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An important principle of data science is that data mining is a process. It includes the application of information technology, such as the automated discovery and evaluation of patterns from data. It also includes an analyst’s creativity, business knowledge, and common sense. Understanding the whole process helps to structure data mining projects.
Since the data mining process breaks up the overall task of finding patterns from data into a set of well-defined subtasks, it is also useful for structuring discussions about data science.
From Business Problems to Data Mining Tasks
Each data-driven business decision-making problem is unique. There are sets of common tasks that underlie the business problems. A data scientist decompose a business problem into subtasks. The solutions to the subtasks can then be composed to solve the overall problems. Some of these subtasks are unique to the particular business problem, but others are common data mining tasks.
Despite the large number of specific data mining algorithms, there are only a handful of fundamentally different types of tasks they address. Illustrating fundamental concepts, it is obvious, to start with classification and regression.
1. Classification and class probability estimation attempt to predict an entity belongs to.
2. Regression attempts to estimate or predict the numerical value.
3. Similarity matching attempts to identify entities based on known data
4. Clustering attempts to group entities by their similarity.
5. Co-occurrence grouping attempts to find associations between entities based on transactions.
6. Profiling attempts to characterize the typical behavior of an entity.
7. Link prediction attempts to predict connections between data items.
8. Data reduction attempts to replace a large set of data with a smaller set of data.
9. Causal modeling attempts to illustrate what events or actions influence others.
Supervised Versus Unsupervised Methods
The terms supervised and unsupervised were inherited from the field of machine learning.
Metaphorically, a teacher “supervises” the learner by carefully providing target information along with a set of examples. An unsupervised learning task might involve the same set of examples but would not include the target information.
If a specific target can be provided, the problem can be phrased as a supervised one. A supervised technique is given a specific purpose for the grouping, predicting the target. Clustering, an unsupervised task, produces groupings based on similarities, but there is no guarantee that these similarities will be useful.
Classification, regression, and causal modeling generally are solved with supervised methods.
Supervised learning is where you have input variables (x) and an output variable (Y) and you use an algorithm to learn the mapping function from the input to the output.
Y = f(X)
The goal is to approximate the mapping function so well that when you have new input data (x) that you can predict the output variables (Y) for that data.
Classification and regression, are distinguished by the type of target. Regression involves a numeric target while classification involves a categorical target.
Clustering, co-occurrence grouping, and profiling generally are unsupervised.
Unsupervised learning is where you only have input data (X) and no corresponding output variables.
The goal for unsupervised learning is to model the underlying structure or distribution in the data in order to learn more about the data.
For business applications, we often need a numerical prediction. For example, a customer is will to continue subscribing his magazine
In the early stage of the data mining process is to decide whether the line of attack will be supervised or unsupervised, and if supervised, to produce a precise definition of a target variable. This variable must be a specific quantity that will be the focus of the data mining.
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| 0.916136 | 777 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Bridgette Butler: Welcome to this edition of the Vanderbilt Health and Wellness Wellcast. I am Bridgette Butler with Health Plus. Healthy habits are important to our quality of life. When we are able to develop and maintain healthy habits, we feel better, physically and emotionally, and we are better able to thrive in our everyday lives. One important tool we can use to both develop and maintain healthy habits is self-monitoring. Here today to speak with us about self-monitoring of healthy habits is David Schlundt, Vanderbilt Associate Professor of Psychology. Welcome, David.
David Schlundt: Thank you.
Bridgette Butler: David, why is self-monitoring important when beginning healthy habits or maintaining healthy habits?
David Schlundt: I want to start, actually, with the big picture, goal-directed behavior and self-management. Goal-directed behavior is something we do all day every day, and in order for us to stay on track to meet our goals, we have to get feedback on our actions. So, think about driving a car and your goal is to stay between the two white lines, and you have to watch and adjust the wheel in order to keep on your goal. Self-management would be a little bit different. Typically, it has to do with the sort of long-term goals that require us to either do something every day or most every day, so, for example, if it is losing weight or staying physically active. So, let me just say that losing weight without getting some sort of feedback on what you are doing would be kind of like trying to drive a car with your eyes closed. So, feedback is fundamental to our ability to achieve goals and that is why self-monitoring is so important in self-management. It's the way that we get feedback to know if we're on track to our goals and to know what kind of adjustments that we've got to make in order to get back on track when we get off.
Bridgette Butler: What are some healthy habits we may want to consider monitoring?
David Schlundt: I would say that the big ones are eating, physical activity, stress, sleep, and time.
Bridgette Butler: What are the various ways to self-monitor, some of the most effective ways to get that feedback?
David Schlundt: Anything that will give you feedback toward your goals is useful. The first thing is that you need to be specific about what the goals are. So, if I say, oh, it's New Year's, and this year I am going to try harder to be more active, that's a goal that doesn't allow me to get daily feedback and decide if I'm on track or I'm off track. Let's say I want to get 45 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity a day. Now, I've got a quantitative goal. I can get feedback each day. I can compare it to the goal. I can make the adjustments I need to. So, the first is - what is the goal and how do we measure our progress toward the goal? And then, once you've got that, you can decide, well, what do I have to do to quantify that? After I got my Ph.D., the first project I worked on took people with high normal blood pressure and randomly assigned them to different dietary interventions to see if we could keep them from actually developing hypertension. One was actually very hard for southerners, and that was the low-sodium diet, and we had little monitoring tools where there was a page for each meal and a place to record your foods, and we gave them little booklets and I went in thinking, "Oh, my gosh, this is going to be so hard for these people to do," but what I learned was, within two weeks, people were able to go from, let's say, eating three or four grams of sodium a day down to like 1,800 mg a day, and the way they did it was because the feedback was visible and it was quantitative. The feedback is what allowed people to make the adjustments. Now, let's apply it to sleep. Most people don't get enough sleep. And it used to be that you would have to keep a sleep log or sleep diary. Well, now, for people that have smart phones, there are these amazing sleep apps. Some people with Fitbits actually have the sleep monitor built into their device. So, I have one that I can sit it on the bedside table next to me. It listens to my breathing through the night and then it gives me a measure of how many hours I slept and the quality of sleep in each of those hours. So, it takes something that was sort of a little bit difficult to do and because it is done with an electronic device, I can say - my goal is to get up to seven hours of sleep on average and I can push a button and it is going to give me a goal. So, it's that making the feedback visible and easy to use that's the key to successful self-monitoring.
Bridgette Butler: Sounds like everything from a pen-and-paper food log to a digital wearable that is going to be giving you feedback on sleep and maybe even exercise.
David Schlundt: Yeah, exercise, or I use my MyFitnessPal, which actually aggregates data from different sources. So, it downloads my weight from my scale every morning, I enter my food, and then it talks to my Apple Watch and it brings in my activity, so I end up having kind of like a dashboard in one place with one app that lets me sort of monitor my progress daily toward each of my goals.
Bridgette Butler: I like the fact it sounds there is something for everyone. Even if you don't want to do a digital app or a wearable, you can always log with pen and paper.
David Schlundt: You can always log with pen and paper. You really want to find something that doesn't take too much effort or too much time but that gives you the feedback that you need, again, to sort of make those daily adjustments in your habits so that you get to a place where you are sort of consistently meeting your activity and your food goals and then gives you feedback on those critical incidents where you go to a party or take a trip or go on vacation and the goals get way out of whack, and it helps you sort of figure out how to make adjustments for those kinds of situations.
Bridgette Butler: So, it sounds like what makes for a good monitoring tool is something that is easy and accessible, that is going to give you direct feedback on the goals that you've set for your healthy habits.
David Schlundt: And then, I think in addition to that, it lets you see the feedback over a period of time so you get a sense of your progress, and that's the value of some of the electronic apps.
Bridgette Butler: Alright. Thank you very much for your time today.
David Schlundt: You are quite welcome.
Bridgette Butler: We appreciate you helping us understand, not just the importance of self-monitoring for healthy habits, but also the ways that we can self-monitor.
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The Social Life of Health Information
Depression, anxiety, stress or mental health issues
28% of internet users look online for information about depression, anxiety, stress or mental health issues.
The percentage of adults who look online for information about mental health issues has increased in the past two years. From 2002-2006, online searches for information about mental health issues remained relatively stable, around 22%. In 2008, however, the percentage of internet users to look online for information about depression, anxiety, stress or mental health issues rose to 28%, a statistically significant increase.
Women account for much of the growth in online research of mental health issues over the past six years, whereas men have remained about equally likely to look for this information online. Thirty-five percent of online women go online to find information about mental health issues, compared with 22% of men.
Internet users under the age of 65 are more than twice as likely as wired seniors to turn to the internet for information about mental health. Fully one-third (33%) of online 18-29 year olds, 32% of online 30-49 year olds, and 26% of online 50-64 year olds look for mental health information online, while just 12% of online adults age 65 and older do so.
Additionally, those with higher levels of education are also significantly more likely than those with less education to seek mental health information online. Some 32% of college graduates and 31% of adults with some college education reported looking for mental health information online, compared with 24% of those with a high school diploma and 26% of those with less than a high school education who reported doing so.
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| 0.942237 | 334 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is the Virtual Cell Worksheet?
The Virtual Cell worksheet is a biology worksheet that allows students to label and identify the different components and organelles within an animal cell or a plant cell. The worksheet provides a diagram of a cell with various parts left unlabeled.
The Value of the Answer Key
The Virtual Cell Worksheet comes with an answer key that identifies all of the cell parts and organelles in the diagram. The answer key gives the correct name for each labeled part of the cell.
How Students Utilize the Answer Key
Students use the Virtual Cell Worksheet answer key to check their work after labeling their own cell diagram. The answer key enables students to assess their knowledge and identify any parts they labeled incorrectly.
Benefits for Student Learning
Having access to the answer key provides a few key benefits for students:
- It allows students to self-assess and identify areas for improvement.
- It improves their cell biology knowledge through independent practice.
- It reinforces the names and functions of each organelle.
Maximizing the Answer Key’s Potential
To get the most out of the answer key, students should thoroughly review any parts they mislabeled. Making flashcards or their own cell diagrams can further help reinforce this biology content.
The Virtual Cell Worksheet answer key is an excellent way for students to solidify their understanding of cell structures. By utilizing the answer key for self-assessment, students can independently enhance their biology skills.
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| 0.870749 | 309 | 4.21875 | 4 |
When you think of a microscope, do you think of something complicated?
Would you believe that you can make a microscope with about 4 times magnification using just three materials?
I didn’t think it was possible to make a magnifying glass just using objects from around the house, but it is not only possible, it is also incredibly easy!
Combine your homemade microscope with a magnifying glass for even greater magnifying fun!
Easy Homemade Microscope for Kids
Make your own homemade microscope in seconds with this simple project!
Note: This project works best with a white piece of paper or surface under the homemade microscope.
You’ll need just a few things for this project:
- Clear tape
- 2 pencils
- Microscope slides (or you can use small objects from around the house)
Set two pencils down parallell from each other. Make them about as far apart as the length of your slides to keep things easy.
Stick a long piece of tape over the two pencils and to the table on either side of the pencils to hold the tape tightly between the two pencils like a bridge.
Don’t touch the sticky side of the tape or you will ruin the microscope.
Drop a small drop of water onto the top of the tape using the pipette.
Make 3-4 lines of tape and add a different-sized drop to each one. This will help determine what size of water droplet produces the biggest magnification.
Slide a microscope slide under the pieces of tape and observe.
The slide will be magnifying 4 times or more, depending on the size of your drop.
Use a magnifying glass in combination with your microscope for even larger magnification.
Homemade Microscope Science Explained
A bead of water acts similarly to the lens of an eye. The droplet of water refracts the light and tricks your eyes into seeing the object larger than it actually is. We found that smaller drops of water were actually able to magnify the slides to a larger size than big drops of water. Experiment with different sized drops to find the best balance between image size and clarity.
More fun science for kids:
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| 0.912563 | 452 | 3.453125 | 3 |
While the UK’s rate of childhood obesity is considered to have fallen in recent times, it remains a serious national concern. Although many consider this to be as a result of the poor example set by the current generation of parents, it may also be due to the fact that physical exercise and aerobic fitness is viewed in a less than positive light. The key is for parents and those associated with professional teaching associations to make physical fitness fun for children, so that they come to enjoy it and embrace it as a part of their lifestyle.
How to Make Physical Fitness Fun for Children
With this in mind, how can physical fitness be presented as a fun and interactive past-time to children? Consider the following: –
Create Physical Games with an Element of Competition
If there is one thing that binds siblings and children of similar ages, it is a desire to compete and win. This should be integrated into any physical fitness activities that your children undertake, as it will create an interactive element that makes them fun and enjoyable. Simply by turning a cardiovascular sprint into a race, for example, you can change the emphasis for children and distract from the physically intense nature of the exercise. Over time, your children will begin to view physical fitness in an entirely different light. A plant based protein powder can also be ingested to escalate muscle growth both for the young and adult.
Purchase Fun and Engaging Fitness Accessories
While some physical activities are far more enjoyable than others, it always helps to use bright and engaging accessories as a way of enhancing each participant’s experience. For instance, if you’re child is into archery, you can provide him/her with a high-quality bowstring.
If your children enjoy cycling, for example, why not purchase brightly coloured BMX bikes that add a sense of excitement to a relatively basic exercise. Various makes and models can be procured from online retailers such as the Skate Hut, while consumers can use the Internet to access more affordable deals.
Lead by Example and Share the Experience with your Children
Shared experiences are often the most enjoyable, especially for children who get to participate in activities with their families. So if you are genuinely serious about empowering your children to enjoy the rigours of physical exercise, you must lead by example and ensure that you are directly involved with every single activity. This serves to reinforce the importance of keeping fit to infants, while also allowing you offer guidance an inspiration as they strive to retain their motivation over a prolonged period of time.
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| 0.96076 | 506 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Japan and the Jazz Age features a dynamic range of material, enticing visitors to discover this rich period in world history and visual culture. This exhibition recreates the energy and excitement of the Art Deco age in Japan between the two world wars-from the 1920s to 1940s. The artists celebrated in this exhibition transformed the traditional motifs in Japanese art to reflect their more cosmopolitan lifestyle while capturing the rapidly changing and modernizing Japanese culture during the Jazz age, including flappers and music halls.
This beautiful and historically fascinating exhibition tells the story of how the traditional transformed into the modern. With extraordinary skill and creativity, Japanese artists married the urbane decorative styles emerging in Europe with revered forms of the past: geisha became 1920s flappers; ancient origami cranes turned into sleek, gold statuettes; kimono morphed into emblems of fashion chic. Art Deco injected new style into everything from traditional woodblock prints and textiles to sculpture. The contradictions of this epic era in world history of the 1920s and 1930s, and the astonishing innovation that can result from a clash between the old and the new are evident in Japan and the Jazz Age.
The exhibition is drawn from The Levenson Collection-one of the world's premier collections of Japanese art in the Art Deco style-and is organized and circulated by Art Services International, Alexandria, Virginia under the title DECO JAPAN: Shaping Art and Culture, 1920-1945.
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| 0.930434 | 298 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Wildlife Management Institute and a host of partners - federal and state agencies, wildlife interest groups, municipalities, and land trusts, and private companies and individuals - are working to create habitat for woodcock and other young-forest wildlife in eastern North America.
This effort is an early but large step in implementing the Woodcock Conservation Plan developed by the Woodcock Task Force and published by the Wildlife Management Institute in 2008.
Learn about woodcock at www.timberdoodle.org.
Partners have set up more than 100 demonstration areas where foresters, habitat managers, and landowners can go see young-forest (or early successional) habitat created by up-to-date management techniques ? habitat that has already begun boosting populations of woodcock, golden-winged warblers, New England cottontails, and more than 50 other species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
As of early 2010, partners have already created, restored, or improved more than 100,000 acres of young-forest and scrub-shrub habitat. Funding has come from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the federal government, and a variety of other sources.
Four regional habitat efforts have been launched: the Northern Forest Woodcock and Young Forest Initiative (New England, the Adirondacks, and Atlantic Canada); the Appalachian Mountains Woodcock and Young Forest Initiative (southern New York, much of Pennsylvania, and parts of Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, and Virginia); the Upper Great Lakes Woodcock and Young Forest Initiative (Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota); and the Atlantic Coast Woodcock and Young Forest Initiative (coastal Maine south to the Delmarva Peninsula and mainland Maryland and Virginia bordering Chesapeake Bay).
More regional initiatives will soon come online across the woodcock?s range, which stretches from New Brunswick west to the Mississippi River and south to the Gulf Coast states.
Biologists have identified specific types of habitat ? for breeding, feeding, rearing young, and roosting - that woodcock need. Radiotelemetry studies and population monitoring efforts bolster the science that is driving this continental habitat-creation effort.
A website, www.timberdoodle.org, explains the woodcock?s plight and details ways of improving and creating habitat for this beautiful bird and the guild of other wildlife species with which it shares the landscape.
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| 0.896362 | 483 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Rectal Cancer Causes & Risk Factors
No one knows the exact cause of rectal cancer. It is clear that it is not contagious - no one can catch this disease from another person. Research has shown people with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop rectal cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. Risk factors for rectal cancer include:1
Rectal cancer is more likely to occur as people get older. More than 90 percent of people with this disease are diagnosed after age 50.
Polyps are growths on the inner wall of the rectum. They are common in people over age 50. Most polyps are not cancerous, but some polyps (adenomas) can become cancer. Finding and removing polyps may reduce the risk of rectal cancer.
Close relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, or children) of a person with a history of rectal cancer are somewhat more likely to develop this disease, especially if the relative had the cancer at a young age. If many close relatives have a history of rectal cancer, the risk is even greater.
Changes in certain genes increase the risk of rectal cancer. These types of rectal cancers are rare but cause the disease to develop at a somewhat younger age. Genetic testing can check for specific genetic changes.
Personal history of cancer:
A person who has already had rectal cancer may develop it a second time. Also, women with a history of cancer of the ovary, uterus, or breast are at a somewhat higher risk of developing rectal cancer.
Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease:
A person who has had a condition that causes inflammation of the colon (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) for many years is at increased risk of developing rectal cancer.
Studies suggest diets high in fat (especially animal fat) and low in calcium, folate, and fiber may increase the risk of rectal cancer.
A person who smokes cigarettes may be at increased risk of developing polyps and rectal cancer.
Because people who have rectal cancer may develop it a second time, it is important to have regular checkups. If you have rectal cancer, you also may be concerned that your family members may develop the disease. People who think they may be at risk should talk to their doctor. The doctor may be able to suggest ways to reduce the risk and can plan a schedule for checkups.
All surgery presents risk, including da Vinci Surgery. Results, including cosmetic results, may vary. Serious complications may occur in any surgery, up to and including death. Examples of serious and life-threatening complications, which may require hospitalization, include injury to tissues or organs; bleeding; infection, and internal scarring that can cause long-lasting dysfunction or pain. Temporary pain or nerve injury has been linked to the inverted position often used during abdominal and pelvic surgery. Patients should understand that risks of surgery include potential for human error and potential for equipment failure. Risk specific to minimally invasive surgery may include: a longer operative time; the need to convert the procedure to an open approach; or the need for additional or larger incision sites. Converting the procedure to open could mean a longer operative time, long time under anesthesia, and could lead to increased complications. Research suggests that there may be an increased risk of incision-site hernia with single-incision surgery. Patients who bleed easily, have abnormal blood clotting, are pregnant or morbidly obese are typically not candidates for minimally invasive surgery, including da Vinci Surgery. Other surgical approaches are available. Patients should review the risks associated with all surgical approaches. They should talk to their doctors about their surgical experience and to decide if da Vinci is right for them. For more complete information on surgical risks, safety and indications for use, please refer to http://www.davincisurgery.com/da-vinci-surgery/safety-information.php.
©2013 Intuitive Surgical. All rights reserved. Intuitive, Intuitive Surgical, da Vinci, da Vinci S, da Vinci Si, Single-Site, TilePro, FireFly, Skills Simulator, EndoWrist and EndoWrist One are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intuitive Surgical. All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Content provided by Intuitive Surgical.
PN 1002267 Rev A 05/13
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| 0.951619 | 923 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Are most health care providers attuned to the needs of their diabetes patients who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)? Does it matter? No and yes respectively, according to certified diabetes educator Theresa Garnero.
More than half of medical school curricula include no information about LGBT people, and most multidisciplinary professionals have not received tools to care for LGBT individuals, Ms. Garnero said at the annual meeting of the American Association of Diabetes Educators.
A number of factors that increase the risk for developing diabetes are highly prevalent among people who are LGBT. For example, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), both strong risk factors for type 2 diabetes, are more common among lesbians than among heterosexual women. Indeed, in one study, PCOS was identified in 38% of lesbians vs. just 14% of heterosexual women.
Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS often lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Men on HIV treatment have four times the risk of diabetes as do HIV-negative men. Moreover, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, and illicit drug use, all of which particularly endanger the health of those with diabetes, are frequent behaviors among LGBT individuals.
Depression is common in both LGBT individuals and people with diabetes. Withholding of insulin among closeted LGBT youth with type 1 diabetes could be a suicidal gesture rather than diabulimia.
How many LGB people have diabetes? It’s extremely difficult to obtain statistics – and there are virtually none for transgendered people – but based on self-reported health data, roughly 1.3 million LGB people have diabetes, a number approximately equal to that of type 1 or gestational diabetes, Ms. Garnero said.
So why does it matter? Lack of awareness and presumption of heterosexuality can lead to mistakes that alienate patients, such as lecturing a young lesbian with diabetes about the need for birth control or expressing negative attitudes toward patients who want to bring their same-sex partners to diabetes-education classes.
Importantly, patients who perceive that they can’t be open with their health care provider about sexual orientation may be reluctant to share other health-related information.
“Individuals who approach the health care system are already vulnerable from their illness … Intolerance is the last thing anyone wants when seeking health care. It is certainly not a part of the caring diabetes professional culture,” Ms. Garnero said.
What can the health care provider do? Placing a rainbow flag sticker or nondiscrimination statement that specifically mentions sexual orientation in the waiting room is a simple way providers can let patients know that they are LGBT-friendly. Other helpful information for providers can be found here.
Bottom line, she said: “All people with diabetes deserve the benefit of our expertise and access to ongoing support.”
-Miriam E. Tucker (@MiriamETucker on Twitter)
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| 0.940853 | 599 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A Detailed Analysis of How an Urban Trail System Affects Cyclists' Travel
infrastructure - track, mode - bike, mode - rail, place - urban, planning - route design, planning - surveys
Urban areas, Travel surveys, Travel behavior, Origin and destination, O&D, Minneapolis (Minnesota), Distance, Cyclists, Cycling paths, Cycling, Cycle tracks, Bikeways, Bicyclists, Bicycling, Bicycle trails, Bicycle routes, Bicycle riders, Bicycle paths
This study addresses how travel is affected by the use of off-street bicycling trails, specifically the role of distance to the trail in using such facilities. The paper describes a highly detailed analysis of use along an off-street facility in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The core questions examined the relationships between: (1) the propensity of using the trail based on distance from the trip origin and destination, and (2) how far out of their way trail users travel for the benefit of using the trail and explanatory factors for doing so. The data used in the analysis was collected as a human intercept survey along a section of an off-street facility. The analysis demonstrates that a cogent distance decay pattern exists and that the decay function varies by trip purpose. More than half of the riders cycled less than 2,500 m to reach the trail and there was a sharp decline after that. Findings also suggest that bicyclists travel, on average, 67% longer in order to include the trail facility on their route. The effect is heightened on weekends and on longer trips. This distance decay and shortest path versus taken path analysis can aid in the planning of new trail systems. Directions for future research are discussed.
Krizek, Kevin, El-Geneidy, Ahmed, Thompson, Kristin. (2007). A Detailed Analysis of How an Urban Trail System Affects Cyclists' Travel. Transportation: Planning, Policy, Research, Practice, Volume 34, Issue 5, pp 611-624.
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<urn:uuid:cb45d8cf-2f19-4a81-82f3-ff4abb9c196c>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.worldtransitresearch.info/research/2316/
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- CMV infection is very common; between 50 and 85 percent of all Americans have CMV by age 40.
- In people with HIV, CMV can cause retinitis (ret-in-I-tis), which can cause blindness.
- You can take steps to reduce your chance of infection with CMV and to protect yourself from CMV-related diseases.
What is CMV?
CMV, or cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-a-lo-vi-rus), is a virus that is found in all parts of the world. For someone with HIV or AIDS, CMV can cause retinitis (blurred vision and blindness), painful swallowing, diarrhea, and pain, weakness, and numbness in the legs.
How is CMV spread?
CMV spreads from one person to another in saliva (spit), semen, vaginal secretions, blood, urine, and breast milk. You can get CMV when you touch these fluids with your hands, then touch your nose or mouth. People can also get CMV through sexual contact, breastfeeding, blood transfusions, and organ transplants.
How can I protect myself from CMV?
You may already have CMV. However, you can take steps to avoid CMV, such as:
- washing your hands frequently and thoroughly
- using condoms (However, no protective method is 100 percent effective, and condom use cannot guarantee absolute protection against any sexually transmitted disease)
- talking to your doctor if you expect to receive a blood transfusion. Most blood banks don't screen blood for CMV.
If you work in a day care center, you should take these special precautions:
- wash your hands thoroughly after contact with urine or saliva
- avoid oral contact with saliva or objects covered with saliva (such as cups, pacifiers, toys, etc.)
- talk with your doctor about whether you should continue to work in a day care center.
How do I know if I have CMV?
A blood test can tell you if you have CMV, but this test is not commonly performed. CMV doesn't always cause symptoms. Some people have fatigue, swollen glands, fever, and sore throat when they first get CMV. But these are also symptoms of other illnesses, so most people don't know it when they get CMV.
How is CMV different for someone with HIV?
Once CMV enters a person's body, it stays there. Most people with CMV never get CMV-related diseases. However, in people with HIV or AIDS, the virus can cause severe disease.
How can I prevent CMV disease?
The most important thing you can do is to get the best care you can for your HIV infection. Take your antiretroviral medicine just the way your doctor tells you to. If you get sick from your medicine, call your doctor for advice. CMV disease mostly affects HIV-infected people whose CD4 cell counts are below 100. Oral (taken by mouth) ganciclovir (gan-CY-clo- veer) may be used to prevent CMV disease, but it is expensive, has side effects, and may not work for all people. Normally, ganciclovir is not recommended, but you may want to talk with your doctor about it.
For more information, call
Free referrals and information:
CDC-INFO 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636) TTY: 1-888-232-6348 In English, en Espa?ol 24 Hours/Day
CDC National Prevention Information Network
P.O. Box 6003
Rockville, MD 20849-6003
Free HIV/AIDS treatment information:
Drugs undergoing clinical trials:
Social Security benefits:
Social Security Administration
(You also may request a personal earnings and benefit estimate statement to help you estimate the retirement, disability, and survivor benefits payable on your Social Security record.)
Child Health Insurance Program
1-877 KIDS NOW (1-877-543-7669)
CDC Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention Internet address: www.cdc.gov/hiv/
Additional brochures in the Opportunisitic Infections Series:
*Use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.thebody.com/article/can-prevent-cmv
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Are you planning a trip to Berlin and interested in its rich history? Look no further than Museum Sachsenhausen! In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the significance of the museum, its historical background, key exhibits, and tips to enhance your visit.
1. Understanding Museum Sachsenhausen
Museum Sachsenhausen is a memorial and museum located near Berlin, Germany. It was established in 1961 on the site of the former Sachsenhausen concentration camp, which operated from 1936 to 1945. The museum’s primary purpose is to educate visitors about the atrocities committed during the Nazi regime and the experiences of the camp’s prisoners.
2. Historical Background
Sachsenhausen concentration camp was one of the first large-scale camps established by the Nazis. Initially used for political prisoners, it later became a model for other concentration camps and a training ground for SS officers. Thousands of people from various backgrounds, including Jews, political opponents, homosexuals, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, were detained and subjected to forced labor, medical experiments, and systematic extermination.
2.1 Liberation and Post-War Era
Sachsenhausen was liberated by Soviet forces in April 1945 and was then used by the Soviets as a detention camp until its closure in 1950. The East German government later converted parts of the site into a penitentiary, further highlighting the site’s troubled history.
3. Key Exhibits at Museum Sachsenhausen
The museum features a range of exhibits designed to provide visitors with a deeper understanding of the camp’s history and the victims’ experiences. Here are some of the notable exhibits you should explore:
- Barracks: Visit the reconstructed barracks to see the cramped living conditions that prisoners endured. The exhibits within the barracks showcase personal stories, photographs, and artifacts.
- Appellplatz: The Appellplatz, or roll call square, is a central area where prisoners were assembled. Today, it serves as an open space for reflection and contemplation.
- Exhibition Hall: The exhibition hall houses an extensive collection of documents, photographs, and historical artifacts that provide an in-depth look into the camp’s history.
- Tower A: Venture up Tower A for a panoramic view of the entire camp and its surroundings. This offers a unique perspective and emphasizes the camp’s vast scale.
4. Enhancing Your Visit
Here are some tips to ensure a meaningful and respectful experience when visiting Museum Sachsenhausen:
- Plan Sufficient Time: Allocate several hours to explore the museum thoroughly. The site is expansive, and there is much to see and absorb.
- Take a Guided Tour: Consider joining a guided tour to gain insights from knowledgeable guides who can provide additional context and answer any questions you have.
- Show Respect: In honor of the victims, maintain a respectful demeanor throughout the museum grounds. Photography is permitted in certain areas, but always defer to any signage or instructions provided.
- Engage with Multimedia: Utilize multimedia displays and audio guides available in multiple languages to enhance your understanding of the exhibitions.
- Visit the Visitor Center: Start your visit by stopping by the visitor center, where you can gather information, purchase tickets, and find resources to enhance your experience.
5. Additional Information
Before visiting Museum Sachsenhausen, it’s essential to be aware of the following:
- Accessibility: The museum is accessible for visitors with disabilities, with wheelchair ramps and elevators available.
- Opening Hours: The museum is open daily, except on select public holidays. Check the official website for the most up-to-date information on opening hours.
- Getting There: Museum Sachsenhausen is easily accessible by public transportation. Take a regional train (S-Bahn) from Berlin to Oranienburg, followed by a short bus ride or a pleasant walk to the museum.
By immersing yourself in the history and significance of Museum Sachsenhausen, you can gain a deeper appreciation for the resilience of those who suffered under the Nazi regime and ensure that their stories are never forgotten.
Table of Contents
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Toys, Prepositions of Place Sentences / Words
- Topic: Prepositions of place and toys vocabulary lesson.
- Vocabulary: teddy bear, robot, car, ball, balloon, block
- Grammar: This lesson focuses on the use of prepositions of place (in, on, under, next to, behind) to talk about the locations of things. We will also look at a few new contractions.
- in the box
- under the box
- next to the box
- behind the box
- in front of the box
- on the box
- Where's...? / Where is...?
- What's your...? / What is your...?
- No it isn't. / No, it is not.
- I don't like. / I do not like.
This lesson has a related dialogue video. Click here to watch the short dialogue related to this lesson.
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When it comes to PCOS it is important to be assessed for your risk of cardiovascular disease. We know women with PCOS have 2x the risk of developing heart disease. First thing to consider is doing some lab work to assess for your risk.
Yearly lab work check-ups are important when it comes to assess for cardiovascular disease risk.
Below are the top 3 labs to consider when it comes to PCOS and Heart Health.
1. Cholesterol Panel
The cholesterol panel can give us very good insight into long term cardiovascular risk assessment. Checking the lipid panel will give us key markers such as triglycerides, HDL (good cholesterol) and LDL (bad cholesterol).
When it comes to cardiovascular disease, looking at bad cholesterol, our LDL is important. LDL can readily stick to the artery walls and may cause plaque formation. This process is called atherosclerosis. This is especially bad as it may eventually restrict blood flow in our arteries.
Ways to reduce high levels of cholesterol include following a diet that mimics the Mediterranean diet as it is rich in healthy oils such as olive oil, vegetables and fruits, nuts and fish. The second way is to exercise, especially aerobic exercise as it can increase HDL (good cholesterol) and help us to lose weight – which will eventually lower LDL.
This is a screening marker for Diabetes. It will tell us if you are at risk for diabetes, prediabetes or have diabetes. HbA1c is essentially glucose bound to hemoglobulin. Hemoglobulin is a protein in red blood cells that will carry oxygen throughout the body. HbA1c tells us the direct amount of glucose in the blood.
Since red blood cells can live up to 4 months, this marker gives us a long term view on how much sugar there is in the blood stream over the last few months.
Other tests to consider with a HbA1c include fasting glucose, fasting insulin and an insulin glucose challenge test.
3. High sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
This marker is a protein that gives us an idea of global inflammation in the body. The marker helps us to determine the patients’ risk for heart disease and stroke. In fact, >3mg/L of HS-CRP can indicate an elevated risk for heart attack and stroke even in healthy individuals1.
Inflammation that is present can be either acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is when you may suffer from an injury or you are sick from a cold or flu. Chronic inflammation is considered low steady inflammation that isn’t caused by a single event. It can be constant injury to the inner area of the artery walls and is typically due to the way you live your life in terms of food choices, stress, sleep etc. Poor food choices can lead to higher cholesterol, blood sugar and high blood pressure.
We often see that insulin resistance can be one of the causes of high HS-CRP and in PCOS we often see insulin resistance the cause. Therefore, balancing blood sugar and insulin can help reduce HS-CRP levels. Ways to balance blood sugar and insulin are through you diet, supplementation and exercise.Looking for more support? Join Your PCOS Planner Here
- Ndumele, C. E., Pradhan, A. D., & Ridker, P. M. (2006). Interrelationships between inflammation, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance. Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome, 1(3), 107–196. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-4564.2006.05538.x
Visit the article here https://www.whitelotusclinic.ca/top-3-labs-for-pcos-and-heart-health/
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Pluto, we hardly knew ya! Don’t worry, she’s not going anywhere. However, this once happy planet will no longer be listed amongst the “planets” in our solar system. According to International Astronomical Union (IAU), which began meeting in August of 2006, the term Plutoid now applies to Pluto, as well as any other small stellar body that exist beyond the range of Neptune. Arriving at this working definition in 2008, two years after first meeting, the IAU defines the term Plutoids thusly: “Plutoids are celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun at a semimajor axis greater than that of Neptune that have sufficient mass for their self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that they assume a hydrostatic equilibrium (near-spherical) shape, and that have not cleared the neighbourhood around their orbit.”
The reason the IAU began meeting in the first place was to iron out some ambiguities that exist in the terminology of astronomy. For example, thought some might find it shocking, astronomers had never actually come up with a definition of “planet”. Originally, a planet meant a “wandering star” – ie. a star that appeared to move from constellation to constellation. This was the definition used by ancient astronomers, and it applied to the sun and moon as well. However, Copernicus’s heliocentric model changed all that; now it was clear that the Earth was a planet itself and moved around the Sun with the rest of them. In addition, more and planets were being discovered beyond Jupiter, such as Uranus and Neptune, and then between Jupiter and Mars. This included Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, and Juno, but astronomers soon realized that these bodies were far too small to fit with the rest of the planets.
Then came Pluto’s discovery. At the time, scientists thought it to be several times larger than it actually was; accordingly they placed it on the list of planets. Eventually, its true size was realized and other bodies similar to Pluto in size and composition were found far beyond Neptune, in what is known as the Kuiper Belt. Pluto was to these stellar objects what Ceres was to large objects in the asteroid belt – that is to say, comparable in size. Astronomers proposed several names for these objects, but matters did not come to a head until Eris was discovered. This dwarf planet was actually larger than Pluto, 2500 km in diameter, making it twenty-seven percent larger than Pluto.
In the end, the IAU could only resolve this matter by removing Pluto from the list of planets and devising a new category for dwarf planets that could no longer be considered true planets. Plutoid was the result, and now applies to the trans-Neptunian objects of Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
We’ve also recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast dedicated to Pluto. Listen here, Episode 64: Pluto and the Icy Outer Solar System.
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Noise measurements allow the determination of the four Noise Parameters of a device (transistor). Focus’ Noise Modules integrate well with various third party noise receivers.
Noise Parameters: These are four numbers that fully describe the noise behaviour of an active or passive device (twoport) at a given frequency. For practical reasons we use the following quantities as Noise Parameters:
Focus’ noise parameter extraction routines leverage the PNA-X’s unique implementation
of the cold-source noise figure measurement technique. This specific technique requires a noise source to determine the kBG (gain-bandwidth constant) of the system and a passive mechanical tuner is used to characterize the noise receiver across both the impedance and frequency space. This step is imperative to obtain fully vector-source-corrected measurements.
A RF down conversion stage might be required if the frequency of noise measured exceeds the receiver’s bandwidth. Focus offers noise modules which support down conversion for optimal speed and performance.
- Tab Title
Input Noise Module
|1||INM-2600||up to 26.5 GHz||3.5mm||0.80 dB||1.60|
|2||INM-4000||up to 40 GHz||2.9mm||0.91 dB||1.80|
|3||INM-5000||up to 50 GHz||2.4mm||0.99 dB||1.80|
|4||INM-6700||up to 67 GHz||1.85mm||1.12 dB||1.90|
Output Noise Module
|wdt_ID||Model||s||Frequency||Connector||Downconverter||Minimum Gain (dB)||Maximum VSWR|
|1||ONM-2600||up to 26.5 GHz||3.5mm||29||1.8:1|
|2||ONM-4000||up to 40 GHz||2.9mm||30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz||2.1:1|
|3||ONM-4000-DC||up to 40 GHz||2.9mm||▼||30 for ≤26.5GHz, 29 for 26-40GHz||2.1:1|
|4||ONM-5000||up to 50 GHz||2.4mm||27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz||2:1|
|5||ONM-5000-DC||up to 50 GHz||2.4mm||▼||27 for ≤26.5GHz, 27 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz||2:1|
|6||ONM-6700||up to 67 GHz||1.85mm||29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz||3:1|
|7||ONM-6700-DC||up to 67 GHz||1.85mm||▼||29 for ≤26.5GHz, 28.5 for 26-40GHz, 28 for 40-50GHz, 21 for 50-65GHz||3:1|
Noise Circles & Stability Regions
Noise Parameters: Minimum Noise Figure / Rn / Gamma Opt / Phase of Gamma Opt
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COVID-19: What you need to know
How does the virus spread?
- There is currently no vaccine to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
- The best way to prevent illness is to avoid being exposed to this virus.
- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person.Between people who are in close contact with one another (within about 6 feet).
- Through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.
- These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.
- Some recent studies have suggested that COVID-19 may be spread by people who are not showing symptoms.
- Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds especially after you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing.
- If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Cover all surfaces of your hands and rub them together until they feel dry.
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick, even inside your home.
- Put distance between yourself and other people outside of your home. Remember that some people without symptoms may be able to spread virus.
- Stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms’ length) from other people.
- Do not gather in groups.
- Stay out of crowded places and avoid mass gatherings.
Take steps to protect others:
- Everyone should wear a cloth face cover when they have to go out in public, for example to the grocery store or to pick up other necessities. Cloth face coverings should not be placed on young children under age 2, anyone who has trouble breathing, or is unconscious, incapacitated or otherwise unable to remove the mask without assistance.
- The cloth face cover is meant to protect other people in case you are infected.
- Do NOT use a facemask meant for a healthcare worker.
- Continue to keep about 6 feet between yourself and others. The cloth face cover is not a substitute for social distancing.
- If you are in a private setting and do not have on your cloth face covering, remember to always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze or use the inside of your elbow.
- Clean AND disinfect frequently touched surfaces daily. This includes tables, doorknobs, light switches, countertops, handles, desks, phones, keyboards, toilets, faucets, and sinks.
- Wash your hands!
- Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.
- Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
- Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.
- Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
- Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.
Monitor your health…
Be alert for symptoms. Watch for fever, cough, shortness of breath, or other symptoms of COVID-19.
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https://westcaldwellhc.org/covid-19/
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History is important in the modern world because it helps identify patterns, processes and procedures. History research papers, history term papers, history dissertations and history theses discuss matters such as evolution, historical political events, geographical developments and events, revolutions, historical religious matters, cultures and traditions of a society, among other issues.
As many as there are issues in our history, there are as many research topics professors can assign you to handle. Those pursuing courses in history get assignments or college research papers that expose/discuss historical issues. In writing a research paper or college research paper, one must prepare enough in terms of organizing resources needed. This includes proper apportioning of time to handle different chapters. Remember, some lecturers may require you to submit college research papers in chapters.
Another thing you need to excel in writing a research paper or college research paper in history is credible research materials that discuss topics in question. Credible resources include peer-reviewed journals and academic articles and works. Students writing a research paper or term papers need to be familiar with the citation style professors request them to use.
You can be sure, for every matter assigned by lecturer, there are experts who went ahead of you in exploring it. Therefore, very rare history research paper topics have no research materials for research. Of course, there are matters appearing recent, even if they are historic. When writing a research paper or college research paper involving rare topics or issues, periodicals may be of great help. Many periodicals are published within a short duration like 3 months and feature most recent/current matters in history.
College research paper writing also includes editing and revising complete papers. Proofreading is an important strategy in perfecting research papers, term papers, reviews, reports, dissertations and thesis. You may also order a research paper from online research papers from online research firms: you get assured of getting perfect papers because they have professionals and edit all papers.
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http://www.bestessayservices.com/blog/history-research-paperscollege-research-paper/
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PHOTO - Great Irish American scribes slideshow
Ireland has more esteemed scribes per square mile (or kilometer) than any other country.
The following Top Ten list includes writers of Irish extraction who were born on American soil.
1. F. Scott Fitzgerald
F. Scott Fitzgerald had Irish blood from both sides and at least one grandparent who grew up in the old country.
Though his most famous novel was The Great Gatsby, his most autobiographical novel was Tender is the Night, in which a promising shrink falls for his dreamiest schizophrenic ; a poignant romance ensues, one ultimately ruinous to the MD’s career, as the would-be Freud becomes a jaded caretaker.
Fitzgerald had to assume a caretaker role for his ever-more-troubled wife, Zelda, who met an appalling fate within a flame-engulfed psych ward.
He also had to contend with his own self-destructive impulses, and once said of himself: “drunk at 20, wrecked at 30, dead at 40.”
He wasn’t far off.
2. Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell’s mother was a suffragist of Irish-Catholic ancestry. When the mother fell casualty to the 1918 Spanish flu outbreak, young Mitchell left college and headed back home to Atlanta.
She eventually launched a weekly column at the prominent Atlanta Journal, where she refined the art of character study. She also found a husband who took care of her when she severely broke her ankle.
While she was bedridden, the husband kept bringing home more and more historical books; finally he told her: “Why don’t you write your own?”
Mitchell took these words to heart, soon embarking on the manuscript which would become the legendary Gone with the Wind.
3. Jack London
Jack London’s father was an Irish-American astrologer; his mother was a music teacher who “claimed to channel the spirit of an Indian chief.” He left home at a young age and tried his hand at being an “oyster pirate.”
Eventually he became a full-blown drifter. Geographically speaking, he made it pretty far. Records show him serving time for vagrancy at a county jail in Buffalo, New York.
Though these penniless travels were bad for his health, they proved great for his adventurous fiction, such as novels The Call of the Wild and White Fang.
Like no other writer, London could explore parallels in the violence among wild animals and the violence among humans.
4. Flannery O’ Connor
Flannery O’ Connor was a Georgia native with the viewpoint of being a devout Catholic intellectual in the predominately Protestant “Bible Belt.”
This region would be captured in much of O’Connor’s fiction, and she is now seen as a pioneer of the Southern Gothic style. Racial issues of the South are a persistent element in her work, as are characters with severe moral deficiencies and characters who have scant clue about the tragedy in store for them.
Though O’Connor had a good moral character, her physical state was always quite troubled. She succumbed to the effects of lupus at age 39. When first diagnosed, doctors had given her five years. She lasted fourteen.
5. William Faulkner
William Faulkner was a Mississippi native who became a pellet-gun-toting frat boy. More mature years would see a prolific output of novels, many in the “stream-of-consciousness” style employed by James Joyce.
Faulkner was a notorious drinker who could, more or less, remain sober while writing. But upon completing a work, he would binge his way to a staggering oblivion.
Details of Faulkner’s Irish background are pretty scarce. He is, however, classified as an Irish-American writer.
Despite winning a Nobel Prize, he wasn’t always in the best of moods. There is an account of admiring visitors setting foot on his property, and the famous old writer greeting them with a shotgun.
Eugene O’Neill a.k.a. “America’s Shakespeare,” was the son of well-known stage actor James O’Neill, and much of his childhood was spent shifting from hotel to hotel.
Young O’Neill took to writing plays while committed to a sanatorium for tuberculosis. He went on to become a Nobel Prize winning dramatist.
Increasingly debilitated by a virulent mix of alcoholism and Parkinson’s disease, O’Neill wrote only two plays during his last two decades.
At age 65, he succumbed to Parkinson’s ravaging effects on a fourth-floor room of Boston’s old Kenmore Square Hotel Sheraton, nowadays a B.U. dorm where kids chug beers and recharge their iPods in the very same room where “America’s Shakespeare” exhaled for the last time.
7. Henry James
Henry James was the grandson of Irish immigrant and real-estate mogul William James, who owned an immense amount of upstate New York. William James’ business acumen greatly benefited several following generations who, spared the frantic struggle for bread, could at any time plunge into scholarly pursuits of limited earning potential.
Henry James would eventually relocate to the U.K.; much of his writing involves a humorous juxtaposition of European and American cultures, such as found in his most famous work, The Ambassadors.
A full-blooded Irishman James was not. But, thanks to his paternal grandfather, there was some Celt in him – perhaps just enough to work its magic and show that even a few drops of Emerald blood can make a writer first-rate.
8. Ken Kesey
Ken Kesey earned some extra cash by partaking in a government funded experiment, which entailed the ingestion of LSD. During some of these trips, he had hallucinations of an American-Indian sweeping the floors of a mental hospital.
This narcotic vision, among others, formed the basis for the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The book’s success would put Kesey at the forefront of Sixties counterculture.
Though finding information about his Irish background has seemed a rather difficult task, he is indeed categorized as an Irish-American writer. Furthermore, Maureen Dezell’s book, Irish America:
Coming into Clover, tells of how Ken Kesey, along with psychedelic high-priest Timothy Leary, was among the “New Irish” who, in the 1960s, came to San Francisco and joined its longstanding history of “political and cultural dissent.”
9. David Crockett
David Crockett was of Scots-Irish and Anglo-Irish descent; his paternal heritage could be traced back to 17th-century French exiles who settled in Ireland.
Though he found success in both military and political venues, Crockett would also turn his energies to literature. In 1834 he released the autobiography A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. The writer then headed east to promote his book.
Crockett’s book tour would prove detrimental to his political career; he was voted out of office, at which point he told his constituents: “You may all go to hell, and I will go to Texas.”
When he wasn’t being too defiant, the man could self-promote with the best of them: “I am David Crockett…half-horse, half-alligator, a little touched with the snapping turtle…can wade the Mississippi, leap the Ohio, and ride upon a streak of lightning…my father can whip any man in Kentucky, and I can lick my father.”
10. Vincent O’Sullivan
Vincent O’Sullivan was born in New York City in 1868. He was the son of Kerry native Eugene O’Sullivan, who worked in the coffee business and made a large sum of money during the U.S. Civil War. Though details of Vincent’s upbringing are vague, it is clear that, by 1892, he had crossed the pond and matriculated at Oxford University.
When the father died, young O’Sullivan inherited a fortune, dropped out of school, and embarked on the writing life. In the 1890s he was a promising member of the London literary community.
But the 1890s would be his best decade. Later years would see a dissipation of his fortune and writing career.
Perhaps writer Robert Aickman said it best of O’Sullivan’s demise: “He found himself ruined, wrote his last book under terrible conditions, and, dying in Paris, ended anonymously in the common pit for the cadavers of paupers.”
Buy the e-book on Irish writers, Celtic Scribes - Volume 1, $2 PayPal payment to [email protected]
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Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. The term can also refer to public administration theory.
- Quotes are arranged alphabetically by author
A - FEdit
- I present, for what it is worth, and may prove to be worth, the following bill of axioms or aphorisms on public administration, as fitting this important occasion.
- The continuous and fairly efficient discharge of certain functions by government, central and local, is a necessary condition for the existence of any great society.
- As a society becomes more complicated, as its division of labor ramifies more widely, as its commerce extends, as technology takes the place of handicrafts and local self-sufficiency, the functions of government increase in number and in their vital relationships to the fortunes of society and individuals.
- Any government in such a complicated society, consequently any such society itself, is strong in proportion to its capacity to administer the functions that are brought into being.
- Legislation respecting these functions, difficult as it is, is relatively easy as compared with the enforcement of legislation, that is, the effective discharge of these functions in their most minute ramifications and for the public welfare.
- When a form of government, such as ours, provides for legal changes, by the process of discussion and open decision, to fit social changes, then effective and wise administration becomes the central prerequisite for the perdurance of government and society — to use a metaphor, becomes a foundation of government as a going concern.
- Unless the members of an administrative system are drawn from various classes and regions, unless careers are open in it to talents, unless the way is prepared by an appropriate scheme of general education, unless public officials are subjected to internal and external criticism of a constructive nature, then the public personnel will become a bureaucracy dangerous to society and to popular government.
- Unless, as David Lilienthal has recently pointed out in an address on the Tennessee Valley Authority, an administrative system is so constructed and operated as to keep alive local and individual responsibilities, it is likely to destroy the basic well-springs of activity, hope, and enthusiasm necessary to popular government and to the following of a democratic civilization.
- Liberty and good government do not exclude each other; and there are excellent reasons why they should go together. Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end. It is not for the sake of a good public administration that it is required, but for security in the pursuit of the highest objects of civil society, and of private life.
- John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, The History of Freedom in Antiquity (1877)
- Public administration is a process or a theory, not merely an accumulation of detailed facts. It is Verwaltungslehre. The object of administrative study should be to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost both of money and of energy.
- Marshall E. Dimock, "The Study of Administration." American Political Science Review 31.01 (1937): p. 29
G - LEdit
- The study of public administration must include its ecology. "Ecology," states the Webster Dictionary, "is the mutual relations, collectively, between organisms and their environment." J. W. Bews points out that "the word itself is derived from the Greek oikos a house or home, the same root word as occurs in economy and economics. Economics is a subject with which ecology has much in common, but ecology is much wider. It deals with all the inter-relationships of living organisms and their environment." Some social scientists have been returning to the use of the term, chiefly employed by the biologist and botanist, especially under the stimulus of studies of anthropologists, sociologists, and pioneers who defy easy classification, such as the late Sir Patrick Geddes in Britain.
- John Merriman Gaus (1947), Reflections on public administration, p. 6
- Public administration is that part of the science of administration which has to do with government, and thus concerns itself primarily with the executive branch, where the work of government is done, though there are obviously administrative problems also in connection with the legislative and the judicial branches. Public administration is thus a division of political science, and one of the social sciences.
- Much of the pioneering work in organization theory was written about public organizations, or with public organizations in mind. When Weber wrote about bureaucracy, he was thinking of the Prussian civil service. Philip Selznick began his scholarly career writing about the New Deal Tennessee Valley Authority in TVA and the Grass Roots (1953). Herbert Simon’s first published article (1937) was on municipal government performance measurement, and Simon also coauthored early in his career a book called Public Administration (1950) and a number of papers (e.g., Simon, 1953) published in Public Administration Review. Michel Crozier’s classic, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (1954), was about two government organizations in France.
- Steven Kelman, "Public management needs help!." Academy of Management Journal 48.6 (2005), p. 967
- Weber's wide-ranging contributions gave critical impetus to the birth of new academic disciplines such as sociology and public administration as well as to the significant reorientation in law, economics, political science, and religious studies.
- Sung Ho Kim, "Max Weber", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
M - REdit
- FromFrom the earliest days of his emergence, the Rationalist has taken an ominous interest in education. He has a respect for 'brains', a great belief in training them, and is determined that cleverness shall be encouraged and shall receive its reward of power. But what is this education in which the Rationalist believes? It is certainly not an initiation into the moral and intellectual habits and achievements of his society, an entry into the partnership between present and past, a sharing of concrete knowledge; for the Rationalist, all this would be an education in nescience, both valueless and mischievous. It is a training in technique, a training, that is, in the half of knowledge which can be learnt from books when they are used as cribs. And the Rationalist's affected interest in education escapes the suspicion of being a mere subterfuge for imposing himself more firmly on society, only because it is clear that he is as deluded as his pupils. He sincerely believes that a training in technical knowledge is the only education worth while, because he is moved by the faith that there is no knowledge, in the proper sense, except technical knowledge. He believes that a training in 'public administration' is the surest defence against the flattery of a demagogue and the lies of a dictator.
- Michael Oakeshott. Rationalism in Politics, (1947)
- Machiavelli was aware of the limitations of technical knowledge; it was not Machiavelli himself, but his followers, who believed in the sovereignty of technique, who believed that government was nothing more than 'public administration' and could be learned from a book.
- Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics (1947), published in Rationalism in Politics and other essays (1962)
S - ZEdit
- By public administration is meant, in common usage, the activities of the executive branches of national, state, and local governments; independent boards and commissions set up by the congress and state legislatures; government corporations, and certain agencies of a specialized character. Specifically excluded are judicial and legislative agencies within the government and nongovernmental administration.
- Herbert A. Simon, Donald W. Smithburg, and Victor A. Thompson. Public Administration, Transaction Publishers, 1950. p. 7
- Decision theory can be pursued not only for the purposes of building foundations for political economy, or of understanding and explaining phenomena that are in themselves intrinsically interesting, but also for the purpose of offering direct advice to business and governmental decision makers. For reasons not clear to me, this territory was very sparsely settled prior to World War II. Such inhabitants as it had were mainly industrial engineers, students of public administration, and specialists in business functions, none of whom especially identified themselves with the economic sciences...
- Herbert A. Simon, "Rational decision making in business organizations." Nobel Prize lecture 1978, published in: The American economic review 69(4) (1979): 493-513;
- Defined in broadest terms, public administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy. This definition covers a multitude of particular operations in many fields — the delivery of a letter, the sale of public land, the negotiation of a treaty, the award of compensation to an injured workman, the quarantine of a sick child, the removal of litter from a park, manufacturing plutonium, and licensing the use of atomic energy. It includes military as well as civil affairs, much of the work of courts, and all the special fields of government activity— police, education, health, construction of public works, conservation, social security, and many others.
- Leonard D. White, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, 1926. p. 1
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They are the youngest victims of the West African Ebola crisis: at least 3,700 children in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have lost one or both parents to the disease.
Immediate family members are often the only available caregivers for those infected with Ebola, so in some cases entire families are becoming infected in one brutal swipe. Children who are Ebola survivors or have lost their parents to Ebola are often rejected by other relatives for fear of infection. “These children urgently need special attention and support; yet many of them feel unwanted and even abandoned. Orphans are usually taken in by a member of the extended family, but In some communities, the fear surrounding Ebola is becoming stronger than family ties,” says Manuel Fontaine, UNICEF’s Regional Director for West & Central Africa.
Thirteen-year-old Jennette* in Meliandou, Guinea, was about to finish sixth grade when she began helping her aunt care for her infected grandmother. Soon, Jennette contracted the virus. “After the funeral,“ she says, “I started to feel sick.” Jennette spent 23 days in a treatment center and survived, but, she says, “I could not be happy….Ebola has taken seven members of my family."
Even worse, she could not return home. Her aunt kicked her out of her house. Jeanette's experience is typical of many young survivors. They are “vulnerable to stigmatization, hunger, malnutrition, and in some cases violence,” explains UNICEF Guinea’s Timothy La Rose.
Help for Children in the Crisis Zones
UNICEF is using a variety of approaches to provide orphans and child survivors with physical and emotional assistance, some traditional and some new. As UNICEF spokesperson Sarah Crowe told the Washington Post, this "is all uncharted territory..."
In Sierra Leone, more than 2,500 Ebola survivors — now immune to the disease—will be trained to care for quarantined children in treatment centers. UNICEF is also helping to implement an extensive family tracing network throughout the country that can connect children with relatives who remain alive.
In Liberia, UNICEF is working with local authorities in severely-affected counties to identify and help children who have been rejected by their communities or whose families have died. UNICEF is also helping to train 400 additional mental health and social workers.
In Guinea, UNICEF and partners will provide about 60,000 vulnerable children and families in Ebola-affected communities with badly needed support.
Francis and Rosa's Story
These efforts should help children like Francis, 13, and his 5-year-old sister, Rose. The pair entered the Ebola treatment hospital in Kailahun, Sierra Leone with their younger sister after their parents and grandmother became sick. Their mother and father died soon after being admitted, while Francis’ sisters and grandmother were moved into the hospital's positive case zone.
Francis escaped infection, and he was brought to the Interim Care Centre—a halfway house supported by Save the Children and UNICEF. He was soon joined by Rose—their youngest sibling did not survive. Though the center is a haven of stability for children whose lives have been ravaged by Ebola, it can never make up for the loss of parents.
Rose cries frequently. “She misses her mother so much,” says Hawa Kamokai, a volunteer who works with children the center.
Francis is haunted by the absence of his father. “I miss his encouragement, and the way we used to walk together," he says. "He would talk to me and advise me. I miss that because now he is gone.”
The two siblings will stay in the halfway house until a more permanent home can be found. Efforts are underway to trace family members who are willing to care for the children.
*Name has been changed.
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The Czech Senate recognized the Holodomor of 1932-1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian people.
This was announced by President Volodymyr Zelensky.
"I welcome the decision of the Senate of the Czech Republic to recognize the Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians. I am grateful to my Czech friends for establishing the truth and restoring historical justice. Punishment for all past and present crimes of Russia is inevitable," the Ukrainian leader said.
In April, the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament (lower chamber) recognized the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932-1933 as genocide of the Ukrainian people. Before that, the Czech Republic recognized the Holodomor as a criminal act of the totalitarian regime of the Soviet government.
- Germany, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states, 23 US states, Australia, Canada, and a number of other countries officially recognized the Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians. At the same time, Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, does not recognize the Holodomor as genocide.
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National Trauma Awareness Month was initiated by Congress in 1988 in an effort to heighten national attention to trauma, and reduce the occurrence and impact of severe injuries. In 2005, fifty-five lives were lost at Memorial Health System resulting from traumas—primarily caused by falls and motor vehicle crashes. In collaboration with The American Trauma Society (ATS) and its supporting agencies, Memorial’s Trauma Center offers the following advice to ward off slips and spills over the summer. These safety tips correspond with the most common trauma cases treated at Memorial.
- Do not depend on window screens to prevent children from falling!
- Move furniture away from windows; windows opened as little as five inches can be dangerous.
- Consider installing window guards on all windows.
- Ensure children wear a helmet correctly when riding.
- Make sure your child’s bicycle is the proper size and is in good working condition.
- Know where your kids are riding.
- Always wear appropriate, properly fitted gear: helmet, footwear, elbow and knee pads.
- Ride during daylight hours on smooth, paved surfaces free from traffic.
While in a car:
- Be sure all occupants are properly restrained.
- Look for Child Safety Seat Checks sponsored by local agencies to ensure correct installation. (90% of car seats are installed improperly.)
- Wear your seatbelt!
- Focus on driving – Cell phones, stereos, too many occupants, lack of sleep can all create deadly driving mistakes.
Memorial’s Trauma Center is hosting the following community safety events in May:
- May 20
Car Seat Check
Hillside Community Center
10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- May 21
“Feats of Fire For Kids” Health and Safety Day
Memorial Park, Fallen Firefighter Memorial
12 p.m. to 4 p.m.
Contact 365-6978 for more event information.
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Portland – History
Portland was named for the Duke of Portland who was a Governor of Jamaica between 1722 and 1726. Portland is a combination of the parish of St. George and a part of St. Thomas. At one time Port Antonio was renamed Titchfield, but since the old name continued to be used the new one was abandoned.
In 1723, in an attempt to populate the parish, the Governor offered a grant of 30 acres of land to every white protestant wishing to settle in Portland and to every free mulatto, Indian or Negro a grant of 20 acres.
When people did not respond to the offer the Governor increased his incentive to include provisions of beef and flour and an offer to free them from taxes and arrest for three years.
These attempts failed as the immigrants from the British Isle were unable to withstand the rigors of cultivating high up on the mountainsides. Also the maroons who lurked in the Blue and John Crow Mountains were adamant that Europeans would not settle Portland.
Most of the white settlers were useless against the maroons. The only force seemingly able to withstand them was the “blackshot” Negro slaves, freed men and mulattos. The maroons got all their firepower through raiding plantations or purchasing from the enemy.
The 1730s saw a series of battles between the maroons and the British. When it seemed that the maroons were about to destroy Portland, the British captured Nanny Town, the maroon settlement whose leader was the woman who was later to become Jamaica’s first National Heroine: Nanny.
The Titchfield Hotel, built by the United Fruit Company in the mid 1800s, was the hotel of Port Antonio. During the early days of Portland tourisms, the rail service was the convenient way of travelling from Port Antonio to Kingston and even on to Montego Bay.
With the arrival of tourism and the export of bananas, Port Antonio and Buff Bay thrived. However, misfortune struck in the form of hurricanes and Panama disease, which virtually destroyed the banana plantations. Despite the decline in banana exports, and the subsequent decline in Port Antonio’s economy, the capital town has bounced back and today is the hideaway of some exclusive tourist accommodations.
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Ruler means two things, a regulated standard of length and the king who does the regulating, the ruler, so since geometry means earth measure, we can show that the most ancient rulers held power because they could measure and map the earth by astronomy. The greek Eratosthenes of Alexandria circa 300 b.c. is credited to have been the first to have come close to accurately measuring the circumference length of the earth, his estimate of 252,000 stadion. Yet we don’t know what was the length of the greek stadion at his time, so precisely what the circumference length of the earth calculated by him in still unknown.
But what we do know is that the stadion length in more ancient times (during the Ice Age which too actually was the bronze age) was a precise subdivison of the radius length of the earth, hence the origin of the term geometry, earth measure, that archaic original stadion 1/10th of a modern nautical mile, with 600 olympic feet (each of 12.16 modern inches) having composed that most ancient stadion, the math and astronomy of that surprisingly simple ancient method explained here http://genesisveracityfoundation.com/earth-measure-geometry.
So if Eratosthenes had measured the earth by the more ancient method according to the earth’s wobble rate rather than by shadows at Alexandria and Syrene, he would have calculated that the circumference length of the earth is 216,000 original stadions, 21,600 modern nautical miles, that precise knowledge of geometry, earth measure, upon which his ancient predecessors had capitalized to have been rulers, demonstrated with the Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (Hapgood), those ancient sea kings who sailed and settled all over the world, in line with the Table of Nations in Genesis 10 of the Bible, the science of the future, old school man.
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A: Clinical trials, also called research studies, look at whether a new medicine, treatment or approach is safe and effective in people. They compare the effectiveness of a standard treatment or approach to a new treatment or approach to see which works better or causes fewer side effects.
As a recently diagnosed woman, your doctor may talk with you about treatment clinical trials. Treatment trials are available for all types of breast cancer and may study chemotherapy treatment, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, vaccine therapy, surgeries, radiation treatments or other therapies.
New treatments are tested in clinical trials only after several years of research in the laboratory and with animals. Those data are reviewed and the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must agree that the treatment is safe before human testing can begin.
A: Clinical trials are conducted in four phases, or steps—each is a separate trial. Data from each phase must be approved by the FDA before the next phase can begin.
- Phase I: First human test step. Measures safety; best dosage and delivery method (by mouth, injected); side effects. Enrolls small number of participants.
- Phase II: Determines effectiveness; watches for side effects. Has 300 or fewer participants.
- Phase III: Compares new treatment to current standard; measures side effects. When phase III is completed, new treatment may receive FDA approval. More than 1,000 participants needed.
- Phase IV: After FDA approval. Monitors effects of long-term use and compares new medicines to others. Many times, there is no phase IV trial.
A: When you take part in a breast cancer clinical trial, your safety is vitally important. The researchers are ethically bound to protect you. What’s more, federal laws specify that the study be closely monitored and that data on side effects and outcomes be reported to safety regulators, government agencies and the sponsor. Those safeguards mean that independent groups are watching and evaluating what is going on.
Today, every clinical trial is regulated by the FDA and an Institutional Review Board, a diverse group of people that reviews and approves trials with your safety in mind. You will also take part in an approval process called informed consent, in which your doctor or nurse will explain the trial to you in detail and give you a paper document with details about the treatment, tests, side effects, possible risks, benefits and costs.
During the trial, a Data Safety and Monitoring Board, an independent group of experts not involved with the trial, reviews the information produced so far on the treatment, side effects and structure of the trial. Should they find anything wrong with the trial, they will stop it. You may also stop participating in the trial at any time.
Taking part in a clinical trial is a serious decision, but doing so may help other women in the long run. All the progress we have made in cancer research comes from people like you who tried the latest, most novel treatments, tests or procedures with the hope of improving outcomes for themselves and generations to follow.
A: No— clinical trials are not just for people who are gravely ill. People with early-stage breast cancer can participate; even people who have never had breast cancer can take part in specially designed clinical trials. Clinical trials simply offer you the option of a treatment that may work as well as the standard treatment but cause fewer side effects, or perhaps be more effective and safe.
When clinical trials compare breast cancer treatments, they compare the standard treatment against the new treatment. Placebos (inactive substances) are rarely used alone in clinical trials for breast cancer treatment unless no other effective treatment exists, so you can feel confident that you will get treatment that meets the current standard of care if there is one available. You will always be told if the study uses a placebo instead of or in addition to active treatment.
A: Some clinical trials are randomized, meaning you and other trial participants will be assigned to one of the specified treatments by random computer selection. Many trials also are double-blinded, which means neither you nor your doctor know which treatment you are receiving.
Randomized, double-blinded trials ensure the results of the study are accurate and have not been influenced by beliefs you or your doctors may have about the outcome of the treatment.
Sometimes trials are unblinded, which means you and your doctor know which treatment you are receiving. If your trial involves medicine, this might also be called an open-label trial.
A: You can learn more about clinical trials from your doctor and nurses, from nonprofit organizations like Living Beyond Breast Cancer and from the Internet. Here are some resources to learn more about clinical trials:
- Visit the National Cancer Institute’s section on finding clinical trials. You can search by state and type of trial.
- Go to LBBC’s Clinical Trials Resource Center, presented in partnership with CenterWatch.com.
- Visit the Coalition of Cancer Cooperative Group’s website cancertrialshelp.org.
- Go to clinicaltrials.gov from the National Institutes of Health for information on understanding clinical trials and finding studies in your community.
- Emerging Med: (877) 601-8601, emergingmed.com
All FAQs reviewed by by Rebecca S.Trupp, RN, OCN, CBPN-IC
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Signs of infestation
Young caterpillars feed on the foliage first before moving into flower buds or developing fruits.
What is happening and why?
Budworms are caterpillars of the Helicoverpa moth family. The moths lay their eggs at night on young foliage close to fruits or flower buds and the young caterpillars feed on the foliage first before moving into buds or developing fruits.
After several weeks of feeding, the caterpillars burrow into the topsoil beneath the plant and pupate until rain that produces a burst of new plant growth will signal an opportune time for adult moths to emerge from pupa cases and lay eggs.
What to do?
- Avoid dry stress. Although rain stimulates egg laying, this moth only lays eggs on plants that have had a period of dry stress. Plants can only absorb the elements they need for pest-resistance from damp soil, and water stress provides the conditions that make them susceptible to attack. Water regularly and deeply using the irrigation systems. Keep beds mulched.
- After rain, give plants a drink of organic seaweed extract tea to assist in building disease-resistance. Use seasol mixed with water in a watering can so it looks like a thin tea. Apply directly to were the plants come out of the ground. Use about half a watering can per bed. Make a note in the garden logbook, so other people know what has been done.
- A fine mesh netting keeps new moths from reaching the plants.
- Remove all caterpillars, distorted leaves, affected flowers and fruit and bin to waste.
- Netting plants after the first moth attack doesn’t protect them from the pupating moths already in the ground and eggs and caterpillars on the plant inside the netting.
- The caterpillar is sensitive to a bacterial disease that can be caused by spraying them with dipel. The bacteria applied by the use of dipel do no harm to humans and most other insects.A constant and rigorous application is necessary, once per week and after every major rain. Mix ½ a pack of dipel and a splash of dishwashing liquid to 5 litres of water in the big spray can. Spray the whole plant, both sides of the leaves, early in the morning, so that it can dry up. One 5 litre spray can works for 6 beds. Make a note in the garden logbook, so other people know what has been done.
Once the population of moths and caterpillars under the tents are controlled, and new moths can’t reach the plants anymore, spraying will be less necessary.
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| 0.941445 | 543 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The State’s major mining industries include both underground and surface operations associated with extraction and processing of base metals, precious metals, iron ore and coal. Mining activities are largely restricted to the West Coast, the North West and North East of Tasmania.
Environmental issues associated with mining operations can include the long term management of tailings dams, waste rock management including acidic and metalliferous mine drainage generation and mitigation, dust and noise emissions, surface and groundwater quality, protection of habitat during the development of mining activities and site rehabilitation.
The EPA is also responsible for regulating a broad range of quarrying activities associated with the extraction of rock, gravel, sand, clay and a number of other industrial minerals (limestone, dolomite, silica flour etc). These materials are processed by crushing, grinding, milling or separation into different size classes for a broad range of applications Statewide.
Environmental issues associated with quarrying operations include dust and noise (including ground vibration and air blast overpressure impacts associated with blasting), sediment retention, weed control and site rehabilitation compliance requirements.
Mining and Extractive Related Publications and Resources
- Quarry Code of Practice 2017
The Quarry Code provides detailed guidelines for the quarry industry covering planning through to site rehabilitation. The 3rd Edition, dated May 2017.
Quarry Code of Practice May 2017 (3Mb)
- DRP Guideline for the Mining Industry
A guideline for the preparation of a decomissioning and rehabilitation plan for the Tasmanian mining industry.
DRP Guideline for the Mining Industry (709Kb)
- Remediation Programs
EPA Tasmania co-ordinates major remediation programs at the Mt Lyell and Savage River mine sites. Acidic and metalliferous mine drainage arising from these mines continue to impact the downstream environment. The Remediations Programs page on this website provides more information
- Bunding and Spill Management Guideline
This guideline has been developed to provide guidance on best practice environmental management to operators of activities likely to store and handle environmentally hazardous substances.
Bunding and Spill Management Guideline (503Kb)
Washdown Guidelines for Weed and Disease Control
These guidelines available on the DPIPWE website establish a standard for washdown and provide a guide to prescribing its application where codes of practice or other environmental management plans are not in place.
Weed and Disease Planning and Hygiene Guidelines - Preventing the spread of weeds and diseases in Tasmania (DPIPWE)
- Environmental Law Handbook
The Environmental Defenders Office has produced an easy to read, practical guide to Tasmania's environmental protection and planning laws for citizens, local councils, conservation groups, landowners, business operators and regulatory authorities. Chapters 7 to 11 deal with nature conservation issues including mining and quarrying.
Environmental Law Handbook (EDO)
Other Relevant Organisations
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https://epa.tas.gov.au/regulation/industrial-activities/mining-extractive
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| 0.895477 | 581 | 3.078125 | 3 |
French Kissing Is Dirty Business — Now We Know How Dirty
If you’re kissing passionately to stay warm, a new study shows that you could catch a cold. Not that it’s going to stop you, because making out is usually worth a little bout of the sniffles, but open-mouth kissing exchanges all kinds of bacteria. Which really shouldn’t come as a surprise.
After studying the mouths and kissing habits of 21 couples, Dutch researchers have found that 10 seconds of “French kissing” can transfer up to 80 million bacteria. The couples answered questions about how often they shared intimate kisses throughout the day, and then their mouths were swabbed. At that point, it was clear that significant others who participated in full tongue contact and saliva exchange at least nine times a day had “shared salivary microbiota.”
To find out just how much bacteria was being exchanged, one person in each couple drank a probiotic yogurt drink that contained identifiable varieties of bacteria not normally found in the mouth. The result was that after a 10-second, open-mouth kiss, the amount of bacteria increased by three times. From there, the researchers came up with the number of 80 million bacteria transferred for regular kissers.
The good news is that kissing is actually good for you. That kind of intimacy improves your mental health and releases endorphins in your brain. “Kissing is very healthy,” according to one scientist, because the more bacteria we’re exposed to, the better our resistance becomes. Just make sure the other person isn't fighting a cold.
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en
| 0.96671 | 331 | 2.6875 | 3 |
0. Common means: what is shared. Sharing is ‘commoning’. The commons is shared space, shared property or shared use.
(As the Chinese ideogram for common shows - two separate hands eating or drinking from the same bowl:)
1. The Common is under threat. Both Nature and Culture are under severe pressure. As the common is under threat, we become aware of the common.
2. We have to reinvent the common. The dichotomy between private and public has obscured it. To approach the common we have to start from its oblivion, its abolition, its forsakenness.
3. The common is what is neither public nor private. The common is what belongs to everybody and to nobody (like air and language).
4. The common space is not necessarily a political space. The ‘polis’ is always something else than the community.
5. The universal commons are generic, ‘commons without community’ (nature and culture as such); the particular commons are practices of commoning by a specific community. What is at stake in a certain sense in the 21st century is to defend the universal commons (in particular the eco-system, the freedom of seeds, open source knowledge etc) by the proliferation of particular practices of commoning.
6. Modernity opens up with the enclosure of the (spatial) commons. Capitalism begins with the original appropriation: the stealing of the common and the criminalisation of the expropriated (as Marx has shown at length in the last chapter of volume 1 of Capital).
7. Not only capitalism erased the commons, but also communism: everything was nationalized. Both capitalism and communism abolish the category of the common.
8. ‘Original appropriation’ is not only the original act of capitalism, it is ongoing. The privatisation of seeds is allegorical for this eternal expropriation of the common.
9. As enclosures are ongoing, practices of commoning are ongoing too. Expropriation is followed by re-appropriations (squatting, open source, sharing). In every place where we really start to share there is a moment of commoning.
10. Scale is one of the big problems of the commons: direct democracy, self-organisation, bottom-up practices etc, are ill equipped for the larger scales. In the age of globalisation problems play at a planetary scale.
11. (International) Law is one of the best defences of the (Universal) Commons. ‘The charter of the forest’ (appendix of the Magna Carta) is there to prove it.
(Peter Linebaugh, the Magna Carta Manifesto).
12. The spatial common is temporary, more a moment than a space (a moment of space). More a use, than a property.
13. The beauty of the common is its sheer potentiality. It becomes actual in every practice of sharing and re-appropriation. We re-appropriate the common every time we reclaim the streets.
14. The struggle for the commons will be one of the most important struggles of the 21st century (if not the utmost important).
15. The urban commons as object (open space, urban void, squat, terrain vague) is something else than the common as process (the decision making on how to act on this object). The unity of form and content is the beauty of many actions under the sign of the commons (self organised urban gardening for instance).
16? Is the struggle for the commons not too urgent for the slowness and weakness of direct, radical democracy? (Or do we have to trust the swarm intelligence of the human herd?)
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| 0.909311 | 761 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Hurray! Juno finally completed its journey from Earth and reached the largest planet Jupiter after five long years. American Independence Day gets an additional celebration of Juno reaching the Jupiter orbit. NASA is proud of launching the first space craft to Jupiter where no other space crafts have reached.
Why is it named as Juno?
According to Roman Mythology Juno is wife of Jupiter and was known as queen of heaven. There is myth that Jupiter used to hide himself behind the clouds, but his wife Juno was able to see him even through those clouds. Just as similar to the story, Juno will help the world learn about planet Jupiter hidden behind the clouds.
Brief Overview of Juno Spacecraft
Juno was launched on August 5th 2011 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and reached Jupiter’s orbit on July 5th 2016. Juno is used to make study of Jupiter’s gravity, magnetic field and polar magnetosphere. All the observations of radio waves around Jupiter aids in studying about this giant planet.
Juno will orbit Jupiter about 32 times faster. Having all the scientific instruments on board Juno will be making observations of thermal radiations emitting from the Jupiter’s atmosphere. And also facilitates the study of aurora that lights up the North and South poles of Jupiter. In order to find out the mystery behind the formation of this giant planet Juno makes an account of both water and ammonia content in Jupiter’s atmosphere.
To determine the Jupiter’s structure its atmospheric study is to be done initially and its mass can be found out by making gravitation and magnetic field maps of Jupiter. Juno will be able to illustrate why Jupiter has the brightest aurora by making a study on electrons and ions in Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
Infrastructure of Juno
Juno has a six sided body structure appearing like a hexagon. It has three large soccer shaped 29 feet long and 9 feet wide solar panels extending outwards from its body. The span of both spacecraft and solar wings span for more than 66 feet. These three solar panels will generate about 450 watts of electricity. It has nine instruments on board in its payload. The nine instruments are Microwave radiometer, Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper, Magnetometer, Jovian Auroral Distribution experiment, Gravity science, Jovian Energetic particle detector instrument, Radio waves and Plasma wave sensor, Ultraviolet Imaging spectrograph and finally the Juno Cam. It also carries Lego mini figures of Galileo, god Jupiter and his wife goddess Juno. These Lego Mini figures are made of aluminium to bear extreme space flight conditions.
Why study Jupiter?
It is very essential to know about our solar system and our Universe. By studying the Jupiter’s atmosphere we can make an estimation of formation of our Universe as Jupiter is said to be formed from the leftovers of Sun. And Jupiter has not changed much since its formation, hence study of Jupiter can help in making a better study of evolution of our Solar system.
We have finally made it till Jupiter which is just like a baby step and there is a long way to go on, don’t you think so?
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| 0.942098 | 639 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Conversations Between Science, Philosophy, and Religion (ST)
This course aims to understand recent interactions between the sciences, philosophy, and religion through four separate two-way “conversations”: 1) The philosophy of biology and the definition of life; 2) The evolution of the moral instinct – how did we become moral animals?; 3) The evolution of religion from anthropological and sociological perspective – how did we become religious animals?; and 4) Religious appeals to the sciences, through both “Intelligent Design” and other options provided by the sciences. The course will include one 2-3 page paper, one 4-5 page paper, and one 6-8 page paper on a topic of the student’s choosing. Students will also be graded on class participation and leading one discussion session. The class meets Tuesday and Thursdays from 8 to 9:30 am.
Number of Hours
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://usao.edu/course/conversations-between-science-philosophy-and-religion-st
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| 0.897874 | 189 | 2.59375 | 3 |
End of line resistors (EOLs) are very important for circuit and loop supervision. When you wire an alarm system, whether it is addressable or conventional, all wired devices -- as well as the loop or the conductors used in wiring -- must be supervised for operation and connectivity by the main panel through the EOL.There are two ways to wire EOLs: series and parallel. Both ways have their own usages and installation methods. The main thing to look for is the value of the EOL required by the user's manual that came with the board.
Determine the EOL for your system. Some lines end at the panel which means the resistor should be installed within the panel, and some end at the last device wired in a parallel connection. For example, fire alarm systems use the EOL resistor at the last device hooked up in parallel on each line. Resistors also must be used at the panel for all unused circuit lines.
Locate the "+" and "-". The plus and minus signs are used for power. Normally you will use a wire with four conductors, with different colours like white, green, red and black. Red and black are normally used for power with the red wire as positive and black wire as negative. The green and white wires are used for data and communication between the panel and the device. If resistors are needed at the end of the power line, they will be connected in parallel and be at least 1k. Consult the user's manuals for the correct value.
Locate the "C," "NO" and "NC" markings on the alarm device. The "C" stands for common and is connected to the green wire of the four conductors. "NO" means "Normally Open" and is mostly used with burglar alarm systems and access control. The expression "normally open" describes a system that only locks when electricity is present in the circuit. Once there is an alarm the circuit closes and the alarm goes off. End of line resistors for those systems are installed here. Simply remove a half-inch of the white wire's insulation, attach one leg of the resistor to the white wire and tighten them snugly with a wire nut. Then insert the other leg under the terminal screw for the "NO" and tighten the screw.
Attach the resistor to the "NC" screw and the "C" screw if a fire alarm system is used. The "NC" stands for "Normally Closed" and the resistor is connected in parallel. Remove a half-inch of the green wire's insulation and insert it under the terminal screw marked "NC". Insert one leg of the resistor under the same screw then tighten the screw on both the wire and the resistor leg. Make sure the screw is touching both the leg and the resistor.
Insert the other leg of the resistor under the terminal screw marked "C" with the white wire and tighten the screw on both the wire and the resistor leg, making sure the screw touches both of them and is tightened on both of them. This method is called connecting the resistor in parallel. The same method is used with the power as well. One leg is inserted with the positive wire and the other is inserted with the negative wire. There is no concern that this will short the circuit as the resistors work as voltage regulators, directing the electrons safely from the negative terminals to the positive terminals and supervising the loop as well.
Things you need
- Resistors (value varies with the system)
- Wire nuts
- Ohmmeter or multimeter
- Resistor insulation
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| 0.940795 | 731 | 3.25 | 3 |
Somehow or the other, we use fiber and polyester fabrics apart from those made of cotton. The latter can be recycled easily, and its end cycle is longer. Yet, when it comes to polyester or PTR fabrics, it needs proper techniques and end users to buy them such that recycled polyester and fiber clothes has a market value before it becomes the end stage as a landfill. Today, developing countries follow textile recycling and encourage their citizens to disburse textile waste for recycling and not as a landfill after the use and throw of clothes made of polyester.
Fabric Buyback Policies
Many top fabric brands ask their customers to return their used fiber and polyester fabrics for recycling. It is one of the environmental concerns those fiber/polyester fabric manufacturers take to save the environment as such used fabrics will not end up in a landfill by people. Thus, check with your family members that they have brought your polyester clothing materials in the buyback scheme for the recycling process. Today, many fiber and polyester fabric manufacturers must take this type of safe environmental measures and make awareness among their consumers too. Today, billion-tone polyester fabrics are thrown into landfill, or it is now a waste for people.
Used Clothes Market
Fiber and polyester textile users often sell their clothing to the used cloth market. It is also a smart way to deal with used polyester fabrics. Thus, you will get some money as they weigh your fabrics or give a price for each clothing material. Such buyers once again refurbish your clothes and sell them in local textile markets. In this way, your polyester fabrics have a longer life before going to be waste or landfill by the end user. Such users must also take measures to use recycled polyesters.
The next best way to save the environment is to give your used fiber/polyester clothes to an orphanage, and any charity trust comes for doorstep collection. Here, your sued clothes are new clothing for economically deprived or poor people who need materials free of cost. Thus, you are not putting them a waste. It is advisable to check such orphanages and charity workers and ask the end user to give their used microfiber clothing for recycling instead of putting them into waste in their locality. Anyone can give such information as it is an initiative to save and protect the environment.
Why is recycling polyester important?
The Council for Textile Recycling and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must take measures to educate people on recycling waste and used clothes. Polyester is a synthetic material. It will cause CO2 emission if it is burnt as waste. It will cause landslides if it is filled as a dump on the wasteland. Thus, recycling polyester fabrics saves a lot of money, water, and energy. Developed or developing countries must give some benefits for startups to start recycling businesses. They can take this business to a greater level of people and buyers of recycled products by such recycled products as environmental concern measures.
We recycle fiber and polyester fabrics as per recycling industry norms. In this way, we protect our environment and make awareness to curb those fiber wastes as not landfills. We use the latest technology in recycling fabrics and make them into more usable products for fabrics and allied industries such as belts, cleaning clothes, threads and yarns. We take bulk quantities of fiber and polyester cloth materials.
Recycled polyester can be used to some extent only. Multiple-time recycling needs advanced processes and technology. Developed countries might invest in the latest recycling plants. Yet, it is a worry for developing and underdeveloped countries as they do not have investors or their government gives some subsidies to open polyester recycling units. Yet, they can consider recycling polyester to make low-cost clothing and industrial use stuff. Today, one must be proud of such polyester recycling plants in your country. It would help if you considered your children’s future and never thought polyester fabrics were a landfill after using them. It would help if you resell them as used clothes, give them to the poor’s and lastly for recycling.
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en
| 0.955831 | 845 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This advice-column-style blog for SLPs was authored by Pam Marshalla from 2006 to 2015, the archives of which can be explored here. Use the extensive keywords list found in the right-hand column (on mobile: at the bottom of the page) to browse specific topics, or use the search feature to locate specific words or phrases throughout the entire blog.
Q: How can we teach our five-year-old child on the autism spectrum to spit out his toothpaste after brushing?
Perhaps you could start with a solid object, like a rubber ball.
SAFETY TIP: Use a ball large enough to fit in his mouth but not too small that he might swallow it. Also make sure it doesn’t taste bad. Some rubber objects taste really bad.
Have him learn to put the ball in his mouth and then “spit” it out to drop it into the sink. That might work to teach him the concept of “spitting.” Reward him for spitting in ways that make sense to him.
If he can begin to understand the concept, then maybe he will be able to generalize it to spitting out toothpaste.
The problem with autism spectrum kids, however, is one of generalization. The child may not be able to generalize the idea from the ball to toothpaste. You may have to do some experimenting with other objects, foods, pictures, etc.
WARNING: Your child actually may over generalize the concept of spitting to other items (like saliva or food) just like all kids do. You will have to teach him when to spit and when not to spit. This also can be difficulty for a child on the autism spectrum.
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| 0.967664 | 352 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Common law marriage is one of those legal ideas that everyone seems to have heard about, yet few people have a true grasp of the details. You may have read a news story about a common law spouse, or have heard people say things along the lines of, “If you live together for 10 years, you’re common law married.”
If you’re living together with a romantic partner, others may have told you that you’re common law married even if you’ve never told anyone you’re married or never intended to be. This can be an eye-opener, and no small source of concern.
All of these encounters with common law marriage have the air of legality to them, but don’t have much substance because the topic is one of the most widely misunderstood legal issues. While common law marriage is real, it is much different from the oft-heard notions you might believe.
What Is Common Law Marriage?
Common law marriage is a method of becoming legally married that is statutorily allowed (either explicitly or implicitly by not being statutorily prohibited) in a small number of states: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah. In three other states – Alabama, Rhode Island, and Oklahoma – state court cases have upheld the right for couples to get married through common law.
At one time, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia, and Florida allowed marriage by common law, but no longer do. In these states, common law marriages entered into prior to a specific date are recognized. For example, couples in Ohio who entered into a marriage by common law prior to October 10, 1990 are legally married, but attempts at common law marriage are not recognized as valid after that date.
Through a common law marriage, a couple can become legally married without participating in a religious or civil ceremony, and without receiving a marriage license or other official form of recognition from a state government agency. Though the method through which a couple becomes married by common law differs depending on state law, the process is relatively simple.
Essentially, a couple may become legally married through common law if they do all of the following:
- Live together
- Are capable of being married
- Intend to get married
- Hold themselves out as a married couple
If a couple is married through common law, that couple is a legally married couple with the same rights, obligations, and abilities as any other married couple. Common law marriages are no different from marriages that result from a religious ceremony, a civil ceremony at a courthouse, or any other legally recognized marital solemnization process. Therefore, a common law marriage is not a separate type or subset of any other form of marriage. Couples married through common law are legally indistinguishable from all other married couples in every way except for the method through which they entered into marriage.
It is important to understand that the laws about common law marriage can be both statutory (laws created by a legislature) and based on common law (laws that develop over time through court decision). As such, these laws can change at any time. If you ever have questions about the common law marriage laws in your state, or what your state does or does not allow, you should consult a family law attorney.
The widely held belief that a couple can become legally married simply by living together for a specific length of time is completely erroneous. Barring the presence of other necessary elements, a cohabitating couple will never become married regardless of whether they live together for a day, year, decade, or longer. Furthermore, a couple can be married through common law without being together for any minimum time period.
The misconception that cohabitating couples are somehow married is commonly reinforced by media reports that describe such romantic partners as “common law couples,” or which describe one or both of them as a “common law spouse.” In these types of stories the term “common law marriage” is inappropriately used to describe a couple that is living together but who are not married, or as a way to describe the relationship status of cohabitating couple as a sort of quasi-marriage. Neither description is correct.
Again, if a couple is married by common law, that couple is as legally married as any other couple. Simply living together, regardless of the length of time involved, does not create a marriage by common law or any other method. Couples are either married or they are not, and describing any other kind of relationship as a “common law marriage” is legally inaccurate.
There Is No Such Thing as Common Law Divorce
While it is possible to get married through common law, you cannot get divorced by common law. Marriages can end in one of three ways: one spouse dies, a court annuls the marriage, or a court ends the marriage in a divorce. All divorces and annulments must go through the civil legal process, meaning you have to file documents with a court and ask the court to end your marriage. After that, your marriage does not come to an end until the court approves your divorce or annulment request.
Common Law Marriage Requirements
Though each state has slightly differing requirements for what a couple must do to become married by common law, there are many similarities between states – and, generally, these requirements are not difficult to meet.
Unfortunately, issues can arise when, for example, a couple splits up and one partner claims that they were married by common law. Because married couples have rights that non-married couples do not have – especially when it comes to property settlements, alimony, and inheritances – proving that a common law marriage exists (or existed) can be important for a number of reasons.
To be married through common law, all states require that both would-be spouses are eligible to enter into marriage and have the capacity to marry. There are several aspects of eligibility and capacity:
- Age. Both partners have to be at least 18 years old to enter into marriage by common law. While states typically allow people under the age of 18 to get married as long as either a court or a parent or guardian approves of the marriage, common law marriage usually requires both to be 18.
- Mental Capacity. Each partner in the relationship must have mental capacity to marry. Most people have capacity, but those with cognitive or developmental disabilities that affect their ability to make knowing choices may not.
- Consanguinity. A consanguineous marriage is one in which the spouses share a direct ancestor, such as a grandparent or great-grandparent. All states have laws that restrict who can get married based on the degree of relationship between the partners. While most states require that partners be no closer than third-cousins in order to marry, a minority allow marriages between partners as close as second or even first cousins.
- Existing Marital Status. People who are already married cannot enter into a common law marriage.
You cannot enter into a common law marriage by accident. All states require that to become married by common law, both spouses must have a present intent to enter into marriage (a present intent is different from an intention to be married at some point in the future).
For example, if you and your partner get engaged, you both may intend to enter into marriage, but the marriage will not take place until some time in the future. So, such a couple does not become married by common law when they get engaged even if they live in a common law marriage state. For a common law marriage to take place, both partners must have a present intent to marry, which is the intent to enter into marriage immediately.
3. Public Presentation as a Married Couple
Couples who want to be married by common law must do more than just have present intent – they must publicly represent themselves as a married couple.
Presenting yourself as married includes, for example, using your spouse’s last name as your own, applying for loans as a married couple, filing joint tax returns, or introducing yourselves to friends, family, or coworkers as a married couple. The public presentation requirement effectively means that you cannot be married by common law in secret – and must make your marital status known to others.
4. Cohabitation and Living as a Couple
Cohabitation and consummation can be – but are not always – needed for common law marriage. The cohabitation requirement means that, in general, a couple must live together continuously as spouses, not merely on occasion. However, there is typically no specific minimum time requirement involved for a court to find a common law marriage exists. (The one clear exception to this general rule is New Hampshire’s common law marriage statute, which states that a couple must have been living together for at least three years prior to the death of a spouse in order for the surviving spouse to be able to prove that a common law marriage existed between them.)
Similarly, states can require that you live together as a couple, meaning that a sexual relationship exists between you and your spouse. However, there is no clear standard as to how much of a sexual relationship there must be, or what characteristics it must have. Beyond that, courts have found common law marriages exist between partners who did not, because of infirmity or advanced age, have a sexual relationship, but who met all the other requirements for a common law marriage.
Other Common Law Marriage Issues
Besides the state-specific requirements, common law marriages can involve practical or less commonly encountered issues. Again, with any legal issue involving common law marriage, state-specific answers to any question can differ, but there are some general principles that apply in many situations.
1. Name Changes
Married or not, anyone can change his or her name by going through the necessary process – there is no requirement that you have to go through an officiated or solemnized wedding ceremony to change your name. This process typically involves filing a petition with a court, attending a hearing, publishing a notice of the proposed name change in a local paper of record, and notifying government agencies and changing official records once a court approves of the change.
2. Moving Between States
Let’s say that you and your partner live in a state that recognizes common law marriage, and are married as such. You then move to a state that does not allow common law marriage. What happens then? Fortunately, you have nothing to worry about: If you are married in one state, all other states must recognize your marriage, even if you move from a state that allows common law marriage to one that does not.
3. Living Together In a Common Law State Without Getting Married
For couples who live together in a state that recognizes common law marriage but who do not wish to be married, there is some risk that a court could find that a common law marriage exists. For example, common law marriage most often becomes an issue after a couple separates or one partner dies.
Let’s say you and your partner lived together in a state allowing common law marriage, had joint bank accounts, and even referred to yourself as husband and wife on occasion. Does that mean you entered into a common law marriage? If you died and left behind an estate plan that did not include your partner, it’s conceivable that your partner could successfully claim that you were married by common law. If so, your partner would earn spousal inheritance rights, which would significantly change any inheritance plans you had made.
In such situations, it is often wise for couples to create a contract or property agreement that explicitly states the nature of your relationship. You should also outline a property distribution plan that applies if you split up, stating that you have never intended to enter into a common law marriage.
4. Same-Sex Common Law Marriages
With the recent changes to laws about same-sex marriages, legal questions about the validity of same-sex common law marriages have arisen. While it appears that common law marriage laws now apply equally to same-sex couples, there are situations that may be less clear. For example, how a court would treat a same-sex couple that met all the requirements for a common law marriage prior to same-sex marriages becoming legal across the country may be difficult to determine. People in same-sex relationships who have questions about common law marriage should speak to an experienced family law attorney.
5. Marriage Upon Impediment Removal
In some situations, the partners in a romantic relationship may not meet some requirements necessary to become married by common law, while other common law marriage elements may be present. For example, if a couple living in a common law marriage state lives together, holds themselves out as a married couple, and intends to be married, they cannot actually be married if one of them is already married to someone else. However, once that impediment is removed, such as by the partner getting a divorce, the couple could then become legally married by common law.
In general, courts look at claims of common law marriage with skepticism and scrutiny because of the potential of abuse. In most cases in which common law marriage is an issue of contention, one person claims that a marriage exists while another person – or that person’s estate – disputes the claim.
Courts much prefer situations in which your marital status is clear. Not only that, but being clear about your own marital status is always preferable to wondering whether you’re married or not. If you ever have a question about common law marriage, its implications, or how it applies to you, speaking to a lawyer is your best option.
Has common law marriage affected your life or your relationships?
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Stress is a major issue in the UK. In 2018, YouGov undertook a poll an online poll on behalf of the Mental Health Foundation, with a sample size of 4,619 people. This was the largest known study of stress levels in the UK.
The results of this study were striking! The findings concluded;
- Nearly three quarters (74%) of people felt so stressed that they were unable to cope.
- Just over half (51%) of adults who felt stressed reported feeling depressed, and 61% reported feeling anxious.
- Of the people who said they had felt stress at some point in their lives, 16% had self-harmed and 32% said they had had suicidal thoughts and feelings.
- Over a third (37%) of adults who reported feeling stressed said they felt lonely as a result.
- And just under half (46%) reported that they ate too much or ate unhealthily due to stress, while 29% reported that they started drinking or increased their drinking, and 16% reported that they started smoking or increased their smoking.
These statistics make for difficult reading and, whilst the reasons for feeling stressed are many and varied, the statistics show that the majority of people (around 55% in 2016) do not seek help to deal with their stress levels.
What is stress?
Stress is our body’s reaction to a situation or life event. In reaction to stressful events, either real or imagined, our body will trigger the release of a number of stress hormones, which can trigger our “fight or flight” response.
This is our bodies’ way of preparing itself for danger and to make us better able to protect ourselves.
Acute stress vs Chronic stress
- Acute stress
- Acute stress is where a short-term level of stress is experienced, can be a normal and even beneficial response. It can make us motivated and sharpen our senses; for example when giving a speech to a large group of people or performing at a high level in a sports event or a test.
- Chronic stress
- Where the feeling of stress persists over time. If left unchecked, chronic stress can begin to affect our physical and mental health and result in unwanted behaviours and more generalised anxiety, where we can even begin to worry about worrying.
Don’t leave it until it gets too much
It’s never too late to get help for these issues. And please don’t write yourself off as a “natural born worrier”. Everyone can improve their ability to deal with stress and to find new ways of reducing the effect of stress on their lives.
Through Hypnotherapy, I can help you to identify areas of stress in your life and to develop strategies and tools to deal with stress in a healthy and positive way, so that you can feel calm, in control and confident when stressful events inevitably occur.
Stressful events can and will occur to even the very best of us. If you feel that you’re struggling to cope, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with me but at least speak to someone, whether that be a family member, friend or even your GP.
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Objective To review the implications of recommending smokeless tobacco (ST) use as a harm reduction approach for low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Method Narrative review of published papers and other data sources (including conference abstracts and internet-based information) on the health risks posed by the use of ST products for individual smokers and for the population with a focus on their implications for LMICs.
Results Swedish snus has a relatively lower toxicity profile than ST products available in other markets, including older products used in the US and products used in Africa and Asia. The experience with snus in Sweden provides information on the effects of snus use in a population where cigarette smoking was already culturally ingrained. However, population effects are likely to be different in those LMICs where smoking is not yet the dominant culturally accepted form of tobacco use. The total effect may be negative in countries where locally-popular ST products have substantially higher disease risks than Swedish snus and where there is limited regulatory and tobacco use surveillance capacity.
Conclusions Issues relating to how populations in LMICs respond to marketing efforts, the risks of the dual use of ST and smoking, and the capacity to regulate ST products need to be considered in making decisions about harm reduction strategies in LMICs. The public health effects of supporting ST as a harm reduction strategy may vary substantively in countries with different pre-existing tobacco use patterns.
- Harm reduction
- public policy
- nicotine products
- smokeless tobacco
- primary healthcare
- traditional tobacco products
- tobacco and African tradition
- oral health
- smoking caused disease
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If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
- Harm reduction
- public policy
- nicotine products
- smokeless tobacco
- primary healthcare
- traditional tobacco products
- tobacco and African tradition
- oral health
- smoking caused disease
Globally, tobacco use currently accounts for just over 5 million deaths annually, a number expected to increase to over 8 million deaths annually by 2030.1 It is predicted that 70% of these future deaths will occur in low-income and/or middle-income countries (LMICs). The increase in future deaths is expected to be largely due to increased cigarette use; however, smokeless tobacco (ST) use accounts for a substantial number of deaths, including about 60 000 deaths annually on the Indian subcontinent alone.2
Cigarette smoking prevalence has decreased over the last two decades in most high-income countries, but continues to increase in several LMICs.3 The principal tobacco control strategies articulated in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) include preventing tobacco use initiation, promoting cessation and protecting non-smokers from the adverse health effects of secondhand smoke.4 Nevertheless, there continue to be new tobacco users and established tobacco users who are unable or unwilling to quit.5 6 The continuing, and in some countries expanding, prevalence of cigarette smoking has led to a broadening of traditional tobacco control strategies to include ‘harm reduction’ approaches such as considering the use of ST as a means of reducing the use of combusted tobacco products.
Several papers describe the challenges of tobacco harm reduction even in developed countries, notably the US and Sweden.6–11 This paper intentionally avoids a detailed consideration of the value and risks of recommending ST use in developed countries. Instead it focuses on the differences in the circumstances and patterns of use in LMICs and how they might influence policy considerations about ST use in those countries.
Concepts of tobacco ‘harm reduction’
Broadly speaking, all tobacco control strategies can logically be defined as ‘harm reduction’ strategies, since avoiding tobacco use reduces risks, but the contemporary usage of the term refers specifically to the objective of minimising the net damage to health for continuing tobacco users and the general population by substituting less harmful tobacco products for more harmful ones, particularly cigarettes.8 There is sometimes a dynamic tension where changes that may benefit some individuals (eg, switching from cigarettes to low nitrosamine ST) may bring about changes that may injure others in the population (eg, an increase in adolescents taking up ST, who then switch to cigarettes because of the marketing of ST). This may require a balancing of different forms of harm.12–15 This balance may be quite different in LMICs than in wealthier countries, and may well be different for different LMICs. What may reduce harm in one country or a subpopulation within a country may create harm in another.
Much of the evidence supporting ST use as a harm reduction approach aimed at reducing use of combusted products comes from men in Sweden and a few other higher-income countries. In these countries, smoking has been the dominant form of tobacco use and the formulation of some of the ST products displays a lower risk profile than that of many ST products widely used in parts of Africa and Asia.16–21 The overall disease risks resulting from ST use are indeed lower than those for smoking cigarettes, and, in the case of currently available low-nitrosamine ST products such as the snus used in Sweden, there are dramatically lower oral cancer risks. Swedish ‘snus’ refers to a moist snuff tobacco product prepared by heat treating, rather than fermenting, the tobacco; it has relatively low levels of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, compared with ST products from other parts of the world.22 23 The distinctive manufacturing process of the Swedish snus and its storage in refrigerators until sold is thought to be responsible for the lower levels of carcinogenic nitrosamines in these products.7 Swedish snus has a cancer risk profile that is substantially lower than the ST products available in other markets, including the older products used in the USA, and its cancer risk profile is markedly lower than that of most of the ST products commonly used in Asia or Africa.16–21 24
Evidence of disease risks at individual level
ST use has been associated with oral, oesophageal and pancreatic cancer.24 However, most available evidence suggests that ST products currently on the Swedish market are not associated with a significantly increased risk for oral cancer.24 25 There is also little evidence to suggest that ST use increases the risk of lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.24 25 The magnitude of the risk and the disease pattern for those risks differ markedly for the formulations of ST products used in different geographical locations.21 26 The formulations of ST used in parts of Africa and Asia, notably in the Sudan and India, produce very high risks for oral cancer and some other cancers and are responsible for a substantial proportion of the tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in these areas.24
Findings from recent meta-analyses27 28 on the cardiovascular risk associated with ST use, and even more recent studies in the USA and Sweden,29 30 suggest that the risk of myocardial infarction is low or not evident for Swedish snus type products. However, an increased risk for fatal and non-fatal strokes has been more consistently demonstrated with ST use, albeit with a lower risk for snus use. The overall RR for stroke associated with formulations of ST used in developed countries is estimated to be between 1.20 and 1.40,27 28 a risk which is substantively lower than the risk levels associated with smoking (RR =2.5). In marked contrast, the cardiovascular risk posed by ST use in populations in 52 countries, including India, other Asian countries and African countries, includes a risk of myocardial infarction for ST users that is only slightly lower than that for cigarette smokers, suggesting that the cardiovascular risks for ST products may vary substantially according to the product, particularly in LMICs.31
The use of snus in Sweden and of ST in India has been associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes.32–34 In South Africa, ST use has been associated with significantly reduced gestational age, but not with low birth-weight babies.35 A recent African study associated ST use with a precursor lesion for cervical cancer.36
The enormous range of toxicities seen with different formulations of ST use make it inappropriate to treat all forms of ST use as equivalent in harm reduction discussions. The reality for many LMICs is that the ST products most likely to be used are more hazardous indigenous forms rather than those with risks equivalent to Swedish snus. This makes recommending ST use as a harm reduction strategy a much more complex, and potentially hazardous, policy choice in LMICs.
Impact on smoking initiation and effectiveness as a cessation aid
Much of the debate emphasising ST use as a harm reduction strategy focuses on whether it serves as a gateway in to or out of cigarette smoking. While some evidence suggests that ST use is a gateway into smoking in the USA,37–40 studies from Sweden suggest that snus use is associated with a lower likelihood of daily smoking among adolescents.10 11 41 These differences may be due to cultural differences in the influence of ST on smoking initiation in adolescents, differences in public policy (eg, differential taxation and thus the pricing of different forms of tobacco) and/or differences in tobacco industry marketing strategies used in these two countries. Only limited data are available on the role of ST in smoking initiation outside the USA and Sweden; however, preliminary South African findings suggest that ST use may be a significant predictor of adolescent smoking uptake.42 More cohort studies are needed in non-Western countries with significant ST use.
Cross-sectional studies in Sweden suggest that snus may be at least twice as effective in helping smokers quit than medicinal nicotine formulations.11 43 However, the only randomised controlled trial comparing both product types as cessation interventions failed to show any significant difference using the standard 6-month outcome measure of abstinence.44 Most cross-sectional studies in Sweden use self-reports of daily smoking, making it possible for daily smokers who have become intermittent smokers to be classified as quitters. The difference between the findings of the controlled trial and those of the cross-sectional studies may therefore be partly explained by differences in the outcome measures used, for example, long-term intermittent smoking was reported as more common among snus users.45
Several studies suggest that at least 70% of ex-smokers in Sweden, especially women, did not use snus to quit,46–48 suggesting that other tobacco control efforts are likely also to have contributed to the decline in smoking prevalence. There is a need for well controlled follow-up studies to elucidate the impact of ST use on smoking cessation in LMICs.
Dual use concerns
There is some concern that the cigarette industry has entered the ST market to promote the situational use of ST by smokers rather than to promote cessation of the use of smoked products.49 50 Recent US studies suggest that smokers currently unwilling to make a quit attempt are more likely to use alternative products for partial substitution, rather than for complete substitution.50 51
Dual use seems to be more common among younger adults than among older adults in the USA52 53 and in South Africa.54 Recent national and regional studies from other LMICs such as India,55 Nigeria56 and Uzbekistan57 also suggest that as many as 20% of adult ST users also smoke concurrently. The Swedish situation is less clear, but recent national long-term follow-up data on the pattern of tobacco use among the Swedish middle-aged population suggest that dual use is also a concern there, particularly among those with lower educational attainment.58 Although past adult surveys in Sweden suggest that only 10% of daily snus users also smoke daily,48 59 a recent cohort study suggests that as many as 45% of exclusive snus users became dual users 10 years later.58 Some argue that dual use could be the transition period to eventually taking up exclusive ST use or quitting all tobacco use. However, the recent findings from Sweden suggest that about a third of dual users remained dual users after 10 years.58 More longitudinal data on the trajectory of dual use outside of Sweden are still needed.
Whatever the trajectory of dual use, a more important issue is estimating the extent to which dual use contributes to harm reduction. A recent published review by industry scientists concluded that the health outcomes for dual users are no worse than those associated with exclusive smoking.60 In fact, other than a reduced risk for cancer, the data suggest that there is no risk reduction for cardiovascular diseases, particularly strokes. As previously noted, a large cross-country study that included products from LMICs demonstrates a significantly higher risk for myocardial infarction among those who smoke and chew concurrently, compared to those who only smoke.31 Others have suggested that dual users have a higher degree of dependence52 61 and a steeper trajectory and more prolonged tobacco consumption than exclusive users of either only snus or only cigarettes.61 Based on the evidence and key inputs to modelling approaches12 used in estimating the harm reduction potential of promoting ST use as a strategy, dual use poses a significant threat to the harm reduction goal, particularly in the unregulated markets found in many LMICs, where members of the public may not be able to distinguish between the risk profiles of Western-style ST brands and those of local brands or where the local brands may be used concurrently with cigarette smoking.
The harm reduction potential for ST, or any other alternative nicotine-delivery product, depends largely on the change in the net number of smokers: how many confirmed smokers switch to ST products as opposed to the number of additional cigarette smokers created by first using ST and then switching to cigarettes. Hence, the receptivity of smokers to products and the marketing of products to adolescents are important.62–65 The capacity to continuously monitor how the population responds to marketing efforts is therefore also an important consideration.
Product marketing and communication of risk
The experience in Sweden is quite different from that in other countries where ST use has been widespread, including Norway and the USA. In the US, ST has been widely marketed since the 1970s, but marketing efforts have largely focused on young men.66 It is likely that, as a result, ST use has been confined largely to young men, with little evidence of dependent adult smokers shifting to ST as a harm reduction effort.67 This observation suggests that a replication of the Swedish experience may depend on the marketing messages used, and that the Swedish experience may be the result of non-generalisable cultural factors. At the very least, the decision to encourage the use of ST as a harm reduction strategy in LMICs must be accompanied by close attention to the marketing strategies used for these products, and we must exercise caution in assuming that all countries will have the same cultural response as Sweden did.
Regulations regarding the marketing messages communicated about ST use for harm reduction are needed, since the industry's current marketing practices in some LMICs68 69 and high-income countries have raised concerns.12 49 Practices suggesting an industry strategy to use ST harm reduction messages as a public relations ploy, while continuing to aggressively promote cigarette use, include cross-branding ST products with known cigarette brands,12 49 extending marketing to media channels not necessarily restricted to smokers70 and promoting situational use.12 49 71 There is concern that the communication of RR to consumers, while important, may be used to subvert comprehensive advertising bans in several countries that are parties to the WHO's FCTC.72 The differences in disease risks for formulations of ST used in LMICs also raise questions about appropriate educational messages about ST use and suggest that regulatory control regarding the risk profile for the products that are allowed to be marketed should be a critical component of any harm reduction strategy in LMICs.
The industry has been able to communicate with smokers in South Africa about snus using information leaflets at points of sale to describe how to use the products and the advantages of using snus, including claims that the product ‘helps to reduce or quit smoking’ and comments such as ‘you can enjoy it when you cannot smoke’ (figure 1). This ‘natural experiment’ that started in South Africa during 2005, as with a similar effort in India during 2002,68 appears to have failed, as snus use remains negligible, even though the use of traditional snuff by indigenous non-smoking women remains high in both these countries.55 73 The failed South African and Indian ‘experiments’ with snus are further evidence that the Swedish experience may not be transferable to other cultures.20 A recent survey among Uzbekistan adults also suggests that very few (<5%) smokers are willing to switch to ST, even if cigarette prices double.57
Applying the evidence of reduced risk at population level in LMICs
National death rates in Sweden demonstrate a dramatic decrease in male cigarette smoking prevalence and resultant male lung cancer rates over the last few decades.10 This decline in prevalence is associated with increased ST use by Swedish males. Considerable evidence suggests that the increased use of ST was a substitute for cigarette smoking and may therefore be responsible for part of the decline in the male smoking prevalence and lung cancer rates in Sweden.10 However, some challenge this assertion,74 arguing that the observed smoking rate decrease among Swedish men since the early 1960s is a response to a range of tobacco control measures introduced in Sweden.74–76 The drop in lung cancer rates among Swedish males is the strongest evidence to date for the use of ST as a harm reduction approach at a population level, but several caveats are important in applying this evidence to LMICs.
Switching from daily cigarette use to exclusive ST use clearly offers individual smokers a significant health gain, but the magnitude of the population benefit depends on the product used and the pattern of use, both of which may differ in terms of the consideration of costs and benefits for LMICs. The population impact of ST for tobacco harm reduction is defined as the difference in risks between cigarette smoking and ST use (depending on ST formulation) and as the effect of policies encouraging ST use as a harm reduction strategy on the number of future cigarette smokers and the total burden of tobacco-related diseases.
The potential positive population impact includes:
A reduction in the initiation of cigarette smoking by substituting the initiation of ST use.
A delay in the initiation of cigarette smoking by first use of ST.
Reductions in the number of smokers derived from switching to ST exclusively.
Reductions in the frequency and intensity of cigarette consumption by substituting ST use for some cigarettes during dual use.
Switching to ST in ways that ultimately lead to abstinence from all tobacco products.
Adverse population impacts on cigarette use includes:
The initiation of cigarette use among ST users who would not have become cigarette smokers had they not first used ST.
A delay or deferral of smoking cessation because of conflicting messages on the hazards of tobacco use or as the result of the dual use of smokeless and smoked tobacco products.
Reduced cessation by smokers who use ST products to try to quit and who fail, when other approaches might have led to abstinence.
Reduced benefits from restrictions on where smoking is allowed on the intensity of addiction and likelihood of cessation by the use of ST in settings where smoking is not allowed.
The continued use of ST among individuals who would otherwise have quit all forms of tobacco use (this may be a particular concern for geographic areas where the forms of ST used pose relatively high disease risks).
The balance of these effects for population harm may indeed be different for LMICs. Again, a principal difference likely to be present is the substantially greater disease risks observed for specific formulations of ST used in many LMICs, but there are also other differences that should be considered, based on the stage of the tobacco epidemic and the existing patterns of use in those countries.
Some of the poorest LMICs are in an early stage of the tobacco epidemic and do not yet have many individuals who have been addicted to nicotine for a very long period and wish to quit, but have been unable to quit, despite the implementation of comprehensive tobacco control policy and clinical interventions. Several LMICs also still have a relatively lower burden of lung cancer attributable to smoking, but have a high burden of cardiovascular diseases that have been associated with cigarette smoking and ST use (table 1). The initiation rates of cigarette smoking are only beginning to grow in these LMICs, and therefore there are few adult smokers who can be encouraged to switch to ST. In some of these countries, there is also little current use of ST, particularly in countries where tobacco is not grown in substantial quantities. For these countries, the issue is prevention rather than harm reduction; and the questions include how to prevent the initiation of cigarette smoking and how to avoid the introduction and use of formulations of ST with high disease risks. In the absence of a pre-existing social tradition of tobacco initiation and nicotine addiction, the risk that promoting ST use may increase smoking uptake by acting as a gateway behaviour may outweigh its potential to decrease smoking as an alternate form of tobacco use.
The experience in Sweden relates to a population where heavy cigarette smoking prevalence among adult men was well established, and smoking was culturally ingrained in the population. Even if one agrees that the introduction of snus use produced the decline noted in the adult male smoking prevalence in Sweden, the Swedish experience may not apply to populations in many African countries where male cigarette smoking prevalence is low, and in other LMICs, where the dominant form of tobacco used by the largest population groups is already ST of high toxicity.17 73 77 For example, it is not clear that encouraging snus use in a population such as that in Nigeria (the most populous nation in Africa, where smoking is not yet culturally ingrained) will prevent the adoption of cigarettes as the dominant form of tobacco use as the population responds to continued cigarette marketing efforts. Endorsing ST products as posing a lower risk may confuse and blunt current efforts, including effective mass media campaigns,78 aimed at dealing with the substantive existing disease occurrence resulting from the use of indigenous smokeless products. In addition, even in Sweden there has not been a substantial effect on female smoking prevalence, raising questions about the applicability of encouraging ST use in populations such as those in India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Mauritania and South Africa,79 where there are already a substantial number of female ST users, but smoking prevalence among women is low (table 2).
Finally, in the absence of regulatory control that can successfully address the toxicities introduced by the practices of small local producers, any shift to ST use is likely to be to the indigenous forms of high toxicity ST, rather than to Swedish-style products manufactured to have low toxicity. In fact, the potential for stimulating the local manufacture of high risk ST formulations by small producers, rather than use of snus similar to that used in Sweden, is likely to be high, given the low income and limited regulatory capacity of these countries. The reality is that, even if snus is priced cheaper than cigarettes as a policy initiative to encourage smokers to switch to snus, it is not likely to be cheaper than existing indigenous forms of ST products or even highly discounted cigarettes (eg, in China)80 that are currently available to local populations. Nevertheless, state control over tobacco production in countries such as China may provide a unique opportunity for tobacco harm reduction if the state were to completely replace cigarette production with the manufacture of low-risk ST formulations.
Other LMICs have a substantial existing prevalence of cigarette smoking and ST use, notably among adult men in India, Myanmar and Bangladesh, and the risks generated by use of the existing ST formulations are much closer to those of cigarettes than are the risks of ST products used in Europe and the USA. The magnitude of the risks associated with these traditional ST formulations are large enough for even modest increases in the total tobacco use in the population (even as ST) or small declines in the rate of cessation of either cigarette or ST use to cancel out the population benefit of individuals switching from cigarettes to ST use.
Many of the circumstances that could make the recommendation of ST use for harm reduction a potentially feasible option for wealthy countries are either not currently present or are substantively different for LMICs. Bearing in mind the importance of regulation as a precondition for achieving the goals of harm reduction, and the generally weak tobacco control policy environments that currently exist in most LMICs, the potential public health benefits that might accrue from harm reduction approaches based on converting smokers to ST use are unlikely to be large enough to convince policymakers to ignore the potential unintended consequences of doing so.
What this paper adds
There is a growing interest in using smokeless tobacco (ST) products for tobacco harm reduction, notably in the USA and Sweden, but only limited information is available on its implications for tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).
This review suggests that considering the existing widespread use of low-cost ST products of relatively high toxicity in several LMICs, the limited capacity for product regulation and the priority goal of preventing smoking uptake in several LMICs in the early stage of the epidemic, there is insufficient evidence to endorse the harm reduction approach of promoting ST products as an effective global tobacco control strategy.
We thank Bukola Olutola, University of Pretoria, for help with the literature search. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and does not in any way represent the position of the organisation(s) they represent.
Competing interests DMB has testified extensively as an expert in litigation against the tobacco industry.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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- Fran Hughes
Children need to spend time outdoors in nature
Updated: Nov 6, 2021
Dr Fran Hughes
As published in The Canberra Times, https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7462512/why-children-need-to-spend-more-time-in-nature/
All children have a right to develop their own, personal relationship with the natural world. With scarce resources, the Earth's capacity to recover from the effects of human actions is limited and we are now situated in a global climate change crisis (IPCC, 2021). Therefore, it is vital that children spend more time outdoors in nature.
In contemporary Australian society, children and families often have increasingly limited opportunities to connect with the natural environment. Today's children are becoming less and less engaged with nature as time and access constraints, advances in technology and community attitudes to risk aversion limit chances for children to play outdoors.
Throughout Australia in the past 10 years there has been an increased interest and engagement with immersive nature play programs in early childhood settings and playgroups. These programs are often called 'nature play' or 'bush kinder'. Immersive nature play programs are where children are invited to engage in child-led play in outdoor settings where natural elements feature, and offer a vast array of possibilities not available indoors. Play spaces in natural environments include plants, trees, logs, sand, water and rocks and other elements from nature. These are mainly located in the bush, on the beach, in parks, paddocks or around creeks.
I believe that outdoor play in natural environments is vitally important for learning in early childhood. Research recognises the value of children's play in nature for their health, wellbeing, confidence, learning capacity, creativity, communication and problem solving skills. Through playing in nature, children are given opportunities to explore and connect, learning to care for the Earth and one another. Long-standing research has supported children's connections with nature and examined how early connections may impact on later environmental attitudes and actions.
An example from an inner-city early years setting in Sydney describes: "Rather than having one site we regularly visit for play, we have many small spaces within walking distance that we visit with children. This allows us to walk different paths and see multiple parts of our community on the way. We have found different types of play, tend to happen at these different sites depending on the affordances they offer and well as the cultural constructs the groups of children have created in relation to those places over time. Over the years, these places have been named by the children, reflecting their play and shared imaginary landscapes. Those little parks and green corridors can become special little worlds where play and civic participation can come together. When I began, only the preschool children were going on regular, spontaneous walking excursions, but over time this has grown to encompass all learning groups, including 0-2 years olds."
The New South Wales Early Years Nature Connections (NSWEYNC) is a not-for-profit group established to support the connection of all children with nature within an Australian context. Our purpose is to promote young children spending more time outdoors in nature.
Join us on Saturday, October 9 to learn about fostering children's connections with nature through play and the importance of learning in natural environments in this free online workshop at 2pm through the Eco Living Festival. Click the link below and sign up now.
The Eco Living Festival has free online interactive sustainability events until October 24 to encourage participants around Australia to feel confident to create sustainable lifestyles and make choices that protect our environment. Themed webinars will allow participants to understand ecosystems, reduce waste and get up-to-date with climate change from Dr Karl.
Dr Fran Hughes on behalf of NSW Early Years Nature Connections
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Pupils kept out of formal schooling until the age of seven perform just as well those subjected to normal lessons at five, it was revealed.
In some assessments of reading skills, those with a later start actually overtook their peers by the age of 10, figures show.
Academics suggested that infants given more time to naturally develop their language skills in the early years had a better foundation when they started conventional tuition at seven.
The disclosure – based on an analysis of pupils in New Zealand – will raise fresh concerns over Government reforms to pre-school education which appear to place a greater focus on the three-Rs at an increasingly early age.
This includes subjecting all pupils to a new-style reading test at six to identify those lagging behind.
It comes after a major US study showed that bright children actually benefited from being slowed down in the early years, suggesting that they risked growing up in an “intellectually unbalanced” way by being pushed too far, too soon.
Most British schoolchildren already start classes earlier than their peers in many other European nations. Children are normally expected to be in lessons by five, although most are enrolled in reception classes aged four.
But the latest study – published in the journal Early Childhood Research Quarterly – found that children who begin decoding words later than their peers can “eventually achieve equally in reading fluency”.
“Our findings suggest that success at reading is not assured by an earlier beginning,” it said.
Academics from Regensburg University in Germany and Otago University in New Zealand tracked hundreds of children who started formal schooling at different ages.
This includes those who joined conventional New Zealand state schools at five and others from progressive Steiner schools, who are allowed to delay formal tuition until seven.
The second group remained in Steiner nurseries for two more years, where written language is banned to encourage the development of oral communication and children spend time on play-based activities, such as painting, drawing, cooking, singing or oral storytelling, the study said.
Children were given reading tests at different stages during the first six years of their primary education to assess their ability to decode individual words and fluently read a passage of text.
The study, led by Dr Sebastian Suggate, found that those learning to read later had caught up by the age of 10 and actually had “slightly better reading comprehension” before the end of primary education.
“Instead of focusing on developing decoding-related skills between the ages of five and seven, and in the first years of school, it may be that the environments in the Steiner kindergartens favoured language development, which later feeds into reading comprehension,” said the research.
The findings come amid claims from academics that children in England are being pushed too hard at a young age.
Currently, all nurseries and childminders are expected to follow a compulsory pre-school curriculum that requires children to hit a series of targets before their fifth birthday.
This includes reading and understanding simple sentences in books, writing simple sentences, counting up to 20, using simple addition and subtraction and employing everyday language to describe and compare size, weight, capacity, time and distance.
Ministers have also proposed plans for progress checks of all children before their third birthday to find out whether they can use basic words, respond to familiar sounds, communicate their needs and play with friends.
A Department for Education spokesperson said: “It is vital that all children get a thorough grounding in the basics from an early age – the three Rs form the bedrock of education. There is a wealth of international evidence which shows how much each additional month of education benefits a child’s development and achievement by age 11.
“The new early years foundation stage, starting this September, focuses on getting all children ready for education at age five and increasing their attainment.”
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1611 King James Bible Leaf Ezekiel 40:21 – 41:17
Printed in London by Robert Barker in 1611.
A very nice example of a King James Bible Leaf, a very rare and important printing of the Bible.
Approx. 10 inches x approx. 15 inches.
See all scans for condition.
Includes a Photo-copy, not the original, of the New Testament Title page.
Published by Robert Barker
Published in: London
The King James Bible contains more than 780,000 words in over three million individual characters. But one edition of this Bible is famous because of a single letter. In one edition of the 1611 King James Bible, Ruth 3:15 reads, “he went into the cit[y],” referring to the character of Boaz. This edition is called the “He” Bible. The other 1611 edition reads, “she went into the cit[y],” referring to Ruth, earning it the name, the “She” Bible. Interestingly, the discrepancy is probably not the mistake of a typesetter. In fact, the choice of “he” is more unusual than “she.” The difference can be traced to ambiguity in the context of the passage and in the use of different Hebrew manuscripts used for translation. Major Bible translations differ on this verse even today. Some describe Boaz, and some describe Ruth, going back into the city. Three million letters … and a single one has separated these King James Bible editions for centuries.
Published in 1611, the King James Bible spread quickly throughout Europe. Because of the wealth of resources devoted to the project, it was the most faithful and scholarly translation to date—not to mention the most accessible. Before, the Bible had been the sole property of the Church, now more and more people could read it themselves. Not only that, but the language they read in the King James Bible was an English unlike anything they had read before. With its poetic cadences and vivid imagery, the KJV sounded to many like the voice of God himself. Described as one of the most important books in English, the King James version bolstered the English-speaking world and contributed to English literacy for countless years.
1611 King James Bible Leaf
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Documentary Teacher Resources
Find Documentary educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 166 resources
Learners conduct background research about a Pacific Rim country to develop a premise for a documentary film about the fate of traditional fishing industries in the area.
Introduction to a Documentary Film Project
Students are introduced to a project about documentary films. They view documentaries and choose a response project to complete selecting from among journal writing, making an original documentary and/or completing an art project.
Viewing "Cane Toads" To Learn About Aperture in Documentary Film
High schoolers view the documentary film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History and use a worksheet to record their emotional responses throughout the film. They participate in a discussion about the use of aperture in documentaries.
Learners propose and create documentary films depicting a slice of "ordinary" life that reveals something unique or surprising about its subject. They, in groups, make films and present them to the school.
Processing Experiences from the Documentary Film Project
Pupils use computer to type a response to what they learned during their documentary film project. They share with the class what they did for their project and ask for questions.
Students read and discuss an online article as they consider what makes a center of activity in a city or town. They produce a documentary film of the hub of activity in their school.
The Three-Fold Aims of Documentary Film
Students are introduced to the three main purposes of a documentary. They view excerpts of films and discuss the documentary as a voice for the voiceless, a presentation of everyday life and an explanation of the process followed to arrive at an outcome.
The Four Modes of Documentary Film
Students identify the point of view used in a variety of documentaries and consider how point of view affects the voice of the film. They watch excerpts of documentaries, participate in discussion and complete worksheets.
Religion in Culture & Politics: Women’s empowerment in Syria
Learners determine their own perspective on women's empowerment then compare it to how it is seen in Syria. They watch a four documentary clips, discuss what they've seen, then answer two short essay questions. Excellent resource links and good extension activities make this a worthwhile lesson.
Film Festival: Documentaries for Hispanic Heritage Month
In honor of Hispanic Heritage Month, the New York Times provides links to five short documentary films depicting Hispanic themes and culture. Learners can click on each embedded link to view the films, then answer each set of related analysis questions.
Building a Documentary Library
Documentary films allow your class to visit new places and gain a deeper understanding of complex issues.
I Had To Tell This Story
Tenth graders analyze the video "Berga: Soldiers of Another War." For this World History lesson, 10th graders read a quote and discuss the meaning of the quote. Students read and answer questions based on a video
The City Symphony- The Original Reality Show
Students discuss the purpose of city symphonies that were used in the past. In groups, they compare and contrast the social systems of a school and city to create their own city symphony video together. They also write what is known as a treatment in the present tense to introduce the characters and setting. They record their video and present it to the class.
Through the Eyes of a Child
Students explore how documentaries can present realistic and sometimes difficult perspectives on events in our world. They choose current issues that interest them and create their own documentaries.
When, Where and How Many -- and Why?
Students review photographs and create a timeline of events related to the Holocaust. For this WWII lesson, students match photographs with events and identify key locations on historical maps. Students graph population changes over time and view film clips on concentration camps.
Students research psychology by participating in a role-play activity. For this human relationship lesson, students define the term "family" and read assigned text which discusses how family relationships work. Students answer study questions after psychology text and participate in a family role-play.
Growing up in Las Vegas; Memories of Childhood in the Neon City
Students investigate the history of Las Vegas through conducting interviews. In this oral history lesson, students locate and speak with older residents of Las Vegas in order to gain a better understanding of the city. Students create a blog or website with their interviews and create a documentary from their recorded video and audio content.
Using Documentary Film to Explore Family History and Memory
Pupils explore their family stories in a historical context. The PBS documentary Daughter From Danang is used to illustrate the dramatic impact that the Vietnam War had on the family and ide
Students research evidence of different kinds of influence in Muslim societies and analyze their impact. They evaluate commonality and diversity amongst Muslim men and women throughout the world. Students compare student impressions of Muslim men and women before and after viewing the film. Finally, students evaluate how the role of Muslim Americans is perceived by Muslim and non-Muslims in the United States.
The Candid Camera
Learners examine the influence of photographer Jerome Liebling on documentary films. They read and discuss an article, take photographs, and create an original photo essay and artist statement.
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Phnom Penh’s population nearly doubled in the first decade of the 21st century, in large part thanks to workers streaming into the capital in hopes of sending money back home to their families in the provinces.
While such remittances are frequently cited as a key contributor to rural development, a study released last week suggests that this remittance culture may in fact be exacerbating Cambodia’s already dramatic wealth divide.
Published in Migration Studies, Dr Laurie Parsons’ Mobile inequality: Remittances and social network centrality in Cambodian migrant livelihoods examines the burden that sending remittances home had on migrant labourer communities living on Phnom Penh’s periphery.
Parsons found that the prospects of labourers from poorer homes were significantly lower than their peers, as they were expected to send home larger remittances to support their families.
From a sample of 50 migrant labourers, Parsons found the mean monthly salary was $131, with average monthly remittances at $42 a month. However, he also found remittances demanded by relatives back home can frequently be much higher.
“Every month I can send only $70 or $80, which isn’t enough for the people back home,” one respondent told researchers.
Parsons found that migrants who sent home more than 10 per cent of their income each month were unlikely to “achieve urban advancement”, which he defined as having notably improved their income or moved into a more “prestigious” job.
Meanwhile, remittances in Cambodia are big business. Franchette Cardona, marketing director of Wing, one of Cambodia’s largest money transfer providers, said in an email yesterday that Wing alone facilitates the transfer of roughly $2 billion from Phnom Penh to the provinces each year.
Dr Chivoin Peou, a Cambodian sociologist who has examined rural-urban migration, said yesterday that while he did not see the remittance economy as exacerbating inequality, there is nonetheless a divide among those who move to the capital.
“Those who are under the pressure to come to the city, they come because their family is in debt, so whatever they earn is to pay off the debt, and that gives them quite a bleak prospect in terms of what their future holds because everything they earn goes to pay off the debt,” he said. “But those who come with no debt pressure have more freedom with what to do because they have money.”
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The Crime and Disorder Act 1988 defines anti-social behaviour as 'acting in a manner that causes or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as the complainant'.
How many times it happens, and how serious the problems are, are important and the behaviour need not be against the law.
Yes. All calls to this unit are treated as confidential under the Data Protection Act. You do not have to worry about anyone finding out who you are.
If you are a victim or witness of anti-social behaviour, you can give evidence but stay anonymous. This type of evidence is called hearsay.
A police officer or other professional witness (e.g. a council official, health worker, teacher or doctor) can also give evidence in court on behalf of a vulnerable witness.
There are a number of ways to report anti-social behaviour, you can either use the online reporting system on the top of the right hand side of this page, or you can visit the reporting page.
We take reports of anti-social behaviour seriously and tackle them in a range of ways. We get involved at an early stage. This is called intervention.
Early interventions, such as early warnings, visits and letters are very important in stopping any problems getting worse.
The purpose of any intervention is to:
- Protect victims, witnesses and the community
- Help the person responsible for the problem to recognise the result of their behaviour
- Make sure the person responsible changes their behaviour
Measures that can be used by Southampton City Council and the police against the person responsible include:
- Warning letters and interviews or Acceptable Behaviour Contracts (ABCs)
- Parenting Orders, Parenting Programmes working with the whole family
- Individual Support Orders (ISOs), Noise Abatement Notices, Injunctions (ASBIs), Dispersal powers and Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)
- 'Crack house’ closure orders
- Demotion Orders, Possession proceedings against a tenant.
The most effective interventions help individuals improve their behaviour. When taking action against the people responsible, investigators will also look at how to improve your neighbourhood, with upgraded lighting or fencing, or other enhancements.
If you would like more information about any of these interventions, please contact the Anti-Social Behaviour Team using the contact details at the foot of this page.
Being a parent is not always easy - but we know that using good parenting skills can improve your child’s life chances and reduce bad behaviour.
When your child is not with you, think about the following questions:
Do you know where your child is?
Do you know who they are with?
Do you know what they are doing?
Have they been drinking?
Your support as a parent or guardian helps us. We can deal with the problems of juvenile nuisance and anti-social behaviour more effectively.
If you would like more information on parenting issues around anti-social behaviour, please contact us using the contact details at the foot of this page.
We employ parenting experts who work with parents and carers to prevent young people from committing anti-social behaviour. They can refer families to appropriate one-to-one and group parenting programmes and offer support by linking families with other agencies.
Parenting experts can also advise on appropriate support or enforcement for parents who have been contacted by the Anti-Social Behaviour Team. They help to generally improve parenting provision and build respect in the communities of Southampton.
If you would like more information please visit the Family Support pages.
We can only make a case against anyone accused of anti-social behaviour with your help and if we have sufficient evidence.
If you are reporting an ongoing problem, one of our area ASB Investigators may call you to talk about the problems in more detail. They may take a statement from you or you may be given diary sheets to record the details of the behaviour as it happens. If the anti-social behaviour is serious the police may be involved.
We record all reports of anti-social behaviour; they are sorted by area and taken to monthly area meetings led by our Anti-Social Behaviour Team. ‘Hotspot’ areas and repeat ‘offenders’ are discussed by staff from council teams, local agencies and the police at these meetings and decisions are made about what action or interventions should be taken.
When a person has shown anti-social behaviour for six months and when the court believes that a person will not stop behaving in this way, they can be given an Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO). It is a civil order that protects the public. Anyone aged tenor over can be given an ASBO. ASBOs are not meant to punish the person and do not appear on their criminal record. If the order is broken it is a criminal offence.
If a person is involved in low-level anti-social behaviour and has been warned before, they can be given an Acceptable Behaviour Contract (ABC). An ABC is a non-legally binding written agreement between the police or council and the offender. An ABC outlines what the person should or should not do and what will happen if the agreement is broken.
Anti-social behaviour is causing harassment, alarm and/or distress to other people. It includes noise nuisance, vandalism, graffiti, verbal abuse and intimidation. It is usually ongoing and is usually from people who are known to you.
Crime is something that is against the law. It could be theft, assault, fraud or selling drugs.
It is usually a one-off event, usually from people not known to you.
Both crime and anti-social behaviour are serious matters.
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Freedom of religion is all about - and has always been about - the state not persecuting people on the basis that they fail to adopt the state's preferred religion.
This is certainly one of the things that freedom of religion "has always been about" but it's hardly what it is "all about" and no one who actually took the history of the concept seriously could say it is. To take just one example, it's a standard feature of freedom of religion provisions almost everywhere to provide explicit protection of individuals from religious discrimination, and this is rarely if ever regarded as solely applying to states. One is reminded of the concluding document of the 1986 Vienna convention, whose very first provision on the topic of religious freedom is to insist that states "take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination against individuals or communities on the grounds of religion or belief in the recognition, exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all fields of civil, political, economic, social and cultural life, and to ensure the effective equality between believers and non-believers" -- rather excessive if the point is merely "the state not persecuting people on the basis that they fail to adopt the state's preferred religion"; and even if that weren't so, the very next provision is for states to "foster a climate of mutual tolerance and respect between believers of different communities as well as between believers and non-believers." There is no way to fit such a provision into Blackford's arbitrarily narrow definition of freedom of religion. And, indeed, it is notable that there is plenty for which Blackford cannot account: anti-discrimination provisions, in which religion is one of the protected areas, in housing, employment, and education, where those go beyond restrictions on the state alone.
And this hardly covers the whole of what people have discussed under the subject of freedom of religion; it's just that aspect of it with legal ramifications. But no significant freedom consists merely in legal protections; and, indeed, Blackford's restriction makes nonsense of one of the longstanding commonplaces about freedom of religion for the past several hundred years, namely, that it is a form of freedom of conscience. Now, virtually nobody thinks that freedom of conscience consists merely in protection from state persecution; if nothing else, this would be to confuse the protection with the thing protected. Freedom of conscience as it has often been taken is, as it would have once been put, a right and property from God, i.e., it is something we have prior to and regardless of any obligation pertaining to the state; it has not generally been taken, as Blackford would have to say it has, as simply a restriction on the state, but as something we restrict the power of the state in order to protect -- again, among the other things we do to secure it.
The point here, of course, is not that O'Neill's original argument was particularly stellar, nor that there can't be good-quality objections to it; indeed, I think she does much the same as Blackford, just without looking quite so foolish. Rather, the point is that one should not lambast people for ignorance of the meaning of certain phrases, when you are defending this claim by arbitrarily redefining the phrases involved. Rightly or wrongly, 'freedom of religion' even in the purely legal realm has quite often been regarded as going beyond the restriction of state power to the imposition of rules or procedures of tolerance among citizens. And when we move from the actual legal realm, then obviously more colloquial and expansive meanings will be given to widely recognized phrases; one thinks, as an analogy, of the extraordinarily expansive meaning Canadians typically give to the meaning 'sovereignty', which goes well beyond what its strict meaning has been, historically or in present international jurisprudence. These things may drive one crazy, and, if the confusions that come about from it are serious enough, one may reasonably set out to reform usage; but one should never pretend that this isn't exactly what you are doing, actively trying to reform, which is not a matter of knowledge or ignorance but a matter of the most appropriate means to whatever ends are most appropriate. We find that the problem comes up a great deal with 'freedom of speech'; and no doubt there are people who will argue that 'freedom of speech' should only be restricted to what is protected by restrictions on state power to regulate speech. But when we move to more colloquial ground, the meaning is simply not so narrow. We may be driven crazy by the sloppiness with which the term is used; but it makes no sense to complain that people who are using it in this way are using it ignorantly or confusedly just because they don't confine themselves to questions of state power.
It reminds me of the pedanticism of those people who mock people who use 'literally' as an intensifier for not knowing what the word means. Now, it's entirely reasonable to campaign against this usage as excessively confusing, or sloppy, or ugly, or what have you; but it's simply not reasonable to attack it as wrong, since that exhibits ignorance of the actual history of the term: the intensifier usage is in fact longstanding and is a usage that puts one in good company since a large number of classic authors use it; moreover, the usual meaning that is put in opposition to it, that which opposes 'literally' to 'figuratively', is not the only meaning the phrase has had, nor has it always been the dominant meaning. Nor is it anything but nonsense to regard one's campaign to reform the language as somehow not reforming at all but simply overthrowing all the false pretenders to the throne of meaning, leaving the perpetual and obvious true pretender in its rightful place. The most one is really doing is putting forward a proposal for what one sees as an improved use of language; and this is no rational basis for calling someone else ignorant or confused. They might well be ignorant or confused; difficult as it may be to countenance, that someone uses a term in a more expansive or narrow sense than you do does not show this, unless they are trying precisley to use it in the sense you use it and are failing. And even then it does not guarantee any such thing; it might just be inadvertence or sloppiness rather than real ignorance or confusion.
This can actually be fairly difficult; almost everyone finds usages that simply drive them crazy. And it's sometimes difficult to draw the lines properly; we move so easily from words to things and back again. But one might also say, just as a perhaps, that even if we give in to the urge to vent on these points (and it is possibly only human), one should avoid attacking people for "putting on airs" as if they were experts while telegraphing so obviously at every point that one is, oneself, merely putting on airs as if one were an expert.
UPDATE: Chris Schoen beat me to the punch with regard to Blackford's post.
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Prurigo is a term used to describe extremely itchy bumps. Pruigo is itching associated with visible lesions, as opposed to pruritus which many not be linked to a lesion. It is often a symptom of another disease such as lichen simplex chronicus, atopic eczema, iron deficiency, renal failure, thyroid diseases, and HIV, but can also be classified as a separate disease in many cases. There are many forms of prurigo.
Prurigo simplex appears as a symmetrical rash, mostly concentrated on the extremities. Its cause is unknown and treatment is difficult. Prurigo nodularis is very similar and occurs when the lesions associated with prurigo appear as large and rough nodules, often appearing around hair follicles. Prurigo gestationis (Besnier prurigo) occurs during pregnancy for unknown reasons. Actinic prurigo occurs in response to sun exposure and is a chronic disease that grows worse in spring and summer months and in high altitudes as UV exposure increases. Prurigo pigmentosa results in the appearance of hyperpigmentation in a net-like pattern following resolution of the outbreak. No matter which type, however, the chronic itching can lead to repetitive scratching, which can in turn cause scarring, hyperpigmentation, open wounds, infection, and more itching.
Most cases of prurigo are chronic and difficult to treat. There is no cure, so most treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. The most important step to any treatment plan, however, is to stop scratching these lesions. This can be extremely difficult as these lesions are intensely itchy. Topical, oral, and injectable corticosteroids can be used to relieve itching and simply keeping the lesions covered can help break the habit. Light treatment, cryotherapy, thalidomide, vitamin D-3 ointment, and capsaicin cream may also be utilized. If you are experiencing symptoms of prurigo contact your dermatologist for evaluation and treatment.
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In France restaurant meals are subject to a 20.6% tax while take-out food is only taxed at a 5.5% rate. The Chefs claim this unfairly targets traditional restaurants and favors foreign fast-food businesses like McDonald's. They also claim that the tax significantly reduces restaurant employment.
As we know, the effect of a tax depends on the relative demand and supply elasticities. For our purposes it is reasonable to assume that supply elasticity is the same for restaurants and fast-food establishments. We can be equally confident in assuming that demand elasticity is very different in these two markets.
Dining in restaurants is, for most diners, a form of entertainment, something done primarily for pleasure. It is clear that there are many alternatives to restaurant dining. Restaurant meals are often very expensive, usually many times more expensive than take out and even more costly that home prepared food. On the other hand, fast-food dining, particularly for the French who are said to be embarrassed if seen patronizing a fast-food establishment, is usually seen as a necessary evil resulting from a busy schedule. In addition, such food is usually very inexpensive relative to other alternatives. For these reasons we can expect the demand for restaurant dining to be much more elastic than the demand for fast-food dining.
To the right we show the effect of a small tax on the market for fast-food. Notice that the after-tax supply curve, St has a different slope than the pre-tax supply curve, S. An ad valorem tax, such as the 5.5% tax on fast food (and sales taxes in the U.S.), is a percentage of the price so the amount of the tax is larger the higher the price.
The 5.5% tax (not shown to scale) in this inelastically demanded market causes market price to rise from the pre-tax equilibrium price of Po to the after-tax equilibrium price of Pt. The after-tax per-unit revenue for producers is Pf. We can see that most of the tax is passed along to consumers. Their per-unit burden is Pt - Po. Only a very small amount of the tax, Po - Pf is borne by firms selling fast food. The tax also doesn't reduce the quantity sold or firm revenue by very much. The quantity sold only falls from Fo to Ft. Pre-tax revenue is shown by the green shaded area while post-tax revenue is shown by the only slightly smaller purple shaded area.
To the right we show the effect of a much larger 20.6% tax on restaurant meals, which, as we noted above, have a much more elastic demand. The market price rises only slightly from the pre-tax equilibrium price of Po to the after-tax equilibrium price of Pt, but the after-tax per-unit revenue for producers is Pr, a large decrease in the pre-tax revenue per meal of Po.
One point the Chefs make is clearly borne out by this illustration. The number of restaurant meals falls a great deal from Ro to Rt. Their claim that the tax hurts employment in the restaurant industry is probably right. A large tax in a market with elastic demand leads to a large decrease in sales and, typically, a lot of lost jobs. The revenue 'hit' taken by restaurants as a result of this tax is huge as well. Pre-tax revenue is shown by the green shaded area while the much smaller post-tax revenue is shown by the much smaller purple shaded area.
We don't know what the intent of this tax originally was. Perhaps it was simply to raise revenue, which it does but, all else being equal, this could be accomplished more effectively in a market with inelastic demand. Often taxes like this, imposed on expensive luxury items such as fine dining, are meant to be a tax on the rich. If that was the purpose it seems likely that the tax failed. Both our economic analysis and egg-throwing Chefs suggest that the burden of the tax is borne not by customers of expensive restaurants, but by their owners, employees, and former employees.
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Electronic and crypto payments can affect the global economy
“Cryptocurrencies have been around for about a decade, but it was not until 2017, when bitcoin’s price surged to nearly $20,000, that they grabbed significant global attention. If we connect the dots between the dematerialisation of payments and the rise of cryptocurrencies, we can envision a near future in which cryptocurrencies gain broad acceptance. This view is supported by trends among young generations who readily accept digital currencies and payments.”
According to a Deutsche Bank survey, the current generation (Millennials) is loyal to digital payments and cryptocurrencies, and sees the future behind it. But experts call regulators, as well as the older generation, which is skeptical about digital assets, the main obstacles to a global change in the financial system. Regulators see the problem in the absence of control over such payments, in the convenience of their use for concealment from taxes and the implementation of criminal plans.
But, it is worth recognizing that the further development of cryptocurrency and digital types of payments is inevitable. Banks in many countries are already working on creating their own digital currency to remain competitive in the future.
“If the Chinese government, along with Google, Amazon, Facebook, or Apple (the so-called GAFA group), or a Chinese company like Tencent can overcome some of the barriers to cryptocurrencies, then cryptocurrencies could become more appealing. This will hasten their adoption and give them the potential to replace cash.”
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NIH Looks at Genomics of Inflammation from Severe Injury
September 1, 2005
When it comes to inflammation, too much of a good thing can be deadly. In some
severely injured patients, this normal healing process can develop into a lethal,
whole-body response, including bloodstream infection (sepsis) and multiple organ
failure. How and why inflammation turns from healing to harming is still mysterious,
so doctors cant accurately predict how each injured patient will fare.
This work represents a major step in understanding inflammation in severely injured or burned patients. We hope this knowledge eventually will help physicians better predict patient outcomes and tailor treatments accordingly, said Jeremy M. Berg, Ph.D., director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), the component of the National Institutes of Health that funded the research.
The study is the result of a collaborative effort funded by an NIGMS glue grant. Glue grants bring together scientists from diverse fields — in this case surgery, critical care medicine, genomics, bioinformatics, immunology and computational biology — to solve major, complex problems in biomedical science that no single laboratory could address on its own.
To identify all the genes involved in responding to critical injury, the Inflammation and the Host Response to Injury glue grant team injected healthy volunteers with bacterial endotoxin. This molecule causes body-wide inflammation similar to sepsis, with one important difference — it is well-defined and lasts only 24 hours. By comparing the changes in gene activity caused by endotoxin exposure with those caused by trauma, the researchers hope to identify the molecular markers that spell sepsis.
The research team found that, of the 5,000 or so genes that fluctuated in response to endotoxin, more than half were turned down, causing the blood cells to be less metabolically active. This seems surprising, as one would expect genes required for healing to be turned up and for white blood cells to be more, not less, active. Although other research groups have seen similar genetic results in animals, scientists don't yet have an explanation for this counterintuitive response.
Understanding inflammation requires knowing not just which genes are involved, but how those genes interact with each other. To investigate this, the group turned to a knowledge base compiled by Ingenuity Systems, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., that includes 200,000 published reports on more than 8,000 human, rat and mouse genes and their genetic interactions. This tool enabled the group to uncover about 300 genes and several genetic pathways not previously known to be involved in inflammation.
The Nature article is the second in a planned series of papers that aim to improve understanding of the human response to injury. In its first paper, published in March in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research team described the development of a microarray technique to analyze the entire genome of white blood cells from healthy volunteers and critically injured patients. Next, the team plans to study gene and protein activity in the white blood cells of a large group of trauma and burn patients over longer periods of time.
The glue grant team includes scientists from Stanford Genome Technology Center in Palo Alto, Calif.; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, N.J.; Ingenuity Systems, Inc. in Mountain View, Calif.; University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville; Washington University in St. Louis, Mo.; University of Rochester School of Medicine in Rochester, N.Y.; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School in Boston.
To arrange an interview with Jeremy M. Berg or Scott D. Somers, contact the NIGMS Office of Communications and Public Liaison at 301-496-7301. For more information about the Inflammation and the Host Response to Injury glue grant, see http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/releases/tompkins.html and http://www.gluegrant.org/. For general information on glue grants, go to http://www.nigms.nih.gov/funding/gluegrants.html.
NIGMS (http://www.nigms.nih.gov), a component of the National Institutes of Health, supports basic biomedical research that is the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
This is a NIH news release. The original version appears here
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HIGH RESOLUTION PHOTOS / PRINTS
Copyright mongabay 2010
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Setting realistic goals for the future is not an easy task. Life often gets in the way and dreams of accomplishments are pushed aside for a later date. Staying motivated and encouraged by others is often the key to reaching individual goals.
Parents with special needs children are left feeling discouraged and disappointed in the opportunities available to their child as they reach adulthood. There is a great responsibility on the parents to ensure that their child is placed in an environment with transitional training and job skills. The key to achieving individual goals is a passion for what one wants and a support group full of encouragement. Parents must not rely on public services offered and need to take an active role in the future of their child.
Many states are implementing budget cuts that are unfortunately reducing the amount of services and support available. Parents should not allow schools, funding and government agencies the ability to determine the future. Success is possible and parents should never underestimate the potential their child has. Many times if we listen we will discover what will make others happy and dreams can come true even when services are limited.
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Julius Caesar was the self-elected dictator of Rome in 44 B.C, for only one year, before being killed. He was born on the 13th of Quintilis, which is now July in 100 BC to Gaius Caesar, which became part of his full name, Gaius Julius Caesar. When Caesar was born, the city of Rome was flourishing, becoming a rich culture, and an advanced form of government. When Caesar was born, the government was a democracy.Nobility governed the state. Nobles were people who claimed consuls or other high officers as their ancestors.
Caesars birth was very interesting. His mother did not have a vaginal birth, but had the first Caesarian C-section, hence the name C-section.
Caesar was born into a well-bred family called the Julian clan. As he started to grow up, he understood that his family was important and that he had to appreciate the historical importance of the parents claim, of being of a Noble birth. Since he was a noble child, he was to take his fathers place in Romes government.
Until the age of seven, Caesar was in the care of his mother. His education was done at home in his big, elegant home. There he was taught the traditional Roman way of living. Some of the things he was taught were endurance, sympathy for others, religion, and the right way of doing things. He was also told a story about Roman war heroes and through that was taught to respect the achievements of his Uncle Marius, a general and a senator.
When Julius Caesar was seven, he attended a public school in the towns business district. The school was a very hard school Caesar had to memorize and dictate back to his teacher many things with the threat of being beaten if he made a mistake. He had to memorize Roman law, and had to learn how to be a public speaker.
Julius Caesar was popular in school, making friends with many of the other noble students. He was also very interested in his fathers work. He would always go to political events with his father. When he went, he learned on how the Roman government worked. This would help Caesar when he would eventually take over the Roman Empire.
When Caesar was 15, the king of Rome, Marius died and Lucius Cornelius Cinna replaced him. Caesar had made strong connections with him through the family marriage alliance. Then, in 85 BC, Caesars dad died and Caesar had to become the ruler of the house. Caesar was offered to become a religious man by the rest of the clan, but he wanted to go with a political life instead of a religious life. He then made the first step in becoming politically involved.
In 84 BC, Caesar married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna. It wasnt the best move he had ever made because his political career ended before it started when his father-in-law, a very important ruler of the Roman counsel, died by his own solders. When this happened a new leader was self-elected called Sulla, who initiated a reign of terror.
A list of the citys enemies was posted in the middle of the town. Sulla believed that anybody who had political status and owned land was a threat to him. Caesar, according to those standards, was a threat. Caesar was spared of being killed because he was young and inexperienced. Sulla did however force him to divorce Cinna and marry someone in the political system. Caesar denied the decree, however, and was forced to become a fugitive with some other slaves and he ran to the Italian hills.
His mother talked to the officials and was won the assurance that allowed Caesar to come back safely, on one condition; however. He had to go before Sulla, which was a terrifying experience for the 19-year-old boy. Sulla started to criticize the way Caesar dressed and took care of his hair. Nevertheless, Caesar became a free man again and made a good decision to stay out of his way.
Caesar was then assigned a position to help rule over Asia. As soon as he got there, he was given a very important position, because he was a Nobel son. He was to go to a northern Rome client state called Bithynia. There he was treated like royalty and invited to a banquet with the king of Bithynia, where he made a terrible mistake that would stick with him forever.
At the banquet, Caesar wanted to make a joke by acting like he was a cupbearer, (which were normally young, homosexuals) of the king. It was considered to be improper for a Nobel boy to behave that way. It also showed that Caesar was being ignorant. Caesar did not intent to behave this way, and he did not know that it was wrong. One of Caesars political enemies took the upper hand in the situation and called him every womans husband and every mans wife.
Then, Caesar was given a new assignment, where he saw his first glimpse of battle. He did great, for his first time, because he was awarded somewhat of a congressional metal of honor, or in the Rome, a wreath crown. We dont know why he was given the medal. When he received the crown and when he wore it, people were supposed to stand as he walked by. Caesar was also allowed to sit next to the senate members whenever there was a sporting event.
In 78 BC, Sulla had died and Caesar then came back to Rome. When he got back, the government was debating what kind of government to be used next. Caesar wanted no part in the debate. What he wanted to do was to practice public speaking by accusing people of the town of crimes and to prosecute them in court.
In 77 BC, Caesar charged the former governor of Macedonia, of having money he demanded from people of his province. The base of the trial was to gain exposure and to make friends with the Macedonian people. Caesar got partially what he wanted. His speech was so effective, that the Romans published it.
Still, Caesar was not convinced that his public speaking was good enough to begin a political life, so he went off to a Roman island called Rhodes. During the trip, pirates captured him. He paid the ransom they wanted and came back with men and started a surprise attack where he had the Pirates killed.
Caesar finished the journey to Rhodes and learned to be a better speaker. He then heard that his mothers cousin, a member of the counsel, had died. His seat in the senate had been left open for Caesar, who took the job and came home.
Soon after he came home, the government was debating what kind of government they should have, but Caesar did not want any of it. He wanted to practice what he learned by accusing people of crimes and becoming a prosecutor.
In 69 BC, his Aunt Julia and his wife, Corniela died. Caesar gave both his aunt Julia and his wife a ritual eulogy, which was a procession through Rome and a band of musicians, a choir, and mourners. At his aunts funeral, he gave a very powerful speech that was applauded. At his wifes, he was given a new job as a quaestor, a two-year term official. He was given an assignment where he had to go to Spain and be an assistant of a Spanish governor.
In 67 BC, Caesar re-married, this time to Pempeia, a wealthy grand daughter of Sulla. Through this marrage, he met many rich people, including Marcus Lucinius Crasus, who helped get Caesar a new position in 65 BC as a curule aedile, or a important person who ran the buildings, streets, sanitation, and public games.
Caesar used this new role to invent some new games. He created a racing sport called Chariot racing, where horse driven carriages were pulled around a course where there wheels could get tangled together. The other sport involved slaves and condemned criminals to fight to the death. This was called the Gladiator sport. These new sporting events made Caesar a very popular man.
In 62 BC, Caesar was elected praetor, a state judge. This was a very distinguished position that was only given to eight people for each term. What made this role very special was when the term was over; the praetor was given a providence and was elected the governor.Caesar was very pleased because he then could get rid of a debt and receive a lot of power. Now Caesar was a chief priest, a praetor, and a member of the Senate. Following his term as a praetor, Caesar got Further Spain and was the Governor. As the Governor, he battled for new land for Rome and won it. But in 60 BC, he gave up Further Spain and came home. Now he had dreams of being the ruler of Rome.
Caesar saw that in order to be the Roman Ruler, he had to be a military official. Since Caesar did not have much experience, he started to set up a military campaign. Even though the campaign would take many years to complete, Caesar, being a man that was very energetic, he still went through the campaign. He started the campaign by conquering Gaul, a large, unconquered land for Rome. And in 58 BC, Caesar was proclaimed the governor on Gaul, as well as Illyricum, Cissalpine Gaul, and Narbonese. He then conquered these lands and in 57 BC, he defeated the Nervil tribe. Caesar was rewarded a fifteen day celebration in his honor. His military status was rising, but his political status was falling.
In 55 BC, Britain looked like a threat to Rome, so Julius left Gaul with his men to fight Britain. They sailed the British Channel, and landed in Dover, where they left the ship and fought the surprised and scattered British army. The Romans looked like a sure win, but in a few days, the British started a gorilla like counter attack. In 18 days of arriving, Caesar decided to leave to Gaul to regroup. Then in the spring of 54BC, Caesar sent 4,000 men, 600 transports, 28 warships, and 200 private-owned ships. But in a few days, the Roman ships were ruined by the British weather.
Caesar then returned to Rome and politics. His return to politics was very demanding, so he dropped his military status and tries to run for consulship. The elections were held in 49BC. Caesar thought the election would be no problem, but it was. In order to run for counsel, you had to be a private citizen living in Rome. Caesar was not private, so he returned to the army and was a general. His next assignment was with Egypt, to try to conquer Egypt. Him and his men arrived in Alexandria.
Then, Caesar met the queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, and instantly fell in love with her. Caesar saw to become the new leader of Egypt. His relationship with Cleopatra had become more intimate, as the two became lovers. Caesar, a 52 year old man, and Cleopatra, a 21 year old women.
Still, the war between Egypt and Rome continued. Then in 47 BC, Rome got a break when the reinforcements came in. And in March, a big battle for Rome took place, where many of the Egyptian army was killed. Caesar then killed the ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy. Now Cleoparta was the new leader of Egypt.
In the spring of 47 BC, Caesar and Cleoparta went on the famous Nile River trip. It was a very big procession with many escort boats and boats from the Roman Army. There were even boats that just had gold and other riches! But, in June of 47BC, Caesar left Egypt and Cleoparta and returned to Rome, where he will become the new ruler of Rome.
When Caesar returned from the Battle in Egypt, he was given a heroic welcome with flowers as he walked in the streets. He was not being given the welcome for Egypt, but for all of the battles he won for Rome. The entire celebration took 10 days!
Then, in 44 BC, Caesar did something that no Roman ruler had ever done. He became the self-elected dictator of Rome. Now, everybody had to do what he told the people to do.
Then, in March 44 BC, a secrete meeting of 60 men met to discuss assassinating Caesar, which included Caesars close friend, Brutus. Then, at one of the Counsel meetings, all 60 men drew their daggers and started to stab him. After 23 blows, Caesar could not take any more and collapsed, to die. His reign was less that a year. Ironically, he died at the foot of the Pompey statue.
After reading about Caesar, I realize that to get power, you have to earn it. The author shows that concept because he shows many cases where Caesar had to struggle to get to where he got. In order to get to some of his legal positions, he had to fight very hard, including in battle. Many times, Caesar wanted something very bad, so he worked for it.
Another thing that Caesar did was had a very hard child life, and the author goes into detail about that too. First he was born into a Nobel family, which meant he had his father, uncle and grandfather in some kind of political power, so he felt he had to fill in that position. His mother home taught him, so that is taught because he could be asked a question about school, and he would be expected to know it. Then to make it even harder, he went to a public school, where he had to do some very hard things like memorize many laws, and if he could not, he was beaten.
The author shows that Caesar had some very tragic life as well. I agree because Caesar was faced with many of his loved ones die, including his mother, father, uncle, and two wives.
Overall, Caesar led a very interesting life full of adventure and disappointment. But through it all, he fought and prevailed the Leader of Rome.
Schilesinger, Arthur M., Caesar
Grant, Michael, Caesar
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In This Article
Being constipated ain’t fun and this common affliction is primarily caused by the food we eat.
Too much processed and fatty foods create a sluggish digestive system that slows down our bowel movements.
Being constipated isn’t life threatening, but if its left untreated it can lead to more chronic problems, diseases and even increase your risk of bowel cancer.
Prunes – Natures Very Own Laxative
Fruits are high in dietary fiber which makes them an effective and natural way get you bowels moving again. However, prunes or dried plums can give you an extra push as they contain a natural laxative called dihydrophenylisatin.
It turns out that prunes also contain soluble and insoluble fibers which are also beneficial to your digestive health.
Soluble fibers are partially digested in your body where they’re converted into a gel like substance. If you’re colon absorbs too much water the stool becomes hard and dry.
However, soluble fiber helps to keep the moisture within the stool so that it remains soft.
It turns out that prunes are rich in the insoluble fiber sorbitol which can’t be digested in the body. While moving through your colon these fibers take on water and bulk up in size.
A bulkier stool stimulates the walls of the intestinal tract which has the effect of speeding up your bowel movements and making you more regular.
As a natural laxative, prunes don’t produce any major side effects unlike over the counter laxatives available at pharmacies.
Prunes are also very versatile to eat. They can be eaten on their own or with nuts as as a healthy snack and they can be chopped up and scattered on your breakfast cereal.
Prune juice is a refreshing healthy drink that is widely available in health food stores and like our grandmothers did many years ago, stew prunes to make a sweet delicious jam.
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The Earth's magnetic field is changing at an increasing rate, throwing off airports and altering the aurora borealis -- and its effect on ordinary compasses could mean the difference between homeward bound and hopelessly lost
Earth’s northernmost magnetic point -- or magnetic north -- is distinct from its geographic North Pole, and scientists have long known that the magnetic poles are on the move
But the magnetic poles have been moving faster lately, sliding towards Siberia at 34 miles per year at a speed that's accelerated 36 percent over the last 10 years, according to the United States Geological Survey, or USGS
Depending on location and journey length, unaware hikers or boaters could find themselves hundreds of miles off course if they don’t calibrate for the shift, experts said
The magnetic shift is costing the aviation and marine industries millions of dollars to upgrade navigational systems and charts, Floridas Sun Sentinelreported.
The polar shift is directly related to the movement of Earth’s magnetic field, which in turn, is related to the movement of Earth’s liquid iron core. The core is in a constant state of convection, or the transfer of heat within fluids. Since the core is convecting, it produces what Love referred to as a “naturally occurring electrical conductor.” And with electric current comes the magnetic field.
Fluctuations in the magnetic field have occurred for hundreds of thousands of years, so the shifting pole doesn’t exactly worry scientists. Sometimes the movement is slow, sometimes fast. The rapidity of the change has to do with the amount of activity going on in the earth’s core. But over time, the axel pole and the magnetic pole eventually equal one another
Add to the ever evolving nature of Earth’s magnetism the fact that the overall magnetic field has been decreasing as well. Scientists have only been able to measure the intensity of the field since the 1830s, but ever since then, its strength has been on the decline, having decreased by about 10% since it was first measured. But for those concerned with this polar shift -- or even a possible polar reversal -- Love says there is no need to worry in our lifetime
scientists from the University of Cambridge have discovered that earlier estimates of 1 degree every year were inaccurate and that the core is actually moving much slower than previously believed -- approximately 1 degree every million years
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OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY
sponsored by the school at another location, or elsewhere. For example, Title
IX protects a student who is sexually assaulted by a fellow student during
a school-sponsored field trip.11
If a school knows or reasonably should know about student-on-student harassment that creates a hostile environment, Title IX requires the school to take immediate action to eliminate the harassment, prevent its recurrence, and address its effects.12 Schools also are required to publish a notice of nondiscrimination and to adopt and publish grievance procedures. Because of these requirements, which are discussed in greater detail in the following section, schools need to ensure that their employees are trained so that they know to report harassment to appropriate school officials, and so that employees with the authority to address harassment know how to respond properly. Training for employees should include practical information about how to identify and report sexual harassment and violence. OCR recommends that this training be provided to any employees likely to witness or receive reports of sexual harassment and violence, including teachers, school law enforcement unit employees, school administrators, school counselors, general counsels, health personnel, and resident advisors.
Schools may have an obligation to respond to student-on-student sexual harassment that initially occurred off school grounds, outside a school’s education program or activity. If a student files a complaint with the school, regardless of where the conduct occurred, the school must process the complaint in accordance with its established procedures. Because students often experience the continuing effects of off-campus sexual harassment in the educational setting, schools should consider the effects of the off-campus conduct when evaluating whether there is a hostile environment on campus. For example, if a student alleges that he or she was sexually assaulted by another student off school grounds, and that upon returning to school he or she was taunted and harassed by other students who are the alleged perpetrator’s friends, the school should take the earlier sexual assault into account in determining whether there is a sexually hostile environment. The school also should take steps to protect a student who was assaulted off campus from further sexual harassment or retaliation from the perpetrator and his or her associates.Regardless of whether a harassed student, his or her parent, or a third party files a complaint under the school’s grievance procedures or otherwise requests action on the student’s behalf, a school that knows, or reasonably should know, about possible harassment must promptly investigate to determine what occurred and then take appropriate steps to resolve the situation. As discussed later in this letter, the school’s Title IX investigation is different from any law enforcement investigation, and a law enforcement investigation does not relieve the school of its independent Title IX obligation to investigate the conduct. The specific steps in a school’s
IX also protects third parties from sexual harassment or violence in a school’s
education programs and activities. For example, Title IX protects a high school
student participating in a college’s recruitment program, a visiting student
athlete, and a visitor in a school’s on-campus residence hall. Title IX also
protects employees of a recipient from sexual harassment. For further information
about harassment of employees, see 2001 Guidance at n.1.
12 This is the standard for administrative enforcement of Title IX and in court cases where plaintiffs are seeking injunctive relief. See 2001 Guidance at ii-v, 12-13. The standard in private lawsuits for monetary damages is actual knowledge and deliberate indifference. See Davis v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Ed., 526 U.S. 629, 643, 648 (1999).
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Arias Schreiber, M., and A. Halliday. 2013. Uncommon among the commons? Disentangling the sustainability of the Peruvian anchovy fishery. Ecology and Society 18(2): 12.
, part of a special feature on Cooperation, Local Communities, and Marine Social-Ecological Systems: New Findings from Latin America
Uncommon among the Commons? Disentangling the Sustainability of the Peruvian Anchovy Fishery
1Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany, 2Freelance Writer and Researcher
The term "commons" refers to collectively exploited resources and their systems of usage; a synonymous term is common pool resources. Fisheries are typical common pool resources and also one of the most conspicuous examples of unsustainable use of natural resources. We examine one of the few globally important fisheries that is held to be sustainable, the Peruvian anchovy fishery, and considers the extent to which the institutional characteristics of the fishery conform to design principles that are considered prerequisites for long-term, successful, community-based common pool resources. Results showed that greater conformity to the principles was found in the sustainable phase of the fishery, compared to its unsustainable phase. For this case study, the conditions that supported the transition towards sustainability were: clearly defined resource boundaries, monitoring of rule enforcement, and conflict resolution mechanisms among users and management authorities. On the other hand, clearly defined user boundaries, collective choice arrangements, and nested enterprises were not required to achieve sustainability. The study concludes that the design principles are a valuable tool for analysis and understanding of large-scale common pool resource systems. At the same time it suggests that the application of the principles to a wider range of systems can generate new insights into what is required for successful management of common pool resources.
Los "bienes comunes" se refieren colectivamente a los recursos explotados y sus sistemas de uso, y también se conocen como recursos de propiedad común (CPR). Los recursos marinos han sido considerados tradicionalmente como CPR y como uno de los ejemplos más conocidos de uso no sostenible de los recursos naturales. Este trabajo examina una de las escasas pesquerías importantes a nivel mundial que se considera sostenible -la pesquería de la Anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens), considerando el grado en que las características institucionales de esta pesquería se ajustan a los principios de diseño de gobernanza de recursos comunes que se consideran requisitos previos para el éxito a largo plazo en la gestión de CPR. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que una mayor observancia y conformidad con los principios de diseño durante la fase sostenible de la pesquería, en comparación con su etapa insostenible. Para este caso de estudio cabe destacar que una clara definición de los límites de uso del recurso, la aplicación de reglas de supervisión y mecanismos de resolución de conflictos entre los usuarios y las autoridades de gestión, han sido todos ellos factores que han apoyado la transición hacia la sostenibilidad de la pesquería. Por otro lado, una clara definición de los límites de uso por parte de los usuarios, la elección de acuerdos colectivos y la unión entre empresas no han sido requisitos para lograr la sostenibilidad de la pesquería. Concluimos que el diseño de principios constituye una valiosa herramienta para el análisis y la comprensión de los grandes sistemas de CPR. Al mismo tiempo, este estudio sugiere que la aplicación de los principios a una gama más amplia de sistemas puede generar nuevos conocimientos que permitirán una gestión exitosa de los CPR.
Key words: anchovy fishery; common pool resources; design principles; Peru; sustainability
anchoveta peruana; recursos comunes; diseño de principios; Perú; sostenibilidad
Global fisheries are one of the most conspicuous examples of unsustainable use of natural resources. Despite the considerable scientific attention devoted to marine resource management, many of the world’s fisheries are still in a deplorable state (Beddington et al. 2007). Nearly one in four fisheries collapsed during the period 1950–2000 (Mullon et al. 2005), where collapse is defined as a 90% reduction of a wild fish stock. There has been a continuous decline in global catches since the late 1980s (Pauly et al. 2003).
Most wild fisheries are based on the exploitation of common pool resources. Fisheries are a typical common pool resource (Feeny et al. 1990, Neiland 2006, Cox et al. 2010), showing the attributes of costly exclusion of potential users and substractability, i.e., when exploitation by one user reduces the resource availability for others (Ostrom et al. 1999). This paper examines one of the few globally important fisheries that is held to be sustainable, the Peruvian anchovy fishery (Mondoux et al. 2008), and considers the extent to which the institutional characteristics of the fishery conform to principles that are considered prerequisites for the sustainability of common pool resources.
Until the 1980s, research into common pool resources was under the sway of the paradigm of the “tragedy of the commons”. This holds that multiple individuals, acting independently, and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that this is not in anyone's long-term interest (Hardin 1968). However, from the mid 1980s, this view was increasingly challenged. Evidence that some common pool resource systems were robust over long periods of time while others failed stimulated the search to identify the features that distinguished successful from unsuccessful efforts (Ostrom 1990).
In 1990, Elinor Ostrom proposed a set of eight “design principles” of common pool resources management regimes that are long-lasting (Ostrom 1990); these are “general institutional regularities” that can be observed among common pool resource systems “that were sustained over a long period of time” (Ostrom 2009a
). Since then, the validity of these principles has been the subject of intense scrutiny, both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective (Ostrom 2009a
, Cox et al. 2010). In a review of 91 studies, Cox et al. (2010) found that empirical evidence was broadly supportive of the principles. Some minor modifications to the principles were also proposed as a result of the review (see Table 4 in Cox et al. 2010). However, empirical evidence considered to date relates almost exclusively to small-scale common pool resource systems, where the “community of users” is often a local community such as a village or a cooperative. Cox et al. (2010) conclude “we remain uncertain as to whether the principles may apply to systems at a variety of scales”.
Thus there is clearly the need for empirical studies to assess the extent to which the design principles are applicable to large-scale common pool resource systems. The Peruvian anchovy provides an excellent opportunity to do so. Firstly, it is undeniably a large scale enterprise. This fishery represents almost 10% of worldwide marine fisheries landings (FAO 2010) and has been described as the largest monospecific fishery that has ever existed on Earth (Bakun and Weeks 2008, Aranda 2009b
). Anchovy fishing takes place over an area of approximately 14,000 km2
in the coastal waters of north and central Peru between 4° and 15° S, where around 1300 purse seiners target only one fish species: the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens
. Secondly, the social and institutional characteristics of the fishery are clearly distinct from those of more widely studied small-scale common pool resource systems. The “community of users” consists not of village residents but of wealthy capitalists who have direct access to the highest levels of government and operate out of fortified compounds equipped with state-of-the-art manufacturing and communications technology. The link to local livelihoods that is considered a key feature of sustainable small-scale common pool resource systems (Cox et al. 2010) is entirely lacking: 99% of anchovy catches are converted to fishmeal in Peru to be exported to international markets for aquaculture and animal food. Thirdly, the fishery is currently considered to be sustainable. Indeed it has been described as the most intense and successful fishery worldwide (Chavez et al. 2008), and was recently placed first in a report ranking 53 marine countries by the sustainability of their fisheries (Mondoux et al. 2008).
Finally, the fishery has not always been set on a sustainable landings course, and various different phases of the fishery can be identified for the purposes of comparative analysis. Based on landings statistics, four distinct phases of the Peruvian anchovy fishery can be identified (Arias Schreiber 2012). Following its establishment in the mid 1950s, the anchovy fishery soon entered a phase of explosive and uncontrolled growth, which by the end of the 1960s was clearly unsustainable. This “unsustainable growth phase” culminated in a collapse in 1972, triggered by the extreme El Niño event of 1972–73. After the collapse, a second phase from 1973 to 1984 was characterized by unfavorable oceanic conditions for anchovies and low catches. A third phase, from 1985 to the present, can be further divided into a second growth period from 1985 to 1993 and a sustainable landings period from 1994 to the present (Fig. 1). During the sustainable phase annual anchovy catches have stabilized at between 5 and 9 million tonnes in years with propitious oceanographic conditions, and have recovered quickly from perturbations caused by climatic variations, including the extreme El Niño event of 1997-98 (Arias Schreiber 2012). In 2009 a new management system for the fishery was introduced, based on quotas for individual fishing vessels, which substantially altered some key, long-standing, institutional features of the fishery (Aranda 2009a
, Arias Schreiber 2012). In institutional terms, this represents the beginning of a further new phase for the fishery, although it is too early to assess its impacts, if any, on the sustainability of landings.
This article reviews the design principles proposed by Ostrom (1990), as modified by Cox et al. (2010), for the successful long-term management of common pool resources in the light of experiences during both the unsustainable and sustainable phases of the Peruvian anchovy fishery. Specifically, we address the following questions: (1) whether the design principles can explain the recent sustainability of the fishery; (2) whether institutional differences between the unsustainable and sustainable phases of the fishery provide evidence to support the design principles; and (3) whether the Peruvian experience suggests further modifications to the design principles that would enhance their applicability to large-scale common pool resources.
This article is the result of semistructured interviews carried out at Peruvian fishery institutions between October and November 2009. Ten key informants were interviewed at the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries, eight from the Peruvian Marine Research Institute (IMARPE), and nine from the private fishery sector. Interviewees were selected on the basis of length of experience and period of time in post, in order to obtain as much information as possible from the beginning of the fishery to the present (see list of interviewees in Appendix 1). Three interviewees had been involved with the anchovy fishery since the 1960s (two from IMARPE and one from the industry), two since the 1970s, ten since the 1980s, five since the 1990s and seven since the start of this century. The article also draws on the experience of the first author as a scientific officer at IMARPE from 1994 to 2001. The questionnaire used during the interviews is shown in Appendix 2.
Interviews were triangulated with intensive documentary analysis from published material and other sources including internal reports, yearbooks, fishery magazines, and legal databases. Historical statistical data including anchovy landings, number of fishing vessels, fishing effort expressed in fishing days per year, fishmeal prices, and anchovy exports were obtained from the Pelagic Resources Department of IMARPE.
The compliance by the Peruvian anchovy fishery with Ostrom’s design principles for long-lasting governance regimes of common pool resources (as modified by Cox et al. 2010) across the sustainable and unsustainable phases of the fishery is shown in Table 1.
Principle one: clearly defined boundaries
This principle contains two components: 1A User Boundaries
, understood as clear boundaries between legitimate users and nonusers, and 1B Resource Boundaries
, i.e., boundaries that define the resource system and separate it from the larger biophysical environment (see Table 4 in Cox et al. 2010). In summary, user boundaries of the Peruvian anchovy fishery have been permeable, although perhaps decreasingly so in recent years; resource boundaries have been increasingly clearly defined.
In relation to user boundaries, exclusion of outsiders in marine fisheries is difficult to achieve and this fishery has been no exception. However, different conditions have governed entry into the two activities that make up the Peruvian anchovy fishery: fishing and processing. Within the community of users, two distinct groups can be recognized: firstly the large fishing companies, which operate the processing plants and also own fishing fleets that directly supply these plants; and secondly, independent boat owners who sell anchovy to the processing plants under informal contracts. Along the history of the fishery, there has been no effective limitation on access to the fishery resource. As a consequence, the number of fishing vessels in this fishery has broadly followed changes in the abundances of anchovies rather than being a response to management regulations to exclude outsiders (Fig. 2). Entry to the processing industry has followed the same dynamics, leading to a historical overcapitalization of both fishing vessels and processing factories (Ibarra et al. 2000, Thorpe et al. 2000, Fréon et al. 2008, Aranda 2009a
). In both sectors, the response to the problem of "free riders" has been to incorporate them into the formal sector, rather than to attempt to enforce exclusion.
Although attempts were made to limit access to the fishery through a system of fishing licenses as early as 1956, these served only to increase corruption and speculation and the system was abandoned in 1962 (Thorp and Bertran 1978). Thus, during the unsustainable phase, any person with enough financial capital to build and put a fishing vessel to sea was allowed to do so. The availability of apparently inexhaustible stocks of anchovy fuelled a frenzy of shipbuilding that persisted throughout the 1960s and early 1970s (Aranda 2009b
). Vessels were constructed, with or without qualified labor, in empty lots and in the streets of Callao, Peru’s major port (Roemer 1970). Expansion was further fuelled by foreign investment. Capital assets in the fishery coming from foreign companies increased from 12% in 1960 to more than 40% in 1967 (Thorp and Bertran 1978). The size of the fleet increased spectacularly from 52 registered vessels in 1953 to 1309 in 1972, although even this was down from the maximum of 1744 boats in 1964 (Aranda 2009b
Subsequent efforts, to set limits on the number of vessels and processing plants also had limited success in avoiding a de facto
open access fishery (Thorpe et al. 2000). Following the collapse of the fishery in 1972, the anchovy fishing fleet was nationalized and large numbers of vessels were decommissioned. However the fishery was returned to private ownership just four years later. The number of fishing vessels grew moderately during the sustainable period and the fleet's total holding capacity increased from around 150,000 m3
in 1994 to 220,000 m3
in 2008. This increase was partially a consequence of a measure (Law 26920; Congreso de la República del Perú 1998) by which wooden vessels with holding capacities between 30 and 110 tonnes were officially recognized as part of the anchovy fishing fleet from January 1998 (Aranda 2009b
). This incorporated an important group of ‘free-riders’ into the formal fishery, by legalizing the activities of the small-scale fleet which, before then, had been fishing anchovy illegally (Bermejo 2004).
During the unsustainable phase, user boundaries to the processing industry were indirectly restricted by market forces. A sharp decline in fishmeal prices in 1959–60, due to excessive supply of fishmeal on the international market, prompted the private sectors of the principal fishmeal-producing countries to establish an international arrangement aimed at stabilizing the market, which is known as the “Paris Agreement” (Roemer 1970). This established national quotas for fishmeal sales, which were to be organized through export licenses for fishing companies issued by the respective governments (Hammergren 1981). The Peruvian government recognized fishing companies associated under the National Fisheries Society (Sociedad Nacional de Pesquería, SNP), and Supreme Decree 18 empowers this organization to act as the government's agent in assigning export licenses in conformity with world market quotas (“Perú ratifica ...” 1961). Within the SNP, the Peruvian Fishing Consortium was established for this purpose. However, between 1961 and 1963 export quotas for Peruvian fishmeal were regularly exceeded (Roemer 1970) due to the activities of unassociated fishing companies, which accounted for between 15 and 20% of the total (“Número equivocado ...” 1962a
). These "free riders" took advantage of improved prices to sell their fishmeal through channels that bypassed the Consortium. In response, the Peruvian government required every company, by Law-Decree 14228, to join the Consortium as the only channel for export of fishmeal from Peru (“Número equivocado ...” 1962a
). After 1963, international fishmeal prices stabilized and the country quota system was soon abandoned. However, the Consortium continued in exclusive charge of Peruvian fishmeal marketing until 1966, when three other organizations were also legally permitted to engage in marketing (Roemer 1970, Hammergren 1981).
Since then, in practice, entry into the processing industry has been limited by the ongoing consolidation process in this fishery sector (Garcia 2007) that has led to the current situation where seven large companies own more than 50% of fishing vessels’ holding capacity and at least 50% (72 units) of the processing factories (Bendezú 2008).
The boundaries of the resource, i.e., the anchovy stock, have been progressively defined since 1970, when the first tagging experiments were carried out by IMARPE to determine the habitat and distribution of this resource (“Marcación ...” 1970a
). Since 1973, two anchovy populations units have been recognized off Peru: the north central stock from 04°30’ to 15° S, and the southern stock from 15° S to the southern limit of the Peruvian maritime domain. To the west, anchovy populations extend up to 100 nm offshore (Checkley et al. 2009). Since Chile, Peru, and Ecuador declared their respective 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) as early as 1953, the north central stock is defined by natural boundaries and is contained entirely within Peruvian waters. Under normal oceanographic conditions, fishing targets this stock, which is also by far the most productive (Barange et al. 2009). The southern stock, by contrast, is defined partly by natural and partly by political boundaries, i.e., the maritime border with Chile. Catch quotas and closed seasons have been given separately for each population stock since 1983 (Ganoza et al. 2000).
Principle two: congruence
Congruence refers to the harmonious fit between rules for resource use and local conditions—cultural or ecological. This principle also contains two components: 2A Congruence with local condition
s, in the sense that appropriation and provision rules are congruent with local social and environmental conditions, and 2B Proportional equivalence between costs and benefits
, the former being determined by provision rules and the latter by appropriation rules. The Peruvian anchovy fishery has complied, since its inception, with the principle of congruence in both senses of the term.
Congruence between rules and local environmental conditions of the resource has always been an important feature of the Peruvian anchovy fishery. The first closed season was declared by ministerial resolution in 1965 and lasted for one month (“Agosto ...” 1965), i.e., during the spawning peak of the anchovy population (Checkley et al. 2009). Simultaneously, measures were taken to prohibit the landing of catches if 50% or more of the catch consisted of fish of 12 cm or less, and a ban on weekend fishing was introduced. In 1966 the closed season was extended to three consecutive months from June to August (Tsukayama and Palomares 1987). In 1967 the government imposed another 6-week closed season during the height of the fishing season in February and March (Roemer 1970) with the aim of protecting juvenile anchovy in the recruitment phase. In these years, catch quota limits were also imposed, with annual limits of between 8 and 9 million tonnes, in line with IMARPE’s assessments of sustainable yields (Clark 1976, Chavez et al. 2008). These practices have continued in the sustainable phase. In general management measures, such as the closure of the fishery or quota regulations, are adjusted on an ad hoc
basis in response to information from monitoring data and recommendations from IMARPE. Since 1994, any management measure has had to be backed up by a written recommendation from IMARPE. Agreement exists between scientists and politicians that dynamic changes in anchovy stocks call for an equally dynamic response. A recommendation by IMARPE, for example to suspend fishing at one or more ports, can be implemented in a matter of days (Arias Schreiber et al. 2011). Moreover, numbers of ministerial resolutions enacted to regulate the fishery tend to increase during El Niño events, which initiate periods of stress and instability for the resource, providing evidence of adaptive governance capacity in response to local environmental conditions (Arias Schreiber 2012).
Congruence between costs and benefits for resource users during both phases of the fishery has been always high since taxes, fishing licenses, and funds to cover management, monitoring, and scientific research have generally been calculated based on tonnes of landed anchovy, or tonnes of fishmeal exported. As an example, Law-Decree 14265 of December 1962 established a tax of 25 Peruvian Soles (around US$1)/t of anchovy landed (“Regalo de Pascua ...” 1962b
). The same principle is used nowadays, for example to calculate the cost of fishing rights. According to Supreme Decree 024-2006-PRODUCE of November 2006 (Gobierno del Perú, Ministerio de la Producción 2006a
), fishing rights are valued at 0.25% of the export FOB price of fishmeal per tonne of anchovy landed. These straightforward practices have enabled the fishery to maintain the equivalence between costs and benefits in a way that can be perceived to be fair by the resource users.
Principle three: collective choice arrangements
Collective choice arrangements authorize resource users to participate in making and modifying their rules. The extent to which this principle has applied to the Peruvian anchovy fishery is open to interpretation.
Collective choice arrangements are considered to favor effective resource management by drawing on local knowledge of the resource. In the context of the Peruvian anchovy fishery, “local” has a somewhat different meaning and a national organization, the SNP, has been the principal channel for user participation in decision making. The SNP was created in 1952 as a nonprofit civil cooperative association. During the 1960s, it engaged in intensive lobbying on behalf of the industry around the two major areas of dispute between the government and the fishing companies: taxation and credit policy (Hammergren 1981). It exerted considerable political influence over the development of the anchovy fishery during the 1970s (Caravedo 1979), and this influence has continued during the sustainable phase, although more subtly.
The SNP defines itself as a civil association representing the Peruvian private fishery sector and counts on around 70% of the anchovy fishing companies being among its members. However, in practice, the SNP provides limited representation of users in rule making. It does not represent independent boat owners, who are grouped in other associations. Moreover, the way the SNP functions excludes most members from participating in modifying the operational rules. Decisions inside the SNP are based on a proportional voting system, in which the number of votes per fishing company depends on its fishmeal production in the previous 15 months (Roemer 1970). This voting system invests decision-making power in a small number of large companies. The influence of these powerful companies is further increased by the existence of informal networks that provide close links between them and key personnel in government decision-making agencies (see Principle seven below).
Principle four: monitoring
This principle contains two components: 4A Monitoring to ensure rule enforcement
, and 4B Monitoring the resource.
In summary, monitoring of both rule compliance and resources has become more extensive, intensive, and effective during the sustainable phase, compared to the unsustainable phase.
With regard to rule enforcement, during the unsustainable phase monitoring of landings was undertaken by personnel from IMARPE who had no authority to enforce compliance. Resources were inadequate to monitor the large number of vessels involved and the high number of permitted fishing days, i.e., on average 223 days/year (Fig. 3). Controlling fishermen’s behavior was also difficult, because tracking technology to follow fishermen at sea was not available and monitoring of landings was ineffective, resulting in an underestimation of at least 20% in official landings statistics for the period 1952 to 1982 (Castillo and Mendo 1987).
Following the establishment of the Ministry of Fisheries in 1970, a Department for Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance was set up; however, the lack of proper financial support and appropriate technology resulted in poor performance. In the sustainable phase of the fishery, the number of vessels was somewhat reduced, and the average annual number of fishing days was also reduced to 141 days (Fig. 3). However, monitoring such a large industry still posed considerable challenges, and in response to these challenges new regulations were introduced to facilitate monitoring and reduce costs. Since 1999, each fishing vessel has been obliged to pay fishing rights (“derechos de pesca
”) equivalent to around US$3/t of anchovy landed. The funds generated are used to finance the operation of the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries and its associated institutions, including IMARPE. Sanctions for nonpayment include the confiscation of the fishing license. In addition, the use of Vessel Monitoring System with satellite tracking systems in each fishing vessel has been required by law since 2000 (Supreme Decree 001-2000-PE; Gobierno del Perú, Ministerio de Pesquería, 2000); costs (around US$200 monthly for equipment and services) are covered by the ship owners. Likewise, landings at all ports are simultaneously monitored by IMARPE and inspectors from the Fishing and Landing Monitoring and Surveillance Program. This program, launched in 2003, transferred surveillance of compliance with anchovy fishery regulations to an independent international company financed by the fishing companies. Annual costs of the program are capped at US$7 million, and these funds are raised by a levy of US$1.40/t of landed anchovy. The Swiss company Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS) and a Peruvian company Certificaciones del Perú (CERPER) are currently employed to undertake this independent monitoring.
Monitoring of the anchovy population (resources) started as early as the end of the 1950s (Castillo and Mendo 1987) and intensified after 1960 with the establishment of the Peruvian Research Institute for Marine Resources, which in 1964 was renamed IMARPE (Barange et al. 2009). Collection of anchovy landing data started in 1959 (Doucet et al. 1962), and collection of size structure data of landed fish started in 1961 (IMARPE 1965). In 1966, in response to the high costs involved in monitoring the resource at sea, IMARPE initiated the so-called Eureka cruises (Arias Schreiber et al. 2011). These were established by legal agreements by which the fishing companies allowed IMARPE to use their fleet as scientific vessels in order to monitor anchovy populations in real time (Barange et al. 2009). Scientific and technical personnel from IMARPE were sent to the main fishing ports, from where anchovy fishing vessels set sail, to perform experimental fishing and oceanographic sampling. The fishing companies involved were allowed to process the anchovy catches to recover some of the associated financial costs (Arias Schreiber et al. 2011).
During the 1970s, new acoustic techniques were developed based on echo-integration of data from digital echosounders to estimate fish populations. Since 1982, the Peruvian government via IMARPE has monitored anchovy populations using these techniques through twice-yearly hydro-acoustical cruises along the geographical range of the anchovy population (Ganoza et al. 2000). The results of these cruises are used to calculate the catch quotas for the two annual anchovy fishing seasons. Thus the adoption of new technology has made monitoring relatively easier during the current, sustainable phase of the fishery. Current annual expenses of IMARPE are around US$15 million (De La Puente et al. 2011), from which about 60% is used to monitor anchovy populations (M. Ñiquen, personal communication
). However these apparently very high monitoring costs represent less than 1% of annual export values of the anchovy industry, which are estimated at US$1000 to 1500 million over the last decade (Fig. 3).
Principle five: graduated sanctions
Effective graduated sanctions are seen as a mechanism for ensuring rule compliance by ensuring transparency and building trust between resource users (Ostrom 2009a
). Sanctions were not applied during the unsustainable phase of the Peruvian anchovy fishery. In the sustainable phase, graduated sanctions have been introduced, but their application has been only partially effective.
Sanctions were neither clearly identified nor enforced during the unsustainable phase of the fishery. By-laws of the First Peruvian Fisheries Act from 1971 (Gobierno del Perú 1971a
) established graduated sanctions for different fishing infractions for the first time; these ranged from fines between 1000 and 1 million Peruvian Soles, to the permanent confiscation of fishing licenses (Supreme Decree 011-71-PE, Art. 273; Gobierno del Perú 1971b
). More recently, in the sustainable phase of the fishery, legal sanctions have been imposed according to: (1) the type or nature of infraction, (2) the offender’s intention, (3) the degree of damage caused to the marine environment or amount of benefits illegally obtained, and (4) records of previous offenses (Supreme Decree 012-2001-PE, Art. 149; Gobierno del Perú, Ministerio de Pesquería 2001). However, even with legally graduated sanctions during the sustainable phase, users in this period regularly avoided being sanctioned by appealing sentences and transferring their cases to the Peruvian judicial system where corruption is still quite widespread (De La Puente et al. 2011). In 2008, five judges were removed from their positions for having allocated illegal fishing licenses (R. Rey; quoted in Gobierno del Perú, Ministerio de la Producción 2008).
Principle six: conflict resolution mechanisms
Management of common pool resources is considered to be an inherently conflictive activity; rapid, low-cost local arenas for resolution of conflicts among users are necessary to prevent conflicts from spiraling out of control (Ostrom 2009a
). Moreover successful resolution of conflicts can spark learning and change (Dietz et al. 2003). In the Peruvian anchovy fishery, formal arenas for resolving conflict have long existed, and these have further developed in the sustainable period.
Since 1952, the SNP has been the institution responsible for providing facilities for resolution of conflicts between resource users. Procedures for resolving conflicts between users and government agencies have been available since the establishment of the Ministry of Fisheries in 1970. By contrast, they were absent during the unsustainable period. Throughout the 1960s, government decisions affecting the fishing sector were made by a variety of agencies for which fishing policy was not a primary concern (Hammergren 1981). Consequently the most important decisions affecting the fishery were not made by any of these agencies, but came out of the Ministry of Finance and the Congress. As a result, resolution mechanisms were difficult to implement when conflicts of interest arose.
Since the Ministry of Fisheries was set up in 1970, it has been the practice of the Peruvian government and diverse members of the fishing sector to establish so-called “Sectorial Working Commissions” to discuss and give advice to the authorities when conflicts arise or the fishery enters a crisis period, i.e., during extreme El Niño conditions. For example, by Supreme Resolution 005-70-PE-ODP of February 1970, the Ministry of Fisheries set up a Commission to perform a feasibility study for the establishment of a quota system for the supply of anchovy to processing factories (“Comisión estudiara ...” 1970b
). The Commission, composed of members of the Ministries of Fisheries and the Treasury, and one member of the SNP, had one month to present its results. A similar commission was set up in 2006 to evaluate the problem of overcapacity of the anchovy fishing fleet (Ministerial Resolution 215-2006-PRODUCE; Gobierno del Perú, Ministerio de la Producción 2006b
). Although the impact of such commissions in the decision-making process is varied, these practices could have reinforced networking and learning processes, particularly during the sustainable phase.
Principle seven: minimal recognition of rights to organize
This principle refers to rights, granted by governments to resource users, to organize to manage the resource independently of government (Cox et al. 2010). It appears to presuppose a conflict of interest, or at least of perspective, between local users and external government agencies operating at a larger scale. These conditions apply only partially to the Peruvian anchovy fishery, which operates at a national level—the same as government—and where the dividing line between government and resource users has sometimes become blurred.
The organization of users of the anchovy fishery under the auspices of the SNP has always been recognized by Peruvian authorities. Indeed, the government’s official recognition of the Society as being responsible for setting fishmeal export quotas in the 1960s has even been described as a delegation of the state's policy-making functions to the fishing companies (Hammergren 1981). As mentioned above, throughout the sustainable period, intensive lobbying by the SNP has continued. The SNP does not have an official role in deciding on rules for the management of the fishery. However, one of the seven members of IMARPE’s Board of Directors is by law a representative of the Society, and there is also one member of the SNP in the governmental Committee for Monitoring the Fishing and Landing Surveillance Program. The real influence of the SNP is greater than this modest official representation suggests, and over the years numerous directive personnel at IMARPE and the Fisheries Ministry, up to the highest level, have been selected because of their strong relations to the SNP. This influence can be seen in specific policy decisions, such as the establishment of the Individual Quota System in 2008, which has been widely attributed to be a response of the Society’s demands.
Principle eight: nested enterprises
This design principle relates to the arrangement of governance activities in multiple layers of small-scale organizations nested in ever larger organizations. The reliance of the Peruvian anchovy industry on industrial-scale fish processing means that it is an inherently large-scale enterprise. Moreover, as users are private companies, the dominant paradigm is of competition on the market rather than cooperation. Thus the opportunities for nesting are limited.
In the unsustainable phase, fishing companies were associated only within the SNP, which comprised around 60% of users and which in 1960 became a member of the International Fishmeal and Fish oil Organization (IFFO). During the sustainable phase, there has been some “nesting” at larger scales: fishing companies associated in the SNP are also part of the Peruvian Exporters Association (ADEX) and the Peruvian National Confederation of Private Business Associations (CONFIEP) which is member of the International Organization of Employers (IOE). The management organization, the Ministry of Fisheries, has been a single and centralized institution since its establishment in 1971. This situation has continued throughout the sustainable phase, although formally, since 2001, the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries has operated as one of the two divisions within Ministry of Production. Although the Peruvian government has undergone a process of decentralization since 2002 and Regional Fishery Directorates have been established, with some role in the management of other fisheries, anchovy fisheries management remains the sole responsibility of the central Vice-Ministry of Fisheries.
Although the conditions and principles for long-lasting, successful, common pool resources, as described by Ostrom, have been mainly applied to management undertaken by traditional communities with almost no intervention from the government, they offer an excellent point of departure for analysis of institutional settings of larger common pool resource systems and, specifically, commercial fisheries. This is confirmed by the results of our study, which demonstrate that the design principles can be usefully applied to inform the analysis of a large-scale common pool resource. Most of the principles were found to be relevant for a study of the Peruvian anchovy fishery. Moreover, the validity of the principles as indicators of the sustainability of common pool resource management is at least partially confirmed by the fact that greater conformity to the principles was found in the sustainable phase of the fishery, compared to the unsustainable phase (Table 1).
It is recognized that the principles do not offer a recipe for success and cannot be applied in a mechanical way (Ostrom et al. 1999, Bruns 2007, Ostrom 2009b
). Like previous empirical studies (Cox et al., 2010), this one has suggested some ways in which the principles could be modified or expanded. Our study suggests that controls on catches can be an effective alternative to restricting the number of users. A dynamic decision-making system is necessary to respond effectively to variations in resource availability. Finally, management rules need to be adapted to the specific biological characteristics of the resource being managed. On the other hand, the design principles alone are insufficient for analysis of the rich experience of more than half a century of common pool resources considered in this study. At times it was difficult to constrain our account within the (self-imposed) analytical structure, based around “testing the design principles”.
One of the main challenges in applying the design principles to asses our case study fishery was the difficulty of showing causality between institutional characteristics and the sustainability of resource use. While the design principles suggest a set of institutional features that favor sustainability, they do not provide a procedure for analyzing their role within the wider, complex social-ecological system. Specifically they do not take explicit account of the role played by the physical and ecological settings, and/or distinctive characteristics of the resource involved. A number of commentators have signaled the need to give more consideration to the properties of the resource itself (Cox et al. 2010). This certainly applies in our case, given that Peruvian anchovy stock fluctuations, like other pelagic fish stocks, are highly driven by environmental oceanographic conditions. In addition to improved management institutions, the phase of sustainable landings of the fishery has also coincided with medium-term favorable oceanographic conditions for anchovy stocks. Furthermore, a natural resource may be inherently more or less susceptible to sustainable use. The Peruvian anchovy, as an abundant, fast-breeding, and highly mobile species, adapted to living in a highly unpredictable biophysical environment, might appear to be innately resilient to bad management, particularly as alternative resources, such as sardine and other pelagic fish, are often available to sustain the fishing industry when anchovy stocks are low.
Our results showed that for this case study, clearly defined user boundaries, collective choice arrangements, and nested enterprises were not required to achieve sustainability. It can be argued here that the choice of the Peruvian government has been to relax user boundaries while clearly defining the amount of resources that the users are allowed to withdraw. This has been achieved through a quota system that guarantees the natural replenishment of the resource. Catch quotas that were not complied with during the unsustainable phase, are currently enforced by not only closing the fishing season when the quota is attained but also by simultaneously banning fishmeal processing. The clearly identifiable smell of burning fish, detectable even some miles away from the factories, makes it impossible for illegal fishmeal reduction to go unnoticed, and supports compliance (Arias Schreiber 2012).
A criticism that has been made of the design principles from the perspective of community-based management of common pool resources is that they appear, incorrectly, to assume resource users are “coherent wholes without internal conflict or heterogeneity” (Cox et al. 2010). This study provides evidence that this criticism is also valid at larger scales. In the Peruvian anchovy fishery, power relations among the resource users are important and arguably play a key role in determining patterns of resource use. Regarding collective choice arrangements, it is probably not surprising that for common pool resources at larger scales, the right to define and modify rules is limited to the most important and powerful users. The anchovy fishery represents at least 7% of Peru’s total foreign exchange earnings; and in 2010 fishmeal and fish oil exports reached 1 million tonnes, valued at US$1.9 billion (SNP 2010). In this context is it hardly surprising that government fishing policies are respectful of the fishing industry elite’s demands, and pay less regard to internal power relations and potential conflicts with other users.
The experience of the Peruvian anchovy fishery also confirms the importance of "fit" between administrative boundaries of a common pool resource system and natural ecological boundaries. Peruvian authorities have had a greater degree of control over the north central stock, which is wholly within Peruvian waters, than over the southern stock, which is shared with Chile. For example, closed seasons for the southern anchovy stock implemented in Peru have not been reciprocated by Chilean authorities, leading to complaints by Peruvian fishermen that they were “leaving the anchovies in the water for the Chileans to catch”. Consequently, although some efforts have been made in the past to coordinate the management the southern anchovy stock in cooperation with Chilean authorities, usually no catch quota is applied and the fishing season is open all year around (Arias Schreiber 2012). This is a further dimension of "congruence" whose importance has been noted by other authors (Hanna et al. 1995, Anderies et al. 2004), but not explicitly recognized in the design principles as currently formulated.
It can be argued that a further feature of the Peruvian anchovy fishery favoring its persistence has been the speed of decision making based on intense resource monitoring. Speed and flexibility of responses to changing conditions are likely to be key attributes of sustainable systems for managing common pool resources, particularly when the resource itself is inherently dynamic and unpredictable as in the case of the Peruvian anchovy. On the other hand, when monitoring results are not regarded as legitimate, or are not transmitted to management authorities in a timely manner, this
can hinder the fishery's sustainability. Waters in northern Peru are perhaps the best-monitored large ecosystem in the world, allowing for unusually effective management of fisheries in spite of internal (economic) and external (environmental) challenges (Chavez et al. 2008). It is probably the only place in the world were management authorities are informed on fishing landings on a daily basis (M. Espino, personal communication
) and where management decisions have, by law, to be backed up by a scientific report.
On the other hand, rapid decision making is inevitably "top-down" in nature, so this might well contradict the principle of "collective choice agreements", as it is generally understood, at least in specific instances. This highlights the fact that not all the principles have to be complied with for common pool resource management to be successful. It also suggests that compliance with the principles might be achieved through a number of possibly quite different institutional arrangements. As mentioned before, in the Peruvian case, a notable feature of collective choice arrangements was the dominance of powerful stakeholders within the user group, with close links with officials who were invested with decision-making capacity in the responsible government agencies. This raises the interesting question of whether this kind of "top-down" decision making could also provide a viable model at a community level.
External markets have been identified as another key driver of change in common pool resource systems. The demand for products from common pool resource systems and how resource users respond to this demand can be expected to have large impacts on determining patterns of resource use. Market forces are often considered as a destabilizing influence when they affect hitherto self-sufficient community-based common pool resource systems (Cox et al. 2010). Relations between the Peruvian anchovy fishery and the global market for fishmeal are complex and suggest that such clear-cut conclusions regarding the role of market forces are not applicable in this case (Arias Schreiber et al. 2011). However, this is also outside the scope of the present study.
Coming back to our initial question: is the case of the Peruvian anchovy fishery “uncommon” among “the commons”? The answer is no. The history of this fishery tells us that lack of proper institutions, including regulations, results in overexploitation and collapse. However, as in Ostrom’s cases, the history of this fishery (until now) has not ended up in a “tragedy”. Our results show that Ostrom’s eight design principles only partially explain the success of the anchovy fishery. This result is perhaps not unexpected, given that
this study was dealing with a large-scale fishery governed at the national level. At this level, scientifically recognized and controlled boundaries of resource use, congruence or institutional fit with ecological and cultural conditions, managed participation, careful monitoring, and frequent interaction between resource users and governmental management authorities can be considered as key principles of sustainable common pool resource systems.
The study of the Peruvian anchovy fishery confirms the design principles as a valuable tool for analysis and understanding of large-scale common pool resource systems. At the same time it suggests that application of the principles to a wider range of systems can generate new insights into what is required for successful common pool resource management. At present it appears that interest is focused on local-level common pool resources and, secondarily, on global issues such as climate change. Our study suggests that there is also much to be learned from investigating common pool resource management that takes place at the level of nations. After all, in a world of nation states, this is still the scale at which many, if not most, key decisions are taken.
This paper is based on research financed by the Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences – Global Changes in the Marine Realm (GLOMAR). We would like to thank Professor Helmuth Lange from the University of Bremen for recommending that we relate the Peruvian anchovy fishery case with Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom's theoretical work, and for challenging us to do so. Historical fishery statistics were kindly provided by M. Bouchón and M. Ñiquen from the Pelagic Resources Research Department of the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE). The manuscript was undoubtedly improved with comments from Federico Iriarte and two anonymous reviewers.
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The Bratislava City Museum is a museum located in the capital of Slovakia, in Bratislava. The museum was formed in 1868 and it is located in the heart of the city in the Old Town just nearby to the Main Square at the Old Town Hall.
The museum is dedicated to the history of Slovakia and Bratislava. There are a wide selection of documents of the history of the city. The museum has documents and objects from the early period of time of the country to the events of the 20th century. The Bratislava City Museum is one of the oldest museums of the country and it is one of the most visited spots in the city as well. The museum offers plenty of events and exhibitions. The Bratislava City Museum offers a selection of temporary and permanent exhibitions as well. The Bratislava City Museum is open every day excepts on Mondays. The museum is open from every Tuesday until Friday from 10 in the morning to 5 in the afternoon. On Saturday and Sunday the museum is open from 11 in the morning until 6 in the evening.
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The Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) works to understand and mitigate barriers to wind power deployment by conducting research and development activities aimed at addressing siting and environmental issues. When properly sited, wind projects provide a net environmental benefit to the communities in which they operate and to the nation overall. To see a full listing of projects supported by WETO, see the Projects Map and select Program Area: Environmental Impacts and Siting.
Assessing and Mitigating Environmental Impacts
As with all energy supply options, wind energy can have adverse environmental impacts, including the potential to reduce, fragment, or degrade habitat for wildlife, fish, and plants. Furthermore, spinning turbine blades can pose a threat to flying wildlife like birds and bats. Due to the potential impact that wind power can have on wildlife, and the potential for these issues to delay or hinder wind development in high-quality wind resource areas, addressing impact minimization, siting, and permitting issues are among the wind industry’s highest priorities.
To address these issues and support environmentally sustainable development of wind power in the United States, WETO invests in projects that seek to characterize and understand the impact of wind on wildlife both on land and offshore. Furthermore, WETO invests in activities to collect and disseminate scientifically rigorous peer-reviewed research on environmental impacts through centralized information hubs such as Tethys. The office also invests in scientific research that enables the innovation and development of cost-effective technologies that can minimize wildlife impacts at land-based and offshore wind farms.
WETO works to facilitate interagency collaboration on wind energy impacts and siting research to enable effective stewardship of taxpayer dollars in addressing environmental issues related to wind deployment in the United States.
Below are several examples of WETO's investments:
- The office has funded peer-reviewed research for more than 24 years, in part through collaborative partnerships with the wind industry and environmental organizations, such as the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) and the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative.
- The NWCC was formed in 1994 by DOE's wind office in partnership with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to broadly address barriers to wind energy development, including transmission, power markets, and wildlife impacts. Over the past decade, the focus of the NWCC has shifted primarily to addressing and disseminating high-quality information regarding environmental impacts and solutions.
- In May 2009, DOE's wind office announced nearly $2 million in environmental research grants aimed at reducing the risks to key species and habitats from wind power developments. One report, completed and released in 2013 by researchers from Kansas State University in collaboration with NWCC’s Grassland Community Collaborative, found that wind development in Kansas had no strong effects on the population and reproduction of greater prairie chickens.
- Since its formation in 2003, the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative has been engaged in numerous research activities funded by DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory, including studies assessing the impact of altering the cut-in-speed of wind turbines (the minimum wind speed at which wind turbines begin producing power), and the use of ultrasonic acoustic deterrents aimed at reducing impacts to bats at wind turbines.
- WETO is also funding research and development projects that advance the technical readiness of bat impact mitigation and minimization technologies through a competitive funding opportunity. The Energy Department is supporting the following companies, universities, and organizations to field test and evaluate near-commercial bat impact mitigation technologies, which will provide regulators and wind facility owner-operators with viable and cost effective tools to reduce impacts on bats: Bat Conservation International, Frontier Wind, General Electric, Texas Christian University, and University of Massachusetts.
- WETO is also funding research and development projects that advance the technical readiness of bat impact mitigation and minimization technologies through a competitive funding opportunity. The Energy Department is supporting the following companies, universities, and organizations to field test and evaluate near-commercial bat impact mitigation technologies, which will provide regulators and wind facility owner-operators with viable and cost effective tools to reduce impacts on bats: Bat Conservation International, Frontier Wind, General Electric, Texas Christian University, and University of Massachusetts. For project updates and testing results as of March 2018, please see the Status and Findings of Developing Technologies for Bat Detection and Deterrence at Wind Facilities webinars hosted by the National Wind Coordinating Collaborative.
- In 2016, WETO selected six teams to improve technologies that will protect eagles sharing airspace with wind turbines. More than $3 million was allocated across the six teams for groundbreaking, critical eagle-impact minimization technology research and development projects. The research supported by this funding will provide wind plant owner-operators with viable and cost-effective tools for reducing potential impacts to eagles at wind farms. This important research builds on the Energy Department’s work to enable wind power deployment and ensure coexistence with wildlife by addressing siting and environmental issues. If successful, the research will protect wildlife while also providing the wind industry with new tools to minimize regulatory and financial risks.
- WETO supports research activities that address biological interactions with offshore wind turbines. With this support, researchers are collecting critical information on marine life and offshore bird and bat activity that affects the deployment of U.S. offshore wind projects. For example, the Biodiversity Research Institute and a wide variety of collaborators conducted the largest ecological study ever completed in the Mid-Atlantic to produce a detailed picture of the environment in Mid-Atlantic Wind Energy Areas that will facilitate permitting and environmental compliance for offshore wind projects.
WETO also works with other federal agencies to develop guidelines that enable developers to meet the statutory, regulatory, and administrative requirements for protecting wildlife, national security, and public safety. For example, the Wind Energy Technologies Office worked with the Department of the Interior to develop its Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines and Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance.
Assessing and Mitigating Radar Interference
WETO is also involved in an interagency partnership aimed at addressing the potential impacts of operating wind turbines on defense and civilian radar systems. Over the past several years, in conjunction with the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Office has worked through the Interagency Field Test and Evaluation (IFT&E) campaigns to characterize the impact of wind turbines on the existing air surveillance radars, assess near-term mitigation methods proposed by industry, and collect and analyze data to advance research and development of long-term mitigation methods. Learn more from the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Fact Sheet.
Three rounds of air testing near wind energy facilities in Minnesota and Texas were conducted during 2012 and 2013, culminating in a report and factsheets summarizing the testing. DOE and its interagency partners are working to build off these tests to ensure that mitigation methods that have been tested can be deployed to reduce impacts to radar near wind facilities.
Additionally, the U.S. Wind Turbine Database (which can be viewed with the U.S. Wind Turbine Database Viewer) has been used by the U.S. Departments of Defense and Homeland Security and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to perform crucial operational impact assessments of wind turbines on radar. This effort dovetails with DOE’s interagency work to address the potential impacts of operating wind turbines on defense and civilian radar systems through the Wind Turbine Radar Interference Mitigation Working Group.
To learn more about the wind-radar interference mitigation strategy and approaches, visit WINDExchange.
Environmental Impacts and Siting Resources
The following resources contain additional information about environmental impacts and siting:
- Tethys: DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a novel database that houses a rich and diverse variety of resources on the potential environmental effects of offshore wind and marine and hydrokinetic development. Tethys features an interactive map of ocean energy environmental monitoring and research projects around the world. The newest addition to Tethys, the Working Together to Resolve Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN) hub, houses resources on land-based wind environmental research and addresses environmental issues such as interactions between wildlife and wind turbines associated with the development of land-based and offshore wind energy projects.
- National Wind Coordinating Collaborative: The NWCC provides information on wind wildlife research, including regular newsletters, webinars, meeting proceedings and presentations, and other information sharing tools.
- Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and their Habitats: This resource from the American Wind Wildlife Institute summarizes the current state of research on wind-wildlife interactions.
- Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) Publications: BWEC is an alliance of state and federal agencies, private industry, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions that develops solutions to mitigate wind turbines’ impacts on bats. BWEC has published several reports on its research, such as a synthesis of bat fatality mitigation studies and an evaluation of the effectiveness of ultrasonic acoustic deterrents.
Environmental Impacts and Siting News
This report summarizes the results of a seven-year, DOE-funded research project, conducted by researchers from Kansas State University and the...Learn More
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Image © Bob Jones
Latitude: 52º 12'N
Longitude: 04º 20'W
Ownership: Ceredigion County Council
Contact name: Harbour Master
Telephone no: 01545 560368 / 571645
About New QuayThe town of New Quay overlooks a natural harbour which is well protected except from the north wind. At the end of the 17th century a ‘new quay’ of wood and stone was built to protect the harbour from the westerly winds. The town grew slowly, probably as much to serve the ship builders' yards as anything else, but a large number of sailors made New Quay their home.
The town prospered particularly between about 1820 and 1860. The stone quay was built between 1835 and 1837. In 1864 the railway reached Aberystwyth from the north and three years later the Carmarthen to Aberystwyth line was completed. Many of the supplies for the surrounding countryside which had come through New Quay began to arrive by rail including artificial fertilisers which replaced the lime burnt in many of the lime kilns on the beaches. At the same time, steam ships replaced sail, and these were generally too larger to call at New Quay. The stocks of herring which had been an important source of food and income for the town, declined and the harbour began to silt up.
There were plans to make New Quay a major port for journeys to Ireland, which did not come to fruition. It was never connected to the railway network, but became a popular holiday resort from the 1870s.
The stone quay and the lighthouse, known locally as the Pepperpot were partly destroyed in the ‘Royal Charter’ storm of 1859 and the lighthouse completely destroyed by a storm in 1937.
Dylan Thomas once lived here and New Quay is probably the 'cliff-perched town at the far end of Wales' on which he based Llareggub in Under Milkwood.
The miles of secluded coves around New Quay provided ideal hiding places in the eighteenth century for smuggled goods such as brandy, tobacco, wines and spirits.
Harbour fees are listed here.
Return to Area Map
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More In This Article
Editor's Note: This is the fourth in a series of six features on the science of food, running daily from March 30 through April 6, 2009.
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa.—Marlene Moskowitz unscrews the cap from an amber vial. Within moments, a roasty scent permeates this food science laboratory at Pennsylvania State University, conjuring in my mind my local bakery in the predawn hours as baguette loaves—golden-brown, crusty and warm—are taken out of massive ovens on rolling steel carts. The aromatic teardrop in her vial was extracted from the crust of a white bread loaf a month earlier and is a crucial part of an experiment that could overturn a tightly held belief about the Maillard reaction, one of the key chemical responses that occurs during cooking. Moskowitz, a grad student in food science, and her faculty advisor Devin Peterson, are trying to figure out why white and whole wheat bread smell, and taste, so different from each other when baked. "We bake things but what happens to them?" Peterson says, referring to the cryptic chemistry of cooking. "Nobody understands."
Peterson, 36, who arrived at Penn State in 2002, had just completed his dissertation and was busy churning out related papers on the aroma in fresh and heated butter when a colleague dropped an article on his desk about phenols: those ring-shaped organic compounds best known for imbuing wine with its taste, color and health benefits, but which are also found in cocoa and wheat bran. As Peterson gazed at the phenol's ring, he began to think about its connection to the Maillard reaction, which causes the browning of bread and the flavor of caramel.
Neither proteins nor sugars have a characteristic smell of their own. But when they are heated together they produce thousands of flavor compounds as a result of this Maillard reaction. Peterson realized that small amounts of phenols had the potential to hijack this process and alter flavor chemistry. The only problem is that no one had really explored the thousands of chemicals that spring from the reaction. "What are these molecules," he wondered, "and why are they being modulated?"
A few days later, he went into his lab and set up a simple model reaction. Just as a theoretical physicist might assume Earth to be a perfect sphere, for Peterson a loaf of bread became one sugar and one protein. He heated the two compounds, filling his laboratory with the odor of pyrazines, a toastlike scent tempered with a hint of chocolate. But when he added phenol to the mix, the pyrazine aroma practically disappeared.
"It was one of those 'wow' moments," Peterson says. He began applying for grants to fund further research. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) nominated him for a Presidential Early Career Award to study the Maillard reaction, giving him a research grant of $420,000 on top of $280,000 he received from industry. In 2005 he shook then President George W. Bush's hand during a visit to the White House with other awardees.
The model chemistry reactions could only take him so far, however, so he dug into real products. First, his team looked at improving the flavor of ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, which is common in Europe and heated to a higher temperature than U.S. pasteurized milk to effectively eliminate bacteria. Because it is sterilized, UHT milk does not require refrigeration until it is opened, so it can be kept on store and kitchen shelves, but Peterson says the Maillard reaction gives it a cooked flavor that U.S. consumers won't accept. He and a graduate student took phenolic compounds from grapes and cocoa and added them to the UHT milk before processing it. The two versions—the UHT and pasteurized—were indistinguishable. Penn State has since applied for a patent on the process.
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Children, Families & Communities examines the factors that influence children's development. These include the effects of disability, ethnicity, family, school, neighbourhood (including rural, urban and remote communities) and state interventions and policies. This new edition has been revised and updated to include the very latest research and topical issues, such as children and technology, and children and natural disasters in Australia. New to this edition: Five new chapters covering topical issues: giftedness; Children, media and technology; bullying; children in emergencies; and policy support for children, families and communities. Substantial revisions and updates to the text including the latest research. Children, Families & Communities is also available as an e-book.
About the Author
Jennifer Bowes is Professor of Early Childhood at the Institute of Early Childhood, Macquarie University, and founding Director of the Children and Families Research Centre, Macquarie University. Kerry Hodge is an Honorary Associate in the Institute of Early Childhood, Macquarie University. Rebekah Grace is a Senior Research Fellow and the Program Manager for Early Childhood Research in the Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation (CHETRE), University of New South Wales.
Audience: Tertiary; University or College
Number Of Pages: 720
Published: 28th November 2011
Publisher: Oxford University Press Australia
Dimensions (cm): 27.7 x 21.1 x 2.8
Weight (kg): 1.77
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Define Natural Stone 8/28/2012 10:00:00 AM
Q: At what point is a stone no longer “natural stone”? We’re working with more and more slabs that have backers and fillers and resined faces. It seems as if we no longer have the right to call them “natural.” Where do we draw the line here?
A: There probably isn’t going to be a consensus on this, although I know where I draw the line in defining “natural stone.” At StonExpo, and possibly a few other venues during a typical year, I teach a basic class covering rudimentary information on stone types, formation, mineralogy, properties and definitions.
The class can serve as either an informative primer for those relatively new to the industry, or it can serve as a sure cure for insomnia, depending on the student. At the start of that class, I offer a definition of natural stone as: “Stones which have been harvested from their in-situ position in the earth, then cut and machined into final products without alteration to the internal fabric of the material.”
The distinction for me is that even though a filler has been used or a resin has been used, the voids that are occupied by those materials are natural voids and have always existed within the stone fabric. We’ve been filling voids in travertine forever, and no one has ever said that it made the product “unnatural.” The mineral distribution in the stone, whether filled, mesh-backed or resined, is exactly as nature created it. Any two adjacent minerals in that stone are still in the same position relative to each other that they were a billion or more years ago.
- Chuck Muehlbauer, Marble Institute of America
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You may have plantar fasciitis, a painful condition that is very common in runners or people who stand on their feet for long periods. Foot pain can inhibit a person from doing even the simplest activities, such as playing on the beach, washing dishes, or taking a walk with family members. Kids can experience foot pain for a lot of reasons. Sometimes you may feel as if your feet is on fire.
As soon as the girl’s feet were removed from the pan, the bandages were wrapped tightly around the smallest broken toes and pulled securely in and under the heel, till only the large toe was left free. Even though the young girl usually was screaming in agony, her determined mother, aunt(s), and grandmother worked together to forcefully draw together the heel and toe, breaking the arch.
Neuromas & recommended shoes – Caused by a benign nerve growth, pain is usually felt between the third and fourth toes. Posterior Tibia Tendonitis & recommended shoes – Pain in the inside of the foot and ankle, and on occasion problems associated with an unstable gait. Metatarsalgia & recommended shoes – A condition marked by pain and inflammation in the ball of your foot. Because the feet are very small compared with the rest of the body, the impact of each step exerts tremendous force upon them. During a typical day, people spend about 4 hours on their feet and take 8,000 – 10,000 steps. This means that the feet support a combined force equivalent to several hundred tons every day. The hindfoot is the back of the foot.
A podiatrist, is a foot specialist, and goes to school for a lot of years to be able to hold someone’s foot in their hands and listen to the type of pain you’re suffering from and be able to tell you what the problem is. You should expect your doctor to ask you about the types of shoes you wear and what physical activity you engage in that might have resulted in the foot pain. The x-ray can tell the doctor if there are small breaks, fractures or fissures that could be causing your foot pain. MRI machines (magnetic resonance imaging) can be used in the same way as the x-ray to see inside your foot without having to cut you open. The doctor can then tell if there are any problems with the bones and the soft tissue inside the foot. Mild to Severe Pain: Human foot has 30 joints and 28 bones.
One of the most common causes is improper walking habits, i.e., exerting weight or pressure on the metatarsals while walking or running which can lead to pain at night. Symptoms include sharp pain in the middle part of the foot, callousing around the toes, and tingling sensation and severe pain while walking or standing. Pain in the middle of the leg, i.e. in the metatarsals is also one of the symptoms of arthritis.
I think your website is the most informative site I have found when researching foot pain. I used to work for a podiatrist (front desk) back during summers in college years ago, so I know the benefits of good care. It was so great to get to your site (top of google search) and actually find all the answers I needed EASILY and QUICKLY! I have been experiencing foot pain of various sorts and am working to figure out what it is. I found this site and can only say BRAVO!! The pain finally brought me to the ER. I spent 8 days in the hospital. It can also assist in reducing pain levels.
Roddy E, Muller S, Thomas E: Defining disabling foot pain in older adults: further examination of the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index. Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Bjorner JB, Turner-Bowker DM, Gandek B, Maruish ME: User’s Manual for the SF-36v2® Health Survey. Menz HB, Munteanu SE, Landorf KB, Zammit GV, Cicuttini FM: Radiographic classification of osteoarthritis in commonly affected joints of the foot. Menz HB, Munteanu SE, Landorf KB, Zammit GV, Cicuttini FM: Radiographic evaluation of foot osteoarthritis: sensitivity of radiographic variables and relationship to symptoms. Garrow AP, Papageorgiou A, Silman AJ, Thomas E, Jayson MI, Macfarlane GJ: The grading of hallux valgus. Cornwall MW, McPoil TG, Lebec M, Vicenzino B, Wilson J: Reliability of the modified Foot Posture Index.
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Source of Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3) gas, usually expressed as Nitrogen, is extremely soluble in water. It is the natural product of decay of organic nitrogen compounds. Ammonia finds its way to surface supplies from the runoff in agricultural areas where it is applied as fertilizer. It can also find its way to underground aquifers from animal feed lots. Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by bacterial action. A concentration of 0.1 to 1.0 ppm is typically found in most surface water supplies, and is expressed as N. Ammonia is not usually found in well water supplies because the bacteria in the soil converts it nitrates. The concentration of Ammonia is not restricted by drinking water standards. Since Ammonia is corrosive to copper alloys it is a concern in cooling systems and in boiler feed.
Treatment of Ammonia
Ammonia can be destroyed chemically by chlorination. The initial reaction forms chloramine, and must be completely broken down before there is a chlorine residual. The chlorine will destroy organic contaminants in the waste stream before it will react with the ammonia. Ammonia can also be removed by cation exchange resin in the hydrogen form, which is the utilization of acid as a regenerant. Degasification will also remove Ammonia.
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Arsenic is an element that is widely distributed in the Earth's crust. Elemental arsenic is ordinarily a steel grey, metal-like material that occurs naturally. However, arsenic is usually found in the environment combined with such other elements as oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. Arsenic combined with these elements is called inorganic arsenic. Arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen is referred to as organic arsenic. Understanding the difference between inorganic and organic arsenic is important because some of the organic forms are less harmful than the inorganic forms.
Most inorganic and organic arsenic compounds are white or colorless powders that do not evaporate. They have no smell, and most have no special taste. You usually cannot tell, therefore, if arsenic is present in your food, water, or air.
Inorganic arsenic occurs naturally in soil and in many kinds of rock, especially in minerals and ores that contain copper or lead. When these ores are heated in smelters, most of the arsenic goes up the stack and enters the air as a fine dust. Smelters may collect this dust and take out the arsenic as a compound called arsenic trioxide (As2O3). However, arsenic is no longer produced in the United States; all of the arsenic used in the United States is imported.
Presently, about 90% of all arsenic produced is used as a preservative for wood to make it resistant to rotting and decay. The preservative is copper chromated arsenic (CCA) and the treated wood is referred to as "pressure-treated". In 2003, U.S. manufacturers of wood preservatives containing arsenic began a voluntary transition from CCA to other wood preservatives that do not contain arsenic in wood products for certain residential uses; for example, play structures, picnic tables, decks, fencing, and boardwalks. This phase-out was completed on December 31, 2003; however, wood treated prior to this date could still be used—and existing structures made with CCA-treated wood would not be affected. CCA-treated wood products continue to be used in industrial applications. It is not known whether, or to what extent, CCA-treated wood products may contribute to exposure of people to arsenic.
In the past, inorganic arsenic compounds were predominantly used as pesticides, primarily on cotton fields and in orchards. Inorganic arsenic compounds can no longer be used in agriculture. However, organic arsenic compounds, namely cacodylic acid, disodium methylarsenate (DSMA), and monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA), are used, as yet, as pesticides—principally on cotton. Some organic arsenic compounds are used as additives in animal feed. Small quantities of arsenic metal are added to other metals to form metal mixtures or alloys with improved properties. The greatest use of arsenic in alloys is in lead-acid batteries for automobiles. Another important use of arsenic compounds is in semiconductors and light-emitting diodes.
Pathways of arsenic to the environment
Arsenic occurs naturally in soil and minerals and it therefore may enter the air, water, and land from wind-blown dust and may get into water from runoff and leaching. Volcanic eruptions are another source of arsenic. Arsenic is associated with ores mined for metals, such as copper and lead, and may enter the environment during the mining and smelting of these ores. Small amounts of arsenic also may be released into the atmosphere from [[coal-fired power plants and incinerators because coal and waste products often contain some arsenic.
Arsenic cannot be destroyed in the environment. It can only change its form, or become attached to or separated from particles. It may change its form by reacting with oxygen or other molecules present in air, water, or soil, or by the action of bacteria that live in soil or sediment. Arsenic released from power plants and other combustion processes is usually attached to very small particles. Arsenic contained in wind-borne soil is generally found in larger particles. These particles settle to the ground or are washed out of the air by rain. Arsenic that is attached to very small particles may stay in the air for many days and travel long distances. Many common arsenic compounds can dissolve in water. Thus, arsenic can get into lakes, rivers, or underground water by dissolving in rain or snow or through the discharge of industrial wastes. Some of the arsenic will stick to particles in the water or sediment on the bottom of lakes or rivers, and some will be carried along by the water. Ultimately, most arsenic ends up in the soil or sediment. Although some fish and shellfish take in arsenic—which may build up in tissues—most of this arsenic is in an organic form called arsenobetaine (commonly called "fish arsenic") that is much less harmful.
Exposure to arsenic
Since arsenic is found naturally in the environment, you will be exposed to some arsenic by eating food, drinking water, or breathing air. Also, children may be exposed to arsenic by eating dirt. You may be exposed by skin contact with soil or water that contains arsenic. Analytical methods used by scientists to determine the levels of arsenic in the environment generally do not determine the specific form of arsenic present. Therefore, we do not always know the form of arsenic a person may be exposed to. Similarly, we often do not know what forms of arsenic are present at hazardous waste sites. Some forms of arsenic may be so tightly attached to particles or embedded in minerals that they are not taken up by plants and animals.
The concentration of arsenic in soil varies widely, generally ranging from about 1 to 40 parts of arsenic to a million parts of soil (ppm) with an average level of 3-4 ppm. However, soils in the vicinity of arsenic-rich geological deposits, some mining and smelting sites, or agricultural areas where arsenic pesticides had been applied in the past may contain much higher levels of arsenic. The concentration of arsenic in natural surface and groundwater is generally about 1 part in a billion parts of water (1 ppb), but may exceed 1,000 ppb in mining areas or where arsenic levels in soil are high. Groundwater is far more likely to contain high levels of arsenic than surface water. Surveys of U.S. drinking water indicate that about 80% of water supplies have less than 2 ppb of arsenic, but 2% of supplies exceed 20 ppb of arsenic. Levels of arsenic in food range from about 20 to 140 ppb. However, levels of inorganic arsenic, the form of most concern, are far lower. Levels of arsenic in the air generally range from less than 1 to about 2,000 nanograms (1 nanogram equals a billionth of a gram) of arsenic per cubic meter of air (less than 1-2,000 ng/m3), depending on location, weather conditions, and the level of industrial activity in the area. However, urban areas generally have mean arsenic levels in air ranging from 20 to 30 ng/m3.
You normally take in small amounts of arsenic in the air you breathe, the water you drink, and the food you eat. Of these, food is usually the largest source of arsenic. Seafood contains the greatest amounts of arsenic, but in fish and shellfish, this is mostly in an organic form of arsenic called arseonbetaine that is much less harmful. Some seaweeds may contain arsenic in inorganic forms that may be more harmful. Children are likely to eat small amounts of dust or dirt each day, so this is another way they may be exposed to arsenic. The total amount of arsenic you take in from these sources is generally about 50 micrograms (1 microgram equals one-millionth of a gram) each day. The level of inorganic arsenic (the form of most concern) you take in from these sources is generally about 3.5 microgram/day.
In addition to the normal levels of arsenic in air, water, soil, and food, you could be exposed to higher levels in several ways, such as the following:
- Some areas of the United States contain unusually high natural levels of arsenic in rock, and this can lead to unusually high levels of arsenic in soil or water. If you live in an area like this, you could take in elevated amounts of arsenic in drinking water. Children may be taking in arsenic because of hand to mouth contact or eating dirt.
- Some hazardous waste sites contain large quantities of arsenic. If the material is not properly disposed of, it can get into surrounding water, air, or soil. If you live near such a site, you could be exposed to elevated levels of arsenic from these media.
- If you work in an occupation that involves arsenic production or use (for example, copper or lead smelting, wood treating, pesticide application), you could be exposed to elevated levels of arsenic during your work.
- If you saw or sand arsenic-treated wood, you could inhale some of the sawdust into your nose or throat. Similarly, if you burn arsenic-treated wood, you could inhale arsenic in the smoke.
- If you live in a formerly agricultural area where arsenic was used on crops, the soil could contain high levels of arsenic.
- In the past, several kinds of products used in the home (rat poison, ant poison, weed killer, some types of medicines) had arsenic in them. However, most of these uses of arsenic have ended, so you are not likely to be exposed from home products any longer.
Pathways of arsenic to the body
If you swallow arsenic in water, soil, or food, most of the arsenic may quickly enter into your body. The amount that enters your body will depend on how much you swallow and the kind of arsenic that you swallow. This is the most likely way for you to be exposed near a waste site. If you breathe air that contains arsenic dusts, many of the dust particles settle onto the lining of the lungs. Most of the arsenic in these particles is then taken up from the lungs into the body. You might be exposed in this way near waste sites where arsenic-contaminated soils are allowed to blow into the air, or if you work with arsenic-containing soil or products. If you get arsenic-contaminated soil or water on your skin, only a small amount will go through your skin into your body, so this is usually not of concern.
If you are exposed to arsenic, your liver changes some of this to a less harmful organic form. Both inorganic and organic forms leave your body in your urine. Most of the arsenic will be gone within several days, although some will remain in your body for several months or even longer.
Health effects of arsenic
Scientists use many tests to protect the public from harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways for treating persons who have been harmed.
One way to learn whether a chemical will harm people is to determine how the body absorbs, uses, and releases the chemical. For some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also help identify such health effects as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method for getting information needed to make wise decisions that protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines because laws today protect the welfare of research animals.
Additionally, there are vigorous national and international efforts to develop alternatives to animal testing. The efforts focus on both in vitro and in silico approaches and methods. For example, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) created the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) in 1998. The role of NICEATM is to serve the needs of high quality, credible science by facilitating development and validation—and regulatory and public acceptance—of innovative, revised test methods that reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in testing while strengthening protection of human health, animal health and welfare, and the environment. In Europe, similar efforts at developing alternatives to animal based testing are taking place under the aegis of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM).
Inorganic arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times, and large oral doses (above 60,000 ppb in food or water) can result in death. If you swallow lower levels of inorganic arsenic (ranging from about 300 to 30,000 ppb in food or water), you may experience irritation of your stomach and intestines, with symptoms such as stomachache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other effects you might experience from swallowing inorganic arsenic include decreased production of red and white blood cells, which may cause fatigue, abnormal heart rhythm, blood-vessel damage resulting in bruising, and impaired nerve function causing a "pins and needles" sensation in your hands and feet.
Perhaps the single-most characteristic effect of long-term oral exposure to inorganic arsenic is a pattern of skin changes. These include a darkening of the skin and the appearance of small "corns" or "warts" on the palms, soles, and torso, and are often associated with changes in the blood vessels of the skin (see Figure 2). A small number of the corns may ultimately develop into skin cancer. Swallowing arsenic has also been reported to increase the risk of cancer in the liver, bladder, kidneys, prostate, and lungs. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that inorganic arsenic is known to be a human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that inorganic arsenic is carcinogenic to humans. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also has classified inorganic arsenic as a known human carcinogen.
If you breathe high levels of inorganic arsenic, then you are likely to experience a sore throat and irritated lungs. You may also develop some of the skin effects mentioned above. The exposure level that produces these effects is uncertain, but it is probably above 100 micrograms of arsenic per cubic meter (µg/m3) for a brief exposure. Longer exposure at lower concentrations can lead to skin effects, and also to circulatory and peripheral nervous disorders. There are some data suggesting that inhalation of inorganic arsenic may also interfere with normal fetal development, although this is not certain. An important concern is the ability of inhaled inorganic arsenic to increase the risk of lung cancer. This has been seen mostly in workers exposed to arsenic at smelters, mines, and chemical factories, but also in residents living near smelters and arsenical chemical factories. People who live near waste sites with arsenic may have an increased risk of lung cancer as well.
If you have direct skin contact with inorganic arsenic compounds, your skin may become irritated, with some redness and swelling. However, it does not appear that skin contact is likely to lead to any serious internal effects.
Despite all of the adverse health effects associated with inorganic arsenic exposure, there is some evidence that the small amounts of arsenic in the normal diet (10-50 ppb) may be beneficial to your health. This phenomenon is known as hormesis. For example, animals fed a diet with unusually low concentrations of arsenic did not gain weight normally. They also became pregnant less frequently than animals fed a diet containing a normal amount of arsenic. Further, the babies of these animals tended to be smaller than normal, and some died at an early age. However, no cases of arsenic deficiency in humans have ever been reported.
Almost no information is available on the effects of organic arsenic compounds in humans. Studies in animals show that most simple organic arsenic compounds (such as methyl and dimethyl compounds) are less toxic than the inorganic forms and that some complex organic arsenic compounds are virtually non-toxic. However, high doses can produce some of the same effects. Thus, if you are exposed to high doses of an organic arsenic compound, you might develop nerve injury, stomach irritation, or other effects, but this is not known for certain.
Health effects on children
This section discusses potential health effects in humans from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age.
Children are exposed to arsenic in many of the same ways that adults are. Since arsenic is found in the soil, water, food, and air, children may take in arsenic in the air they breathe, the water they drink, and the food they eat. Since children tend to eat or drink less of a variety of foods and beverages than do adults, ingestion of contaminated food or juice or infant formula made with arsenic-contaminated water may represent a significant source of exposure. In addition, since children often play in the dirt and put their hands in their mouths and sometimes intentionally eat dirt, ingestion of contaminated soil may be a more important source of arsenic exposure for children than for adults. In areas of the United States where natural levels of arsenic in the soil and water are high, or in areas in and around contaminated waste sites, exposure of children to arsenic through ingestion of soil and water may be significant. In addition, contact with adults who are wearing clothes contaminated with arsenic (e.g., with dust from copper- or lead-smelting factories, from wood-treating or pesticide application, or from arsenic-treated wood) could be a source of exposure. Because of the tendency of children to taste things that they find, accidental poisoning from ingestion of pesticides is also a possibility. Thus, although most of the exposure pathways for children are the same as those for adults, children may be at a higher risk of exposure because of normal hand-to-mouth activity.
Children who are exposed to arsenic may have many of the same effects as adults, including irritation of the stomach and intestines, blood vessel damage, skin changes, and reduced nerve function. Thus, all health effects observed in adults are of potential concern in children. There is also some evidence that suggests that long-term exposure to arsenic in children may result in lower IQ scores. We do not know if absorption of arsenic from the gut in children differs from adults. There is some information suggesting that children may be less efficient at converting inorganic arsenic to the less harmful organic forms. For this reason, children may be more susceptible to health effects from inorganic arsenic than adults.
There is some evidence that inhaled or ingested arsenic can injure pregnant women or their unborn babies, although the studies are not definitive. Studies in animals show that large doses of arsenic that cause illness in pregnant females can also cause low birth weight, fetal malformations, and even fetal death. Arsenic can cross the placenta and has been found in fetal tissues. Arsenic is found at low levels in breast milk.
Reducing risk of exposure to arsenic
If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to substantial amounts of arsenic, ask whether your children might also have been exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate.
If you use arsenic-treated wood in home projects, personal protection from exposure to arsenic-containing sawdust may be helpful in limiting exposure of family members. These measures may include dust masks, gloves, and protective clothing. Arsenic-treated wood should never be burned in open fires, or in stoves, residential boilers, or fire places, and should not be composted or used as mulch. If you live in an area with a high level of arsenic in the water or soil, substituting cleaner sources of water and limiting contact with soil (for example, through use of a dense groundcover or thick lawn) would reduce family exposure to arsenic. By paying careful attention to dust and dirt control in the home (air filters, frequent cleaning), you can reduce family exposure to contaminated dirt. Some children eat a lot of dirt. You should prevent your children from eating dirt. You should discourage your children from putting objects in their mouths. Make sure they wash their hands frequently and before eating. Discourage your children from putting their hands in their mouths or engaging in other hand-to-mouth activities. Since arsenic may be found in the home as a pesticide, household chemicals containing arsenic should be stored out of reach of young children to prevent accidental poisonings. Always store household chemicals in their original labeled containers; never store household chemicals in containers that children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Keep your Poison Control Center's number by the phone.
It is sometimes possible to carry arsenic from work on your clothing, skin, hair, tools, or other objects removed from the workplace. This is particularly likely if you work in the fertilizer, pesticide, glass, or copper/lead smelting industries. You may contaminate your car, home, or other locations outside work where children might be exposed to arsenic. You should know about this possibility if you work with arsenic.
Your occupational health and safety officer at work can and should tell you whether chemicals you work with are dangerous and likely to be carried home on your clothes, body, or tools and whether you should be showering and changing clothes before you leave work, storing your street clothes in a separate area of the workplace, or laundering your work clothes at home separately from other clothes. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) for many chemicals used should be found at your place of work, as required by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the U.S. Department of Labor. MSDS information should include chemical names and hazardous ingredients, and important properties, such as fire and explosion data, potential health effects, how you get the chemical(s) in your body, how to properly handle the materials, and what to do in the case of emergencies. Your employer is legally responsible for providing a safe workplace and should freely answer your questions about hazardous chemicals. Your state OSHA-approved occupational safety and health program or OSHA can answer any further questions and help your employer identify and correct problems with hazardous substances. Your state OSHA-approved occupational safety and health program or OSHA will listen to your formal complaints about workplace health hazards and inspect your workplace when necessary. Employees have a right to seek safety and health on the job without fear of punishment.
Medical tests for exposure to arsenic
Several sensitive and specific tests can measure arsenic in your blood, urine, hair, or fingernails—through biomonitoring—and these tests are often helpful in determining if you have been exposed to above-average levels of arsenic in the past. These tests are not usually performed in a doctor's office. They require sending the sample to a testing laboratory.
Measurement of arsenic in your urine is the most reliable means of detecting arsenic exposures that you experienced within the last several days. Most tests measure the total amount of arsenic present in your urine. This can sometimes be misleading, because the nonharmful forms of arsenic in fish and shellfish can give a high reading even if you have not been exposed to a toxic form of arsenic. For this reason, laboratories sometimes use a more complicated test to separate "fish arsenic" from other forms. Because most arsenic leaves your body within a few days, analysis of your urine cannot detect if you were exposed to arsenic in the past. Tests of your hair or fingernails can tell if you were exposed to high levels over the past 6-12 months, but these tests are not very useful in detecting low-level exposures. If high levels of arsenic are detected, this shows that you have been exposed, but unless more is known about when you were exposed and for how long, it is usually not possible to predict whether you will have any harmful health effects.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
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17 March 2008
A report in last week’s Vet Times (10 March) suggests that the UK sheep flock is losing around one in six of its lamb crop in the period leading up to, and immediately after birth. This equates to more than five million animal deaths each year.
Deaths around lambing can have a huge impact on the bottom line of any farming business. The Vet Times article also contains details of a study of the costs of Chlamydophila abortus (enzootic abortion or EAE) in lowland sheep flocks. This estimates that, over a five year period, losses due to abortion and the birth of weak and sickly lambs that die soon after birth can reach £5,000 for every 100 ewes infected.
The prospects for early life of lambs are heavily influenced by the months they spend as developing foetuses. The two main causes of abortion (EAE and toxoplasmosis) diagnosed in 2006 accounted for over 67% of all cases. The third biggest cause, campylobacter, accounted for just 12% of the reported abortions.
“Investigating the cause or causes of aborting ewes around lambing and taking the appropriate remedial action will help to reduce similar losses at future lambings. In well managed flocks, it should be possible to reduce the losses stated above by up to two thirds,” suggests Intervet’s large animal veterinary adviser, Rosemary Booth.
Around 600 farmers use Intervet’s subsidised blood testing service every year to help them find out the cause of the abortions and still birth in their flocks. This service, FlockCheck, runs annually and will be launched again at the end of March. It analyses samples taken from aborted ewes and reports the findings back to the farmer and supporting vet. The results clearly show whether the flock has been exposed to EAE and/or toxoplasmosis, allowing an appropriate vaccination programme to be planned later in the year to prevent the two diseases causing similar losses at subsequent lambings. Farmers interested in FlockCheck can get details from their vet.
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National African American Archives and Museum
Davis Avenue Branch, Mobile Public Library
The National African American Archives and Museum in 2008.
|Location||564 Davis Ave., Mobile, Alabama|
|Area||less than one acre|
|Architect||George Bigelow Rogers|
|Architectural style||Classical Revival|
|NRHP Reference #||83003459|
|Added to NRHP||December 22, 1983|
The National African American Archives and Museum, formerly the Davis Avenue Branch of the Mobile Public Library, is an archive and history museum located in Mobile, Alabama. It serves as a repository for documents, records, photographs, books, African carvings, furniture, and special collections that all relate to the African American experience in the United States.
The Davis Avenue Branch of the Mobile Public Library was built in 1931 to serve the needs of the local African American community. The building was modeled after the Ben May Main Library but constructed on a smaller scale. The local African American community helped collect used books for the library and raise funds for the acquisition of new books. This reflected the social reality of segregation, when African Americans were prevented from participating fully in educational endeavors and were provided with separate educational facilities. Following desegregation, this branch library became a repository for government documents. In 1992 it reopened as the National African American Archives and Museum. It was founded by Delores S. Dees, the organization's first president and executive director. The museum building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designed by noted architect George Bigelow Rogers.
Exhibits include the "History of Colored Carnival" that details the African American contribution to Carnival and Mardi Gras. Also, the "Slavery Artifacts" exhibit features authentic displays of shackles, leg irons, slave collars, slave bracelets and slave badges from before the time of the Emancipation Proclamation. On a more localized note, the museum also features artifacts representing the numerous contributions African Americans have made to greater Mobile. It chronicles the voyage of the last known illegal slave ship, the Clotilde, which docked in Mobile in 1860 and led to the establishment of Africatown. Mobile's African American community has produced such famous personalities as baseball legend Hank Aaron and U.S. Labor Secretary Alexis Herman, who both are represented in the museum's collection. The museum contains a military section which displays memorabilia of Major general Jerome G. Cooper, the first African American to ever command a United States Marine Corps infantry company.
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
- "Alabama: Mobile County". "National Register Historic Places". Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- "Itineraries: National African-American Archives Museum". "Mobile Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau". Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- Thomason, Michael. Mobile : the new history of Alabama's first city,pages 201-202. Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7
- "National African-American Archives Museum". "Soul of America". Retrieved 2007-12-11.
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| 0.899546 | 662 | 3.03125 | 3 |
L-carnitine is a vitamin-like molecule that serves numerous functions in the body. Its main function is to stimulate the breakdown of fats. L-carnitine is an alpha-hydroxy acid that is primarily located in the muscle. Carnitine is the critical player for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria. Mitochondria are the powerhouses in the cell that produce energy that the body needs to function properly. The energy is produced when fats are burned in the mitochondria. Since mitochondria need oxygen to burn fat, it follows that supplementation with carnitine ensures an adequate supply of oxygen to the muscle. The supply of oxygen becomes extremely important during exercise. Longer periods of Intense exercise on a regular basis results in the loss of carnitine. Therefore, carnitine must be replaced in order for the muscle to remain toned and healthy.
The muscle needs a regular supply of carnitine in sufficient amounts to remain toned and healthy over a long period of time. It should be taken on a regular schedule before its beneficial effects become apparent. On the average, about 10 to 14 days of carnitine supplementation should suffice to keep the muscle supplied with this nutrient that is central to muscle function.
L-carnitine functions in conjunction with pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) . Panthothenic acid is converted into its active form panetheine in the body. Panetheine is the fundamental component of coenzyme A (coA) and is involved in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria and also to and from cells.
Serving Size 1 tablespoon (about 15ml)
Servings Per Container about 24
Amount per serving % Daily Value
Pantothenic acid 10 mg 100%
L-Carnitine, (U.S.P.) 1000 mg *
* Daily Value not established.
Purified water, vegetable glycerin, methylparaben (preservative) and propylparaben (preservative) .
As a dietary supplement, take one to two tablespoons daily.
Keep out of reach of children. Do not purchase if seal is broken.
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| 0.919733 | 450 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Uit Kust Wiki
An insulating layer of fat between skin and muscle layer in aquatic mammals such as whales and seals.
Harmful organochlorines usually acumulate in the blubber. During periods of famine these organoclorines can be remobilized and cause toxification.
- Lawrence E (ed.), 2000. Henderson’s Dictionary of Biological Terms. 12th edition. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Great Britain.
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| 0.800763 | 99 | 2.578125 | 3 |
External Pipe Surface. A o = external pipe surface area (ft per ft pipe ) Internal Pipe Surface. Internal pipe or tube surface per ft of length can be expressed as. Circumference of Pipe CHART NO. Tangent Chart CHART NO.
Inches Divided into Feet CHART NO. X” Dimension of Standard Chart CHART NO. Millimeter Chart CHART NO. Measure up your first vertical line the distance of one half the diameter of the top pipe plus. Use this intersection as the center point and draw a circle to represent the inner edge of the upper pipe with a diameter of 21.
What is the formula for steel pipe? How to layout a pipe saddle cut? Tube and Pipe Notching Calculator – Full Scale Printable Templates If Cut Tube Wall Thick is larger than the cut fits to the inside diameter of the tube, making a notch for welding. For a snug fit at the outside of the tube, enter Cut Tube Wall Thick and grind inside of tube to fit.
How To Compute Concentric Reducer Template Layout Formula Piping,Welding,Non Destructive Examination-NDT Common Piping Angles and their Solutions,Known and U. Design formula for steel pipe. Or check Plot Points to calculate and display lateral measurements at set increments around the pipe , to mark the cut line for the miter. You can view and modify all these parameters (area, perimeter, hydraulic radius) in the advanced modeof this pipe flow calculator. For larger size pipes and where pressure drop in elbow is not critical, miters can be used instead of standards elbows.
Here is formula to calculate required dimensions to fabricate miter from pipe. In the figure above, dotted lines are where the pipe should be cut. The Manning Formula as used for drainage pipe design is often expressed as shown below. V = Average Water Velocity (can be multiplied by flow area to calculate the flow capacity) n = Manning Coefficient.
But, threaded pipe is still used in plumbing, and it is used frequently in pipe fitting. Figuring the fit for a pipe where threads are to be inserted into a fitting is a little different from sliding copper or plastic pipe into a hub fitting. However, many of the calculations used with threaded pipe apply to other types of pipe. Draw a horizontal line of this length. Divide this line into equal parts as we have divided header and branch pipes into equal parts of 22.
Layout and Fabrication of Structural Steel and Pipe Properties and Uses of Metal. Features of this Manual This manual has several features that make it easy to use online. Figure and table numbers in the text are italicized. The Figure or table is either next to or below the text that refers to it. Make your own pipe cutting templates.
Digital Pipe Fitter software prints pipe cutting templates for a large variety of pipe joints. D visualization of joints makes it easy and fun to use. You will be able to build joints you never dreamed that you could. Use our excel formulas in the downloadable spreadsheet templates to make storm sewer design calculations in S. The overall procedure for design of the storm water drainage system is discusse along with the design criteria used for the storm sewer section between adjacent manholes.
The rational method is used to calculate the design storm water runoff flow rate. Gear Equations, Calculators and Formula Spur Gear design formula for geometry, pitch, tooth clearance and critical functional data.
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| 0.88541 | 697 | 2.875 | 3 |
Health authorities report that the continent has seen deaths from AIDS and new HIV infections on the decline in recent years, and the social stigma against those with the disease is lifting.
Governments, civil society groups, and people with AIDS in Africa marked World AIDS Day on Saturday, with growing optimism for an AIDS-free generation as reports are showing the epidemic has stabilized.
Civilians gathered in public places to mark the day when the world remembers lives lost from the epidemic. From stadiums to small market centers and churches, hope registered as many who had gone public with their status gathered and proclaimed that the disease is no longer a “death sentence.”
“As we remember those who have succumbed to this disease, we must resolve today that we must win this war about HIV/AIDS. If we lose it, humanity stands the risk of being wiped out,” said Kalonzo Musyoka, Kenya’s vice president in Nakuru town, where he unveiled Kenya’s Equity Tribunal, an antidiscrimination panel for people living with HIV.
Kenya is the first country in the world to launch such a tribunal, which will enforce laws and regulations to eliminate discrimination against people living with HIV, according to Mr. Musyoka. It will address discrimination due to HIV such as dismissal from employment or denial of services.
“This is a bold step towards eliminating stigma and looking after the rights of the people,” said Musyoka.
The tribunal is one of the measures African countries are taking to end exclusion for people with HIV. In the continent, AIDS-related deaths have fallen by 32 percent in the last six years, according to the UNAIDS 2012 Global Epidemic Report. The report also noted that new infections are on the decline: In sub-Saharan Africa, the most affected region, an estimated 1.8 million were infected in 2011 compared with 2.4 million in 2001.
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| 0.965594 | 393 | 2.75 | 3 |
Blog: Memorial box banter
The Australian War Memorial is fortunate to have nearly eighty Memorial Boxes situated across Australia. Twenty are stored on-site here in Canberra whilst the remainder are administered by the State Library of Queensland, Social Education Victoria, City of Fremantle, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Darwin Military Museum, State Library of South Australia, Albury City Library Museum, Western-Australian Museum and Museum of Tropical Queensland throughout the year.
There are few places in Australia that have been so directly affected by war like north Queensland. Even today, defence remains at the heart of our tropical cities.
With the generous assistance of the Museum of Tropical Queensland in Townsville, the Australian War Memorial is fortunate to be able to have a suite of Memorial Boxes available for schools and community organisations in these northern regions. For these borrowers, in particular, the Memorial Box contents are often deeply moving and thought-provoking.
Memorial Boxes are a wonderful learning resource for any age. Whilst some of the activities are tailored for a classroom environment, Memorial Boxes are also borrowed by organisations like aged care facilities to assist with reminiscence therapy and community museums to support particular displays.
There are six titles in the Memorial Box series:
Box 1 – Australia in the First World War
Box 2 – Vietnam: the Australian experience
Box 3 – Too dark for the Light Horse: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in the defence forces
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Nitrogen is one of the nutrients most needed by plants, and it is also one of the most difficult to track. The Nitrogen Cycle is complex, influenced by many factors.
Cover crops can impact N cycling on the farm by:
- “Fixing” N (legume cover crops) from the atmosphere, providing “free” N to the system.
- “Catching” N (especially deep-rooted cover crops), keeping it from leaving the system.
- Providing fresh organic matter to the system, the composition of which, along with the soil characteristics, determines the rate of decomposition and subsequent N availability.
Generally speaking, cover crops with lower C/N ratios such as legumes and brassicas will release N more rapidly after they have been killed/incorporated than cover crops with high C/N ratios such as grasses.
To optimize nitrogen use efficiency:
- Know your crop’s demands- understand the N uptake patterns of crops. Cash crops generally have a period of rapid N uptake only in the middle of their growth period. Supplying N too soon or too late can result in N losses. At a certain point in most crops’ growth, there is very little or no N uptake occurring, but the soil microbes may still be mineralizing N from organic matter, especially if the weather is warm. Planting a cover crop at this time would not interfere with cash crop maturation and can expand the growing period for cover crops.
- Supply N when and where it is needed- target your fertilizer and compost applications, and grow cover crops that will make N available when the cash crop needs it–not too soon, or too late.
- “Mop” up after cash crops with a cover crop to capture mineral N that wasn’t used- even good management practices can leave mineral N in the field. Make sure there is a plant there to keep it from leaching. Choose deep-rooted cover crops to follow shallow-rooted cash crops. If you can’t “afford” to plant a cover crop, follow shallow-rooted cash crops with deeper-rooted cash crops to keep N from leaving the system.
For more on nitrogen cycling on (organic) farms see:
Soil Microbial Nitrogen Cycling on Organic Farms by Louise Jackson, UC-Davis
Soil Fertility in Organic Farming Systems: Much More than Plant Nutrition by Michelle Wander, University of Illinois
Also check out Joseph Heckman’s fact sheet on the pre-sidedress nitrate test for vegetables from Rutgers.
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Sustainable agriculture is a rapidly growing field aiming at producing food and energy in a sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that addresses current issues such as climate change, increasing food and fuel prices, poor-nation starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and biodiversity depletion. Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge from sciences as diverse as agronomy, soil science, molecular biology, chemistry, toxicology, ecology, economy, and social sciences. Indeed, sustainable agriculture decipher mechanisms of processes that occur from the molecular level to the farming system to the global level at time scales ranging from seconds to centuries. For that, scientists use the system approach that involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific, economic and social issues. In that respect, sustainable agriculture is not a classical, narrow science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only negative impacts, sustainable agriculture treats problem sources. Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing, sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world.
This book series gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations.
1. Avidin and plant biotechnology to control pests; Rene Kizek
2. Cover crops for sustainable agrosystems in the Americas; Johannes M.S. Scholberg
3. Cover crops in agrosystems, innovations and applications; Johannes M.S. Scholberg
4. Improving bioavailability of phosphate rock for organic farming; Anthony. C. Edwards
5. Mixed cropping and suppression of soilborne diseases; Gerbert A. Hiddink
6. Decreasing nitrate leaching in vegetable crops with better N management; Francesco Agostini
7. Manures spills and remediation methods to improve water quality; Shalamar D. Armstrong
8. Cropping systems management, soil microbial communities and soil biological fertility; Dean Spaner
9. Cyanobacterial reclamation of salt affected soil; Nirbhay Kumar Singh
10. Measuring environmental sustainability of intensive poultry rearing system; Antonio Boggia
11. Compost use in organic farming; Eva Erhart
12. Beneficial microorganisms for sustainable agriculture; Arshad Javaid
13. Foliar fertilization for sustainable crop production; Seshadri Kannan
Dr. Eric Lichtfouse, born April 2, 1960, completed his Ph.D. in organic geochemistry in 1989 at Strasbourg University. After post-doctoral fellowships at Indiana University, USA and the KFA research center in Julich, Germany, he became engaged as a soil scientist at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) in 1992. His study on soil organic matter and pollutants led in particular to the first determination of the dynamics of soil organic molecules in long-term maize field experiments using 13C labeling at natural abundance. In 2000 he founded the European Association of Environmental Chemistry (ACE) and in 2003 the Journal Environmental Chemistry Letters. He has co-edited the book Environmental Chemistry (Springer, 2005). He is currently working in Dijon for the INRA Department of Environment and Agronomy as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development.
He is growing fruit trees and vegetables in his home backyard and travelling from home to work by bicycle. Eric Lichtfouse is also finisher of 10 ironman competitions, including the World Ironman Championships in Hawaii in 2006.
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But there is something more that is of an even greater importance.
The best hope of the West in its fight with the barbarian undoubtedly lay in its own virility and arms, but it had the right to expect that in such a fight it would not be unaided by the eastern empire and the great civilisation whose capital was that New Rome upon the Bosphorus. If it was to receive such assistance, it must receive it at Ravenna, which held Cisalpine Gaul and was the gate of the eastern sea.
When Honorius then retreated upon Ravenna, he did so, not merely because Ravenna was impregnable, though that of course weighed too with his advisers, for the base of any virile and active defence must, or should, be itself secure; but also because it held the great pass and the great road into Italy, and as the eastern gate of the West would receive and thrust forward whatever help and reinforcement the empire in the East might care or be able to give.
[Illustration: SARCOPHAGUS OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS]
That the defence which was made with Ravenna for its citadel was not wholly victorious, that the attack which the eastern empire planned and delivered from Ravenna, perhaps too late, was not completely successful, were the results of many and various causes, but not of any want of Judgment in the choice of Ravenna as their base. That base was rightly and consummately chosen without hesitation and from the first; and because it was chosen, the hope of the restoration never quite passed away and seemed to have been realised at last when Charlemagne, following Pepin into Italy, was crowned emperor in S. Peter’s Church on Christmas Day in the year 800.
It will readily be understood, then, that the most important and the most interesting part of the history of Ravenna begins when Honorius retreated upon her before the invasion of Alaric, and not only the West, but Italy and Rome, the heart and soul of it, seemed about to be in dispute.
But first amid all the loose thought and confusion of the last three hundred years let us make sure of fundamentals.
I shall take for granted in this book that Rome accepted the Faith not because the Roman mind was senile, but because it was mature; that the failure of the empire is to be regretted; that the barbarians were barbarians; that not from them but from the new and Christian civilisation of the empire itself came the strength of the restoration, the mighty achievements of the Middle Age, of the Renaissance, of the Modern world. The barbarian, as I understand it, did nothing. He came in naked and ashamed, without laws or institutions. To some extent, though even in this he was a failure, he destroyed; it was his one service. He came and he tried to learn; he learnt to be a Christian. When the empire re-arose it was Roman not barbarian, it was Christian not heathen, it was Catholic not heretical. It owed the barbarian nothing. That it re-arose, and that as a Roman and a Catholic state, is due largely to the fact that Honorius retreated upon Ravenna.
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Fundamentals of Networking (CompTIA N+ Certification)
The exam covers network technologies, installation and configuration, media and topologies, management, and security. Candidate job roles include network administrator, network technician, network installer, help desk technician and IT cable installer.
Exam codes: N10-005
- Networking Concepts
- Compare the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models
- Classify how applications, devices, and protocols relate to the OSI model layers.
- Explain the purpose and properties of IP addressing
- Explain the purpose and properties of routing and switching.
- Identify common TCP and UDP default ports.
- Explain the function of common networking protocols
- Summarize DNS concepts and its components.
- Given a scenario, implement the following network troubleshooting methodology:
- Identify virtual network components.
- Network Installation and Configuration
- Given a scenario, install and configure routers and switches
- Given a scenario, install and configure a wireless network
- Explain the purpose and properties of DHCP.
- Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless problems.
- Given a scenario, troubleshoot common router and switch problems
- Given a set of requirements, plan and implement a basic SOHO network.
- Network Media and Topologies
- Categorize standard media types and associated properties
- Categorize standard connector types based on network media.
- Compare and contrast different wireless standards
- Categorize WAN technology types and properties
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A greenhouse is a structure that allows people to regulate climatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity, to create an optimal environment for plant growth. Greenhouses can be used for a variety of purposes, from growing food to cultivating ornamental plants. On this page, you will find information on different types of greenhouses, their construction, and how to use them sustainably.
Greenhouses are one (expensive) way of growing under cover.
- Greenhouse redirects here. For information on the greenhouse effect, see Global warming.
Types[edit | edit source]
Cold Frame[edit | edit source]
A cold frame (also known as a hotbed) is a way of growing young plants during the cold end of winter or start of spring, keeping them warm to give them a chance to survive and thrive despite the cold. A cold frame consists of a wooden box with a glass lid that can be opened and closed with ease. The cold frame acts as a mini greenhouse which can be opened to take advantage of the day's heat and closed to keep the warmth in at night.
Cloche[edit | edit source]
A cloche, French for "bell", is a miniature greenhouse that can be placed directly over plants.
A DIY cloche can be made from a plastic bottle; alternatively, just the bottom can be cut off and the top pressed into the ground, providing warmth and protection for seedlings. In cold climates this allows seeds to be planted a few weeks earlier. The cap may be used for further control - remove it in warm weather, replace it at nights. A simpler way is to leave it off entirely - this will still offer some protection (though not as much) while needing less attention (and less concern about letting the seedlings overheat by leaving the cap on during a warm day). Further info: An internet search for plastic-bottle miniature-greenhouse yields many relevant hits.
Plastic bottle greenhouse[edit | edit source]
Seawater Greenhouses[edit | edit source]
Seawater greenhouse is a new form of technology, invented by Charlie Paton that can help to address water scarcity and quality problems. So far this form of technology has only been implemented in a handful of pilot systems around the world and all of these are still currently in progress; however, they show extremely high promise in the areas they have been deployed and give hope for the struggles of the people living in arid lands. Currently, there is no determined limit to the applications or the lifetime of the greenhouses. Thus, seawater greenhouses are not applicable everywhere.
Seawater greenhouses vary a fair amount from the conventional Dutch greenhouses, which is what the public normally associates greenhouses with. The differences though, are pretty astounding as they work in similar, but much more sustainable ways. They can be cheaper than the standard Dutch Greenhouse, they provide free water with no upkeep costs and without running into the carbon dioxide constrictions that Dutch greenhouses typically run into.
Chicken greenhouse[edit | edit source]
The chicken greenhouse is a design concept proposed by Bill Mollison and frequently mentioned in permaculture literature and courses. It is a combination of chicken coop and greenhouse. Body heat from the chickens would serve to heat the greenhouse during cold weather. Thus it is often used as an example to illustrate permaculture principles such as stacking functions. Despite the spread of the concept, there are few known attempts to build a chicken greenhouse.
Chinese Solar Greenhouse[edit | edit source]
There is a special type of solar greenhouse that is common in China but largely unknown in the rest of the world. The concept originated in the 1970s and 80s and has been promoted by the government in China. To maximize solar heat collection, the greenhouse is facing south but has solid walls on its north (back), east and west side. Another feature is that it can be covered with insulating material at night (straw mats, other), which is then rolled up again in the morning. Most of these greenhouses do not require extra heating during the cold season, yet still manage to avoid freezing temperatures. The precise geometric configuration depends on latitude. All sorts of variations exist, from very low-tech, build-it-yourself versions with simple materials (bricks, rammed earth, bamboo, etc.) to very high-tech versions (steel, ventilation). The articles linked below, especially the one from Low-Tech Magazine, have much more information and photos.
Related projects[edit | edit source]
Project examples[edit | edit source]
1 million pounds of food on 3 acres[edit | edit source]
- 10,000 fish
- 300-500 yards worm compost
- 3 acres of land in green houses
- Grow all year using heat from compost piles.
- Using vertical space
- Simple 1 pump aquaponics
A packed greenhouse produces a crop value of $5 Square Foot! ($200,000/acre). That is if the whole acre was under greenhouse.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Construction of an Affordable Greenhouse
- Plastic bottle greenhouse
- Kiva's straw bale greenhouse: actually more akin to a conservatory, atleast if people were to use the construction as a house
- Humboldt greenhouse gallery
- The Food and Heat Producing Solar Greenhouse
[edit | edit source]
- Greenhouses forum at Permies.com
- Official "Earth Sheltered Solar Greenhouse" - pit constructionat Paul Wheaton's You Tube Channel
- greenhouse construction + rocket mass heater how to tutorial at Paul Wheaton's You Tube Channel
- Backyard Greenhouse Kits
- Small Greenhouse Kits
- Alt om din bolig
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History of Hymns: "O Christ, You Hang upon a Cross"
By David Bjorlin
“O Christ, You Hang upon a Cross”
by Shirley Erena Murray;
Worship and Song, No. 3084
O Christ, you hang upon a cross, a cross the world has made,
while soldiers hammer justice out, where games of dice are played -
Christe eleison, Christe eleison.
Christe eleison, Christe eleison.*
*Text Copyright © 2008 Hope Publishing Co., Carol Stream, IL 60188. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
As we approach Good Friday, many who commemorate the crucifixion of Christ in worship will sing the familiar hymns of the passion: “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded,” “When I Survey the Wondrous Cross,” “Ah, Holy Jesus,” and “Were You There.” It goes without saying that these venerable hymns should be sung, yet all cast the scene of the crucifixion in the first-person singular: “Mine, mine was the transgression”; “My richest gain I count as loss”; “I crucified thee”; “It causes me to tremble.” Few passion hymns touch on the social aspects and implications of the crucifixion, which is one of the reasons Shirley Erena Murray’s “O Christ You Hang upon a Cross” can be of service to the church.
Shirley Erena Murray (b. 1931) was born in Invercargill, New Zealand. After studying at Otago University (M.A. in classics and French), she worked both within the church as a musician and editor (New Zealand Hymnbook Trust) as well as without, serving as the religious affairs coordinator for Amnesty International and in the New Zealand Parliament for the Labour Party Research Unit. She is widely regarded as one of the finest living hymn writers, with texts represented in over 100 hymnals and songbooks and various international awards for her work, including being named a Fellow of the Hymn Society of the United States and Canada. Perhaps her greatest contribution to the world of hymnody has been her focus on the social implications of the gospel on a range of issues from human rights (“God of Freedom, God of Justice”) to inclusion (“For Everyone Born, a Place at the Table”) to creation care (“Touch the Earth Lightly”). As she notes in the introduction to her latest collection, Place at the Table (2012), “The themes will tell you that I have not ceased to centre on peace, partnered with justice, as these relate to our own faith journey.”
“O Christ, You Hang upon a Cross” is no different. The hymn is a cry of confession for humanity’s continuing role in the suffering of Christ. Each stanza appropriately ends with a fourfold cry for mercy that alternates between “Christe eleison” (sts. 1 & 3) and “kyrie eleison” (sts. 2 & 4). The first two stanzas serve to connect Christ’s crucifixion with continued suffering in the world, a world where “soldiers hammer justice out” (st. 1) and “blood flows on…in battle zone and market place” (st. 2). Christ thus suffers still in the violence and injustice of our world community. Yet, it wisely does not ignore the individual’s role in Christ’s suffering. Stanza three zooms in on the individual who, “in private thought” and “in public stance,” “war against [God’s] Word.” The aggregate result of both our social and individual transgression is starkly named at the end of stanza three: “the law of love is crucified, / the lines of evil blurred.” Yet, stanza four ends the confession by committing these sins to God with hope and trust in the mercy of God, praying, “In sorrow and in human shame / we lay these griefs to rest.” Thus, the text moves us from corporate confession to individual confession to surrender to God’s grace – a movement that is quite appropriate in the context of Good Friday.
The text was written by Murray in 2006 and first published in her 2008 collection Touch the Earth Lightly. In its first textual iteration, Murray wrote each stanza in two longer lines (as shown above), concluding each with a single Kyrie/Christe Eleison. However, when fellow New Zealander Colin Gibson composed the tune for the text (good friday), he decided to repeat the cries for mercy. This repetition not only serves the fine tune Gibson composed, but it also turns the Kyrie/Christe of each stanza into a fitting Good Friday refrain.
Reflecting on the impetus for the text, Murray notes,
Good Friday brings us to our knees, not just in personal devotion, but in deep grief for the cruelty and inhumanity still alive and at work in our own communities.
Here is deep grief for the evil that masquerades as justice, fair commerce and military aid, when crucifixion of the good still happens and the powerful make us ordinary citizens into puppets for their own ends. Reflect on the incidence of torture, unfair trials and capital punishment about which we have not raised our voices. All three were the fate of Jesus, and so we go on....
This text is heartfelt lament for the persistent failure of each of us to make real our tiny part of the kingdom that was the vision and Way of Jesus.
What else to pray on Good Friday but 'Christ, have mercy'?
The text can serve as a fine prayer of confession during Good Friday as we realize that the tragedy of the cross and the promise of resurrection always incorporate both the “we” and “me.” Kyrie eleison.
Note: Special thanks to Shirley Erena Murray for her reflection sent to the author via email.
About this month’s guest writer:
David Bjorlin, a minister of the Evangelical Covenant Church, is a doctoral student in Liturgical Studies at the Boston University School of Theology. He teaches worship courses at North Park Theological Seminary and is a pastor at Resurrection Covenant Church in Chicago. He recently co-authored Incorporating Children in Worship: Mark of the Kingdom with Michelle Clifton-Soderstrom.
This article is provided as a collaboration between Discipleship Ministries and The Hymn Society in the U.S. and Canada. For more information about The Hymn Society, visit thehymnsociety.org.
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You take out a loan at an annual percentage rate (APR) of 14.02% with daily compounding. then the real effective annual rate (EFF) on you loan should be
an annual percentage rate (APR) 年百分比率，the real effective annual rate (EFF) 有效年利率。
Effective annual rate (EAR), is also called the effective annual interest rate or the annual equivalent rate (AER).
Where r = R/100 and i = I/100,r and i are interest rates in decimal form.m is the number of compounding periods per year,The effective annual rate is the actual interest rate for a year.
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EUGENE, Ore. -- Eugene Parks and Open Space has been certified as salmon-safe by an Oregon nonprofit, Salmon-Safe.
A park system operations are considered salmon-safe when its operational policies and maintenance practices minimize the harmful impacts on water quality and fish habitat. Salmon-safe park systems also makes sure the park meets design standards for stormwater management and construction pollution prevention in future park development.
A team of scientists worked for one year to earn the certification. They carefully watched the sites and procedures to make sure the land wasn't being harmed and the city is providing a good habitat for salmon.
"We're continuing to improve our waterways and to continue to improve out habitat, and like I said earlier, I think it really helps make a better place for Eugenians as well. I think there's a commitment among the community in general that supports habitats, that supports salmon," said Shelly Miller, Eugene Parks and Open Space spokesperson.
Chinook salmon migrate through the heart of the city in the Willamette River. Adult fish head upstream to spawn and juveniles go downstream on their way to the ocean. Young salmon use places like the Delta Ponds and Heron Slough on the west bank of the Willamette River.
Eugene was applauded for pest management and the protection of water quality. The city if certified for the next five years.
Eugene Parks and Open Space will now work on assessing streams and waterways to improve plant life.
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How does Sahara Dust affect health?
The presence of Sahara dust in the Dominican Republic can affect the respiratory tract and nasal mucosa. However, the dust from the Sahara that as of this Wednesday will arrive in the Dominican Republic does not represent a danger to health. The concentration of dust that is expected in the next few days will be minimal and should not cause any effect on the population.
The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that the danger of this phenomenon “lies in the content of bacteria, viruses, spores, iron, mercury and pesticides in the dust.”
People with respiratory problems or immunosuppression, who are the most vulnerable to covid-19, are usually the most affected.
“Many times cases of persistent ‘flus’ or allergies without apparent cause that may have been caused by contact with particles of biological origin present in these dusts are reported,” says the WHO.
What is recommended?
The ideal is to avoid prolonged exposure to Saharan dust, so the general recommendation is to stay indoors when these clouds are present.
The greatest care should be taken by people who have problems of the COPD group and older adults, pregnant women, and children, say the WHO.
It recommends using face shields, such as masks or a wet cloth handkerchief that completely covers the nose and mouth.
“If there is a sensation of foreign bodies in the eyes, wash with plenty of water. It is preferable to use potable, boiled or chlorinated water. Wash your hands before starting the procedure”.
It is also important to cover water sources (wells, containers, or ponds) to avoid contamination. And dampen the floor before sweeping to prevent dust from being launched back into the air.
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Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is necessary for the maintaining the supportive tissues of the body including cartilage, bones, teeth and connective tissue. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin that acts as an enzymatic cofactor in the synthesis of collagen, which holds cells information and helps to fight infections.
Functions of Vitamin C
As has been mentioned already, vitamin is the cofactor of the enzymes required in the synthesis of collagen. Collagen is the fibrous scleroprotein of the connective tissues like, tendons, bones, cartilage, muscles and blood vessels. This vitamin plays a crucial role in wound healing and the production of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and serotonin. It is required for the formation of carnitine, which in turn is essential for transportation of fats to the mitochondria. It aids the liver to metabolize cholesterol to bile acids and thereby, prevent the formation of gallstones.
Benefits of Vitamin C
Vitamin C is essential for healthy skin, as it aids in the synthesis of collagen. It also facilitates the metabolism of fat by helping to produce carnitine. By preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, vitamin C can reduce the risk for atherosclerosis, where the arteries become narrow, due to accumulation of fatty deposits inside the arterial wall. By assisting the liver to metabolize cholesterol, it can help to maintain the healthy blood cholesterol level in the body. Apart from these, vitamin C can prevent the formation of carcinogens like, nitrosamine in foods and in the gastrointestinal tract, which can prove helpful in reducing the risk of several types of cancer.
Due to its antioxidant properties, vitamin C can protect the body from free radicals, and prevent a number of health problems including, heart disease, stroke and heart attack. When the level of free radicals in the body exceed the level of antioxidants, then the condition is termed as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can in turn, increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Deficiency of vitamin C is known to cause scurvy disease, which is characterized by easy bleeding and bruising, especially of the gums, skin and mucous membrane, loosened teeth, diarrhea, pale skin, sunken eyes, joint pain and swelling, muscle pain and loss of collagen in bones, blood vessels and other connective tissues
Food Sources of Vitamin C
All citrus fruits contain high amounts of vitamin C.
|Foods Rich in Vitamin C|
|Custard apple||Kale Feijoa|
Some More Fruits
- Melon, honeydew
- Opuntia cactus
- Tamarillo, red
- Vitamin A – The Vital Oil Soluble Vitamin… (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
- Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) :Health Benefits of Pantothenic Acid. Food Sources of Pantothenic Acid (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
- Vitamin K in the Diet – Foods High in Vitamin K (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
- Mangoes : Health Benefits of Eating Mangoes And Drinking It’s Juice (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
- Immune System : Boost Your Immune System With Fruits and Vegetables (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) : Health Benefits of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (blissreturned.wordpress.com)
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Naegleria is a genus of protozoa. The genus was named after French zoologist Mathieu Naegler. Naegleria is a microscopic amoeba that can cause a very rare, but severe, infection of the brain. The amoeba is commonly found in warm freshwater and soil. Only one species of Naegleria infects humans: Naegleria fowleri. Naegleria fowleri infects people by entering the body through the nose. This typically occurs when people go swimming or diving in warm freshwater places, like lakes and rivers. In very rare instances, Naegleria infections may also occur when contaminated water from other sources enters the nose. Once the amoeba enters the brain, it causes a usually fatal infection called Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis. Naegleria are also notable because some species change their form based on the chemistry of their surrounding, transitioning from a immobile cell to a flagellated cell. Species include: ⁕Naegleria fowleri, which causes a rare and generally fatal disease in humans ⁕Naegleria gruberi
U.S. National Library of Medicine
A free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. It occurs also in water and sewage. The most commonly found species in man is NAEGLERIA FOWLERI which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates.
The numerical value of naegleria in Chaldean Numerology is: 8
The numerical value of naegleria in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
Images & Illustrations of naegleria
Find a translation for the naegleria definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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The Holiday Season is loaded with baked goods – cakes, cookies, pies and breads. They are a delightful part of the season, and tempt us to overindulge. Most baked goods are among the high sodium and low potassium foods. Out of 500 entries in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 22, those in the below table are the only ones with the desired 3 to 1 ratio of potassium to sodium. But even the ones listed in this table are low potassium foods. A typical serving has little potassium. But at least they have a favorable potassium to sodium ratio, making them better for blood pressure, bone density and kidney stones than most baked goods.
Most baked goods are high in sodium. Many are made with baking powder or baking soda, both of which are loaded with sodium. Those foods that are labelled low sodium have a much reduced sodium content. But even then the sodium almost always is greater than the potassium in the food. For those requiring a low potassium diet, baked goods are a good choice for avoiding excessive potassium consumption. For those who would benefit from a high potassium foods diet, baked goods should be accompanied by some high potassium foods, such as vegetables, fruits, nuts or other high potassium food.
The table on this page features baked goods that have a favorable potassium to sodium ratio, so at least you are making a step toward the best ratio. However, they all are low in potassium. The 2 products that would seem to provide a lot of potassium in a serving are low sodium baking powder and cream of tartar with about 500 mg per tsp. However, very little potassium is consumed in a typical product they are used to make. A tsp of baking powder is used to make 18 cookies – not a practical way to get 500 mg of potassium.
The weights for the potassium and sodium are milligrams. The potassium and sodium values given are for 100 grams of food.
As usual, K is potassium, and Na is sodium.
Except for the potassium to sodium ratio (which we calculated), the source of data is: USDA National Nutrient Database Standard Reference – Release 22.
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|COOKIES, SUGAR WAFERS W/CREME FILLING, SPL
|COOKIES, SUGAR, COMMLY PREP, SPL DIETARY||104||3||34.7|
|CRACKERS, MATZO, PLAIN||112||2||56|
|CRACKERS, MATZO, WHOLE-WHEAT||316||2||158|
|TORTILLAS, Ready To Bake OR -FRY, CORN||186||45||4.1|
|LEAVENING AGENTS, BAKING PWDR, LO-SODIUM||10100||90||112.2|
|LEAVENING AGENTS, CRM OF TARTAR||16500||52||317.3|
|LEAVENING AGENTS, YEAST,BAKER'S, COMPRESSED||601||30||20|
|LEAVENING AGENTS, YEAST, BAKER'S, ACTIVE DRY||955||51||18.7|
|BREAD, WHITE, COMMLY PREP, LO NA NO SALT||119||27||4.4|
|CRACKERS, MELBA TOAST, PLN, WO/SALT||202||19||10.6|
|BREAD, WHITE, COMMLY PREP, TSTD, LO NA NO SALT||131||30||4.4|
|TACO SHELLS, BAKD, W/O SALT||179||15||11.9|
|TORTILLAS, Ready To Bake OR -FRY, CORN, W/O
|
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://highpotassiumfoods.org/low-potassium-foods/low-potassium-foods-baked-goods-table/
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| 0.83779 | 915 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Spinning mills used 'line shafting', which is the means by which the power of the steam engine is transmitted along rotating shafts (rods) to spinning or weaving mills.
This animation depicts a spinning mill like that found at Quarry Bank museum in Cheshire. It shows a furnace powering a flywheel, which is there to smooth out the otherwise jerky rotation of the crank.
In spinning mills, which could be multi-storey, there are large numbers of ropes coming off the flywheel. These 'rope races' convey power to the mill's different floors.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/launch_ani_spinning_mill.shtml
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697681504/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094801-00048-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
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| 0.941796 | 120 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The Odyssey was the lead ship in the first line of interstellar human colony vessels. It was launched on January 1, 2362, laden with troops and terraforming gear to spearhead the colonization of a new world, Reach. The launching of the Odyssey sparked the first wave of human expansion beyond the confines of the Sol System, founding the first Inner Colonies outside Sol.
The name 'Odyssey' derives from an epic poem written by the Greek poet, Homer. The story follows a commander, Odysseus, who gets lost on his return from the Trojan war, sailing to various places over the course of two decades. The name is fitting for the ship because of the parallels: humanity embarks on a long voyage after emerging from the Interplanetary War.
- ^ Halo Encyclopedia, page 43 (2011 edition)
- ^ Halo: The Essential Visual Guide page 151
- ^ Halo.Bungie.org: Halo Story Page - Halo Story Timeline
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.halopedia.org/Odyssey
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831098.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00360-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.874857 | 199 | 3.125 | 3 |
Considering Effect of Movie Setting on Cinematography
When making a movie, there are critical concerns for your project and movie settings is an important one. The quality of your published copy should determine the settings you choose, but an important consideration that will be affected is cinematography.
What Are Movie Settings?
Movie settings deals with file elements, namely file type, bit rate, display size, aspect ration and frames per second. File type includes WMV, AVI and the like. Bit rate determines how much information is used to record your data. Display size is the number of pixels wide by the number of pixels high. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width by the height (a 4:3 ratio is standard, and 16:9 is widescreen.) Frames per second is how many individual "pictures" flash by each second (standard television is 30-frames per second.) Each of these will affect your final image. Consider these when you think about what you will record with your camera, that is, the cinematography.
When you're thinking about movie settings and cinematography, think in these terms:
What is my purpose?
What is my content?
What do I want to do with it?
Why Am I Doing This?
The purpose of your project is important regarding your cinematography, which is affected by movie settings. Are you editing together clips from family movies? That is, basically non-complex images for recording moments. These are movie types that need less information-intensive files. The files are typically smaller. These smaller files are more easily shared online or compressed into DVDs. On the other hand, if you are making an intense video with more motion within the frame (either motion within the frame or motion inflicted on the frame by way of camera moves,) that will necessitate more digital info to make for a smoother video.
What Type of Movie Is It?
With an intense motion video-for instance, a short thriller as an example of your filmmaking abilities, it will use more data. That is, if your camera moves quickly, following characters or there is a lot of action within the frame, for that to be smooth you'll want to record with maximum bit rate and a wide-screen ration. Conversely, if you have two characters talking in a static position over candlelight, there is probably not much physical motion within the frame. Therefore, it's more efficient to use lower settings.
Where Should This Go?
Are you sending the file to a relative to share your daughter's first birthday? If so, you can use settings that don't eat up data space. This is really useful for sending files, as larger files are harder to send through the internet. However, if your project is a reel to secure work in the entertainment industry, you'll want to make sure it is top quality. Give them your best.
After you've given your project all these considerations (before you shoot), recognize also that some formats don't burn to DVD as easily, while others may or may not be friendly as far as sending over the internet. Do your homework. Check your options before and make the best decisions for your project.
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<urn:uuid:f1ca7bf3-190b-4adb-88b6-3232d1dd5a8e>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.steves-digicams.com/knowledge-center/how-tos/filmmaking-tips/considering-effect-of-movie-setting-on-cinematography.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010305626/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090505-00088-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939015 | 644 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The rapid growth of wind energy has caused costs to decline over the last several decades—meaning fewer emissions that lead to climate change. But, will the trend continue? Ryan Wiser, a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, answered this question and more at an EPIC seminar on February 22.
In order to understand the possible future growth of the wind sector, Wiser began by looking back at the past. The last several years have seen an increase of roughly 50 gigawatts of additional capacity each year. Nevertheless, wind remains a modest contributor, representing only around 4 percent of the entire global supply of energy. In the U.S., however, wind makes up about 5 percent of the electricity supply, with states like Iowa and Kansas having a much higher penetration.
“The United States really is extraordinarily endowed with open, windy area,” explained Wiser. “You don’t see capacity factors globally approaching the capacity factors you see in the U.S.”
A production tax credit and state-based renewable portfolio standards further encourage the development of wind energy in the U.S. Such state policies have played a significant role in the growth of the wind energy market, but so has the advancement of technology. When compared to the turbines of the 1980s and 1990s, the turbines of today are enormous machines with a huge rotor diameter. These technological improvement have helped lead to a decline in the costs of projects.
Will the advancement of technology, and declining costs, continue? Wiser and his colleagues have spent the last couple of years surveying experts to help answer that question.
The survey, which was the largest expert elicitation survey ever conducted on a single technology, was aimed at estimating the magnitude of future cost reduction potential to try to understand the sources of cost reduction and the conditions that might be necessary in order to achieve lower costs. The median expert surveyed anticipated on-shore wind energy would see cost reductions of about 10 percent by 2020 and 35 percent by 2050.
“Further advancements are on the horizon,” Wiser said. “Experts anticipate a wide range of advancements that will increase project performance, extend project design lives, and lower operational expenses.”
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<urn:uuid:f7274fce-edb0-42be-954c-5c0e7cdddc9e>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://epic.uchicago.edu/events/event/expert-judgements-on-future-wind-energy-costs-how-low-can-costs-go/
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| 0.961494 | 451 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In recent years, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has faced a growing threat to its stability from extreme, violent and political Islamist groups. The Jordanian regime had for some time waged a wide-scale and determined ideological struggle against radical Islamic organizations on its soil. In this struggle, the Jordanian regime sought to de-legitimize jihadi Salafi ideology while disseminating a brand of moderate traditional Islam as a religious "vaccine" against it. The threat to Jordan has escalated since the “Arab Spring,” however. Jordan is perceived as the most vulnerable of the monarchies (none of which have yet been toppled by the wave of uprisings in the Arab world). The large and easily radicalized Palestinian component of the country’s population, the combined influence of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood through its offshoot in Jordan, and jihadi Salafi trends from Iraq and Syria, pose a real and imminent threat to the stability of the Kingdom. The likely breakup of Syria, and an increase in the presence and activity of jihadi-Salafi groups there will likely exacerbate the threat to Jordan.
Political Islam is not a new phenomenon in Jordan. Since the British created the Emirate of Transjordan in 1921 and placed King Abdallah I on its throne, Islam has served as one of the cardinal building blocks of the regime’s legitimacy. The genealogy of the Hashemite family as scions of the Prophet Muhammad’s tribe was an important source of legitimacy for its rule in Syria, Iraq and Jordan, as it had been in the Hijaz. King Abdallah and his grandson Hussein took care to present themselves as believing Muslims, appearing at rituals and prayers, performing the pilgrimage to Mecca and embellishing their speeches with Islamic motifs. The Jordanian constitution of 1952 established Islam as the official religion of the kingdom and mandated that the king must be a Muslim born of Muslim parents. The country’s constitution defines sharia as one of the legal foundations of the kingdom, while family law is in the exclusive hands of the sharia courts. However, in contrast to other Muslim countries where Islam plays a pivotal role, the Jordanian regime has steered a middle course. It never declared sharia to be the sole source of legislation, nor did it ever attempt to implement the hudud (Islamic penal law).1
The radical Islamic camp in Jordan is composed of two separate—though frequently overlapping—wings. The first is the main body of Jordanian Islamists, which identifies with the Muslim Brotherhood movement that originated in Egypt. The second is the radical jihadi-Salafi movement embodied by al-Qaeda and its ideological fellow-travelers within Jordan.
The radical Islamic camp in Jordan largely draws its strength from diverse and significant sources. Foremost among them are: its own organizational and ideological infrastructure inside the country; indirect influence and public sympathy from the wider Muslim Brotherhood movement, which has deep roots in the Jordanian public (both Trans-Jordanian and Palestinian); the inflammatory influence of the war in Iraq; the ongoing Arab conflict with Israel; and the rise of Islamism across the region following the Arab Spring. Confronting all of these factors is a weak official religious establishment that lacks popular support and is incapable of mobilizing those with religious authority to defend the regime’s views.
The Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood movement is deeply rooted in Jordan, manifested in the country’s political arena through the Islamic Action Front (IAF) party and parliamentary faction, and in civil society (in mosques, schools, labor and trade unions and universities). Since the birth of the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Jordan in the 1940s, internal struggles have occurred between a “moderate” faction that aspires to co-exist and maintain sound relations with the regime, and an “extremist” wing that draws its ideology from the takfiri doctrine of Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader Sayyid Qutb, and as a result attempts to confront the regime both politically and ideologically.
Throughout most of the movement’s history in Jordan, the Trans-Jordanian faction led the Brotherhood, and tended to work in cooperation with the regime, which for its part allowed the movement to be the only organized political force in the country and to establish a wide da'wah network of civil society organizations and charities.2 The extremist wing has usually been identified with leaders of Palestinian origin, whose identification with the Hashemite regime was weaker than that of their Trans-Jordanian compatriots.3
In the past, this extremist wing was relatively marginal in the overall operations of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan. In the 1980s and 1990s, it devoted most of its energies to the jihad in Afghanistan, and subsequently in Chechnya, Bosnia and other places. More recently, however, this faction has gained in strength and daring, as reflected by the results of the internal leadership elections carried out by the Brotherhood in early 2006, and manifested in particular in the composition of the IAF. The Muslim Brotherhood’s religious rulings, or fatwas, express its identification with the Salafi worldview, identifying with the jihads in Iraq and Israel/Palestine, calling on Arab leaders to raise the flag of jihad and determining that any Muslim who provides support to the "occupying forces" commits an act of treachery (khiyyana) and war against Allah and his Prophet—an act tantamount to apostasy and abandonment of the nation of Islam.4 It is also worth noting that in June 2006, leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood paid a condolence visit to the family of Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, the Jordanian who became “emir” of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. These leaders insisted, though, that this visit was humanitarian rather than political in nature.5
Developments in the Palestinian theater have exerted influence over Islamism in neighboring Jordan, and specifically in the behavior of the Muslim Brotherhood in its attempts to rally support within its constituency. These attempts, however, have inevitably drawn the movement into greater conflict with the Jordanian government and other political parties. For example, the movement leveraged protests by Hamas over the Egyptian fence, built to prevent smuggling of weapons to and from Gaza, into a domestic political issue, with the “fatwa committee” of the IAF issuing a religious decree prohibiting the construction of what it called the "Egyptian-Israeli-American wall."6 Two key arguments served as the basis for the prohibition: 1) humanitarian arguments – that the fence would strengthen the blockade of Gaza, undermine the lives of its inhabitants, damage their health, and halt Gaza's reconstruction; and 2) a political argument – that the fence would undermine the jihad for the liberation of Palestine, because it would prevent the transfer of weapons to the mujahideen in Gaza. Therefore, the fatwa implies that by turning to the Americans and Israelis for its protection, Egypt becomes one of them, and hence the Egyptian government should be considered “apostate.” This religious ruling by the IAF incorporates two central tenets of the Salafi jihadist ideology embraced by al-Qaeda. It accepts the approach that liberating all occupied Islamic territories, especially Palestine, is the “individual duty” of every Muslim, which must be carried out either by actively participating in the jihad or by providing the weapons and money needed for it. It also promulgates the view that a Muslim regime that works with the Jews and the Christians should be seen as “apostate.”
In March 2006, the IAF’s Shura Council elected Zaki Bani Irsheid as its Secretary General after receiving the approval of the Muslim Brotherhood. Zaki Irsheid is an Irbid businessman, born in al-Zarqa’ in 1957. Irsheid’s election was anathema to the regime, due to his close ties with Hamas and his militant record. However, the Brotherhood leadership balanced Irsheid's election by elevating (in March 2006) two relatively-moderate leaders to senior leadership positions: Sheikh Salim al-Falahat as Inspector General and Hamza Mansour as head of the IAF's Shura Council.7
The regime's early concerns regarding Irsheid’s political and militant approach, as well as his radical support of Hamas, were validated, as he quickly became a prominent oppositionist and a harsh, extremist critic of the regime's domestic and foreign policies.8 Irsheid’s radicalizing effect on the IAF's political doctrine was rapidly apparent: in July 2006, the party's Religious Sages Committee issued a religious ruling, stating that "it was obligatory to assist Hezbollah's mujahideen against Israel" in the Second Lebanon War.9 At the same time, the Committee condemned Saudi religious sages, who characterized Hezbollah as heretical, and called for the group to be ostracized.
Irsheid similarly spearheaded the transformation of the IAF's platform for the country’s November 2007 parliamentary elections. The new platform emphasized that the IAF's views and objectives stemmed from "Islamic religious law”. On domestic issues, the new platform outlined a series of proposed constitutional reforms, including a new election law loosening regime control of mosques and restrictions on religious preaching. In foreign policy, the platform rejected Israel's existence and called on Jordan and Egypt to annul the peace treaties with Israel in favor of “active resistance” to any kind of normalization of relations. It also called for "providing comprehensive assistance, including military assistance, to the Jihad forces and the Resistance" which are acting against Israel in order to "fully liberate the land." At the same time, it attacked the United States, accusing it of "striving to gain control over the Arab countries and the Islamic world," and calling on Muslims to act to liberate countries “occupied” by the United States—specifically Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia.10
In the subsequent parliamentary elections, however, the IAF had a poor showing, with the number of its seats plummeting from 17 (out of 110) to a mere seven. The loss contributed directly to the dissolution of the Muslim Brotherhood’s Shura Council later the same month.11 In its statement regarding the dissolution, the Brotherhood accused the Jordanian government and its agencies of rigging the elections and defaming the movement through biased state media.12
Subsequently, in February 2008, the Brotherhood held elections for a new Shura Council, choosing Abd al-Latif Arabiat, a moderate, as Council head. The internal power struggles associated with the election moderated the movement’s drift toward radicalization, and eventually brought about a balanced division of power in the Muslim Brotherhood's institutions. The "hawkish" faction and the "Fourth faction," which is affiliated with Hamas, gained control over the Council and won a combined 28 Council seats, while the "dovish" faction won 22 of the Council's 50 seats. Subsequently, the "hawks" accepted three seats in the Executive Bureau, which is in charge of conducting organizational policy, while the moderates won the remaining five.13
However, this balance proved only temporary. On April 30, 2008, the Brotherhood’s new Shura Council elected a radical Islamist and longtime power broker, Dr. Hamam Sa'id, as the organization's fifth Inspector General. The election of Sa'id, a Jordanian of Palestinian origin, was the product of a coalition between hawkish factions within the organization.14 With Sa’id’s appointment, and the earlier appointment of Zaki Bani Irsheid as IAF Secretary General, the Brotherhood’s internal issues and overall policy directions became dominated by charismatic, activist leaders with the most uncompromising views.
In the years that followed, the two leaders steered the organization onto a more confrontational course with the Jordanian regime. Sa’id, for example, supported a militant approach that advocates turning Jordan into “a country where military force is to be concentrated and a military outpost for the war against the unbelievers.”15 In other words, Sa’id not only advocates the central demand of his party and the Muslim Brotherhood that the regime abrogate the peace agreement with Israel, but goes as far as embracing the Takfiri jihadist approach that demands Jordan be transformed into a launch-pad for military confrontation against nearby Israel. This opinion, voiced publicly on broadcast media, depicts the Palestinian issue as a Jordanian one.
On May 30, 2009 Zaki Irsheid was forced to resign his post as IAF's Secretary General. The 120 members of the IAF’s Shura Council accepted his resignation, and those of eight members of the party's Executive Bureau (responsible for formulating party policies). Thereafter, they unanimously elected Dr. Ishaq al-Farhan as the party's new Secretary General, and approved the list of eight new Executive Bureau members proposed by him.16 Al-Farhan fulfilled the Brotherhood’s pressing need for a transitional Secretary General; he was acceptable to many circles and on good terms with the government. Al-Farhan, in turn, promptly outlined a transitional plan to prepare the party for its next internal elections. He underscored the need for a pacific settlement of internal disputes, and vowed to take steps to harmonize relations with the government.17 Nevertheless, serious disputes between the two factions continue, and are expected to do so as long as Islamism advances in the Middle East in the post Arab Spring period—and as Hamas continues to gain power in the Palestinian arena. As of early 2013, Hamam Sa’id serves as the Brotherhood’s Inspector General, and Zaki Irsheid as his deputy.
The rise to power of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has galvanized its Jordanian counterpart. Similar to the role that Nasserist Egypt played in the 1950s and 1960s, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood now wields its influence both as an ideological movement in its own right and for the benefit of the Egyptian state in the region. This process is, over time, likely to strengthen the radical faction of the Jordanian Brotherhood. The Egyptian regime, meanwhile, could conceivably play a role in “mediating” between the Jordanian regime and its “domestic” opposition.
The institutional infrastructure of Salafi-jihadi Islamism in Jordan is diverse. It includes popular mosques not under the regime's supervision and bookstands that propagate a radical, exclusionary religious worldview. The many websites of global jihadist groups provide a means for mass dissemination of this ideology. Jihadist activists arrested by authorities have been found to be indoctrinated via these outlets. A prominent example is Abed Shahadeh, nicknamed Abu Muhammad al-Tahawi, who was imprisoned for three years in 2005 and arrested several times since. Al-Tahawi is considered a source of religious law among extreme Islamic groups in Irbid, and preaches the takfir doctrine in mosques in the Irbid region.18 This indoctrination, in turn, has been facilitated by the presence of what anecdotal evidence suggests is a significant minority within Jordanian society that supports Salafism, and facilitates the recruitment of members by jihadist organizations—a proclivity illustrated in public opinion surveys conducted in recent years in Jordan.19
The Muslim Brotherhood movement in general, and its extremist wing in particular, plays a pivotal role in the dissemination and acceptance of the Salafi-jihadi message in Jordanian society, especially among the younger generation of citizens. Outbreaks of violence between Israel and the Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, likewise have served to strengthen Salafi sentiment in Jordan. Extremist organizations, chief among them al-Qaeda, appear to enjoy both support and admiration among a considerable percentage of the Jordanian public, which sees the group and its broader ideology as the principal standard-bearer in the war against the enemies of Islam.20
The ebb and flow of jihadist activity in Iraq profoundly affected Islamist organizations in Jordan. The 2006 killing of the Iraqi al-Qaeda’s “emir,” Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Coalition successes against the group thereafter (as a result of the “surge” strategy adopted by the Bush administration), along with local Jordanian pressure, all served to create fissures in the Jordanian jihadist movement. The result was the emergence and rise of a more “pragmatic” wing of the movement, led by the prominent Salafi cleric Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi. Since his release from Jordanian prison in 2008, al-Maqdisi has consistently criticized the school of thought epitomized by al-Zarqawi, which sanctioned intra-Muslim conflict due to ideological and political differences. Al-Maqdisi did not change the principles of takfir, the declaration of Muslims as heretics or apostates. However, he made a case against jihadist attacks inside Jordan, thus revising his own views about the permissibility of collateral casualties among Muslims (or even their direct targeting) if necessary in order to kill “infidels”.21
The rise of Islamism in the Arab Spring seems also to encourage Salafi and Salafi-jihadist movements, and helps widen jihadi networks, especially with the continuation of fighting in Syria. In mid-December 2012, Salafis in Jordan announced a new “emir” to the Syrian rebel group Jabhat Al-Nusra. The new “emir,” Mustafa Abdul Latif Al-Saleh, nicknamed Abu Anas Al-Sahabi, was born in the city of Zarqa, and is the brother-in-law of the late Zarqawi.22 The U.S. claims that Jabhat Al-Nusra is acting on behalf of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and has designated the group as a terrorist organization. For their part, al-Tahawi and other supporters of jihad in Syria have reportedly claimed that at least 150 Jordanians are fighting in Syria with Jabhat Al-Nusra.23 Jordanian Salafi youngsters also have been reported killed in the fighting.24
The Islamic movement in Jordan enjoys a broad popular base among both the country’s Trans-Jordanian and Palestinian populace. In recent Pew polls, support in Jordan for the enactment of sharia law, including the hudud (stoning and amputation of limbs), was widespread. Some 50 percent of those polled were found to be in support of segregation between men and women in workplaces, while 58 percent of respondents favored stoning for the crime of adultery and 86 percent approved capital punishment for apostates.25
In recent years, Islamic dress—particularly for women—has become more and more ubiquitous. Islamic bookstores selling radical tracts can now be found near almost any mosque in Amman. Furthermore, at 34 percent, favorable attitudes toward al-Qaeda in Jordan are the highest in the Arab world.26
The Palestinian issue ranks high on the agenda of Jordan’s Islamist groups, in particular the Brotherhood and IAF, for a number of reasons:
- The presence of a large number of citizens of Palestinian origin in the Brotherhood leadership.
- The Muslim Brotherhood’s view of Jordan's large Palestinian population as its key constituency, not only for parliamentary elections but also for strengthening its positions in the trade unions and local authorities.
- The Palestinian issue is a perennial issue of interest in Jordan's politics and of major interest to the public.
- Traditional organizational ties with Hamas, stemming from the fact that the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and its Palestinian counterpart were part of the same organization in the past.27
Moreover, the institutions and membership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and the Palestinian Hamas movement overlap considerably. One of the more obvious links is the existence of offices in the Gulf States that represent both organizations, staffed by officials of Palestinian origin. The bureaus are important to both organizations because they serve as a means of raising funds from wealthy sources in the Gulf.28
The common denominator among the various Brotherhood factions is that the Palestinian issue is an integral part of their agenda in Jordan, and that ongoing consultations with Hamas are only natural. The Brotherhood, one official has explained, “has a religious and national obligation to support the Palestinians and their problem.”29 The current Inspector General, Hamam Sa’id, has gone further, stating that the Brotherhood‘s involvement in the Palestinian arena serves to provide "the Palestinians [with] jihadist assistance and support".30 Like the Palestinian issue generally, the Brotherhood’s relationship with Hamas remains an important element of Islamist expression in Jordan.
Mainly since Israel’s Operation Cast Lead in Gaza (2008-2009), the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan has been playing a major role in the political struggle against Israel and other Western countries, and boosted political and financial support to Hamas. Brotherhood-affiliated professional syndicates, for example, operate the Anti-Normalization Committee, while the Engineers’ Syndicate in particular has been active in the coalitions and umbrella bodies which lobby for Hamas and initiate “direct actions” against Israel.31 These bodies are mostly directed by Muslim Brotherhood affiliates in Europe, and reflect the growing power of the Brotherhood internationally. It is therefore important to understand the central place that the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood has gradually come to occupy in this global hierarchy.32
Ties between the movement in Jordan and Hamas are the cause of ongoing tensions between the "hawks" and "doves" in the Muslim Brotherhood leadership. The moderate faction of the Brotherhood’s leadership in Jordan demanded the immediate severing of organizational ties with Hamas, claiming that they went against the Brotherhood's rules and regulations as well as against Jordan's constitution and the Political Parties Law.33 The “hawks”, on the other hand, supported a preservation of the status quo. The Brotherhood’s Inspector General, Hamam Sa’id, ultimately took the position that the status quo should endure, but qualified his statement by describing the relationship as one between two independent organizations.34 On December 17, 2012 the popular Saudi-owned and London based daily Al-Hayat reported that a new four-page secret memo written by members of the “doves” trend, was recently presented to the Brotherhood’s Shura Council. The claims it contained concerned the use of “political money” by leading “hawks” figures; the “assassination” of the organization for the benefit of the “hawks” trend; and the promotion of Hamas, a policy which—according to the writers—transformed the disagreement between the Brotherhood’s leadership and the majority into a debate over a regional question. Analysts who spoke with the paper say that it reflected the sharp divisions within the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan.35
Salafi jihadi organizations in Jordan remain under intense pressure from the Jordanian government, which has succeeded in disrupting numerous attempted terrorist attacks inside the Kingdom in recent years. It has done so through the imprisonment of large numbers of jihadist activists and sympathizers, in the process wreaking havoc on their respective organizations and restricting their activities. A high point was the January 2009 trial of twelve members of a Salafi-jihadi group charged with attacks on a Christian church and cemetery, and with involvement in the shooting of a group of Lebanese musicians performing in downtown Amman.36
Also notable was the December 2009 trial of twenty-four Islamists on criminal charges stemming from their management of the Islamic Centre Society (ICS), which had been dissolved three years previously. Before its dissolution, the ICS had served as the Muslim Brotherhood's financial arm, administering assets worth over a billion dollars, running scores of schools, health establishments and social centers. In 2006, at the height of internal tensions between the Muslim Brotherhood and the IAF, the government of former Prime Minister Marouf Bakhit dissolved the ICS. The government at that time charged ICS officials with corrupt practices, but Brotherhood leaders contended that the step was designed to deprive the Islamic Movement of the financial backing it had traditionally received. The move was widely believed to have been one of the key reasons behind the IAF’s downturn in the November 2007 elections.37
Jordanian authorities, however, have also seen their fair share of defeats. On December 30, 2009, for example, a suicide bomber killed seven CIA agents at Forward Operating Base Chapman in Khost Province of Afghanistan. An officer of Jordan’s General Intelligence Directorate (GID) was also killed in the attack.
The real challenge facing the Brotherhood, moderates and radicals alike, appears to be the far-reaching reforms of the internal political system announced by King Abdallah in late November 2009. The Brotherhood in particular has doubts about the regime’s intention to implement the genuine political reform it promised the public. From the Brotherhood’s point of view, the implementation of a thorough political reform that would introduce the principle of “one person, one vote” and pledge to hold “honest and fair elections” is a basic condition for translating their potential electoral power into a significant quota of parliamentary seats, and subsequently making political and public gains. For several years, the Brotherhood has accused the regime of not holding fair and transparent elections. Leading figures also refer to the political triumph and rise in power of Islamist movements across the region following the Arab Spring as an issue which could be translated into political leverage at home: “We use the results in the other Arab countries to say to our government: look, when the elections are fair, the Islamists win.”38
The Brotherhood boycotted the January 2013 elections, a move which actually seems to have worked against it. The Brotherhood continues to demand the implementations of “reforms” and the limiting of the King's power. In April 2013, it issued a warning letter to the King and the national intelligence services, accusing the regime of corruption and calling on him to change his current policies.39
In its initial stages, at least, the “Arab Spring” did not seriously undermine the Jordanian regime. The vanguard of protests in Jordan appeared to be more the Salafi jihadi movement than the Muslim Brotherhood itself. The violence also exposed divisions between this faction and the larger Salafi movement. However, the fall of the Egyptian and Tunisian regimes and the unsettled situation in other countries (such as Syria) encouraged the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood to increase its pressure on the regime. The regime, for its part, accused the protestors of receiving orders from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and elsewhere. It has also animated the normally quiescent East-Jordanian political leadership; according to various reports, tribal leaders have warned the King that they would not tolerate a light hand in dealing with the threat, which they perceived as a Palestinian attempt to topple the Hashemite entity.40This was expressed in demonstrations under increasingly radicalized slogans, along with the classic demands for an end to corruption and the abrogation of the peace treaty with Israel. These demonstrations escalated in March 2011, resulting in a number of casualties (though far less than in other Arab countries). Demonstrations continue to take place occasionally around the country, usually due to demands for “political reforms” or protests against a rise in food prices. However, chants to overthrow the regime can also be heard.41
Jordan’s King, like his counterparts in the Gulf States, has expressed concern over the emerging Egypt-Turkey-Qatar “axis” that has materialized from the Arab Spring, and which has promoted Muslim Brotherhood influence throughout the region.42 Jordanian officials, too, have worried about the role being played by Qatar via large inflows of money,43 as well as about the possible takeover of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood in the event that the Assad regime falls—something which would also bring Syria into this axis.44 The Brotherhood, for its part, has pushed back against these concerns, claiming new discrimination.
Domestically, the King has attempted to promote a wider dialogue between various political forces within the country, including leftist, nationalist and independent figures.45 This was met with approval from the Brotherhood, whose leaders have said that the group “welcomes a serious and responsible dialogue any time…we ask for a modern and fair elections law, a real struggle against corruption and constitutional reforms that will result in elected government, parliament and elders.”46
See Shmuel Bar, “The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan,” Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies Data and Analysis, June 1998, http://www.dayan.tau.ac.il/d&a-jordan-bar.pdf.
These were widely referred to and named in Ibrahim Gharaybah, Jamaat Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin fi al-Urdun 1946-1996, Amman: Markaz al-Urdun al-Jadid lil-Dirasat: Dar Sindibad lil-Nashr, 1997, pp. 169-185; Quintan Wiktorowicz, The Management of Islamic Activism, State University of New York Press, 2001, pp. 83-92
Bar, “The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, 50-52.
Website of the Islamic Action Front, August 14, 2004, http://www.jabha.net. Nadwah al-Majali summarizes how the jihad faction, on the one hand, and the Muslim Brotherhood, on the other hand, have a stranglehold on the state and seek to undermine its foundations: "One faction attacks the regime through violence, confrontation, takfir and bombing attacks, while the other faction gently tunnels below the regime's foundations, penetrates the society and its institutions, mobilizes the street against it and raises doubts about its direction. Al-Rai (Amman), June 27, 2006.
Muslim Brotherhood main Arabic language portal, June 11, 2006, http://www.ikhwanonline.com
Website of the Islamic Action Front, January 24, 2010,http://www.jabha.net.
Al Hayat (London), March 19, 2006.
Al-Quds al-Arabi (London), March 22, 2006.
Al-Quds al-Arabi, Al-Ra’i, Al-Ghad, 7 July 2006.
Website of the Islamic Action Front, October 27, 2007, http://www.jabha.net.
The Shura Council is the Movement's highest-ranking body, which outlines policies in cooperation with the IAF Shura Council.
IslamOnline, November 30, 2007. The Brotherhood decided at the last minute not to participate in the local council elections held that year, out of concern that the elections would be biased in the regime's favor.
Al-Haqiqa al-Dawliya (Amman), April 30, 2008; Al-Hayat (London), May 4, 2008.
Al-Haqiqa al-Dawliya (Amman), April 30, 2008.
As cited in Al-Iman, September 24, 2009.
Al-Farhan had been the IAF’s first Secretary General and had also been the Muslim Brotherhood's Shura Council head. Born in Jerusalem in the mid-1930s, but of Palestinian origins, al-Farhan joined the Muslim Brotherhood while he was still in high school. He obtained an MA in literature from the University of Columbia in the United States and subsequently a Ph.D in Cultural Studies. In 1970, having worked in the Ministry of Culture for about fifteen years, Wasfi al-Tal asked him to join his government as Minister of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs. Al-Farhan later held this office in the governments of Ahmad al-Lozi and Zeid al-Rifa’i. In 1989, he was elected to the Senate for four years and then headed the University of al-Zarqa. Throughout his career, al-Farhan held various political, public, and academic offices.
Mafkarat al-Islam, May 31, 2009.
Al-Dustour (Amman), May 23, 2005; Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), June 6, 2005.
According to a survey conducted prior to the attacks in Amman on November 9, 2005, some 64 percent of the Jordanian public sympathized with al-Qaeda in Iraq led by al-Zarqawi. Al-Hayat (London), December 15, 2005. However, this sympathy dropped sharply after the attacks in Amman. In a survey conducted immediately after these attacks, 72 percent of the sample believed that this organization was a terror organization, 20 percent believed that it was not a terror organization and 15.6 percent believed that it was a resistance organization. But after the killing of al-Zarqawi in June 2006, the percentage of those who regarded the organization as a terror organization dropped to 54 percent, while 20 percent still believed it was not a terror organization. It should be noted that the data shows that 10 percent of those surveyed in 2004 believed that the al-Qaeda organization led by bin Laden was a terror organization, compared to 49 percent in 2005 and 41 percent in 2006. This indicates that there is greater sympathy for bin Laden's organization than for al-Zarqawi’s. Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), July 10, 2006.
Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah,” December 2, 2010, http://pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/; See also Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Osama bin Laden Largely Discredited Among Muslims in Recent Years,” May 2, 2011, http://pewglobal.org/2011/05/02/osama-bin-laden-largely-discredited-among-muslim-publics-in-recent-years/.
See al-Maqdisi's website, http://www.tawhed.ws/, and the subsequent debate with other jihadi authorities such as Ma’asari. For a summary of these debates, see Joas Wagemakers, “Reflections on Maqdisi’s Arrest,” Jihadica, October 2, 2010, http://www.jihadica.com/reflections-on-al-maqdisis-arrest/.
Jordan Times (Amman), December 13, 2012, http://jordantimes.com/jordanian-tapped-to-lead-jihadist-forces-in-syria.
The Independent (London), October 23, 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/jordan-seeks-to-curb-flow-of-fighters-to-syria-8222287.html.
Al-Hayat (London), December 22, 2012, http://alhayat.com/Details/464995.
Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah.”
Al-Haqiqa al-Dawliya (Amman), December 29, 2009. According to a senior source in the Muslim Brotherhood, the Brotherhood’s Inspector General, Hamam Sa’id, and two members of the Brotherhood’s Executive Bureau are also members of the Hamas Shura Council and participate in its debates. See Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), September 2, 2009.
Al-Siyasa (Kuwait), October 23, 2009; Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), September 2, 2009.
Al-Kifah al-Arabi (Beirut), December 21, 2009.
For example, both the Anti-Normalization Committee and “Lifeline of Jordan” convoy group were named part of the International Committee to Break/End the Siege on Gaza, the main Muslim Brotherhood-led umbrella body in charge of ‘mobilizations’ against Israel such as convoys, flotillas and marches, http://en.gaza-siege.org/members (no longer available online).
Al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), September 2, 2009.
Al-Kifah al-Arabi (Beirut), December 21, 2009.
Al-Hayat (London), January 28, 2009; al-Ghad (Amman), January 28, 2009.
Al-Hayat (London), December 17, 2012, http://alhayat.com/Details/462727.
“Two Dozen Islamists Go on Trial on Corruption Charges,” Deutsche Press-Agentur, December 24, 2009, http://monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1521391.php/Two-dozen-Islamists-go-on-trial-on-corruption-charages.
Jacob Amis, “The Jordanian Brotherhood in the Arab Spring”, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 14 (January, 2013), p. 43.
Ibid., p. 42.
See, for example, Tim Lister, “Jordanian Tribal Figures Criticize Queen, Demand Reform,” CNN, February 6, 2011, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-06/world/jordan.monarchy_1_jordanians-king-abdullah-ii-tribal-leaders?_s=PM:WORLD.
See, for example, BBC Arabic report on demonstrations held in Amman, November 16, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2012/11/121116_jordan_protest_king.shtml.
See for example a YouTube clip, published November 14, 2012, featuring a demonstration in Amman,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dwBOqMVNfk&feature=player_embedded#!.
Al-Sharq (Saudi Arabia), December 15, 2012, http://www.alsharq.net.sa/2012/12/15/626813.
Al-Sabil (Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood magazine), December 16, 2012, http://www.assabeel.net/studies-and-essays/studies/120276-%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%85%D9%86-%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%C2%BB%D8%9F.html.
Al-Hayat (London), December 20, 2012, http://alhayat.com/Details/463972.
Al-Hayat (London), December 13, 2012, http://alhayat.com/Details/461595.
Al-Sabil (Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood magazine), December 31, 2012, http://www.assabeel.net/important-topics/122611-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.html.
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Have you ever been curious, about why certain individuals can shed pounds and stay highly focused while adhering to a diet? The key lies in reaching and sustaining a state known as ketosis, which unlocks advantages for ones well being. Lets delve into the captivating realm of ketosis thoroughly examining its intricacies and discovering how it can be utilized to achieve rapid we mental sharpness and improved health. Essentially we will unravel the essence of “what’s ketosis” all about.
What is the Keto Diet?
The keto diet is an approach that emphasizes fat intake and moderate protein consumption while limiting carbohydrates. The main goal of this diet is to trigger a state called ketosis in the body. Ketosis occurs when the body shifts its source of fuel, from glucose to fat. By following the ketogenic diet individuals may experience benefits such as fat loss, improved clarity and better management of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes. Among the variations of the ketogenic diet the standard version is the most popular and widely adopted for attaining these advantages.
To achieve the recommended macronutrient ratios for a ketogenic diet it is suggested that around 70-80% of calories should come from fat, 15-20% from protein and 5-10% from carbohydrates. By keeping carbohydrate and protein intake below 50 grams per day, individuals can help maintain a state of ketosis for outcomes.
How the Ketogenic Diet Promotes Ketosis.
The ketogenic diet encourages ketosis by:
- Limiting carbohydrate consumption.
- Compelling the body to use fat as an energy source rather than glucose.
- Resulting in the production of ketones.
- Burning stored fat for energy.
- Helping individuals lose weight.
Ketosis can offer several health benefits, such as weight loss, improved mental clarity, and better management of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes. When following a keto diet consistently and monitoring ketone levels, individuals can optimize the benefits of ketosis and improve their overall health.
Common Foods and Meal Plans
Common foods on the ketogenic diet include:
- Coconut oil
- Non-starchy vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, spinach and kale
These foods are rich in healthy fats, vitamins, minerals and fiber making them ideal for a ketogenic meal plan.
When creating a ketogenic meal plan, it’s essential to focus on high-fat, low carb diet no-carb options such as:
- Non-starchy vegetables
Adjusting portions low carbohydrate diet accordingly and ensuring a daily intake of around 70-75% fat, 15-20% protein, and 5-10% carbs can help achieve and maintain ketosis for optimal results.
The Ketogenic Diet: A Path to Ketosis
The ketogenic diet is an approach to initiate weight loss that emphasizes fat intake and low carbohydrate consumption. By reducing carbs and opting for foods in fats, the body enters ketosis which can aid in losing weight. People often on ketogenic diets wonder what a typical meal plan on a high fat diet like this looks like and what options are commonly available.
A standard ketogenic diet typically consists of around 55-60% fat, 30-35% protein and 5-10% carbohydrates. Consumed foods include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, leafy greens, as well as healthy fats like coconut oil, olive oil and avocados. Meal plans for the ketogenic diet primarily emphasize unprocessed foods that’re abundant, in nutritious fats, vitamins and minerals.
Understanding Ketosis: The Basics
Ketosis refers to a condition in which the body switches from using glucose to relying on fat as its source of energy. This transition occurs when the intake of carbohydrates is significantly decreased, leading the liver to produce ketone bodies that serve as a fuel, for both the brain and body.
Now lets explore why someone might choose to enter this state and what factors trigger it. Ketosis is natural metabolic state that can be beneficial as a treatment for conditions due to its ability to promote weight loss reduce inflammation and regulate blood sugar levels. For those, without any health concerns some individuals opt for ketosis in order to achieve weight loss or meet performance goals.
Definition of Ketosis
Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body uses stored body fat stores, as its source of energy of relying on glucose which is commonly seen in very low carbohydrate diets. This shift, in metabolism, known as ketosis offers health benefits including shedding body fats, improved mental clarity and better management of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes.
The process of reaching ketosis involves reducing carbs intake, increasing activity, occasional fasting and following a balanced diet, that’s high in fats but very low carb diet in carbohydrates. By doing the body goes through stages like depleting glycogen stores producing glucose, from non carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis) and ultimately entering the ketogenic phase to achieve ketosis.
How Ketosis Occurs
When you significantly reduce the intake of carbohydrate, your body goes into metabolic state called ketosis, which it typically takes about 2 to 4 days to enter the state by consuming around 20 to 50 grams of carbohydrates per day. Ketosis offers some benefits like lose weight and improved mental clarity, as your body uses stored fat as fuel and produces ketones as a result.
To speed up the process of entering ketosis you can try fasting. This involves eating all your meals within an eight hour window and fasting for the remaining sixteen hours of the day. However it’s important to remember that like any diet, the keto diet involves some risks such as deficiencies and kidney stones. It’s crucial to be aware of these risks make decisions and maintain health.
Ketone bodies are molecules that the liver produces from fatty acids when there is an intake of carbohydrates or during extended fasting. The liver produces three, called ketone bodies; acetoacetate, beta hydroxybutyrate and acetone.
During times of carbohydrate restriction or fasting, ketone bodies play a role in ketosis by serving as a source of energy for both the brain and the body. These ketone bodies provide a supply of energy where they can offer several healthy benefits, including weight loss, improved mental clarity and better management of metabolic disorders, like type 2 diabetes.
Tips for Achieving and Maintaining Ketosis
Attaining and sustaining ketosis necessitates consistency in carbohydrate restriction, ketone level monitoring, and necessary macronutrient ratio adjustments for optimal results. Some effective methods for attaining ketosis rapidly include:
- Decreasing carbohydrate intake substantially
- Engaging in physical activity
- Fasting intermittently
- Consuming healthy fats
To sustain ketosis, research suggests it’s vital to maintain the ideal macronutrient ratios of 70-80% fats, 15-20% protein, and 5-10% carbohydrates. Regularly measuring blood ketone levels using blood ketone meters and urine ketone strips, can help individuals track their progress and make necessary adjustments to their keto diet, such as low carb diets, to optimize the benefits of ketosis.
Health Benefits of Ketosis
Ketosis offers health advantages, such as promoting weight loss, boosting clarity, and aiding in the management of metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes and epilepsy. By providing a supply of energy for both the brain and body, ketone bodies can enhance function, regulate neurotransmitters, and improve sleep patterns.
Moreover, apart from its impact on weight loss and mental well-being, ketosis has been proven to assist in the management of type 2 diabetes by improving blood sugar control and reducing insulin resistance. Additionally, it has shown results in reducing the frequency of seizures among epilepsy patients in children and teenagers, and children with epilepsy that does not respond well to medication.
Ketosis has the potential to aid in weight loss by promoting burning fat metabolism, reducing appetite and increasing feelings of fullness. When the body switches from using sugar to burning fat, for energy stored fat is broken down into ketones, which then serves as a source of energy of glucose. This increased burning ability burn fat can lead to long term weight loss.
Furthermore, ketosis has an impact on appetite by suppressing the hormone ghrelin, which is responsible for triggering hunger. As a result of decreased hunger sensations and reduced ghrelin levels, individuals who follow a ketogenic diet may also experience weight loss along with overall health.
Improved Mental Clarity and Focus
Many people who follow a keto diet may often report experiencing improved clarity and focus. This boost is attributed to ketone bodies, which provide a source of energy for the brain. Ketosis, the metabolic state achieved during this diet, has been found to have effects on neurotransmitters in the brain. As a result it can help regulate sleep patterns and enhance brain function.
Scientific studies have shown that ketosis, differently from other diets, may enhance function through food mechanisms. These include promoting plasticity of blood brain barrier improving energy metabolism in the brain and increasing angiogenesis (the formation of blood vessels) as well, as capillary density. By supplying an energy source to the brain, ketosis helps clear away fog and enables better cognitive performance.
Management of Metabolic Disorders
Ketosis has been shown to help manage metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes, by improving blood sugar control and reducing insulin resistance. A low-carbohydrate keto diet can lead to a less blood glucose levels and reduction in the intake of insulin and oral antidiabetic drugs. This lead to improving overall glycemic control.
Ketosis has also been found to be effective in:
- reducing or preventing seizures in many individuals with epilepsy, particularly in children and adolescents with medication-refractory epilepsy
- altering the body’s primary fuel source from glucose to ketone bodies
- helping manage a variety of metabolic disorders
- improving overall health.
Potential Side Effects and Risks of Ketosis
Entering a state of ketosis may have some side effects, such as risks including the possibility of experiencing the keto flu, facing deficiencies and encountering long term health concerns. It’s crucial to understand these downsides and seek advice from a healthcare before embarking on a keto diet.
Like any other diet, this very low carb diet requires consistency and balance in achieving and sustaining ketosis. By keeping track of nutrient intake, adjusting ratios as necessary, and staying well informed about risks, individuals can maximize the benefits of ketosis while promoting their overall well being.
The keto flu is a term used to describe a set of symptoms that some individuals may experience when they shift into ketosis. These symptoms can include headaches, fatigue and digestive issues. They occur as the body adjusts to its metabolic state and typically last for a days to a couple of weeks.
To alleviate the symptoms of the keto flu it’s important to stay hydrated, replenish electrolytes and gradually reduce your caloric intake mostly of carbohydrates. It’s important to be patient and persistent during this transition period, as your body adapts to its source of energy and the symptoms gradually fade away.
Restricted food choices on the ketogenic diet can lead to nutrient deficiencies, possibly resulting in insufficient intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Common nutrient deficiencies seen in a ketogenic diet include:
- Vitamins B1, B6, folate (B9), biotin (B7)
- Selenium, choline
- Vitamins A, E, D
- Chromium, iodine, magnesium, molybdenum
To prevent these deficiencies, it’s crucial to monitor nutrient intake and consider supplementation while following a ketogenic diet. Consuming a variety of nutrient-dense, low-carb foods can also help ensure proper nutrition and support optimal health.
Long-term Health Concerns
When it comes to being on a diet for a period, there are some health concerns to consider. These include a chance of developing heart disease kidney stones and potential negative effects on function. Consuming high in saturated fat in diet can lead to an increased risk of heart disease.
Moreover, being in ketosis, may also raise the risk of developing kidney stones, due to factors like levels of potassium in urine, intake of fruits and vegetables and possible changes in vitamin D levels. It is important to discuss it with a healthcare professional and carefully monitor your health while following a keto diet to minimize any risks associated with it.
- Ketosis is a metabolic state triggered by reducing carbohydrate intake and using fat as the primary source of energy.
- Benefits include improved mental clarity, management of metabolic disorders & seizure reduction in epilepsy patients.
- Consistency in carb restriction, ketone level monitoring & macronutrient ratio are essential for achieving/maintaining ketosis. Potential side effects should be monitored.
Ultimately, ketogenic diets, can bring advantages to your health such as shedding pounds, enhancing function and effectively managing metabolic disorders. By grasping the fundamentals of ketosis, adhering to a keto dieters, and being mindful of any drawbacks or risks, individuals can tap into the potential of ketosis to enhance their overall well-being and vitality. So don’t hesitate to give the ketosis diet a chance and open the door to a energized and focused version of yourself. Always seek professional medical from an healthcare provider advice for the appropriate treatment based on your individual health circumstances.
Frequently Asked QuestionsHow can you determine if your body is in a state of ketosis?
You can recognize signs of being in ketosis by observing symptoms like fatigue, halitosis (breath) and dehydration. Another method to confirm ketosis is by testing for the presence of ketones in your urine or blood. If you’re uncertain, about the process or timing of these, tests it would be beneficial to consult with a professional or a diabetes instructor.
What happens when in ketosis?
Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose. Following a keto diet can help with weight managment, increased energy and treating chronic illness, but may cause side effects such as “keto” breath and constipation.
Is it good for my body to be in ketosis?
Reaching ketosis may offer several health benefits, which include promoting weight reduction and improved blood sugar management. However, following a strict keto diet to induce ketosis can be difficult and lead to unwanted side effects. In general, it appears nutritional ketosis seems to be beneficial for the body.
How long can you stay in ketosis?
Staying on the keto diet for six months is the recommended maximum duration by experts, after which more carbs should be reintroduced to the keto diet risks again. Additionally, Scott Keatley, RDN, does not recommend that keto diets using it as a forever diet due to lack of sufficient evidence.
What is the primary purpose of the ketogenic diet?
The main purpose of following a keto diet is to promote weight loss and improve metabolic health.
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26 March 809, 1200 years ago, was the dying day of St Ludger.
Ludger was a missionary in Twente and in the German Münster area.
Later he was appointed the first bishop of Münster.
In 2008, a monument in his honour was established close to the “Bloemenbeek” hotel in De Lutte.
The monument is made up mainly of menhirs, and contains sundial elements in addition to religious references.
Menhirs mark the cardinal points north, east and west, and on the south side, a group of three menhirs represent the Trinity.
Seven menhirs and five boulders placed in a circle depict the twelve disciples.
These stones are on the implied hour lines of a horizontal sundial.
In the centre, two menhirs represent Ludger and his companion Winfried, carrying a cross, with a comet as the Star of Bethlehem.
The comet and cross suggest the birth and death of Jesus Christ.
In the centre of the cross is an index for a date scale, to be read at true noon.
The date scale shows notable dates, such as the anniversaries of the deaths of Ludger and Winfried.
Read more about this mystic and mystical monument in the Bulletin of De Zonnewijzerkring, number 98, September 2008.
Fer de Vries
Design: Bote Holman
Unveiling: 21 June 2008
English translation: RH
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Busy lifestyles that leave little time or motivation for fitness and weight management; a rise in chronic diseases; an aging population that requires escalating levels of supervision and medical intervention - these are the lifestyle, health and demographic trends that are directly contributing to skyrocketing health care costs.
- More than 1 billion people in the world are overweight, and at least 300 million of those are clinically obese1. Without action, more than 1.5 billion people are expected to be overweight by 20152.
- Over 600 million people worldwide have chronic diseases, and the spending on chronic diseases is expected to increase3. For example, in the US alone, spending is expected to increase from $500 billion a year to $685 billion by 20203.
- Globally, the number of persons 60 and older was 600 million in 2000. It is expected to double to 1.2 billion by 20254.
The personal telehealth opportunity
In a system well-designed for improving health, people with heart disease or diabetes can transmit their vital signs - blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, glucose levels, temperature, weight, respiration - seamlessly from home to their health professional, and get real-time feedback on their condition. A busy professional is able to receive a daily electronic check-up on the health status his aging parent who lives alone, suffers from a series of chronic conditions and is on multiple medications. A traveling businessperson can have a real-time discussion about the workout she just completed with a trainer who is hundreds of miles away.
Today, technologies like these that can enable more proactive personal health exist and are being applied - but not nearly as commonly as needed to radically improve health and quality of life and eliminate unnecessary costs from the healthcare system. To become a central component of the way we manage health, personal health and medical devices must be fully interoperable with each other and with other information sources. Because broad interoperability has yet to be achieved, it is an emerging priority for health systems and for the medical and information technology industries. Creating a rich eco-system of interoperable health and fitness devices will:
- Empower individuals and patients to better manage their health by providing them with information regarding their fitness and health through personal medical devices and services.
- Allow loved ones and professional care givers to more accurately monitor and coach chronic disease patients and elderly individuals living independently.
- Enable medical and fitness device manufacturers to rapidly develop interoperable devices and services using industry developed connectivity standards.
- Enable health care providers to offer better quality care through personalized health solutions assembled from a rich marketplace of interoperable health care devices and services.
1.World Health Organization. (2003). Obesity and Overweight: Dr. P. Puska, Dr. C. Nishida, Mr D. Porter.
2.World Health Organization. (2005) Ten Facts About Chronic Disease. Retrieved May 19, 2006, from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/chp/07_en.html.
3.(2001). Scaling Mount Proteome to Bring Down Chronic Disease. The Pfizer Journal®, Global Edition Volume 1I, Number 2, 2001, 4-9.
4.World Health Organization. (2006, February 13). The world is fast ageing - have we noticed? Retrieved May 19, 2006, from http://www.who.int/ageing/en/.
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Submitted to: Journal of Entomological Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: February 18, 2008
Publication Date: October 1, 2008
Citation: Esquivel, J.F. 2008. Observations and implications of the cotton fleahopper in Rapistrum rugosum. Journal of Entomological Science. 43:434-437. Interpretive Summary: The cotton fleahopper attacks young cotton buds and bolls, causing yield losses in Texas and other regions of the Cotton Belt. Because fleahoppers develop on spring weed hosts, identification of new hosts increases recognition of potential fleahopper infestations in cotton. This research indicated that cotton fleahoppers were present in turnipweed, a previously unreported host for early-season fleahopper populations. Adults were predominant in turnipweed, which suggests that turnipweed is primarily a feeding host. As such, turnipweed may sustain fleahopper adults that emerge from winter dormancy because turnipweed is available before other key early-season hosts. These findings suggest that producers and crop consultants should assess neighboring weed hosts to determine potential sources of fleahopper infestations in cotton.
Technical Abstract: The cotton fleahopper is an early-season pest of developing cotton in Central Texas and in other areas of the Cotton Belt. Because fleahopper infestations usually develop on weed hosts in the early spring, identification of new hosts is critical to understanding potential sources of fleahopper infestations. Cotton fleahoppers were collected from Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. during the early spring in Central Texas. Rapistrum rugosum, commonly known as turnipweed, has not been previously reported as an early-season host plant. The mean proportion of adults that were females was typically less than 0.50, and the virtual absence of nymphs suggests R. rugosum is primarily a foraging resource for adults. Because R. rugosum bloomed before other previously reported key early-season hosts and cotton fleahoppers were collected from this plant, these findings provide insight into factors which can influence the early-season dynamics of cotton fleahopper populations.
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Signs And Symptoms Of Sinusitis:
A case of acute sinusitis presents with the following signs and symptoms:
- Facial pain and tenderness on pressure
- Nasal congestion
- Nasal obstruction or runny nose
- Yellowish post-nasal discharge into the throat
- Loss of sense of smell
- Pain in frontal region of head or between the eyes
- Aching in upper jaw or teeth
- Occasionally facial swelling may also be present
- Constitutional signs and symptoms like fever, loss of appetite, bodyache and generalized weakness may be present.
- Pain. Pressure or fullness in the ears.
What Is A Sinus
The sinuses are also called the paranasal sinuses because they are hollow, air-filled spaces present within bones around the nasal cavity . The paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity.
Sinuses are present in pairs. They are:
- Frontal Sinus Above and between the eyes
- Maxillary Sinus Over the cheeks
- Sphenoidal Sinus Between the eyes and upper part of nose
- Ethmoidal Sinus Between the eyes and near the temples
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Is A Sinus Infection Bacterial
A sinus infection can be a miserable experiencepainful pressure in the face, headache, body aches, postnasal drip, fever, and congestion. But is a sinus infection bacterial or viral? It actually can be eitheror both! The symptoms for viral and bacterial sinus infections can be similar, but the treatments may be different. Lets take a closer look at how you might be able to tell them apart, and what you can do for treatment.
The sinuses are spaces in the bones of the face, located around the eyes, in the forehead and cheekbones, and behind the nose. Their primary function is to produce mucus, moisturizing the nose and protecting both the nose and sinuses from germs, dirt, dust and other irritants. When everything is working as it should, this mucus drains freely from the nose and sinuses. A sinus infection, or sinusitis, occurs when there is inflammation of the sinuses. The mucus becomes thick and unable to flow into the nose, causing build-up in the sinuses themselves.
Most sinus infections are viral, but viral sinusitis can develop into a secondary bacterial infection when bacteria becomes trapped in the sinuses and colonizes due to inflammation preventing proper drainage. Many different types of bacteria can cause sinusitis. Some of the most common bacterial culprits for sinus infections include:
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Home Remedies For Sinus Infection:
Uncomplicated acute sinus infection can be treated at home. Or home remedies can also be used along with conventional medical therapy.
Rest Take adequate rest as your body is already working enough to fight infection. Another reason to get good rest is so that you dont spread the infection at your workplace, school or institution.
Water Drink plenty to water to not just stay hydrated but water also helps to flush out toxins from the body making recovery easier.
Steam Inhaling steam decongests your air passages allowing the sinuses to drain easily.
Essential Oil Menthol is a well-known essential oil for blocked sinuses. It can be used along with steam to inhale.
Kitchen Herbs Our kitchen itself can provide the best of natural remedies to fight infections. You can use natural anti-infective and anti-inflammatory herbs like turmeric, ginger, and garlic.
When To Go To The Doctor For A Sinus Infection
Sinusitis belongs to upper respiratory tract infections. It is one of the commonest and a relatively troublesome condition one can have. Yet, it is also one of those infections which patients often attempt to treat at home.
So before you understand when to go to the doctor for a sinus infection, it would be worthwhile to go through a few basic facts about sinuses their infections and how to recognize which sinus is infected.
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Runny Nose And Postnasal Drip
When you have a sinus infection, you may need to blow your nose often because of nasal discharge, which can be cloudy, green, or yellow. This discharge comes from your infected sinuses and drains into your nasal passages.
The discharge may also bypass your nose and drain down the back of your throat. You may feel a tickle, an itch, or even a sore throat.
This is called postnasal drip, and it may cause you to cough at night when youre lying down to sleep, and in the morning after getting up. It may also cause your voice to sound hoarse.
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Related Conditions And Causes Of Sinus Infections
Colds, allergies, and sinus infections can cause similar symptoms, including stuffiness and headache. What’s more, both colds and allergies can cause sinus inflammation. So how can you tell the difference between these illnesses?
The truth is, even doctors can sometimes have difficulty differentiating among colds, allergies, and sinus infections. But the illnesses do present differently.
A hallmark sign that you have a sinus infection is that the illness is, as you’d expect, severely affecting your sinuses. Both colds and allergies can cause congestion and runny nose, but sinus infections typically cause an aching sensation and pressure in the face, including in the ears and teeth.
Additionally, postnasal drop, reduced sense of smell, and halitosis are typically associated with sinus infections.
The mucus associated with a sinus infection is usually green or yellow, though color alone isn’t enough to determine the cause of your nasal distress, as there are many reasons your nasal discharge may not be clear.
Both allergies and colds can cause sneezing, a symptom not typically seen in sinus infections. Allergies never cause fever, which is seen in both colds and sinus infections.
And if your symptoms last more than 10 days, you most likely don’t have a cold.
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When Sinus Infections Become Sinusitis
You know the feeling: runny nose, headache, sinus congestion. Is it just a cold? Or something more serious? If its a sinus infection, thats a much more serious condition. About 31 million Americans suffer from chronic sinus infections known as sinusitis.1 If youre one of them and continue to battle sinus pain, headaches, and emotional drain for 12 weeks or more no matter what treatments you try, you may be dealing with chronic rhinosinusitis .1,2
When Does A Sinus Infection Require Visiting An Urgent Care
Sinuses are cavities or spaces in the head that are interconnected by channels. Sinuses produce mucus, which keeps the nose clean and free of bacteria. However, the sinuses can become infected, and instead of pockets of just air, they become clogged with thick mucus.
A mild case of sinus infection can be treated at home. If what you have is a severe sinus infection, leave it to a medical professional to effectively treat it.
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I Use The Quadrupedal Position
“If my facial pain or pressure is intense, I sometimes put my head towards the floor while on my hands and knees,” Dr. Kamat says. This is what’s called a quadrupedal position .
“The position of the cheek sinus opening is high along the nasal wall and known to be poor for natural or passive drainage due to gravity,” Dr. Kamat says. “In this position, the opening is better able to drain, and has been shown to reduce the duration of a sinus infection.”
Complications Of Sinus Infection
Sinus inflammation can spread to the bones and soft tissues of the face and eyes. This can cause:
- Cellulitis of the face or around the eyes
- Abscesses of the eyes
Left intreated, sinus infections can also lead to serious intracranial complications, including blood clots within the cavernous sinus, pus between the skulls and dura mater , and meningitis.
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What Is A Sinus Infection Or Sinusitis
Inflammation of the air cavities within the passages of the nose is referred to as sinusitis. Sinusitis can be caused by infection , but also can be caused by allergy and chemical irritation of the sinuses. A sinus infection occurs when a virus, bacterium, or fungus grows within a sinus.
- Sinusitis is one of the more common conditions that can afflict people throughout their lives.
- Sinusitis commonly occurs when environmental pollens irritate the nasal passages, such as with hay fever.
- Sinusitis can also result from irritants, such as chemicals or the use and/or abuse of over-the-counter nasal sprays, and
- illegal substances that may be snorted or inhaled through the nose.
About 30 million adults have “sinusitis.” Colds differ from sinusitis and are only caused by viruses and last about seven to 10 days while sinusitis may have many different causes , and usually last longer with more pronounced and variable symptoms.
Risk Factors For Sinusitis
The main risk factor for a sinus infection is having a cold or hay fever, which leads to inflammation and blockage in the sinuses.
Risk for sinusitis is also higher in those with a deviated septum or narrow sinus structure, which allows fluid to more easily get trapped.
If you have a medical condition such as cystic fibrosis or weakened immune system, you also are more likely to develop a sinus infection.
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How Can I Tell If I Have A Sinus Infection Cold Or Nasal Allergy
It can be difficult to tell the difference between a cold, allergies, and a sinus infection. The common cold typically builds, peaks, and slowly disappears. It lasts a few days to a week. A cold can transform into a sinus infection. Nasal allergy is inflammation of the nose due to irritating particles . Symptoms of a nasal allergy can include sneezing, itchy nose and eyes, congestion, runny nose, and post nasal drip . Sinusitis and allergy symptoms can happen at the same time as a common cold.
If you are fighting off a cold and develop symptoms of a sinus infection or nasal allergy, see your healthcare provider. You will be asked to describe your symptoms and medical history.
What To Do For Chronic Sinusitis
If youre suffering from chronic sinusitis or you are getting frequent sinus infections you should see your doctor, says Dr. Sindwani.
Your doctor will swab your nose to collect mucus. Culturing it in a laboratory will reveal which type of bacteria is causing the infection so the right antibiotic can be prescribed.
Treat early sinus infection symptoms with rest, hydration and over-the-counter sprays and decongestants. But dont look for an antibiotic unless your illness extends beyond a week, he says. Then check in with your doctor for a prescription and let him or her know if your condition worsens.
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How Can I Prevent Sinusitis
Some of the home remedies used to treat sinus infections symptoms may help prevent sinusitis. These include rinsing your nose out with salt water and using medications that your provider might suggest, such as allergy medications or steroid nasal sprays.
You should avoid things you are allergic to, like dust, pollen or smoke, and try to avoid sick people. Wash your hands to reduce your chance of getting a cold or flu.
Chronic Sinus Infection Treatment
Chronic sinus infections typically have a more mysterious cause than acute infections people with chronic sinus infections often require life-long treatment to keep symptoms at bay.
In addition to the options above, treatment for chronic sinus infections may include:
- Lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and changing home or work conditions to reduce exposure to environmental toxins and allergens, such as dust mites, pet dander, or cockroaches
- Oral steroids
- Leukotriene modifiers, which reduce inflammation through a different mechanism than steroids
- Surgery to reopen sinuses affected by issues like nasal polyps and deviated septum
Recent research suggests other treatment options may also exist for chronic sinus infections, including:
- Nasal probiotics of the beneficial bacteria lactobacilli
- The drug dupilumab, derived from a human antibody, which the Food and Drug Administration approved to treat chronic sinus infections with nasal polyps in 2019
- A regime combining oral and intranasal corticosteroid irrigations
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Types Of Chronic Sinusitis Or Chronic Sinus Infections
While acute sinusitis often involves an infection, chronic sinusitis does not. Sometimes, the long-term illness is caused by an infection that hasn’t cleared up properly, but most often the exact cause of chronic sinusitis isn’t known.
But clinicians may categorize chronic sinusitis into one of three types depending on the features present.
The most common type of the illness, chronic sinusitis without nasal polyposis, involves swelling and inflammation of the mucous membranes by various non-polyp factors, such as allergies or irritation and infections.
Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis, on the other hand, involves nasal polyps that are large enough to clog the sinus. It’s not always clear why some people develop these polyps and others dont.
In chronic sinusitis with fungal allergy, people experience a strong allergic reaction to fungi in the air, which causes their mucous membranes to produce a thick, dense mucus.
How Do I Know If I Have A Sinus Infection
Sinus infections are quite common. Sinus infections can be thought of as either viral or bacterial . When most individuals think of sinus infections, they are thinking of bacterial sinus infections but it is important to remember that sinus infections can be caused by viruses as well. In both cases, the symptoms of a sinus infection, as defined by the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, are purulent nasal drainage that is accompanied by nasal obstruction and/or facial pain-pressure-fullness. According to guidelines, one must have discolored, purulent nasal drainage to meet the criteria of a sinus infection.
Viral sinus infections/”common colds” are more common than bacterial sinus infections. It has been estimated that the average adult will experience 2 to 5 colds per year. Viral sinus infections may produce similar symptoms as bacterial sinus infections: discolored nasal drainage with nasal obstruction and/or facial pain/pressure. However, the key distinguishing factor with respect to symptoms is that with viral sinus infections, the symptoms peak at around day 3 – 5 and begin to improve thereafter . This why it is important to think about both how long sinusitis symptoms have been ongoing as well as their trajectory when it comes to deciding whether the sinusitis is viral or bacterial.
Fever of above 100.5°F
Double sickening : when symptoms of a cold are getting better and then worsen as illustrated by the top blue dashed line in Figure 2.
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How Is Sinusitis Treated
Sinusitis is treated in several ways, each depending on how severe the case of sinusitis is.
A simple sinusitis infection is treated with:
- Drinking fluids .
If symptoms of sinusitis don’t improve after 10 days, your doctor may prescribe:
- Antibiotics .
- Oral or topical decongestants.
- Prescription intranasal steroid sprays. .
Long-term sinusitis may be treated by focusing on the underlying condition . This is usually treated with:
- Intranasal steroid sprays.
- Topical antihistamine sprays or oral pills.
- Leukotriene antagonists to reduce swelling and allergy symptoms.
- Rinsing the nose with saline solutions that might also contain other types of medication.
When sinusitis isn’t controlled by one of the above treatments, a CT scan is used to take a better look at your sinuses. Depending on the results, surgery may be needed to correct structural problems in your sinuses. This is most likely to happen if you have polyps and/or a fungal infection.
Prior Viral Infection And Congestion
Heres where doctors have a hard time with sinus infections. The first thing that happens prior to getting a sinus infection is a cold. This cold causes increase mucous. The problem is, this snot gets thick and clogs up the small passageways of your sinuses. When these narrow passageways get clogged up, they sits still, which then gets infected , and the headaches, face pain, and fever can become intense.
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Is A Sinus Infection Contagious
How Will I Know if I Have a Sinus Infection?
The majority of doctors think that most people do not transmit sinus infections except in rare instances, and conclude that sinus infections are not contagious.
Sinus infections usually begin with the symptoms of a cold , and then develop into pain and pressure in the sinus cavities. About 7 to 10 days after initial cold-like symptoms other symptoms develop that suggest you may have a sinus infection. Sinus infection symptoms include
- a yellowish-greenish nasal discharge that may have an odor,
- bad breath,
- pressure in the sinuses, and
Is There A Right Way To Blow Your Nose
If you have a stuffy nose, trying to force yourself to blow your nose could make it worse. The best thing to do is to blow one side of your nose at a time gently into a tissue. You might want to first use some type of nasal rinse to loosen any material in your nose before blowing. Make sure you dispose of the tissue and then clean your hands with soap and water or an antimicrobial sanitizer.
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When To Call Your Doctor
If youâve been sick for 10 days or more with no improvement, or you got slightly better and then got sicker, itâs probably a bacterial infection. Again, youâll need to see your doctor to find out.
If itâs a bacterial sinus infection, you may need antibiotics. You may also get better without medicine, but antibiotics can help things move faster.
Other symptoms of sinusitis include congestion that makes it hard to breathe through your nose, and tenderness around your nose and eyes. If you cough up colored mucus or feel mucus drain down the back of your throat, you could have sinusitis.
You may also think you have a toothache when itâs really a sinus infection. Your upper back teeth are very close to your sinuses, so tooth pain is a very common symptom of a sinus infection. If youâre not sure, check with your doctor or dentist.
If you have any of the above symptoms, and over-the-counter treatments donât help, make a doctorâs appointment soon.
Contact your doctor immediately if you have any of these severe symptoms, which could be signs of a serious infection:
- Swollen face
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Welcome to White Cliffs Country, enjoy......
All images on this page and elsewhere on the website are subject to copyright. This requires you to obtain permission to reproduce them before doing so.
Once immortalised in the words of a song, sung by Dame Vera Lynn, the iconic White Cliffs of Dover rise to their highest point north east of the port, reaching almost four hundred feet. Facing the Strait of Dover and France they stand as a brooding guardian at the "Gateway to England". Despite the fact that you will not see any blue birds over them, they are arguably one of the most vivid images of the British coastline. During both World Wars they were the last sight that many soldiers saw of their country before giving their lives in the name of democracy, freedom and peace.
Here then, on this page, we explore the cliffs a little more closely and find out more about them.
How old are they?
They're old! They are somewhere between 89 and 85 million years old. That's a lot of candles so fortunately we don't celebrate their birthday!
What are they made of?
The cliffs are composed of chalk. Without getting too technical, chalk is basically calcium carbonate formed from billions of microscopic sea creatures whose skeletal remains sank to the bottom of the English Channel during the Cretaceous period of geological history. Together with the remains of other sea creatures the resulting sediment eventually formed the substance we now call chalk.
How come they are now cliffs and not still the seabed?
Towards the end of the Cretaceous period sea levels were significantly higher, some estimates state that they could have been up to 200 metres higher. This, together with tectonic uplift activity caused by the coming together of the European and African tectonic plates caused the seabed to be violently thrust upwards creating the stunning white cliffs we see today. The same geological process also created the European Alps.
Are they just chalk?
No, the chalk cliffs contain seams of dark coloured flint nodules, many of which form the heavily sea sculptured pebbles on the beach at the base of the cliffs. In addition they contain fossils and sometimes quartz together with Iron Pyrites known as "Fools Gold".
Can I get close to them?
Yes. you can! The White Cliffs are a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and are looked after by the National Trust. You can park your car at the visitor centre at Langdon and enjoy breathtaking views across the English Channel as you walk to the lighthouse at South Foreland.
Just don't stand too near the edge!
For an even better view, book a trip out with Dover Sea Safari to really appreciate their sheer size and beauty.
During the night of the 15th and 16th of March 2012, the cliffs suffered one of the largest cliff falls in many years. Thousands of tonnes of chalk fell into the sea. Over the next few weeks the sea around the fall was a milky white colour as it took back what was once hers. Small cliff falls occur fairly regularly, but this was a big one. The cliffs being constantly eroded by wind, rain and tide.
Smugglers, Searchlights and Shipwrecks!
The picture above shows Langdon Bay just a little to the east of the port. At first glance it appears to be just another view of the white cliffs, but let's have a closer look. One thing we can't see is the wreck of the steamship Falcon which is visible from the cliffs at low tide. Can you see the winding zigzag path that descends the steep cliffs down to the beach? At the very bottom there is a set of metal steps down to the shore. Before you get to it however, you have to walk through the old searchlight batteries used to shine out a stab of light to identify ships during the war. They are visible lower left in the image. Before this, smugglers used the path to haul away their ill gotten gains and escape the attention of the Revenue Men. The Revenue Men were the predecessors of today's Coastguard Service.
The National Trust looks after this stretch of our coastline which forms part of the North Downs Way and also the Saxon Shore Way. Both are important trails that are rich in history spanning over 2000 years of more recent history since the formation of the cliffs. The National Trust is also responsible for the upkeep of the South Foreland Lighthouse which is open to the public (see below).
The South Foreland Lighthouse undergoing maintenance in 2014. Decommisioned in 1988 it is rich in history, most notably this is where Guglielmo Marconi persevered with his experiments using radio waves. Indeed this is where he received the first international radio transmission from the cliffs of Wimereux across the channel in France. Also the first ship to shore distress radio transmission took place here from the East Goodwin Lightship. The tearoom is excellent too! A welcome stopover for weary walkers!
One of the reasons this area is designated as an SSSI is the diversity of the flora and fauna. Many species thrive here despite the hostile seasonal climate. Sea Kale, Orchids, Cowslips and many more can be seen flourishing along the cliffs.
The rugged and craggy cliff face provides the ideal nesting and roosting place for many seabirds and other breeds too. Apart from the Herring Gull, Black Headed Gulls and Kittiwakes make their homes in the cracks, crevices and ledges along the cliffs. They are joined by opportunist hunters including the Kestrel and on occasion it is possible to spot a Buzzard circling overhead or the flash of a hunting Peregrine Falcon. In recent years Ravens have also returned to nest here. Badgers, Foxes and Rabbits also have homes here. They are joined by smaller mammals such as Field Mice and Voles who seek refuge from the razor sharp eyes of their airborne hunters. Moths, Butterflies and Insects complete the selection of wildlife. There is always something to see.
National Trust Langdon Cliff Visitor Centre, Upper Road, Dover CT16 1HJ
National Trust South Foreland Lighthouse, The Front, St Margarets Bay CT15 6HP
Marina Travel Cliff Tours & Beyond
Dover Sea Safari, Dover Sea Sports Centre, Esplanade, Dover CT17 9FS
See you soon, enjoy your visit!
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Throughout history, the American empire has been established and sustained through episodes of intervention - usually in the form of military might - in places like the Middle East, Latin America, and even within its own borders. The film sets forth a series of examples in support of its thesis, including incendiary actions in Guatemala in 1952, Chile in the 1970's, and the invasion of Iraq in the past decade.
In some of the instances presented in the film, the United States operates in shadow to overthrow democratically elected leaders and to replace them with figures who are more sympathetic to U.S. interests. These interests are often not in step with those of their own people.
Another area of controversy explored in the film regards the countless military bases operated by the United States all over the world. The messages received from the highest levels of governmental authority assure the people that these bases are erected and continue to operate as a means of spreading and maintaining peace throughout each region. "These bases all too often are actually increasing military tensions," claims David Vine, an anthropology professor at American University, author of Base Nation, and a key interview subject in the film. "I think it's worth considering for people in the United States how we would feel with a foreign base on our soil."
The premiere episode of an investigative series from world news organization teleSUR, The Rise of History's Biggest Empire is a compact treatment of a complex history. Nevertheless, as with all worthwhile documentary works, the film presents its provocative material in a manner that inspires valuable thought and discussion.
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Genomic technologies in paediatric neurogenetic disease
World-leading research in genetic testing to diagnose, treat and prevent inherited brain and muscle disease.
Clinician: Dr Gina O'Grady, Paediatric Neuroservices
This project has been awarded the Athlae Lyon Starship Clinical Research Award for 2017.
What: This study aims to use new genomic technologies to improve the diagnosis of paediatric neurogenetic disease. Neurological diseases can be difficult to diagnose, requiring an extensive array of invasive tests to be carried out on young patients, often without giving a definitive genetic diagnosis for the child and their parents. This is now changing thanks to Next Generation (DNA) Sequencing, a highly specialised and emerging approach to genetic diagnosis. Currently, access to these new forms of genetic testing has only limited availability.
Who: The study will investigate a group of children with severe neurological diseases.
How: The research will use the latest advances in whole exome sequencing, seeking to better understand the genetic cause of their disease.
Why: For the child, a definitive diagnosis will inform and improve treatment. Plus as a direct consequence of this study, new genetic diagnostic capability will be created at Starship, with the potential for far wider applicability, and greater use in the future. The potential impact of this study is significant both for individual children but also for New Zealand's healthcare system.
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|This article covers a war or battle
World War I was the bloodiest war in history. Fought on all inhabited continents everyone was affected by this war in some way or other.
When Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Serbia, Confederate president Tom G Jones got congress to declare war on the Yanks and Texes (Confederate slang for East Texans) since both of them had declared war on France. New England declared war on the USA and West Texas, feeling the CSA had made a dirty move declared war (ET was already fighting Mexico). Quebec declared war on Aurora and Ontario, true to their Defensive Pact declared war on Quebec. Cascadia and California declared neutrality and Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba declare war on the USA. Yukon declared war on Russia. New Mexico also declare war on Mexico, and the USD declared an alliance with Deseret, against Yanks. When war was first declared, it looked like the Yanks would win the war for sure. Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas were all partially taken by Yanks. When Ontario, Manitoba, the USD and New England declared war the US was caught off guard. They signed a truce with New England a few weeks after war began, ceding North New York. Illinois, and parts of Iowa and Minnesota were taken by The USD. Not willing to surrender large areas war continued on many fronts. Within a few weeks trench warfare had began and the allies were inching forwards slowly to their goals.
In Europe the war began as a war between France, Russia, and Brittan an one side and Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy on the other. Germany marched into Russia slowly and pretty quickly Russia fell to shreds. France was invaded and lost land in many invasions and before long was out of the war.
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Thursday, December 13, 2012
Do you like this story?
Loose teeth are commonly caused by periodontitis, an infection that can destroy the soft tissue and bone that support your teeth. Because poor oral hygiene is the most common cause of periodontitis, certain home remedies may help strengthen your teeth in some cases when used along with proper oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist.
Black Pepper and Turmeric
A mixture of black pepper and turmeric can be massaged into the gums to build stronger gums. To use this treatment, combine even amounts of black pepper and turmeric root in a small bowl and crush the ingredients together. With clean fingertips, gently massage the mixture onto your gums and teeth for 1 to 2 minutes. Rinse your mouth with cool and clean water. Avoid eating or drinking anything for 30 minutes after treatment. This remedy can be used daily as long as it doesn't irritate your gums.
Table Salt and Mustard Oil
A mixture of table salt and mustard oil can help to strengthen the gums, preventing loose teeth as your age progress. Combine 1/8 tsp. table salt with 2 drops of mustard oil. Gently massage the mixture onto the gums with your fingers for 1 minute before rinsing your mouth with cool water. Use this treatment once per day as needed, as long as no irritation occurs. Avoid using this treatment if you have open cuts or sores in your mouth.
Amla fruit, commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine, can help to strengthen the gums and support connective tissue health. To use amla fruit to strengthen loose teeth and gums, combine even amounts of amla extract and clean water in a cup, and stir to combine. Rinse your mouth with this mixture once per day as needed. Avoid eating or drinking for 1 hour after rinsing your mouth with the amla mixture.
To Stop staining teeth
Use cauliflower, spinach, lettuce, and broccoli are all sources of minerals that create a protective film on teeth and help prevent red wine, cola, or coffee stains from penetrating the enamel. Strawberries have bleaching elements to brighten your smile, while hard, crunchy foods such as carrots, nuts, and seeds help slough off plaque. Chewing raw veggies also stimulates saliva, which neutralizes acids and strengthens teeth using vitamins and minerals from the foods.
Some herbs naturally freshen the breath you exhale. Mint and parsley kill bacteria in the mouth. Also they contain monoterpenes, substances that move rapidly through the bloodstream to your lungs to counter the odor in your mouth.
This post was written by: Dr. Haima Latha
Dr. Haima Latha is a Dental Surgeon by profession, and likes to writes on dental health. Follow her on Twitter
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New research on the financial practices surrounding a 'wonder drug' with a more than 90% cure rate for hepatitis C -- a blood-borne infection that damages the liver over many years -- shows how this medical breakthrough, developed with the help of public funding, was acquired by a major pharmaceutical company following a late-stage bidding war.
The research shows how that company more than doubled the drug's price over original pricing estimates, calculating "how much health systems could bear" according to researchers, and channelled billions of dollars in profits into buying its own shares rather than funding further research.
In this way, the company, Gilead Sciences, passed significant rewards on to shareholders while charging public health services in the US up to $86k per patient, and NHS England almost £35k per patient, for a three month course of the drug.
The high prices have contributed to a rationing effect: many public systems across the US and Europe treat only the sickest patients with the new drug, despite its extraordinary cure rate, and the fact that earlier treatment of an infectious disease gives it less opportunity to spread.
Gilead's strategy of acquisitions and buybacks is an example of an industry-wide pattern, say the researchers. Many big pharmaceutical companies now rely on innovation emerging from public institutes, universities, and venture-capital supported start-ups -- acquiring the most promising drug compounds once there is a level of "certainty," rather than investing in their own internal research and development.
The researchers, from Cambridge University's Department of Sociology, say this effectively leaves the public "paying twice": firstly for the initial research, and then for patent-protected high priced medications. A summary of their research has been commissioned by the British Medical Journal (BMJ) and is published today.
"Large pharmaceutical companies rarely take a drug from early stage research all the way to patients. They often operate as regulatory and acquisition specialists, returning most of the subsequent profits to shareholders and keeping some to make further acquisitions," said lead researcher Victor Roy, a Cambridge Gates Scholar.
The study's senior author, Prof Lawrence King, said: "Drug research involves trial and error, and can take years to bear fruit -- too long for companies that need to show the promise of annual growth to investors, so acquisitions are often the best way to generate this growth."
There are an estimated 150 million people worldwide chronically infected with hepatitis C. It disproportionately affects vulnerable groups such as drug users and HIV sufferers, and can ultimately lead to liver failure through cirrhosis if left untreated.
Roy and King's article tells the story of the curative drug Sofosbuvir. The compound was developed by a start-up that emerged from an Emory-based laboratory that received funding from the US National Institutes of Health and the US Veterans Administration.
The start-up, Pharmasset, eventually raised private funding to develop sofosbuvir. When Phase II trials proved more promising than Gilead's in-house hepatitis C prospects, it acquired Pharmasset for $11bn following a bidding war -- the final weeks of which saw Pharmasset's valuation rocket by nearly 40%.
"The cost of this late stage arms race for revenues has become part of the industry justification for high drug prices," write Roy and King.
Once Sofosbuvir was market-ready in 2013, Gilead set a price of $84k. A US Senate investigation later revealed that Pharmasset had initially considered a price of $36k.
By the first quarter of 2016, Gilead had accumulated over $35bn in revenue from hepatitis C medicines in a little over two years -- nearly 40 times Gilead and Pharmasset's combined reported costs for developing the medicines.
Last year, Gilead announced that a lion's share of those profits -- some $27bn -- will go towards 'share buybacks': purchasing its own shares to increase the value of the remaining ones for shareholders. By contrast, between 2013 and 2015 Gilead increased research investment by $0.9bn to $3bn total.
"Share buybacks are a financial manoeuvre that emerged during the early 1980s due to a change in rules for corporations by the Reagan administration. The financial community now expects companies to reward shareholders with buybacks, but directing profit into buybacks can mean cannibalising innovation," said Roy.
A further example they cite is that of Merck, who spent $8.4bn in 2014 to acquire a drug developer specialising in staph infections. The next year they closed the developer's early stage research unit, laying off 120 staff. Three weeks after that, Merck announced an extra $10bn in share buybacks.
In the BMJ article, the researchers set out a number of suggestions to counter the consequences of the current financial model. These include giving health systems greater bargaining power to negotiate deals for breakthrough treatments, and limiting share buybacks.
Roy and King also highlight a possible future model that uses a mix of grants and major milestone prizes to "push" and "pull" promising therapies into wider application, and, crucially, uncouples drug prices from supposed development costs, including those added by shareholder expectations. They write that this approach may be attempted for areas of major public health concern.
"The treatments for Hepatitis C may portend a future of expensive therapies for Alzheimer's to many cancers to HIV/AIDS. Health systems and patients could face growing financial challenges," said King.
"We need to recognise what current business models around drug development might mean for this future."
Cite This Page:
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