.,1 dealt with methods for distributing materials to spinners and weavers whether the workers were guild members or worked privately at home. At that time few occupations were open to women. Indeed, women who elected not to marry were not allowed to hold jobs. However, weaving was permitted to widows and retired prostitutes. The Arthasastra gave the penalties for fraudulent practices and listed the taxes to be paid by weavers. Among the textiles mentioned were white bark cloth from Bengal, linen from Banaras, cottons from south India, and several kinds of blankets, the best described as being slippery and soft.
In ancient and medieval India the textile industries were politically controlled, and if a ruler was favorably disposed towards the arts, weaving prospered. Differentiation was made between the rural textiles woven for the masses and those made in state workshops for royalty and the well-to-do in other countries (Plate 48). The best workmanship was found in the ritual hangings for temples, and even in modern times it has been considered preferable to destroy worn ones rather than allow them to fall into foreign hands.
Few good commentaries survive from the early medieval period (900 – 1200 A.D.) when terms were used inconsistently. Fabric names apparently represented the places where they were woven, and details about weaving techniques were scanty.
The Muslim period in India extended from around 1200 A.D. to 1760 when the British took over. A succession of sultans controlled most of India until Genghis Khan attacked early in the thirteenth century and Tammerlane invaded in the late fourteenth. Marco Polo left detailed accounts of the people and industries of the coastal regions of India in the late thirteenth century. He mentioned seeing on the Coromandel Coast the finest and most beautiful cloth in all the world-buckrams like the tissues of spider webs, and he observed dyeing with indigo in the great textile center of Cambay and spinning of cotton in Gujarat. Under the Sultan of Delhi (1325-1351) price controls for food, cloth, and other commodities were initiated to help fight inflation. A permit was required to buy silks, satins, and brocades, and only the well-to-do were allowed to have them. The sultan employed four thousand silk weavers who made robes of honor, hangings, and gifts of gold brocade for foreign dignitaries.
Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan, founded a new and important dynasty, the Mogul, in 1526. A series of great rulers-the greatest Akbar who ruled for the second half of the sixteenth century-governed a glorious empire where the textile arts flourished until the late seventeenth century. Some of the best accounts of Indian textiles were written by European ambassadors to the Mogul courts. Fabulous horse and elephant trappings, as well as the apparel, pillows, and wall hangings, were remarked upon. A king always wore a garment but once. There were marvelous gold brocades called kimhabs, or kincobs, from Banaras. Writers proclaimed on the sheerness of Dacca muslins, called evening dew, running water, or sweet-like-sherbert. Seventy-three yards, a yard wide, weighed only one pound. By comparison, the finest Swiss cottons ever made were at best sixteen or seventeen yards to the pound.
European settlements appealed in India in the latter part of the Mogul period. Motivated by the desire to break the spice trade monopoly held by Venice and the Arabs, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India by sailing around Africa in 1498, and by 1510 the Portuguese had jurisdiction in Goa on the west coast of India. For a short time they controlled the Asian trade by taking over the port of Malacca (near Singapore), where they met trading junks from China. The Portuguese carried pintados (painted cottons) east from India to trade for spices.
Indian textiles were more important to the Dutch and the English than to the Portuguese. The Dutch East India Company was chartered in 1597, the East India Company in 1600. Their ships went first to India with bullion to exchange for the cotton textiles that could be bartered for spices in the Malay Archipelago. Eventually, the Dutch gained a monopoly in Indonesia, with trade centered in Java, and the English withdrew to India to establish trading stations known as “factories.” One of the intentions of the East India Company was to sell English woolens in Asia, but broadcloth was never more than a novelty in India. By 1649 the British were sending chintz (see chapter 4) and cheap cotton calico to England. Much was for reexport to America, the Near East, West Africa, and the slave plantations in the West Indies. A four-cornered trade developed. The East India Company shipped calicos to London where they were sold to the Royal Africa Company. The latter shipped them in turn to West Africa as guinea-cloth to be bartered for people. These slaves, and any remaining cloth, were shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, cotton, and tobacco-all cargoes bound back for England.”
Excerpt from an online publication of Cornell University
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Fun Fact #1
The California condor is considered one of the rarest birds in the world and is the largest land bird in North America. The condor boasts a wingspan of 9 ½ feet and weighs up to 22 pounds. The condor is unmistakable, black in color with white wing-linings and a silvery panel on its upper flight feathers. It has a naked head which is orange – red in color.
The condor is considered one of the most endangered birds and at one point, its population dangerously declined to less than 25 birds. Prior to the extinction faced by the condor, it made the Grand Canyon its home for nearly 10,000 years. Through captive breeding and the efforts of the Peregrine Fund, the population has steadily grown and there are now more than 72 condors in the area. Condors prefer mountains, gorges and hillsides which create updrafts and provide them with favorable soaring conditions, thus making the Grand Canyon an ideal home for these magnificent creatures. With the thermal updrafts, condors can fly at speeds up to 50 miles per hour and travel more than 100 miles in search of food, all while exerting little energy.
Condors are members of the vulture family and prove to be gifted scavengers, feeding on dead animals like deer, cattle, rabbits, sheep and large rodents.
Condors are very social creatures, spending a lot of time feeding and roosting together. They are also known to congregate near people.
Fun Fact #2
- The oldest human artifacts found in the Grand Canyon National Park date to the Paleo-Indian period and are nearly 12,000 years old!
Fun Fact #3
- The Kaibab limestone caprock on the rims of the Grand Canyon formed over 270 million years ago. The Canyon itself was formed by the Colorado River over 6 million years ago. Perhaps one of the most spectacular examples of erosion, the Grand Canyon is estimated to have taken 3-6 million years to form and erosion still continues today, with the river, rain, snow, heat and frost enhancing the rock formations that are already present. In some areas the Grand Canyon is up to 18 miles wide and a mile deep.
Fun Fact #4
- The Colorado River flows west through the canyon at an average of 4 miles per hour and is 300 feet wide and up to 40 feet deep.
Fun Fact #5
- The Grand Canyon National Park was made a national monument in 1908 and became a national park in 1919. The park encompasses over a million acres of land on the Colorado Plateau in northwestern Arizona and contains over 277 miles of the Colorado River. The park is populated by five Indian tribes, the Hopi, Navajo, Havasupai, Paiute and Hualapai. It is home to over 1,500 plants, 88 species of mammals, 56 species of reptiles and amphibians and 17 species of fish. It is also inhabited by over 355 species of birds, including the Bald Eagle, Peregrine Falcon and the California condor, which boasts over a 10 foot wingspan.
Fun Fact #6
- The Grand Canyon contains five of the seven life zones and three of the four desert types seen North American. The life zones hosted by the Grand Canyon are the Lower Sonoran, Upper Sonoran, Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian. One can see as many life zones in the Grand Canyon alone, as they would if traveling from Mexico to Canada. Over 5 million people visit the Grand Canyon each year.
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From the moment of conception, a mother and child begin a rhythm of attachment that becomes a pattern for life. This dance between mother and baby becomes more vital over time, with critical windows of development. Depending on how this dance is established, a child learns to view his world and what to expect from it. This is a wonderful thing when the experience is warm and validating, but can be devastating when seriously interrupted by illness or abuse.
A child depends on the attachment process with mother, father and eventually 2 or 3 other significant adults in their lives, for smooth transitions into healthy social and behavioral, as well as cognitive and emotional development. Healthy attachment facilitates conscience development as well as cause and effect reasoning, just to mention two. Recent studies have shown that basic emotion regulation skills are developed during the 18 month to 36 month period, and that the warm, predictable, safe dance of parent-child interaction is the key factor to achieving this skill successfully.
Without consistent, loving care giving these early, critical tasks may not be accomplished well, leaving a child severely emotionally handicapped. Depending on the child’s response to trauma as well as the exact nature of the trauma, different patterns of behavior become evident over time. One such pattern is angry and avoidant, even punishing toward the parent. Another equally challenging pattern is one where a child cannot seem to sense the nurturing they receive, creating a cycle of clinginess.
When these patterns emerge, parents can use all their best tools and still end up discouraged and even frightened. It is not unusual for parents who have been previously successful with other children to have a deep sense of failure when dealing with their adopted child’s attachment issues. Good therapeutic support and knowledge can make all the difference for both the parents and the child.
A hurt child can sometimes bring up the pain and hurt from the parent’s childhood, as well, complicating matters significantly. When handled well, this can actually be a gift of growth and learning for everyone involved.
For an article written by Elsebeth Green about attachment and relationships, click here.
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When George Maloney, a clinical professor at the Tufts School of Dental Medicine, sees a patient in pain, he first determines whether the ache emanates from the nerves or the muscles. For nerve-based pain, he often prescribes medications. For muscle pain, he reaches for his needles.
Maloney, who is affiliated with the Tufts Craniofacial Pain Center (see "A Holistic Approach to Treating Pain"), is a longtime advocate of using acupuncture over painkillers to treat muscle pain. In addition to his D.M.D., he has a master's degree in acupuncture from the New England School of Acupuncture.
Painkillers, Maloney says, provide only generalized relief and can lead to drug dependence and addiction. "Opioid pain relievers can be effective for a short-term treatment of a day or two," he says. By contrast, acupuncture can provide lasting relief from the pain.
Maloney begins acupuncture treatment by stabilizing the points of contact, or occlusion, between the teeth with a mouthguard or oral splint. "If you create a stable occlusion, which can reduce muscle activity in the jaw, then you will find it much more effective when you treat the muscles more directly with needling," he says. He treats muscle pain with traditional acupuncture needles or electro-acupuncture, which sends a low, pulsating electric current to the muscles.
In traditional Chinese medicine, inserting acupuncture needles into specific locations balances the flow of qi, or vital energy, throughout the body. More modern explanations typically point to acupuncture's ability to stimulate peptides and other biochemical signals that cause physiological effects, such as increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation and easing muscle tension.
Maloney first got involved with the alternative medicine technique after repeatedly surveying patients on what reduced their pain, and finding that a high percentage of them mentioned acupuncture. He took a distance-learning course through UCLA Medical School in 1998, following it up with the program at New England School of Acupuncture in 2002. Acupuncture works, he says, because chronic pain puts the face and jaw muscles into an altered state. Acupuncture can gradually get the muscles to relax.
While acupuncture is not widely used by dental pain practitioners, several clinical studies have shown it to be effective in treating craniofacial pain, especially when combined with stable occlusion. As far back as 1997, the National Institutes of Health issued a consensus statement affirming evidence that acupuncture is effective in relieving postoperative dental pain.
Maloney wants to add to the body of evidence. He is beginning a review of studies about the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating temporomandibular joint disorder and craniofacial pain. "I think that this review and other controlled clinical trials can produce the kind of evidence that may lead to wide-scale acceptance," he says.
Explore further: Acupuncture viable for pain relief after joint replacement
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From Shepherd To King
CHILDREN’S BOOKS BIBLE STORIES IN COLOURS
Full colour picture strips. These books are suitable for children and new literates. The simple Bible story told in pictures and captions, forms a good basis for the Gospel.
46 in stock
From Shepherd to King
The Story of David, the intrepid shepherd boy who rose to become the great king of Israel. Has excited the imagination and ambitions of millions throughout the century. Yet, it is not just a plain success-story but one of a man who trusted in God to lead him and protect him.
This was the man who whom God could say, “He was a Man After Mine Own Heart.”
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Fostering Mindfulness in an essential guide for teachers and parents interested in introducing mindfulness to children for cultivating presence and well-being. Child-friendly language is used to explain mindfulness, physiology, and brain science. This comprehensive resource offers step-by-step instructions, guiding scripts, activity sheets, ready-to-use templates, and scientific insights. Based on extensive training in the science and practice of mindfulness and years of teaching experience, this highly readable book includes stories from teachers who introduce mindfulness in their classrooms for helping children thrive.
This is a 14-page activity sampler from Fostering Mindfulness.
You will find reproducible templates and activity sheets as samples of what is included
within the book for introducing mindfulness to children in the classroom and beyond.
This 10 minute Trauma-Sensitive Body Scan is appropriate for teens and adults.
This 7 minute Trauma-Sensitive Mindfulness Practice is appropriate for teens and adults.
Murphy, S. (2018). Preparing Teachers for the Classroom: Mindful Awareness Practice in Preservice Education Curriculum. In Byrnes, K., Dalton, J. & Dorman, B. (Eds.), Impacting Teaching and Learning: Contemplative Practices, Pedagogy, and Research in Education (pp. 41-51). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
In the wake of the killing of George Floyd at the hands of the police and the ongoing history of interpersonal and systemic racism and violence, what good is mindfulness practice?
Science-based Insights for a Meaningful Life
Copyright © 2020 Shelley Murphy, PhD| Fostering Mindfulness - All Rights Reserved.
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To prepare for this post we found ourselves chuckling about the antiquated duplicators of our childhood. In early primary grades our teachers used the ditto machine. Most copies were produced with a purple pigment. Fresh copies provided students with a captivating odor generated by the solvent used in the copying process. Perhaps my parents also used ditto worksheets. Ditto technology originated in 1910. One generation earlier my grandparents may have used practice sheets generated on a cutting edge mimeograph machine developed in 1884. A few years earlier carbon paper had made its debut and worked well with the advent of the typewriter in the 1870s.
Fast forward to the first years in my teaching career. My district provided the ditto machine for the production of classroom copies. Our school office used the difficult-to-use mimeograph machines. It produced many more copies at one sitting. Finally, in the early 1960s a close friend, using the newest equipment, produced multiple copies for me using a new Xerox copier at her place of employment. Cutting edge technology had finally provided the Xerox office printer with its ability to duplicate hundreds of copies cheaply and quickly. In a manner of speaking, the invention seemed “miraculous.” A century earlier hand copying was the only choice available.
In 1860, the year my maternal grandfather was born, the world of science knew nothing about a duplication method that all living materials had used since the creation of life. We speak of
DNA--the genetic blueprint which preserves every physical feature of every living thing. It is found in virtually every cell of all creatures. On average the unraveled DNA molecule in each microscopic human cell is 2m long. Each DNA molecule has 3.2 billion base pairs, groups of molecules that function as a code for regulating the body and producing RNA which directs the fabrication of every tissue of the body from thousands of proteins. The total length of human DNA in all cells would reach from the earth to the sun and back multiple times.
Understanding the copying mechanism of
DNA inspires deep reverence for the Creator. DNA information is copied to each cell as the body grows. When living things reproduce, the DNA preserves and passes on inheritance to the next generation. The fixity of species for uncounted millennia is testimony to the faithfulness of the copying mechanism. The copying mechanism of living things puts to shame the modern office technology I earlier pronounced “seemingly miraculous.” In reality, the various copying strategies of the machines in our offices and homes provide no legitimate comparison with the majesty of DNA.
The stranded double helix
DNA molecule is able to “unstrand” at an appropriate time. An AP text, Biology, by Campbell and Reese, states “The two strands of the double helix are complementary, each the predictable counterpart of the other. It is this feature of DNA that makes possible the precise copying of genes that is responsible for inheritance. In preparation for cell division, each of the two strands of a DNA molecule serves as a template to order nucleotides into a new complementary strand. The result is two identical copies of the original double-stranded DNA molecule, which are then distributed to the two daughter cells. Thus, the structure of DNA accounts for its function in transmitting genetic information whenever a cell divides.”
We expand on our earlier statement that the various copying strategies of the machines in our offices and homes provide no legitimate comparison with
DNA. Office machines copy information on a two-dimensional sheet of paper, but duplication of DNA results in a three-dimensional molecule identical to the original. Therefore, not only is the information duplicated, but so also is the structure. The stage is now set for discovering more wonderful processes beyond the role of DNA in future posts. The processes are summarized (1) DNA makes RNA, and (2) RNA makes protein. The hundreds of pages describing these processes in biology texts attest to the magnificence of God’s creation at the level of the micro cosmos.
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What is Hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism is excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
The parathyroid glands are located at the front and base of the neck around the thyroid gland. They produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels within the blood and bone.
When calcium levels are too low, the body responds by increasing production of parathyroid hormone. This increase in parathyroid hormone causes more calcium to be taken from the bone and more calcium to be reabsorbed by the intestines and kidney. When the calcium level returns to normal, parathyroid hormone production slows down.
Excess parathyroid hormone can be produced for a variety of reasons. In some cases, parathyroid hormone is produced without regard to the calcium levels. This is called "primary hyperparathyroidism" and is caused by enlargement of one or more of the parathyroid glands. It is a common disorder affecting about 1 in 1,000 people. The high levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone affect several body systems, including the skeletal, gastrointestinal, renal, muscular, and central nervous system.
"Secondary hyperparathyroidism" is when the body produces extra parathyroid hormone because the calcium levels are too low. This is seen when vitamin D levels are low or when calcium is not absorbed from the intestines. Correcting the calcium level and the underlying problem will bring the parathyroid levels in the normal range.
If the parathyroid glands continue to produce too much parathyroid hormone even though the calcium level is back to normal, this is called "tertiary hyperthyroidism" and occurs especially in patients with kidney problems.
The term "hyperparathyroidism" generally refers to primary hyperparathyroidism.
Signs and tests:
Treatment depends upon the severity and cause of the condition. In primary hyperparathyroidism, mild hypercalcemia may be followed medically unless impaired renal function, bone demineralization, mental status changes or high blood pressure is present. Otherwise, if the calcium level is very high or symptoms are present, surgery may be necessary to take out the gland that is overproducing the hormone.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is treated by restoring the calcium back into the normal range, usually by giving calcium and vitamin D alone or in combination, depending on the underlying disorder. See the specific type of hyperparathyroidism.
The outlook varies depending on the specific type of hyperparathyroidism.
Complications that result from excess calcium deposits within the body:
Calling your health care provider:
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms indicate that primary hyperparathyroidism may be present.
Call your health care provider if signs of complications develop.
Maintaining an adequate intake of calcium may reduce risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
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A Social-Emotional Learning Resource Developed Just for Adult LearnersStephanie Sommers, ACES Coordinator
One thing that I appreciate about a resource is when you get to know both the why and the how. When I find these two pieces of information together in a single resource, I know that it’s going to be useful. Understanding the research and science behind a best practice helps us as educators know why it is beneficial to our learners. Knowing this information, however, is not enough. We also have to know how to implement the best practice through the use of strategies and learning activities.
Best practice: Social and Emotional Learning
One best practice that I have recently been researching is incorporating Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) into Adult Education. Social and Emotional Learning is an area of special focus for the work we have been doing to update ACES/TIF, and it has many connections to our transitions skills framework. While the Transitions Integration Framework (TIF) highlights six areas of skill development for adult learners, SEL is often described as having five key competencies:
These areas are defined and explained by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), which is an excellent source for all things SEL.
SEL for adult learners
While CASEL is undoubtedly an expert source for learning about SEL, the work that they do focuses on young people and creating better K-12 schools and communities in which they can thrive. I wanted a resource for our adult learners, for whom these skills are every bit as important. For that, I have turned to the Social and Emotional Learning for Adult Multilingual Learners Toolkit, which was developed by the Virginia Adult Learning Resource Center (VALRC).
According to the toolkit’s homepage the resource was created to, “offer explanations, tips, materials, and links to help ESOL teachers and programs better understand and integrate social-emotional learning into the adult English language classroom.”
Section 3 of Toolkit: How does SEL connect with adult learning and multilingual learner instruction?
There are five sections in the toolkit, and one that I found especially useful outlines how some of the strategies that we already know to be highly effective when working with adult learners also support SEL. In fact, their connection to Social and Emotional Learning is probably how they were first identified as best practices. These strategies include creating a cooperative classroom environment, knowing your learners in order to draw on their strengths, and utilizing self-directed learning.
As an ABE teacher, it was validating to learn how many of the things that I already do with my adult learners, such as providing choice and opportunities for self-assessment, also foster SEL.
Section 4 of Toolkit: Social and Emotional Learning Activities for Adult Multilingual Learners
Another area of the toolkit that is very helpful is the section that focuses on SEL learning activities. According to the website, “This section of the toolkit is a guide for integrating emotional check-ins, growth mindset prompts, empathy task cards, and mindfulness activities into the adult education classroom. Each section provides implementation strategies, presentation strategies, scaffolds, and pre-teaching materials.”
I have long been a devotee of growth mindset, and I enjoyed reading through the mindset prompts that were included in the toolkit. Another interesting learning task from the toolkit is the empathy task cards. These cards present situations that are very relevant to adults, such as thinking about what to say to a coworker who has just experienced a loss or what to say to someone who has just been given a promotion. As many of these situations have a strong cultural connection, it would be a rich learning activity to have students discuss what constitutes appropriate responses in our culture and share what is appropriate in theirs.
Learn more about SEL
Just as we understand that our adult learners need transitions skills in order to be successful in all areas of their lives, we also understand that being an adult educator means nurturing the whole person: body, mind, and spirit. We recognize that adults need to understand and take care of their emotional health in order to be successful and reach their goals, and this is what SEL is all about.
To learn more about this topic, please join us for our third and final “TIFty Tuesday” webinar on April 18, 2023 from 1:30-3:00. Dr. Jamie Kreil will be my special guest, and we will share ideas for ways to support SEL while also incorporating ACES/TIF in your instruction.
If you missed our previous TIFty Tuesday webinars on routines and creating more diverse and equitable ABE classrooms, the recordings can be found in the ACES playlist on the MN Adult Education PD YouTube channel (http://tinyurl.com/mnabepd).
- ABE Foundations/Staff Onboarding
- Adult Career Pathways
- CCR Standards
- Cultural Competency
- Digital Literacy/Northstar
- Distance Learning/Education
- HSE/Adult Diploma
- Mental Health
- Minnesota ABE
- One-Room Schoolhouse/Multilevel
- Professional Development
- Program Management
- Remote Instruction
- Social Studies
- Support Services
- Teaching Strategies
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://atlasabe.org/news/a-social-emotional-learning-resource-developed-just-for-adult-learners/
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en
| 0.950611 | 1,098 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Youth learn about herbs and spices and how to make ethnic foods. Youth also practice making cakes, candy, pastries, and pies.
The curriculum comes as loose-leaf paper to make it easier for youth to pull out recipes. Purchase a binder to store the manual!
See Cooking 101 for a checklist of recommended items needed for the Cooking series. The list contains the basics that will be used for Cooking 101, and it’s a great starting point for the items needed in the other levels. Start with this list and then add the specialty items you need depending on the topic, such as cake pans, candy thermometers, electric grills, etc.
Note: This is an addition to the toffee recipe on page 91. "Rub the butter on the sides of the pan, which keeps the toffee from sticking. Then melt the remaining butter in the pan."
Are you interested in learning more about the curriculum, straight from the author and a 4-H educator? Watch a webinar all about the curriculum, available here.
Click Here to Preview The First Few Pages
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://shop4-h.org/collections/healthy-living-foods-curriculum/products/cooking-curriculum-401
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en
| 0.916872 | 223 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Contemporary knowledge about God, Evolution, and the meaning of human life.
Methodology of spiritual development.
Spiritual Heart — Religion of Unity/Catholicism Today
It is necessary to say a few words about modern Catholicism.
Due to the salutary activity of Napoleon Bonaparte and other heroes, the epoch called the Middle Ages ended. Catholicism began to change. The Inquisition was abolished, and “crusades” were not launched anymore.
Catholicism stopped to fight against “heresies” and grew much more tolerant to other religions. Damnation was remitted from the Jews; sound relationships were established with Israel, Muslim, Protestant, and other countries.
Catholicism started to study the experiences of other religions in a positive manner. In the Vatican there are special scholars who do this kind of research.
John Paul II was apparently the first pope to actually possess a developed spiritual heart.
But… he, too, commenced his “pastoral” activity with attacking women who made abortions — the women who got into trouble. The women who did that for very different reasons: not only because of their own foolishness, but also very frequently because of the criminal attitude of men towards them… From the position of an arrogant man who lacks understanding of women’s problems, the pope advocated for the ban of abortions…
But in the following years the emphasis of the pope’s activity shifted towards the struggle for peace.
As far as theology is concerned, he was the first pope to refuse to assert that God is a male!… That alone was a tremendous step away from the religious primitivism that was inculcated by the “aggressive” in previous centuries.
Journalists praised John Paul II for apologizing on behalf of the Catholic Church for the crimes it made in the past. He even ordered to open the archives of the “holy Inquisition”. They praised this as a feat of the pope… But to every intellectually and ethically developed person it is clear that all these crimes were nothing but crimes before people and God; thus I cannot see any particular heroism in this deed of the pope…
If Catholicism could:
— acknowledge the Evolution of the Divine Universal Consciousness in material bodies,
— acknowledge that there were and are other Messiahs from one Universal God — both before and after Jesus Christ,
— publicly support the eternal integral Teachings of God that all of Them have been giving to people,
then it would really perform a significant and positive deed for humanity and for God. In this case, it would become a cooperator, an assistant to Jesus Christ.
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://spiritualheart.swami-center.org/page_24.shtml
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| 0.967868 | 540 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Prateek, Security Researcher for Infosec Institute says… “One thing mobile devs can do now – Make sure important information is not leaked or stored on the device.” For e.g, while storing data locally in IOS applications, one should not use NSUserDefaults, Plist files or even Core Data to store important information like access tokens,passwords etc.
There are countable amount of people are thinking for their apps security!
We hope you’re not one of them, Are you?
Here are few security aspects which you needs to go through:
1) What Type of Assets Your App is Going to Protect:
When you approach your Android app development provider, communicate well what devices you want to target and therefore what sort of information would be vulnerable. Such information may include credit card numbers, user data, contact lists, bank account info, access to other paid services etc. In order to protect such information, your developers need to be very careful at the designing phase of the application itself.
If your data needs to be sent to computer network, you need to tell that to your developer so that she can exploit SSL during Android application development to keep the attackers at bay. Developers can also use third party database such as MySQL to serve the purpose of server-side storage.
2) Perfect Coding Makes your App more Secure:
It is very important to hire Android apps development services in India which house Android developers who understand coding correctly. The developers need to know a standard secure coding that confirms and identify specific issues related to a particular programming language.
During Android application development, developers should count on permissions that are governed by Android’s application permission framework. This framework can be specified in the application Manifest file. It is also important that your developer knows that any hard-coded paths like /tmp should be removed as they may not go with Android device and users may find it difficult to use the app.
3) Reliable User-Response Mechanism
When you have decided to create a specific app as part of your app development, your Android app development services provider should be able to come up with an app that responds when the user needs it. The reason behind this is Android devices are based on a user-response mechanism. If you develop an app that fails to respond within a stipulated time, i.e. 10 seconds which is standard response time, the user experience is going to be spoiled and the app would lose its purpose. This then directly affects your market reputation, consumer confidence and returns on investment.
These three points ensure that your Android Apps are secure from vulnerabilities and possible data thefts.
At the end of the day, we believe the goals are simple, safer and secure. We often discover what will do, by finding out what will not do. Have a look at our development of Android Apps and discuss with us to make your idea to reality.
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://spaceotechnologies.wordpress.com/2014/08/01/care-for-your-apps-security-android-app-development/
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| 0.941183 | 596 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The United Kingdom (UK) is a country located in Western Europe and is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The history of the UK dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlements dating back to the Stone Age.
In the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire conquered the area of modern-day England and established a province called Britannia. After the Romans left in the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons invaded and established several kingdoms in the area.
In 1066, the Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror brought about significant changes to the country, including the introduction of the French language and culture. Over time, the English monarchy gained more power and territory, including Wales and parts of Scotland.
In 1707, the Acts of Union merged the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into a single country, known as Great Britain. The British Empire grew to become one of the most extensive empires in history, spanning over a quarter of the world’s land surface.
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century led to significant changes in the country, with the growth of cities, factories, and the expansion of the railway system. The 20th century saw the UK play a significant role in both World Wars, with London being heavily bombed during the Blitz in World War II.
In the post-war period, the UK experienced a significant decline in its economy and industry, known as “deindustrialization.” The country joined the European Union in 1973 but voted to leave in 2016, leading to a period of political and economic uncertainty.
Today, the UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, with Queen Elizabeth II serving as the head of state. The country has a diverse economy, with industries including finance, healthcare, technology, and entertainment.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://wphobby.com/2023/05/the-united-kingdom-uk-is-a-country-located-in-western-europe-and-is-made-up-of-four-constituent-countries-england-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland/
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| 0.95361 | 375 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Pepsi-SAXS is a new highly efficient method for computation of X-ray scattering profiles, which are needed for solution-state protein molecule analysis. The method was created by scientists from the Université Grenoble Alpes and MIPT, led by Sergei Grudinin. The team tested their method, and the results were published by the International Union of Crystallography in its journal Acta Crystallographica Section D: Structural Biology.
Proteins have complex structure and extremely small size, on the order of several nanometers. To study them, researchers need to come up with unusual methods, because protein samples are all too easily destroyed and their properties altered in experiments. Knowledge of the structures and functional mechanisms of biomolecules enables new drugs to be developed not by trial and error -- technically called high throughput screening -- but in a more focused way.
One of the techniques used to study proteins is the analysis of X-rays scattered from them. Researchers need to use X-rays and not ordinary light because they are zooming in on individual atoms with a characteristic size on the order of 0.1 nanometers. The smaller the object, the shorter the wavelength of light that must be used to observe it. Visible light comprises wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. X-rays, on the other hand, have a much shorter wavelength and thus can be used to examine molecular structures.
"The new method allows us to plot scattering curves efficiently and precisely, and analyze the three-dimensional structure of a sample," says MIPT student Maria Garkavenko, a co-author of the paper. "Among other things, Pepsi-SAXS boosts modeling efficiency and the accuracy of three-dimensional macromolecule structure prediction."
Small-angle X-ray scattering, or SAXS, is an experimental technique that involves scattering X-rays from a sample and then collecting them at very small angles. As a result, a plot of scattered X-ray beam intensity as a function of the angle of incidence is obtained. Using this plot, a protein sample can be compared to other samples in the experimental database to determine its structure and properties.
Compared with other techniques used to determine sample structure, SAXS is much simpler and cheaper. It requires only a minimum sample preparation, and the proteins need not be frozen or crystallized. The samples are studied in solution -- in their functional state. This makes the results much more reliable, because sample preparation can sometimes alter the state and properties of a protein. Another important advantage of the method is that it is nondestructive, meaning that the experimental sample remains largely unaffected by X-rays.
But until recently, SAXS had one major drawback: The method was computationally intensive, which meant it could not be used if the number of experiments was substantial. It took hours to process the results of just one experiment. Initially, the number of computations was directly proportional to the square of the number of the atoms in the sample, the latter number usually exceeding a thousand. However, in the 1970s, Heinrich Stuhrmann, a German researcher, came up with an idea that allowed to simplify the calculations. He proposed that scattering on molecular compounds be described in terms functions of a particular kind called spherical harmonics. This approach proved to be a success. Over the years, a number of computational tools for the analysis of SAXS data were created. Important contributions to their development were made by researchers with a Soviet scientific background including Dmitri Svergun (he currently works in Hamburg), who wrote the ATSAS software suite for SAXS data analysis in biological macromolecule research. The researchers in the study which is reported here examined several computational methods and compared them with their own technique.
"Pepsi-SAXS stands for 'polynomial expansions of protein structures and interactions' and 'small-angle X-ray scattering.' It's an adaptive method for rapid and accurate computation of small-angle X-ray scattering profiles," explains MIPT PhD student Andrei Kazennov, a co-author of the paper. "Pepsi-SAXS can be adapted to the size of a given sample and the resolution of experimental data."
The researchers also created an efficient model of the hydration shell -- a layer of water molecules surrounding proteins in solution -- and incorporated it into their software, increasing the accuracy of the method.
"Our method has been validated on a large data set from BioIsis and SASBDB, the two largest biological databases," says Sergei Grudinin, who supervised the research. "We have shown that Pepsi-SAXS is five to 50 times faster than the previously used methods, namely CRYSOL, FoXS, and the three-dimensional Zernike technique implemented in the SAStbx package. At the same time, the accuracy is on a par with them."
The researchers paid particular attention to the analysis of the results they obtained, which were compared with the experimental data.
Protein research has fundamental significance for our understanding of the basic processes underlying life, as well as for the development of drugs, treatments, and organic materials, including artificial organs. The new tool presented by the authors could mean 50 times faster progress in these areas.
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-07/miop-pnm070717.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143373.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217205657-20200217235657-00447.warc.gz
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en
| 0.956956 | 1,086 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Historically, Canada was positioned as a dairy exporter, particularly of cheese. In the period following World War 2, a confluence of factors (including improved milking technology and competition from margarine) created chronic surpluses and depressed prices. As the public costs of mitigating this situation increased, supply management was conceived as a way to address the surpluses and
low farm prices. The system has had to evolve to address a range of domestic and trade changes. The current milk supply management operates under three “pillars”: production controls (quota), administered pricing, and import controls. As conditions have changed, regulations under supply management have changed. As it has evolved, this regulation has extended beyond the necessary and created unintended operating costs and burdens. The challenge for the Canadian dairy industry and policy-makers is to retain the elements of supply management that maintain its functions and purpose, while allowing changes in other elements.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.conferenceboard.ca/e-library/abstract.aspx?did=4980
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en
| 0.959376 | 188 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Nutrition isn’t always easy. Some of us only look to our weight to determine how we’re doing. But the true focus on the right nutrients and vitamins is overlooked by many people. If you want to eat a more nutritious diet, then this article is for you.
Fiber is key to a healthy diet. Fiber makes you feel full and helps in weight management. This will also benefit your cholesterol levels. Fiber is a great way to reduce heart disease as well.
Eat a variety of protein throughout the week. Lean meats, fish, and skinless chicken are all good choices. Also ensure you are including eggs into your diet. Eating only one daily egg will not affect your health. One day a week, eat no meat. Eat peas, nuts, beans or legumes as a substitute.
Slow down your eating process. Lots of people wolf down their food in a rush to get back to their busy lives. Slow down and take your time when you are eating instead of racing through your meal. Chew very slowly and enjoy every single bite. This will cause you to feel full a lot sooner. You will also be less likely to eat past the point of fullness.
Many people have bought into the idea that processed foods taste better than whole grains. In some baked goods, white flour is the better option. However, whole grains are tastier than grains that are over-milled, and help digestion from fiber.
Vitamin B6 is a great supplement to take if you want to positively impact your mood. Vitamin B6 keeps serotonin levels stable. Lack of serotonin is what usually causes depression. Chicken breast, wheat germ and asparagus are excellent sources of vitamin B6. Eating these types of foods is especially vital during winter time.
For a delicious option in your meal routines, try a can of salmon. This type of salmon offers an array of useful minerals without introducing lots of fat or carbs. Eat a wide variety of foods to keep yourself from getting bored with healthy eating.
Clearly, many people neglect their health because they do not understand the topic of nutrition. Having read this article, you’re now on your way to becoming knowledgeable about nutrition. Using these tips should guide you to great health in no time.
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<urn:uuid:07303e19-4e8e-4e86-9aec-613322ceed57>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://todayhealthytips.com/tips-and-tricks-on-eating-a-nutritional-diet/
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| 0.962176 | 462 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
When coal is combusted in power stations to produce electricity, the sulfur contained within is released into the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2). The proportion of sulfur varies here depending on the quality and origin of the coal. Our dedicated calcium carbonate products Desulfocarb, Desulfonit and Epsical are added into the reaction chamber to remove the sulfur before it reaches the atmosphere. These flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products react chemically with the sulfur gas to form calcium sulfate (gypsum) as a by-product. Omya also offers solutions for the removal and further reuse of the produced gypsum to further increase the cost efficiency of the FGD process.
This reaction occurs in the furnace in the dry FGD process, where the calcium carbonate is burnt and reacts with the sulfur dioxide (SO2) to form calcium sulfate (gypsum). In the wet process, the chemical reaction takes place in the scrubber and gypsum is produced as a by-product. The gypsum can subsequently be used as an additive in cement, as a source of sulfur in fertilizers or in plasterboard manufacturing.
Depending on the process and the properties of Desulfocarb, Desulfonit or Epsical, over 95% of the sulfur can be removed. This is thanks to the use of dedicated calcium carbonates with the required high purity and a precise particle size distribution.
For further information, please use our contact form
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<urn:uuid:429e1a87-cd5f-4e37-a44c-b58f4c02659a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://www.omya.com/Pages/-air_treatment.aspx
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en
| 0.921753 | 315 | 3.09375 | 3 |
DOANS, TEXAS. Doans, also known as Doan's Store or Doan's Crossing, is at the junction of Farm roads 2916 and 924, a mile southwest of the Red River in north central Wilbarger County. Jonathan Doan and his nephew Corwin Doan established a trading post in 1878 to serve the cattle drivers who used the nearby Western Trail to get their herds to market. A post office was established at the store in 1879 with Corwin Doan as postmaster. The cattle drives on the Western Trail reached their peak in 1881, when more than 300,000 head passed by Doans; between 1879 and 1895 six million head came through the settlement. By the mid-1880s Doans had a school, a hotel, a general store, a saloon, and a population estimated at 300. A wide variety of people came to the town to do business: cowboys, ranchers, Indians, buffalo hunters, peddlers, and itinerant preachers; one of the more famous visitors was Quanah Parker.
In 1885, when the Fort Worth and Denver Railway bypassed Doans by several miles, the cattle drives that had been so important to the town's economy were rendered obsolete, and the town had no rail service to help replace the drives with new business. By the mid-1890s the population had fallen to seventy-five; it fell to thirty by 1914, and at that time only the general store remained. Postal service to Doans was discontinued in 1919, and by the 1930s the number of residents had dwindled to ten. The Doans school was consolidated in 1935 into the Northside school district. From the 1940s through the 1990s the population of Doans was reported at twenty. An annual picnic, a tradition that began in 1884, was held at Doans each May. In 1931 a historical marker was placed at Doans to commemorate the trail drives.
T. Lindsay Baker, Ghost Towns of Texas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. Wilbarger County Historical Commission, Wilbarger County (Lubbock, 1986).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Lea Anne Morrell, "DOANS, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvd50), accessed July 26, 2014. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Modified on November 11, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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<urn:uuid:123f4316-4250-4629-8c48-da8fe65a9857>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvd50
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en
| 0.97319 | 549 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The characters in Saving Grace travel by train and landau, pictured here in 1849. A landau was drawn by a pair or four-in-hand. It was a social carriage with facing seats and a soft folding top. The shell of the landau made for maximum visibility of the occupants and their clothing, which made it the transport item of choice for the fashionable Victorian.
The Victorians liked their coffee too. An advertising poster from 1885.
In chapter two of Saving Grace, Daniel Morgan and his assistant, Mr Robeson, travel from Cardiff, west along the Great Western Railway to Grace Petrie’s mansion, Sker Grange. The construction of the Great Western Railway was overseen by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Originally built to transport iron, limestone and coal, the railways were soon ferrying passengers to the seaside, which led to the development of seaside resorts. Pictured, Bridgend railway station on the 18th June 1850, the day the GWR was declared open.
Take a ride on a Victorian train.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://hannah-howe.com/saving-grace/social-background/
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en
| 0.976257 | 217 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Confederate Altered M-1836 Pistol by Adams of Richmond
- Product Code: FHG-1959-SOLD
- Availability: Out Of Stock
With the coming of the American Civil War, most of the newly seceded southern states found themselves woefully ill-prepared to field and equip an army to withstand President Lincoln’s intention to suppress the rebellion and re-unite the union by force. Most of the southern states had limited quantities of mostly obsolete arms in their various arsenals, and had little (if any) manufacturing to capacity to produce arms. One particular exception to this generalization was the state of Virginia. While the state had a limited number of “modern”, current production percussion rifle muskets, they did have a rather large supply of older flintlock arms in various states of repair, most of which could (and eventually would) be altered to percussion. The state also had the basic structure to establish a state armory to produce small-arms, as the old Virginia Manufactory of arms was located in Richmond. This facility had opened circa 1802 to manufacture small arms for the Virginia Militia and had remained in operation for nearly two decades. The authorities in Richmond were soon scrambling to renovate and reopen this facility and with the addition of machinery captured at Harpers Ferry in April of 1861, the old Virginia Manufactory was soon operating as the new Richmond Armory. The Virginia state government also looked to various contractors to help upgrade their current stores of flintlock muskets, rifles and pistols to percussion. This had actually been going on somewhat aggressively since about 1858, when the state had started to turn in as many flintlock muskets as the Federal Government would allow under the Militia Act of 1808, to have them replaced by percussion altered muskets. The state had also contacted some private vendors like Merrill, Thomas & Company prior to the war, to alter existing stocks of arms to percussion, primarily Virginia Manufactory arms that were in store. With the outbreak of the war, the state proceeded to contract with a number of local gunsmiths and makers to alter as many muskets, rifles and pistols as was practicable. The primary contractors were Thomas J. Adams of Richmond, J.B. (and A.B.) Barrett & co, William Morgan, F. Persignon, S.C. Robinson and the Union Manufacturing Company. Three smaller contractors also did alterations for the state on a much more limited basis, including J.H. Wells, J.D. Brown and S. Holbrook. While the majority of the work performed by these contractors was the percussioning of muskets and a few rifles, three of the contractors also performed alterations to single-shot flintlock pistols. These included J.H. Wells of Staunton (later Charlottesville), William Morgan of Petersburg and Thomas J. Adams of Richmond. The total number of pistols altered by the first two gunsmiths is inconsequential, as Wells altered approximately sixteen pistols for the state of Virginia, and William Morgan appears to have only altered six. These numbers were arrived at based upon the amounts paid to the two men, as the average cost charged to alter a pistol or musket to percussion by the various Virginia contractors was $4.00 each. Only Thomas J. Adams altered what can be considered a significant number of pistols for the state, and it is generally believed he altered about five hundred and seventy pistols. The research presented in Confederate Rifles & Muskets by John D Murphy, M.D. & Howard M. Madaus reveal that three vouchers, numbers 2492, 5165 and 5935 from the state of Virginia show payments to Adams “for altering cav. pistols.” The payments were for $456 on January 1, 1862, $808.50 on May 5, 1862 (noted as “for altering cav. pistols, etc.” and for $548.68 on June 2, 1862. The total of payments on these vouchers related to pistols is $1,813.18. Murphy & Madaus apparently uncovered some other receipts in the amount of $462, as they note that Adams received at least $2,275.18 in payments related to altering pistols. At an average of $4.00 each, this means that Adams altered approximately five hundred and sixty-eight pistols during the first six months of 1862. Adams did not mark his work, but by examining the handful of similarly altered surviving examples, a typology has been established by Murphy & Madaus by which Adams alterations can be identified. Part of this identification is based upon the fact that some of the alterations appear on Virginia Manufactory pistols, which were made is somewhat limited quantities during the first two decades of the 1800s, and which tended to remain within the state of Virginia, thus suggesting any alterations to those guns were likely performed there as well. The Adams alteration involved the application of a “three faceted bolster” to the breech of the pistol by means of brazing it over the touchhole. The pan, frizzen and all parts related to the flintlock battery were removed, and the accompanying holes in the lock filled. The pan on some pistols was filled with iron to create an even surface to help support the flat bottom bolster. As noted, the bolster has three definitive facets, with a flat bottom, followed by an upward angular turn at its rear, which is followed by another upward to nearly 90-degrees, which forms a fence at the rear of the bolster. Many of Adams’ bolsters also show the shadow of a circle on their face, an artifact of the bolster application process, which used a rod through a hole in the bolster to hold it in place while it was brazed, with the hole subsequently being filled in and brazed closed. A crudely made percussion hammer was added to the original tumbler, and most of these hammers show rudely applied, simple cross-hatching on their spurs. As with most alteration work performed on non-interchangeable parts firearms of the period, mating marks were applied to the guns during the process, usually on the inner neck of the hammer, to the inside of the lock, under the barrel (and/or on the rear of the breech plug) and often somewhere on the stock. It is interesting to note that Murphy & Madaus show a number of variations of these marks on altered pistols attributed to Adams, suggesting that either 1) each workman marked his work in his own way, or possibly 2) that Adams was sub-contracting some of the work and the variation in markings is the result of the work be performed at different shops or locations. It is further interesting to note that while most Confederate alterations will show the same mating mark throughout (for example, the Roman numeral IV), many of the Adams alterations will show two sets of mating marks. On some it is believed the other marks are the original assembly marks for the pistol; particularly on the Virginia Manufactory guns, but in other cases it is obvious that the hammer is marked with a completely different mating mark than most of the rest of the gun. I believe that this is again indicative of different workmen doing the work. While one worker may have removed the flintlock parts and applied the bolter, I think a different one was responsible for fitting the hammers to the guns, and he applied his own mating marks. This is similar to British Ordnance contract pistols from the mid-18th through early 19th century that often show two different sets of mating marks, one set for overall assembly and one related to the assembly and fitting of the lock.
Little if known of Thomas J. Adams history prior to working as a contract gunsmith for the Confederacy. According to Murphy & Madaus, Adams had been employed as a gunsmith prior to secession by James Walsh of Richmond, a firearms and sporting goods dealer located at 60 Main Street in Richmond. The 1860 Census shows that T.J. Adams was a resident of the 1st Ward of Richmond in Henrico county, was aged 22 years and was employed as a gunsmith. He resided in a Boarding House owned and operated by Ellen Adams (age 42 and possibly his mother), and the other residents of the home included Mary, Julia C., and William C. Adams, aged 23, 20 and 17 respectively. It is likely that these were Thomas’ brother and sisters. Interestingly, his 17-year-old brother is listed as blacksmith. Other residents of the boarding house include J.C. Walsh (38) who was also a blacksmith, his wife Emma, and four Walsh children ages 5, 9, 11 and 12. Six other residents are also listed in the boarding house, including S. Gregory, a 21-year-old blacksmith, James Manders a 21-year-old clerk, William Lewis and Joseph Lumpkins (26 and 20 respectively) who were both listed as carpenters and Edward Gill, a 23-year-old merchant. From the interesting list of residents, it appears that most (if not all) were probably somehow working for, or in, the Walsh establishment. Examination of existing examples that conform to the Thomas Adams systems of alteration and assembly marking indicate that he performed this work to both Virginia Manufactory pistols as well as US Model 1836 contract pistols by R. Johnson and A. Waters that were acquired by Virginia under the Militia Act of 1808. It is likely that he also performed the alterations on some US Model 1819 contract pistols by Simeon North, as this was the other pattern of flintlock pistol that was delivered to Virginia in some quantity during the first half of the 19th century. A total of 6,907 pistols were received by the state between 1823 and 1848 under the Militia Act, of which it is generally believed that most of the 3,657 pistols delivered between 1823 and 1837 were of the M-1819 contract pattern with the balance of 3,250 being of the M-1836 pattern. To date only a handful of the estimated 570 +/- flintlock pistols altered by Thomas J. Adams have been identified and are known to survive today, making an Adams altered pistol an extremely scarce and desirable early war Confederate alteration.
Offered here is an about FINE condition example of a Thomas J. Adams Altered Confederate Cavalry Pistol. The alteration is performed on a US Model 1836 Flintlock Pistol, delivered as part of Robert Johnson’s contract with the US government. Johnson of Middletown, CT delivered 18,000 US M-1836 Pistols between 1836 and 1844 to Federal Government and it appears that approximately 3,250 US M-1836 pistols (likely a combination of both Johnson and Waters contract guns) were received by the state of Virginia in three groups between 1839 and 1848. The following deliveries of pistols are noted in the Virginia Adjutant General’s reports: 1,400 on October 4, 1839, 850 on August 27, 1841 and 1,000 on September 11, 1848. The pistol shows all of the hallmarks of an Adams alteration. It has the classic “three-faceted” bolster with the circular shadow of the rod used to hold it in place while it was brazed to the barrel. It has the classic, roughly made percussion hammer with crude cross-hatching on the spur. Additionally, it is marked with the large, crudely applied “Roman numeral” reassembly marks found on other altered arms attributed to Adams, and like many of them, shows a mixed set of marks, with the hammer assembly mark differing from the primary assembly mark. The interior of the lock plate and the breech plug are both crudely marked with the assembly mark XVI. However, the hammer is marked on the interior of its neck with what appears to be XIX, but is really + | +, as this same combination of marks, + | + is found on the bottom of the stock to the left side of the triggerguard, with the barrel pointed outward. Interestingly, the initials W E R are lightly scratched on the bottom of the stock on the opposite side of the triggerguard, and appear to have been scratched there a second time, forward of the first set of marks, but they are weak in that location. The lock of the pistol retains its original contract markings, consisting of four lines which read: US / R. JOHNSON / MIDDN CONN / 183”. The last number in the date on the lock is not visible, even under good magnification and appears to have never been struck at all. The upper left of the barrel breech is marked in two lines: TW / P, with the usual “US’ mark not visible above the inspection mark, and again appearing as if it was never struck. The “TW” is the mark of armory sub-inspector Thomas Warner. Warner’s script inspection cartouche appears on the flat opposite the lock, but it is worn and not completely legible. A much clearer second cartouche, a script HKC - the mark of accepting Ordnance Officer Henry Knox Craig, is present on the flat as well and remains quite legible.
As noted, the pistol remains in about FINE overall condition, especially since it had a service life that spanned the era of the Seminole Wars of the 1830s, the Mexican War of 1846-1848 and the American Civil War, having been altered to percussion by Adams during the first half of 1862. While the pistol is complete and correct today, it was missing four parts when it was first found. The trigger, trigger pin, mainspring and hammer screw were all missing from the pistol. They have all been replaced by original US M-1836 parts. Normally small parts like this, if original and of the period have no bearing on the condition or value of a gun as screws, lock parts and springs were often broken or damaged during the period of use, necessitating repairs. The only difference is that I know these parts were replaced recently, and not during the period of use. This is disclosed in an effort to accurately describe the pistol. If I did not mention it, it is unlikely that anyone would know that these original parts were not original to the gun. The balance of the parts all appear to be original to the period of use. The pistol remains quite well marked throughout, with only the sub-inspection cartouche being particularly difficult to read. The .54 caliber 8.5” long, round, smoothbore barrel has a lovely, uncleaned brown patina over all of the exposed surfaces and the iron furniture has a similar matching patina. The barrel is mostly smooth, showing only some light to moderate pinpricking around the breech and bolster area and at the muzzle. The balance of the barrel shows only some lightly scattered pinpricking and scattered light surface oxidation. There appear to be some minor traces of old gold paint in the nooks and crannies of the barrel, suggesting that this gun may have spent time on the wall of a G.A.R. Hall as part of their display of captured southern arms. The bore of the pistol is dark and somewhat dirty, showing light to moderate pitting along most of its length. The lock has the same slick, brown oxidized patina as the balance of the pistol and remains in fine mechanical condition, functioning exactly as it should on all positions. The swivel ramrod in the channel under the barrel appears original to the pistol and shows good age, but small receptacle at the end of the rod that was threaded to accept cleaning implements is broken off the rod and missing. The button head and swivel mechanism remain intact and the rod functions smoothly, although with the female threaded cup missing from the end of the rod, it can now be removed from the swivel mount with no effort at all. The stock of the pistol rates about FINE as well and remains very crisp throughout, with good lines and edges. The stock appears uncleaned and un-sanded and has a lovely burnished patina like a well-used banister. The stock shows the usual assortment of scattered bumps, dings and mars from service and use, but no real abuse. There is a small chip of wood missing at the lower rear edge of the lock mortise, and some minor wood loss on the reverse at the trigger pin hole. A couple of very minor surface grain cracks are present as well, but nothing serious or structural. The stock remains solid and complete with no breaks, repairs or structural cracks noted.
Overall this is a very crisp and attractive example of a scarce Confederate Used US M-1836 Pistol -Altered by Thomas Adams of Richmond. According to the information in Confederate Rifles & Muskets by Murphy & Madaus, only five examples of Adams altered US M-1836 pistols were known at the time the book was written. While it is likely that at least a few more examples have surfaced since the book was published in 1996, it is reasonable to assume that somewhere between 10 and 15 survive today and certainly less than 20. With only about 570 of these pistols being altered by Adams during the first half of 1862 and considering the rather paltry survival rate of Confederate made and altered arms, it is not likely that any more of these pistol (which were completely obsolete when the war started) would have survived to after the war in the cartridge era. For any serious collector of southern-made and altered arms, this is one of those “must have” items. It is an identifiable alteration from a Richmond gunsmith who only altered a few hundred pistols, and it is a great example of how necessity forced the Confederacy to waste time, money and resources to alter thoroughly obsolete single shot flintlock pistols to percussion in an attempt to arm its cavalry early in the war. This gun would be a great addition to any Confederate arms collection or display, particularly one that centers on Confederate alterations, Richmond made and altered arms or Confederate cavalry arms. Don’t miss your chance to own such a fine example of a scarce Confederate altered pistol, for the price of a mid-grade Colt revolver! A diligent researcher may eventually be able to mate the initials carved on this pistol with those of a Virginia cavalryman who was issued an altered single shot pistol, allowing the owner to fully identify this rare, Confederate altered pistol to a specific soldier.
Tags: Confederate, Altered, M, 1836, Pistol, by, Adams, of, Richmond
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Who hasn’t heard the statement that ‘if you train with treats (like in positive reinforcement), your horse doesn’t respect you, he will do it only for the food and not for you’. This is an interesting myth to debunk because there is so much to it.
‘Training with treats’
Not everyone who ‘trains with treats’ is using a marker or bridge signal (a click) or understands the importance of the timing of the food delivery.
The click indicates two things: it pinpoints the exact desired behaviour and it announces an appetitive.
If a trainer is not using a bridge/marker signal when rewarding the horse with food it can lead to confusion (Why did I get this? Was it random? Can I influence it?) and even frustration in the horse (Why is there no food today? I expect food now). This can cause the horse to become very focused on the food, instead of the marker and the desired behaviour to display. This can cause all kinds of undesired or even dangerous behaviours.
When a horse doesn’t understand that he must pay attention to the marker and the associated behaviour in order to increase the likelihood of a click, he can display behaviours that he thinks influences the appearance of a food reward. Often that’s behaviour that occurred during or just happened a few seconds before the food was offered: sniffing the pockets of the trainer, stepping towards the handler (the food) or other -in our eyes- undesired or ‘disrespectful’ behaviour. This is caused by miscommunication or lack of knowledge or experience of the trainer and not ‘just a result of working with food rewards’.
What is ‘respect’?
This leads us to the next question: what is respect and can a horse display respect to another species? Or is what we call ‘respectful’ behaviour just something else?
Simple Definition of respect
a feeling of admiring someone or something that is good, valuable, important, etc.
a feeling or understanding that someone or something is important, serious, etc., and should be treated in an appropriate way
a particular way of thinking about or looking at something
I think we should scrap the word ‘respect’ out of our vocabulary when we talk about the horse-human relationship. We, humans, can still respect the horse, but we have no way of knowing if ‘the horse feels admiration’ for us when he looks at us.
What behaviours do we expect when we are talking about the horse must’ respect’ us? We all know we can’t force respect, but why do so many trainers behave like they can?
Here are some ‘respectful’ behaviours:
- the horse doesn’t step into our personal cirkel, unless invited
- the horse respectfully follows all our cues
- takes treats carefully/respectful from our hands (doesn’t grab the food)
- waits ‘politely’ until the food is offered (doesn’t mug us)
- stands when mounted or groomed
- et cetera
I think these behaviours can all be taught and are often more the result of training or a learning process in the horse than ‘a feeling or understanding [from the horse] that someone or something is important, serious, etc., and should be treated in an appropriate way’.
If the horse is not behaving ‘respectful’ that is also the result of the learning curve in the horse. He simply has learned that stepping into your ‘personal circle’ or sniffing your pockets results in something he values (a scratching pole, getting attention, a pet or a treat).
The horse only works for the food, not for you
In the next episode of Myth Monday I will debunk the part of the myth that in clicker training it is only the food that motivates the horse. Stay tuned!
What myths about clicker training/ positive reinforcement have you heard?
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Find out how and why the Earth’s climate is changing as Paris hosts a major summit at which a comprehensive global response is being fashioned.
1. What is the problem?
The world is getting warmer
The average temperature of the Earth’s surface has increased by about 0.85°C (1.4F) in the last 100 years. Thirteen of the 14 warmest years were recorded in the 21st Century, with 2015 on course to set another record.
How years compare with the 20th Century average
2. Why is this happening?
Greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide
Scientists believe that gases released from industry and agriculture (known as emissions) are adding to the natural greenhouse effect, the way the Earth’s atmosphere traps some of the energy from the Sun.
Human activities such as burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are increasing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas…
View original post 419 more words
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Outdoor learning offers educators the opportunity for contextualized child development to expand classroom-based practices. Researchers underline that outdoor activities contribute to effective curriculum delivery, as well as inherent educational value. In the UK, the promotion of outdoor learning is given significant attention. In particular, the national curriculum prescribes teaching students “take part in outdoor and adventurous activity challenges both individually and within a team”. The country also has a number of key policies to promote outdoor learning in the early years setting. One of the most common is the Early Years Foundation Stage (YEFS), which obliges educational institutions to offer both indoor and outdoor learning spaces. There are also other projects that specifically focus on the development and implementation of appropriate teaching practices within outdoor learning in the UK, including the Natural Connections Demonstration Project, Defra 25-Year Plan, and Ofsted: Learning Outside The Classroom. Thus, the early education setting in the UK currently offers children extensive opportunities to explore the outdoor environment through learning activities.
Adults, including teachers and family, play a significant role in outdoor learning. First of all, it is necessary to create a safe environment for children, which at the same time encourages exploration. Another priority is the effective integration of outdoor activities into the curriculum to expand educational opportunities. In this regard, a special role is played by professional educators who can effectively use the environmental elements to develop key skills in the early years setting. Finally, adults perform an important function of teaching children to communicate with nature and realize themselves as part of the environment. Gray underlines that “children should be provided with an opportunity to develop a sense of awe, delight and connection with nature”. Thus, adults act as creators of appropriate outdoor space and guides for interacting with it to maximize learning outcomes.
Outdoor learning has both advantages and barriers, which should be considered. First of all, outdoor activities promote research and allow children to learn more about nature. Additionally, outdoor learning contributes more to the visual physical development of children. It is also important that these activities allow you to integrate a large collaboration with peers, developing the communication skills of children. Researchers note that the main barrier to effective outdoor learning is parents’ and educators’ attitudes. Thus, it is necessary to expand the awareness of adults about the possibilities of outdoor learning and their integration into the early years education setting. Among other significant barriers, it is also necessary to highlight the possible shortcomings of curriculum and infrastructure design.
The natural environment plays a key role in the effectiveness of outdoor learning. First of all, outdoor activities allow children to participate more in physical activity, which is good for their health. A more informal environment promotes research skills and independent exploration. Additionally, interaction with peers and adults in an outdoor setting helps develop communication skills.
Finally, the natural environment offers the opportunity to explore the role of the environment in human life, expanding the horizons of children’s knowledge.
James J.K, Williams, T. School-based experiential outdoor education: a neglected necessity. Journal of Experiential Education. 2017;40(1):58-71.
Merewether J. Making the outdoors visible in pedagogical documentation. In: Fleet A, Patterson C, Robertson, J, editors. Pedagogical documentation in Early Years practice: seeing through multiple perspectives. London: SAGE; 2017. p. 131-145.
Harvey M, Rankine K, Jensen R. Outdoor learning hubs [Internet]. West Lothian Council; 2017. Web.
Quibbell T, Charlton J, Law J. Wilderness schooling: a controlled trial of the impact of an outdoor education programme on attainment outcomes in primary school pupils. British Educational Research Journal. 2017;43(3):572-587.
Department for Education. The national curriculum in England [Internet]. Department for Education; 2013. Web.
Department for Education. Statutory framework for the early years foundation stage [Internet]. Department for Education; 2021. Web.
Natural England. Natural Connections Demonstration Project, 2012- 2016: final report [Internet]. Natural England; 2016. Web.
HM Government. A green future: Our 25 Year Plan to improve the environment [Internet]. HM Government; 2018. Web.
Ofsted. Learning outside the classroom [Internet]. Ofsted; 2008. Web.
Wickett K, Huggins V. Very young children learning outdoors: its place in the schooling system. In: Waite, S, editor. Children learning outside the classroom from birth to eleven. London: SAGE; 2017. pp 2-3.
Wishart L, Rouse E. Pedagogies of outdoor spaces: an early childhood educator professional learning journey. Early Child Development and Care. 2018;189(14):2284-2298.
Gray T. Outdoor learning: not new, just newly important. Curriculum Perspectives. 2018;38:145–149.
Oberle E et al. Support factors and barriers for outdoor learning in elementary schools: a systemic perspective. American Journal of Health Education. 2021;52(5):251-265.
Bilton H, Bento G, Dias G. Taking the first steps outside. Under threes learning and developing in the natural environment. Abingdon: Routledge; 2017.
Bilton H. Values stop play? Teachers’ attitudes to the early years outdoor environment. Early Child Development and Care. 2020;190(1):12-20.
Grupo de niños en viaje de camping al aire libre aprender a hacer fuego [Internet]. Envato Elements. 2022. Web.
Burgess L. The Thin Green Line – Why Outdoor Learning May Have More Positives Than You Think [Internet]. Teachwire. 2022. Web.
Should Outdoor Learning in Schools be Compulsory? [Internet]. outlearn. 2022. Web.
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Eating healthy doesn't mean that you have to scrap all of your favorite foods and start eating only fruits and veggies. That's the idea most of us have when we think of "healthy foods," and what has kept us away from changing the way we eat. Eating healthier can be quite simple and not doesn't have to be fruits and veggies only. Simply changing the way we prepare our favorite foods can make a big difference. The following are some tips on how you can go from unhealthy to healthy with minor changes.
Sounds scary, doesn't it? Really it's not. The easiest way to get used to a healthy version of food and/or beverages is to gradually add it to your diet. For example, instead of making a sudden switch from whole milk to low fat or skim milk (because if you suddenly make the switch, your taste buds are going to scream, "Ewww!"), try making a gradual switch. Buy a half gallon of whole milk and a half gallon of 2% milk, pouring yourself a glass of 1/2 whole milk and 1/2 2%. Little by little, add more 2% until you're drinking completely 2% milk. Then start the process again with 2% and skim milk. Before long, you will be drinking purely skim milk. See? That's wasn't so bad. This will work with anything, including butter, sweeteners, cheeses, cream cheese, etc. Just eat less and less until the food or beverage you're trying to cut out is gone.
Spice It Up
Another misconception is there is no way to get delicious flavors in our meals unless we use fat, butter, and/or sugar. This is where spices and low-calorie condiments come into play. Spices increase the flavor of foods with no effect on nutrition, especially when you use more than just salt and pepper. If you already use spices, consider expanding your spice choice or use several spices in a dish. Spices can make a big difference, taking bland to flavorful, and trying different spices can be fun! A few suggestions in getting you started are: cinnamon, nutmeg, cumin, crushed red peppers, oregano, garlic salt or powder; and lemon juice.
Take Your Time
Some people can completely and permanently remove foods or condiments from their diet overnight, but most of us seem to rebel, which makes eliminating = we crave unhealthy foods more than ever. For us normal folk who can't eliminate overnight, our tastes and habits do not change quickly, but to successfully stick to a change in our diet, we have to change our tastes and habits. Experts state over and over that it takes at least 3 weeks for a new behavior to become a habit. So cut yourself some slack, take your time, and keep trying. You will find that after some time, your new healthy habits will become second nature.
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An illustration of the asteroid 24 Themis along with two small fragments that orbit with it. One of the small fragments is inert (as most asteroids are) and the other has a comet-like tail, produced by the sublimation of water ice from its surface. Scientists announced the first discovery of water ice on 24 Themis. Full Story.
Credit: Gabriel Pérez, Servicio MultiMedia, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Water ice has been found on the surface of a nearby asteroid for the first time ? a discovery that could help explain how Earth got its oceans, scientists announced Wednesday.
Two teams of researchers independently verified that the asteroid 24 Themis ? a large rock hurtling through space in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter ? is coated in a layer of frost.
They also found that the asteroid contains organic material, including some molecules that might be ingredients for life. But scientists have not found any evidence for life itself on this asteroid, or anywhere else in the universe beyond Earth.
While comets, which have characteristic tails and generally orbit farther out in the solar system, are known to have water, asteroids in that region were thought to be too close to the sun to contain water on the surface without it evaporating away. The largest asteroid in the solar system, Ceres, is thought to harbor a vast amount of frozen water, but scientists suspect all of it is buried beneath a rocky, dusty surface.
But in this new study, researchers found concrete proof of water ice on the surface of 24 Themis by measuring the specific characteristics of sunlight bouncing off the surface of the asteroid. They saw the tell-tale signatures of H2O coating most of the surface of the 123-mile (198-km) wide rock.
"This is the first time we've actually seen ice ? literally H20 ? on an asteroid," said one of the study leaders, Andrew Rivkin of Johns Hopkins University.
Previously, hints that water might be present on 24 Themis were found in the form of hydrated minerals, which were thought to have formed from the reaction of water with rock. But this time the researchers saw the direct signature of water itself, he explained.
Another science team, led by Humberto Campins of University of Central Florida, found the same thing. Both teams used the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility atop on Mauna Kea in Hawaii to make their observations, but conducted them on different nights.
"Our work and their work are very nicely confirming and complementary," Campins said.
Campins' team timed their observations so that they caught the asteroid at different points in its rotation, and combined these data to create a rough surface map, showing that not only is ice present on 24 Themis, but it coats much of the surface on all sides.
"To our surprise there was water ice, there were organic molecules, and they were more or less evenly distributed throughout the surface," Campins told SPACE.com. "We thought that was fascinating."
Both teams reported their findings in the April 29 issue of the journal Nature.
Another researcher ? Henry Hsieh of Queen?s University Belfast in the U.K., who was uninvolved in either study ? noted surprise at the extent of ice coverage on the asteroid.
"The average temperatures of asteroids (about 150?200 Kelvin) at this distance from the sun should cause surface ice to sublimate away in a matter of a few years or less, which is inconsistent with the billions of years that Themis is thought to have spent at its current location," he wrote in an accompanying essay in the same issue of Nature.
The discovery might even provide clues about the origin of water on Earth.
Earth has had a violent history, having been bombarded with space rocks throughout much of its life. In particular, a large rock was thought to have crashed into Earth some 4.5 billion years ago, knocking off a chunk that became our moon. This collision would have heated things up so much, any water that was on Earth at that point was vaporized. So how did the oceans arrive?
Some scientists have suggested that most of it arrived via other asteroids that crashed into Earth later in smaller collisions. But for that idea to hold weight, asteroids would have to carry water. Comets aren?t a good possibility for this scenario because the water they hold tends to be of a slightly different nature, with atoms in a different configuration, or isotope, than most of the water on Earth.
Though the recent measurements can't tell anything about the isotope ratio of the water on 24 Themis, the fact that there is water there at all is an encouraging sign.
"Our data are certainly at least consistent with the idea that you could bring in plenty of water form impacts," Rivkin said.
If it sounds surprising that the vastness of Earth's oceans built up from deposits of water by asteroids, Rivkin said it isn't that crazy an idea.
"We know that the rate of [asteroid] impacts was very high," he told SPACE.com. "If each impactor, each asteroid, were 20 to 30 percent water by weight, then that could potentially add up."
- Images ? Asteroids in Space
- Top 10 Extreme Planet Facts
- Search for Water on Other Planets Leaps Forward
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Grade level: 3rd – 4th grades
Skills: Bar graphs
Related environmental issues: Climate change
The United States along with most of the countries in the world depends on fossil fuels to meet energy needs. Power plants burn fossil fuels to produce electricty. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and it became the main cause of the climate change. The bar graph below shows the 10 states that release the largest amount of carbon dioxide through burning fossil fuels in the United States.
- Which state releases the largest amount of carbon dioxide in the United States?
- Which state releases as much carbon dioxide as Ohio?
- How many states releases more carbon dioxide than New York?
- How many states releases more than 200 but less than 300 million metric tons carbon dioxide?
- Texas releases ____times more carbon dioxide than Florida. a) 2 b) 3 c) 4
3. 8 states
4. 4 states
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Where was Leon born?
2. Why did the Leysons not have to face deportation?
(a) Their wealth.
(b) Their social status.
(c) Chanah's work permit.
(d) Moshe's work permit.
3. When did Leon's mother light the Shabbat candles?
(a) On Sunday mornings.
(b) On Tuesday afternoons.
(c) On Friday evenings.
(d) On Saturday evenings.
4. Who were the Gestapo?
(a) Regional Nazi administrators.
(b) The German secret police.
(c) Polish security guards.
(d) Local Polish politicians.
5. In Chapter 1, which of the following had the most influence in Leon's daily life?
Short Answer Questions
1. Which trait did Leon share with his new friends in Krakow in Chapter 2?
2. How did Leon's mother, Chanah, obtain food for her family after Moshe was taken away?
3. What kind of school did Leon attend?
4. Why did Hershel's family, his parents and siblings, not see him much when they lived in Krakow?
5. How many synagogues were located in Krakow when Leon moved there?
Short Essay Questions
1. After reading the prologue, what difficulties do you predict that Leon Leyson, the author and narrator, might face?
2. Why might Leon have made negative comments about Miriam to Tsalig in Chapter 5?
3. Which details in Chapter 1 reflect the fun and carefree aspects of Leon's childhood?
4. In Chapter 1, in what ways is it apparent that religion played a central role in Leon Leyson's life?
5. What does it say about Tsalig in Chapter 5 that he refuses to get off the train to deport him because Miriam cannot also go with Schindler?
6. In Chapter 3, what does it indicate about Leon that he chases down and confronts one of the the Gestapo who beat up his father, asking where they had taken him?
7. In Chapter 5, what did Mr. Luftig's pipe collection symbolize to him?
8. In Chapter 2, why might Leon have felt more nervous excitement than fear while his family and community made emergency plans and preparations for the possibility of war?
9. In Chapter 1, like many other Jews in Narewka, how was Leon treated during Holy Week?
10. In Chapter 2, why might Leon's parents have downplayed the severity of events that were happening, particularly those against Jewish people?
This section contains 941 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
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Researchers map the immunology of the gut in children with IBD
Researchers from Karolinska Institutet and Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital have mapped the immune system in the gut of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results, which were published in Cell Reports Medicine, can be used to design more targeted therapies.
Today, we know relatively little about how the immune system functions in children with IBD and how this differs from adults. About 40 percent of patients, including both children and adults, do not respond to the treatments that are currently available. It is therefore very important to identify biomarkers that can both predict treatment response and help identify new treatment methods.
Understand what happens in the gut
“There is still no cure for inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, only symptomatic treatment,” says Jenny Mjösberg, professor of tissue immunology at the Department of Medicine (Huddinge) at Karolinska Institutet. “IBD often first appears in early adulthood, sometimes in childhood. This study is a response to a clinical need to understand why the disease occurs and what happens in the gut in children with IBD.”
Jenny Mjösberg has worked in close collaboration with colleagues at Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital and Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden to study the intestines of 25 children and eight adults with IBD, as well as ten children and eight adults without IBD. Researchers used flow cytometry and sophisticated single-cell technology, two relatively new techniques that enable the analysis of immune cells from the colon even on small biopsy samples.
Fewer tissue-protective immune cells
The researchers found that pro-inflammatory cell types, such as innate lymphoid cells type 1 (ILC1) and cytotoxic cells, such as T cells and NK cells, were found to a greater extent in children with intestinal inflammation. But they also found that a particular subtype of protective cells – type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) – and tissue-resident T cells were present to a lesser degree in the intestinal mucosa of children with IBD.
“Inflammation seems to be linked not only to aggressive cells that drive inflammation, but also to the loss of function in the cells that help maintain a healthy gut,” says Mjösberg. “The treatments that are currently available only aim to suppress inflammation, but it can be just as important to strengthen the tissue-protecting component.”
Children and young people with IBD are also a valuable group to study. They are easier to catch as they just presented with symptoms and thus have not undergone any form of treatment. In addition, they are usually otherwise healthy, are non-smokers and rarely have other confounding health factors. The hope is that the results from this study can be a piece of the puzzle in the development of new treatments.
Individually tailored treatments
“Collaborating on this type of basic clinical research is tremendously important,” says Helena Rolandsdotter, senior consultant at Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital and researcher at the Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, at Karolinska Institutet. “Our knowledge of biologic drugs and why they work or don't work is still rather poor. Biomarkers are therefore very important. In the long run, we hope to see more individually tailored treatments. This study is a step in that direction.”
The study was financed by, among others, the European Research Council (ERC starting grant), the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO), The Swedish Research Council, The Swedish Cancer Foundation, The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, and the Finnish Pediatric Research Foundation. The authors declare no competing interests.
“The single-cell transcriptional landscape of innate and adaptive lymphocytes in pediatric-onset colitis”, Efthymia Kokkinou, Tea Soini, Ram Vinay Pandey, Aline van Acker, Jakob Theorell, Paulo Czarnewski, Egle Kvedaraite, Niels Vandamme, Magda Lourda, Chiara Sorini, Whitney Weigel, Anna Carrasco, Christopher Andrew Tibbitt, Heinrich Schlums, Ulrik Lindforss, Caroline Nordenvall, Malin Ljunggren, Maja Ideström, Mattias Svensson, Jan-Inge Henter Eduardo J. Villablanca, Yenan T. Bryceson, Helena Rolandsdotter, Jenny Mjösberg, Cell Reports Medicine, online 8 May 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101038.
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The Marquis De Sade (1740 – 1814)
The word “sadism”, referring to sexual perversion involving the infliction of pain, is derived from the name of Donatien-Alphonse-Francois de Sade. He was a French author who, because of his remarkably scandalous life, spent more than 27 years in prison. Most of his works, still considered obscene and unpublishable, were written during his prison years. They include Justine, (published in 1791), Juliette (1798), The 120 Days of Sodom (written in 1785 but not discovered until 1904), Aline and Valcour (1795), Philosophy in the Boudoir (1795), and Crimes of Love (1800). Later writers saw in him an example of the eternal rebel.
Sade was born in June 2, 1740, in Paris. He pursued a military career as a youth during the Seven Years’ War (1756-63). He then married, but at the same time began living the scandal-ridden life of a libertine. He was soon convicted of acts of debauchery and sent to prison. Although he was sentenced to death in 1772, he was given a reprieve, after which he fled briefly to Italy. No sooner had he returned to Paris in 1777 than he was again arrested, largely due to the insistence of his mother-in-law. He was imprisoned at Vincennes, in the Bastille in Paris, and finally in the insane asylum at Charenton. From 1790 to 1801 he was free and living in Paris, where he offered several plays to the Comedie-Francaise. In 1801 he was arrested for having written Justine. In 1803 he was confined again to Charenton and remained there until his death on December 2, 1814. Twenty years after his death, Sade’s body was exhumed by Phrenologists (enthusiasts of a new science that believed personality traits could be determined by the shape of a person’s skull). They found Sade’s skull to be that of “a perfect human specimen…similar in all points to that of a Father of a church.” The most prominent characteristics of Sade’s skull were benevolence and religious faith.
– Columbia University Press and A&E Biography.
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Jackson Square Park
One of New York City’s oldest parks, Jackson Square Park has a long and rather obscure history. The triangular shape of the park is a result of the diagonal route of Greenwich Avenue, the oldest known road in Greenwich Village. Greenwich Avenue originated as an Indian trail and was called the Strand Road by Dutch colonists. Forming the other two sides of the triangle, Eighth Avenue and Horatio Street date to 1811, when the New York legislature approved the Manhattan street grid, known as the Commissioner’s Plan. This triangular parcel at Greenwich Avenue, Eighth Avenue, and Horatio Street appears without a name on the Commissioner’s Plan.
When and why the site came to be called Jackson Square is unclear. Most likely it was named after Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), the seventh President of the United States. Born at Waxhaw Settlement, on the border of North and South Carolina, Jackson was elected to Congress in 1796 and served in the War of 1812. “Old Hickory”, as he was known, emerged as a national hero who was very popular with the leaders of Tammany Hall, New York’s most influential Democratic organization. With Tammany’s support, Jackson won the presidential elections of 1828 and 1832. On October 30, 1832, a hickory tree was planted in front of Tammany Hall, and its roots were nourished with the contents of a barrel of beer.
In 1858 the Mozart Hall Democratic faction split off from Tammany, when Mozart candidate Fernando Wood was elected Mayor of New York. Between 1859 and 1863, members of the Mozart Hall organization held their gatherings at Jackson Hall, a building that formerly stood at 2 Horatio Street on the corner of Greenwich Avenue. The building was one of dozens that faced onto the triangular parcel of open space now - and perhaps then - known as Jackson Square.
The city acquired the land in 1826. The earliest known reference to Jackson Square appears in the Second Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Department of Parks in 1872. According to the report, Jackson Square was one of twenty-nine properties mapped and improved as parkland by the City. At Jackson Square, the following improvements were made by May 1872: “5,900 square feet walks graded/103 cubic yards masonry in foundations/460 lineal feet railing/462 lineal feet coping/6 lamp-posts furnished and set.”
In 1887, Mayor Abram S. Hewitt promoted a citywide effort to improve public access to the parks and squares that were entirely enclosed by iron fencing. Parks superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr. and consulting architect Calvert Vaux collaborated on a new design for Jackson Square. In an 1892 article for Scribner’s Magazine, Parsons described the central area as “a great bouquet of brilliant flowers and leaves.” He noted proudly, “The neighborhood of this park is respectable but populous, and it is wonderful on a warm evening to see the dense masses of people that crowd the park benches and smooth asphalt walks.”
In 1913, Parks gardeners planted a new school garden plot at Jackson Square and left its upkeep to the “little farmers” in the neighborhood. The park underwent renovations in the 1930s, when seventeen pin oaks were planted on the perimeter, the shower basin was replaced by a new wading pool, and new benches were installed. The park remained substantially unchanged for over fifty years, until a capital reconstruction project was completed in 1990. It included planting new greenery and restoring the historic iron fencing and benches. The centerpiece, a new cast-iron fountain with planters and a granite base, evokes the 19th-century origins of Jackson Square Park.
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Scientists say just three rows of trees around chicken houses can reduce dust, ammonia and smells. Transcript of radio broadcast:
the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
trees around poultry farms can improve air and water quality -- and please the
noses of neighbors.
Scientists have shown that just three rows of trees near
poultry houses can reduce the release of dust and ammonia. Trees can also
reduce the strong odor of ammonia gas.
trees capture dust, ammonia and odors in their leaves. They can also reduce
energy use. They provide shade from the sun, reducing cooling costs in summer.
And they act as a windbreak, reducing heating costs in winter.
Scientists say the trees can also
improve water quality around farms by removing pollutants from soil and
years ago, in the eastern United States, people were objecting to the odor of
poultry farms on the Delmarva Peninsula. Delmarva is where the states of
Delaware, Maryland and Virginia come together. Each of the two thousand farms
there can house an average of seventy-five thousand chickens.
the farms used windows to provide fresh air in the chicken houses. Farmers
rarely planted trees or tall crops around the buildings, so there would be no
barrier to the airflow.
But then farms began to use new
ventilation systems. Instead of windows, the new systems used tunnel fans to
circulate air. The fans directed airflow from the poultry houses toward the
homes of neighbors.
A team led by George Malone at the
University of Delaware began dealing with the problem in the year two thousand.
The team recently presented a report at the national meeting of the American
Chemical Society in Washington, D.C.
Over a period of six years, the
scientists found that planting three rows of trees reduced total dust and
ammonia by more than half. And they say the trees reduced odors by eighteen
For the first row nearest the fans, they
generally suggest using trees that lose their leaves in the fall or trees with
waxy leaf surfaces. They suggest evergreen trees for the other two rows. Some
trees work better than others. And what works in one area of the country may
not work as well in other places.
may think trees will take too long to grow to be effective. But some trees can
grow as fast as three meters a year.
Today, one-third of the Delmarva farms
have planted trees, technically known as vegetative environmental buffers.
These buffers can offer a way to cut pollution, save money and make the
that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson.
I'm Jim Tedder.
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Zika Virus Information
With the increasing concern over the domestic spread of Zika in the US, we have been getting many questions regarding the virus and what impact it may have on our area. At Cooper Pest Solutions, you can be assured that we are staying up-to-date on all the latest research on Zika, as well as informing our residents on what they can expect on the virus’ effect for our area.
History of Zika
Contrary to what you may suspect, the Zika virus, which has taken the media by storm, has been around since 1947. The virus that was first discovered in a rhesus monkey was named after the Zika Forest in Uganda and had its first human case in 1952. Since then, there have been outbreaks in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands and the Americas.
Since its rapid spread over the last year, Zika has become a focal point in the media, especially with the 2016 summer Olympics being held in Brazil. From Brazil, Zika had been linked to several countries in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. After only eight months from the discovery of Zika in Brazil, the country had over 30,000 cases of Zika causing widespread concern for neighboring countries and travelers looking to visit infected countries.
By January 2016, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) issued travel guidelines for travelers who were venturing to affected countries, including recommendations for pregnant women and women planning on becoming pregnant, to consider postponing travel to the Zika confirmed countries.
Although during the time following the cases in the Americas, the United States had not confirmed any cases that were domestically transmitted by mosquitoes. There were confirmed cases of Zika in the US, but they were contracted from travel to affected areas or transmitted from an individual to an uninfected individual through sexual relationships or contact with infected body fluids.
What is Zika?
Zika is a mosquito-borne illness found in Aedes aegypti, commonly referred to as the Yellow Fever mosquito. It is primarily transmitted by mosquito bites, but it may also be transmitted through sex and blood transfusions, although blood transfusions haven’t been confirmed yet.
Pregnant women who are infected with the virus can spread it to their fetus during pregnancy and Zika has been linked to the birth deformity microcephaly, as well as other severe brain defects. It is recommended by the CDC that pregnant women, or partners looking to get pregnant, avoid travel to Zika confirmed locations.
Symptoms of Zika and Treatments
Many people infected with Zika may not have any symptoms of the virus, or they may be mild. Common symptoms are:
- Joint pain
- Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
- Muscle pain
Symptoms may last anywhere from several days to a week and usually aren’t severe enough for a hospital visit. If you have recently traveled to a confirmed Zika area, your doctor can conduct a blood test to check for Zika. If you are confirmed to have Zika, you are likely to be protected from future infections.
There are currently no medications or vaccines available to combat Zika, so if you become infected, you should follow the CDC’s treatment recommendations:
- Treat the symptoms.
- Get plenty of rest.
- Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.
- Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or paracetamol to reduce fever and pain.
- Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding.
- If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
How Will Domestic Transmission of Zika Impact the United States?
Up until July 2016, the confirmed cases of Zika in the US had strictly been travel-acquired, and then subsequently spread from one person to the next. However, the threat of the spread of Zika in the States has dramatically increased with the transmission of the virus in mosquitoes found in Texas.
Now with transmission occurring by mosquitoes within the US, the potential for more rapid spread has increased. Currently, transmission of the virus has been limited to Aedes aegypti, which has a very limited range in the US, occurring only in the most Southern states. It will be very interesting to see what happens in the Southern states over the next few weeks and through the remainder of the summer.
Although the Zika has only been spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, there are concerns that a closely-related species, the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), which is more widely distributed throughout the country and is found in the Northeast, could also serve as a vector of Zika virus.
What Could Potentially Happen if the Asian Tiger Mosquito Can Transmit Zika?
The Asian tiger mosquito is part of the same genus as the Aedes Aegypti, the carrier of the Zika virus, and both species are considered a “backyard” mosquito since they rarely travel more than 500 feet from their breeding sources.
As of right now, the Northeast is not in imminent danger of Zika being spread by local mosquitoes. All the confirmed cases have been spread by Aedes aegypti.
If the Asian tiger mosquito were to begin transmitting the pathogen that causes Zika virus, the potential for more rapid transmission would exist. The fear is that the Asian tiger mosquito could feed on infected individuals and then transmit the disease, and since the mosquito is more widely distributed in the US, it could lead to mosquito-based transmission outside of the areas where Aedes aegypti occurs.
What Can I Do to Prevent Contracting Zika?
There are some ways to protect you and your family from contracting Zika. If you live or are traveling to a Zika area, follow CDC’s guidelines for protecting yourself from mosquitoes.
- Always use EPA-registered insect repellent, preferably DEET-based.
- Wear long-sleeve shirts and pants.
- Stay in places where there is air conditioning or has screenings on windows and doors.
- Reduce mosquito breeding grounds around your home by removing standing water.
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Gaining Foundation Skills for Learning and Teaching/GFS Course Glossary
This page contains a glossary of words used in this course that has been developed through the suggestions of the course participants.
–noun, plural -gies.
- the function or work of a teacher; teaching.
- the art or science of teaching; education; instructional methods.
online. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved March 08, 2009, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/online
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Figure 34.11 Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false?
- Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach.
- Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine.
- In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
- The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.
Figure 34.12 Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false?
- Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food.
- The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi.
- Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels.
- The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.
Figure 34.19 Which of the following statements about digestive processes is true?
- Amylase, maltase, and lactase in the mouth digest carbohydrates.
- Trypsin and lipase in the stomach digest protein.
- Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine.
- No food is absorbed until the small intestine.
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To boost Lake Okeechobee water levels, the South Florida Water Management… (By Mark Randall )
More polluted water could get dumped into Lake Okeechobee to boost South Florida water supplies under a new proposal to roll back restrictions on "back-pumping."
Five years ago, state water managers rebuffed Big Sugar and stopped the controversial practice of redirecting stormwater that drains off South Florida farmland to store it in the lake — while also washing in pollutants from farming.
But now, with the strain of competing Lake Okeechobee water supply needs growing, the South Florida Water Management District is considering a return to back-pumping to help store more water in the lake that serves as the region's backup water supply.
Supporters of back-pumping say the farmland stormwater runoff that would be pumped back into the lake would make more lake water available for agricultural and environmental needs alike. They say more water in the lake would enable sending more freshwater to the West Coast to help the parched Caloosahatchee River during dry times, without threatening to sap lake water needed to irrigate South Florida farms.
"It's to prevent the taffy pull, the tug of war between the Caloosahatchee and the [agricultural] lake users for the last drop of lake water," said Barbara Miedema, vice president of the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. "We support back-pumping as a water management tool."
But environmental advocates contend that the phosphorus-laden water that flows off sugar cane fields is supposed to be cleaned up and sent south to the Everglades, not pumped back north into Lake Okeechobee.
The potential damage to wildlife and water quality from dumping more polluted water into Lake Okeechobee wouldn't be worth a slight boost in water supply, environmental groups say.
"They are sort of justifying pollution" Jon Ullman, of the Sierra Club, said about the back-pumping proposal. "Pumping polluted water into the lake … is not a good practice."
Phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrient-rich pollutants that wash in with back-pumped water as a result of farming could lead to a dead zone in the lake, resulting in algae blooms and low oxygen levels that kill fish, aquatic insects and disrupt other aspects of the lake's food chain.
South Florida agricultural representatives say that improved farming practices have reduced the amount of pollution that flows off their land, but environmental advocates contend that it still does not meet water-quality standards.
Environmental concerns persuaded the water district board in 2007 to stop back-pumping for water supply needs, but leadership of the agency changed after Gov. Rick Scott was elected in 2010.
Now district officials say it's worth considering a watered-down version of back-pumping in the hopes of finding a way to stretch lake water supplies. It would send less water back into the lake than before and that water wouldn't be as polluted as in the past, according to the district.
The goal is to help the Caloosahatchee "without impacting surrounding ecosystems or water supply for current users," district spokesman Gabe Margasak said Monday. In August, the proposal goes before the district's nine-member board, appointed by the governor.
"Any time we move water around, there is always concern," said Joe Collins, chairman of the district board. "The Caloosahatchee estuary needs additional fresh water ... this is at least one option."
Lake Okeechobee's water once naturally overlapped its southern banks and flowed south to replenish the Everglades.
But decades of farming and development led to levees and drainage canals that corralled the lake and turned it into South Florida's primary backup water supply — tapped to irrigate farmland and restock community drinking water supplies.
In recent years, safety concerns about the lake's aging dike have the Army Corps of Engineers keeping the lake about one foot lower year round. During dry times, that heightens the strain of divvying up the lake water that remains.
Back-pumping would help, agricultural advocates say.
Sugar representatives say that back-pumping doesn't rob the Everglades of water, because it would occur during the rainy season when much of that stormwater ends up getting drained out to sea to avoid flooding.
"Since you cannot make it rain, this looks like a 'win-win' proposition that is extremely critical and timely," said Judy Sanchez,U.S. Sugar Corp.spokeswoman. "With Lake Okeechobee levels continuing to drop, during the rainy season no less, we support the [water district's] efforts to protect the Caloosahatchee River and estuary system by storing rainfall however possible in Lake Okeechobee."
Environmental groups say better conservation would help stretch water supplies.
The district needs to impose more restrictions on agricultural water use during the dry season, not just cut-off the Caloosahatchee River when the lake gets too low, said Paul Grey, a scientist for Audubon of Florida.
And while stormwater water pumped off sugar cane fields might not be as polluted as water that flows into the lake from elsewhere, back-pumping still brings more pollution than would otherwise end up in the lake, Grey said.
"You trade one kind of harm for another kind of harm," said Grey, who specializes in monitoring the health of Lake Okeechobee. "You are still adding more problems to the existing problems."
[email protected], 561-228-5504 or [email protected]
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Things are going well onboard the R/V Point Sur as we finish up the first leg of the CONCORDE fall research expedition (www.con-corde.org). Although the water column has been well mixed from the recent windy conditions, we are seeing a lot of structure with regards to the biology. As we move along the transects, we see distinct changes in the plankton community. Here are just a few examples of the types of organisms we are seeing.
This looks like something out of an alien movie, but it actually a stomatopod larva. Stomatopods are also known as mantis shrimps and, like many ocean animals, have egg and larval stages in the plankton. Adult stomatopods can give one of the most powerful strikes of any animal for its size. They use their club-like appendages seen in the image to bash their prey, stunning or killing it before consumption. Stomatopods, with their large compound eyes, also have some of the best visual acuity for any invertebrate.
Today we also found this larval squid (~1 cm in size). It was imaged right next to two similarly sized squid larvae, so we can only assume that they were spawned from the same parents or spawning event (i.e., they are members of the same cohort). Many larval animals may aggregate in this fashion to protect themselves from predators. Even though aggregating together may not reduce each individual’s chance of encountering a predator, the schooling behavior probably has a benefit because predators may become confused by the many potential targets in close proximity.
This last image is one that is truly exceptional. It shows a large scyphomedusa (jellyfish) that covers almost the entire image. The field of view on the ISIIS is about 13 cm, and we can estimate that this individual is at least twice that size. It is likely a moon jelly (Aurelia spp.), but the most remarkable thing are the fish larvae aggregating underneath it. We can see four larvae that appear to be jacks or butterfish that seem to be using the moon jelly for shelter or protection. Jellyfish are often thought of as predators of fish larvae, but images like this one show that that interpretation may be a bit simplistic. A few types of fish larvae are known to use jellyfish for protection because some larval fish predators avoid eating jellyfish due to their stinging nematocysts and low nutritional value. It is extremely rare to document this kind of behavior, especially the large number of larvae aggregating under one moon jelly.
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My Shoe Drawing tutorial will have you drawing a sneaker in 30 minutes! Find your pencil and paper and this step by step drawing lesson: On your mark? Get Set. Go!
Don’t miss all the fun things to draw on Skip to my Lou! Is coloring a passion of yours, as well? If so, check out these coloring pages: Beautiful Butterfly Coloring Pages.
Shoe drawIng Supplies
Round up these supplies and get ready to draw!
- colored pens and pencils
How to Draw a Shoe
The instructions and illustrated images will show you how to draw a shoe from start to finish. All you need to do is follow the easy steps.
- In this step you will draw the bottom part of the shoe and the front of the shoe. Start from the left and draw a slightly curving line that goes down and curves back up. Add a parallel curving line about an inch above the line you just drew and then add another parallel line above that one. See illustration below. Use a vertical line to connect the lines at the toe of the shoe. Draw another vertical line almost halfway down the shoe and draw curved lines to connect the lines at the back of the shoe. To form the top of the toe section, draw a rounded triangle. See illustration below.
- In step 2 draw the left side of the shoe by drawing a line up from the back of the shoe at least twice as tall as the sole of the shoe. See illustration below. Draw a curving line that dips down and back up before slanting down toward the toe. See illustration below. Draw a line parallel to the line you just drew. See illustration below.
- In this step you will start adding stitching details. Starting with the top edges of the shoe, sketch 2 more sets of parallel lines around the existing lines to represent stitching. At the back of the shoe, add a rectangular line to represent a heel detail. Add a set of parallel lines from the side of the shoe to the top. See illustration below.
- In this step you will finish drawing the other side of the shoe and add the tongue and eyelets for the shoelaces. Start by making a pencil line from the back of the shoe and draw a curved line to create the back and side of the shoe. Go back and draw another line below it following the same curve. See illustration below. Now draw the tongue of the shoe by drawing a line parallel with the existing top line of the shoe. The tongue should be longer and have a curved top. See illustration below. Draw the other side of the shoe by connecting a line from the toe of the shoe to the tongue. See illustration below. Finally draw 5 eyelets by drawing a circle and then a smaller circle inside. See illustration below.
- In this step you will be sketching in the shoe laces and details around the bottom of the shoes. Start by drawing laces coming out of the bottom eyelet and ending across the shoe. The next laces come out of the other 4 eyelets and go at a downward angle like they are connecting with the eyelet across and down. Now draw the other laces crossing under the ones you just drew. The laces on the left need to appear on top. On the tongue of the shoe draw a label using a small rectangle and a larger rectangle around it. Finally, it is time to add another detail around the sole of the shoe by drawing 2 parallel lines that follow the outline of the shoe from the heel to the toe.
- Now it is time to add the final details to your shoe! Using your eraser first, erase any lines under the shoe laces. The shoe laces need to appear on top of the shoe and the laces coming up through the eyelets are on top of the other laces. See the illustration below. Now go to the toe and draw the cross-hatching lines. Start from the left and draw faint slanted lines all the way across the toe. Then go from the right and draw faint slanted lines all the way back across the toe. The next step is to take out your black marker and outline the shoe, eyelets, laces, heel, toe and sides with a solid black line. See illustration below and notice how not every line gets redrawn with black marker. Any finally, if you want to add some color, go for it!
my favorite drawing supplies
- Sketching Pencils
- Kneaded Rubber Eraser
- Sketch Pad
- Erasable Colored Pencils
- Fine markers
- Sketch and Drawing Art Pencil Set
- Artist drawing set (This is great for new and experienced artists. It’s also something I give as a gift.)
Easy Shoe Drawing Video
Did you know?
There are so very many types and styles of shoes! Most sports and some jobs require certain types of footwear. Which shoes are your favorites? Let me know in the comments what type/style of shoe you would like to draw next! Here are some other types of shoes: Sandals, Clogs, Slippers, Moccasins, Huarache Sandals, Espadrilles, Zoris, Flip-flops, Jandals, Chappals, Babouche Slippers, Mules, Pumps, Cleats, Loafers, High Heel Shoes, Trainers, Running shoes, High-tops, Wing-tips, Boots, and Cross-trainers, just to name 22!
More fun with shoes, gifts and drawings
Now that you have learned to draw this style of shoe try one of these other shoe crafts. They are easy to make and fun to do.
I would love to keep you fully stocked with creative ideas, yummy recipes, fun crafts, and loads of free printables. Subscribe to Skip to my Lou to get new ideas delivered to your inbox. Follow me on Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram for all my latest updates.
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Development aid (also development assistance, technical assistance, international aid, overseas aid, official development assistance (ODA), or foreign aid) is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than a short term response.
The term development cooperation, which is used, for example, by the World Health Organization (WHO) is used to express the idea that a partnership should exist between donor and recipient, rather than the traditional situation in which the relationship was dominated by the wealth and specialized knowledge of one side. Most development aid comes from the Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid.
Aid may be bilateral: given from one country directly to another; or it may be multilateral: given by the donor country to an international organization such as the World Bank or the United Nations Agencies (UNDP, UNICEF, UNAIDS, etc.) which then distributes it among the developing countries. The proportion is currently about 70% bilateral 30% multilateral.
About 80-85% of developmental aid comes from government sources as official development assistance (ODA). The remaining 15-20% comes from private organisations such as "non-governmental organizations" (NGOs), foundations and other development charities (e.g., Oxfam). In addition, remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora form a significant amount of international transfer.
Some governments also include military assistance in the notion "foreign aid", although many NGOs tend to disapprove of this.
Official development assistance is a measure of government-contributed aid, compiled by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 1969. The DAC consists of 29 of the largest aid-donating countries.
- 1 History
- 2 Extent of Aid
- 3 Quality
- 4 Effectiveness
- 5 Corruption
- 6 Private aid
- 7 Remittances
- 8 National development aid programs
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
The concept of development aid goes back to the colonial era at the turn of the twentieth century, in particular to the British policy of colonial development that emerged during that period. The traditional government policy had tended to favor laissez-faire style economics, with the free market for capital and goods dictating the economic role that colonies played in the Empire - this often exacerbated local problems of scarcity, such as during the Irish Potato Famine of 1845.
Changes in attitudes towards the moral purpose of the Empire, and the role that government could play in the promotion of welfare slowly led to a more proactive policy of economic and developmental assistance towards poor colonies. This process culminated in the passage of the Colonial Development Act in 1929, which established a Colonial Development Advisory Committee under the authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, then Lord Passfield. Its initial annual budget of £1 million was spent on schemes designed to develop the infrastructure of transport, electrical power and water supply in colonies and dominions abroad for the furtherance of imperial trade.
By the late 1930s, especially after the British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939, it was clear that this initial scheme was far too limited in scope. A Royal Commission under Lord Moyne was sent to investigate the living conditions in the British West Indies and it published its Report in 1940 which exposed the horrendous living conditions there.
Amidst increasing criticism of Britain's colonial policies from abroad and at home, the commission was a performance to showcase Britain’s “benevolent” attitude towards its colonial subjects. The Commission's recommendations urged health and education initiatives along with increased sugar subsides to stave off a complete and total economic meltdown. The Colonial Office, eager to prevent instability while the country was at war, began funneling large sums of cash into the region.
The Colonial Development and Welfare Act was passed in 1940 to organize and allocate a sum of £5 million per year to the British West Indies for the purpose of long-term development. Some £10 million in loans was cancelled in the same Act. The Colonial Development and Welfare Act of 1945 increased the level of aid to £120m over a twenty year period. Further Acts followed in 1948, 1959 and 1963, dramatically increasing the scope of monetary assistance, favourable interest-free loans and development assistance programs.
The beginning of modern development aid is rooted in the context of Post-World War II and the Cold War. Launched as a large-scale aid program by the United States in 1948, the European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, was concerned with strengthening the ties to the West European states to contain the influence of the USSR. Implemented by the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the Marshall Plan also expanded its reconstruction finance to strategic parts of the Middle East and Asia. The rationale was well summarized in the 'Point Four Program', in which United States president Harry Truman stated the anti-communist rationale for U.S. development aid in his inaugural address of 1949, which also announced the founding of NATO:
- "In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to free nations which will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace and security. Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the suffering of these people."
In 1950, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA) was established within the Department of State to run the Point Four program. Development aid was aimed at offering technical solutions to social problems without altering basic social structures. The United States was often fiercely opposed to even moderate changes in social structures, for example the land reform in Guatemala in the early 1950s.
In 1953 at the end of the Korean War, the incoming Eisenhower Administration established the Foreign Operations Administration (FOA) as an independent government agency outside the Department of State to consolidate economic and technical assistance. In 1955, foreign aid was brought back under the administrative control of the Department of State and FOA was renamed the International Cooperation Administration (ICA).
In 1956, the Senate conducted a study of foreign aid with the help of a number of independent experts. The result, stated in a 1959 amendment to the Mutual Security Act, declared that development in low-income regions was a U.S. objective along with and additional to other foreign-policy interests, attempting thus to clarify development assistance's relationship with the effort to contain Communism. In 1961, the Congress approved the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 with President J.F. Kennedy's support, which retained the 1959 policy of international development as an independent U.S. objective and set up a new Agency for International Development, USAID.
The volume of international aid to the Third World grew dramatically from the 1960s. This aid came mainly from the US and Western European countries, but there were also significant contributions from the Soviet Union in exchange for overseas political influence in the context of the heightened global tensions of the Cold War.
The Development Assistance Committee was established in 1960 by the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation to coordinate development aid amongst the rich nations. A 1961 resolution decreed that:
The Committee will continue to consult on the methods for making national resources available for assisting countries and areas in the process of economic development and for expanding and improving the flow of long-term funds and other development assistance to them.
— Development Assistance Committee, Mandate (1961)
Extent of Aid
Most official development assistance (ODA) comes from the 23 members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), or about $120 billion in 2009. In 2007 a further $11.8 billion came from the European Commission while all non-DAC countries gave $5.56 billion.
Top 10 aid recipient countries (2012)
|Congo, Dem. Rep.||2,859.3|
Top 10 aid donor countries (2012)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) measures the countries contributing the highest amounts of money (in absolute terms) as follows (listed in US dollars):
- United States – $30.46 billion
- United Kingdom – $13.66 billion
- Germany – $13.11 billion
- France – $12.00 billion
- Japan – $10.49 billion
- Canada – $5.68 billion
- Netherlands – $5.52 billion
- Australia – $5.44 billion
- Sweden – $5.24 billion
- Norway – $4.75 billion
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also lists countries by the amount of money they give as a percentage of their gross national income. The list includes international giving through official channels that qualify as Official Development Assistance, and national charitable giving. Figures are for 2012.
- Luxembourg – 1.00%
- Sweden – 0.99%
- Norway – 0.93%
- Denmark – 0.84%
- Netherlands – 0.71%
- United Kingdom – 0.56%
- Finland – 0.53%
- Ireland – 0.48%
- Belgium – 0.47%
- France- 0.45%
Development aid is often provided by means of supporting local development aid projects. In these projects, it sometimes occurs that no strict code of conduct is in force. In some projects, the development aid workers do not respect the local code of conduct. For example, the local dress code as well as social interaction. In developing countries, these matters are regarded highly important and not respecting it may cause severe offense, and thus significant problems and delay of the projects.
There is also much debate about evaluating the quality of development aid, rather than simply the quantity. For instance, tied aid is often criticized as the aid given must be spent in the donor country or in a group of selected countries. Tied aid can increase development aid project costs by up to 20 or 30 percent.
There is also criticism because donors may give with one hand, through large amounts of development aid, yet take away with the other, through strict trade or migration policies. The Commitment to Development Index measures the overall policies of donors and evaluates the quality of their development aid, instead of just comparing the quantity of official development assistance given.
Aid effectiveness is the degree to which development aid works, and is a subject of significant disagreement. Dissident economists such as Peter Bauer and Milton Friedman argued in the 1960s that aid is ineffective:
... an excellent method for transferring money from poor people in rich countries to rich people in poor countries.— Peter Bauer
Many econometric studies in recent years have supported the view that development aid has no effect on the speed with which countries develop. Negative side effects of aid can include an unbalanced appreciation of the recipient's currency (known as Dutch Disease), increasing corruption, and adverse political effects such as postponements of necessary economic and democratic reforms.
It has been argued[by whom?] that much government-to-government aid was ineffective because it was merely a way to support strategically important leaders (Alesino and Dollar, 2000). A good example of this is the former dictator of Zaire, Mobuto Sese Seko, who lost support from the West after the Cold War had ended. Mobuto, at the time of his death, had a sufficient personal fortune (particularly in Swiss banks) to pay off the entire external debt of Zaire.
Besides some instances that only the president (and/or his close entourage) receives the money resulting from development aid, the money obtained is often badly spent as well. For example, in Chad, the Chad Export Project, an oil production project supported by the World Bank, was set up. The earnings of this project (6,5 million dollars per year and rising) were used to obtain arms. The government defended this purchase by stating that "development was not possible without safety". However, the Military of Chad is notorious for severe misconduct against the population (abuse, rape, claiming of supplies and cars) and did not even defend the population in distress (e.g. in the Darfur conflict). In 2008, the World Bank retreated from the project that thus increased environmental pollution and human suffering.
Another criticism has been that Western countries often project their own needs and solutions onto other societies and cultures. In response, western help in some cases has become more 'endogenous', which means that needs as well as solutions are being devised in accordance with local cultures. For example, sometimes projects are set up which wish to make several ethnic groups cooperate. While this is a noble goal, most of these projects fail because of this intent.
It has also been argued that help based on direct donation creates dependency and corruption, and has an adverse effect on local production. As a result, a shift has taken place towards aid based on activation of local assets and stimulation measures such as microcredit.
Aid has also been ineffective in young recipient countries in which ethnic tensions are strong: sometimes ethnic conflicts have prevented efficient delivery of aid.
In some cases, western surpluses that resulted from faulty agriculture- or other policies have been dumped in poor countries, thus wiping out local production and increasing dependency.
In several instances, loans that were considered irretrievable (for instance because funds had been embezzled by a dictator who has already died or disappeared), have been written off by donor countries, who subsequently booked this as development aid.
In many cases, Western governments placed orders with Western companies as a form of subsidizing them, and later shipped these goods to poor countries who often had no use for them. These projects are sometimes called 'white elephants'.
According to Martijn Nitzsche, another problem is the way on how development projects are sometimes constructed and how they are maintained by the local population. Often, projects are made with technology that is hard to understand and too difficult to repair, resulting in unavoidable failure over time. Also, in some cases the local population is not very interested in seeing the project to succeed and may revert to disassembling it to retain valuable source materials. Finally, villagers do not always maintain a project as they believe the original development workers or others in the surroundings will repair it when it fails (which is not always so).
A common criticism in recent years is that rich countries have put so many conditions on aid that it has reduced aid effectiveness. In the example of tied aid, donor countries often require the recipient to purchase goods and services from the donor, even if these are cheaper elsewhere. Other conditions include opening up the country to foreign investment, even if it might not be ready to do so.
All of these problems have made that a very large part of the spend money on development aid is simply wasted uselessly. According to Gerbert van der Aa, for the Netherlands, only 33% of the development aid is successful, another 33% fails and of the remaining 33% the effect is unclear. This means that for example for the Netherlands, 1.33 to 2.66 billion is lost as it spends 4 billion in total of development aid (or 0,8% of the gross national product).
For the Italian development aid for instance, we find that one of their successful projects (the Keita project) was constructed at the cost of 2/3 of 1 F-22 fighter jet (100 million $), and was able to reforest 1,876 square miles (4,900 km2) of broken, barren earth, hereby increasing the socio-economic wellbeing of the area. However -like the Dutch development aid- again we find that, the Italian development aid too is still not performing up to standards. This makes clear that there are great differences between the success of the projects and that budgetary follow-up may not be so strictly checked by independent third parties.
An excerpt from Thomas Dichter's recently published book Despite Good Intentions: Why Development Assistance to the Third World Has Failed reads: "This industry has become one in which the benefits of what is spent are increasingly in inverse proportion to the amount spent - a case of more gets you less. As donors are attracted on the basis of appeals emphasizing "product", results, and accountability…the tendency to engage in project-based, direct-action development becomes inevitable. Because funding for development is increasingly finite, this situation is very much a zero-sum game. What gets lost in the shuffle is the far more challenging long-term process of development."
Effectiveness of development aid can be argued to be uncoordinated and unsustainable. Development aid tends to be put towards specific diseases with high death rates and simple treatments, rather than funding health basics and infrastructure. Though a lot of NGO's and funding have come forth, little sustainable outcomes have been made. This is due to the fact that the money doesn't go towards developing a sustainable medical basis. Money is given to specific diseases to show short-term results, reflecting the donor's best interests rather than the citizens' necessities. It is evident that many development aid projects are not helping with basic and sustainable health care due to the generally high numbers of deaths due to preventable diseases. Development aid could do more justice if used to generate general public health with infrastructure and trained personnel rather than pin-pointing specific diseases and reaching for quick fixes.
Research has shown that developed nations are more likely to give aid to nations who have the worst economic situations and policies (Burnside, C., Dollar, D., 2000). They give money to these nations so that they can become developed and begin to turn these policies around. It has also been found that aid relates to the population of a nation as well, and that the smaller a nation is, the more likely it is to receive funds from donor agencies. The harsh reality of this is that it is very unlikely that a developing nation with a lack of resources, policies, and good governance will be able to utilize incoming aid money in order to get on their feet and begin to turn the damaged economy around. It is more likely that a nation with good economic policies and good governance will be able to utilize aid money to help the country establish itself with an existing foundation and be able to rise from there with the help of the international community. But research shows that it is the low-income nations that will receive aid more so, and the better off a nation is, the less aid money it will be granted
MIT based study
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Abhijit Banerjee and Ruimin He have undertaken a rigorous study of the relatively few independent evaluations of aid program successes and failures. They suggest the following interventions are usually highly effective forms of aid in normal circumstances:
- subsidies given directly to families to be spent on children's education and health
- education vouchers for school uniforms and textbooks
- teaching selected illiterate adults to read and write
- deworming drugs and vitamin/nutritional supplements
- vaccination and HIV/AIDS prevention programs
- indoor sprays against malaria, anti-mosquito bed netting
- suitable fertilizers
- clean water supplies
UK Parliamentary study
An inquiry into aid effectiveness by the UK All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Debt, Aid and Trade featured evidence from Rosalind Eyben, a Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies. Her evidence to the inquiry stated that effective aid requires as much investing in relationships as in managing money. It suggests Development organisations need to change the way they work to manage better the multiple partnerships that the Accra Agenda for Action recognises is at the core of the aid business. In relation to this specific inquiry, Dr Eyben outlined the following points:
- Achieving impact requires investing in relationships, development organisations need to support their staff to do this. At the moment, the opposite is happening.
- In multiple sets of relationships there will be different ideas about what is success and how to achieve it and this should be reflected in methodologies for defining and assessing the impact of aid.
- Helpful procedural harmonisation should not mean assuming there is only a single diagnosis and solution to any complex problem.
- In addition to measuring results, donors need to assess the quality of relations at project/programme, country and international levels against indicators agreed with partners.
- Decisions on aid need to be made on a case by case basis on the advice of well-informed country offices.
- Accountable states depend on empowered citizens
- Development organisations also need to be more accountable to UK citizens through encouraging conversations as to the real challenges and limitations of aid. (Point made in relation to UK as evidence for UK parliamentary inquiry)
The views above are of Eyben. There were many other submissions to the All Party Parliamentary Group for Debt, Aid and Trade's inquiry into Aid Effectiveness. The final report gathered a vast amount of information from a wide range of sources to ensure a balanced perspective on the issues of aid effectiveness. The All Party Parliamentary Group for Debt, Aid and Trade's inquiry into Aid Effectiveness can be found online and the submissions of other contributors are available upon request.
Foreign aid from western countries is developing and increasing in the past decade. But we are not supposed to just give African money and food but rather giving opportunities. The goal is to create more chances for African people to accept higher education and also is an effective way to save African from suffering from poverty. There is a program called “Five College African Scholars Program”. This program is basically dedicated to support the research of individual researchers in Africa, strengthening partnerships among scholars in Africa and the United States, and augmenting the study of Africa.
Talking about the program each scholar will receive a payment of $1,000 a month as a salary base. Also other goods such as airfare fee, laptop computer, housing, health insurance, library privileges, an office, and a modest research allowance are all subjected to U.S. tax. The requirements to apply to “Five College Africans Scholars Program” is only offered to people who must be a citizen of an African nation, employed full-time at an African university that offers a bachelor, a master or a Ph.D. degree, and there is a limit to the age of 49. There are also limits of accepting people; these refer to the people who hold such as graduate assistants, tutorial assistants and non teaching researchers.
While development aid is an important source of investment for poor and often insecure societies, aid's complexity and the ever expanding budgets leave it vulnerable to corruption, yet discussing it remains difficult as for many it is a taboo subject. Corruption is very hard to quantify as it is often hard to differentiate it from other problems, such as wastage, mismanagement and inefficiency, to illustrate the point, over $8.75 billion was lost to waste, fraud, abuse and mismanagement in the Hurricane Katrina relief effort.
Often a lack of understanding of the process by those meant to be receiving aid leads to cynicism and belief that greed and corruption are the key failures. Non-governmental organizations have in recent years made great efforts to increase participation, accountability and transparency, humanitarian assistance remains a poorly understood process to those meant to be receiving it—much greater investment needs to be made into researching and investing in relevant and effective accountability systems.
However, there is little clear consensus on the trade-offs between speed and control, especially in emergency situations when the humanitarian imperative of saving lives and alleviating suffering may conflict with the time and resources required to minimise corruption risks. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have highlighted the need to tackle corruption with, but not limited to, the following methods:
- Resist the pressure to spend aid rapidly.
- Continue to invest in audit capacity, beyond simple paper trails;
- Establish and verify the effectiveness of complaints mechanisms, paying close attention to local power structures, security and cultural factors hindering complaints;
- Clearly explain the processes during the targeting and registration stages, highlighting points such as the fact that people should not make payments to be included, photocopy and read aloud any lists prepared by leaders or committees.
Development charities make up a vast web of non-governmental organizations, religious ministries, foundations, business donations and college scholarships devoted to development aid. Estimates vary, but private aid is at least as large as ODA within the United States, at $16 billion in 2003. World figures for private aid are not well tracked, so cross-country comparisons are not easily possible, though it does seem that per person, some other countries may give more, or have similar incentives that the United States has for its citizens to encourage giving.
It is doubtful whether remittances, money sent home by foreign workers, ought to be considered a form of development aid. However, they appear to constitute a large proportion of the flows of money between developed and developing countries, although the exact amounts are uncertain because remittances are poorly tracked. World Bank estimates for remittance flows to developing countries in 2004 totalled $122 billion; however, this number is expected to change upwards in the next few years as the formulas used to calculate remittance flows are modified. The exact nature and effects of remittance money remain contested, however in at least 36 of the 153 countries tracked remittance sums were second only to FDI and outnumbered both public and private aid donations.
The International Monetary Fund has reported that private remittances may have a negative impact on economic growth, as they are often used for private consumption of individuals and families, not for economic development of the region or country.
National development aid programs
- Japanese foreign aid
- Saudi foreign aid
- Chinese foreign aid
- United States foreign aid
- Australian foreign aid
- Swedish foreign aid
- UK foreign aid
Effectiveness and anti-corruption measures:
Tools and Stories:
- WHO glossary of terms, "Development Cooperation" Accessed 25 January 2008 (and still there in 2009!)
- OECD Stats. Portal >> Extracts >> Development >> Other >> DAC1 Official and Private Flows. Retrieved April 2009.
- OECD, DAC1 Official and Private Flows (op. cit.). The calculation is Net Private Grants / ODA.
- "1 The Economics of International Aid". Retrieved 2012-12-17.
- Fraser, Cary (1996). "The Twilight of Colonial Rule in the British West Indies: Nationalist Assertion vs. Imperial Hubris in the 1930s". Journal of Caribbean History 30 (1/2): 2.
- Basdeo, Sahadeo (1983). "Walter Citrine and the British Caribbean Worker's Movement during the Commission Hearing". Journal of Caribbean History 18 (2): 46.
- Thomas. p. 229. Missing or empty
- Singh, Kelvin (1994). Race and Class Struggles in a Colonial State. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. p. 186.
- Thomas, Roy Darrow, ed. (1987). The Trinidad Labour Riots of 1937. St. Augustine: University of West Indies Press. p. 267.
- Parker. p. 23. Missing or empty
- Thomas. p. 283. Missing or empty
- Bolland. The Politics of Labour in the British Caribbean. p. 383.
- "USAID: USAID History". Usaid.gov. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
- Ravi Kanbur (2003) The Economics of International Aid
- Transcript of the speech
- OECD, "DAC Members' Net Official Development Assistance in 2009", 2011-08-06
- OECD, "Aid targets slipping out of reach?", 2008-11-24
- OECD The Typing of Aid
- "The sad loss of Lord Bauer".
- Aid Effectiveness and Governance: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
- Tsjaad by Dorrit van Dalen
- The Future of The Anti-Corruption Movement, Nathaniel Heller, Global Integrity
- Kijk magazine; oktober 2008, Gestrand Ontwikkelingswerk
- "US and Foreign Aid Assistance". Global Issues. 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- Keita project increasing socio-economic wellbeing
- Italian aid not up to standard overall
- Garrett, Laurie (2007). "The Challenge of Global Health". Foreign Affairs 86 (1): 14–38.
- "Making aid work" (PDF). 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- 'Putting Relationships First for Aid Effectiveness' Evidence Submission to the APPG Inquiry on Aid Effectiveness, Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
- Sarah Bailey (2008) Need and greed: corruption risks, perceptions and prevention in humanitarian assistance Overseas Development Institute
- "Ranking The Rich Based On Commitment To Development". globalissues.org. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development? - WP/03/189
- Approaches to a Regulatory Framework for Formal and Informal Remittance Systems: Experiences and Lessons, February 17, 2005
- Are Immigrant Remittance Flows a Source of Capital for Development
- Georgeou, Nichole, Neoliberalism, Development, and Aid Volunteering, New York: Routledge, 2012. ISBN 9780415809153.
- Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, Zed Books, New Exp. Edition, 2002, ISBN 1-84277-181-7
- Perspectives on European Development Co-operation by O. Stokke
- European development cooperation and the poor by A. Cox, J. Healy and T. Voipio ISBN 0-333-74476-4
- Rethinking Poverty: Comparative perspectives from below. by W. Pansters, G. Dijkstra, E. Snel ISBN 90-232-3598-3
- European aid for poverty reduction in Tanzania by T. Voipio London, Overseas Development Institute, ISBN 0-85003-415-9
- The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier
- How Do We Help? The Free Market in Development Aid by Patrick Develtere, 2012, Leuven University Press, ISBN 978-90-5867-902-4
- Open Aid Register
- IATI search engine (Beta). Find any development aid activity around the world. Using the IATI registry as access point.
- Aid and Development at DMOZ
- AidData: Tracking Development Finance
- Open Aid Data Provides detailed developing aid finance data from around the world.
- Development Gateway
- Center for International Development at Harvard University
- International Health Partnership A group of partners committed to putting international principles for effective aid and development cooperation into practice in the health sector.
- European Network on Debt and Development brings together NGOs from across Europe to monitor aid's impacts on poverty, produce research and conduct advocacy.
- The Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure, Overseas Development Institute
- Millions Saved A compilation of case studies of successful foreign assistance by the Center for Global Development.
- German Development Institute - the German think tank of development aid
- African Voices A project aimed at improving EC Development Aid to Africa, through bringing African civil society voices to policy makers in Europe.
- Work on Development Aid by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
- International Recovery Platform
- Abhijit Baerjee "Making Aid Work". Boston Review, March/April 2007.
- Failed Expectations, Or What Is Behind the Marshall Plan for Post-Socialist Reconstruction, by Tanya Narozhna
- Håkan Malmqvist (February 2000), "Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief", Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Monograph No 46, Sweden
- Andrew Rogerson with Adrian Hewitt and David Waldenberg (2004), "The International Aid System 2005–2010 Forces For and Against Change", Overseas Development Institute Working Paper 235
- "Arab Aid" from Saudi Aramco World (1979)
- ⇒ The Vrinda Project Channel - videos on the work in progress for the achievement of the MDGs connected to the Wikibook ⇒ Development Cooperation Handbook
- Development Cooperation Stories
- Development Cooperation Testimonials
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Superconductive properties of bismuth have been questioned for some 50 years. The idea that bismuth could be a superconductor was originally proposed by W. Buckel and R. Hilsch in 1954. However, up until today only specific forms of bismuth, such as nanoparticles, nanorods, or amorphous bismuth have displayed superconductive properties. Superconductivity in metallic bismuth was considered unlikely, because of its low-charge carrier density, according to the Russian N+1 popular science website.
Superconductivity in metallic bismuth also challenges fundamental physics theory. The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, proposed in 1957, is the first theory that attempts to explain the mechanisms of superconductivity. The authors were awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1972 for their work. However, the properties of metallic bismuth do not fulfill the award-winning theory's basic implications. Thus, Indian scientists say, the BCS theory must be rewritten.
"We have discovered superconductivity in bismuth and to explain this, we need a new theory and a new mechanism. Once that comes out, we will probably have a new class of superconductors," stated Professor S. Ramakrishnan of the Tata Institute team of researchers.
Current technology does not allow for the quick and easy replacement of niobium-titanium superconductors. But in several years, with due research, new superconductors will allow cost reductions of such machines by a factor of 100, scientists say. For example, the current cost of one MRI machine is almost $1,500,000. This technology will also significantly cut the cost of magnetic levitation (maglevs) trains, and magnetic levitational hoverboards, and many other devices.
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Ketones are compounds in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom, which is itself bonded to two or more carbon atoms.
Like aldehydes, ketones can be named using either the common system or the IUPAC system. In the common system, ketones names are created by naming the groups attached to the carbonyl carbon and then adding the word ketone. Following are several examples:
The five IUPAC rules for aldehydes also apply to ketones, with one exception: After dropping the ‐e ending of the alkane name, you add ‐one for ketones (rather than ‐al, which designates aldehydes).
In the IUPAC system, aromatic ketones are considered benzenesubstituted aliphatic ketones.
Many aromatic compounds retain their common names in the IUPAC system. Following are two such examples:
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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Pregnant women who live in neighborhoods with lots of air pollution may be slightly more likely to develop high blood pressure, a new study says.
Past research suggests people with high blood pressure have often been exposed to more air pollution in the past than those with normal blood pressure. But few studies have looked to see whether that's the case for pregnant women.
Women develop high blood pressure during about one in ten pregnancies. Having so-called gestational hypertension makes it more likely that a woman will need a cesarean section, that she will give birth early and that her baby will be born small.
"Our results suggest air pollution does have some impact on the risk of gestational hypertension," said epidemiologist Dr. Xiaohui Xu. He led the study at the University of Florida in Gainesville.
"This could have some subsequent effects on both maternal and fetal health," Xu told Reuters Health.
However, he said, "This was a pilot study, meaning it was meant to test for any potential impact of pollution on blood pressure." Researchers said the results still leave many questions unanswered.
Xu and his colleagues used data on about 22,000 women who gave birth in Jacksonville, Florida, in 2004 and 2005. Birth records showed just over 1,000 women - close to five percent - developed high blood pressure during pregnancy.
The researchers linked each woman's home address to data from the nearest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air quality monitor. Monitors record how much nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and other pollutants are in the air each day.
Women who lived near monitors that recorded high levels of four pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide and fine particle pollution, throughout pregnancy had 12 percent to 24 percent higher odds of getting hypertension than women with less exposure.
The patterns were similar when the researchers looked only at exposure to air pollution during the first trimester or second trimester, they reported in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.
"The study is provocative without being definitive in any way," said Dr. Jodi Abbott, an associate professor of maternal-fetal medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine.
Abbott, who was not involved in the research, said it had some key limitations. For example, some factors that affect a woman's risk of getting high blood pressure, such as her weight, were not taken into account.
In addition, the study did not look at whether any women moved to a different neighborhood while pregnant or spent most of their time away from home, where pollution was measured.
For those reasons, Abbott told Reuters Health, more research is needed to determine whether there are any blood pressure-related benefits to moving to an area with less pollution, or to staying indoors on high-pollution days while pregnant.
"I would not make any recommendations to my patients based on this research," she said.
The author is a student at the Boston University School of Medicine, and Abbott is a former professor of hers.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/gjdrde Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, online September 10, 2013.
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We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human!
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The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes.
Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding.
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Wednesday, September 26th, 2012
Thirteen public high schools in New York City offer “morning-after” contraceptive pills to girls in a program that has not gotten a lot of attention. NBC News reports:
The program, called CATCH, or Connecting Adolescents To Comprehensive Healthcare, is aimed at reducing unplanned teen pregnancy. It began in January 2011, but wasn’t publicized until the New York Post reported it over the weekend.
“In any given every year there are about 7,000 pregnancies to girls ages 15 to 17 in New York City, about 90 percent of those are unintended,” said Deborah Kaplan, assistant commissioner at the city health department’s Bureau of Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health. “We wanted to make sure young people who are sexually active have easy access to contraceptive services and general reproductive health services.”
Oral contraceptives, including the morning-after Plan B pill, have been available to students at most of the 40 schools that have school-based health centers for the last one to four years, depending on the school, Kaplan said. The centers, which serve about one-quarter of New York City’s public high school students, provide primary care health services and are run privately by separate institutions like hospitals.
For the first time, with the CATCH program, the Health Department is making the contraceptives available in schools without the private health centers. The program began in January 2011 in five schools, and is now in 13 schools. The schools were chosen because they are in neighborhoods with high teen pregnancy rates or with limited resources for young people to get contraception. City high schools have long provided condoms.
Image: Girl with nurse, via Shutterstock
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Wednesday, July 11th, 2012
A new study by researchers at Johns Hopkins University has found that worldwide maternal deaths could drop by at least a third if steps were taken to meet the contraception needs of women in developing countries. From The New York Times:
The study, published on Tuesday in The Lancet, a British science journal, comes ahead of a major family planning conference in London organized by the British government and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation that is an attempt to refocus attention on the issue. It has faded from the international agenda in recent years, overshadowed by efforts to combat AIDS and other infectious diseases, as well as by ideological battles.
The proportion of international population assistance funds that went to family planning fell to just 6 percent in 2008, down from 55 percent in 1995, while spending on H.I.V./AIDS represented 74 percent of the total in 2008, up from just 9 percent in 1995, according to Rachel Nugent, a professor of global health at the University of Washington, who cited figures from the United Nations Population Fund.
But population growth has continued to surge, with the United Nations estimating last year that the world’s population, long expected to stabilize, will instead keep growing. Population experts warn that developing countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility continues to be high and shortages of food and water are worsening, will face deteriorating conditions if family sizes do not shrink.
Image: Young girl, via Shutterstock.
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Wednesday, August 3rd, 2011
The Obama administration has announced a number of preventative care measures that health insurance companies will be required to cover under the new health care laws. Among them are several that affect women. According to a press release from the US Department of Health and Human Services, the measures include:
- well-woman visits;
- screening for gestational diabetes;
- human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing for women 30 years and older;
- sexually-transmitted infection counseling;
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening and counseling;
- FDA-approved contraception methods and contraceptive counseling;
- breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling; and
- domestic violence screening and counseling.
Religious institutions that offer health insurance to their employees will have the option of whether to cover birth control, citing the Constitutional precedents of religious accommodation.
Add a Comment
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TRAVERSE CITY, Mich. - A scientific report says at least some Asian carp probably have reached the Great Lakes, but there's still time to stop them from becoming established.
The paper released Thursday was written by scientists with the University of Notre Dame, The Nature Conservancy and Central Michigan University. It summarizes findings from a two-year search for the carp in and around the Great Lakes.
The scientists took 58 water samples that contained Asian carp DNA in waterways near Chicago. Six samples taken from Lake Erie also yielded positive hits.
Researchers studying water samples from the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers for fragments of Asian carp DNA say they found little evidence of bighead and silver carp in Minnesota.
The study released Thursday concludes that while the invasive fish are present in Minnesota, their numbers are likely relatively low.
Researchers analyzed water samples for DNA fragments released to the environment, called eDNA. They found silver carp eDNA in Iowa, where the fish are abundant, but none near St. Croix Falls in the St. Croix, or near the Coon Rapids Dam or below Lock and Dam No. 1 in the Mississippi.
Research team leader Peter Sorensen says despite the lack of eDNA evidence, there is reason to believe Asian carp are entering Minnesota waters from the south and could breed here.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Sea Buckthorn berries have long been used in India for their many health benefits and are most commonly used in herbal teas. A powerful antioxidant, Sea Buckthorn is known as Nature’s most balanced fruit. Bursting with a wide variety of vitamins and minerals such as, vitamins A, B1, B2, C, D, K, P and omeaga 3, 6, 7 and 9.
Now, Sea Buckthorn is making its way in to some of the most adventurous chef’s kitchens and becoming a very popular alternative in household recipes.
With a sweet, sharp flavour, Sea buckthorn berries add a fresh twist to many recipes and also make a refreshing health juice drink. Studies have shown that Sea Buckthorn can help with cardiovascular, memory, growth, anti-inflammatory, and skin health. Sea Buckthorn berries are popularly used in Denmark, especially in homemade pies and jams; a great alternative to more traditional berries.
As its name suggests, Sea Buckthorn thrives along the coast. The berries are ripe in autumn and can be picked to use at home. If you’re planting your own Sea Buckthorn shrub or hedge, they make a fantastic windbreak and are just as suited to inland positions as they are coastal sites. Hippophae Rhamnoides has unusual silvery, grey foliage that contrasts wonderfully with the brightly coloured berries.
When planting a Sea Buckthorn Hedge, remember the following:
- Plant in a sunny position for optimum berry production
- Avoid dry soils
- Ideal for problem soils; Sea Buckthorn has nitrogen fixing properties that will improve the quality of soil
Sea Buckthorn is also a key ingredient in our Mixed Coastal Hedging Packs – perfect for achieving a wildlife friendly hedge with year round interest.
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In every organization culture determines the ways of performance, interaction patterns between employees, managers, types of communication, climate, morale and satisfaction. New business environment and cultural changes change organizational culture and influence behavior and motivation of employees. Shared values, visions, relationships and climate influence implementations and perceptions of organizational actions. The business change requires new understanding of work relations and new vision of the corporate goals and aims. Today, Walt Disney is one of the largest entertainment companies in the world founded in 1923.
Corporate and HR strategies are aimed to meet diverse customers’ expectations and treat culturally diverse employees as a singe unified top talents. The company’s strategy is to expend internationally and deliver unique entertainment for both adults and children. Its corporate strategy provides to insiders and outsiders information about what the organization stands for, its image, values, and character. Walt Disney follows a strategy of product differentiation by technological innovation. It’s a ‘historical trend’ of the company which helps Walt Disney to achieve success and leadership position on the market (Thomas1976). During this decade consumers see a strategy of ever-growing diversification-into live-action films, nature films, television, and theme parks.
The organizational culture of Disney influences implementation and acceptance of strategic objectives and goals. The shared values determine the bonding of organizational principles to the goal-setting process. Strategies that consider organizational values in their development will become an extension of organizational values (Balsano et al 2008). The values organizational that give Disney credibility also will give credibility to the individual. They are a source of self-fulfillment and personal integrity. While organizational values relate to employees, profit, customers, stakeholders, community, and the like, individual goals will relate to fairness, honesty, trust, respect, quality, and cooperation. These are precisely the values that are inherent in the organizational values statement. Alone, these organizational values are far too general and open to interpretation. It is easy to forget the particular and complicated nature of human moral experience. Thinking about and discussing the ethical implications of a goal is more practical and valuable than using a list of values or ethical models. Acting on the ethical implications is even more valuable. Ethical action at Disney is the relentless effort to make values a part of the goal-setting equation. Where the managers go wrong, however, is in expecting more from these values than they can deliver. The mission of Disney reflects these ideals: “The Walt Disney Company is committed to balance environmental stewardship with our corporate goals throughout the world” (Disney Home Page 2009).
At Disney, it s organizational culture reflects unique industry requirements and customers’ expectations. Each application deals with the realities of a particular goal and how to accomplish it. It is possible to say that new changes will be influenced by old principles of work and will need a new set of principles for further change. In this case, individual integrity is the real foundation on which organizational ethics is built. Integrity includes values, goals, and actions of all people in an organization, but its demonstration is particularly important for an organization’s managers. A manager’s actions are the pivotal link between his or her personal beliefs and organizational aims. Managerial integrity stands at the center of shared values and the goal-setting process. Managers become known for their ability to bring out the best in people by challenging them with high performance goals. They are also known for their trustworthiness. At Disney, employees depend upon them to be fair and honest in setting goals at a level that will challenge them but not at such a high level that the goals are unattainable (Thomas1976). Trustworthiness is an important component of integrity. Otherwise, there will be no followers. Trust conveys that managers mean what they say. It is a belief in an old- fashioned concept called integrity (“WHAT IS CULTURE” 2009).
The demand for high quality and service excellence influence morale and satisfaction of employees at Disney. It can lead to resistance to change and opposition movement. A common mistake is to conceive employees and their relations as fixed entities (Pringle and Gordon, 2001). To the contrary, they should be constantly forming around a specific task or goal, fixing things, celebrating their accomplishments, disbanding, and then forming again with different people appropriate to take on another problem with new goals. What is the purpose of continual improvement other than to keep the organization alive and well? Organizations exist for purposes outside themselves. The overriding purpose is to be responsive to children’s needs–but who is the customer? (Mosley, 1985).
The answer to that question is problematic. In the process of fixing the small things, teams tend to become insular and can forget why they exist. In focusing on their particular goal, they forget not only the ultimate customer, but also those teams around them. “The Walt Disney Company aims to foster safe, inclusive and respectful workplaces” (Disney Home Page 2009). Disney’s teams can become competitive, combative, and even destructive to the organization. Goal displacement occurs when activities that were originally intended to help improve organizational goals become ends in themselves (Pringle and Gordon, 2001). “Disney operates an International Labor Standards (ILS) program designed to address working conditions for people making Disney-branded product, including factories that are not owned by Disney and are associated with vendors and licensees with whom we do business” (Disney Home Page 2009).
Focusing on the small things is one way to build teams in Disney, but teams can also be built around big problems. Those problems can be addressed by task forces that work on organization wide issues. The task force investigates major issues, develops alternatives, looks at the advantages and disadvantages of each, and provides an action plan. Issues may include the organizational vision or the strategic plan itself. Task forces also address reorganization, rewards and recognition, communications, training, and education, to name a few. In organizations with effective teamwork, management retains authority for defining the vision. However, work teams plan, set priorities, organize, coordinate with others, and take corrective action.
They solve problems, schedule and assign work, and even handle personnel issues such as absenteeism and discipline. All these duties were previously prerogatives of management (Pringle and Gordon, 2001). Consequently, the team must now hold the responsibility and authority to implement solutions if it is to be effective. An inspiring vision is needed at all levels of the organization from the executive suite to the mailroom. A correctly delivered vision serves that purpose and conveys the need for change. That need is usually larger than the organization itself, and is something that the individual can accept. Every organization has a purpose outside itself that the individual person can commit to and goes to the very survival of the organization. If people are not dedicated to the organization’s purpose, Disney becomes unresponsive to those it serves and will perish (Garrow and Hirsh 2008).
Ay Disney, human motives develop in sequence according to five levels of needs. These needs are: psychological (hunger, thirst), safety (protection), social (be accepted, belong to a certain group), esteem (self-confidence, achievements, respect, status, recognition), and self-actualization (realizing one’s potential for continued self-development). The proposals will threaten the need of achievement and esteem needs. It is suggested that the freedom to exercise initiative and ingenuity, to experiment, and to handle the problems of their jobs in their own way are crucial aspects of work (Pringle and Gordon, 2001). The proposals enveloped for Disney will allow freedom of choice but will limit personal involvement in work. So, managerial integrity will be influenced by developing and consistently applying a well-honed set of organizational and individual moral values. Values such as honesty, fairness, and respect for the individual are prerequisites for achieving both integrity and effectiveness. The consistency between behavior and belief, in tune with organizational goals and values, permits the manager to deal with the realities of a particular goal and the means to accomplish it (Giroux, 1999).
The organizational culture developed by Disney allows to say that real dilemmas will occur in practical problems where values clash with pressures for tangible and immediate performance. Tangible performance represents values that are readily quantifiable and measurable. They include such objectives as setting goals for growth, productivity, profit, career development, or promotion, all of which may involve career aspirations (Krause, 2008). The appeal is to pressure people to cut comers and to shade the truth to accomplish these tangible and measurable objectives. Managerial integrity can be easily compromised at the expense of the more intangible ethical standards. The more tangible measures also carry with them the potential to destroy the shared values on which managerial integrity is based. The pressure to perform naturally leads to a conflict between means and ends. Managers face the critical responsibility of choosing the right goal to ensure that what people are striving for is the ethical choice. Moreover, because of the propensity of people to do what they are told (and their natural inclination to accept goals as legitimate because they come from an authority figure or from the organization itself), it is crucial that managers do not ask people to employ unethical means to accomplish an otherwise noble goal. Both the means and the ends are valid subjects for ethical questioning (Krause, 2008).
The important aspect of Disney culture are periodic evaluations of the overall performance which makes the organizational culture transparent, as each step or method is reviewed in light of the overall strategic objectives. Simplicity of the process stages also reduces reluctance and mistrust between employees. Ongoing cultural management helps to identify possible problems and deviations early on and allows for corrections and the resolution of weaknesses. Needless to say, Disney’s employees are to be part of this process. The Disney management tries to involve its employees in innovation processes in order to improve morale and motivate them. The first step is to display to workers that they stand to benefit from cooperating in the process of organizational culture and new values.
The view of participation in planning and decision-making arouses fears and possibly resistance among workers new to this, based on their experience that workplace changes are frequently accompanied by deskilling and the removal of jobs (Garrow and Hirsh 2008). These types of plans do provide positive reinforcement for continuing to contribute to the culture. Thus, some barriers emerge from the concern that worker participation may eliminate the rights of some groups in Disney. Many managers fear the loss of control and decision-making authority. They are worried that workers participation means poor decision-making latitude and influence for them. Thus, workers participation is intended to open up new roles and responsibility for mangers as they are freed, for instance, from certain communication tasks that the work group can take on (Chan et al 2009).
In Disney, the nature of the individual’s thoughts will also relevant after goals have been formulated. Individuals choose to take action in accordance with each chosen goal. They should focus on what is to be achieved, the means needed to achieve it, and the reasons for, or benefits of, such action. Intrinsic motivation is not inherent in the task but rather exists inside the person. However, the working environment tends to be governed just as strongly by imposed standards and external rewards (such as pay, recognition, and promotion) as it is by things that are done because they are personally rewarding. This is not to deny that one should enjoy work and achieve personal reward, but in real work settings, such motivation rarely operates in isolation from other types of external motivators. The new proposals will affect task performance in at least three ways. First, they energize performance by motivating people to exert effort in line with the difficulty or demands of the goals or task.
It is not simple physiological arousal that produces high performance. Generally, one expects more effort to be expended when goals are difficult than when they are easy (Chan et al 2008). Greater effort should produce in greater performance, and more effort is needed to attain hard goals than easy goals. Managers who set easy goals stop working sooner than those with hard goals. While this result may seem trivial, it does illustrate the fact that challenging goals keep people motivated longer than less challenging goals, even when all individuals are working at the same pace. The lack of coordination and communication will influence organizational culture. Lack of ability limits an individual’s capacity to respond to a challenge–some people are not capable of performing in accordance with their goals. If they do not have the ability, they cannot reach them. At Disney, performance levels off after the limits of ability have been reached. Decision-making has a stronger effect on high-ability than on employees (Krause, 2008). “Managers and HR professionals feel they should be doing more about developing their organization’s workforce for the future, and talent management is assumed to be just about this” (Garrow and Hirsh 2008, p. 390).
Thus, it is important to note that given a goal commitment, Disney’s employees continue working at the task until the goal is reached. Employees work longer and more tenaciously for a harder goal then for an easier one, but there can be a trade-off. Employees with low demands and a long time limit or no time limit may work more slowly then those with high demands in order to fill the time available. The excess time in such a case, however, is the result of a slower pace rather than of greater persistence (Buell, 2008). At Disney, the prediction about the relationship of goal performance to satisfaction is this: the greater the success experienced by employees, the greater the degree of satisfaction experienced as well.
When employees at Disney perform well, they not only feel satisfied with their performance but also generalize this positive effect to the task; they like the task more than they did previously. In conclusion, job satisfaction is not a result of either the person or the job alone but rather of the person in relation to the job. Organizational learning is an important part of transformations at Disney. Organizational cultures are distinguished by the degree to which learning and problem solving occur. The cultural values and traditions are represented by governing variables (or values) and untested assumptions that make problematic the detection and correction of error. Some of the cultural values of organizational behavior include unilateral protection of self and others, win-lose relations, owning and controlling of tasks, rationality, and suppression of negative emotions. Disney’s management follows theories-in-use approach that maximize interpersonal defenses and minimize learning (Finch, 1979).
In sum, the organizational culture influences Disney in two ways: it is influenced by the organizational culture and maintains positive relations between employees. For Disney, there is a need to sustain effective strategies for cultural values and positive relations between employees. As a result of the complexity of Disney structure, which include multiple layers of authority, responsibility, and tasks, organizational culture emerges as subcultures with relatively distinct identities In addition to a manager’s characteristic response to stress and concerns; these organizational cultures and subcultures are driven by underlying main assumptions. At Disney, organizational culture units employees and motivates them. It may be compatible at any given time and the unconsciously driven main assumption group sabotages the more consciously driven task. Multiple and diverse organizational values exist in different departments and headquarters’. Thus, they follow the spirit and main values of the corporation and its historical traditions. The motivation changes if employees’ communication and interaction actions remain unnoticed. At Disney, greater autonomy and independence of each department from the central authority structure add to a subculture’s differentiation from the larger organizational culture.
Balsano, Th. J. et al. (2008). IDENTIFY YOUR INNOVATION ENABLERS AND INHIBITORS. Research Technology Management, 51 (6), 23.
Buell, John M. (2008). Living the Organization’s Mission, Vision and Values. Healthcare Executive, 23 (6), 21-24.
Chan Y. H., Taylor, Robert R., Markham, Scott. (2008). The Role of Subordinates’ Trust in a Social Exchange-driven Psychological Empowerment Process. Journal of Managerial Issues 20 (4), 444-467.
Disney Home Page (2009). Web.
Finch, Ch. (1979). The art of Walt Disney: from Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms. New York, H. N. Abrams.
Garrow, V.; Hirsh, W. (2008). Talent Management: Issues of Focus and Fit. By: Public Personnel Management 37 (4), 389-402,
Giroux, H. (1999). The mouse that roared: Disney and the end of innocence. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Krause, Th. (2008). The First Two Steps in Safety Strategy: Self Education and a Behavioral Vision. EHS Today, 1 (2), 28-28.
Mosley, L. (1985). Disney’s world: a biography. New York : Stein and Day.
Pringle, H., Gordon, W. (2001). Brand manners: how to create the self-confident organisation to live the brand. Chichester; New York: Wiley.
Thomas, B. (1976). Walt Disney: an American original. New York : Simon and Schuster. WHAT IS CULTURE. HR Magazine, Feb 2009, 54 (2).
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By: Caiti Anderson
The ability to vote is a powerful tool to ensure one’s voice is heard among the clamor of democracy. However, this right has remained elusive to many throughout American history. The long, hard slog to create a “more perfect union” comprises the battle for inclusivity in the American political process. Over the next few weeks, this series will study the history of voter registration through the comparative analysis of the history of voter registration in different states and the growing movement towards automatic voter registration. Today’s article will examine Mississippi and the ongoing journey towards fair voter registration laws in that state.
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| 0.943878 | 129 | 2.875 | 3 |
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