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id_1300 | Bondi Beach Bondi Beach, Australias most famous beach, is located in the suburb of Bondi, in the Local Government Area of Waverley, seven kilometers from the centre of Sydney. "Bondi" or "Boondi" is an Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over rocks or the sound of breaking waves. The Australian Museum records that Bondi means place where a flight of nullas took place. There are Aboriginal Rock carvings on the northern end of the beach at Ben Buckler and south of Bondi Beach near McKenzies Beach on die coastal walk. The indigenous people of the area at the time of European settlement have generally been welcomed to as the Sydney people or the Eora (Eora means "the people"). One theory describes the Eora as a sub-group of the Darug language group which occupied the Cumberland Plain west to the Blue Mountains. However, another theory suggests that they were a distinct language group of then own. There is no clear evidence for the name or names of the particular band(s) of the Eora that roamed what is now the Waverley area, A number of place names within Waverley, most famously Bondi, have been based on words derived from Aboriginal languages of the Sydney region. From the mid-1800s Bondi Beach was a favourite location for family outings and picnics. The beginnings of the suburb go back to 1809, when the early road builder, William Roberts, received from Governor Bligh a grant of 81 hectares of what is now most of the business and residential area of Bondi Beach. In 1851, Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien purchased 200 acres of the Bondi area that embraced almost the whole frontage of Bondi Beach, and it was named the "The Bondi Estate. " Between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien purchased Hall's share of the land, renamed the land the "O'Brien Estate, " and made the beach and the surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became increasingly popular, O'Brien threatened to stop public beach access. However, die Municipal Councilbelieved that the Government needed to intervene to make the beach a public reserve. During the 1900s beach became associated with health, leisure and democracy - a playground everyone could enjoy equally. Bondi Beach was a working class suburb throughout most of the twentieth century with migrant people from New Zealand comprising the majority of the local population. The first tramway reached the beach in 1884. Following this, tram became the first public transportation in Bondi-As an alternative, this action changed die rule that only rich people can enjoy the beach-By the 1930s Bondi was drawing not only local visitors but also people from elsewhere in Australia and overseas. Advertising at the time referred to Bondi Beach as the "Playground of the Pacific". There is a growing trend that people prefer having relax near seaside instead of living unhealthily in cities. The increasing popularity of sea bathing during the late 1800s and early 1900s raised concerns about public safety and how to prevent people from drowning. In response, the world's first formally documented surf lifesaving club, the Bondi Surf Bathers' life Saving Club, was formed in 1907. This was powerfully reinforced by the dramatic events of "Black Sunday" at Bondi in 1938. Some 35,000 people were on the beach and a large group of life savers were about to start a surf race when three freak waves hit the beach, sweeping hundreds of people out to sea. Lifesavers rescued 300 people. The largest mass rescue in the history of surf bathing, it confirmed the place of the life saver i n the national imagination. Bondi Beach Is the end point of the City to Surf Fun Run which is held each year in August Australian surf carnivals further instilled this image. A Royal Surf Carnival was held at Bondi Beach for the Queen Elizabeth n during her first visited in Australia, in 1954. Since 1867, there have been over fifty visits by a member of the British Royal Family to Australia. In addition to many activities, the Bondi Beach Markets is open every Sunday. Many wealthy people spend Christmas Day at the beach. However, the shortage of houses occurs when lots of people crushed to seaside. Manly is the seashore town which solved this problem. However, people still choose Bondi as the satisfied destination rather than Manly. Bondi Beach has a commercial area along Campbell Parade and adjacent sidestreets, featuring many popular cafes, restaurants, and hotels, with views of the contemporary beach. It is depicted as wholly modem and European. In the last decade, Bondi Beaches' unique position has Been a dramatic rise in svelte houses and apartments to take advantage of the views and scent of the sea. The valley naming down to the beach is famous world over for its view of distinctive red tiled roofs. Those architectures are deeply influenced by British costal town. Bondi Beach hosted the beach volleyball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics. A temporary 10,000-seat stadium, a much smaller stadium, 2 warm- up courts, and 3 training courts were set up to host the tournament. The Bondi Beach Volleyball Stadium was constructed for it and stood for just six weeks. Campaigners oppose both the social and environmental consequences of the development. The stadium will divide the beach in two and seriously restrict public access for swimming, walking, and other forms of outdoor recreation. People protest for their human rights of having a pure seaside and argue for health life in Bondi. "They're prepared to risk lives and risk the Bondi beach environment for the sake of eight days of volleyball", said Stephen Uniacke, a construction lawyer involved in the campaign. Other environmental concerns include the possibility that soil dredged up from below the sand will acidify when brought to the surface. | The seaside town in Bondi is affected by British culture for its characteristic red color. | entailment |
id_1301 | Bondi Beach Bondi Beach, Australias most famous beach, is located in the suburb of Bondi, in the Local Government Area of Waverley, seven kilometers from the centre of Sydney. "Bondi" or "Boondi" is an Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over rocks or the sound of breaking waves. The Australian Museum records that Bondi means place where a flight of nullas took place. There are Aboriginal Rock carvings on the northern end of the beach at Ben Buckler and south of Bondi Beach near McKenzies Beach on die coastal walk. The indigenous people of the area at the time of European settlement have generally been welcomed to as the Sydney people or the Eora (Eora means "the people"). One theory describes the Eora as a sub-group of the Darug language group which occupied the Cumberland Plain west to the Blue Mountains. However, another theory suggests that they were a distinct language group of then own. There is no clear evidence for the name or names of the particular band(s) of the Eora that roamed what is now the Waverley area, A number of place names within Waverley, most famously Bondi, have been based on words derived from Aboriginal languages of the Sydney region. From the mid-1800s Bondi Beach was a favourite location for family outings and picnics. The beginnings of the suburb go back to 1809, when the early road builder, William Roberts, received from Governor Bligh a grant of 81 hectares of what is now most of the business and residential area of Bondi Beach. In 1851, Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien purchased 200 acres of the Bondi area that embraced almost the whole frontage of Bondi Beach, and it was named the "The Bondi Estate. " Between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien purchased Hall's share of the land, renamed the land the "O'Brien Estate, " and made the beach and the surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became increasingly popular, O'Brien threatened to stop public beach access. However, die Municipal Councilbelieved that the Government needed to intervene to make the beach a public reserve. During the 1900s beach became associated with health, leisure and democracy - a playground everyone could enjoy equally. Bondi Beach was a working class suburb throughout most of the twentieth century with migrant people from New Zealand comprising the majority of the local population. The first tramway reached the beach in 1884. Following this, tram became the first public transportation in Bondi-As an alternative, this action changed die rule that only rich people can enjoy the beach-By the 1930s Bondi was drawing not only local visitors but also people from elsewhere in Australia and overseas. Advertising at the time referred to Bondi Beach as the "Playground of the Pacific". There is a growing trend that people prefer having relax near seaside instead of living unhealthily in cities. The increasing popularity of sea bathing during the late 1800s and early 1900s raised concerns about public safety and how to prevent people from drowning. In response, the world's first formally documented surf lifesaving club, the Bondi Surf Bathers' life Saving Club, was formed in 1907. This was powerfully reinforced by the dramatic events of "Black Sunday" at Bondi in 1938. Some 35,000 people were on the beach and a large group of life savers were about to start a surf race when three freak waves hit the beach, sweeping hundreds of people out to sea. Lifesavers rescued 300 people. The largest mass rescue in the history of surf bathing, it confirmed the place of the life saver i n the national imagination. Bondi Beach Is the end point of the City to Surf Fun Run which is held each year in August Australian surf carnivals further instilled this image. A Royal Surf Carnival was held at Bondi Beach for the Queen Elizabeth n during her first visited in Australia, in 1954. Since 1867, there have been over fifty visits by a member of the British Royal Family to Australia. In addition to many activities, the Bondi Beach Markets is open every Sunday. Many wealthy people spend Christmas Day at the beach. However, the shortage of houses occurs when lots of people crushed to seaside. Manly is the seashore town which solved this problem. However, people still choose Bondi as the satisfied destination rather than Manly. Bondi Beach has a commercial area along Campbell Parade and adjacent sidestreets, featuring many popular cafes, restaurants, and hotels, with views of the contemporary beach. It is depicted as wholly modem and European. In the last decade, Bondi Beaches' unique position has Been a dramatic rise in svelte houses and apartments to take advantage of the views and scent of the sea. The valley naming down to the beach is famous world over for its view of distinctive red tiled roofs. Those architectures are deeply influenced by British costal town. Bondi Beach hosted the beach volleyball competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics. A temporary 10,000-seat stadium, a much smaller stadium, 2 warm- up courts, and 3 training courts were set up to host the tournament. The Bondi Beach Volleyball Stadium was constructed for it and stood for just six weeks. Campaigners oppose both the social and environmental consequences of the development. The stadium will divide the beach in two and seriously restrict public access for swimming, walking, and other forms of outdoor recreation. People protest for their human rights of having a pure seaside and argue for health life in Bondi. "They're prepared to risk lives and risk the Bondi beach environment for the sake of eight days of volleyball", said Stephen Uniacke, a construction lawyer involved in the campaign. Other environmental concerns include the possibility that soil dredged up from below the sand will acidify when brought to the surface. | Living near Bondi seashore is not beneficial for health. | contradiction |
id_1302 | Boobies are a small group of seabirds native to tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their diet consists mainly of fish, due to the fact that they live along the ocean coast. They are specialised fish eaters feeding on small school fish like sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and flying fish. When their prey is in sight, they fold their long wings back around their streamlined bodies and plunge into the water from as high as 80 feet, so streamlined they barely make a splash. Certain type of boobies can even dive from a sitting position on the waters surface. They travel in parties of about |2 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal the rest of the group and they will all dive together. Surprisingly, individuals do not eat with the hunting group, preferring to eat on their own, usually in the early morning or late afternoon. Boobies are goose-sized birds, heavily built with thick necks and large heads, a wedge-shaped tail, and short legs with webbed feet. The bill is stout, broad at the base and tapering to a point. The wings are long and pointed and boobies are powerful and agile fliers, their flight contrasting with their clumsiness on land in the same way as the albatross. There are three varieties on the Galapagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas: the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore, while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore. Although it is unknown where the name Booby emanates from, some conjecture it may come from the Spanish word for clown, bobo, meaning stupid. Its name was probably inspired by the birds clumsiness on land and apparently unwarranted bravery. The blue footed booby is extremely vulnerable to human visitors because it does not appear to fear them. Therefore these birds received such name for their clumsiness on land in which they were easily, captured, killed, and eaten by humans. The blue-footed boobys characteristic feet play a significant part in their famous courtship ceremony, the booby dance. During mating rituals, male birds show off their feet to prospective mates with a high-stepping strut. The bluer the feet, the more attractive the mate. The male walks around the female, raising his bright blue feet straight up in the air, while bringing his shoulders towards the ground and crossing the bottom tips of his wings high above the ground. Plus he'll raise his bill up towards the sky (skypointing) to try to win his mate over. The female may also partake in these activities lifting her feet, skypointing, and of course squawking at her mate. After mating, another ritual occurs the nest-building which ironically is never used because they nest on the bare ground . When the female is ready to lay her eggs, they scrape the existing nest away so she can nest on exposed ground. Sun-baked islands form the boobys breeding grounds. When ready the female Blue Footed Booby lays one to three eggs. After mating, two or three eggs are laid in a shallow depression on flat or gently sloping ground. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs. Unlike most birds, booby doesnt develop brood patches (areas of bare skin on the breast) to warm the eggs during incubation. Instead, it uses its broad webbed feet, which have large numbers of prominent blood vessels, to transmit heat essential for incubation. The eggs are thick-shelled so they can withstand the full weight of an incubating bird. The incubation period is 4|45 days. Usually, one to two chicks are hatched from the two to three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental responsibilities. After hatching, the male plays a major role in bring fish home. He can bring back a constant supply of small fish for the chicks, which must be fed continuously. The reason is that the male has a longer tail than the female in relation to his body size, which makes him able to execute shallower dives and to feed closer to shore. Then the female takes a greater part as time proceeds. Sooner or later, the need to feed the young becomes greater than the need to protect them and both adults must fish to provide enough. When times are good, the parents may successfully fledge all three chicks, but, in harder times, they may still lay as many eggs yet only obtain enough food to raise one. The problem is usually solved by the somewhat callous-sounding system of opportunistic sibling murder: The first-born chick is larger and stronger than its nest mate(s) as a result of hatching a few days earlier and also because the parents feed the larger chick first. If food is scarce, the first born will get more food than its nest mate(s) and will outcompete them, causing them to starve. The above system optimizes the reproductive capacity of the blue-foot in an unpredictable environment. The system ensures that, if possible, at least one chick will survive a period of shortage rather than all three dying of starvation under a more humane system. | Male boobies tend to take in more fish than the female ones. | neutral |
id_1303 | Boobies are a small group of seabirds native to tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their diet consists mainly of fish, due to the fact that they live along the ocean coast. They are specialised fish eaters feeding on small school fish like sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and flying fish. When their prey is in sight, they fold their long wings back around their streamlined bodies and plunge into the water from as high as 80 feet, so streamlined they barely make a splash. Certain type of boobies can even dive from a sitting position on the waters surface. They travel in parties of about |2 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal the rest of the group and they will all dive together. Surprisingly, individuals do not eat with the hunting group, preferring to eat on their own, usually in the early morning or late afternoon. Boobies are goose-sized birds, heavily built with thick necks and large heads, a wedge-shaped tail, and short legs with webbed feet. The bill is stout, broad at the base and tapering to a point. The wings are long and pointed and boobies are powerful and agile fliers, their flight contrasting with their clumsiness on land in the same way as the albatross. There are three varieties on the Galapagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas: the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore, while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore. Although it is unknown where the name Booby emanates from, some conjecture it may come from the Spanish word for clown, bobo, meaning stupid. Its name was probably inspired by the birds clumsiness on land and apparently unwarranted bravery. The blue footed booby is extremely vulnerable to human visitors because it does not appear to fear them. Therefore these birds received such name for their clumsiness on land in which they were easily, captured, killed, and eaten by humans. The blue-footed boobys characteristic feet play a significant part in their famous courtship ceremony, the booby dance. During mating rituals, male birds show off their feet to prospective mates with a high-stepping strut. The bluer the feet, the more attractive the mate. The male walks around the female, raising his bright blue feet straight up in the air, while bringing his shoulders towards the ground and crossing the bottom tips of his wings high above the ground. Plus he'll raise his bill up towards the sky (skypointing) to try to win his mate over. The female may also partake in these activities lifting her feet, skypointing, and of course squawking at her mate. After mating, another ritual occurs the nest-building which ironically is never used because they nest on the bare ground . When the female is ready to lay her eggs, they scrape the existing nest away so she can nest on exposed ground. Sun-baked islands form the boobys breeding grounds. When ready the female Blue Footed Booby lays one to three eggs. After mating, two or three eggs are laid in a shallow depression on flat or gently sloping ground. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs. Unlike most birds, booby doesnt develop brood patches (areas of bare skin on the breast) to warm the eggs during incubation. Instead, it uses its broad webbed feet, which have large numbers of prominent blood vessels, to transmit heat essential for incubation. The eggs are thick-shelled so they can withstand the full weight of an incubating bird. The incubation period is 4|45 days. Usually, one to two chicks are hatched from the two to three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental responsibilities. After hatching, the male plays a major role in bring fish home. He can bring back a constant supply of small fish for the chicks, which must be fed continuously. The reason is that the male has a longer tail than the female in relation to his body size, which makes him able to execute shallower dives and to feed closer to shore. Then the female takes a greater part as time proceeds. Sooner or later, the need to feed the young becomes greater than the need to protect them and both adults must fish to provide enough. When times are good, the parents may successfully fledge all three chicks, but, in harder times, they may still lay as many eggs yet only obtain enough food to raise one. The problem is usually solved by the somewhat callous-sounding system of opportunistic sibling murder: The first-born chick is larger and stronger than its nest mate(s) as a result of hatching a few days earlier and also because the parents feed the larger chick first. If food is scarce, the first born will get more food than its nest mate(s) and will outcompete them, causing them to starve. The above system optimizes the reproductive capacity of the blue-foot in an unpredictable environment. The system ensures that, if possible, at least one chick will survive a period of shortage rather than all three dying of starvation under a more humane system. | This clumsy bird 1s occasionally scared by human activities. | contradiction |
id_1304 | Boobies are a small group of seabirds native to tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their diet consists mainly of fish, due to the fact that they live along the ocean coast. They are specialised fish eaters feeding on small school fish like sardines, anchovies, mackerel, and flying fish. When their prey is in sight, they fold their long wings back around their streamlined bodies and plunge into the water from as high as 80 feet, so streamlined they barely make a splash. Certain type of boobies can even dive from a sitting position on the waters surface. They travel in parties of about |2 to areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal the rest of the group and they will all dive together. Surprisingly, individuals do not eat with the hunting group, preferring to eat on their own, usually in the early morning or late afternoon. Boobies are goose-sized birds, heavily built with thick necks and large heads, a wedge-shaped tail, and short legs with webbed feet. The bill is stout, broad at the base and tapering to a point. The wings are long and pointed and boobies are powerful and agile fliers, their flight contrasting with their clumsiness on land in the same way as the albatross. There are three varieties on the Galapagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas: the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore, while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore. Although it is unknown where the name Booby emanates from, some conjecture it may come from the Spanish word for clown, bobo, meaning stupid. Its name was probably inspired by the birds clumsiness on land and apparently unwarranted bravery. The blue footed booby is extremely vulnerable to human visitors because it does not appear to fear them. Therefore these birds received such name for their clumsiness on land in which they were easily, captured, killed, and eaten by humans. The blue-footed boobys characteristic feet play a significant part in their famous courtship ceremony, the booby dance. During mating rituals, male birds show off their feet to prospective mates with a high-stepping strut. The bluer the feet, the more attractive the mate. The male walks around the female, raising his bright blue feet straight up in the air, while bringing his shoulders towards the ground and crossing the bottom tips of his wings high above the ground. Plus he'll raise his bill up towards the sky (skypointing) to try to win his mate over. The female may also partake in these activities lifting her feet, skypointing, and of course squawking at her mate. After mating, another ritual occurs the nest-building which ironically is never used because they nest on the bare ground . When the female is ready to lay her eggs, they scrape the existing nest away so she can nest on exposed ground. Sun-baked islands form the boobys breeding grounds. When ready the female Blue Footed Booby lays one to three eggs. After mating, two or three eggs are laid in a shallow depression on flat or gently sloping ground. Both male and female take turns incubating the eggs. Unlike most birds, booby doesnt develop brood patches (areas of bare skin on the breast) to warm the eggs during incubation. Instead, it uses its broad webbed feet, which have large numbers of prominent blood vessels, to transmit heat essential for incubation. The eggs are thick-shelled so they can withstand the full weight of an incubating bird. The incubation period is 4|45 days. Usually, one to two chicks are hatched from the two to three eggs originally laid. The male and female share parental responsibilities. After hatching, the male plays a major role in bring fish home. He can bring back a constant supply of small fish for the chicks, which must be fed continuously. The reason is that the male has a longer tail than the female in relation to his body size, which makes him able to execute shallower dives and to feed closer to shore. Then the female takes a greater part as time proceeds. Sooner or later, the need to feed the young becomes greater than the need to protect them and both adults must fish to provide enough. When times are good, the parents may successfully fledge all three chicks, but, in harder times, they may still lay as many eggs yet only obtain enough food to raise one. The problem is usually solved by the somewhat callous-sounding system of opportunistic sibling murder: The first-born chick is larger and stronger than its nest mate(s) as a result of hatching a few days earlier and also because the parents feed the larger chick first. If food is scarce, the first born will get more food than its nest mate(s) and will outcompete them, causing them to starve. The above system optimizes the reproductive capacity of the blue-foot in an unpredictable environment. The system ensures that, if possible, at least one chick will survive a period of shortage rather than all three dying of starvation under a more humane system. | During the food shortage period, parents would choose to feed the first-born kid while giving up the rest. | entailment |
id_1305 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | It is more difficult to measure some emotions than others. | neutral |
id_1306 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | One strength of The Happiness Industry is its discussion of the relationship between psychology and economics. | entailment |
id_1307 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | Watson's ideas have been most influential on governments outside America. | neutral |
id_1308 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | Watson's ideas on behaviourism were supported by research on humans he carried out before 1915. | contradiction |
id_1309 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | A main aim of government should be to increase the happiness of the population. | contradiction |
id_1310 | Book Review The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being By William Davies 'Happiness is the ultimate goal because it is self-evidently good. If we are asked why happiness matters we can give no further external reason. It just obviously does matter. ' This pronouncement by Richard Layard, an economist and advocate of 'positive psychology', summarises the beliefs of many people today. For Layard and others like him, it is obvious that the purpose of government is to promote a state of collective well-being. The only question is how to achieve it, and here positive psychology - a supposed science that not only identifies what makes people happy but also allows their happiness to be measured - can show the way. Equipped with this science, they say, governments can secure happiness in society in a way they never could in the past. It is an astonishingly crude and simple-minded way of thinking, and for that very reason increasingly popular. Those who think in this way are oblivious to the vast philosophical literature in which the meaning and value of happiness have been explored and questioned, and write as if nothing of any importance had been thought on the subject until it came to their attention. It was the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) who was more than anyone else responsible for the development of this way of thinking. For Bentham it was obvious that the human good consists of pleasure and the absence of pain. The Greek philosopher Aristotle may have identified happiness with self-realisation in the 4th century BC, and thinkers throughout the ages may have struggled to reconcile the pursuit of happiness with other human values, but for Bentham all this was mere metaphysics or fiction. Without knowing anything much of him or the school of moral theory he established - since they are by education and intellectual conviction illiterate in the history of ideas - our advocates of positive psychology follow in his tracks in rejecting as outmoded and irrelevant pretty much the entirety of ethical reflection on human happiness to date. But as William Davies notes in his recent book The Happiness Industry, the view that happiness is the only self-evident good is actually a way of limiting moral inquiry. One of the virtues of this rich, lucid and arresting book is that it places the current cult of happiness in a well-defined historical framework. Rightly, Davies begins his story with Bentham, noting that he was far more than a philosopher. Davies writes, 'Bentham's activities were those which we might now associate with a public sector management consultant'. In the 1790s, he wrote to the Home Office suggesting that the departments of government be linked together through a set of 'conversation tubes', and to the Bank of England with a design for a printing device that could produce unforgeable banknotes. He drew up plans for a 'frigidarium' to keep provisions such as meat, fish, fruit and vegetables fresh. His celebrated design for a prison to be known as a 'Panopticon', in which prisoners would be kept in solitary confinement while being visible at all times to the guards, was very nearly adopted. (Surprisingly, Davies does not discuss the fact that Bentham meant his Panopticon not just as a model prison but also as an instrument of control that could be applied to schools and factories. ) Bentham was also a pioneer of the 'science of happiness'. If happiness is to be regarded as a science, it has to be measured, and Bentham suggested two ways in which this might be done. Viewing happiness as a complex of pleasurable sensations, he suggested that it might be quantified by measuring the human pulse rate. Alternatively, money could be used as the standard for quantification: if two different goods have the same price, it can be claimed that they produce the same quantity of pleasure in the consumer. Bentham was more attracted by the latter measure. By associating money so closely to inner experience, Davies writes, Bentham 'set the stage for the entangling of psychological research and capitalism that would shape the business practices of the twentieth century'. The Happiness Industry describes how the project of a science of happiness has become integral to capitalism. We learn much that is interesting about how economic problems are being redefined and treated as psychological maladies. In addition, Davies shows how the belief that inner states of pleasure and displeasure can be objectively measured has informed management studies and advertising. The tendency of thinkers such as J B Watson, the founder of behaviourism*, was that human beings could be shaped, or manipulated, by policymakers and managers. Watson had no factual basis for his view of human action. When he became president of the American Psychological Association in 1915, he 'had never even studied a single human being': his research had been confined to experiments on white rats. Yet Watson's reductive model is now widely applied, with 'behaviour change' becoming the goal of governments: in Britain, a 'Behaviour Insights Team' has been established by the government to study how people can be encouraged, at minimum cost to the public purse, to live in what are considered to be socially desirable ways. Modem industrial societies appear to need the possibility of ever-increasing happiness to motivate them in their labours. But whatever its intellectual pedigree, the idea that governments should be responsible for promoting happiness is always a threat to human freedom. * 'behaviourism': a branch of psychology which is concerned with observable behaviour | The need for happiness is linked to industrialisation. | entailment |
id_1311 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | It is difficult to give a well-reputable writer a less than totally favorable review. | entailment |
id_1312 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | Sacks held little skepticism when borrowing other theories and findings in describing reasons and notion for phenomena he depicts in the book. | entailment |
id_1313 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | Sacks is in a rush to use new testing methods to do treatment for patients. | contradiction |
id_1314 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | It is difficult to understand why music therapy is undervalued | neutral |
id_1315 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | Sacks believes technological methods is of little importance compared with traditional observation when studying his patients. | contradiction |
id_1316 | Book review on Musiccophilia Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethovens Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is home out by the contents of the book. Sackss voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting. C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perceptionand imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone. He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology, he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is tom between the old-fashioned path o observation and the new fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former. D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, Haunted by Music, begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him. ) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his, trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame! E. Part II, A Range of Musicality, covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about amusia, an inability to hear sounds as music, and dysharmonia, a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts. F. To Sackss credit, part III, Memory, Movement and Music, brings US intothe underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how melodic intonation therapy is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinsons patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories. H. Its true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity. I. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no cures for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another, or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which damp down the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely. J. Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have normal EEG results. Although Sacksrecognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the books preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond. | Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disorders. | neutral |
id_1317 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | On receipt of your deposit, Wessex Cottages will confirm your booking by telephone. | contradiction |
id_1318 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | Between the departure of one visitor and the arrival of the next, the properties are visited and made ready. | entailment |
id_1319 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | Beach towels are available for hire. | contradiction |
id_1320 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | For UK bookings, any outstanding balance must be paid within ten weeks of sending the deposit. | entailment |
id_1321 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | The office is open on Saturdays in February but closes slightly earlier than on weekdays. | entailment |
id_1322 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | The cost is lower if you make a last-minute booking. | contradiction |
id_1323 | Booking a Wessex Cottages Holiday How to book your holiday When you have looked through our brochure and have chosen two or three alternative cottages you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299 31st March to 20th October Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. Saturday Closed Sunday Closed 21st October to 30th March Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9.00 a. m. to 5.00 p. m. and Thursday 9.30 a. m. to 5.00 p, m. Saturday 9.30 a. m. to 4.30 p. m. Sunday Closed We will check the availability of your choices and our reservation staff will help you make your decision. Should none of your choices be available, we will do our best to suggest suitable alternatives. When a provisional reservation has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental, to: WESSEX COTTAGES HOUDAY BOOKING OFFICE PO BOX 675 MELKSHAM WILTSHIRE SN12 8SX Deposit payments can be made by credit card at the time of booking or by cheque made payable to: Wessex Cottages Ltd. IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPLETED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESER VATION WILL BE CANCELLED. When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number or a local contact should you require further details on the cottage before leaving home. Attached to the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable. Outstanding balances on bookings made in the UK must be settled within 10 weeks of sending the deposit. ARRIVAL Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3.30 p. m. or later than 7.00 p. m. DEPARTURE On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property by 10 a. m. to allow caretakers sufficient time to prepare the properly for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please dont move the furniture as this can cause damage both to the furniture and to the property. OVERSEAS BOOKINGS We are delighted to take bookings from overseas visitors either by telephone or fax +44 (0)1225890227. All payments should be made by credit card or by cheque in Pounds Sterling. Please note that provisional bookings from overseas visitors will be held for 14 DAYS. If the completed and signed booking form with the deposit is not received within that time, the reservation will be cancelled. LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due on booking. ELECTRICITY In most Wessex Cottages properties electricity must be paid for in addition to me holiday price. You may be asked to take a meter reading at the conclusion of your holiday, or an additional fixed charge for electricity may be made. Alternatively, there may be o coin meter, in which case you will be advised when you are making your booking. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all. LINEN In most Wessex Cottages properties you have the choice either of hiring linen, at a cost of 6.00 per person per week, or of bringing your own. In some cottages linen is included and in a very few it is not available at all. if you choose to hire linen, it will include bed linen (i. e. sheets and/or duvet covers and pillow cases), bath and hand towels and tea cloths but will not include towels for swimming or beach use. Linen is not available for cots. If you have any queries, do ask the Holiday Booking Office. | Electricity is included in the rental of the majority of Wessex Cottages properties. | contradiction |
id_1324 | Born in 1643 in Uncolnshire, Isaac Newton pioneered the study of optics, the properties of light detectable by the human eye, with his insight that white light is made up of the same spectrum of colour as a rainbow. Newton was also the first to demonstrate that gravity was a universal physical force, applied to everything in the universe, in his groundbreaking 1687 study, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton furthered the study of physics in this same work by explaining the three fundamental laws of classical mechanics for the first time. Following from insights developed by mathematicians over several centuries, Isaac Newton was the first to elucidate the fundamental theorem of calculus and the first to explore differential calculus, as well as its relation to integral calculus. Newton originally developed these concepts of calculus in a 1666 treatise that was not published in full until 1704. There are two reasons that Newton's discovery of calculus remained unknown for so long. First, publishers in the 17th century were wary of texts in the field of theoretical maths, which were so unprofitable that they drove one specialist publisher to bankruptcy. Second, Newton was very tight-lipped about his highly original work in 'the method of fluxions and fluents' (as he called calculus), not mentioning it in print until a brief reference in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. After commencing study of differential calculus in the 1670s, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed many of the principles of calculus independently of Newton, and was initially given credit for its discovery, with a 1684 publication. However, it is not clear that Newton and Leibniz worked entirely independently, as they had many of the same friends (fellow mathematicians), and occasionally wrote to each other. Calculus as studied and applied today is more similar to the method developed by Leibniz, but this does not diminish Newton's record as an extraordinary innovator of maths as well as physics. | Newton was a leading scholar of physics. | entailment |
id_1325 | Born in 1643 in Uncolnshire, Isaac Newton pioneered the study of optics, the properties of light detectable by the human eye, with his insight that white light is made up of the same spectrum of colour as a rainbow. Newton was also the first to demonstrate that gravity was a universal physical force, applied to everything in the universe, in his groundbreaking 1687 study, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton furthered the study of physics in this same work by explaining the three fundamental laws of classical mechanics for the first time. Following from insights developed by mathematicians over several centuries, Isaac Newton was the first to elucidate the fundamental theorem of calculus and the first to explore differential calculus, as well as its relation to integral calculus. Newton originally developed these concepts of calculus in a 1666 treatise that was not published in full until 1704. There are two reasons that Newton's discovery of calculus remained unknown for so long. First, publishers in the 17th century were wary of texts in the field of theoretical maths, which were so unprofitable that they drove one specialist publisher to bankruptcy. Second, Newton was very tight-lipped about his highly original work in 'the method of fluxions and fluents' (as he called calculus), not mentioning it in print until a brief reference in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. After commencing study of differential calculus in the 1670s, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed many of the principles of calculus independently of Newton, and was initially given credit for its discovery, with a 1684 publication. However, it is not clear that Newton and Leibniz worked entirely independently, as they had many of the same friends (fellow mathematicians), and occasionally wrote to each other. Calculus as studied and applied today is more similar to the method developed by Leibniz, but this does not diminish Newton's record as an extraordinary innovator of maths as well as physics. | No one studied differential calculus before Leibniz. | contradiction |
id_1326 | Born in 1643 in Uncolnshire, Isaac Newton pioneered the study of optics, the properties of light detectable by the human eye, with his insight that white light is made up of the same spectrum of colour as a rainbow. Newton was also the first to demonstrate that gravity was a universal physical force, applied to everything in the universe, in his groundbreaking 1687 study, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton furthered the study of physics in this same work by explaining the three fundamental laws of classical mechanics for the first time. Following from insights developed by mathematicians over several centuries, Isaac Newton was the first to elucidate the fundamental theorem of calculus and the first to explore differential calculus, as well as its relation to integral calculus. Newton originally developed these concepts of calculus in a 1666 treatise that was not published in full until 1704. There are two reasons that Newton's discovery of calculus remained unknown for so long. First, publishers in the 17th century were wary of texts in the field of theoretical maths, which were so unprofitable that they drove one specialist publisher to bankruptcy. Second, Newton was very tight-lipped about his highly original work in 'the method of fluxions and fluents' (as he called calculus), not mentioning it in print until a brief reference in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. After commencing study of differential calculus in the 1670s, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed many of the principles of calculus independently of Newton, and was initially given credit for its discovery, with a 1684 publication. However, it is not clear that Newton and Leibniz worked entirely independently, as they had many of the same friends (fellow mathematicians), and occasionally wrote to each other. Calculus as studied and applied today is more similar to the method developed by Leibniz, but this does not diminish Newton's record as an extraordinary innovator of maths as well as physics. | Newton was born in Lincoln. | neutral |
id_1327 | Born in 1643 in Uncolnshire, Isaac Newton pioneered the study of optics, the properties of light detectable by the human eye, with his insight that white light is made up of the same spectrum of colour as a rainbow. Newton was also the first to demonstrate that gravity was a universal physical force, applied to everything in the universe, in his groundbreaking 1687 study, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Newton furthered the study of physics in this same work by explaining the three fundamental laws of classical mechanics for the first time. Following from insights developed by mathematicians over several centuries, Isaac Newton was the first to elucidate the fundamental theorem of calculus and the first to explore differential calculus, as well as its relation to integral calculus. Newton originally developed these concepts of calculus in a 1666 treatise that was not published in full until 1704. There are two reasons that Newton's discovery of calculus remained unknown for so long. First, publishers in the 17th century were wary of texts in the field of theoretical maths, which were so unprofitable that they drove one specialist publisher to bankruptcy. Second, Newton was very tight-lipped about his highly original work in 'the method of fluxions and fluents' (as he called calculus), not mentioning it in print until a brief reference in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. After commencing study of differential calculus in the 1670s, Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed many of the principles of calculus independently of Newton, and was initially given credit for its discovery, with a 1684 publication. However, it is not clear that Newton and Leibniz worked entirely independently, as they had many of the same friends (fellow mathematicians), and occasionally wrote to each other. Calculus as studied and applied today is more similar to the method developed by Leibniz, but this does not diminish Newton's record as an extraordinary innovator of maths as well as physics. | White light consists of a spectrum of colour. | entailment |
id_1328 | Both apes (classified into greater apes and lesser apes) and monkeys (classified into old world and new world monkeys) are the two constituents of the order of primates. All apes do not have visible tails, whereas the majority of monkeys have visible tails. Monkeys and lesser apes are considered to be intelligent animals, however greater ape species (including Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and Orangutans) are considered to be more intelligent than any species of monkey. | Apes are considered to be more intelligent than monkeys. | neutral |
id_1329 | Both apes (classified into greater apes and lesser apes) and monkeys (classified into old world and new world monkeys) are the two constituents of the order of primates. All apes do not have visible tails, whereas the majority of monkeys have visible tails. Monkeys and lesser apes are considered to be intelligent animals, however greater ape species (including Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and Orangutans) are considered to be more intelligent than any species of monkey. | Most primates have visible tails. | neutral |
id_1330 | Both apes (classified into greater apes and lesser apes) and monkeys (classified into old world and new world monkeys) are the two constituents of the order of primates. All apes do not have visible tails, whereas the majority of monkeys have visible tails. Monkeys and lesser apes are considered to be intelligent animals, however greater ape species (including Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and Orangutans) are considered to be more intelligent than any species of monkey. | Greater ape species are more intelligent than lesser ape species. | neutral |
id_1331 | Both apes (classified into greater apes and lesser apes) and monkeys (classified into old world and new world monkeys) are the two constituents of the order of primates. All apes do not have visible tails, whereas the majority of monkeys have visible tails. Monkeys and lesser apes are considered to be intelligent animals, however greater ape species (including Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and Orangutans) are considered to be more intelligent than any species of monkey. | All primates are considered to be intelligent animals. | entailment |
id_1332 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas peculiarly, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanise corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea is the selling point. | Brands have always been an important asset to a company. | contradiction |
id_1333 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas peculiarly, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanise corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea is the selling point. | People buy Dove soap because they like the idea of peace. | neutral |
id_1334 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas peculiarly, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanise corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea is the selling point. | Many people distrust corporations. | entailment |
id_1335 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of competitive business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Large corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas strangely, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanize corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. Volkswagen like to give the impression through their advertising that they are a reliable, clever, technical product. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea are the selling point. | Dove soap chose a dove for their brand to give a sense of cleanliness and peace. | neutral |
id_1336 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of competitive business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Large corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas strangely, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanize corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. Volkswagen like to give the impression through their advertising that they are a reliable, clever, technical product. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea are the selling point. | Many people distrust large corporations. | entailment |
id_1337 | Brand equity has become a key asset in the world of competitive business. Indeed, some brands are now worth more than companies. Large corporations themselves are widely distrusted, whereas strangely, brands have the opposite effect on people. Brands are used to humanize corporations by appropriating characteristics such as courage, honesty, friendliness and fun. An example is Dove soap, where a dove represents white, cleanliness and peace. Volkswagen like to give the impression through their advertising that they are a reliable, clever, technical product. In a sense, rather than the product itself, the image and the idea are the selling point. | Brands have always been an important asset to a company. | neutral |
id_1338 | Brelford Town Hall Fire Practices We are required by the district fire services to perform two fire evacuation practices every year. We must tell the fire services two weeks in advance when these fire evacuation practices will be, and they might come and observe how they are being conducted. The fire services can direct us to do more if they are not satisfied with our performance. Employees will not be notified about the dates and times of the fire evacuation practices. Mandatory fire training will be held twice a year. Employees should be aware of and follow the following instructions: All employees must be aware of the evacuation procedures that are posted in every room and they should be aware of all the evacuation exits that can be used in the case of an emergency. Visitors to the building must sign in and out when they arrive. All employees should let their department secretary know when they leave the building. All employees must gather quietly at a muster point after evacuating the building. Heads of department must perform a roll call of their staff and report anyone missing to the building manager. The building manager will check to see that all visitors are out of the building. All windows and doors should be shut (but not locked) when people are evacuating the building. | Employees will be notified of any fire evacuation practices two weeks before they take place. | contradiction |
id_1339 | Brelford Town Hall Fire Practices We are required by the district fire services to perform two fire evacuation practices every year. We must tell the fire services two weeks in advance when these fire evacuation practices will be, and they might come and observe how they are being conducted. The fire services can direct us to do more if they are not satisfied with our performance. Employees will not be notified about the dates and times of the fire evacuation practices. Mandatory fire training will be held twice a year. Employees should be aware of and follow the following instructions: All employees must be aware of the evacuation procedures that are posted in every room and they should be aware of all the evacuation exits that can be used in the case of an emergency. Visitors to the building must sign in and out when they arrive. All employees should let their department secretary know when they leave the building. All employees must gather quietly at a muster point after evacuating the building. Heads of department must perform a roll call of their staff and report anyone missing to the building manager. The building manager will check to see that all visitors are out of the building. All windows and doors should be shut (but not locked) when people are evacuating the building. | Visitors to the building must always wear a visible, plastic ID on a cord around their necks. | neutral |
id_1340 | Brelford Town Hall Fire Practices We are required by the district fire services to perform two fire evacuation practices every year. We must tell the fire services two weeks in advance when these fire evacuation practices will be, and they might come and observe how they are being conducted. The fire services can direct us to do more if they are not satisfied with our performance. Employees will not be notified about the dates and times of the fire evacuation practices. Mandatory fire training will be held twice a year. Employees should be aware of and follow the following instructions: All employees must be aware of the evacuation procedures that are posted in every room and they should be aware of all the evacuation exits that can be used in the case of an emergency. Visitors to the building must sign in and out when they arrive. All employees should let their department secretary know when they leave the building. All employees must gather quietly at a muster point after evacuating the building. Heads of department must perform a roll call of their staff and report anyone missing to the building manager. The building manager will check to see that all visitors are out of the building. All windows and doors should be shut (but not locked) when people are evacuating the building. | Locks must never be used on windows or doors during a fire evacuation practice. | entailment |
id_1341 | Breville is a company which produces kitchen appliances, such as toasters and kettles. The company was formed in 1960 by the Breville family before being bought in 1980. Since this date, the company has doubled its work force and intends to re-locate to larger premises. In preparation for this, the company is currently searching for a local warehouse that may be converted to suit its needs. Such premises must have a loading dock, an office area and, most importantly, a large open space where the factory floor can be located. The Breville company is well known for its use of automated machines as part of its work force, and will continue with this practise in its new location. | Produces electronic items, such as TVs and computers. | contradiction |
id_1342 | Breville is a company which produces kitchen appliances, such as toasters and kettles. The company was formed in 1960 by the Breville family before being bought in 1980. Since this date, the company has doubled its work force and intends to re-locate to larger premises. In preparation for this, the company is currently searching for a local warehouse that may be converted to suit its needs. Such premises must have a loading dock, an office area and, most importantly, a large open space where the factory floor can be located. The Breville company is well known for its use of automated machines as part of its work force, and will continue with this practise in its new location. | Has doubled its work force since 1980. | entailment |
id_1343 | Breville is a company which produces kitchen appliances, such as toasters and kettles. The company was formed in 1960 by the Breville family before being bought in 1980. Since this date, the company has doubled its work force and intends to re-locate to larger premises. In preparation for this, the company is currently searching for a local warehouse that may be converted to suit its needs. Such premises must have a loading dock, an office area and, most importantly, a large open space where the factory floor can be located. The Breville company is well known for its use of automated machines as part of its work force, and will continue with this practise in its new location. | The Breville company has doubled its work force since 1960. | contradiction |
id_1344 | Breville is a company which produces kitchen appliances, such as toasters and kettles. The company was formed in 1960 by the Breville family before being bought in 1980. Since this date, the company has doubled its work force and intends to re-locate to larger premises. In preparation for this, the company is currently searching for a local warehouse that may be converted to suit its needs. Such premises must have a loading dock, an office area and, most importantly, a large open space where the factory floor can be located. The Breville company is well known for its use of automated machines as part of its work force, and will continue with this practise in its new location. | Intends to replace the majority of its work force with automated machines. | neutral |
id_1345 | Brian Jones aged 10 and Ben Wilson aged 12 were reported missing at 20.00 on 9 May after they failed to return home from a cycle ride to some nearby woods. The police have set up a search party for the two missing boys. It is also known that: The woods are very dense and over 10 ha in area. The two boys were admitted to a local hospital at 17.00. Brian Jones lived with his stepmother. Ben Wilson was an only child living with his father. Ben had a new 10-gear racing bike. The wood has several ponds and swampy areas. The older students picked on Brian at school. Ben saw an educational psychologist at school each week. | Ben had no problems at school or at home | contradiction |
id_1346 | Brian Jones aged 10 and Ben Wilson aged 12 were reported missing at 20.00 on 9 May after they failed to return home from a cycle ride to some nearby woods. The police have set up a search party for the two missing boys. It is also known that: The woods are very dense and over 10 ha in area. The two boys were admitted to a local hospital at 17.00. Brian Jones lived with his stepmother. Ben Wilson was an only child living with his father. Ben had a new 10-gear racing bike. The wood has several ponds and swampy areas. The older students picked on Brian at school. Ben saw an educational psychologist at school each week. | Ben had no brothers or sisters. | entailment |
id_1347 | Brian Jones aged 10 and Ben Wilson aged 12 were reported missing at 20.00 on 9 May after they failed to return home from a cycle ride to some nearby woods. The police have set up a search party for the two missing boys. It is also known that: The woods are very dense and over 10 ha in area. The two boys were admitted to a local hospital at 17.00. Brian Jones lived with his stepmother. Ben Wilson was an only child living with his father. Ben had a new 10-gear racing bike. The wood has several ponds and swampy areas. The older students picked on Brian at school. Ben saw an educational psychologist at school each week. | The two boys had a cycle accident and were taken to hospital. | neutral |
id_1348 | Brian Jones aged 10 and Ben Wilson aged 12 were reported missing at 20.00 on 9 May after they failed to return home from a cycle ride to some nearby woods. The police have set up a search party for the two missing boys. It is also known that: The woods are very dense and over 10 ha in area. The two boys were admitted to a local hospital at 17.00. Brian Jones lived with his stepmother. Ben Wilson was an only child living with his father. Ben had a new 10-gear racing bike. The wood has several ponds and swampy areas. The older students picked on Brian at school. Ben saw an educational psychologist at school each week. | The two boys could have run away from home. | entailment |
id_1349 | Brian Jones aged 10 and Ben Wilson aged 12 were reported missing at 20.00 on 9 May after they failed to return home from a cycle ride to some nearby woods. The police have set up a search party for the two missing boys. It is also known that: The woods are very dense and over 10 ha in area. The two boys were admitted to a local hospital at 17.00. Brian Jones lived with his stepmother. Ben Wilson was an only child living with his father. Ben had a new 10-gear racing bike. The wood has several ponds and swampy areas. The older students picked on Brian at school. Ben saw an educational psychologist at school each week. | The older students had picked on Brian in the woods. | neutral |
id_1350 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | Middle-class parents participate in theft childrens education. | neutral |
id_1351 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | Avoiding-selection-policy only works in a specific environment. | entailment |
id_1352 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | Japan and Finland comply with selected students policy. | contradiction |
id_1353 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | Some parents agree to move near reputable schools in Britain. | entailment |
id_1354 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | Teachers and schools in Britain held welcome attitude towards government's selection of gifted students. | contradiction |
id_1355 | Bright Children A. BY the time Laszlo Polgars first baby was born in 1969 he already had film views on child-rearing. An eccentric citizen of communist Hungary, he hadwritten a book called "Bring up Genius r and one of his favourite sayings was Geniuses are made, not bom 77 . An expert on the theory of chess, he proceeded to teach little Zsuzsa at home, spending lip to tm hours a day on the game. Two more daughters were similarly hot-housed. All three obliged then father by becoming world-class players. The youngest, Judit, is currently ranked 13th in the world, and is by far the best female chess player of all time. Would the experiment have succeeded with a different trio of children? If any child can he turned into a star, then a lot of time and money are being wasted worldwide on trying to pick winners. B. America has long held talent searches, using test results and teacher recommendations to select children for advanced school courses, summer schools and other extra tuition. This provision is set to grow. In his state-of-the-union address in 2006, President George Buah announced the American Competitiveness Initiative, which, among much else, would train 70,000 high-school teachers to lead advanced courses for selected pupils in mathematics and science. Just as the superpowers' space race made Congress put money into science education, the thought of China and India turning out hundreds of thousands of engineers and scientists is scaring America into prodding its brightest to do their best. C. The philosophy behind this talent search is that ability is innate; that it can be diagnosed with considerable accuracy, and that it is worth cultivating. In America, bright children are ranked as moderately, "highly, "exceptionally and profoundly gifted. The only chance to influence innate ability is thought to be in the womb or the first couple of years of life. Hence the fed for teaching aids such as videos and flashcards for newborns, and whale sounds* on tape which a pregnant mother can strap to her belly. D. In Britain, there I 5 a broadly similar belief in die existence of innate talent, but also an egalitarian sentiment which makes people queasy about the idea of investing resources in grooming intelligence. Teachers are often opposed to separate provision for the best-performing children, saying any extra help should go to stragglers. In 2002, in a bid to help the able while leaving intact die ban on most selection by ability in state schools, the government get up the National Acadony for Gifted and Talented Youth. This outfit runs summer schools and masts-classes for children nominated by then schools. To date, though, onlyseven in ten secondary schools have nominated even a single child. Last year all schools were told they must supply the names of their top 10%. E. Picking winners is also the order of the day in ex-communist states, a hangover from the times when talented individuals were plucked from their homes and ruthlessly trained far die glory of the notion. But in many other countries, opposition to the idea of singling out talent and grooming it runs deep. In Scandinavia, a belief in virtues like modesty and social solidarity makes people flinch from die idea of treating brainy children differently. F. And in Japan there is a widespread belief that all children are born with the some innate abilitiesand should therefore be treated alike. All are taught together, covering the same syllabus at the same Tate until they finish compulsory schooling. Those who team quickest are expected then to teach their classmates. In China, extra teaching is provided, but to a self-selected hunch. Children's palaces' in big cities offer a huge range of after-school classes. Anyone can sign up; all that is asked is excellent attendance. G. Statistics give little clue as to which system is best. The performance of the most able is heavily affected by factors other than state provision. Most state education in Britain is nominally rum-selective, but middle-class parents try to live near die best schools. Ambitious Japanese parents have made private, out- of-school tuition a thriving business. And Scandinavia's egalitarianism might work less well in places with more diverse populations and less competent teachers. For what it's worth, the data suggest that some countrieslike Japan and Finland, see tablecan eschew selection and still thrive. But that does not mean that any country can ditch selection and do as well. H. Mr Polgar thought any child could be a prodigy given the right teaching, an early start and enough practice. At one point he planned to prove it by adopting three baby boys from a poor country and toying his methods on them. (His wife vetoed the scheme. ) Some say the key to success is simply hard graft. Judit, the youngest of the Polgar sisters, was the most driven, and the most successful; Zsofia, the middle one, was regarded as the most talented, but she was the only one who did not achieve the status of grand master. Everything came easiest toher, said her older sister. But she was lazy. | America has a long history of selecting talented students into different categories. | entailment |
id_1356 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | Students who attend the Tertiary Support Classes gain higher marks than those who do not. | neutral |
id_1357 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | All international students have to attend Tertiary Support Classes in their first year of study. | contradiction |
id_1358 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | Students must be in possession of the course book. | entailment |
id_1359 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | A maximum of 15 students are able to attend the library orientation seminar. | contradiction |
id_1360 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | Tertiary Programme Support classes begin after lectures have started. | contradiction |
id_1361 | Brightwall International College of Business Tertiary Programme Support What is Tertiary Programme Support? Tertiary Programme Support classes are English language focussed classes available for international students already enrolled in a business programme. The classes are offered twice per week on Wednesday afternoons from 2-4pm and Friday mornings from 9.30-11.30am. Lecture classes begin the week after Orientation; however, Tertiary Programme Support classes commence during the induction week. Why should you attend Tertiary Programme Support? The classes are aimed at helping you to gain good marks in your assignments. They will not only help you to improve your grammar and vocabulary and they will also ensure that you know how to write reports and assignments in the correct way. Tertiary Programme Support also teaches you how to use sources of information for your projects and how to reference these sources correctly. Do I have to Attend? Tertiary Programme Support classes are compulsory for all students who have an IELTS score of less than 6.0 in their first academic year. However, classes are available for all students who wish to attend. Since classes do not just focus on English language, but also help students build their academic skills, we recommend that everyone attends Tertiary Programme Support for at least the first semester. How much does it cost? There is no additional fee for attending the classes. The Academic Skills handbook which accompanies the course and is mandatory is available in the campus bookstore for $25.95. The cost of the actual class is subsidized by the institute and included in your course fees. Additional Seminars this Month: Library Orientation If you are having difficulty finding the reference sources you need to write a quality assignment, we recommend that you sign up for the library orientation. Sessions will be held week commencing March 10th and each seminar group is restricted to 15 students (number of groups will be confirmed depending on demand). If you are interested, please enrol at the library reception before February 15th (late enrolments requests will not be accepted). The seminar includes information on: Using books and journals available in the library Searching for journals on-line Skills for identifying useful sources of information Understanding Academic Language | There is a deadline for signing up for the library orientation. | entailment |
id_1362 | Bring back the big cats. It's time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty. There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx - a large spotted cat with tasselled ears - was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years. However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th- century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life. Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators. At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry's insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests. Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement's usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been. ' The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere - except Britain. Here, attitudes are just beginning to change. Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope. | Britain could become the first European country to reintroduce the lynx. | contradiction |
id_1363 | Bring back the big cats. It's time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty. There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx - a large spotted cat with tasselled ears - was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years. However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th- century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life. Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators. At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry's insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests. Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement's usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been. ' The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere - except Britain. Here, attitudes are just beginning to change. Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope. | The large growth in the European lynx population since 1970 has exceeded conservationists' expectations. | neutral |
id_1364 | Bring back the big cats. It's time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty. There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx - a large spotted cat with tasselled ears - was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years. However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th- century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life. Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators. At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry's insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests. Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement's usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been. ' The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere - except Britain. Here, attitudes are just beginning to change. Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope. | Changes in agricultural practices have extended the habitat of the lynx in Europe. | entailment |
id_1365 | Bring back the big cats. It's time to start returning vanished native animals to Britain, says John Vesty. There is a poem, written around 598 AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn. But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until 2006, when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx - a large spotted cat with tasselled ears - was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6,000 years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming. But the 2006 find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. If this is so, it would bring forward the tassel-eared cat's estimated extinction date by roughly 5,000 years. However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture. A 9th- century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. Were it not for the animal's backside having worn away with time, we could have been certain, as the lynx's stubby tail is unmistakable. But even without this key feature, it's hard to see what else the creature could have been. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again. Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life. Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing. It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development. But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators. At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore. This policy would also greatly boost catches in the surrounding seas; the fishing industry's insistence on scouring every inch of seabed, leaving no breeding reserves, could not be more damaging to its own interests. Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement's usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been. ' The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests. It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands. The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe. The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places. The European population has tripled since 1970 to roughly 10,000. As with wolves, bears, beavers, boar, bison, moose and many other species, the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it, as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere - except Britain. Here, attitudes are just beginning to change. Conservationists are starting to accept that the old preservation-jar model is failing, even on its own terms. Already, projects such as Trees for Life in the Highlands provide a hint of what might be coming. An organisation is being set up that will seek to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain, its aim being to reintroduce that rarest of species to British ecosystems: hope. | It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages. | entailment |
id_1366 | Bringing cinnamon to Europe. Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice produced from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which is native to the Indian sub-continent. It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people's bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent. Most often, however, the spice found its primary use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavour food, particularly meat, and to impress those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the 'exotic' East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal. Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This led to a growth in demand for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals. They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high. These prices, coupled with the increasing demand, spurred the search for new routes to Asia by Europeans eager to take part in the spice trade. Seeking the high profits promised by the cinnamon market, Portuguese traders arrived on the island of Ceylon in the Indian Ocean toward the end of the 15th century. Before Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon. People belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season, when the wet bark was more pliable. During the peeling process, they curled the bark into the 'stick' shape still associated with the spice today. The Salagama then gave the finished product to the king as a form of tribute. When the Portuguese arrived, they needed to increase production significantly, and so enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population, forcing them to work in cinnamon harvesting. In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit when shipping cinnamon over a journey of eight days from Ceylon to India. When the Dutch arrived off the coast of southern Asia at the very beginning of the 17th century, they set their sights on displacing the Portuguese as kings of cinnamon. The Dutch allied themselves with Kandy, an inland kingdom on Ceylon. In return for payments of elephants and cinnamon, they protected the native king from the Portuguese. By 1640, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories. By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island, thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade. In order to protect their hold on the market, the Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, treated the native inhabitants harshly. Because of the need to boost production and satisfy Europe's ever-increasing appetite for cinnamon, the Dutch began to alter the harvesting practices of the Ceylonese. Over time, the supply of cinnamon trees on the island became nearly exhausted, due to systematic stripping of the bark. Eventually, the Dutch began cultivating their own cinnamon trees to supplement the diminishing number of wild trees available for use. Then, in 1796, the English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly. By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1,000 tons a year, after a (lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes. By that time, (cinnamon was being grown in other parts of the Indian Ocean region and in the West Indies, Brazil, and Guyana. Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar. | The spice trade maintained its economic importance during the 19th century. | contradiction |
id_1367 | Bringing cinnamon to Europe. Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice produced from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which is native to the Indian sub-continent. It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people's bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent. Most often, however, the spice found its primary use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavour food, particularly meat, and to impress those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the 'exotic' East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal. Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This led to a growth in demand for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals. They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high. These prices, coupled with the increasing demand, spurred the search for new routes to Asia by Europeans eager to take part in the spice trade. Seeking the high profits promised by the cinnamon market, Portuguese traders arrived on the island of Ceylon in the Indian Ocean toward the end of the 15th century. Before Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon. People belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season, when the wet bark was more pliable. During the peeling process, they curled the bark into the 'stick' shape still associated with the spice today. The Salagama then gave the finished product to the king as a form of tribute. When the Portuguese arrived, they needed to increase production significantly, and so enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population, forcing them to work in cinnamon harvesting. In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit when shipping cinnamon over a journey of eight days from Ceylon to India. When the Dutch arrived off the coast of southern Asia at the very beginning of the 17th century, they set their sights on displacing the Portuguese as kings of cinnamon. The Dutch allied themselves with Kandy, an inland kingdom on Ceylon. In return for payments of elephants and cinnamon, they protected the native king from the Portuguese. By 1640, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories. By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island, thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade. In order to protect their hold on the market, the Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, treated the native inhabitants harshly. Because of the need to boost production and satisfy Europe's ever-increasing appetite for cinnamon, the Dutch began to alter the harvesting practices of the Ceylonese. Over time, the supply of cinnamon trees on the island became nearly exhausted, due to systematic stripping of the bark. Eventually, the Dutch began cultivating their own cinnamon trees to supplement the diminishing number of wild trees available for use. Then, in 1796, the English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly. By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1,000 tons a year, after a (lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes. By that time, (cinnamon was being grown in other parts of the Indian Ocean region and in the West Indies, Brazil, and Guyana. Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar. | The trees planted by the Dutch produced larger quantities of cinnamon than the wild trees. | neutral |
id_1368 | Bringing cinnamon to Europe. Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice produced from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which is native to the Indian sub-continent. It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people's bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent. Most often, however, the spice found its primary use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavour food, particularly meat, and to impress those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the 'exotic' East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal. Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This led to a growth in demand for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals. They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high. These prices, coupled with the increasing demand, spurred the search for new routes to Asia by Europeans eager to take part in the spice trade. Seeking the high profits promised by the cinnamon market, Portuguese traders arrived on the island of Ceylon in the Indian Ocean toward the end of the 15th century. Before Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon. People belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season, when the wet bark was more pliable. During the peeling process, they curled the bark into the 'stick' shape still associated with the spice today. The Salagama then gave the finished product to the king as a form of tribute. When the Portuguese arrived, they needed to increase production significantly, and so enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population, forcing them to work in cinnamon harvesting. In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit when shipping cinnamon over a journey of eight days from Ceylon to India. When the Dutch arrived off the coast of southern Asia at the very beginning of the 17th century, they set their sights on displacing the Portuguese as kings of cinnamon. The Dutch allied themselves with Kandy, an inland kingdom on Ceylon. In return for payments of elephants and cinnamon, they protected the native king from the Portuguese. By 1640, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories. By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island, thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade. In order to protect their hold on the market, the Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, treated the native inhabitants harshly. Because of the need to boost production and satisfy Europe's ever-increasing appetite for cinnamon, the Dutch began to alter the harvesting practices of the Ceylonese. Over time, the supply of cinnamon trees on the island became nearly exhausted, due to systematic stripping of the bark. Eventually, the Dutch began cultivating their own cinnamon trees to supplement the diminishing number of wild trees available for use. Then, in 1796, the English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly. By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1,000 tons a year, after a (lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes. By that time, (cinnamon was being grown in other parts of the Indian Ocean region and in the West Indies, Brazil, and Guyana. Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar. | The Portuguese had control over the cinnamon trade in Ceylon throughout the 16th century. | entailment |
id_1369 | Bringing cinnamon to Europe. Cinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice produced from the inner bark of trees of the genus Cinnamomum, which is native to the Indian sub-continent. It was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible, both as an ingredient that was mixed with oils for anointing people's bodies, and also as a token indicating friendship among lovers and friends. In ancient Rome, mourners attending funerals burnt cinnamon to create a pleasant scent. Most often, however, the spice found its primary use as an additive to food and drink. In the Middle Ages, Europeans who could afford the spice used it to flavour food, particularly meat, and to impress those around them with their ability to purchase an expensive condiment from the 'exotic' East. At a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal. Cinnamon was also reported to have health benefits, and was thought to cure various ailments, such as indigestion. Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices. This led to a growth in demand for cinnamon and other spices. At that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants, who closely guarded the secret of the source of the spice from potential rivals. They took it from India, where it was grown, on camels via an overland route to the Mediterranean. Their journey ended when they reached Alexandria. European traders sailed there to purchase their supply of cinnamon, then brought it back to Venice. The spice then travelled from that great trading city to markets all around Europe. Because the overland trade route allowed for only small quantities of the spice to reach Europe, and because Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high. These prices, coupled with the increasing demand, spurred the search for new routes to Asia by Europeans eager to take part in the spice trade. Seeking the high profits promised by the cinnamon market, Portuguese traders arrived on the island of Ceylon in the Indian Ocean toward the end of the 15th century. Before Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon. People belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season, when the wet bark was more pliable. During the peeling process, they curled the bark into the 'stick' shape still associated with the spice today. The Salagama then gave the finished product to the king as a form of tribute. When the Portuguese arrived, they needed to increase production significantly, and so enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population, forcing them to work in cinnamon harvesting. In 1518, the Portuguese built a fort on Ceylon, which enabled them to protect the island, so helping them to develop a monopoly in the cinnamon trade and generate very high profits. In the late 16th century, for example, they enjoyed a tenfold profit when shipping cinnamon over a journey of eight days from Ceylon to India. When the Dutch arrived off the coast of southern Asia at the very beginning of the 17th century, they set their sights on displacing the Portuguese as kings of cinnamon. The Dutch allied themselves with Kandy, an inland kingdom on Ceylon. In return for payments of elephants and cinnamon, they protected the native king from the Portuguese. By 1640, the Dutch broke the 150-year Portuguese monopoly when they overran and occupied their factories. By 1658, they had permanently expelled the Portuguese from the island, thereby gaining control of the lucrative cinnamon trade. In order to protect their hold on the market, the Dutch, like the Portuguese before them, treated the native inhabitants harshly. Because of the need to boost production and satisfy Europe's ever-increasing appetite for cinnamon, the Dutch began to alter the harvesting practices of the Ceylonese. Over time, the supply of cinnamon trees on the island became nearly exhausted, due to systematic stripping of the bark. Eventually, the Dutch began cultivating their own cinnamon trees to supplement the diminishing number of wild trees available for use. Then, in 1796, the English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly. By the middle of the 19th century, production of cinnamon reached 1,000 tons a year, after a (lower grade quality of the spice became acceptable to European tastes. By that time, (cinnamon was being grown in other parts of the Indian Ocean region and in the West Indies, Brazil, and Guyana. Not only was a monopoly of cinnamon becoming impossible, but the spice trade overall was diminishing in economic potential, and was eventually superseded by the rise of trade in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sugar. | The Dutch took over the cinnamon trade from the Portuguese as soon as they arrived in Ceylon. | contradiction |
id_1370 | Britain is still firmly committed to the EXOMars Robot project even though the scope and the cost have grown since it was first initiated. The scope of the project has changed dramatically, mainly due to the inflated expectations of scientists. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), this change in direction justifies the almost doubling of the original budget. The increased cost will however have to be met by the participating countries that originally signed up to fund this programme. Both Italy, the project leader which provided much of the initial programme funding, and Britain, will have to significantly increase their contribution of funding for the EXOMars project. Britain does not begrudge its contributions as it considers that this project makes the most of its expertise in robotics. To date Britain has not been involved in other high-profile ESA programmes such as the Columbus science laboratory and the Arius Rocket project, which could explain why they are not dragging their heels on this. The ESA now hopes to send the robot to Mars by 2020. | Britain feels reluctant about its spending on the EXOMars project. | contradiction |
id_1371 | Britain is still firmly committed to the EXOMars Robot project even though the scope and the cost have grown since it was first initiated. The scope of the project has changed dramatically, mainly due to the inflated expectations of scientists. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), this change in direction justifies the almost doubling of the original budget. The increased cost will however have to be met by the participating countries that originally signed up to fund this programme. Both Italy, the project leader which provided much of the initial programme funding, and Britain, will have to significantly increase their contribution of funding for the EXOMars project. Britain does not begrudge its contributions as it considers that this project makes the most of its expertise in robotics. To date Britain has not been involved in other high-profile ESA programmes such as the Columbus science laboratory and the Arius Rocket project, which could explain why they are not dragging their heels on this. The ESA now hopes to send the robot to Mars by 2020. | Historically, Britain has tried to avoid ESA high-profile missions. | neutral |
id_1372 | Britain is still firmly committed to the EXOMars Robot project even though the scope and the cost have grown since it was first initiated. The scope of the project has changed dramatically, mainly due to the inflated expectations of scientists. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), this change in direction justifies the almost doubling of the original budget. The increased cost will however have to be met by the participating countries that originally signed up to fund this programme. Both Italy, the project leader which provided much of the initial programme funding, and Britain, will have to significantly increase their contribution of funding for the EXOMars project. Britain does not begrudge its contributions as it considers that this project makes the most of its expertise in robotics. To date Britain has not been involved in other high-profile ESA programmes such as the Columbus science laboratory and the Arius Rocket project, which could explain why they are not dragging their heels on this. The ESA now hopes to send the robot to Mars by 2020. | Britain is the project leader for the EXOMars project. | contradiction |
id_1373 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | They never have more than 14 students in the class. | entailment |
id_1374 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | They never teach students older than 25. | contradiction |
id_1375 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | James Cleaver is Simon Cleavers father. | contradiction |
id_1376 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | There is not much interaction between the student and teacher. | contradiction |
id_1377 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | Oxford University is the oldest university in the world. | neutral |
id_1378 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special 'student' atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | There are a few banks by the Thames. | neutral |
id_1379 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | There are a few banks by the Thames. | neutral |
id_1380 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | Oxford University is the oldest university in the world. | neutral |
id_1381 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | There is not much interaction between the student and teacher. | contradiction |
id_1382 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | James Cleaver is Simon Cleavers father. | neutral |
id_1383 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | They never teach students older than 25. | contradiction |
id_1384 | British Study Centres English Language School English for Life Language courses at British Study Centres are planned and delivered to equip students with the language skills they need to achieve their future dreams. This is achieved through ongoing structured dialogue between the student and teacher involving the use of tutorials, needs analysis questionnaires and so on. School Locations Study English in four of the UKs most exciting cities: London, Oxford, Brighton and Bournemouth. English Courses Choose from a range of General English, Exam Preparation (including IELTS) and Business English programmes. History of British Study Centres British Study Centres was founded in the 1930s by Joseph Cleaver, grandfather of current Chairman and Chief Executive, Simon Cleaver. The state-of-the-art Oxford language school is fitted with the very best in language learning facilities, offering students a unique modern learning experience. To this day the Company remains a family firm privately owned and managed by Simon and his family. In the early days the Company concentrated on correspondence courses and quickly established offices and examination centres across the entire (then) British Empire and beyond and in the process became the UKs largest group of correspondence colleges. In the 1970s, the Company, now run by Josephs sons, James and Thomas, began to focus on face-to-face tuition with the establishment of vocational colleges in London, Oxford and Brighton. In the 1990s the Company established its first English language school in Oxford in 1996 followed by Brighton in 2002 and London in 2004. Since then all of these schools have expanded to cope with increasing demand. In 2008 the Company moved into the young learners market with the acquisition of ICH (International College Holidays) that specialized in vacation courses for 10-15 years olds. They now run these courses in 5 institutes including the University of Brighton. In 2010 the fourth school for adults opened in the south coast town of Bournemouth. In the same year they opened a specialist Teacher Training Facility in Oxford. In 2012 live online lessons were launched with teachers using the latest video conferencing technology. In recent years the Company has been honoured to win a number of awards associated with the language school industry, including twice winner of Study Travel Magazines coveted Star English Language School Europe award in 2010 and 2012, and winner of Study Travel Magazines Star Junior Courses for under 18s in 2012. Study English in Oxford BSC, a City Made for Students! 40,000 students and 39 unique university colleges give Oxford a very special student atmosphere an ideal place to learn English! It has a deserved worldwide reputation for the quality of education. Oxford University is the oldest English speaking university in the world, dating back to 1249. It is consistently ranked in the top three in the world. Oxford is located in the heart of England and benefits from excellent road and rail links to London (50 minutes) and the rest of the UK. The city sits on the banks of the Thames and boasts a variety of world-famous museums, galleries and libraries. Besides the traditional, there are hundreds of modern restaurants, pubs, clubs and riverside cafes to enjoy. | They never have more than 14 students in the class. | entailment |
id_1385 | Bubbly and burgers When is Champagne not Champagne? The answer is when it is sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region of France. Unfair trading is a breach of civil law that covers unfair practices towards consumers. Customers are misled into believing that they are buying goods or services associated with a well-known, more established business, through the use of confusingly similar trademarks or trade names. In the UK, unfair trading is known as passing off and in the USA as palming off. The protection of a trading name is essential for an established busi ness because associations with a lesser firm can damage a companys reputation. Nevertheless, some businesses still try to bolster trade by incorporating descriptive elements or imagery from better known, more attractive brands, into their own signs and logos. The Champagne growers of France have successfully defended the Champagne brand against any sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region. So, for example, you will not find any Spanish Champagne on the shelves, only Cava. Other sparkling wines barred from describing themselves as Champagne include: Asti (Italy); Espumante (Portugal); Sekt (Germany); and Shiraz (Australia). Sparkling French wines made outside of the Champagne region are termed Crenmant and Mousseaux. All these copycat sparkling wines are made by the traditional Champagne method, in which case they are permitted to state Methode Traditionelle on the label. In the traditional method, the fizz is obtained via a secondary fermenta tion process inside a sealed bottle. In a budget sparkling wine, the fizz is generated artificially by injecting high-pressure carbon-dioxide gas into still wine prior to bottl ing, as per carbonated drinks. Carbonated wines release large bubbles to develop foam that rises and subsides quickly, whereas Champagne releases uniquely fine bubbles that rise slowly to create long-lasting foam. The defence of the Champagne name has not been entirely successful. Elderflower Champagne is a favourite non-alcoholic summer drink in the UK. It self-ferments to produce Champagne-like foam when the bottle is opened. In 1993, the Thorncroft Vineyards in Surrey, England, successfully defended a passing-off lawsuit when the judge deemed that the risk of damage to the reputation of genuine Champagne was negligible, even though Thorncroft had presented the drink in a champagne-style bottle with a wired cork. Despite this initial ruling, the decision was overturned in an appeal case a few months later. The judges felt that consumers might believe that the drink was a non-alcoholic version of Champagne, and that to maintain its exclu siveness, only authentic Champagne could describe itself as Champagne. Other drinks manufacturers have found it necessary to protect their brands identities by invoking the passing-off law. Sherry and Port are names that are restricted to fortified wines that emanate from Jerez in Spain, and the Douro Valley in Portugal, respec tively. Warninks Advocaat is a traditional egg and brandy liqueur made in Holland since 1616, which Keelings Old English Advocaat failed to usurp in 1979. In 2010, Diageo Smirnoff Vodka prevented Intercontinental Brands from selling a cheaper vodka-containing drink named Vodkat, primarily because it did not contain the necessary 37.5% alcohol to be classed as vodka. A passing-off claim is likely to succeed in circumstances where the consumer might be deceived into purchasing a product that is similar to that of a claimant who has a strong brand identity and a reputation to protect, that is to say, there is a risk of damage to the claimants goodwill. A passing-off claim is less likely to succeed when the defendant is innocently using his or her own name, or the claimants product and labelling are not distinct enough to distinguish it as only belonging to them. Norman McDonald ran a small restaurant named McDonalds Hamburgers Country drive-in. He fell foul of the McDonalds restaurant chain by including two lit golden arches in his sign. He was forced to remove the arches and add Norman in front of McDonalds on the sign, so as not to misrepresent the business as a McDonalds franchise. McDonalds has taken legal action against several businesses that refused to drop Mc from their trading name, including those with very similar names, such as MacDonalds and Mcdonald. McDonalds have not always won their legal cases. However, they were more likely to succeed if the defendants had a clear association with a food service that could be confused with McDonalds. So a fast-food outlet in the Philippines named MacJoy was forced to change its name and became MyJoy; Elizabeth McCaughey had to alter the name of her coffee shop from McCoffee, which was a play on her name; and a Scottish sandwich-shop owner was restrained from using the name McMunchies; but McChina Wok Away was permitted because it was ruled that McChina would not cause any confusion amongst customers. It was also indicated that McDonalds did not have exclusive rights to the prefix Mc. This was confirmed when McDonalds lost its case against McCurry despite an earlier ruling that the prefix Mc, combined with colours distinctive of the McDonalds brand, might confuse and deceive customers. The business had claimed that McCurry stood for Malaysian Chicken Curry. | Passing off and palming off are different breaches of civil law. | entailment |
id_1386 | Bubbly and burgers When is Champagne not Champagne? The answer is when it is sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region of France. Unfair trading is a breach of civil law that covers unfair practices towards consumers. Customers are misled into believing that they are buying goods or services associated with a well-known, more established business, through the use of confusingly similar trademarks or trade names. In the UK, unfair trading is known as passing off and in the USA as palming off. The protection of a trading name is essential for an established busi ness because associations with a lesser firm can damage a companys reputation. Nevertheless, some businesses still try to bolster trade by incorporating descriptive elements or imagery from better known, more attractive brands, into their own signs and logos. The Champagne growers of France have successfully defended the Champagne brand against any sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region. So, for example, you will not find any Spanish Champagne on the shelves, only Cava. Other sparkling wines barred from describing themselves as Champagne include: Asti (Italy); Espumante (Portugal); Sekt (Germany); and Shiraz (Australia). Sparkling French wines made outside of the Champagne region are termed Crenmant and Mousseaux. All these copycat sparkling wines are made by the traditional Champagne method, in which case they are permitted to state Methode Traditionelle on the label. In the traditional method, the fizz is obtained via a secondary fermenta tion process inside a sealed bottle. In a budget sparkling wine, the fizz is generated artificially by injecting high-pressure carbon-dioxide gas into still wine prior to bottl ing, as per carbonated drinks. Carbonated wines release large bubbles to develop foam that rises and subsides quickly, whereas Champagne releases uniquely fine bubbles that rise slowly to create long-lasting foam. The defence of the Champagne name has not been entirely successful. Elderflower Champagne is a favourite non-alcoholic summer drink in the UK. It self-ferments to produce Champagne-like foam when the bottle is opened. In 1993, the Thorncroft Vineyards in Surrey, England, successfully defended a passing-off lawsuit when the judge deemed that the risk of damage to the reputation of genuine Champagne was negligible, even though Thorncroft had presented the drink in a champagne-style bottle with a wired cork. Despite this initial ruling, the decision was overturned in an appeal case a few months later. The judges felt that consumers might believe that the drink was a non-alcoholic version of Champagne, and that to maintain its exclu siveness, only authentic Champagne could describe itself as Champagne. Other drinks manufacturers have found it necessary to protect their brands identities by invoking the passing-off law. Sherry and Port are names that are restricted to fortified wines that emanate from Jerez in Spain, and the Douro Valley in Portugal, respec tively. Warninks Advocaat is a traditional egg and brandy liqueur made in Holland since 1616, which Keelings Old English Advocaat failed to usurp in 1979. In 2010, Diageo Smirnoff Vodka prevented Intercontinental Brands from selling a cheaper vodka-containing drink named Vodkat, primarily because it did not contain the necessary 37.5% alcohol to be classed as vodka. A passing-off claim is likely to succeed in circumstances where the consumer might be deceived into purchasing a product that is similar to that of a claimant who has a strong brand identity and a reputation to protect, that is to say, there is a risk of damage to the claimants goodwill. A passing-off claim is less likely to succeed when the defendant is innocently using his or her own name, or the claimants product and labelling are not distinct enough to distinguish it as only belonging to them. Norman McDonald ran a small restaurant named McDonalds Hamburgers Country drive-in. He fell foul of the McDonalds restaurant chain by including two lit golden arches in his sign. He was forced to remove the arches and add Norman in front of McDonalds on the sign, so as not to misrepresent the business as a McDonalds franchise. McDonalds has taken legal action against several businesses that refused to drop Mc from their trading name, including those with very similar names, such as MacDonalds and Mcdonald. McDonalds have not always won their legal cases. However, they were more likely to succeed if the defendants had a clear association with a food service that could be confused with McDonalds. So a fast-food outlet in the Philippines named MacJoy was forced to change its name and became MyJoy; Elizabeth McCaughey had to alter the name of her coffee shop from McCoffee, which was a play on her name; and a Scottish sandwich-shop owner was restrained from using the name McMunchies; but McChina Wok Away was permitted because it was ruled that McChina would not cause any confusion amongst customers. It was also indicated that McDonalds did not have exclusive rights to the prefix Mc. This was confirmed when McDonalds lost its case against McCurry despite an earlier ruling that the prefix Mc, combined with colours distinctive of the McDonalds brand, might confuse and deceive customers. The business had claimed that McCurry stood for Malaysian Chicken Curry. | Champagne production involves two fermentation processes. | entailment |
id_1387 | Bubbly and burgers When is Champagne not Champagne? The answer is when it is sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region of France. Unfair trading is a breach of civil law that covers unfair practices towards consumers. Customers are misled into believing that they are buying goods or services associated with a well-known, more established business, through the use of confusingly similar trademarks or trade names. In the UK, unfair trading is known as passing off and in the USA as palming off. The protection of a trading name is essential for an established busi ness because associations with a lesser firm can damage a companys reputation. Nevertheless, some businesses still try to bolster trade by incorporating descriptive elements or imagery from better known, more attractive brands, into their own signs and logos. The Champagne growers of France have successfully defended the Champagne brand against any sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region. So, for example, you will not find any Spanish Champagne on the shelves, only Cava. Other sparkling wines barred from describing themselves as Champagne include: Asti (Italy); Espumante (Portugal); Sekt (Germany); and Shiraz (Australia). Sparkling French wines made outside of the Champagne region are termed Crenmant and Mousseaux. All these copycat sparkling wines are made by the traditional Champagne method, in which case they are permitted to state Methode Traditionelle on the label. In the traditional method, the fizz is obtained via a secondary fermenta tion process inside a sealed bottle. In a budget sparkling wine, the fizz is generated artificially by injecting high-pressure carbon-dioxide gas into still wine prior to bottl ing, as per carbonated drinks. Carbonated wines release large bubbles to develop foam that rises and subsides quickly, whereas Champagne releases uniquely fine bubbles that rise slowly to create long-lasting foam. The defence of the Champagne name has not been entirely successful. Elderflower Champagne is a favourite non-alcoholic summer drink in the UK. It self-ferments to produce Champagne-like foam when the bottle is opened. In 1993, the Thorncroft Vineyards in Surrey, England, successfully defended a passing-off lawsuit when the judge deemed that the risk of damage to the reputation of genuine Champagne was negligible, even though Thorncroft had presented the drink in a champagne-style bottle with a wired cork. Despite this initial ruling, the decision was overturned in an appeal case a few months later. The judges felt that consumers might believe that the drink was a non-alcoholic version of Champagne, and that to maintain its exclu siveness, only authentic Champagne could describe itself as Champagne. Other drinks manufacturers have found it necessary to protect their brands identities by invoking the passing-off law. Sherry and Port are names that are restricted to fortified wines that emanate from Jerez in Spain, and the Douro Valley in Portugal, respec tively. Warninks Advocaat is a traditional egg and brandy liqueur made in Holland since 1616, which Keelings Old English Advocaat failed to usurp in 1979. In 2010, Diageo Smirnoff Vodka prevented Intercontinental Brands from selling a cheaper vodka-containing drink named Vodkat, primarily because it did not contain the necessary 37.5% alcohol to be classed as vodka. A passing-off claim is likely to succeed in circumstances where the consumer might be deceived into purchasing a product that is similar to that of a claimant who has a strong brand identity and a reputation to protect, that is to say, there is a risk of damage to the claimants goodwill. A passing-off claim is less likely to succeed when the defendant is innocently using his or her own name, or the claimants product and labelling are not distinct enough to distinguish it as only belonging to them. Norman McDonald ran a small restaurant named McDonalds Hamburgers Country drive-in. He fell foul of the McDonalds restaurant chain by including two lit golden arches in his sign. He was forced to remove the arches and add Norman in front of McDonalds on the sign, so as not to misrepresent the business as a McDonalds franchise. McDonalds has taken legal action against several businesses that refused to drop Mc from their trading name, including those with very similar names, such as MacDonalds and Mcdonald. McDonalds have not always won their legal cases. However, they were more likely to succeed if the defendants had a clear association with a food service that could be confused with McDonalds. So a fast-food outlet in the Philippines named MacJoy was forced to change its name and became MyJoy; Elizabeth McCaughey had to alter the name of her coffee shop from McCoffee, which was a play on her name; and a Scottish sandwich-shop owner was restrained from using the name McMunchies; but McChina Wok Away was permitted because it was ruled that McChina would not cause any confusion amongst customers. It was also indicated that McDonalds did not have exclusive rights to the prefix Mc. This was confirmed when McDonalds lost its case against McCurry despite an earlier ruling that the prefix Mc, combined with colours distinctive of the McDonalds brand, might confuse and deceive customers. The business had claimed that McCurry stood for Malaysian Chicken Curry. | Elderflower Champagne is a popular summer drink in several EU countries. | neutral |
id_1388 | Bubbly and burgers When is Champagne not Champagne? The answer is when it is sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region of France. Unfair trading is a breach of civil law that covers unfair practices towards consumers. Customers are misled into believing that they are buying goods or services associated with a well-known, more established business, through the use of confusingly similar trademarks or trade names. In the UK, unfair trading is known as passing off and in the USA as palming off. The protection of a trading name is essential for an established busi ness because associations with a lesser firm can damage a companys reputation. Nevertheless, some businesses still try to bolster trade by incorporating descriptive elements or imagery from better known, more attractive brands, into their own signs and logos. The Champagne growers of France have successfully defended the Champagne brand against any sparkling wine produced outside the Champagne region. So, for example, you will not find any Spanish Champagne on the shelves, only Cava. Other sparkling wines barred from describing themselves as Champagne include: Asti (Italy); Espumante (Portugal); Sekt (Germany); and Shiraz (Australia). Sparkling French wines made outside of the Champagne region are termed Crenmant and Mousseaux. All these copycat sparkling wines are made by the traditional Champagne method, in which case they are permitted to state Methode Traditionelle on the label. In the traditional method, the fizz is obtained via a secondary fermenta tion process inside a sealed bottle. In a budget sparkling wine, the fizz is generated artificially by injecting high-pressure carbon-dioxide gas into still wine prior to bottl ing, as per carbonated drinks. Carbonated wines release large bubbles to develop foam that rises and subsides quickly, whereas Champagne releases uniquely fine bubbles that rise slowly to create long-lasting foam. The defence of the Champagne name has not been entirely successful. Elderflower Champagne is a favourite non-alcoholic summer drink in the UK. It self-ferments to produce Champagne-like foam when the bottle is opened. In 1993, the Thorncroft Vineyards in Surrey, England, successfully defended a passing-off lawsuit when the judge deemed that the risk of damage to the reputation of genuine Champagne was negligible, even though Thorncroft had presented the drink in a champagne-style bottle with a wired cork. Despite this initial ruling, the decision was overturned in an appeal case a few months later. The judges felt that consumers might believe that the drink was a non-alcoholic version of Champagne, and that to maintain its exclu siveness, only authentic Champagne could describe itself as Champagne. Other drinks manufacturers have found it necessary to protect their brands identities by invoking the passing-off law. Sherry and Port are names that are restricted to fortified wines that emanate from Jerez in Spain, and the Douro Valley in Portugal, respec tively. Warninks Advocaat is a traditional egg and brandy liqueur made in Holland since 1616, which Keelings Old English Advocaat failed to usurp in 1979. In 2010, Diageo Smirnoff Vodka prevented Intercontinental Brands from selling a cheaper vodka-containing drink named Vodkat, primarily because it did not contain the necessary 37.5% alcohol to be classed as vodka. A passing-off claim is likely to succeed in circumstances where the consumer might be deceived into purchasing a product that is similar to that of a claimant who has a strong brand identity and a reputation to protect, that is to say, there is a risk of damage to the claimants goodwill. A passing-off claim is less likely to succeed when the defendant is innocently using his or her own name, or the claimants product and labelling are not distinct enough to distinguish it as only belonging to them. Norman McDonald ran a small restaurant named McDonalds Hamburgers Country drive-in. He fell foul of the McDonalds restaurant chain by including two lit golden arches in his sign. He was forced to remove the arches and add Norman in front of McDonalds on the sign, so as not to misrepresent the business as a McDonalds franchise. McDonalds has taken legal action against several businesses that refused to drop Mc from their trading name, including those with very similar names, such as MacDonalds and Mcdonald. McDonalds have not always won their legal cases. However, they were more likely to succeed if the defendants had a clear association with a food service that could be confused with McDonalds. So a fast-food outlet in the Philippines named MacJoy was forced to change its name and became MyJoy; Elizabeth McCaughey had to alter the name of her coffee shop from McCoffee, which was a play on her name; and a Scottish sandwich-shop owner was restrained from using the name McMunchies; but McChina Wok Away was permitted because it was ruled that McChina would not cause any confusion amongst customers. It was also indicated that McDonalds did not have exclusive rights to the prefix Mc. This was confirmed when McDonalds lost its case against McCurry despite an earlier ruling that the prefix Mc, combined with colours distinctive of the McDonalds brand, might confuse and deceive customers. The business had claimed that McCurry stood for Malaysian Chicken Curry. | Inexpensive sparkling wines are carbonated naturally inside the bottle. | contradiction |
id_1389 | Buddhism was introduced to Japan from India via China and Korea around the middle of the sixth century. After gaining imperial patronage, Buddhism was propagated by the authorities throughout the country. In the early ninth century, Buddhism in Japan entered a new era in which it catered mainly to the court nobility. In the Kamakura period (1192-1338), an age of great political unrest and social confusion, there emerged many new sects of Buddhism offering hope of salvation to warriors and peasants alike. Buddhism not only flourished as a religion but also did much to enrich the country's arts and learning. | Japanese arts and culture were greatly enriched by the introduction of Buddhism. | entailment |
id_1390 | Buddhism was introduced to Japan from India via China and Korea around the middle of the sixth century. After gaining imperial patronage, Buddhism was propagated by the authorities throughout the country. In the early ninth century, Buddhism in Japan entered a new era in which it catered mainly to the court nobility. In the Kamakura period (1192-1338), an age of great political unrest and social confusion, there emerged many new sects of Buddhism offering hope of salvation to warriors and peasants alike. Buddhism not only flourished as a religion but also did much to enrich the country's arts and learning. | The introduction of Buddhism to Japan led to great political unrest and social confusion. | contradiction |
id_1391 | Buddhism was introduced to Japan from India via China and Korea around the middle of the sixth century. After gaining imperial patronage, Buddhism was propagated by the authorities throughout the country. In the early ninth century, Buddhism in Japan entered a new era in which it catered mainly to the court nobility. In the Kamakura period (1192-1338), an age of great political unrest and social confusion, there emerged many new sects of Buddhism offering hope of salvation to warriors and peasants alike. Buddhism not only flourished as a religion but also did much to enrich the country's arts and learning. | Buddhism was adopted by the court nobility at the urging of the emperor. | entailment |
id_1392 | Buddhism was introduced to Japan from India via China and Korea around the middle of the sixth century. After gaining imperial patronage, Buddhism was propagated by the authorities throughout the country. In the early ninth century, Buddhism in Japan entered a new era in which it catered mainly to the court nobility. In the Kamakura period (1192-1338), an age of great political unrest and social confusion, there emerged many new sects of Buddhism offering hope of salvation to warriors and peasants alike. Buddhism not only flourished as a religion but also did much to enrich the country's arts and learning. | Buddhism replaced the Shinto religion which had previously been followed in Japan. | neutral |
id_1393 | Build a Medieval Castle A. Michel Guyot, owner and restorer of Saint Fargeau castle in France, first had the idea of building a 13th-century style fortress following the discovery that the 15th-century red bricks of his castle obscured the stone walls of a much older stronghold. His dream was to build a castle just as it would have been in the Middle Ages, an a ttp: //wbo. com/iclti9 idea which some found mildly amusing and others dismissed as outright folly. However, Maryline Martin - project director - was inspired by the exciting potential for the venture to regenerate the region. It took several months to bring together and mobilise all the various different partners: architects, archaeologists and financial backers. A site in the heart of Guedelon forest was found: a site which offered not only all the resources required for building a castle - a stone quarry, an oak forest and a water supply - but in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demands of this gigantic site. The first team started work and on June 20th 1997 the first stone was laid. B. Unlike any other present-day building site, Michel Guyot's purpose is clear, he warmly welcomes members of the public to participate. The workers' role is to demonstrate and explain, to a wide audience, the skills of our forefathers. Stone quarrying, the building of vaulted ceilings, the blacksmith's work and the raising of roof timbers are just some of the activities which visitors can witness during a visit to Guedelon. The workers are always on hand to talk about their craft and the progress of the castle. Each year 60,000 children visit Guedelon with their schools. The site is an excellent educational resource, bringing to life the history of the Middle Ages. Guided tours are tailored to the school curriculum and according to age groups: activity trails for primary school children and interactive guided tours for secondary school children. Pupils of all ages have the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of medieval stonemasons by taking part in a stonecarving workshop or discover the secrets of the medievalmaster-builders at the geometry workshop. A. Workers in the Burgundy region of France are building a 13 th century castle. Theyre not restoring an old castle. Theyre actually building a new old castle. See the builders are constructing it from scratch. The craftsmen have been working for nearly ten years now but theyre not even halfway done yet. Thats because theyre using only medieval tools and techniques. The Worlds Gerry Hadden takes US to the site of what will be the Guedelon Castle. Another reason said by Jean Francois, a member of Guedelon stone cutters guild, for eight hours a day he bangs on a 13th century chisel with a 13th century iron mallet. D. The progress of construction has to give way to tourists side for their visits. The visitors from 2010, however unsightly they may be, are vital to the project. The initial funding came not from pillaging the local peasantry but from regional councils, the European Union and large companies. For the last 10 years, Guedelon, 100 miles southeast of Paris, has funded itself from its entrance fees. Last year it had a record 300,000 visitors, who paid almost 2.5m, making it the second most-visited site in Burgundy. The most- visited site was the Hospice de Beaune, a beautiful 15th-century almshouse built 600 years before, or, if you prefer, 200 years "after, Guedelon. E. limestone is found in the construction of various local buildings, from the great and prestigious edifice of Ratilly castle to the more modest poyaudines houses. This stone contains 30-40% iron oxide; this can make it extremely hard to extract and dress. Having studied the block in order to determine and anticipate the natural fault lines of the stone, the quarrymen first carve a series of rectilinear holes into the block. Iron wedges are then hammered into this line of holes. The shockwaves produced by the quarrymens sledgehammers cause the stone to split along a straight line. The highest quality blocks are dressed to produce lintels, voussoirs, corbels, ashlars etc. The medium quality blocks areroughly shaped by the stonecutters and used on the uncoursed curtain walls, and as facing stones on the castle's inner walls. There are water-filled clay pits in the forest. Clay is taken from these pits, cleaned and pugged. It is then shaped in wooden moulds to form bricks. After the bricks have been left to air-dry, they are fired in a woodfired kiln for about 12 hours, at roughly 1000c. F. The mortar is the "glue" used to bind the castle's stones. It is made up of precise doses of lime, sand and water. The people working there wear the tunics, skirts and headgear that they might have worn then, but they wear these over jeans and shoes with reinforced toes. They mix their mortar primarily as they would have done then, using sand they dig themselves, but they are not allowed to use the extremely effective hot lime from medieval days, because of its toxicity, and so they add a modem chemical ingredient instead, to achieve the same effect. Workers in the Mid Age obviously were unaware of it and some died earlier by inhaling toxic gas. And so, we met many wonderful people who do not pretend to be anything but modem human beings practicing an old technique and finding out what it would have felt like, as much as possible, to do it with only the resources of an older time. G. We also learned that even if there is a straight lintel across a doorway, you will usually find an arch of stones built into the wall differently. Because of the physics of an arch, which channels the weight above it down into whatever is supporting it at each side instead of pressing down in the middle, this helps to take a lot of the weight off of the lintel itself, whether it is free standing or buried in the wall against the impact of warfare. The arch is the strongest element for spanning space in stone architecture. This is why, in ancient ruins, you will often find the entire wall missing, and the arched windows and doorways still standing, in beautiful patterns against the sky. | Short lifespan of workers was due to overdue heating. | contradiction |
id_1394 | Build a Medieval Castle A. Michel Guyot, owner and restorer of Saint Fargeau castle in France, first had the idea of building a 13th-century style fortress following the discovery that the 15th-century red bricks of his castle obscured the stone walls of a much older stronghold. His dream was to build a castle just as it would have been in the Middle Ages, an a ttp: //wbo. com/iclti9 idea which some found mildly amusing and others dismissed as outright folly. However, Maryline Martin - project director - was inspired by the exciting potential for the venture to regenerate the region. It took several months to bring together and mobilise all the various different partners: architects, archaeologists and financial backers. A site in the heart of Guedelon forest was found: a site which offered not only all the resources required for building a castle - a stone quarry, an oak forest and a water supply - but in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demands of this gigantic site. The first team started work and on June 20th 1997 the first stone was laid. B. Unlike any other present-day building site, Michel Guyot's purpose is clear, he warmly welcomes members of the public to participate. The workers' role is to demonstrate and explain, to a wide audience, the skills of our forefathers. Stone quarrying, the building of vaulted ceilings, the blacksmith's work and the raising of roof timbers are just some of the activities which visitors can witness during a visit to Guedelon. The workers are always on hand to talk about their craft and the progress of the castle. Each year 60,000 children visit Guedelon with their schools. The site is an excellent educational resource, bringing to life the history of the Middle Ages. Guided tours are tailored to the school curriculum and according to age groups: activity trails for primary school children and interactive guided tours for secondary school children. Pupils of all ages have the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of medieval stonemasons by taking part in a stonecarving workshop or discover the secrets of the medievalmaster-builders at the geometry workshop. A. Workers in the Burgundy region of France are building a 13 th century castle. Theyre not restoring an old castle. Theyre actually building a new old castle. See the builders are constructing it from scratch. The craftsmen have been working for nearly ten years now but theyre not even halfway done yet. Thats because theyre using only medieval tools and techniques. The Worlds Gerry Hadden takes US to the site of what will be the Guedelon Castle. Another reason said by Jean Francois, a member of Guedelon stone cutters guild, for eight hours a day he bangs on a 13th century chisel with a 13th century iron mallet. D. The progress of construction has to give way to tourists side for their visits. The visitors from 2010, however unsightly they may be, are vital to the project. The initial funding came not from pillaging the local peasantry but from regional councils, the European Union and large companies. For the last 10 years, Guedelon, 100 miles southeast of Paris, has funded itself from its entrance fees. Last year it had a record 300,000 visitors, who paid almost 2.5m, making it the second most-visited site in Burgundy. The most- visited site was the Hospice de Beaune, a beautiful 15th-century almshouse built 600 years before, or, if you prefer, 200 years "after, Guedelon. E. limestone is found in the construction of various local buildings, from the great and prestigious edifice of Ratilly castle to the more modest poyaudines houses. This stone contains 30-40% iron oxide; this can make it extremely hard to extract and dress. Having studied the block in order to determine and anticipate the natural fault lines of the stone, the quarrymen first carve a series of rectilinear holes into the block. Iron wedges are then hammered into this line of holes. The shockwaves produced by the quarrymens sledgehammers cause the stone to split along a straight line. The highest quality blocks are dressed to produce lintels, voussoirs, corbels, ashlars etc. The medium quality blocks areroughly shaped by the stonecutters and used on the uncoursed curtain walls, and as facing stones on the castle's inner walls. There are water-filled clay pits in the forest. Clay is taken from these pits, cleaned and pugged. It is then shaped in wooden moulds to form bricks. After the bricks have been left to air-dry, they are fired in a woodfired kiln for about 12 hours, at roughly 1000c. F. The mortar is the "glue" used to bind the castle's stones. It is made up of precise doses of lime, sand and water. The people working there wear the tunics, skirts and headgear that they might have worn then, but they wear these over jeans and shoes with reinforced toes. They mix their mortar primarily as they would have done then, using sand they dig themselves, but they are not allowed to use the extremely effective hot lime from medieval days, because of its toxicity, and so they add a modem chemical ingredient instead, to achieve the same effect. Workers in the Mid Age obviously were unaware of it and some died earlier by inhaling toxic gas. And so, we met many wonderful people who do not pretend to be anything but modem human beings practicing an old technique and finding out what it would have felt like, as much as possible, to do it with only the resources of an older time. G. We also learned that even if there is a straight lintel across a doorway, you will usually find an arch of stones built into the wall differently. Because of the physics of an arch, which channels the weight above it down into whatever is supporting it at each side instead of pressing down in the middle, this helps to take a lot of the weight off of the lintel itself, whether it is free standing or buried in the wall against the impact of warfare. The arch is the strongest element for spanning space in stone architecture. This is why, in ancient ruins, you will often find the entire wall missing, and the arched windows and doorways still standing, in beautiful patterns against the sky. | stones were laid not in a straight line arrangement to avoid damaging or collapsing. | entailment |
id_1395 | Build a Medieval Castle A. Michel Guyot, owner and restorer of Saint Fargeau castle in France, first had the idea of building a 13th-century style fortress following the discovery that the 15th-century red bricks of his castle obscured the stone walls of a much older stronghold. His dream was to build a castle just as it would have been in the Middle Ages, an a ttp: //wbo. com/iclti9 idea which some found mildly amusing and others dismissed as outright folly. However, Maryline Martin - project director - was inspired by the exciting potential for the venture to regenerate the region. It took several months to bring together and mobilise all the various different partners: architects, archaeologists and financial backers. A site in the heart of Guedelon forest was found: a site which offered not only all the resources required for building a castle - a stone quarry, an oak forest and a water supply - but in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demands of this gigantic site. The first team started work and on June 20th 1997 the first stone was laid. B. Unlike any other present-day building site, Michel Guyot's purpose is clear, he warmly welcomes members of the public to participate. The workers' role is to demonstrate and explain, to a wide audience, the skills of our forefathers. Stone quarrying, the building of vaulted ceilings, the blacksmith's work and the raising of roof timbers are just some of the activities which visitors can witness during a visit to Guedelon. The workers are always on hand to talk about their craft and the progress of the castle. Each year 60,000 children visit Guedelon with their schools. The site is an excellent educational resource, bringing to life the history of the Middle Ages. Guided tours are tailored to the school curriculum and according to age groups: activity trails for primary school children and interactive guided tours for secondary school children. Pupils of all ages have the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of medieval stonemasons by taking part in a stonecarving workshop or discover the secrets of the medievalmaster-builders at the geometry workshop. A. Workers in the Burgundy region of France are building a 13 th century castle. Theyre not restoring an old castle. Theyre actually building a new old castle. See the builders are constructing it from scratch. The craftsmen have been working for nearly ten years now but theyre not even halfway done yet. Thats because theyre using only medieval tools and techniques. The Worlds Gerry Hadden takes US to the site of what will be the Guedelon Castle. Another reason said by Jean Francois, a member of Guedelon stone cutters guild, for eight hours a day he bangs on a 13th century chisel with a 13th century iron mallet. D. The progress of construction has to give way to tourists side for their visits. The visitors from 2010, however unsightly they may be, are vital to the project. The initial funding came not from pillaging the local peasantry but from regional councils, the European Union and large companies. For the last 10 years, Guedelon, 100 miles southeast of Paris, has funded itself from its entrance fees. Last year it had a record 300,000 visitors, who paid almost 2.5m, making it the second most-visited site in Burgundy. The most- visited site was the Hospice de Beaune, a beautiful 15th-century almshouse built 600 years before, or, if you prefer, 200 years "after, Guedelon. E. limestone is found in the construction of various local buildings, from the great and prestigious edifice of Ratilly castle to the more modest poyaudines houses. This stone contains 30-40% iron oxide; this can make it extremely hard to extract and dress. Having studied the block in order to determine and anticipate the natural fault lines of the stone, the quarrymen first carve a series of rectilinear holes into the block. Iron wedges are then hammered into this line of holes. The shockwaves produced by the quarrymens sledgehammers cause the stone to split along a straight line. The highest quality blocks are dressed to produce lintels, voussoirs, corbels, ashlars etc. The medium quality blocks areroughly shaped by the stonecutters and used on the uncoursed curtain walls, and as facing stones on the castle's inner walls. There are water-filled clay pits in the forest. Clay is taken from these pits, cleaned and pugged. It is then shaped in wooden moulds to form bricks. After the bricks have been left to air-dry, they are fired in a woodfired kiln for about 12 hours, at roughly 1000c. F. The mortar is the "glue" used to bind the castle's stones. It is made up of precise doses of lime, sand and water. The people working there wear the tunics, skirts and headgear that they might have worn then, but they wear these over jeans and shoes with reinforced toes. They mix their mortar primarily as they would have done then, using sand they dig themselves, but they are not allowed to use the extremely effective hot lime from medieval days, because of its toxicity, and so they add a modem chemical ingredient instead, to achieve the same effect. Workers in the Mid Age obviously were unaware of it and some died earlier by inhaling toxic gas. And so, we met many wonderful people who do not pretend to be anything but modem human beings practicing an old technique and finding out what it would have felt like, as much as possible, to do it with only the resources of an older time. G. We also learned that even if there is a straight lintel across a doorway, you will usually find an arch of stones built into the wall differently. Because of the physics of an arch, which channels the weight above it down into whatever is supporting it at each side instead of pressing down in the middle, this helps to take a lot of the weight off of the lintel itself, whether it is free standing or buried in the wall against the impact of warfare. The arch is the strongest element for spanning space in stone architecture. This is why, in ancient ruins, you will often find the entire wall missing, and the arched windows and doorways still standing, in beautiful patterns against the sky. | One aim of the castle is to show the ancestral achievement to public. | entailment |
id_1396 | Build a Medieval Castle A. Michel Guyot, owner and restorer of Saint Fargeau castle in France, first had the idea of building a 13th-century style fortress following the discovery that the 15th-century red bricks of his castle obscured the stone walls of a much older stronghold. His dream was to build a castle just as it would have been in the Middle Ages, an a ttp: //wbo. com/iclti9 idea which some found mildly amusing and others dismissed as outright folly. However, Maryline Martin - project director - was inspired by the exciting potential for the venture to regenerate the region. It took several months to bring together and mobilise all the various different partners: architects, archaeologists and financial backers. A site in the heart of Guedelon forest was found: a site which offered not only all the resources required for building a castle - a stone quarry, an oak forest and a water supply - but in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demands of this gigantic site. The first team started work and on June 20th 1997 the first stone was laid. B. Unlike any other present-day building site, Michel Guyot's purpose is clear, he warmly welcomes members of the public to participate. The workers' role is to demonstrate and explain, to a wide audience, the skills of our forefathers. Stone quarrying, the building of vaulted ceilings, the blacksmith's work and the raising of roof timbers are just some of the activities which visitors can witness during a visit to Guedelon. The workers are always on hand to talk about their craft and the progress of the castle. Each year 60,000 children visit Guedelon with their schools. The site is an excellent educational resource, bringing to life the history of the Middle Ages. Guided tours are tailored to the school curriculum and according to age groups: activity trails for primary school children and interactive guided tours for secondary school children. Pupils of all ages have the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of medieval stonemasons by taking part in a stonecarving workshop or discover the secrets of the medievalmaster-builders at the geometry workshop. A. Workers in the Burgundy region of France are building a 13 th century castle. Theyre not restoring an old castle. Theyre actually building a new old castle. See the builders are constructing it from scratch. The craftsmen have been working for nearly ten years now but theyre not even halfway done yet. Thats because theyre using only medieval tools and techniques. The Worlds Gerry Hadden takes US to the site of what will be the Guedelon Castle. Another reason said by Jean Francois, a member of Guedelon stone cutters guild, for eight hours a day he bangs on a 13th century chisel with a 13th century iron mallet. D. The progress of construction has to give way to tourists side for their visits. The visitors from 2010, however unsightly they may be, are vital to the project. The initial funding came not from pillaging the local peasantry but from regional councils, the European Union and large companies. For the last 10 years, Guedelon, 100 miles southeast of Paris, has funded itself from its entrance fees. Last year it had a record 300,000 visitors, who paid almost 2.5m, making it the second most-visited site in Burgundy. The most- visited site was the Hospice de Beaune, a beautiful 15th-century almshouse built 600 years before, or, if you prefer, 200 years "after, Guedelon. E. limestone is found in the construction of various local buildings, from the great and prestigious edifice of Ratilly castle to the more modest poyaudines houses. This stone contains 30-40% iron oxide; this can make it extremely hard to extract and dress. Having studied the block in order to determine and anticipate the natural fault lines of the stone, the quarrymen first carve a series of rectilinear holes into the block. Iron wedges are then hammered into this line of holes. The shockwaves produced by the quarrymens sledgehammers cause the stone to split along a straight line. The highest quality blocks are dressed to produce lintels, voussoirs, corbels, ashlars etc. The medium quality blocks areroughly shaped by the stonecutters and used on the uncoursed curtain walls, and as facing stones on the castle's inner walls. There are water-filled clay pits in the forest. Clay is taken from these pits, cleaned and pugged. It is then shaped in wooden moulds to form bricks. After the bricks have been left to air-dry, they are fired in a woodfired kiln for about 12 hours, at roughly 1000c. F. The mortar is the "glue" used to bind the castle's stones. It is made up of precise doses of lime, sand and water. The people working there wear the tunics, skirts and headgear that they might have worn then, but they wear these over jeans and shoes with reinforced toes. They mix their mortar primarily as they would have done then, using sand they dig themselves, but they are not allowed to use the extremely effective hot lime from medieval days, because of its toxicity, and so they add a modem chemical ingredient instead, to achieve the same effect. Workers in the Mid Age obviously were unaware of it and some died earlier by inhaling toxic gas. And so, we met many wonderful people who do not pretend to be anything but modem human beings practicing an old technique and finding out what it would have felt like, as much as possible, to do it with only the resources of an older time. G. We also learned that even if there is a straight lintel across a doorway, you will usually find an arch of stones built into the wall differently. Because of the physics of an arch, which channels the weight above it down into whatever is supporting it at each side instead of pressing down in the middle, this helps to take a lot of the weight off of the lintel itself, whether it is free standing or buried in the wall against the impact of warfare. The arch is the strongest element for spanning space in stone architecture. This is why, in ancient ruins, you will often find the entire wall missing, and the arched windows and doorways still standing, in beautiful patterns against the sky. | The French people would not abandon his idea in favor of realistic one. | neutral |
id_1397 | Burglary of a Vehicle occurs when a person breaks into a vehicle without the owner's permission with the intention of stealing something inside. | Anna walks by a parked car and reaches in the open window to pet a dog. | contradiction |
id_1398 | Burglary of a Vehicle occurs when a person breaks into a vehicle without the owner's permission with the intention of stealing something inside. | Jeri picks up a rock, throws it through the windshield of a parked car, and runs from the scene. | contradiction |
id_1399 | Burglary of a Vehicle occurs when a person breaks into a vehicle without the owner's permission with the intention of stealing something inside. | Jim throws a rock through the passenger window of a parked car, reaches inside, and takes the purse sitting on the passenger seat. This is the best example of a Burglary of a Vehicle. | entailment |
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