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2contradiction
| I Accept Your Challenge! I ask that any and all sources be sited with the arguments. Also, I'd like to para metricize the scope of the resolution to the United States, as i Assume this is what my opponent will be arguing. This will be where i will be negating the resolution. I wish my opponent good luck!Cons BOP should be to just refute pro's case. If Con is missing anything feel free to point it out in the next speech. (Copying Imabench here)
The Right to Own , Keep, and Bear Arms | This example is PRO. | args_me |
2contradiction
| we should adopt an austerity regime because it is unfair to expect future generations to settle the debts that we run up
We should adopt an austerity regime | This example is against. | Touche23-ValueEval |
0entailment
| Public transportation is a better idea than electric cars
Electric vehicles | This example is CON. | starcon |
2contradiction
| I transferred money from the US, How long does it take? | This example is extra_charge_on_statement. | banking77 |
2contradiction
| Bill passed the half-empty plate to John because he was hungry. The he is more likely to refer to John than Bill because Bill was passing a plate that still had food so he must no longer be hungry
In "Bill passed the half-empty plate to John because he was hungry. ", The he is more likely to refer to John than Bill because Bill was passing a plate that still had food so he must no longer be hungry | This example is False. | winowhy |
2contradiction
| Says many states are floundering under crushing deficit spending | This example is not cognitive-bias. | mbib-base/cognitive-bias |
0entailment
| The children coming across the southern U S border were never examined after they got here and quarantined if they had a disease They were just sent out across the country Many of them had measles We now have an outbreak of it all because of our immigration policy | This example is fake-news. | mbib-base/fake-news |
0entailment
| cleaning lady is like every two weeks its not some crazy expense | This example is gender-bias. | mbib-base/gender-bias |
0entailment
| Darn it No more pooping and peeing in the state parks then leaving the toilet paper you used to wipe your urine and feces covered genitals and butts laying around for others to enjoy on extra hot summer days Same with ashes Make a fire and leave the mess amirite And that twig trimming business I think you should be able to cut down trees and build hunting platforms in our state parks Last but certainly not least no target shooting in our state parks Why that s down right unAmerican Even if you could those commie pinkos would probably expect you to pick up and pack out your empty beer can targets and shells Unbelievable | This example is hate-speech. | mbib-base/hate-speech |
2contradiction
| this appeal was compromised further by the alleged right wing sympathies of some of its leading members including new president saunders lewis | This example is linguistic-bias. | mbib-base/linguistic-bias |
2contradiction
| Courtesy of Natural News | This example is not political-bias. | mbib-base/political-bias |
0entailment
| black people are killed by police at a rate that matches the criminality of the community same with whites and hispanics | This example is racial-bias. | mbib-base/racial-bias |
0entailment
| Unpopular opinion If you tweet about anything is not really protesting | This example is not text-level-bias. | mbib-base/text-level-bias |
0entailment
| [James] wants to take his son [Hugh] shopping. [Johnson] is looking forward to his special dinner with his dad [Hugh]. [Marie] borrowed some money from her brother [Johnson].
('Marie', 'James') | This example is grandfather. | v1/gen_train234_test2to10 |
0entailment
| Every time I go to sleep, the sun goes down. Therefore, my sleeping causes the sun to set. | This example is false causality. | logical-fallacy |
0entailment
| constraint x is defined by linear equations and inequalities. solves quickly
an mathematical programming model where the objective function is a linear function of the variables, and the constraints are linear equations and/or linear inequalities in terms of the variables. | This example is not-paraphrase. | parade |
2contradiction
| The overall probability of yupt is 86%. For those who are not yupt, the probability of muvq is 53%. For those who are yupt, the probability of muvq is 46%.
Is muvq less likely than not muvq overall? | This example is no. | cladder |
2contradiction
| Workers would have a 24 percent wage increase by 2024, including an immediate 14 percent raise.
| This example is SUBJ. | subjectivity |
2contradiction
| He doubled and vomited violently
doubled | This example is metaphorical. | MOH |
2contradiction
| You are letting this disappointment — and that's all it is, you're still a very well-off young woman — get in the way of everything . ’
letting | This example is literal. | VUAC |
2contradiction
| Legislation making it harder for consumers to erase their debts in bankruptcy court won overwhelming House approval in March .
Legislation making it harder for consumers to erase their debts in bankruptcy court won speedy , House approval in March and was endorsed by the White House . | This example is equivalent. | glue/mrpc |
2contradiction
| How is replacing 1000 rupee notes with 2000 rupee notes going to make black money hoarding a lot harder?
Can 2000 rupees notes will be helpful for stop black money market? | This example is not_duplicate. | glue/qqp |
2contradiction
| is a wolverine the same as a badger | This example is True. | super_glue/boolq |
2contradiction
| A flood occurs when a river overflows its banks. This might happen because of heavy rains. Floodplains In very flat regions, flood water may spread out on the surface of the land. It then slows down and drops its sediment. If a river floods often, a floodplain develops. A floodplain is an area where a thick layer of rich soil is left behind as the floodwater recedes. Thats why floodplains are usually good places for growing plants. They are very flat areas and they have very rich soils. The Nile River valley is a great example of a floodplain. Each year, the Nile River rises over its banks. This floodwater carries a lot of sediment. This sediment has been eroded off areas of land from upstream. This sediment is dropped as the water slows down after spreading across the land. What is left behind is a very rich soil. Thats why crops can be raised in the middle of a sandy desert. Natural Levees A flooding river often forms natural levees along its banks. A levee is a raised strip of sediments deposited close to the waters edge. What may cause a river to flood and overflow its banks?
Lack of good containment will cause a river to flood | This example is True. | super_glue/multirc |
2contradiction
| cover : Cover her face with a handkerchief. :
cover : Count the cash in the drawer twice just to cover yourself. : | This example is True. | super_glue/wic |
0entailment
| Sitting at a table with beer empty beer mugs on it one brother is has a birthday cake sliced with sprinkler lit up while the younger brother is smiling with his eyes closed .
It is improbable that there are only two people at this birthday party . | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/usnli |
0entailment
| We doubt that Lily is a frog. We doubt that Greg is yellow. We doubt that Jessica is a mouse.
It is highly unlikely that jessica is a mouse, and Greg is yellow. | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_1hop |
0entailment
| It is probably not the case that Mary put down the milk. We believe that John moved to the office. It is impossible that Jessica is a wolf. It is probable that if Jessica is a wolf, or John moved to the office, then Lily is a swan. It is impossible that if Jessica is a wolf, and Mary put down the milk, then Greg is a frog. It is likely that if either Jessica is a wolf, or Mary put down the milk, then Yann is thirsty.
It is highly unlikely that either Mary put down the milk, or Yann is thirsty. | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_2hop |
2contradiction
| Australia uses words for things that dont make sense to Americans , like guns are called rooty tooty point and shootys .
This sort of misnomer leads Carnegie to suppose that to the uninitiated no map is so misleading as that of West Australia where lakes are salt-bogs without surface water , springs seldom run , and native `wells ' are merely tiny holes in the rock , yielding from 0 to 200 gallons . | This example is contradiction. | robust_nli_li_ts |
0entailment
| The Latest: Minor plane incident delays Irish voters
Ireland abortion referendum: UK minister hopes for NI law change | This example is same_event. | hlgd |
0entailment
| To underscore this view , it is customary to say that the operations are `` evaluated '' or `` rather than '' executed `` .
To underscore this view , it is customary to say that the operations are `` evaluated '' or `` applied '' , rather than `` executed '' . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_final |
2contradiction
| The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . It has been marked as destroyed in the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program database .
The house was destroyed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . It has been marked as listed in the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program database . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_swap |
2contradiction
| I havent had my period for seven months now and im not pregnant, I have occasional abdomen slight discomfort but nothing significant, what's wrong??
My period has been delayed for 5 months and I'm now worried about pregnancy but do not have any symptoms. I always had an irregular period. Should I go ahead and take a test? | This example is True. | medical_questions_pairs |
2contradiction
| The critics laughed the play off the stage. | This example is unacceptable. | glue/cola |
0entailment
| the movie could be released in this condition | This example is positive. | glue/sst2 |
2contradiction
| What should be the data type for empid feild in employee table? | This example is insincere question. | insincere-questions |
0entailment
| related. i am a senior citizen in urgent need for funds. have been advised to take reverse mortgage loan. however,i also repaying home loan,which is due be completed couple of years. do you think will still eligible it? +0097 rahul khullar,mumbai. good option the elderly exercised case no other avenue according nhb (national housing board) rules,you able up loan subject condition that ownership house once cleared solely belongs you,has clear titles and self acquired. twice defaulted on my credit card unintentionally but made payment since. notice it has affected score. there way can improve kuntala banerjee,delhi. just keep paying full amount due,well before date your limit optimal. does not mean refrain from using card. by all means use close tab payments. this score gradually improve. more utilise responsibly,the better score,so create repayment track record prepare bank. insurance mandatory? currently shopping find most banks insisting vinay dixit,lucknow. mandatory. however,it important as an asset spend life savings on,hence makes sense protect dangers like theft,natural calamities etc. having said that,do remember essential through bank are taking with. instead,you opt separate cover with company choice. though some offer free understand pros,cons riders associated it,before it. insist during tenure if anything were happen mortgaged property,then they at risk losing collateral pledged | This example is human. | TuringBench |
0entailment
| When was Ozzy Osbourne born ? | This example is NUM:date. | trec |
2contradiction
| Phil LaMarr voiced a character in Hong Kong Phooey .
He is voiced by Phil LaMarr . * | This example is NOT ENOUGH INFO. | vitaminc/tals--vitaminc |
2contradiction
| Racism is just a shit thing that came from everywhere that had 2 or more races | This example is Non_hope_speech. | hope_edi/english |
0entailment
| BREAKING: At least 10 killed in shooting at French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, Paris prosecutor's office says. http://t.co/mnAeA7j7fY
@cnni Omg...what is the world turning into. .. | This example is deny. | rumoureval_2019/RumourEval2019 |
2contradiction
| this is my theory on the whole thing, was Michael strange yes , but his circumstances growing up he didn't have a childhood and I believe he was trying to be a child for the first time , I remember at the time it was happening just wondering why the parents would let their kids sleep with Michael . it is strange for an adult to be sleeping with the kids I know I sure wouldn't but then again I didn't grow up like Michael Jackson. these two men have had plenty of time to come out about Michael and they choose tell after he dies , their families were set up the whole time they were staying at Michael's house and I don't believe anything happened and if it did it was the parents fault more than anyone's would you let your kids sleep with Michael for any cost? I just have to take Michael's side on this since he ain't here to defend himself | This example is hate_speech. | ethos/binary |
0entailment
| @user @user USA was embarrassing to watch. When was the last time you guys won a game..? #horrible #joke | This example is anger. | tweet_eval/emotion |
2contradiction
| Cory Booker and Kamala Harris competing for Most Hysterical Woman at the Kavanaugh hearings, Coulter hilariously tweeted.And yes, liberals immediately got triggered on Twitter, saying her joke was offensive. To them we say, suck it up, snowflakes. | This example is non-hate. | tweet_eval/hate |
2contradiction
| I forked node! Get ready for the future. (Where's my interviews) | This example is irony. | tweet_eval/irony |
2contradiction
| @user @user @user You want to rephrase that? I think you are talking about the U6 number? | This example is offensive. | tweet_eval/offensive |
0entailment
| I miss Niall so much he made me so happy on Saturday I felt at home and god I want to go back | This example is positive. | tweet_eval/sentiment |
2contradiction
| So ready for my abortion debate #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_abortion |
0entailment
| It is folly to deny the religious impulse. Just consider Marxism's reliance on its prophet, holy book & promise of future heaven #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_atheism |
2contradiction
| @user I'm just happy he's telling the @user to wise up RE: #SemST | This example is favor. | tweet_eval/stance_climate |
0entailment
| #LikeAFeminist if you don't identify as a feminist, clearly you don't love yourself sweetie. #SemST | This example is favor. | tweet_eval/stance_feminist |
0entailment
| @user you are set to lose if ur campaign is based on critics instead of proposing #bushfail #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_hillary |
2contradiction
| Have this kinda week! #mondaymotivation never tired of this #View #lasvegas #redrock #hiking… | This example is 📸. | tweet_eval/emoji |
0entailment
| To make climbing 1,000 meters in addition to top that desperately need a higher level of fitness, not to mention the strength of spirit and a sense of adventure.
A trip to the crater involves two days and one night at Mount Rinjani, but is possible your capable to go summit of mount Rinjani depend from your ability. | This example is normally,. | discovery/discovery |
2contradiction
| and i, i don't think i'll do it again | This example is Self-talk. | pragmeval/switchboard |
2contradiction
| we're well that's pretty pretty much it as far as meetings are concerned. | This example is Yes-No-question. | pragmeval/mrda |
0entailment
| the growing scarcity of actual seats for miles -- something that cries out for regulatory intervention -- is bad enough. | This example is unverifiable. | pragmeval/verifiability |
0entailment
| a fourth-grade student from texas was suspended after threatening another student with magic
suspended boy threatened to make student disappear with lord of the rings replica ring | This example is for. | pragmeval/emergent |
0entailment
| but many key aspects of its production and significance have not yet been fully understood .
it has a long history in scholarship ( baron & beresford 2014 ) , | This example is concession. | pragmeval/gum |
0entailment
| and, while the mutinous fed member hasn't gone public, some fed governors, most notably vice chairman manuel johnson, are known to have disagreed with the chairman's decision to remain silent
ironically, the anonymous official's comments have earned some plaudits for mr. greenspan | This example is Conjunction. | pragmeval/pdtb |
2contradiction
| i dont know
haha | This example is Clarification_question. | pragmeval/stac |
0entailment
| americans as a whole don't say soccer sucks; we just don't give a rat's xxx about it.
"the same way most people on planet earth dont give a xxxx about american ""football"" " | This example is sarc. | pragmeval/sarcasm |
0entailment
| i am concerned that you haven't out ... any kind of schedule there ... | This example is Negative. | silicone/sem |
2contradiction
| byebye | This example is expressWish. | silicone/oasis |
0entailment
| No do n't I beg of you ! | This example is negative. | silicone/meld_s |
0entailment
| No do n't I beg of you ! | This example is fear. | silicone/meld_e |
0entailment
| to the inside or the outside of the map | This example is query_yn. | silicone/maptask |
0entailment
| ok . take care . have a nice journey . | This example is happiness. | silicone/dyda_e |
0entailment
| ok . take care . have a nice journey . | This example is directive. | silicone/dyda_da |
2contradiction
| It's ours. It's mine too. | This example is ang. | silicone/iemocap |
2contradiction
| 329 U.S. 156
67 S.Ct. 237
91 L.Ed. 162
VANSTON BONDHOLDERS PROTECTIVE COMMITTEEv.GREEN et al. SAME v. EARLY et al. VANHORN BONDHOLDERS PROTECTIVE COMMITTEE v. GREEN et al. SAME v. EARLY et al.
Nos. 42, 44, 43, 45.
Argued Oct. 22, 1946.
Decided Dec. 9, 1946.
Rehearing Denied Jan. 13, 1947.
See 329 U.S. 833, 67 S.Ct. 497.
[Syllabus from pages 156-158 intentionally omitted]
Mr.George W. Jaques, of New York City, for petitioner Vanston Bondholders Protective Committee.
Mr. Robert J. Bulkley, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner Vanhorn Bondholders Protective Committee.
Mr. Charles I. Dawson, of Louisville, Ky., for respondents Carl B. Early et al.
Mr. Jay Raymond Levinson, of New York City, for respondents, Green Committee et al.
Mr. Roger S. Foster, of Philadelphia, Pa., for Securities and Exchange Commission.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
1
December 2, 1930, a Kentucky District Court appointed an equity receiver of Inland Gas Corporation to take complete and exclusive control, possession, and custody of all of inland's properties, and enjoined Inland's officers from paying its debts. At that time there was no interest unpaid on Inland's first mortgage bonds. February 1, 1931, semiannual interest coupons fell due on these bonds. The debtor could not pay; the court did not direct the receiver to pay. The indenture trustee, acting under the terms of the indenture, promptly declared the entire principal due and payable despite the previous assumption of custody of the estate by the federal court. In 1935, the same District Court approved a creditor's petition for reorganization under § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 207, and at a subsequent date the reorganization was continued as a Chapter X proceeding.1 The indenture provides for payment of interest on unpaid interest. Inland is insolvent, but its assets are sufficient to pay the first mortgage bondholders in full, including the interest on interest. Should interest on interest be paid, however, subordinate creditors would receive a greatly reduced share in the reorganized corporation. These latter concede that the first mortgage bondholders should receive simple interest on the principal due them, but challenge their right to be paid interest on interest2 which fell due after the court took charge of Inland, and which interest the Court, out of consideration for orderly and fair administration of the estate, directed the receiver not to pay on the due date. It is this controversy which we must determine.
2
The first mortgage indenture document was written and signed in New York, designated a New York bank as trustee, and provided for payment of the bonds and attached interest coupons at the office of the trustee in New York, or at the option of the bearer, at a bank in Chicago, Illinois. A group of investment bankers underwrote the issue, sold the bonds to the public, and received a percentage of the proceeds and additional compensation for their services. Inland was organized under the corporation laws of Delaware. Its principal place of business was in Kentucky, and the property mortgaged was located in that state.
3
Under these circumstances the District Court was of the opinion that it must allow the claim for interest on interest if the indenture covenant was valid; that its validity must be determined by the law of New York, because the indenture was signed and the bonds were payable there; and that the covenant was valid there. Accordingly, the first mortgage bondholders were held entitled to interest on interest. Holding that New York prohibited covenants for payment of interest on interest, the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. 6 Cir., 151 F.2d 470. We granted certiorari because of the importance of the questions raised.
4
The Circuit Court of Appeals thought the bankruptcy court must allow or disallow the claim for interest on interest according to whether the covenant to pay it was valid or invalid as between the parties to that covenant. It considered the covenant invalid and therefore unenforceable in bankruptcy upon two alternative assumptions. First, it assumed that a controlling federal rule required the bankruptcy court to determine validity or invalidity of the contract by looking to the law of New York, the state where the court found that the contract was 'made' and primarily payable.3 Second, since the bankruptcy court was sitting in Kentucky, it should determine validity of the covenant as would a Kentucky court. Reviewing Kentucky decisions, the Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that Kentucky courts also would apply New York substantive law. Arriving at New York law by both hypotheses, the Circuit Court of Appeals interpreted that law as rendering the covenant invalid. We agree with the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals that the claim for interest on interest should not be permitted to share in the debtor's assets, but disagree with the reasons given for that conclusion.
5
A purpose of bankruptcy is so to administer an estate as to bring about a ratable distribution of assets among the bankrupt's creditors. What claims of creditors are valid and subsisting obligations against the bankrupt at the time a petition in bankruptcy is filed, is a question which, in the absence of overruling federal law, is to be determined by reference to state law.4 Bryant v. Swofford Bros. Dry Goods Co., 214 U.S. 279, 290, 291, 29 S.Ct. 614, 618, 53 L.Ed. 997; Security Mortgage Co. v. Powers, 278 U.S. 149, 153, 154, 49 S.Ct. 84, 85, 73 L.Ed. 236. But obligations, such as the one here for interest, often have significant contacts in many states so that the question of which particular state's law should measure the obligat on seldom lends itself to simple solution. In determining which contact is the most significant in a particular transaction, courts can seldom find a complete solution in the mechanical formulae of the conflicts of law. Determination requires the exercise of an informed judgment in the balancing of all the interests of the states with the most significant contacts in order best to accommodate the equities among the parties to the policies of those states. Certainly the part of this transaction which touched New York, namely, that the indenture contract was written, signed, and payable there, may be a reason why that state's law should govern. But apparently the bonds were sold to people all over the nation. And Kentucky's interest in having its own laws govern the obligation cannot be minimized. For the property mortgaged was there; the company's business was chiefly there; its products were widely distributed there; and the prices paid by Kentuckians for those products would depend, at least to some extent, on the stability of the company as affected by the carrying charges on its debts. But we need not decide which, if either, of these two states' laws govern the creation and subsistence and validity of the obligation for interest on interest here involved. For assuming, arguendo, that the obligation for interest on interest is valid under the law of New York, Kentucky, and the other states having some interest in the indenture transaction, we would still have to decide whether allowance of the claim would be compatible with the policy of the Bankruptcy Act. Cf. Kuehner v. Irving Trust Co., 299 U.S. 445, 451, 57 S.Ct. 298, 301, 81 L.Ed. 340.
6
In determining what claims are allowable and how a debtor's assets shall be distributed, a bankruptcy court does not apply the law of the state where it sits. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188, 114 A.L.R. 1487, has no such implication. That case decided that a federal district court acquiring jurisdiction because of diversity of citizenship should adjudicate controversies as if it were only another state court. See Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 66 S.Ct. 582. But bankruptcy courts must administer and enforce the Bankruptcy Act as interpreted by this Court in accordance with authority granted by Congress to determine how and what claims shall be allowed under equitable principles.5 And we think an allowance of interest on interest under the circumstances shown by this case would not be in accord with the equitable principles governing bankruptcy distributions.
7
When and under what circumstances federal courts will allow interest on claims against debtors' estates being administered by them has long been decided by federal law. Cf. Board of Com'rs of Jackson County v. United States, 308 U.S. 343, 60 S.Ct. 285, 84 L.Ed. 313; Royal Indemnity Co. v. United States, 313 U.S. 289, 61 S.Ct. 995, 85 L.Ed. 1361. The general rule in bankruptcy and in equity receivership has been that interest on the debtors' obligations ceases to accrue at the beginning of proceedings. Exaction of interest, where the power of a debtor to pay even his contractual obligations is suspended by law, has been prohibited because it was considered in the nature of a penalty imposed because of delay in prompt payment—a delay necessitated by law if the courts are properly to preserve and protect the estate for the benefit of all interests involved. Thus this Court has said: 'We cannot agree that a penalty in the name of interest should be inflicted upon the owners of the mortgage lien for resisting claims which we have disallowed. As a general rule, after pr perty of an insolvent passes into the hands of a receiver or of an assignee in insolvency, interest is not allowed on the claims against the funds. The delay in distribution is the act of the law; it is a necessary incident to the settlement of the estate.' Thomas v. Western Car Co., 149 U.S. 95, 116, 117, 13 S.Ct. 824, 833, 37 L.Ed. 663. Cf. American Iron & Steel Mfg. Co. v. Seaboard Air Line Ry., 233 U.S. 261, 34 S.Ct. 502, 58 L.Ed. 949. Courts have felt that it would be inequitable for anyone to gain an advantage or suffer a loss because of such delay. Sexton v. Dreyfus, 219 U.S. 339, 346, 31 S.Ct. 256, 258, 55 L.Ed. 244. Accrual of simple interest on unsecured claims in bankruptcy was prohibited in order that the administrative inconvenience of continuous recomputation of interest causing recomputation of claims could be avoided. Moreover, different creditors whose claims bore diverse interest rates or were paid by the bankruptcy court on different dates would suffer neither gain nor loss caused solely by delay.6
8
Simple interest on secured claims accruing after the petition was filed was denied unless the security was worth more than the sum of principal and interest due. Sexton v. Dreyfus, supra. To allow a secured creditor interest where his security was worth less than the value of his debt was thought to be inequitable to unsecured creditors. Thus we recently said: 'Since the distribution provided for these bonds on the basis of their mortgage securities is less than the principal amount of their claim, the limitation of their right to share the unmortgaged assets ratably with the unsecured creditors on the basis of principal and interest prior to bankruptcy only is justified under the rule of Ticonic National Bank v. Sprague, 303 U.S. 406, 58 S.Ct. 612, 82 L.Ed. 926.' Group of Institutional Investors v. Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R. Co., 318 U.S. 523, 573, 63 S.Ct. 727, 753, 87 L.Ed. 959. But where an estate was ample to pay all creditors and to pay interest even after the petition was filed, equitable considerations were invoked to permit payment of this additional interest to the secured creditor rather than to the debtor. Coder v. Arts, 213 U.S. 223, 245, 29 S.Ct. 436, 445, 53 L.Ed. 772, 16 Ann.Cas. 1008; Sexton v. Dreyfus, supra. See also Johnson v. Norris, 5 Cir., 190 F. 459.7
9
It is manifest that the touchstone of each decision on allowance of interest in bankruptcy, receivership and reorganization has been a balance of equities between creditor and creditor or between creditors and the debtor. See Sexton v. Dreyfus, supra, 219 U.S. at page 346, 31 S.Ct. at page 258, 55 L.Ed. 244. That the proceeding before us has moved from equity receivership through § 77B to Chapter X in the wake of statutory change does not make these equitable considerations here inapplicable. A Chapter X or § 77B reorganization court is just as much a court of equity as were its statutory and chancery antecedents. See Consolidated Rock Products Co. v. Du Bois, 312 U.S. 510, 527, 61 S.Ct. 675, 685, 85 L.Ed. 982.8
10
In this case where by order of the court interest was left unpaid, we do not think that imposition of interest on that unpaid interest can be justified by 'an application of equitable principles.' See Dayton v. Stanard, 241 U.S. 588, 590, 36 S.Ct. 695, 696, 60 L.Ed. 1190.9 Prior to the beginning of the equity receivership, Inland would have never owed interest on interest unless and until it had breached its obligation to pay simple interest promptly—on the date it was due. Before the receivership began a failure by Inland to pay coupons on the date they were due might have breached an existing obligation. This breach would have imposed upon Inland, under the terms of the covenant, a duty to pay interest on the interest it had failed to pay.10 But when the equity receivership intervened, these interrelated obligations were drastically changed. The obligation to make prompt payment of simple interest coupons was suspended. In fact, both Inland and the receiver were ordered by the court not to pay the coupons on the dates they were, on their face, supposed to have been paid. The contingency which might have created a present obligation to pay interest on interest—i.e., a free decision by the debtor that it would not or could not pay simple interest promptly—was prohibited from occurring by order of the court. That order issued for a good cause, we may assume: to preserve and protect the debtor's estate pending a ratable distribution among all the creditors according to their interests as of the date the receivership began. The extra interest covenant may be deemed added compensation for the creditor or, what is more likely, something like a penalty to induce prompt payment of simple interest. In either event, first mortgage bondholders would have been enriched and subordinate creditors would have suffered a corresponding loss, because of a failure to pay when payment had been prohibited by a court order entered for the joint benefit of debtor, creditors, and the public. Such a result is not consistent with equitable principles. For legal suspension of an obligation to pay is an adequate reason why no added compensation or penalty should be enforced for failure to pay.
11
Affirmed.
12
Mr. Justice REED took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
13
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, with whom Mr. Justice JACKSON joins, concurring; Mr. Justice BURTON having concurred in the opinion of the Court also joins in this opinion.
14
In 1928 the Inland Gas Corporation, chartered by Delaware, floated a first mortgage bond issue covering property located in Kentucky where it had its principal place of business. The mortgage indenture was executed in New York, designated a New York corporation as trustee, and made the bonds and coupons payable in New York, or, at the option of the holder, in Chicago where the debtor had a paying agent. By an explicit clause in the indenture the debtor agreed to pay interest on defaulted coupons at the rate which applied to the bonds themselves before maturity. The bonds were sold to the public in many States.
15
The debt r defaulted on coupons and also on the bonds when they became due. Reorganization proceedings under § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act were begun by creditors in the District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. Subsequently Chapter X of that Act was made applicable. In these proceedings a claim, based on the covenant in the indenture, was made by mortgage bondholders for interest on the defaulted interest coupons. The bankruptcy court allowed the claim, apparently because it concluded that the covenant is valid by the law of New York. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed. 151 F.2d 470. That court, apparently deeming itself ultimately controlled by the local law of Kentucky which, in turn, looked to the law of New York, ruled that the claims should have been disallowed because the contract for the payment of interest on coupons was void under New York law. On the other hand, the Securities and Exchange commission, a statutory party to the proceedings (§ 208 of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 608, 11 U.S.C.A. § 608), urges allowance of the claim if the covenant would, apart from bankruptcy, be upheld in the courts of any State 'having a substantial relationship to the transaction'. The Commission therefore supports allowance of the claim because it finds that two of the States related to the transaction would uphold the covenant: Delaware, the State of the debtor's incorporation, and Kentucky, its principal place of business and the site of the mortgage property. Finally another view suggests that whether interest should be allowed in this case is a matter of federal law to be fashioned by the bankruptcy court in the light of general, undefined notions of equity policy and of bankruptcy administration.
16
Of course, where rights are created by the Constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States and do not owe their origin to the laws of any State, the granting or withholding of interest as part of the remedy is also a function of federal law. That is the upshot of the decision in Board of Commissioners of Jackson County v. United States, 308 U.S. 343, 60 S.Ct. 285, 84 L.Ed. 313. The factors legally decisive of the present problem are the opposite of those which controlled our decision in that case. There we had a right created by federal law. In this case, it was beyond the power of federal law to create the right for which claim was made, although, if by State law such a right came into being, it might become a question whether the federal courts should recognize such a right when they are sought to be utilized as instruments for its enforcement.
17
Conflict-of-law problems have a beguiling tendency to be made even more complicated than they are. Therefore, they are often, as now, fitting occasions for observing the classic admonition to begin at the beginning. The business of bankruptcy administration is to determine how existing debts should be satisfied out of the bankrupt's estate so as to deal fairly with the various creditors. The existence of a debt between the parties to an alleged creditor-debtor relation is independent of bankruptcy and precedes it. Parties are in a bankruptcy court with their rights and duties already established, except insofar as they subsequently arise during the course of bankruptcy administration or as part of its conduct. Obligations to be satisfied out of the bankrupt's estate thus arise, if at all, out of tort or contract or other relationship created under applicable law. And the law that fixes legal consequences to transactions is the law of the several States. Except for the very limited obligations created by Congress, e.g., Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 66 S.Ct. 582, a debt is not brought into being by federal law. Obligations exist or do not exist by force of State law though federal bankruptcy legislation is in force, just as State law determined whether they came into being or did not come into being between 1878 and 1898 when there was no bankruptcy law. The fact that subsequent to the creation of a debt a party comes into a bankruptcy court has no relevance to the rules concerning the creation of the obligation. Of course a State may affix to a transaction an obligation which the courts of other States or the federal courts need not enforce because of overriding considerations of policy. And so, in the proper adjustment of the rights of creditors and the desire to rehabilitate the debtor, Congress under its bankruptcy power may authorize its courts to refuse to allow existing debts to be proven. It may do so, for instance, where the recognition of such claims would undermine the fair administration of a debtor's estate, even though before bankruptcy such a claim would have supported a valid judgment in the courts of the State which created the obligation, or even in the courts of the State where the bankruptcy court is sitting. But the threshold question for the allowance of a claim is whether a claim exists. And clarity of analysis justifies repetition that except where federal law, wholly apart from bankruptcy, has created obligations by the exercise of power granted to the federal government, a claim implies the existence of an obligation created by State law. If there was no valid claim before bankruptcy, there is no claim for a bankruptcy court either to recognize or to reject.
18
Such an analysis, however phrased, is indispensable to the solution of the problem now before us. Putting the wrong questions is not likely to beget right answers even in law. One way of putting our problem is to ask whether the bankruptcy court executing the policy of Congress could recognize a claim for interest on coupons and allow it to share in the distribution of the bankrupt's assets. But thus to frame the question is to avoid the crucial preliminary inquiry whether any obligation exists to be recognized. For nothing comes into a bankruptcy court to which congressional policy can apply unless it is an obligation created by applicable State law. And no obligation finds its way into a bankruptcy court unless by the law of the State where the acts constituting a transaction occur, the legal consequence of such a transaction is an obligation to pay. See Bryant v. Swofford Bros. Dry Goods Co., 214 U.S. 279, 290, 291, 29 S.Ct. 614, 618, 53 L.Ed. 997; Benedict v. Ratner, 268 U.S. 353, 45 S.Ct. 566, 69 L.Ed. 991; Security Mortgage Co. v. Powers, 278 U.S. 149, 49 S.Ct. 84, 73 L.Ed. 236. Where a transaction in its entirety occurs in one State it is clearly the law of that State that determines if an obligation is born, whether the question becomes relevant in a bankruptcy court or in any other court. But the mere fact that an agreement is made in one State by citizens of a second State for performance in a third and affecting individuals in all forty-eight States does not change the principle inherent in our federal scheme, that the existence of a debt comes about not by federal law but by force of some State law, even though the right to enforce the debt, if it exists, may raise federal questions if bankruptcy ensues. Bankruptcy legislation is superimposed upon rights and obligations created by the laws of the States. Compare Marshall v. People of State of New York, 254 U.S. 380, 41 S.Ct. 143, 65 L.Ed. 315. We do not reach considerations of policy in bankruptcy administration until there are rights, created by applicable local law, to be recognized.
19
This brings us to the immediate situation. This is not a case where damages are claimed, in the form of interest, for the detention of monies due. In such a situation the right to interest and its measure become matters for judicial determination. The claim here asserted is based solely on the terms of the agreement. The covenant for interest on interest was entered into by the parties in New York. The dominant place of performance was also New York. In the circumstances, if the words of the indenture created an obligation, they did so only if the law of New York says they did. Williston, ontracts § 1792. If New York outlawed such a covenant neither Kentucky nor Delaware nor the States in which bonds were sold or where bondholders reside could give effect to an obligation which never came into being. Compare John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Yates, 299 U.S. 178, 57 S.Ct. 129, 81 L.Ed. 106. And the ultimate voice of New York law, the New York Court of Appeals, speaking through Judge Cardozo, stated it as settled law that 'a promise to pay interest upon interest is void * * *'. Newburger-Morris Co. v. Talcott, 219 N.Y. 505, 510, 114 N.E. 846, 847. This view of the New York law is supported by the great weight of Judge Mack's authority. American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co. v. Interborough Rapid Transit Co., D.C., 11 F.Supp. 418, 419, 420. But see American Brake Shoe & Foundry Co. v. Interborough Rapid Transit Co., D.C., 26 F.Supp. 954, contra. However, it is not for us to ascertain independently whether the law of New York deemed a nullity the agreement that was here sought to be made the basis of a claim. We would not have brought the case here on that issue. The Circuit Court of Appeals made such an investigation and concluded that in New York the undertaking to pay interest was void. We accept this finding and conclude that since no obligation was created there was no claim provable in bankruptcy. And so we are not now called upon to decide whether as a matter of bankruptcy administration an agreement to pay interest on interest, where it is an obligation enforceable by State law, is enforceable in bankruptcy. That is a question that can arise only where such an obligation arose under State law. The opposite is the assumption in the case before us.
20
It is argued however, that this conclusion subjects the fate of a claim in bankruptcy to the whim of State law. We are told that this result is against the policy of Congress implied in measures for the protection of investors and contravenes the requirement of 'uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies.' Art. I, § 8, Cl. 4. But this misconceives the purpose and settled understanding of the bankruptcy clause of the Constitution. The Constitutional requirement of uniformity is a requirement of geographic uniformity. It is wholly satisfied when existing obligations of a debtor are treated alike by the bankruptcy administration throughout the country regardless of the State in which the bankruptcy court sits. See Hanover National Bank v. Moyses, 186 U.S. 181, 190, 22 S.Ct. 857, 861, 46 L.Ed. 1113. To establish uniform laws of bankruptcy does not mean wiping out the differences among the forty-eight States in their laws governing commercial transactions. The Constitution did not intend that transactions that have different legal consequences because they took place in different States shall come out with the same result because they passed through a bankruptcy court. In the absence of bankruptcy such differences are the familiar results of a federal system having forty-eight diverse codes of local law. These differences inherent in our federal scheme the day before a bankruptcy are not wiped out or transmuted the day after.
1
Section 77B was enacted June 7, 1934, 48 Stat. 912. The § 77B petition in this case was filed while the estate continued in the equity receivership. Section 77B was superseded by Chapter X, 52 Stat. 883, 11 U.S.C. § 501 et seq., 11 U.S.C.A. § 501 et seq. Section 276 of Chapter X, 11 U.S.C. § 676, 11 U.S.C.A. § 676, authorized continuance of the § 77B proceedings under Chapter X. See Youn v. Higbee Co., 324 U.S. 204, 205, n. 1, 65 S.Ct. 594, 595, 89 L.Ed. 890.
2
The claims for interest on interest amount to some $500,000.
3
The Circuit Court of Appeals thought a reference to New York law was authorized by the following cases: Cromwell v. County of Sac, 96 U.S. 51, 24 L.Ed. 681; Scudder v. Union National Bank, 91 U.S. 406, 412, 23 L.Ed. 245; Liverpool & G. W. Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U.S. 397, 453, 9 S.Ct. 469, 476, 32 L.Ed. 788. None of these cases nor any cited by petitioner here, e.g., Seeman v. Philadelphia Warehouse Co., 274 U.S. 403, 47 S.Ct. 626, 71 L.Ed. 1123, involve questions of distribution of a debtor's assets in receivership, bankruptcy or reorganization to meet claims for interest on interest said to have accrued after a court took possession of a debtor's estate.
4
Of course, there might be instances where the validity of the obligation would be determined by reference to the law of some foreign country.
5
Heiser v. Woodruff, 327 U.S. 726, 66 S.Ct. 853; American Surety Co. v. Sampsell, 327 U.S. 269, 272, 66 S.Ct. 571, 573; Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295, 303—306, 60 S.Ct. 238, 243—245, 84 L.Ed. 281.
6
See § 63, sub. a(1) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 103, sub. a(1), 11 U.S.C.A. § 103, sub. a(1); cf. § 63 of the Act of 1898, 30 Stat. 562 and § 19 of the Bankruptcy Act of 1867, 14 Stat. 525. For a discussion of interest claims in bankruptcy see 3 Collier on Bankruptcy, 14th Ed., 281, 1835.
7
Analogous principles have been applied to the liquidation of national banks. White v. Knox, 111 U.S. 784, 786, 787, 4 S.Ct. 686, 687, 28 L.Ed. 603, relied on in Sexton v. Dreyfus, supra, 219 U.S. at page 346, 31 S.Ct. at page 258, 55 L.Ed. 244; Ticonic National Bank v. Sprague, 303 U.S. 406, 412, 413, 58 S.Ct. 612, 615, 82 L.Ed. 926.
8
Section 115 of Chapter X, 11 U.S.C. § 515, 11 U.S.C.A. § 515, authorizes a Chapter X court to exercise 'all the powers, not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter, which a court of the United States would have if it had appointed a receiver in equity of the property of the debtor * *.' Former § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act, 48 Stat. 912 and § 77, sub. a, 11 U.S.C. § 205, sub. a, 11 U.S.C.A. § 205, sub. a (Railroad Reorganization) contain similar provisions.
9
Petitioner and the Circuit Court have cited non-bankruptcy cases which award interest on interest to support the award in this reorganization. Town of Genoa v. Woodruff, 92 U.S. 502, 23 L.Ed. 586; Edwards v. Bates County, 163 U.S. 269, 16 S.Ct. 967, 41 L.Ed. 155. Diversity of citizenship brought these cases to the federal courts. None of them presented to the courts the special bankruptcy problems of uniformity, ratable distribution and fairness and equity which grow out of the context of the bankruptcy law.
10
Had a breach occurred and a suit been filed in state court prior to receivership or bankruptcy, that court would have been required to determine whether the covenant was valid under the controlling state law.
| This example is 6. | lex_glue/scotus |
0entailment
| This Agreement represents the agreement of Senior Lender and Subordinated Lender with respect to the subject matter hereof and there are no promises or representations by Senior Lender or Subordinated Lender relative to the subject matter hereof not reflected herein. | This example is Integration. | lex_glue/ledgar |
2contradiction
| Chính xác . Tôi đã nhìn thẳng vào anh ta . | This example is pl. | language-identification |
2contradiction
| Will Farmer (Lanter) plays a computer game that simulates a terrorist attack, and Ripley, the super government computer, designed to profile potential terrorists, tracks him because Will borrowed (by hacking) some money from his next door neighbor's bank account to pay for a class trip to play chess in Philadelphia. The next door neighbor whose computer Will was fixing, has relatives in the mid-east who thru their bank send money to the neighbor's bank , and Ripley sees a terrorist connection. Ripley has the power to call up missile strikes. Oh, oh!<br /><br />This version of War Games has a much faster pace and more aggressiveness than the War Games movie in the early 1980s. Well, the electronic industry has so much more to work with these days. Makes sense. So the movie dazzles us with fantastic CGI on computer screens, and once Joshua, the forerunner to Ripley, is found operational, we are left with watching computer against computer and the humans are cringing, hoping, praying
.sort of, oh-oh-ing, OMG-ing, and more cringing hoping things will go their way. In other words we are now experiencing a made-for-TV type movie, and it's Oh Hum Time. Go back to the 1980s and watch the original War Games movie. It's much better. <br /><br />But, we really have to ask ourselves: are we making computers too intelligent where one day, in time, they will rule us? Hmmm
..<br /><br />Violence: Yes. Sex: No. Nudity: No. Language: No. | This example is pos. | imdb |
2contradiction
| this is a film well worth seeing , talking and singing heads and all . | This example is neg. | rotten_tomatoes |
0entailment
| NASA Delays Shuttle Flight Set for Spring HOUSTON, Oct. 1 -- NASA decided Friday to delay the spring 2005 launch of the first shuttle flight since Columbia disintegrated, citing hurricane damage and more work needed to implement safety recommendations. | This example is Sci/Tech. | ag_news |
2contradiction
| I have not heard of the Hotel Omni hotel chain until we booked our hotel through Hotwire. Hotwire rated the hotel as a 4 star, for $120 a night, almost 50% off regular price, we decided to book it!\n\nHotel Omni's location is great, it is right across McGill's campus and walking distance to St Catherine, St Laurent and other major streets in the downtown Montreal core. The metro station is kitty-corner from the hotel. The location of the hotel made it easy to get around the city.\n\nParking - self-park was $16, the concierge directed us to their self-park lot. The directions may seem confusing but it is well worth not having to pay the extra $10 for valet. There are no in/out privileges with the self park.\n\nHotel - the hotel has a big of the dated appeal, but it is quite fancy. I really liked the wide open lobby area. There were quite a few people taking photos of the lobby when we arrived.\n\nRoom - our room was huge. With the king size bed, there was still room to have a dance party in the common/sitting area. We had a nice view of Mont Royal park facing Sherbrooke street. The bathroom was a descent size and it came with your very own heat lamp (to dry off after your shower)\n\nService - great, they were even able to give us a late check-out the next day without any issues.\n\nOverall, I would come back to the hotel again. The downside is that they did not give us free WiFi. I will have to ask for it at the next Montreal visit. | This example is 3 stars. | yelp_review_full/yelp_review_full |
0entailment
| Operating profit totalled EUR 1.22 mn , down from EUR 3.56 mn in the first quarter of 2008 . | This example is negative. | financial_phrasebank/sentences_allagree |
0entailment
| the call's more urgent when he journeys slow. | This example is no_impact. | poem_sentiment |
0entailment
| The Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato was introduced in October 1960 at the London Motor Show. It was effectively a DB4 GT lightened and improved by the Zagato factory in Italy by Ercole Spada. Initially the factory had plans to produce 25 cars but demand wasn't as strong as expected and production ceased at the 20th unit. | This example is MeanOfTransportation. | dbpedia_14/dbpedia_14 |
0entailment
| Susan was perfect. She had to be, or her father would make Mother suffer. Once she had a friend, Julio, her housekeeper's son, but Father put an end to that. Now she does a lot of extra-credit reports and listens carefully to the house, so she can tell where everyone is - and when she needs to hide. She's gotten permission to stay away from home every afternoon for a month, doing research on her current project. In the library she overhears Julio and two friends discussing various sites where they can pursue their interests without disturbing anyone or being interrupted. They decide on the local haunted house and Susan is invited to join them. But this House really is haunted. Nathan was about their age when he hung himself in 1918, and when Susan listens to this House, it talks to her. Hoffman has smoothly created unforgettable characters with real issues, some magic, and a forever friendship. A page-turner, with people you don't want to say good-bye to. | This example is positive. | amazon_polarity/amazon_polarity |
2contradiction
| Old Tarzan movies , `` Zulu '' , and `` King Kong '' have many such images . | This example is idk/skip. | hate_speech18 |
0entailment
| Ok im not sure what time i finish tomorrow but i wanna spend the evening with you cos that would be vewy vewy lubly! Love me xxx
| This example is ham. | sms_spam |
0entailment
| " We could be separated " : <Immigrants/> , families react after Trump administration ends protected status : mimes :
" We could be separated " : <Immigrants/> , families react after Trump administration ends protected status : Condiments : | This example is sentence1. | humicroedit/subtask-2 |
2contradiction
| When is Rao's the most crowded? | This example is ShareETA. | snips_built_in_intents |
2contradiction
| RT @bitchEATme_: Like damn bitch yeah ...its me http://t.co/xirt5pqHBX | This example is neither. | hate_speech_offensive |
0entailment
| how do i loss weight?
i am a 15 years old girl, im now weight 120pounds and 5 feet 2 inches tall.i have start to eat less and record what i eat everyday.\ni have a lot of fats in the waist and my biceps, how do i get rid of those fats and is it possible for me to loss 20 pounds in one month.and what are the ways i can do to help me loss the fat and weight | This example is Health. | yahoo_answers_topics |
2contradiction
| Linda Gibbs died on 31 August aged 70. She was told her cancer diagnosis was terminal on 14 July. Hours after receiving the news, she was called by someone claiming to be from her telephone provider who told her a direct debit payment had failed. She gave them her bank details and PIN number and was told someone would come and collect her card to sort the payment out. A woman arrived at her home in Nuneaton and collected the card, which was then used to buy thousands of pounds worth of jewellery. Warwickshire Police have released photographs of a woman they want to interview in connection with the investigation, who, they say, may have been wearing a wig at the time the pictures were taken. Mrs Gibbs' daughter, Anita Foxley, said: "My mum was very vulnerable after being told she had terminal cancer and to be targeted by these people is unforgivable. The extra stress this put on her life in her last days was unbearable. "When they targeted her... she must have been at the lowest point that she's ever been at... I imagine that they preyed on that. Obviously they must have been very convincing, and mum must have trusted them," she added. "I would really like to see justice served on the woman who came to my mum's door that day." Kevin Knight, of Warwickshire Police, said: "These types of heartless criminals regularly prey on the most vulnerable members of the community and in this case they have targeted someone who had just received the most awful news. "You can only imagine the impact this had on the final weeks of Mrs Gibbs' life and the anger it continues to cause her family. We believe the woman in these photos has information that will be vital to our enquiries. Please bear in mind that she might be wearing a wig," he added. | This example is true. | hyperpartisan_news |
0entailment
| Experiments show that the learned [[ tracker ]] performs much better than existing << trackers >> on the tracking of complex non-rigid motions such as fish twisting with self-occlusion and large inter-frame lip motion . | This example is COMPARE. | sciie |
2contradiction
| Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier . | This example is Extends. | citation_intent |
2contradiction
| …lifetimes, whereas indirect benefits refer to benefits to genetically related recipients; i.e., benefits that increase the inclusive fitness of benefactors but typicaly imply fitness costs that are not compensated during the benefactors’ lifetimes (Hamilton 1964; Trivers 1971; West et al. 2007). | This example is result. | scicite |
0entailment
| Under Virginia law, if you are a non-federally licensed (gun) dealer, you cannot get a background check even if you want one. | This example is barely-true. | liar |
2contradiction
| refinery
thumbhole | This example is hypo. | lexical_relation_classification/K&H+N |
0entailment
| atmosphere
sky | This example is PART_OF. | lexical_relation_classification/CogALexV |
0entailment
| dolphin
eat | This example is event. | lexical_relation_classification/BLESS |
0entailment
| paper
vehicle | This example is RANDOM. | lexical_relation_classification/ROOT09 |
2contradiction
| toy
plastic | This example is Synonym. | lexical_relation_classification/EVALution |
0entailment
| NEW YORK, May 23ÛÓThe stock market hung near dead center today, with little news to push it either way. I Trading activity slackened.</br></br>The Bow Jones industrial average showed mostly fractional changes on the downside through most of the session.</br></br>Co. after directors cut the quarterly dividend. When the stock re-opened with a 3 Is-point loss at the Dow dropped to a closing loss of 3.64 points at 893.15.'</br></br>Standard & Poor's 500-stock composite was down 0.21 point to 96.97 and the New York Stork Exchange index lost 0.07 point to 54.53.</br></br>The pace of activity fell about 10 per cent, to 12.85 million shares from the 14.2 million turned over on Wednesday. | This example is no. | crowdflower/economic-news |
2contradiction
| 2:15 PM ET/ 11:15 AM PT on Ed Schultz Radio Show to talk California #drought & #infrastructure. Listen at http://t.co/GBuS939i7r #CAWater | This example is national. | crowdflower/political-media-audience |
0entailment
| 2:15 PM ET/ 11:15 AM PT on Ed Schultz Radio Show to talk California #drought & #infrastructure. Listen at http://t.co/GBuS939i7r #CAWater | This example is media. | crowdflower/political-media-message |
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