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0.999524 |
Ever since the Bitcoin Foundation was first announced by lead Bitcoin protocol developer Gavin Andresen in September 2012, it has been the subject of constant criticism. An organization that describes itself on the front page of its website as having the mission of “freeing people to transact on their own terms” and “standardizing, protecting and promoting the use of Bitcoin cryptographic money for the benefit of users worldwide”, has alternately been called a wealthy Silicon Valley business club, a United States-focused organization, or a group of wannabe dictators trying to unilaterally impose their visions on the Bitcoin community. Some have even accused the Foundation of wanting to centralize Bitcoin and transform the project into a more regulator-friendly product without its more controversial properties for their own personal gain. At the same time, however, the Foundation has proven to be an invaluable tool in supporting Bitcoin’s growth. It is paying a full-time salary to Gavin Andresen, forcefully and proactivelydefending Bitcoin in front of regulators, and paying out grants to projects that would have a hard time funding themselves otherwise. As Bitcoin continues to grow, local communities are seeing the benefits that formal organization, properly done, can bring, and a single question is increasingly coming to the forefront of the public discussion: what is wrong with the Bitcoin Foundation, and how can we fix it?
Although Di Iorio certainly did take leadership in the Alliance’s formation, he did so publicly and openly and gave everyone months of advance warning before every critical step so that everyone could have ample chance to participate. Compare to that the story of how the Bitcoin Foundation was created: in August, Gavin Andresen let slip that there would be some big news coming up in September. Over the next few weeks, Andresen let the Bitcoin communityspeculate on what the news was going to be, and at the end of September Andresen abruptly announced the organization, fully formed, to the world in a forum post. The five original directors were all established Bitcoin business leaders, who received their spots automatically, essentially simply because they were in the right place at the right time. And even today, all but two directors were appointed, and all but three part of the same original group.
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0.946086 |
Generate a confirmation link to be sent to form users via auto-responder emails or thank you messages.
Allow form users to confirm their submission and email address in a professional manner.
Can you provide more details or photographs on how it works exactly. I am looking for an app very similar to this, for example a subscribe app, where the user has to verify is / her mail id for confirming their submissions.
Can the confirmation email be delayed by a week?
This will not let me go any further than get now????
please sir.,,how to create form of use login ..?
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0.992413 |
Lead by example: let us coin the word "leadership impostor” to communicate an understanding of how to develop leadership skills. Leaders have the following attributes: integrity, honesty, strong communication skills, strong ethical considerations, consistency in behavior, and assertiveness. Individuals looking to develop his/her leadership skills and show improvement of such traits into action should mimic ideal leaders.
Emotional intelligence, diligence, and determination are all key factors for achieving success in the workplace.
My career success has been in several industries and positions: clinical psychology and group processing, full lines insurance agent, marketing representative in medical field, business owner, and teaching profession.
Flexibility is a key factor to all careers.
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0.943888 |
In an essay entitled The problem of production, Schumacher argues that one of the most fateful errors of our age is the belief that we have found the means to produce all the good things of life. He is concerned that modern man fails to see himself as a part of nature but instead considers himself to be an outside force which can dominate and conquer nature for his own ends. Referring to the economy of Spaceship Earth he says that modern man fails to distinguish between income and capital and is in fact rapidly consuming the capital of the Earth in a way that no businessman in a manufacturing company would conceive of doing. He cites as examples the gigantic exploitation of fossils fuels so that reserves are fast dwindling, the pollution hazards of storing radioactive wastes which will require future technologists to keep them safe for hundreds of years, and the preparedness to allow major changes in human behaviour to occur, such as increases in crime, drug addiction and mental breakdown, without taking adequate measures to safeguard what he terms ‘the human substance’.
In an essay entitled Buddhist economics Schumacher examined the contrasting views of work which might be taken by a western economist and by a Buddhist economist. He started from the position of universal agreement that human labour is a fundamental source of wealth, but that there is little agreement beyond.
Schumacher went on to show that a Buddhist economist does not comprehend the western view that standard of living is measured by amount of consumption, for his aim is to achieve the maximum of well being with the minimum of means. Further, production of goods from local resources for local needs is a more rational way of life to the Buddhist than to depend upon imports from afar. Unlike the western economist, the Buddhist economist distinguishes between renewable and non-renewable resources and will only use the latter with meticulous concern for conservation, for to use them otherwise would be an act of violence.
He concluded the essay by saying that between the extremes of modern growth and traditional stagnation is the question of finding the right path of development, the Middle Way between materialist heedlessness and traditionalist immobility, in short, of finding Right Livelihood.
A question of size is an essay in which Schumacher argued that for his different purposes man needs many different structures, some small and some large, some exclusive and some comprehensive.
Schumacher suggested that today there is an almost universal idolatry of giantism and so it is necessary to insist on the virtues of smallness.
Which of these three is the most deadly he doesn't know, but he asserts that a materialistic way of life, involving permanent, limitless expansion in a finite world, cannot last long. In its place he seeks a new life¬style, based on what he calls ‘technology with a human face’. Instead of making human hands and brains redundant, technology should help people to become far more productive than they have ever been before. It involves Gandhi's concept of replacing mass production by production by the masses.
Schumacher spent the last fifteen years of his life (he died in 1977) in developing intermediate technology projects for third world countries.
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0.999698 |
When taking a yoga class for the first time - it's not unusual to think - 'wowsers, that was tougher than I thought it was going to be'.
Usually, that thought has got nothing to do with the type of class you've attended. whether a strong, continuously moving vinyasa flow class or a slower gentler general practice, the truth of the matter is - that if you've never done yoga before, you're going to be waking up sleepy parts of the body and saying hello to muscles that you haven't been acquainted with for some time.
Even standing in a relatively simple, yet straight and steady standing mountain pose - can be a huge challenge. Heels and feet grounded, ankles aligned central to the foot, knees softly pulling up to engage your thigh muscles, hips centred over your ankles, so the legs are fully aligned enabling the pelvis to be balanced - tail bone gently softening down towards your heels, without tucking under too much to cause stress and tensions - shoulder blades drawingdown your back, enabling the chest to broaden and centralising the shoulder girdle - back of the neck long with the chin slightly drawing in towards the chest - so that the crown of the head can shine upwards towards the sky - arms by your sides reaching down towards the floor with palms forward to assist with the broadening of the collar bones - providing space for the breath to flow fully in and out of the body. Whaaaatttt??? How many things do I need to be thinking about?
This one simple posture, which you will be asked to come into time and time again between postures, with all of its alignment cues, is likely to feel odd - and certainly far removed from your habitual standing posture.
But at one time in your life - that aligned and steady frame is exactly how your body would have naturally stood.
Just look at a toddler or young child - they naturally stand in perfect posture. There are no hunched shoulders, no rounded upper thoracic spines, no wonky hips, knees or ankles. In fact, it's only usually until getting into the early teenage years where significant changes start to happen. The emotional knocks start to show up in our bodies. The shoulders round as self conscious teenagers start to draw inwards, taller children may want to become smaller to 'fit in', creating habits that change physical posture. For those that are sporty, such activities also start to imprint themselves on our bodies - muscles potentially become shorter, tighter - and that natural ease and strength that comes with softness begins to dissipate.
Over the years - more changes occur, as more and more emotional and physical knocks start to show up in our bodies. Back issues, shoulder issues, knee issues, headaches, migraines, tensions, blood pressure, skin issues, depression and anxiety. All symptoms of 'dis'-'ease'.
So, if you felt that your first yoga class was tougher than you thought it was going to be - then just think about all the years that your body and mind have been active and living day to day without a yoga practice.
As we grow up - our bodies and emotions may take enormous knocks - those knocks imprint themselves and our yoga practice helps us to peel them away, layer by layer - unravelling, and removing the blockages and 'crap' - helping us to get back to who we are and how we're meant to be.
I always remember one of my first yoga teachers, many years ago, advising me that yoga was all about getting to 'the truth of who you are'.
It stuck with me - even though, at the time, I recall thinking - hmmm that's all a bit dramatic for an exercise class. But how right she was. Over the years I've heard other teachers say exactly the same. And they too are right.
I've learnt that yoga practice is all about exactly that - peeling away the 'stuff', the stuff that inhibits the truth of who we are - the emotional challenges you may bear, the masks you may wear, the performances you may give.
Layer by layer, just like peeling an onion - hence why sometimes there may be sweat and there may be tears. Thinking about yoga in this way, then it's not really surprising that at times it's going to feel tough. And, of course, to really accomplish anything, you have to stick with it, as those layers won't peel away overnight - but with time and patience, perseverance and practice, it will happen. And as each layer removes itself, you will feel lighter, better and freer.
So, the next time you're feeling that your practice is tough - and wondering whether it's always going to be so challenging - just remind yourself of the greatness that's at play. The unraveling of years of dis-ease. The fact that you're on that rewarding but sometimes challenging adventureto uncover the truth of who you are.
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0.999501 |
I'm having trouble modifying the Extract Data Task modelbuilder for a geoprocessing service I'm trying to publish.
I've successfully published a GP service without modifying the spatial reference parameter, but now I would like to expose some custom projections in the spatial reference parameter and I'm having trouble with the modelbuilder finding said projections.
The problem is defining the custom spatial reference folder. I've gone through the ESRI workflow/documentation setting up the folder, populating the desired projection files in it, and then exposing those projections under the model parameters form in the spatial reference parameter of the Extract Data Task tool.
1. How to connect to the custom spatial reference folder?
2. How to populate the spatial reference parameter when referencing the custom spatial reference folder?
Has anyone done this successfully, or have a successful work flow documented that they would like to share?
1. Copy the "Extract Data" Script and the "Extract Data Task" model into a New toolbox you create.
2. Make a copy of the python script used by the "Extract Data" Script to a Folder location of your choice( You can maintain the original if you choose to).
3. Skip this step if you maintain the original. Right click on "Extract Data" Script and select Properties, click on the folder icon and point it your copy of the python script.
4. Click "Apply" to commit the change.
5. Right click on the Model and select "Edit"
6. Use the "Select" tool to select and delete the "Extract Data" Script contained in the model.
7. Drag and drop within the model, your copy of the "Extract Data" script.
8. Right click on the "Area of Interest" and make it a Model Parameter just as in the original.
10. Double click on the "Custom Spatial Ref Folder" and set the path to the folder with the Projection files you want to use.
I used a UNC path to the folder. Click "OK" when done.
11. Save the model. Ignore the Spatial "Spatial Reference" variable for now.
12. Right click on the "Extract Data" Script and select Properties--Parameters.
13. Choose the "Spatial Reference" Parameter and set the default to one of the custom projections you will be using. Use the exact projection file name.
14. Right click on the model and select "Properties"--Parameters. Choose "Value List" for the Spatial Reference Filter.
15. Next, click on the 3 dots and type in all the custom Spatial References (match the names exactly) you have in the folder in Step 10. Click "OK" twice to save and exit the properties window.
17. Finally, set the "Output Zip File" as a Model Parameter, double click on it and set the path as shown below.
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0.999476 |
How would major websites look if they are redesigned based on the style and feel of the Microsoft Xbox One or the Sony PlayStation? Video game consoles have always been revolutionary in terms of their user interfaces, which take full advantage of their operating system and hardware configurations to deliver a snappy and attractive user experience.
One of the best examples of efficient and stylish user interface design can be found on the Xbox One, which is powered by the Xbox OS and styled by the Metro design concept that Microsoft originally introduced in the Zune multimedia player years ago. Even though the Zune failed to compete against the Apple iPod, it made quite a splash in terms of visual design, which was partly inspired by the clean and effective style seen in the signage of many European railway stations.
Redesigning websites under the Microsoft Universal Windows Platform user interface standards and the Xbox OS visual style would entail borrowing elements of the main dashboard for the home page, which is something that is already used by Software-as-a-Service platforms for the enterprise world; depending on the criteria of the web designer, the dashboard may turn into the more traditional navigation menu or vertical sidebar for internal pages.
The Reveal Highlight lighting effect around interactive elements such as buttons and menu items is an intuitive feature of Windows 10 and Xbox OS that can be achieved on the web by means of grouping buttons and assigning shadows to them. This effect can go a long way in terms of giving users a sense of the interactive elements of the pages they are browsing, and it can also be used to call attention to sections that visitors should visit.
Microsoft's Fluent Design standards are being constantly improved, and they are catching up to Google's Material Design and the look of Apple iOS on mobile devices. It should be noted that the original Metro style was developed for the purpose of giving users a seamless transition from one platform to another; to this effect, applying Fluent Design to the web would result in pages looking a lot like mobile apps and Windows 10.
For more information click here https://v.redd.it/btz3ryrzzhc11.
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0.976245 |
❶For instance, he talks of butchering these children to be made delicious food and skinning of the children to make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for gentlemen. Summary In A Modest Proposal Swift adopts the persona of a concerned economist who suggests that, in order to better combat the poverty and overpopulation of Ireland, the children of the poor be sold as food to the wealthy.
Swift was a member of the Irish ruling class and a Protestant clergyman, which should be an indicator to the reader on how balanced—in terms of bias—the proposal will be. In his proposal, the use of logical explanation is immensely distinguishable from the resounding use of satire. Swift utilizes various stylistic techniques in his proposal; predominantly, the use of satire. As the audience descends further into the morbidly dis-jointed proposal the use of satire becomes more recognizable.
An instance of this would be the proposals thesis; essentially, poverty-stricken children between the ages of 1 and 6 should be sold as food to alleviate the debt in the country—among other untenable hardships.
He brings to the table the most unhinged idea for fixing several indefensible positions in the most calm and intelligent way. The disintegration of the Society of United Irishmen meant that it was unable to impose its grip on the long-awaited rebellion, which broke out in Ireland on 23 May The rebellion therefore consisted of a series of separate uprisings, based primarily on local grievances rather than any overriding set of ideas or a concerted plan.
At the time, some members of There can be little doubt that question of land, with specific regards to tenant farmers and absentee landlords, was a major obstacle for the British government as they attempted to 'solve the Irish Question'. However, in addition to the fact that there were other issues within Ireland which also formed obstacles to resolution, such as Home Rule, one must also consider the actions of the The three influences on Irish Political Culture that will be discussed in the essay will be: Religion and Secularisation I believe that Political Culture is the basic beliefs and traditions of a group of people towards Between the years of and , immigration from many Europeans countries very much shows that the United States has been a land of refuge and opportunity for immigrants.
This outlandish thesis is a manifestation of Swift's outrage at what he saw as the scandalous economic and political policies of the Irish and English governments, and the author uses the assumed voice of the economist, an abundance of detail, literalized metaphors, and other ironic and parodic techniques to devastating effect. At the same time Swift directs his satire at Protestant-Catholic divisions, contemporary economic theories, and other targets. A Modest Proposal has long been judged an incomparable work of rhetorical brilliance, and it continues to garner new readers and additional critical attention to this day.
Swift graduated from Trinity College in Dublin in As he was born of English parents, Swift was anxious to distance himself from Ireland, and he moved to England in —the first of many relocations between England and Ireland. While living at Moor Park in England, Swift served as a secretary to Sir William Temple, and it was there that he began his writing career.
After receiving his Master of Arts degree from Oxford University in , Swift was ordained into the Church of Ireland in and was stationed as prebendary of Kilroot, a poor town in northern Ireland.
Although he originally supported the Whigs, Swift was eventually won over by the Tories due to their support of the Church of Ireland's position regarding taxation. Swift served as the Tory ministry's main political writer, culminating in , when he was asked to take responsibility for directing the Tory journal The Examiner. In he was appointed dean of St.
Swift was left with no opportunity for further political involvement, and therefore returned to Dublin, where, over the next two decades, he became increasingly engaged in the Irish political landscape and wrote the majority of his most influential political satire. Patrick's Cathedral until , when he was placed under the care of a guardian. By virtue of his ironic representation of political and societal flaws, many of Jonathan Swift's work had to be published either anonymously or under pseudonyms.
Jonathan Swift's writing style is influenced by the Juvenalian style of satire that employs weapons of satire and sarcasm to bring forth the incompetencies and flaws of society and politics. Known as one of the most famous English satirical essays, A Modest Proposal was published anonymously in Dublin in as a short pamphlet. First let's get you oriented with the premise of the essay.
There's remotely nothing modest about 'A Modest Proposal' as the essayist mentions of cannibalism and infanticide with a vapid tone; but satire is meant to be like that. Jonathan Swift starts the essay by describing a melancholic sight of riled women environed by an assemblage of ragamuffins. These gnawing bunch of kids not just pose a problem to their parents who have to think about ways to keep their gobs munching, but are a major contributing factor for the kingdom's undoing.
A mother can still brook up with the one-year-old kids, as they make the sucklings. However, with nature's sadistic in this context rule of growth, providing grub for the growing ones becomes disproportionately troublesome. Swift then does some frigid reckoning with the number of babies needed, number of Irish couples capable of breeding, number of little gobs that can be fed by their parents, etc.
The meat of the human babies may be a bit difficult to swallow, but Swift goes on to add that a certain gourmet American gentleman suggested that a well-fed child can make for ambrosial food that can be easily boiled, baked, stewed, or roasted as well as lend themselves scrumptious in a ragout or fricassee.
He then goes on to tell about the profits that mothers can reap from their children and continue increasing their financial wherewithal. Swift later goes on to say that he sees the poor either growing up and becoming thieves or fighting for the Pretender in Spain probably James Edward Stuart who was determined to take on his rightful British and Scottish thrones or sell themselves as bound workers in the plantations in the West Indies.
He believes that his proposal's sole intention is to abate the crisis of the poor and gratify the rich. Throughout the essay, Swift makes use of apathetic, insincere, and sarcastic language to refer to the faults of society, politicians, and people of Ireland. When he begins with the essay, he comes across as a social scientist, as if presenting an emphatic picture of the fettle of women and children in Ireland.
Analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay - This essay by Jonathan Swift is a brutal satire in which he suggests that the poor Irish families should kill their young children and eat them in order to eliminate the growing number of starving citizens.
A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift This entry presents criticism of Swift's satire A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of the Poor People from Being a Burthen to Their Parents, or the Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick.
A Modest Proposal analysis essays"A Modest Proposal" by Jonathan Swift is a satirical work that gives an extremely sarcastic solution to the problems that Ireland was having with poverty and overpopulation in the s. Keywords: a modest proposal jonathan swift, a modest proposal satire. In A Modest Proposal the author, Jonathan Swift, uses techniques such as irony, satire, and sarcasm to mock the Irish government of his time. A Modest .
Modest Proposal Analysis Essay Words | 5 Pages “A Modest Proposal” is an essay written by Jonathan Swift as a reaction to the social problem faced by the Irish in . A Summary and Analysis of 'A Modest Proposal' By Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift's inflammatory and biting wit suffused essay, A Modest Proposal is most likely to disturb humorless folks. His impassive approach meshed with caustic raillery definitely stirs an otherwise complacent reader as well as dares to expose the flaws pertinent to the .
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0.933644 |
The second war of 1857 had nothing to do with opium, but originated from Commissioner Teh seizing a vessel. At the termination of the Company's charter, in 1834, the importation of opium was annually 20,000 chests, by 1857 it had risen to 70,000, in value nearly £5,000,000 sterling. The value 1879-80 was £12,993,979 and the net revenue £7,250,000, the increase being the result of freedom both of importation and consumption.
In the 1850s, the United States and the European powers grew increasingly dissatisfied with both the terms of their treaties with China, and the Qing Government's failure to adhere to them. The British forced the issue by attacking the Chinese port cities of Guangzhou and Tianjin in the Second Opium War. Under the most-favored-nation clause, all of the foreign powers operating in China were permitted to seek the same concessions of China that Great Britain achieved by force. As a result, France, Russia, and the United States all signed treaties with China at Tianjin in quick succession in 1858.
These treaties granted the Western powers a number of rights and privileges. The number of treaty ports increased, with new ports opened to Western trade along the Chinese coast, on the islands of Taiwan and Hainan, and along the Yangtze River in the interior. With the opening of the Yangtze River, foreigners also gained full access to the interior, and were free to travel and conduct business or missions anywhere in China. The British demanded the right of Chinese citizens to emigrate on British ships. British (and therefore, French, American and Russian) diplomats were permitted to establish legations and live in Beijing. The agreements reached at Tianjin also set a new, low tariff for imported goods, giving foreign traders an important advantage. Frustrated by irregularities in Chinese customs services, British and U.S. merchants finally established the Imperial Maritime Customs Service, which regulated trade for the benefit of foreign merchants and provided a steady source of revenue to the Chinese Government.
Although the Chinese signed the treaties in 1858, it took two more years of fighting before the Chinese Government was disposed to ratify them and accept the terms. Noticing Chinese resistance to some of the principle clauses, in particular to the residence of foreign ambassadors in Beijing, the British continued their attacks on Chinese forts. Although the Chinese repulsed an attack on the Dagu forts in 1859, that one victory was not enough to stop the British forces from making their way north to Beijing. Joined by French forces, the British entered the city and burned the Summer Palace in the northwestern periphery, but spared the Forbidden City, home of the Chinese emperor.
While the British and French used military power to convince China to accept the new treaty agreements, U.S. diplomat John Ward sought, and finally achieved through diplomatic negotiations, an exchange of treaty ratifications in 1859. Under the most-favored-nation clause, the U.S. ratification allowed the other powers to take advantage of the treaty provisions of the Treaty of Tianjin secured by American diplomacy.
The agreements reached between the Western powers and China following the Opium Wars came to be known as the "unequal treaties" because in practice they gave foreigners privileged status and extracted concessions from the Chinese. Ironically, the Qing Government had fully supported the clauses on extraterritoriality and most-favored nation status in the first treaties in order to keep the foreigners in line. This treaty system also marked a new direction for Chinese contact with the outside world. For years, the Chinese had conducted their foreign policy through the tribute system, in which foreign powers wishing to trade with China were required first to bring a tribute to the emperor, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese culture and the ultimate authority of the Chinese ruler. Unlike China's neighbors, the European powers ultimately refused to make these acknowledgements in order to trade, and they demanded instead that China adhere to Western diplomatic practices, such as the creation of treaties. Although the unequal treaties and the use of the most-favored-nation clause were effective in creating and maintaining open trade with China, both were also important factors in building animosity and resentment toward Western imperialism.
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0.972063 |
Dear Babe: I found a moth-eaten tennis ball in an old trunk. The signature is intact. It says "WT Tilden II." There is a letter from an artist alluding to getting this gift that seems to date from 1926.
Bill Tilden is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time. In the golden days of sports in the 1920s, he was right up there with the likes of Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Bobby Jones and Jack Dempsey. He put tennis on the map.
Unlike today where tennis stars emerge as teenagers, Tilden didn't even win an individual title until 1920 when he was 27. After that, he won just about everything of importance through 1925. He won the U.S. Championship (Open) six straight times through 1925. He walked off with the All-England (Wimbledon) title in 1920 and 1921. He also led the U.S. Davis Cup team to victories from 1920 through 1926. For good measure, he came in his late 30s to win the U.S. title again in 1929 and Wimbledon in 1930.
Tilden was a celebrity on and off the court. By most accounts, he was an actor who reveled in the spotlight and played to the crowd.
However, there was another side to Tilden that eventually tarnished his image. He was a homosexual at a time when there was little tolerance for such activities. Accounts indicate that as his tennis skills diminished and he grew older, his homosexuality became more open.
Despite all of this, in 1950, he was voted the greatest tennis player of the first half of the 20th century in an Associated Press poll just weeks after being released from prison for the second time on a misdemeanor charge related to his homosexuality.
On June 5, 1953, Tilden died alone and virtually penniless. A sad end for one of the greatest of all time.
"Not much of a demand for Tilden due to his infamous past off the playing court and the number of ALS (autographed letters signed) that flooded the market 10 years ago. I'd be inclined to say between $300-$500 depending on condition," said James Spence, an authenticator and owner of Spenceloa.com in Pennsylvania.
Dear Babe: I have a baseball signed by many of the 1958 New York Yankees, including Bob Turley, Bill Skowron, Enos Slaughter, Don Larsen, Norm Siebern, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle and Elston Howard. If you are wondering how the ball came into my hands, Enos Slaughter is from my hometown, Roxboro, N.C.
Milwaukee pushed the Yankees to a seventh game before the Bronx Bombers bounced back from their surprising loss to the Braves in 1957 to win the '58 World Series - their sixth triumph in the 1950s. A nice ball from that team should be worth $900-$1,700, said David Kohler, president of SCPAuctions.com in Laguna Hills, Calif. I don't see Tony Kubek or Ed (Whitey) Ford among the names you listed. If they are really missing, then value is going to drop.
Dear Babe: I have an original playbook from the 1979 L.A. Rams football season that belonged to Drew Hill. This document is not only a playbook but also a guidebook on objectives, rules and regulations, fines, policies, schedules and a maintenance program for each player. There are approximately 200 pages in this three-ring binder style notebook. This was the year that the Rams went to the Super Bowl in Pasadena.
Tony Spiel, Palm Desert, Calif.
I took your letter with me to The National card show in Chicago to track down an answer. It looks like the playbook is worth around $50, said David Kohler, president of SCPAuctions.com.
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0.955973 |
Pasta is typical of different cultures and countries, but the most famous varieties and recipes come from Italy. There are hundreds of different shapes of pasta with at least locally recognised names. Examples include spaghetti (thin strings), maccheroni (tubes or cylinders), fusilli (swirls), and lasagne (sheets). Gnocchi and spätzle are sometimes considered pasta; they are both traditional in parts of Italy.
Pasta is categorised in two basic styles: dried and fresh. Dried pasta made without eggs can be stored for up to two years under ideal conditions, while fresh pasta will keep for a few days under refrigeration. Pasta is generally cooked by boiling.
First attested in English in 1874, the word pasta comes from Italian pasta, in turn from Latin pasta "dough, pastry cake", itself the latinisation of the Greek παστά (pasta) "barley porridge", in turn from παστός (pastos), "sprinkled with salt, salted".
Under Italian law, dry pasta (pasta secca) can only be made from durum wheat flour or durum wheat semolina. Durum flour and durum semolina have a yellow tinge in color. Italian pasta is traditionally cooked al dente (Italian: "firm to the bite", meaning not too soft). Outside Italy, dry pasta is frequently made from other types of flour (such as wheat flour), but this yields a softer product that cannot be cooked al dente the same way. There are many types of wheat flour with varying gluten and protein depending on variety of grain used.
Particular varieties of pasta may also use other grains and milling methods to make the flour, as specified by Italian law. Some pasta varieties, such as pizzoccheri, are made from buckwheat flour. Fresh pasta may include eggs (pasta all'uovo 'egg pasta'). Whole wheat pasta, which generally contains more fibre and more nutrients than refined pasta, has become increasingly popular. Whole wheat pasta designed to appeal to people familiar with refined grain pastas may have a mixture of whole grain and refined grain ingredients.
The oldest known pasta or noodle-like food were found in China at the Qijia culture Lajia site in Qinghai province. The 4,000-year-old noodles appear to have been made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet.
Pasta's origin continues to evoke speculation. While many different cultures ate some sort of noodle-like food, composed mostly of grain, the key characteristics of pasta are durum wheat semolina, with a high gluten content. Furthermore, it is made with a technique that allows the resultant dough to be highly malleable, thus resulting in the many different shapes (i.e., ziti, spaghetti, ravioli) that characterize "pasta." In North Africa, a food similar to pasta, known as couscous, has been eaten for centuries. However, it lacks the distinguishing malleable nature of what is now referred to as pasta, couscous being more akin to droplets of dough. In China, noodles of wheat, millet or rice have been eaten for many thousand years.
Historians have noted several lexical milestones relevant to pasta, none which change these basic characteristics.
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0.999957 |
The role of public health in our society cannot be overstated, and people who hold a Master’s in Public Health can hold a variety of positions. Public health workers can find employment in the government or for corporations, and they can also work in nursing homes and in hospitals.
What are the Core Functions of Public Health?
The role of public health is to provide education for the general population in order to ensure healthy communities. This often involves disseminating information regarding best ways to prevent illnesses, instead of waiting for them to occur and then seeking treatment from the medical community. The public health industry takes a big picture approach and will often help assorted agencies to prepare for emergencies. Public health officials will also provide a response to disasters and threats to the population.
There is no single public health job description, because public health is such a varied and interdisciplinary field; it encompasses doctors and nurses, health managers and administrators, educators and researchers, and many, many more. It’s easier to create a public health job description based on the core functions of public health.
According to the CDC, the role of a public health worker will entail the monitoring of health hazards in an attempt to provide a solution to the problem. The public health job description includes conducting research into the possible causes of an epidemic, and people thus employed will often work with the government to develop action steps. Disease prevention is another key role of public health, from promoting healthier lifestyles to counseling addicts and substance abusers.
The role of public health professionals in society will include interacting with various NGO health organizations, government agencies, and private sector business, acting as a liaison between these groups and the greater populace. They will analyze existing procedures to ensure the highest level of efficiency and quality, making changes where necessary.
Public health workers can also work within the sphere of academia and in a wide range of industries. Graduates may find themselves investigating trends regarding vaccinations and disease, and they may be responsible for comparing findings between differing people groups in order to tease clues out of the data. They may further conduct testing and trials to find risk factors, and their observations will be recorded for further study.
Some of the professional titles available to those with a degree in public health are: infection control officer, director of environmental health, public health officer, statistician, and social worker. Functions can include helping with behavioral health situations and with performing the role of a patient advocate. For public health professionals, an MPH combined with another professional degree, such as a Master’s in Management, can open up more doors to leadership.
Another possible career path is that of a biostatistician, whose job it is to learn about ailments, such as cancer, in an effort to minimize their impact on society. These professionals will also document the progression of certain diseases to project the expected lifespans of those afflicted. They may also deal with clinical studies on the efficacy of new drugs.
Medical scientists will be tasked with epidemiology, or the collection and scrutiny of health statistics, and this can include issues that pertain to the air pollution that exists both indoors and out of doors. The field of climate science sometimes plays a part, and electromagnetic fields can as well. Problems affecting our world that range from acid rain to greenhouse gases and rising sea levels can all contribute to maladies and, therefore, must be monitored, as drinking water and the air that we breathe are impacted. Students interested in these professions can obtain their public health certification and the training to help them specialize in the field of their choosing.
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For many developing countries such as Uganda, the potential of GNSS has not been fully exploited due to the absence of accurate regional gravimetric quasi-geoid models. This means that the ellipsoidal heights, which are geometrical heights cannot easily be transformed into the physically meaningful normal heights which are required for most of the surveying/engineering applications. For many of these countries geoid determination is difficult due to the insufficient quantity and quality of terrestrial gravity data. However, new advances in geoid computation techniques coupled with the availability of gravity data from GRACE and GOCE satellite missions have made it possible to determine accurate regional geoid models based on a combination of terrestrial and satellite gravity data.
The gravimetric quasigeoid can be computed either directly by using the modified Stokes formula or indirectly by computing the gravimetric geoid first and then determining the quasigeoid-togeoid separation, which is then used to determine the quasigeoid. In this paper we use the later technique to the determine the quasigeoid over Uganda (UGQ2014) based on the Uganda Gravimetric Geoid Model 2014 (UGG2014) which was determined using the Least Squares Modification of Stokes formula with additive corrections (Ssengendo, et al., 2015a).
disturbing potential for point P and y is the normal gravity at the normal height of point P and g is the Laplace harmonic in the sum in Eq. (3a) taken from a GGM, which requires the upper limit of the sum to be set equal to or below its maximum order.
where is the Laplace harmonics of the ellipsoidal correction to the gravity anomaly, which can be decomposed into a series as shown by Sjöberg (2004), k = a/R–1 is a scale factor and a is the semi-major axis of the reference ellipsoid.
The validation and evaluation of the several datasets required for geoid modelling is discussed in detail in Ssengendo, 2015. For completeness, we only highlight the data used in brief.
Terrestrial gravity data was downloaded from the BGI gravity database (http:// bgi.omp.obs-mip.fr/data-products/ Gravity-Databases/Land-Gravity-data). As shown in Figure 1, the data covers the area which lies between in latitude and in longitude. 7839 gravity points were obtained with 812 points identified as outliers and then removed from the gravity database. Using the Bouguer gravity anomaly the surface gravity anomalies were converted into reduced gravity anomalies, which are assumed to be smoother than the original surface gravity anomalies. This technique was used to overcome the challenge of interpolating unreduced gravity anomalies since the KTH method works on the full gravity anomaly without any reduction (Sjöberg, 2003b). Then the reduced gravity anomalies were interpolated to a denser grid and finally the effect of the topographic masses were removed from the Bouguer anomaly grid resulting in to free-air anomalies. The final grid at a resolution of was constructed using the method of Kriging with linear variograms.
The digital elevation model SRTM3 version 4.1 from the Consortium for Spatial Information of the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research, Italy (http://www.cgiar-csi. org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevationdatabase- v4-1) was used as it had the best quality in Uganda when compared to the ASTER DEM.
For the computation of UGG2014, we used the GOCE-only GGM GO_CONS_ GCF_2_TIM_R5 up to degree 280 since it had the lowest standard error of all GGMs evaluated with GNSS/Levelling data.
GNSS observations using Trimble R7 GNSS receivers were carried out carried out on 12 Fundamental Benchmarks (FBM) of the Uganda vertical network, whose normal-orthometric heights were readily available from the National Mapping Agency (see Figure 2). The ITRF08 coordinates of the 12 points were computed using the Bernese software version 5.2.
Based on Eq. (1), UGG2014 was computed using the datasets highlighted above. Its internal accuracy based on error propagation was estimated as 11.5 cm whereas the external accuracy based on comparison with the 12 GNSS/ Levelling points shown in Figure 2 was estimated as 15.7 cm and 8.7 cm before and after the 4-parameter fitting respectively (Ssengendo, 2015).
UGQ2014 was then independently evaluated using the 12 GNSS/levelling points shown in Figure 2. The results of the evaluation before and after 4-parameter fitting are reported in Table 1 along with the evaluation results for UGG2014.
Compared to UGG2014, UGQ2014 fits GNSS/levelling better by approximately 1 cm in terms of RMS both before and after the 4-parameter fitting. This is most likely a result of the fact that the quasigeoid is theoretically the proper zero reference surface for normal-orthometric heights, which are the heights used in Uganda.
The main purpose of this paper was to present the gravimetric quasigeoid model UGQ2014 for Uganda. The 14.9 cm and 7.7 cm Root Mean Square Errors (RMS) obtained by UGQ2014 before and after the 4-parameter fit respectively are very satisfactory given the quality and quantity of the terrestrial data used. If the standard errors for the ellipsoidal and normal-orthometric heights are 2.2 cm and 1.0 cm respectively, then the standard error of UGQ2014 can be estimated as 14.7 cm and 7.3 cm before and after the 4-parameter fit. We can see that the 4-parameter model has reduced the standard error of UGQ2014 by 7.2 cm or 48% by absorbing the systematic biases most likely arising from the current state of UVN.
For developing countries, the accuracy of UGQ2014 represents significant progress towards the goal of determining cm-level gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid models. First it highlights the robustness of the KTH Method in determining accurate regional geoid models based on a least squares combination of terrestrial and satellite gravity. Secondly and perhaps most important is the ability to determine cm-level accuracy even with insufficient quantity and quality of the terrestrial gravity data. Here the example of Uganda is instructive as with one gravity data point for every 65 km2, the approximately 7 cm accuracy of UGQ2014 is truly unprecedented. As part of future work, we anticipate that improvements in terrestrial gravity coverage as part of increased mineral exploration in the country will provide more gravity data that can be used to improve the accuracy of the gravimetric quasigeoid model. In addition more GNSS/levelling observations are needed so as to provide a much better homogeneous data set that can be used for validating and evaluating global and regional gravimetric quasigeoid models.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the FIG Working Week in Sofia, Bulgaria, 2015. I am therefore gratefully to my co-authors for allowing me to use some of the results in that paper i.e. Ssengendo, et al., 2015b.
This study was funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Makerere University, Uganda under the SIDA/SARECMakerere University Research Collaboration Program. We thank BGI for providing the terrestrial and WGM2012 gravity data.
Ssengendo, R., Sjöberg L.E., Gidudu A., 2015a, The Uganda Gravimetric Geoid Model 2014 computed by the KTH Method, Journal of Geodetic Science, 5:35-46.
Sjöberg, L.E., 2001, Topographic and atmospheric corrections of gravimetric geoid determination with special emphasis on the effects of harmonics of degrees zero and one, Journal of Geodesy, 75: 283-290.
Sjöberg, L. E., and Bagherbandi, M., 2012: Quasigeoid-to-geoid determination by EGM08.
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How do humans fit into God's plan for creation? Scripture clearly states that God made man in his own image and likeness.(9) This claim is made for no other part of the created order, and must imply that humankind has a special place within that order. While we have to live in the animal kingdom and relate to it, we are inherently different from the animals, and have our own unique status within creation.
Furthermore we read that Adam was explicitly given responsible tasks and powers of decision and determination with regard to the earth. He was put in control as God's viceroy.(10) The verb however is in the plural which means that God did not just give this position to Adam, but to humankind. This is a hereditary regency, and is still legitimately applicable to the human race today, even though as we shall see, it is now over a fallen and corrupted creation.
Theologians interested in a Biblical response to the ecological crisis have found the concept of stewardship helpful. We hold the earth in trust, (for the Lord, not just for future generations) and are obliged to use its resources for his glory.
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Is it possible to build a chess computer using BOT120? Yes it is!
See the amazing result: The PICAXE-powered BOT120 uses the line controller to recognize White's movements on a chess board. One white and one black switch (instead of bumpers C.1 and C.3) are the only switches you need to indicate who is moving.
BOT calculates Black's moves and drives them on a big chess board.
The true is: BOT's program consists of some IF-statements in general: If White moves e2-e4 make the black move e7-e5 e.g. BOT has no clue concerning chess. But playing chess with this self programmed robot makes so much fun.
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However, the couple couldn't continue their relationship and divorced on August 9, 1993. Brenda Harvey-Richie earlier photo with her daughter The information about her height and weight is missing. Lisa Parigi is the woman behind the man. He graduated from , East Campus, in. The Commodores then became established as a popular soul group. American Idol Judge In 2017, Richie announced that he would be a judge for 2018 American Idol alongside pop princess Katy Perry and country singer.
As a member of the group, Lionel contributed vocals while also playing the piano and saxophone. She met her boyfriend, Lionel before he became a solo singer. The couple spent togetherness of nine years, unluckily, their second marriage also turned to divorce. The divorce expense of his previous wife is said to be the most expensive one in Hollywood. After spending 18 years together the husband and wife got divorced, and the information regarding their separation has still hidden to the media and web.
Is is one of the biggest hits in the music history. It consists of 13 of his hit songs performed as duets with country stars including Sugarland's Jennifer Nettles, , , , , Rascal Flatts, , , Kenny Rogers, , , and Jimmy Buffett. He performed All Night Love at the closing ceremony of the 1984 Olympic Game in Los Angeles, California. Richie released his 8th studio album titled ' Coming Home' on September 12, 2006. They got married on 28 October 1975. Brenda Harvey-Richie Net Worth The net worth of Brenda is projected to be high as she is an entrepreneur and a successful songwriter. He has sung many songs throughout his musical career.
Such was its popularity all over the world that it went on to sell more than 20 million copies. They adopted her legally when Nicole was nine. Richie told the crowd that his grandmother was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 80s, but survived and lived until she was 103 years old. Due to the gratefulness of Breda and Lionel, Nicole is blessed with the world on her feet. After a few years of not having children of their own, the couple decided to informally adopt Nicole Camille Escovedo in 1983.
With Richie, she gave birth to a baby boy in 1994 and named him Miles Brockman Richie. His 1983 follow-up album, , sold over twice as many copies and won two , including , propelling him into the first rank of international superstars. He made his return to recording and performing following the release of his first greatest-hits collection, , in 1992. The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018. The marriage ended in 2003. Despite his great musical abilities, his greatest contribution was as a songwriter. Brenda got married at the very young age of 23.
Archived from on July 16, 2011. But they initiated their affair much earlier, when Richie was still married to his first wife, Brenda. He's a five-time Grammy award nominee. However, Harvey-Richie often spends time with her ex-husband, especially in some events and family occasions. In 1995, Lionel Richie got married the second time, this time to Diane Alexander and two children — Miles May 27, 1994 and Sophia August 24, 1998 , who are now both models — resulted from their union.
Richie was the first person to receive an award. Engaged to New Partner Even after a divorce, both appeared on good terms. The album hit 3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies. Height For the years that Lionel Richie has graced our screen, he has done a good job of keeping himself in top shape. While in high school, Lionel met Brenda Harvey and a romance blossomed. For that, she got accused of spousal abuse. He has two children with Diane, and an adopted daughter, Nicole Richie, with his first wife, Brenda Harvey.
However, he made a comeback in 1996, but the response was not as high as he'd hoped. Her net value increased after being in an affair with Lionel, and even now, her net worth includes Alimony amount. Biography Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. Richie pleaded guilty earlier this month to charges of heroin possession and driving with a suspended license after a traffic stop last February. He got married for the second time on 21 December 1995, with Diana Alexander Richie. He's collaborated with some of the greatest names in soul and pop.
Richie and Rogers maintained a strong friendship in later years. And the five-time Grammy winner is quite the catch, having sold more than 100 million albums, and written and recorded chart-topping hits including, including Hello, All Night Long, Dancing On The Ceiling and Easy Like Sunday Morning. Lionel and Brenda ended their 18 years of marriage in 1993. Yet the hit-maker has a huge fan base around the world, and will be teaming up with Australian artist John Farnham for a tour of Australia in March of next year. Lionel has three children, and wants to bring a fourth into the mix But Lionel and I always take the same candles, pillows and flowers so that we always feel at home wherever we go. How many times can you come back? Further, it created a history by selling more than 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.
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A good strategy for keeping the rates on home improvement loans low is to use collateral, typically in the form of your home. This is called a secured loan and is also referred to as a second mortgage. This loan type requires you place your home on the line. The loan amount is based on the equity in the home. Unsecured do not require collateral. To determine which is best for you, consider the advantages of each.
There are two main reasons you should seek a home improvement loan: to increase the resale value of your home or to increase your enjoyment of the home while you are there. Typically, the resale value is most common. If you purchased an older home or a "fixer-upper," the improvements you make will generally increase its value. Consult a real estate expert before making improvements, so you do not out price the maximum value for your home in its given neighborhood. On the other hand, when making improvements for your personal enjoyment, you have more flexibility. It's a good idea to make sure you will live in the property long enough for the investment to pay off. Swimming pools and hot tubs are often considered poor resale investments because you will typically not earn your money back since the expense to build or buy are high.
Without collateral, the lender assumes the risk of the loan and they will charge you more in costs accordingly. Interest rates on unsecured loans tend to be much higher than those with secured loan products. You will also be required to have a longer credit history and an outstanding credit score. This type of loan works best for the homeowner that does not have much equity, but has a strong financial history.
Secured home improvement loans allow you to use your home as the collateral for the financing. With this type of loan, the borrower is assuming the risk, as a result, the interest rate tends to be lower. Secured home improvement loans allow a more lax credit history because the collateral is typically greater value than the loan itself. This loan works best for a person who has a lot of equity in their current home but can only show a brief credit and financial picture or bad credit. Although your payments can be low, you can lose your home if you default on the mortgage payments. Secured loans are only a good option if you are financially stable.
Secured loans will save you moneyover time. They are only best, though, if you have the equity to put down and have a low chance of default. Make sure you have a back up plan with a secured loan because your home can be foreclosed on if you do not make payments.
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The original Mega Man series is the first series of Mega Man platform games from Capcom, which debuted in Japan on December 17, 1987 on the Famicom with the release of Mega Man.
Mega Man is a series of similarly patterned platform games released by Capcom that follow the adventures of the robotic humanoid servant-turned-hero Mega Man as he saves the world by battling Dr. Wily's destructive robots. In each of the games, Mega Man runs, jumps, and shoots his way through stages to defeat a series of bosses known as Robot Masters. Defeating a Robot Master adds their signature powers to his arsenal after each's defeat. Enemies have specific weaknesses that can be exploited by the powers, which have limited, refillable ammunition. After the Robot Masters are defeated, Mega Man traverses several more stages to defeat Dr. Wily.
Mega Man appeared in six original platformers first released for the Nintendo Entertainment System/Family Computer, two for the Super Famicom/Super NES (one—Mega Man & Bass—was released only in Japan and later released worldwide for the Game Boy Advance), one for the Sega Game Gear, one on the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation, three as PC games, five for the Game Boy, and two for the Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 designed to look and sound like a NES game.
The Omega Man is a 1971 American science fiction film directed by Boris Sagal and starring Charlton Heston. It was written by John William Corrington and Joyce Corrington, based on the 1954 novel I Am Legend by the American writer Richard Matheson. The film's producer, Walter Seltzer, went on to work with Heston again in the dystopian science fiction film Soylent Green in 1973.
The Omega Man is the second adaptation of Matheson's novel, the first being The Last Man on Earth (1964) which starred Vincent Price. A third adaptation, I Am Legend starring Will Smith, was released in 2007.
In 1975, biological warfare between China and Russia kills most of the world's population. U.S. Army Col. Robert Neville, M.D. is a scientist based in Los Angeles. As he begins to succumb to the plague himself, he injects himself with an experimental vaccine, rendering himself immune.
By 1977, Neville believes he is the plague's only immune survivor. Struggling to maintain his sanity, he spends his days patrolling the deserted city of Los Angeles, hunting and killing members of "The Family", a cult of plague victims who were turned into nocturnal albino mutants. The Family seeks to destroy all technology and kill Neville, who has become a symbol of the science they blame for humanity's downfall. At night, living atop a fortified apartment building equipped with an arsenal of weaponry, Neville is a prisoner in his own home.
Mega Man 2, known in Japan as Rockman 2: Dr. Wily no Nazo (ロックマン2 Dr.ワイリーの謎, Rokkuman 2 Dr. Wairī no Nazo, lit. "Rockman 2: The Mystery of Dr. Wily"), is a platform game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It is the second installment in the original Mega Man series. The game was released in Japan in 1988, and in North America and PAL regions the following years. Mega Man 2 continues the titular protagonist's battle against the evil Dr. Wily and his rogue robots. The game features graphical and gameplay changes from the first Mega Man game, many of which have remained throughout the series.
Although sales for Mega Man were unimpressive, Capcom allowed the Rockman team to create a sequel. They worked concurrently on other Capcom projects, using their free time to develop the game. Unused content from the previous title was integrated into Mega Man 2. Takashi Tateishi composed the soundtrack, with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi serving as a sound programmer.
Mega Man 6, known in Japan as Rockman 6 Shijō Saidai no Tatakai!! (ロックマン6 史上最大の戦い!!, Rokkuman Shikkusu Shijō Saidai no Tatakai!!, lit. "Rockman 6: The Greatest Battle Ever!!"), is a video game developed by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the sixth installment in the original Mega Man series and was originally released in Japan on November 5, 1993 and in North America the following March. It was included in the Mega Man Anniversary Collection released in 2004. Its first PAL region release was June 11, 2013 for the 3DS Virtual Console, nearly twenty years after the game's first release.
The story of Mega Man 6 opens during a competitive robot fighting tournament with entrants from all around the globe. A villainous figure known as "Mr. X" announces he has reprogrammed the eight powerful contestants with intent to use them for taking over the world. The game's robotic protagonist Mega Man, who was sent to oversee the tournament, springs into action to foil X's plot. A standard action-platformer, Mega Man 6 plays nearly identically to its five predecessors with a few added features such as stages with alternate pathways and new Rush adaptors.
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Mead is one of the easiest wines to make and you can almost never go wrong but there are some good rules of thumb you should follow. Here are some practical tips from a mead maker.
Tip One: Patience is the biggest trait you need to have when making mead. We live in an instant gratification world where if you don't get it now you lose interest. It takes patience to make mead because it follows its own time line. If you are thinking about tinkering with your mead you should step back and think about it for a couple more days. You can almost never go wrong by waiting. And mead will age very slowly. Typically, for average mead you will need to wait six months before it is tasty enough to really enjoy. The rule of thumb is the longer you wait the better it will taste. Up to about two years and sometimes more.
Tip Two: When should you rack into a new container or carboy? . Your mead will form a cake of sediment in the bottom and this is perfectly normal. It could be an inch or more thick. This cake of sediment (called Leeds) is the biggest reason why you rack to a new carboy. My advice is that the very first racking should come after the airlock has settled to less than 1 bubble every thirty seconds -and then wait a few more days or even a week. Then rack it off into a new container. Again the rule of patience applies and it is perfectly ok to wait even longer. After that you can rack as you see fit - once a month is pretty good.
Tip Three: Figuring out when your mead is ready to drink. This too is a very common question that people ask and there is no definitive answer that can be had without testing. Every batch of mead is different and maturity will depend on a lot of factors like type of honey, quantity of honey, type of yeast and temperature of the room that your batch is stored in. The best thing you can do is learn how to use a hydrometer. It is a simple tool that floats in your brew and tells you when your ferment has finished.
Tip Four: How does a hydrometer work? When you first mix your batch of wine there is a lot of honey in it and the liquid is very dense. It has a high specific gravity. The density of the wine will go down as the yeast ferments and transforms the honey into alcohol. Eventually, as all the honey is consumed and the alcohol content goes up, the ferment will stop. The lack of food and high alcohol content will kill off the yeast. Using a hydrometer will tell you when this has happened.
Tip Five: The biggest problem that new mead makers have is the problem of sanitation. Your batch of new honey wine is an environment that is very friendly for bacteria to grow in. And you want your yeast to be the only thing that grows. But if there are other bacteria, or strains of yeast in the batch, they may take over and ruin your batch or give it off flavors. To avoid this you should always sanitize all of your equipment and tools with a wine maker's sanitizer like Easy Clean. This isn't washing, it is sanitizing with a chemical that kills bacteria.
Mead making really is quite easy and for the most part you just need to set it aside and leave it alone for long periods of time. By following these simple tips you should be able to make yourself some delicious batches of this nectar of the gods.
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You'd be forgiven for not having heard of Chinese search engine Baidu, but the scale of the site demonstrates the value of targeting the rapidly growing Chinese market: it has an audience of around 420 million.
The eyebrow-raising figures, which equate to a 99 per cent share of the Internet search market in China, came during an appearance by chief executive Robin Li during the Web 2.0 Summit event in which he discussed his decision not to move to Hong Kong to escape the Great Firewall of China.
Li is quoted by TechCrunch as claiming: "Baidu answers more search queries in China than any other search engine in any other market, including Google in the US."
That's a bold claim, but with around a third of China's population having access to the Internet, that's an audience of 420 million - and China's strict filtering policies against sites, including search engines, outside its control will have certainly helped push the company to its amazing 99 per cent market share.
Li puts his company's success firmly at the feet of local knowledge: "China is a very different market," he explains, "and Google was not close enough to feel the market."
The growth of Baidu has been incredible: in the last five years, the company's revenue has increased by thirty times, and its market cap is now estimated at around £25 billion - approximately the same as eBay, which for a company that does very little business outside its native country is incredible, and makes a mockery of early attempts by Google, Yahoo, and others to buy the company for around £1 billion.
Despite the crushing market share, Li believes that there are still opportunities for growth for his company - in particular, he sees the explosion of smartphones as a prime candidate for getting the next few million users searching via Baidu.
With Google and others looking to the Chinese market as the next area for expansion, can any Western company compete with the entrenched giant that is Baidu?
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The most productive semi-domestic reindeer herds occur in northern Fennoscandia and northwest Russia. Herd sizes here have been increasing since World War II and are currently at or near historic highs. While many rangelands across northern Eurasia are in poor condition because of high reindeer densities, it is unclear whether this is affecting herd performance. The relationship between reindeer herding and local biodiversity is similarly complex, where grazing by reindeer may either increase or decrease the variety of plant species in a given area, and in some regions may even be an important factor in regional biodiversity. In addition to climate change, reindeer herding in Fennoscandia is threatened by increased resource development, and in Russia, hydrocarbon development is actually considered a greater threat to the most productive herding areas than climate change.
Harvesting natural resources continues to be a key feature of traditional lifestyles and economies across the Arctic. In Alaska, subsistence harvest accounts for a small proportion (about 2–3%) of the total fish and wildlife harvest, compared with 97% taken by commercial fisheries. While no systematic statewide survey of the status of subsistence harvests has been conducted, there are indications that subsistence harvests by rural Alaskans are declining across space and time. Development impacts, environmental and ecological changes, socio-economic changes, changing tastes, in- and out-migration, and harvests by competing user groups likely all adversely affect subsistence harvests. In Canada, up to 60% of residents in small communities in the Northwest Territories rely on traditional/ country food for the majority of their meat and fish. This percentage has remained largely unchanged over the last ten years. By comparison, subsistence harvesting in the Russian Arctic has been affected by the widespread socio-economic changes following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The overall area where natural resources are harvested has been reduced, although subsistence consumption around indigenous communities has increased. Illegal harvesting and trade in valuable species also increased as law enforcement declined, leading to localized depletion of some resources.
Protected areas are a key element for maintaining and conserving both Arctic and global biodiversity, protecting important habitat for resident and migratory species. The first protected areas in the Arctic were established at the beginning of the 20th century although the area under protection remained low until the 1970s. The extent of the Arctic which is under some form of protected status doubled between 1991 and 2010, from 5.6% to 11%. There are now 1,127 protected areas covering 3.5 million km2 of the Arctic. Climate change is a significant challenge to protected areas as a conservation tool because the features protected today may be altered or lost in the future. Implementing sound environmental conservation measures both within and beyond the boundaries of protected areas will be important to biodiversity conservation. This is particularly important in marine ecosystems where the level of protection is lower in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems.
Much important traditional knowledge of biodiversity and its uses is embedded within indigenous languages, yet Arctic languages face an uncertain future. Twenty languages have become extinct since the 1800s, with ten of these extinctions taking place after 1990. Of these extinctions, one was in Finland, one in Canada, one in Alaska, and seventeen in the Russian Arctic. The remaining Arctic indigenous languages are decreasing in vitality as the number of speakers decreases. Only four out of 44 languages surveyed displayed either no change or an increase in absolute number of speakers and proportion of speakers. The increasing rate of language extinction emphasizes the need to increase our understanding of the cultures and traditions contained within these languages, and to increase efforts aimed at revitalizing them.
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How many volts does a car battery have to have to work?
I guess you are asking when too little voltage is present to run your car. Is that what you need to know?
So you had the battery tested? Possibly the alternator or charging system is not up to par? Before you assume there is a drain, first make sure both battery and charging system are working good.
Best to buy a cheap voltmeter (or multifunction meter) to do any testing. Put a voltmeter on the battery, with key off, volt reading should be at least 12.4 volts-any less, like below 12 volts, then battery is not taking full charge OR the charging system is at fault. Now start the car and put voltmeter on the battery again: the reading should be at least 13.5 volts- somewhere between 13.5 and 14.5 volts. If it is, then charging system is good. If both battery and charging system check out, then you start looking for an unintended drain. YouTube has lots of videos on how to find an unintended drain.
Have you performed a drop circuit test on the battery? If not I would suggested that first. Hook a volt meter up to your battery and have someone try and start the car. Volt meter should show 11 to 13 volts before trying to start. If the volts drop way down when someone tries to start car it's a bad battery.
2005 Caddy...clicking noise, won't start...horn works though...any ideas?
check battery volts should be 12.6 volts if 9 volts or lower starter solenoid wont have enough volts to work.if battery okay starter or starter solenoid faulty remove starter let auto parts stores check out starter.
Ignition light staying on at idle put a volt meter on battery with motor going only 11 volts (is this a sfuffed alternator) ?
If you rev the engine with the voltmeter attached to the battery the voltage should rise to over 12 volts if the alternator is working.
First, measure the voltage between the two battery posts with the engine not running. It should be near 12.6 volts. If it is around 10.5 to 11.0 volts, suspect a shorted cell in the battery. If it is around 11.5 to 12.0 volts, charge the battery at a slow rate for about half an hour. Next, measure the battery voltage again while the engine is running. It must be between 13.75 and 14.75 volts. If it is still around 12.0 volts, the alternator is not working. if it still has a problem check the wires from the alternator to the battery for green corrosion and loss connections.
Bought a new battery for my car. it was working but then it didnt want to turn on. can it be the alternator?
Can I use a 8 volt battery on a 6 volt tractor or will it trip the voltage regulator and blcck the generator?
YOU CAN USE AN 8 VOLT BATTERY, IT SHOULDN'T HURT ANYTHING. THE ONLY THING IS IT WON'T STAY FULLY CHARGED. THE GENERATOR IS DESIGNED FOR A 6 VOLT BATTERY NOT 8 VOLTS. WHAT I DO IS CHANGE THE SYSTEM TO 12 VOLTS. NOTHING WILL HAVE TO BE DONE TO THE STARTER, IF THE TRACTOR STARTS LIKE IT IS SUPPOSED TO. IT WILL JUST START FASTER. YOU WILL NEED NEW POINTS & CONDENSER & A RESISTOR FOR THE DISTRIBUTOR. ALSO A 12 VOLT BATTERY & A MID 1970'S INTERNALLY REGULATED ALTERNATOR, MOUNTED IN PLACE OF THE GENERATOR. THIS A LITTLE WORK BUT THE TRACTOR WILL START AMAZINGLY FAST. I HAVE DONE THIS SEVERAL TIMES & IT WORKS GREAT. IF THE FUEL GAUGE STILL WORKS YOU WILL NEED A SPECIAL RESISTOR FOR THAT. OF COURSE ANY LIGHTS WILL HAVE TO BE CHANGED TO 12 VOLT GOOD LUCK. DR. VOLT.
CHECK BATTERY VOLTS.SOUND LIKE ALTERNATOR DEFECTIVE.BATTERY VOLTS SHOULD BE 12.6 VOLTS.IF BATTERY VOLTS LOW.ALTERNATOR FAILED.
the fuse must be 'intact' for electrical system to operate properly.batteries are rated in months as far as longevity is concerned,36 mo. 60 mo. etc. if you have or have access to a volt meter,battery voltage should be 12 volts with engine off,13 to 15 volts w/ engine running indicates alternator is working.
Have a manual for 1999 Volkswagen Jetta?
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0.936605 |
Touzi Yiqing (Chinese: 投子義青; Japanese: Tōsu Gisei; Korean: T'uja Ŭich'ǒn; Vietnamese: Đầu Tử Nghĩa Thanh), sometimes also Touzi Qing Huayan, was a Zen Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty.
Touzi Yiqing was born is a city known at the time as Qingshe, which is near the present-day city of Yanshi in Henan Province. An account of his life from the Wudeng Huiyuan (Compendium of Five Lamps), and early 13th century collection of Buddhist biographies, claims he left his parents at the age of seven to study Buddhism at Miaoxing Temple, which was part of the Consciousness-only Sect. Eventually, however, he is said to have found the density of the teachings unhelpful, and so he left to study in the Huayan school instead.
While studying in that tradition, he supposedly came to the realization that any attempt to teach Buddhism through the study of words could not succeed. He again left, this time settling on the Zen practitioner Fushan Fayuan, also known as Yuanjian, as his teacher. While Touzi's predecessor was said to be the last remaining teacher in the Caodong/Sōtō Zen tradition, the lineage flourished with Touzi's devoted students, recovering much of its former prominence.
Touzi Yiqing is a significant figure in the lineage of Caodong/Sōtō Zen because of the fact that he did not actually study under the man commonly regarded as his predecessor, namely Dayang Jingxuan. This is a unique exception to an otherwise steadfast rule that a lineage must involve direct teacher-to-student dharma transmission in order to be considered valid.
Juefan Huihong's biographical compilation of 1119, the Chanlin sengbao zhuan (Chronicle of the Sangha Treasure in the Groves of Chan), claims that Touzi Yiqing was the "true son" of Dayang Jingxuan. The Xudeng lu of 1101 lists Touzi and nine others as disciples of Dayang. However, it also explains that Touzi did not actually ever meet Dayang, let alone receive dharma transmission from him. Instead, Touzi received dharma transmission from Fushan Fayuan, who had been a student of Dayang, but had himself had not received dharma transmission from Dayang either. In fact, Fushan had already received dharma transmission in the Rinzai tradition, and thus could not receive it again.
The scholar Morten Schlütter notes that this form of lineage transfer "has no real parallel in early Chan literature". This refers to the fact that Touzi was able to be considered the immediate heir to Dayang's lineage without having met him, and that Fayuan was able to hold Dayang's lineage "in trust" without actually being a bona fide heir. Schlütter further interprets Huihong's likely embellished account as an attempt to strengthen the rather weak link between Touzi and Dayang, who was the last Caodong monk recorded in the prestigious Transmission of the Lamp, in order to solidify the legitimacy of the lineage.
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0.700673 |
Why did Cristiano Ronaldo leave Real Madrid ?
He wants some of that Italian Pizazz.
He misses winning league titles.
In his nine seasons in La Liga Real Madrid only managed to win the title twice (2011-12 and 2016-17) while Barcelona led by Messi won it six times.
By signing with Juventus he's joins a club that has won the Scudetto the past SEVEN seasons on the trot.
He owes the taxman a big bundle of money to avoid jail and Juve gave him a big signing fee.
For another challenge,in another tough league.If he plays in Germany he'd be successful in the 4 comparable top leagues in Europe...and cement himself as one of the GOAT.
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0.916082 |
The Rev-Erb family of nuclear receptors [also known as NR1D (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D)] repress the transcription of genes that encode proteins involved in many processes, including the immune response. Using genome-wide approaches, Lam et al. found that Rev-Erbα and Rev-Erbβ repressed gene transcription in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) by binding to enhancers and inhibiting the transcription of eRNAs, a type of noncoding RNA that enhances transcription. In cultured mouse RAW264.7, macrophages that contained biotin-labeled Rev-Erbα and Rev-Erbβ, Rev-Erb–bound DNA regions tended to have enhancer-like characteristics: They were located at least 1 kilobase (kb) away from transcriptional start sites, had a high abundance of monomethylated histone H3 at Lys4 (H3K4me1) and a low abundance of trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3), and contained binding sites for C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) and AP-1 (activator protein 1), transcription factors that are critical for macrophage differentiation. Global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) in BMDMs from wild-type or Rev-Erb–knockout mice revealed that the abundance of 142 mRNAs was increased in knockout mice. Only three of the corresponding genes showed binding sites within 2 kb of transcription start sites. The expression of Mmp9 (encoding matrix metalloproteinase 9) and Cxc3r1 (encoding CXC chemokine receptor 1), two genes involved in mounting an immune response, inversely correlated with the abundance of either Rev-Erb receptor in BMDMs and in RAW264.7 cells. Using a modified GRO-seq method, eRNA transcript initiation was detected at a majority of intergenic Rev-Erbα target sites in BMDMs, whereas none was substantially detected in liver-derived macrophages. Transcript initiation and the abundance of eRNAs also inversely correlated with Rev-Erb abundance, as did the acetylation of H3K9 in Rev-Erb target enhancers, a mark associated with transcriptional activation. Knockdown or mutation of Mmp9 and Cxc3r1 enhancer–associated eRNAs reduced the abundance of Mmp9 and Cxc3r1 mRNA in wild-type BMDMs and in vivo in peritoneal cells from mice induced with sterile peritonitis and blocked the derepression of these transcripts in Rev-Erb–knockout BMDMs. Together the findings suggest that Rev-Erbs repress macrophage gene expression by inhibiting distal eRNA transcription in a context-specific manner.
The Rev-Erb nuclear receptor family represses gene transcription in macrophages indirectly by inhibiting the transcription of enhancer-derived RNAs.
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0.997521 |
Carl Forberg's racing career continuously spanned over 40 years, with the only break being during the war years. Carl Forberg was born March 4, 1911, in Omaha, Nebraska, where he began racing motorcycles in 1928. He was successful from the beginning and soon specialized in hill climbing. As an expert rider, over the next seven years, Carl won many events in Kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Nebraska.
In 1935, Carl grew interested in midget racing and built his first racecar using a motorcycle engine. By 1936 he was firmly entrenched in midget racing and won the track championship at Sioux City, Iowa.
Seeking to compete among the best, Forberg headed to the East with his midget. While headquartered at the famous Patterson, New Jersey Gasoline Alley, he ran five or more races per week at most of the popular midget tracks in the East. This circuit included the high-banked board track at Nutley, New Jersey.
When the midget racing of 1939 completed its East Coast series and moved to the Michigan Ohio area, Carl headquartered near Detroit to run the circuit. Forberg liked the location and tracks so well, that he made Warren, Michigan his home.
After the war years, Carl built a new Offy midget and campaigned the Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois circuit that was the proving ground for so many of the great drivers of that era. Drivers like Tony Bettenhausen, Sam Hanks, Henry Banks, Art Hartsfield, Johnny Wohlfield and a host of other legendary racers made up the fields that ran five or more nights a week. In 1946, Carl won 35 main events on this circuit. In 1948 he won the Motor City Championship and 37 main events, including seven feature victories in a row on various tracks.
In 1951, after losing parts of the 1949 and 1950 seasons due to injuries suffered at a Chicago race, Carl, in the Auto Shippers sponsored Indy car, qualified 27th for the 500. He finished the race in 7th place, at the age of 40.
In 1952 Carl suffered a back injury in a midget race and retired from driving, but that did not lessen his interest in racing. He began his role as a car owner.
A list of drivers that have wheeled Carl Forberg's midget and sprint cars includes many of the greats from three decades of open wheel racing. This list would also include many names of obscure or long forgotten drivers, as Carl is a man who would give new talent a fair chance. As a car owner, Carl has won some impressive victories, including the 1954 AAA Midwest Midget Championship with Rex Easton driving. Ronnie Duman won the prestigious Hut 100 in Carl's car in 1954. There were numerous other victories with other drivers. But the winning was not racing's sole attraction for Carl. The challenge, competition, and friendships fed his desire to be in the race.
Although Carl sold his last sprint car three years ago, he still frequents racetracks throughout the country. As this is being written, he is driving to Florida to watch the sprint car series and keep tabs on his son-in-law Pancho Carter's fortunes at Daytona.
Carl Forberg died on January 17, 2000 (1911 - 2000).
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0.997598 |
Essential Question: What political compromises were established for the growing nation and how did they attempt to ease the conflict over slavery in the new states?
The Missouri Compromise was established when the people of Missouri wanted to be admitted into the United States as a slave state. This would throw off the balance of slave and free states. After much debate a compromised was reached in 1820 thanks to Henry Clay, who earned the nickname "The Great Compromiser".
The compromise in Congress was that Missouri would enter the United States as a slave state and Maine(which was once part of Massachusetts) would enter asfree state. In addition the 36° 30' parallel was established. This said that in the future only free states would be established north of the 36° 30' parallel.
Due to the Mexican Cession and the effects of the Gold Rush of 1849, California was ready to be admitted to the Union as the 16th free state. This would again threaten the balance of power between the free and slave states in the country. Once again Henry Clay came up with a compromise in Congress.
In exchange for letting California enter as a free state, the South was guaranteed that no federal restrictions on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico.
Additionally, Congress passed a more strict Fugitive Slave Law, letting Southern slave owners hunt down slaves who escaped to the North. The new Fugitive Slave Law was disliked publicly in the North and was even criticized in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.
The new law created a force of federal commissioners empowered to pursue fugitive slaves in any state and return them to their owners. No statute of limitations applied, so that even those slaves who had been free for many years could be (and were) returned.
The period of compromise started to unravel in 1854. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed a doctrine of "popular sovereignty" on the issue of slavery in new states. His idea said that the people of the territory would decide for themselves whether that area should have slavery.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. This led to violence in the Kansas territory led by John Brown, a radical abolitionist. This fighting over the issue of slavery was nicknamed"Bleeding Kansas" and would foreshadow the bloodshed of the Civil War.
1. What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise?
2. What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850?
3. Describe the new Fugitive Slave Law.
4. What was Senator Henry Clay's role in these compromises?
5. Describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
6. What is the significance of John Brown and "Bleeding Kansas"?
What political compromises were established for the growing nation and how did they attempt to ease the conflict over slavery in the new states?
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0.947159 |
Veltpunch crawl single download. The episodes of the Japanese anime series Nabari no Ou ( 隠の王, lit.
The story revolves around Rokujo Miharu Vesa - Sebastian, Pasi - Smurffit - Innanen, John - Hassisen Kone - Rogers Kenny - Ylitalo, Tarja - Janne Hurme - Mona Carita - Kaunisto Martti - Tumppi Varonen - Nancy Sinatra - Gloria Gaynor - Okko Makkonen. The anime is an adaptation of Yuhki Kamatani' s Nabari no Ou manga, which was first serialized in the Japanese shōnen manga magazine Monthly GFantasy in.
King of Nabari) are directed by Kunihisa Sugishima and animated by J.
The episodes of the Japanese anime series Nabari no Ou ( 隠の王, lit. King of Nabari) are directed by Kunihisa Sugishima and animated by J.
The anime is an adaptation of Yuhki Kamatani' s Nabari no Ou manga, which was first serialized in the Japanese shōnen manga magazine Monthly GFantasy in. The story revolves around Rokujo Miharu, a 14- year- old student who pe Leppänen - Ennio Morricone - Eija Ahvo - Vikingarna - Nasty Suicide - Def Leppard - Radion Sinfoniaorkesteri - Irene Cara - Ancient Rites - Espoon Sinfonietta - Tavares - Enne, Vesa - Sebastian, John - Hassisen Kone - Rogers Kenny - Ylitalo, Tarja - Janne Hurme - Mona Carita - Kaunisto, Pasi - Smurffit - Innanen, Martti - Tumppi Varonen - Nancy Sinatra - Gloria Gaynor - Okko Makkonen.
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0.997364 |
Read the following case study carefully.
Stonewall Industries Limited is a construction materials company with its Canadian head office located in Mississauga, Ontario. The firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of British Wallboard. The company has been in existence in Canada since 1960 producing gypsum wallboard for the Canadian construction industry. The senior management team is located at corporate office in Mississauga directly in front of the Mississauga production facilities. These facilities provide product for the Ontario market. A plant in Montreal produces wallboard for Quebec and the Maritimes. A plant in Winnipeg produces for Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The Calgary plant manages the Alberta market and Vancouver's plant manages British Columbia. Two mines produce the gypsum for all of the plants in Canada. Each plant is headed by a plant manager and they in turn report to VP Manufacturing, George McBain. The mine managers report to VP Mining, Mohammed Khan. In addition to McBain and Khan, the senior management team include VPHR, Judy Byer; VP Finance, Fred Ho; VP Marketing, Sonya Krajevski; and President and CEO, Jim Pender.
Overall demand for gypsum wallboard in Canada tends to depend on two major environmental factors: the number of housing starts in a given year, and interest rates. As housing starts increase, Stonewall's demand increase. As interest rates increase, funds available for investment decrease and demand for Stonewall's products decreases. Stonewall tends to have a relatively stable 35 to 40% share of the Canadian market and this rarely fluctuates unless there is a price war between competitors. Gypsum wallboard is viewed by most of the industry as a 'commodity' in the sense that there is very little discernible difference among competitors' products. Only price seems to make any difference to the market, making gypsum wallboard an extremely elastic product from a price-to-demand point to view. A small change in price makes a huge difference in demand. This issue makes Stonewall, and its competitors for that matter, extremely public relations sensitive. All executives and managers have taken public relations training and have been counselled to insure that any decisions that they make are not to harm the 'brand name'.
Stonewall recognized this overall vulnerability in the marketplace in 1980 and created the Plastics Division under VP Bill Jones. The hope was that this division would be less vulnerable to the view of the product as a 'commodity'. This division produces vinyl siding for the Canadian construction industry and penetrated the market by offering a 40-year guarantee on its product line. The Plastics Division is located in Mississauga, across the road from the Mississauga gypsum plant. The plant manager, supervisors, and employees in the Plastics Division have a completely different set of competencies than those of their fellow employees in the gypsum operations. Unfortunately, other than offering the 40-year guarantee, the company did very little to support a marketing effort for the Plastics Division. This was probably due to the fact that the senior executives were concentrating on the wallboard business and paid little attention to the potential of the plastics industry.
All of the production employees below supervisory level at each plant and mine are represented by various locals of the United Gypsum and Allied Workers International Union (UGAWIU), which became affiliated with the United Steelworkers Union (USW). Except for one major work stoppage in 1980, there has been relative labour peace in most Stonewall plants throughout their history. The company tends to pay the highest rates in the industry and Judy Byer is an extremely effective labour relations executive. Wage rates tend to increase about 2 to 3 percent per year.
In 1982, Stonewall employed 135 executives, management and staff at Corporate Office in Mississauga, 20 managers and 200 unionized employees at the Mississauga gypsum plant; 15 managers and 150 employees at the Plastics Division; 10 managers of 100 employees in Montreal; 10 managers and 110 employees in Winnipeg; 25 managers and 275 employees in Calgary; and 8 managers and 83 employees in Vancouver. 50 employees worked in the mines. The total workforce was 1191. The workforce remained stable from the early years of the company's operations until 1981.
While the labour relations climate within the plants could be described as peaceful, the labour climate in many of the provinces in which Stonewall operated was not. In British Columbia, for example, the British Columbia Labour Relations Board was viewed as highly pro labour and anti business in its orientation. This attitude was reflected in the media as well as at the provincial political level through the New Democratic Party of British Columbia. In Quebec, an entire union movement, the Confederation of National Trade Unions (CNTU) was motivated politically to remove any English-owned companies from operating in that province.
Fortunately for Stonewall, their union, the United Chemical Workers (UCW), was affiliated with the less radical Quebec Federation of Labour (QFL). Nevertheless, any labour relations issues that arose in either Quebec or British Columbia were magnified significantly by the political and social dynamics in those provinces at the time.
Making matters worse, the Stonewall plant in Vancouver was the company's oldest and smallest plant and it could not be expanded in its present location. Most of the production employees in Vancouver had been with the company for over twenty five years. Layoff and termination provisions in the collective agreement in Vancouver were extremely generous.
In addition, the managers, from plant manager to first line supervisors, all had in excess of thirty years of service with the company and would be entitled to significant termination packages under common law precedent. From both a labour and capital cost point of view, it was by far Stonewall's highest cost production operation.
Labour costs were approximately 25% higher in Vancouver than in the other plants per unit of product and capital costs, including depreciation, were extremely high as well. Vancouver operations couldn't expand as the plant was situated on property next to the ocean. This property was highly desirable to real estate developers in the area. Calgary, on the other hand, had modern equipment, lots of land for expansion, and a favourable provincial business climate within which to operate and they could produce and ship product to the BC market if required.
In 1982, the construction materials industry in Canada was in shambles. Housing starts had stagnated and interest rates were too high to stimulate investment. Consumer demand was stalled because inflation levels had ballooned to unprecedented levels, peaking at above 12% that year. This had a devastating effect on real wages across the country.
Consumer demand was also adversely affected by extremely high unemployment levels across the country. Stonewall and its competitors found themselves in a position of severe over-capacity and were laying off workers at all of their operating plants. Unfortunately for Stonewall, this wasn't enough and they were forced to look at downsizing their operations.
They knew that normal business cycles in the industry would occur, and they tried to protect their business with the help of the Plastics Division, but unfortunately that division was also impacted by housing start slumps and high interest rates. The Senior Executive Team at Stonewall was put in the unhappy position of selecting a gypsum operation to close.
Stonewall had weathered the storm in 1982 and later in 1991, as housing starts and interest rates stabilized and Canada experienced a period of growth. Both inflation and unemployment levels decreased through the 1990s and into the early part of the twenty first century. Part of that growth was due to increases in immigration which impacted on demand for housing in major centres such as Toronto, Calgary, and Vancouver. In 2008, however, the bottom fell out.
Due to major issues in the banking sector in the US, North America fell into a deep recession and the housing market plummeted. Even though interest rates were at historically low levels and the government embarked on unprecedented stimulus spending, housing starts did not respond, unemployment skyrocketed, consumer demand decreased dramatically, and, as a consequence, the demand for gypsum wallboard in Canada was virtually non-existent. No one knew how long the recession/depression would last, but the expectation in 2008 was that it would be long and deep.
British Wallboard, the parent company of Stonewall, had seen enough of the Canadian construction materials market and decided to sell the company. They sold it to US Corp, an American company with a Canadian subsidiary, the Canadian Wallboard Company. The plan was that Stonewall and Canadian Wallboard Company would merge into one organization. The news of this plan terrified the senior team at Stonewall. They had enjoyed a significant sense of independence under British Wallboard and now they felt they would be micro managed by US Corp or turned into just another 'branch plant'.
Review the Case Study, then answer the following questions. Prepare your answers according to the "General Instructions for Written Assignments", and consult the Timeline for the due date for this assignment.
1. In 1982 it seems the company will have to downsize. What are the factors that are forcing the company to make that decision?
2. What alternatives should the company explore prior to making its downsizing decision?
3. Which plant should the company downsize? Why?
4. Explain, in detail, the implications of the downsize decision.
Please write your answers in 2000 +- word count.
Non-Profit Governmental Organizations - Explain How would you recommend altering the Balanced Scorecard to evaluate non-profit organizations or governmental entities?
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0.991673 |
Who is The Panchen Lama?
The Panchen Lama is responsible for protecting, liberating, and enlightening the Tibetan people. The Panchen Lama is thought to be one of the emanations of Amitabha Buddha (The Wisdom Buddha). Further, The Panchen Lama is the second most important Tibetan Buddhist leader.
What has happened to the Panchen Lama?
On May 14, 1995, The Dalai Lama, recognized Gendhun Choekyl Nyima as the 11th Panchen Lama of Tibet. This extremely important decision by His Holiness culminated a six year, difficult and thorough process of searching for the incarnation of The 10th Panchen Lama. Gendun Choekyl Nyima is currently a 9-year-old boy from a semi-pastoralist family that, at one time, lived in the Lhari District in Kam, Tibet. Gendhun Choekyi Nyima is considered the youngest political prisoner in the world. On April 25th, 1998, Gendhun Choekyi Nyima celebrated His 9th Birthday.
Apparently, on May 17, 1995 Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, His family, and the Abbott, Chadrel Rinpoche (Cha Tsa Chagbazeling) and his Secretary, who both led the search party for this incarnate were taken by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to Beijing. Thus, these persons are now political prisoners of the Chinese Government. As of today, all of these persons are still missing and there has been no indication that they are alive. In fact, since His disappearance, The PRC has changed its' position on the whereabouts of Gendhun Choekyi Nyima a few times. At first, The PRC claimed that Gendhun was with his family in their home village. In March 1996, The PRC then reported that His Holiness The Panchen Lama was in their custody to protect him from Tibetans. Finally, during the Summer of 1996, The PRC claimed that, as far as they knew, Gendhun Choekyi Nyima was back in the Tibetan community. On May 17th, 1998, it was 3 years since Gendhun Choekyi Nyima was abducted.
In December 1995, The PRC illegally announced its' own Panchen Lama, Gyaltsen Norbu. The PRC has absolutely no authority to choose the next Panchen Lama. Only The Dalai Lama has the right to select the Panchen Lama. The PRC also has no legal justification to hold Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, His family, or members of the search party as hostages.
Why you should take action?
It is very critical for the survival of Tibet that the real Panchen Lama, Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, be released as well as others associated with His selection. We must all support His Holiness, The Dalai Lama's selection of this important spiritual leader and fight for his security. If the PRC does not want to recognize Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, then they should release this seven year boy to the Tibetan community-in-exile, along with everyone else connected with his selection.
The 11th Panchen Lama must have the right to visit Tibetans-in-exile around the world, particularly His Holiness, The Dalai Lama. Such actions will increase the possibility that all Tibetans will have the opportunity to communicate and be blessed by this highly important spiritual leader.
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0.999996 |
The cardinal direction toward which a slope faces. The aspect is important in hilly or mountainous terrain and affects site quality and species composition; Also called orientation.
The aspect is the orientation to which a sloping land mostly faces in relation to the compass direction (or to other factors like sun, prevailing winds etc.) that is, if you were standing on a hillside and looking down the slope, the direction you were facing would be the aspect of the slope. A hillside facing east has an eastern aspect.
The aspect influences the vegetation growing on shore sites in several important ways. It determines the amount and duration of sun exposure, temperature, and the severity and type of environmental stresses, especially wind, that represents a potential health threat to living organisms. Sun exposure has a profound affect on species. In the hills, the difference between north and south facing slopes can be astounding.
A south-facing slope have the most sun exposure is generally hotter and dryer than a north-facing and has warm soil temperatures.
A slope oriented towards the west will be exposed to the sun throughout the afternoon and evening during long summer days.
North-facing slopes are generally colder.
The influence of aspect is complicated by topographic features such as canyons and stream courses, causing complex local microclimates that can support radically different plant communities within a small geographical area.
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0.999654 |
One of the smallest birds on the planet, hummingbirds are best known for their unique ability to hover in midair and fly in any direction.
Hummingbirds especially prefer to dine upon flower nectar. Members of the Hummingbird Family list among the smallest birds in the world.
Hummingbird species have the distinction of being some of the smallest birds in the world. These minute birds are part of the Trochilidae Family. Their physical appearance is characterized by the presence of colorful feathers, which vary in color depending upon the angle at which the light hits them. These tiny creatures usually measure between seven-and-a-half to eight inches long. The hummingbird is so named because of the rapid flapping of its wings, which creates a humming sound. This distinctive bird also has a long bill which is tapered at the end in order to enable them to obtain nectar from flowers. Hummingbirds have the unique abilities of hovering in mid-air and flying backwards.
The typical diet for a hummingbird consists of flower nectar and sap from trees, as well as pollen, insects, and spiders. Because of the hummingbird’s rapid heart beat and elevated body temperature, these animals have high metabolic needs relative to their size. Every day of their lives they are require to consume a great deal of food, which must be eaten across multiple feedings a day. In order to satisfy their voracious appetites, hummingbirds must move quickly from one food source to another. Nectar provides these animals with various types of sugars, which are supplemented by protein, vitamins, and minerals from other plant matter and insects. At meal time, this species uses its long tongue to lick its food at an astonishingly fast rate, reaching approximately 13 licks per second.
Some 340 species of hummingbirds are native to the New World, across North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. Their range runs from the southern portion of Alaska all the way down to the southernmost regions of Chile. Most hummingbirds can be found inhabiting tropical areas in the central and southern regions of the American continent. Because of the continual destruction of their natural habitats, several kinds of hummingbirds are considered to be Endangered", "Criticically Endangered", "Near Threatened", or "Vulernable" species. Changes in climate conditions have also resulted in major problems for the hummingbird, as the species in the family have been forced to venture farther out of their typical ranges in search of food. Other threats to hummingbirds include larger predatory birds, such as owls, hawks, herons, and gulls.
Despite their tiny sizes, hummingbirds can be aggressive when it comes to protecting their territories. Contributing to their high metabolic rates, these birds will continually keep moving and flapping their wings rapidly. These types of birds are popular visitors to the homes of those people who put feeders in their yards to attract avian wildlife. Hummingbirds have great difficulties in walking, and usually just perch on the feeders. This behavior is due to the unique structure of the birds' feet, which makes the animal much more suited to flying rather than walking. Hummingbirds have the distinctive ability to fly in all directions, whether that be up, down, backwards, forwards, and even sideways as well.
Male hummingbirds use their brightly colored plumages in order to attract females of their own species. The mating ritual of these birds is an elaborate one, and typically consists of the male flying far up in the air before diving down over his potential mate. During this time, males will also vibrate their back feathers and emit chirping sounds. These tiny birds tend to have between one and three eggs at a time, and their gestation period runs between thirteen and twenty-two days. The female is solely responsible for tending the nest and caring for the needs of her young. Baby hummingbirds are able to begin flying when as young as between eighteen and thirty days old. Hummingbirds have a life expectancy of approximately four years.
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0.985062 |
Turn off the television. One big way to save money is to watch less T.V. There are a lot of financial benefits to this such as less exposure to enticing advertisements, more time to focus on other things in life, less electrical use, etc.
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0.956952 |
What do you think of the new drug called "Prolia" that recently came out for osteoporosis?
Prolia (Denosumab) is the new drug approved by the FDA to treat osteoporosis patients.
Prolia does not carry any black box warnings and has not been associated with any recalls.
Patients should discuss these risks and ways to reduce them with their doctor before beginning treatment with Prolia.
A new drug does not mean it is better. Frankly, I hold back for a very long time because until the drug is out in the population for years, it is unknown what side effects will emerge. A good example is the bisphosphonate medications causing fractures after extended use.
Many side effects are not seen for years after a drug is released, and in some cases it takes much longer than 7 years. It takes time to sort out studies that often are at odds with each other.
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0.999996 |
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, prices for tools, hardware and supplies were 2.95% higher in 2019 versus 2000 (a $0.59 difference in value).
Between 2000 and 2019: Tools, hardware and supplies experienced an average inflation rate of 0.15% per year. In other words, tools, hardware and supplies costing $20 in the year 2000 would cost $20.59 in 2019 for an equivalent purchase. Compared to the overall inflation rate of 2.04% during this same period, inflation for tools, hardware and supplies was lower.
In the year 2000: Pricing changed by 0.64%, which is above the average yearly change for tools, hardware and supplies during the 2000-2019 time period. Compared to inflation for all items in 2000 (3.38%), inflation for tools, hardware and supplies was lower.
Years with the largest changes in pricing: 2005 (3.49%), 2010 (-2.74%), and 2003 (-2.34%).
Therefore, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, $20 in 2000 has the same "purchasing power" as $20.59 in 2019 (in the CPI category of Tools, hardware and supplies).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking the Consumer Price Index for Tools, hardware and supplies in 1997. In addition to tools, hardware and supplies, the index produces monthly data on changes in prices paid by urban consumers for a variety of goods and services.
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compare mobile phones and decide which is better You can quickly compare ZTE Q519T and smartphones just by looking at their ratings and results showing "winner" and "runner up." There is also a short analysis comparing different features of ZTE Q519T and . You can also look at each hardware feature individually to perform your analysis while comparing mobile phones.
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Pyongyang, North Korea(CNN) North Korea celebrated its national day with a series of massive spectacles glorifying 70 years of rule by the Kim dynasty Sunday, but held back on any mention of its nuclear weapons program -- a possible signal of support for Pyongyang's ongoing negotiations with the United States.
The day began with a smaller-than-expected military parade -- which did not include the ballistic missiles believed to be capable of targeting the United States -- and ended with the first Mass Games in five years.
An estimated 100,000 performers participated in Sunday night's Games, a highly-choreographed propaganda spectacle in which participants act as human pixels, flipping colorful cards to reveal socialist messages that glorify North Korea.
Children hold placards during the Mass Games.
Performance dance during North Korea's famed Mass Games.
Unlike previous years, the Games also refrained from referencing the country's nuclear weapons program during the performance.
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un watches North Korea's Mass Games on Sunday.
Experts speculated before the Sunday holiday that North Korean leader Kim Jong Un may choose not to showcase images of the country's more advanced weaponry during the anniversary celebrations to avoid antagonizing US President Donald Trump.
But some North Korea analysts believe the country chose not to show off its long-range missiles because Pyongyang believes its program is complete, so it no longer needs to flaunt the weaponry.
The day parade saw dozens of military vehicles and goose-stepping soldiers parade past Kim in the center of the capital, Pyongyang, as cheering crowds watched on.
Soldiers march during a military parade in North Korea.
Kim reviewed the procession from a balcony in Kim Il Sung Square, alongside other senior officials, including Li Zhanshu, a special envoy sent by Chinese President Xi Jinping. Kim and Li locked hands and raised arms at the end of the event.
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, right, raises hands with Chinese envoy Li Zhanshu.
The parade was split into two sections, civilian and military. The military portion featured thousands of soldiers wearing uniforms from different periods of North Korea's history, dating back from 1948 through to the present day.
Airplanes forming the number 70 fly in formation and fire flares during the parade.
The event was the first show of military might in North Korea since Kim and Trump met in Singapore in June.
Though some of the artillery pieces on display featured anti-American slogans as in previous years, the theme of the parade appeared overwhelmingly focused on economic development and improving the lives of the North Korean people.
North Koreans celebrate the country's 70th anniversary.
Kim did not speak at the military parade. The country's ceremonial head of state, Kim Yong Nam, addressed the audience, telling soldiers to prepare simultaneously to fight a war but also be ready to battle for economic development.
"Compared to past parades they really pulled back on displaying missile systems," said Dave Schmerler, a research associate at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
Kim has made 2018 a year of diplomacy, personally meeting with the leaders of China, South Korea and the United States for the first time since taking the reins of his country in 2011. Later this month, Kim will host South Korean President Moon Jae-in for a summit in Pyongyang, another event that could factor into the theme of Sunday's festivities.
North Koreans march in Kim Il Sung Square as part of Sunday's civilian parade.
Though it was the first celebration in recent years not to honor the country's nuclear achievements, the emphasis on domestic livelihoods and economic growth align with Kim's current policy priorities.
"The big missiles weren't out there. That is a clear sign of restraint on Kim Jong Un's part," said John Delury, a professor of International Relations at Yonsei University's Graduate School of International Studies.
"The symbolism of the event reinforces Kim Jong Un's message that it's the economy, stupid."
Participants perform in the Mass Games at the May Day stadium in Pyongyang, Sunday night.
But negotiations between North Korea and the United States over Pyongyang's nuclear weapons programs appear to have hit an impasse.
A little more than a month after Trump and Kim's historic summit in Singapore, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told US lawmakers Pyongyang had shown little indication that it was moving toward denuclearization. That was followed by Pompeo canceling a planned trip to North Korea in August, citing insufficient progress on the part of North Korea.
In the run up to Sunday's parade, both Washington and Pyongyang struck more of an upbeat note. South Korean officials who met with Kim last week said they were told by the young North Korean leader that he has "unwavering trust for President Trump."
Trump responded by tweeting a thank you to Kim and declaring "we will get it done together!"
Soldiers inside North Korea's Kim Il Sung square.
On Saturday, the US State Department said that Pompeo has received a letter from Kim for Trump, which the US President believes will be positive in tone.
Experts, however, caution against reading too much into any sense of optimism.
A soldier is seen during celebrations for North Korea's 70th anniversary.
"The United States should not forget about North Korea's arsenal simply because it's kept out of sight," said Adam Mount, director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists.
"Even as talks have ground to a halt, every indication is that research and development of nuclear capable systems is continuing."
North Korea analysts are closely watching this weekend's festivities, as Pyongyang is known to use mass events like these to convey its policy priorities and future intentions to average North Koreans and the rest of the world.
Journalists were invited to a concert Saturday night to kick off the celebration, an event dominated by songs and performances lionizing North Korea's history. There was no mention of missiles or nuclear weapons.
Kim's bodyguards appeared to show up at the event, but there was no sign of the young leader himself. Footage from North Korean state television appeared to show Kim greeting the Russian delegation Saturday night.
In this photo provided Sunday by the North Korean government, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, center, visits the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun in Pyongyang, North Korea. Independent journalists were not given access to cover the event depicted in this image distributed by the North Korean government.
Sunday's parade was kept under wraps until it was completed, with visiting journalists invited to the event prohibited from bringing phones or live broadcasting equipment to the procession.
Performers take part in Saturday's concert.
It's unclear why North Korea chose to bar reporters from broadcasting live from the event, though the delay allows Pyongyang's propaganda officials to better control the images coming from the parade. Experts also believe it could be a security measure.
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How to make a Complaint to Bank of America Bank of America provide a range of complaint handling options on their website. The first step is to phone the complaints line on 1 (800) 432-1000. Alternatively, local branches are geared to help their account holders and deal with complaints so a personal visit is an option.
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The importance of a ramp can be realized from the fact that every contestant in the Miss Universe contest should have the basic ideas regarding it. There are special lessons given to the contestants so that they can learn how to walk on the ramp, and one of the main characteristic of a good model and potential winner for this contest is no doubt, her ability to walk on the ramp when modeling for this competition.
The importance of a ramp can be realized from the fact that every contestant in the Miss Universe contest should have the basic ideas regarding it. There are special lessons given to the contestants so that they can learn how to walk on the ramp, and one of the main characteristic of a good model and potential winner for this contest is no doubt, her ability to walk on the ramp when modeling for this competition. Some people might think that this is the easiest part of any competition; however, this is not true. On the contrary, walking on a ramp is considered the toughest challenge that any model faces. Some of the contestants are familiar with the idea of walking on the ramp if they have practiced it before through local and state competitions. On the other hand, contestants who find it difficult to grasp hold of the technique of walking properly may find several problems in adjusting in this competition.
If you have seen any Miss Universe competition or any other local competition on television, you will notice that all of the women are supposed to walk on a platform in order to show the beautiful dresses that they wear and to reveal their grace of walk to other people. Walking on the ramp should never be confused with the normal style through which people walk. The two are very different in nature. While walking on the ramp, various factors should be taken into account by the model. The level of confidence that she shows through her walk, along with being able to handle the fashionable dress that she is supposed to show and walking with large heels all at the same time creates a pressure that only few contestants are able to handle. Because of this reason, all models are taught how to walk on the ramp before the final contest so that they do not have to face problems later on. Teaching about ramp walks is a necessary phenomenon of all modeling competitions so there is no way that a contestant can ignore it.
How can a contestant learn to walk confidently on a ramp?
In order to learn about walking on a ramp, the contestant can go through previous contests that can help clear away any doubts she faces. One common way to make it possible for a contestant to walk straight and in a balanced manner is by putting a book on her head. This helps her compose her posture in a manner that her shoulders and her head remain straight. This process is repeated again and again if the book does not remain balanced on the head and continuous practice is able to achieve desirable results at the end. It is always important for the models to maintain their focus straight ahead and not allow the arms and shoulders to move a lot when walking. It Models are also required to walk wearing pencil heels of around four inches to make them practice walking properly on the ramp and they should not sway their hips a lot while walking. Models should walk in front of the mirror as well so that they are able to see their performance and be able to identify their mistakes and strong points easily. The best way is to be confident about way you walk and know that even though it is might be tough to learn how to walk on a ramp initially but continuous practice has the ability to improve the walk. Having a beautiful face will not solve the problem until and unless special attention is given to such issues, which can either increase or decrease the chances of models to move ahead in the competition.
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Do you have questions about fighting deportation, immigration appeals, or applying for asylum?
You’ve come to the right place to start learning about fighting deportation, immigration appeals, or applying for asylum. Please keep in mind that these topics are very complex, and most people will benefit from the assistance of a lawyer. However, it can be very helpful to learn some of the basics before you talk to a lawyer so that you have a general understanding of the process and what questions you should ask your lawyer.
Deportation proceedings (also called removal proceedings) can be very complex and stressful. There are many different defenses to deportation and you should discuss your options with an immigration lawyer to better understand what will be the best option for you. Some of the options you may want to learn more about include cancellation of removal, waivers, voluntary departure, asylum, withholding of removal or relief under the Convention Against Torture. Learn more about deportation defense and immigration court cases.
Sometimes an initial application is denied. When this happens, you may be able to appeal the decision. The simple truth is that immigration law is very complex. Sometimes mistakes are made. At other times, the law is so complex that it may lead to a case being denied when it should have been approved. If you believe that the government made a mistake in your case, you should learn more about the immigration appeals process so that you can decide if you should appeal your case. Learn more about immigration appeals.
If you are afraid that you will face persecution or harm if you return to your home country, you should learn more about whether you may be able to apply for asylum. You should keep in mind that not everyone who fears returning to their home country will qualify for asylum and there are very specific things you need to show in order to qualify. If you do qualify for asylum, you will be able to live and work in the United States and will eventually be able to apply for permanent resident status which could lead to United States citizenship. Learn more about applying for asylum.
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Like their previous release, Volume One, Perhaps has created Volume Two as a single long track (although almost ten minutes shorter than the first). As a bass player, I appreciate that this group presents it's bottom out front (not in the same way as Miley Cyrus, in her recent awards show appearance).
The track is a blend of psychedelic improvisation and some tightly orchestrated avant-garde segments. The improvisation is splended, mostly led by some blazing guitar work. But it's in the orchestrated parts of the track where I am most impresses. Speedily plucked bass fits perfectly with the guitars in melodies and harmonies that most remind me of avant virtuosos Henry Kaiser and Mike Kenneally. They provide the setup for the improvs, as well as transitions between the differing segments of the piece.
As I stated in the rewiew of Volume One, Boston, despite the presence of the Berklee School, is not an easy place for such a challenging band to exist. I applaud these musicians for making such an effort in this town.
This second single track album was expected to be a follow-up to the first. Well, it's still made of a single track, even if shorter, with totally different sections jointed by very well thought and performed transitions, but it's not exactly the same kind of things of the first.
The first 6 minutes lay between the studio side of Ummagumma and electronic drones in Kraut style. The various sections are less easy than on Volume One, with noisy elements and sometimes dissonances, with an exciting rhythmic part just in the middle of the track containing also a very good guitar solo, containing a bit of standard rock-blues very well driven by bass and drums.
More than a follow-up to volume one it appears to be more a complement to it, even in that sort of noisy psych rock between minutes 13 and 19 on which the guitar sounds like Jimmy Page or Hendrix at Woodstock. The bass is clean and high-volumed. It sometimes reminds to the System of a Down, but it's just for a bit, as a sort of waltz arrives quite suddenly to bring the guitar out of hell. Bass and drums work intensively throughout the track until a Floydian segment arrives at minute 23, then some tapes and electronic beeps close it.
A rating? I have given 4 stars to the about 40 minutes of Volume one, so I could give 3 stars to the less than 30 minutes of volume two, but I have really enjoyed it. Volume One was a surprise and this has contributed to its high rating, anyway Volume Two is as good and I imagine a CD reissued with both the tracks. Would it be a 5-stars release?
At long last we have the follow-up to 'Volume One', and although it is somewhat shorter than the last album we yet again have a single piece of music. Last time the guests joining the trio were strings and woodwind, but this time we have a couple of synth players, a guitarist and just the one sax, so the music has changed somewhat. However, yet again it is a compelling, almost beguiling and entrancing piece that drags the listener in. Although there are large sections where the band are bouncing ideas off each other, there are others which are highly complex and clearly orchestrated, and these pieces often don't appear to link together and the feeling is that it is often separate songs that have been put together as one, as opposed to a 'genuine' long piece of music.
But some of the interplay between Jim Haney (bass), Sean McDermott (guitar) and Don Taylor (drums) is nothing short of stunning. Just listen to what is happening at the eight minute mark, and I can guarantee that your mouth will drop open as you hear just how tight and complex these guys are. Jim sees no reason at all as to why his bass should just be in the background and can be a complementary lead in its' own right while Don obviously doesn't want to be left out while the other two have all the fun.
Perhaps made a massive prog splash with their first volume and caused quite a stir in the prog community as they demanded to be noticed and nobody worth their salt in the progiverse could ignore them. They return with a release just under 30 minutes; so who could resist? It sounded like a fun way to spend an afternoon on a rainy day so here we go. Perhaps Volume Two takes off with a droning pulsating ebb in the first few minutes that builds ominously and reminds me of Krautrock such as Faust or even shades of Godspeed You! Black Emperor. Then a grungy guitar begins to howl and moan as though being tortured with an unsettling aura. A blood bolstering bassline pounds solidly and makes the heart quicken. Then the band really take off into full flight with sporadic jazz percussion, barking mad lead guitar and spasmodic bass; this is what we came to hear!
It slows and then decides to gain pace again at about 9 and a half minutes. Where to from here? This is challenging music so it could go anywhere and I hoped it would. After a messy irregular slice of dissonant rock it locks into a rock guitar vibe, and then switches time sigs for no reason other than to blow out the drummer. He struggles to keep up as the pace gets into death metal mode, then a screaming guitar solo bursts through. That's a guitar in pain right there! It squeals and glitches and cries out in agony and the rhythm is now channelling the space rock of Hawkwind. Indeed there is a spacey reverbed delay on the guitar, and the bass is pummelling.
The guitar gets more chaotic and blazes gloriously along the slowing down bass and drums. The drummer is having a field day on the cymbals and the bass is hypnotic speeding to a frenetic pace. At 17 minutes it sounds again like space rock; did Dave and Nik enter the room? The band sound like they are having way too much fun as this evolves into an improvised freakout of fret melting lead guitar and bass that Lemmy would be proud of.
Towards the end it sounds like the opening of ACDC's 'Thunderstruck'. Then we settle into a straight four on the floor rock time sig. not for long though as a demented waltz tempo strikes up. The lead guitar is an inferno tearing up the rhythm admirably. The bass mixed to the front is awe inspiring. The pace slows at about 22 minutes in and it is a calm tranquil atmosphere after the maelstrom previous.
I loved this track but it feels way too short and would benefit by being a section of the part one release. Part One was shattering music, that built into a frenzy of musical instruments competing for supremacy, and at times sounding like an explosion went off in a music shop. This part two track is not quite to that high standard but still pleases the ear with dissonant textures, polyphonic rhythms and fiery percussion with irregular beats. I think the band really set the bar high with their debut and this recent release does not have the flurry of musical instruments of the previous part and tends moreover to focus on the lead guitar. However again, Perhaps prove they are a band to be taken notice of. Look forward to more from these innovators.
The sequel to one of the more celebrated debut efforts in recent years has attracted only a handful of reviews so far on this site. Either the novelty of the band's dynamic Math Rock has worn off (unlikely, after hearing this new EP), or their otherwise well-calibrated marketing machine needs a quick lube job.
Like its predecessor, "Volume Two" presents an episodic, uninterrupted slice of musical mayhem, played by a tightly-knit power trio led by ace guitarist Sean McDermott. The new EP, available as a name-your-own-price deal from the band's website, is about 25% shorter than the first chapter. But the drop in quantity in no way compromises the quality of the music, which is arguably even more focused than "Volume One", and with a harder edge of eclectic psychedelia.
The trio picks up more or less where they left off at the end of the previous set, but the new music is hardly a retread. Imagine it instead as a fraternal twin, separated at birth from its more popular sibling, and with a very different agenda. The gradual introduction (lasting almost a quarter of the full piece) sets an ominous, almost industrial mood, finally releasing its accumulated tension in a typically busy but surprisingly upbeat jam. Which in turn is only a further warm-up to a driving seven-minute solo by McDermott likely to annihilate any amateur air-guitarist, and from there moving to a robust Space Rock coda.
Even in its more frenzied moments it can sometimes sound like an academic exercise in algebraic rock. But with two strong recordings now in the can, the band has proven themselves to be more than just a fluke. So how about something more ambitious next time out: a full-fledged album for instance? And maybe it's time to reconsider the wishy-washy moniker. Perhaps? Try Certainly, instead.
Now the second, which is also great!
Volume Two continues with the exquisite salad of sounds, rhythms and musical styles provided by Perhaps, this great power trio from the USA whose talent is simply undeniable. This time, their second album is once again a one-song-album but now the length is 10 minutes less than the first one, so here you will have 28 minutes of a feast of good music, changes in time and mood and of course, that cool mixture of sounds and instruments.
Here the first minutes have an inherent tension, one does not really know what will happen next, the sound is nervous like some improvisation at first, later a repetitive bass sound and synthesizers put that tense mood. A diversity of sounds appear later after five minutes, electronic noises adding strange atmospheres while the guitar plays some disturbing noises, but well, this first tense stage finishes at minute 6 when the math rock style they offered in the Volume One returns, you can easily recognize that change into this new post- rockish passage, the strings and drums sound make it evident.
That craziness and energy they had is back here, so we can move our heads and feel the intensity they implement. After ten minutes the style changes and becomes spacey, like a space rock jam which at the same time sounds like krautrock; then we can hear a boomerang of rock with some cool guitar riffs included. What is different from the first albums is that in this one Perhaps included much more the synthesizers effects, they are here almost all the time putting nuances and textures in the music, changing a little bit the direction of their sound.
Before reaching the 20th minute, there is a notable change in the music, the guitar plays repetitive notes in a fast but softer way and a new passage begin, closer to rock and roll, and of course to post and math rock. After 22 minutes an atmospheric movement begins, much calmer, much slower, like a relaxing tea for a vertiginous day, and it goes on until the last two minutes in which the intensity increases and becomes more emotional. Later, the song/album finishes.
Perhaps is a surprisingly good band, a new act that has to be discovered by so many people whose musical tastes are not truly conventional, this band has a lot to offer, their talent is here, you just have to take some time to listen to them. By the way, their music is downloadable in their Bandcamp site, so go ahead. Though this second volume is also cool, it is behind its predecessor, their debut is simply stunning, while this one is simply good. Three stars.
Post a review of PERHAPS "Volume Two"
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To some, a course management system may sound similar to a content management system. It is true that a good course management system will include a content management system. However, the course management system goes much further. Course management software is used in the field of education. It can be used for classes that are conducted entirely online. However, it can also be used for a hybrid type of class that combines the online environment with the face-to-face experience. A course management system provides a way for students and instructors to interact with each other. The instructor is able to add content that is relevant to the course, while students are able to access course information, submit assignments, collaborate with fellow classmates, and possibly even take online quizzes.
Basically, a course management system consists of a method for delivery of a class. The instructor is able to provide systematic instructions for completing assignments. At the very least, the students will have a way to submit their completed assignments. Most of these systems will also offer some type of discussion board so that students can interact with each other and conduct discussions about the topics. Depending on the complexity of the course management system, the instructor may be able to use online grading rubrics and enter grades into an online gradebook. The instructor may even be able to set up automatic quizzes, which offer immediate feedback to the students, as they are taken.
This type of course management system can be very beneficial to the educational entity. The same system can be used for all instructors and all classes. This allows for a continuity across the school. Administrators can be given the ability to log into any classes. This allows for a random supervision that ensures the best possible quality of instruction.
The system is also beneficial to individuals. Because of the continuity of instruction, students can better understand what is expected of them in each course. Generally, the technology involved allows for much faster feedback that the student would receive in a face-to-face environment. However, one of the benefits that is most mentioned is the ability to attend classes at any time or any place. The student simply must have a way to access the Internet. With the advent of WiFi hotspots, Internet access is fairly common, no matter where the student ends up.
One of the first issues that may be encountered is an inadequate knowledge of technology. If instructors and students are not familiar enough with technology, they may find themselves unable to fulfil their responsibilities in the class.
There are a few ways to solve this issue. First of all, most entities have a training requirement for instructors. During this training, they may access the course management system, as if they were a student. However, this training provides them with the knowledge they need to be able to fulfill their own responsibilities, as well as give advice to the students.
Secondly, many of these educational entities may also have a requirement for students to attend some type of orientation classes. These classes may also be conducted through the course management system. However, the focus of the class is on learning the technology, instead of other academic subjects.
Finally, depending on the size, the entity may need to have a well-trained technical support department. This department can help with any issues that arise from the course management system.
Your readers might be interested to learn the differences between CMS and LMS, LMS and LMS-SN or NLEs. The evolution began with CMS and has moved well beyond centering around just the course…the learner and how the learner learns is the main focus now. Also, social networking and other Web 2.0 tools are deemed necessary as relationships are the context in which we learn.
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Is it OK to say Tehillim [Psalms] on the subway? Do I have to say the words loud enough so I can hear them?
The area around you must be clean of any droppings, uncomfortable odors, and the like.
You aren't facing towards anyone indecently clad.
You don't have to say them out loud, a whisper is adequate.
Now that Succot is over what does one do with the etrog and luvav? I noticed in my shul that the lulav is placed on top of the aron kodesh [Holy Ark]? There's also one member of our congregation who collects them to make some sort of pie, (I think). Could you kindly reply with an explanation? Thank you.
Since the lulav and etrog were used for a mitzvah they should be treated with respect. Ideally, they should be used for another mitzvah. Many people save their lulav until Passover and then use it to burn the chametz. Some people stick cloves into their etrog and use it as the fragrance spice at havdallah.
Quick question, I hope: Where in the Talmud does it say, "Every rule has an exception" or, equivalently, "There is no rule without an exception?" Thank you.
There's an expression in the Talmud: "Ain lemadin min haklalot" - "One may not draw inferences from general rules (stated in the Talmud)." This is because there might be exceptions to the stated rule. I don't know if this is exactly what you're looking for, but it's the closest thing I could find.
By the way, if it's a rule that "there's an exception to every rule," then it too must have an exception; i.e., there must be some rules without exceptions!
Although living in a city with three or so synagogues (located in South America), I find it difficult to drag myself to shul. What would be a suitable argument to put myself to it apart from the ones that are so common (you shouldn't separate from the community, prayer is more appropriate in a minyan, etc.). I would appreciate your feedback to this point that is important to me.
Like anything you want to do but find difficult, you've got to start by 'tricking' yourself into it.
Here's an idea I've found helpful: Find a study partner. Arrange to meet in your synagogue and study Torah together before the morning prayers (for even as little as 10 minutes). The obligation to your study partner, and the embarrassment felt for missing your appointment, will help get you there.
Become more involved in the 'technical' side of shul. Get the key to the shul and be the one responsible for opening up in the morning. Be the gabbai who calls people up to the Torah, or who's responsible for getting someone to lead the services. Lead the services yourself. Becoming involved will make you feel more part of and responsible to the community.
Set aside ten minutes a day to study a book that explains the prayers. Understanding the prayers will make praying a meaningful experience.
A town decides to have a party. In order to supply wine for the party, they place an empty barrel in the town square and ask everyone to bring a glass of wine and pour it into the barrel. One of the inhabitants decides to bring a glass of water: "After all," he thinks "will anyone be able to tell if there is one glass of water in a barrel full of wine?" On the day of the party, everyone comes to the square, dressed in their finest, ready to begin the festivities only to find that the whole barrel is full of water!
If everyone were to rely on the others to make up the minyan, chances are that there would be no minyan at all.
My sister-in-law and brother-in-law and their new baby girl just made a temporary move to Tokyo to start their business careers. I would very much appreciate knowing of any Jewish resources available to them in Tokyo or elsewhere in Japan. Thank you.
Japan? I am sending you a list of the communities that I got from Jeff Seidel's "The Jewish Traveler's Resource Guide 1997." I wish them the best of luck.
Here is a riddle I am submitting from my father-in-law Stanley Chazan and my daughter Aviva Stroh: "Name 6 couples mentioned in Tanach whose first names start with the same letter in Hebrew."
I thought your piece on Godzilla and Bambi was brilliant.
You unnecessarily put down the person who asked about the Shabbat-light covering device. I think you used unnecessary sarcasm (couldn't you find anything better than Bambi vs. Godzillah?) Although I've never heard of the device mentioned, I have heard of Shabbat elevators, etc. I think their application violates the spirit of the Torah. I know several Rabbis (very Orthodox) that agree with me. The questioner might have used the wrong word ("comic") but your reaction sounded to me much more defensive than objective.
In reference to your article in the Ohrnet about pronouncing Hashem's name whilst singing Shabbat zemirot, I would like to suggest why some people are particular to avoid saying Hashem's name. The reason is, often after beginning a tune, a parent might see a child falling off a chair, or spilling a drink, so the parent might call out "careful" or "watch it." You can use your imagination for other examples. In order to be on the safe side, some people never pronounce Hashem's name in a zemer. Sing well and Gut Shabbos!
Binyomin Freilich "M & S Schoemann"
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How do you explain a game like Pizzamakesgames's Skullz? In the beginning it is described as a bad trip, but I'm not too sure if they meant the effects of some sort of hallucinogen or some adventure you went on before finding yourself lost, dazed, and confused. This surreal gamedoesn't just start like that, but carries that theme of "Whaaaa?" throughout it. Almost set up as a text adventure with images it gives you an illusion of choice as you go through the madness of this dark world, with your trusty sidekick, or perhaps arch nemesis, or annoying Navi style guide, or maybe... perhaps I should give up on trying to label him. He's a talking skull. At times he's not even too sure who he is. Confused? Great you're ready to start. There is a story here and your questions eventually get answered with a "Ohhhhh... wait... then... what?" It is an experience though. A dark, macabre tale similar to games like, Samantha Wins or the Nekra Psaria series, but with much less puzzle solving and a slightly clearer tale to tell.
Skullz is the kind of game you just hook yourself up to and enjoy the wild ride. It is set up like a text adventure, using the [spacebar] to select your answers and hitting [A] to go back to a previous menu of actions, but in the end you're on a set path you can't get off of. You really are just there to enjoy what is enfolding out in front of you. The pictures can sometimes be hard to interpret, but that fits the game perfectly. There are even times where it is hard to tell who is talking, but that again is probably done on purpose. You're left wondering what is real and what isn't, just like those characters in the game. Due to time traveling, or dreams, or whatever, there are a few scenes you play through again and again. The story does move along even if it doesn't seem like it, but it wouldn't be that bad if certain characters didn't move so slowly. That is the only complaint I can find about Skullz though. It is a fantastic adventure that lights just enough that though you can understand some things, you are left craving for more.
is fun to mess around with.
Confused, but it was hmm something.
I really liked the atmosphere. Pretty cool game!
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0.944333 |
Please write a market research text on "Computer vision in Sports"
It needs to be a 1000-2000 words long research essay. Each question needs to be answered with 2-3 sentences.
The deadline is 72hours and document with links is attached.
ALL DATA WILL BE FACT CHECKED IN DETAIL BEFORE RELEASING MILESTONES.
THERE WILL BE ONE MILESTONE FOR THE FINISHED WORK (30% of amount) and 2ND MILESTONE ONCE EVERYTHING IS FACT CHECKED IN DETAIL.
The second fact checking will last 3 working days.
What are the key trends happening on the market? Which sectors are growing? Why are they growing? How much are the growing and where? Which are in decline, why and by how much, where?
What are the top 3 major themes and predictions in these markets? What are the key similarities and differences in these predictions? What claims are used to support these predictions? What data and which sources are supporting these claims? What strategies are used to benefit from them? Which companies are implementing these strategies, and do they have any results shown publicly?
What are the top 10 key findings from selected white papers? Do they have any differences or similarities? How proven are the findings and are they ready to be commercialized? Who are the researchers and institutions behind those papers and findings? Is there any intellectual property behind the selected findings? Are there any companies using these findings commercially, and if so which ones?
What are the key similarities and differences among the selected companies? Have these companies raised venture capital money or not (please use [login to view URL] for this data, and include references for each claim). Do these companies have customers that are leagues or big brands? Where are these companies located? Is there any available data on company revenue (please use [login to view URL]) and on the number of employees available on Linkedin (please use linkedin).
IMPORTANT: Each claim needs to have a reference provided using Harvard style referencing in footnotes. Include relevant graphs and data visualization if available.
Hi, I can write a market research text on "Computer vision in Sports" kindly discuss details regards Rashid.
Hello I can write your needed 1000 words by following your guidelines closely. You can drop me a message and I will be glad to work for you.
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0.964814 |
Let guests help themselves and enjoy your own party for a change. The Anchor Hocking Glass Drink Dispenser is a beautiful showcase for fruit punch, sangria or iced tea, and its easy-use spigot resists splashes and spills. Topped with a glass lid, its vintage look includes the embossed name of Isaac Collins, original founder of the Anchor Hocking Glass Company.
Our traditional Glass Storage Jars have airtight bail & seal closures to hermetically seal out air and moisture. Use them for dry, fresh or leftover foods. They're also great as gift containers for homemade delicacies, and come in a wide range of sizes, large and small.
Would you recommend using a hot beverage for this dispenser, knowing its spigot is made of aluminum?
No, wouldn't want to take that chance.
Would this dispenser work for liquid laundry detergent?
Good question. I never thought of that, but I would not personally.
Our Anchor Hocking 1.5 gal. Beverage Dispenser with Spigot measures 13" x 8" x 15" h.
Do you sell a stand that can go with this?
I'm looking to prop up the dispenser so that I don't have to set it on the edge of the counter or table that it is placed on.
No, we do not sell a stand designed for this product.
What type of material is the spigot made off?
I would like to use this to store bleach in my laundry room. I'm not worried about the container itself standing up to the bleach but am wondering if the spigot would be able to hold up.
The spigot is made from brushed aluminum. We do not recommend this container for the storage or dispensing of liquid bleach.
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0.997321 |
New Zealand has some weird nature. It is amazing to see what an island free of any major terrestrial predators can produce. Unfortunately, ever since humans found their way to this unique island, the ecology has suffered. One of the most unique plant and animal interactions in the world can be found on this archipelago but for how much longer is the question.
The story starts with a species of bat. In fact, this bat is New Zealand's only native terrestrial mammal. That's right, I said terrestrial. The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat spends roughly 40% of its time foraging for insects on the ground. It has lots of specialized adaptations that I won't go into here but the cool part is they forage in packs, stirring up insects from the leaf litter until they reach a level of feeding frenzy that I thought was only reserved for sharks or piranhas. Along with using echo location, they also have a highly developed sense of smell. This is important for our second player in this forest floor drama.
Enter Dactylanthus taylorii, the wood rose. This plant is not a rose at all but rather a member of the tropical family Balanophoraceae. More importantly, it is parasitic. It produces no chlorophyll and lives most of its life wrapped around the roots of its host tree underground. Every once in a while a small patch of flowers break through the dirt and just barely peak above the leaf litter. This give this species it's Māori name of "pua o te reinga" or "pua reinga", which translates to "flower of the underworld." The flowers emit a musky, sweet smell that attracts these ground foraging bats. The bats are one of the only pollinators left on the island. They sniff out the flowers and dine on the nectar, all the while being dusted with pollen. Recently, it has been found that New Zealand's giant ground parrot, the kakapo, is also believed to have been a pollinator of this plant. Sadly, today the kakapo exists solely on one small island of the New Zealand archipelago.
Both the wood rose and the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat are considered at risk for extinction. When modern man came to these islands they brought with them the general suite of mammalian invasives like rats, mongoose, cats, and pigs, which are exacting a major toll on the local ecology. The plants and animals native to New Zealand have not shared an evolutionary history with such aggressive mammalian invaders and thus have no adaptations for coping with their sudden presence. The future of the wood rose, the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat, and the kakapo, along with many other uniquely New Zealand species are for now uncertain.
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0.999999 |
There are definitely certain moments in one’s life that are characterized by a desire for self-expression. For many people, music offers the best way to achieve this. Often, when a person settles down and listens to his/her favorite music, there follows a temporary feeling in which the world’s hassles are forgotten. Music can also add a sense of excitement and anticipation. Moreover, it can be used to set the mood, such as in a movie scene. It can promote a sense of mystery or foreboding, as well as nostalgia or enchantment. Is there a simple definition of music? Music has been considered a difficult concept to define. It is composed of a number of elements such as rhythm, words, notes, tones, and dynamics.
Furthermore, music can be classified into a number of genres, time periods, and geographic locations.
Each genre is named according to the music type of which it is comprised. Typically, music types include national songs, religious music and secular music, as well as. In secular music, there are numerous sub-types; these are referred to as secular genres. It is important point to note that many music genres have geographic significance.
For others, popularity stems from the rich history associated with the music’s origin.
Similarly, there are certain music genres that have a huge cult following, while others’ roots can be traced back through many centuries.
The most popular music genres include contemporary, like rock, blues, classical music, country music, easy listening music, electronic music, and hip-hop/rap. The list is endless, and each of these genres is composed of numerous other sub-genres. For example, under rock music is hard rock and college rock. Equally, blues includes acoustic blues, country blues, and classic blues. The classical genre, whose popularity has stretched into the modern generation, includes music such as avant-garde, baroque, choral, chant, and opera music.
The knowledge of music genres is vital for people desiring to be employed in the music industry. Many music career paths demand that one should be able to identify each type of music and its characteristics. For instance, music managers need this knowledge to sufficiently convince people that an artist’s music is worth listening to.
Likewise, booking agents should be able to discuss the kind of music to be performed whenever they attempt to book engagements for music bands. Furthermore, knowledge of music genres helps one to understand different audiences, such as their traits or characteristics, what they enjoy, and why they enjoy it.
A number of inferences can be made based on music genres. For instance, it is possible to predict the cultural pattern of a given audience from the genre of music that is prevalent in that community. Similarly, genres speak volumes about the historical background of a given audience. Musicians and other players in the music sector must, therefore, should study the kind of audience for they wish to perform so that they know what that audience is likely to prefer.
In general, there are several points that one should keep in mind when writing an expository essay on music genres. This essay, however, presents one valuable tip, which is to keep in mind that different people enjoy different kinds of music. Since it is impossible to determine what music the reader appreciates, it is advisable to write the essay based on your favorite music genre. This will include a detailed explanation why that particular genre appeals to you. Any writing that involves a detailed explanation of the main topic is considered expository writing.
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0.904803 |
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0.999963 |
Pretend you're the captain of the squad with the West Virginia Mountaineers Captain Backpack! This team inspired backpack features a large main compartment with laptop divider, as well as a small front compartment +for small accessories. Store your water bottle in the side mesh pocket, and adjust the shoulder straps to your comfort.
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0.943559 |
Here in the United States, we have had an established and successful republic for well over two hundred years. But elsewhere in the world, republics are a much younger novelty and some did not succeed in their first attempt. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s.
Prior to the 1930s, Spain was a constitutional monarchy under King Alfonso XIII, though from 1923 to 1930 Spain was ruled by General Miguel Primo de Rivera, a military dictator. Rivera's rule was marked by strict censorship of the press and a suspension of the Spanish constitution. However, Rivera did institute multiple infrastructure projects, which lowered unemployment and aided the Spanish economy.
Regardless of Rivera's economic improvements, Spain was still largely a rural country economically based on agriculture exports. As a result, Spain was hurt considerably by the international economic downturn caused by the 1929 Wall Street collapse. For example, the precipitous fall of the prices of wine and olive oil, two of Spain's chief exports, caused agriculture to be virtually a worthless endeavor. Rivera's policies did little to help; in 1930 he attempted to raise public loans to pay for his social programs. This blunder and the continued economic downturn caused Rivera to resign.
In the wake of Rivera's resignation, Spain held its first democratic elections of the 20th century in 1931. The elections returned a heavily republican majority who favored a reorganization of the Spanish government. Rather than fighting to keep the constitutional monarchy intact, Alfonso XIII chose instead to abdicate the Spanish throne and declare Spain a republic in April 1931.
The general elections that followed created a socialist government, which attempted several Marxist reforms, such as agrarian land redistribution, and also attacked the influence of the Catholic Church in Spain. This naturally angered the traditional landowners, who along with the Catholic Church held considerable power within Spain. Industrialists were also angry with the new government, as the government raised the wages of workers without consulting business owners.
The outrage at the socialist policies of the republican government led to an attempted military coup in 1932. Though the coup failed, it was indicative of the rising opposition to the left-wing Spanish government. In the following year, the right-wing party defeated the socialists at the ballot box, winning an outright majority and almost double the amount of seats the socialists had won. The right-wing government began dismantling the socialist reforms of the past two years, only to be defeated by a narrow margin in the 1936 election and see the socialist Popular Front, led by President Miguel Azaña, reinstitute the same measures.
At this point, generals of the right-wing leaning nationalist army began plotting to overthrow the Spanish government. Sensing this, the Spanish government began arming left-wing political organizations out of fear any right-wing revolt would have the support of the bulk of the army.
With tension between the two sides at its breaking point, General Emilio Mola declared open revolt against the socialist government in Navarre in July 1936. Though the attempted immediate overthrow of the government failed, the revolt was successful in the peripheries of Spain. The revolt got a huge boost when General Francisco Franco, Commander of the Spanish Army of Africa, joined the revolt.
The breakout of the Spanish Civil War was seen internationally as an ideological battlefield: communism and socialism on one side, and nationalism - and increasingly fascism - on the other. As a result, those sympathetic to the socialist goals of the Popular Front flocked to Spain and formed the International Brigades. These were battalions and armies made up entirely of foreigners, including prominent men such as George Orwell, who originally went to Spain as a reporter.
Though the nationalists were initially outnumbered and only controlled portions of Spain in the north and south, its leaders had soon reorganized their forces and added to their numbers through forced conscription in the territories they controlled. By August, nationalist planes were routinely bombing the capital, Madrid, and these operations intensified when Nazi Germany began aiding the nationalist forces in September 1936. The German Condor Legion, as it was called, provided an auxiliary air force for the Spanish nationalists and aided in the bombing of Madrid. Other foreign powers with autocratic, nationalist governments also aided the Spanish nationalists, including Benito Mussolini in Italy and President Antonio Salazar of Portugal.
Under the intense bombing campaign, the republican government left Madrid in the fall of 1936. To make matters worse, the fascist, nationalist, and right-wing groups that had begun the uprising were coalescing behind a single leader, General Francisco Franco. Franco quickly consolidated his power by eliminating his enemies in the upper echelons of the nationalist movement, and began fashioning a cult of personality similar to that of Mussolini in Italy or Hitler in Germany.
The republican government led by the socialists, however, fell into deeper disarray. Azaña reshuffled his cabinet several times, trying to find the right men to lead the republican war effort. Public opinion began to turn against the republicans after a harsh crackdown on rioting workers in Barcelona.
In early 1938, Franco's forces broke through the republican lines and began encircling Madrid. Though the city would hold out until the end of the war, the encirclement and ensuing bombardment led to massive deaths in the city from starvation and shell fire. With these breakthroughs the republicans' last remaining area of strength was in Catalonia in Eastern Spain. In the Battle of Ebro in the summer and fall of 1938, Franco's forces smashed what remained of the republican army, and Barcelona fell to the nationalists in January 1939.
In February 1939, General Franco's nationalist government was recognized by the international community as the legitimate government of Spain, though the war did not officially end until Franco's troops marched into Madrid in March. What followed was a major crackdown on communists, socialists, and other political dissidents by the Franco government. Though estimates vary, approximately 100,000 republican prisoners were either executed or died in concentration camps following Franco's victory. Historians estimate that nearly a half-million Spaniards died in the conflict.
Spain's dysfunctional government and precarious economy were both effectively broken by the international economic downturn known as the Great Depression. In response, the people of Spain voted resoundingly to make Spain a republic, though trouble arrived when Spaniards had to decide exactly what type of republic they wanted. The socialist reforms carried out by the left-wing Popular Front were vehemently opposed by the traditional landowning classes and the church, who encouraged a right-wing response. After the nationalist revolt began, the right-wing response took on a decidedly fascist nature under Franco. Franco's eventual triumph in early 1939 spelled doom for thousands of Spanish republicans, communists, and political dissidents.
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0.971631 |
Practice the following IELTS writing task 2 question that appeared in the latest exam this year. You can practice this essay question in 40 minutes and make sure that you write minimum 250 words.
In the present era, children are found to have fewer responsibilities than it used to be in the past time. Some people consider it as positive development, however, some other people believe it to be a negative trend.
Discuss both the views and give your own opinion.
In this modern era, children are not bound with as much responsibilities as compared to the earlier times. According to some people, it is positive trend in the society. On the other hand, some people think that it is not a good sign and needs attention.
Nowadays, young children are not feeling enough responsibilities over their shoulders. Some parents think of this as advantageous for their kids. One of the reasons behind this thinking is that youngsters are able to enjoy their life more in this manner. They know that life is short and one should live free from any kind of tension because they equate loads of responsibilities with tension. Another advantage is that they are able to think about their personal goals such as career, financial and others. For example, if they are focusing on improving their salary, they can do so by working for extra hours without having any burden of resolving family disputes and matters.
On the other hand, the other group of parents do not find anything positive in the trend of reducing responsibilities towards their home and family members. They think that this kind of trend would not make them a responsible citizen and they would rather become self-centric. Apart from this, the loveable relationship in such families is likely to get diminished as the young children may become selfish and pampered. For instance, it is commonly seen that young kids are becoming insensitive towards their old parents and sending them to old age homes when they get married.
Conclusively, though different people have different opinions about children being given lesser responsibilities, I feel that it is a good trend since in this way, they become more independent and self sufficient.
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0.991069 |
American psychologist Abraham Maslow broke new ground in psychology by putting emphasis on the best people instead of broken people. Instead of studying cars in a junk yard, he moved to a new car showroom. Prior to his time, psychology was limited to the spinal reflex theory of Sechenov (1863) and Pavlov (1927), the behaviorism of Watson (1913) and Skinner (1948).
While contemporary psychology at the time was wallowing in the mud of human misery, Maslow studied the values of the best men and women in history. He asked what made people like Albert Einstein and Eleanor Roosevelt exemplary?
1 Self Actualization -Fulfillment Needs (full potential) This is the rare level where people have need of purpose, personal growth and realization of their potentials. People on this level are fully functional, acting purely on their own volition and have a healthy personality.
2 Ego -Self Esteem Needs (self respect, personal worth, autonomy) On this level, people act from their ego needs. They value the options of others, in order to believe in themselves. It is a matter of self-respect through respect from others.
3 Social - Love and Belongingness Needs (love, friendship, comradeship) On this level, people need to feel loved. Here loving one's self has not been fully discovered. Some families are tightly bond. If this need is very strong, there can be a rush to fulfill this need resulting in less than ideal partner selection.
4 Security - Safety Needs (security; protection from harm) Here we might include living in a safe area away from threats. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel safe. Those who worry about small things, such as drinking out of plastic glasses have strong security needs.
5 Body -Physiological Needs (air, food, sleep, stimulation, activity) People on this level tend to be sick or in emergency type situations. They have biological needs for physical equilibrium (homeostasis). People with lack of shelter, clothing, food focus on these needs. People often neglect some of these basic needs in normal life when they eat junk food, go without sleep, don't exercise, or do not simulate their minds.
In life we have to sort out what is important and make determination of our and others best course of action. We can chose plan A or plan B. How do we determined what to do?
We need a reference Maslow called B Values. We compare this reference to the situation at hand. For instance is something reflecting unity, perfection, richness and honesty? As we ascend Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, more B Values are considered. Self-actualized people are most likely to reflect on them.
D Needs or deficiency needs are needs we notice by their absence. A D Need of air is quickly noticed. We do not have to think about needing air, we just need it.
Transcend their cultural conditioning and become world citizens.
Find their vocation and right mate.
Know that life is precious.
Be good and joyous in all kinds of situations.
Learn from their inner nature.
See that basic needs are satisfied.
Refresh their consciousness; appreciate beauty and other good things in life.
Understand that controls are good, and complete abandon is bad.
Be given practice in making choices, later allowing choices in their religious beliefs.
Self actualized people were reality and problem centered, and could distinguished what was fake and dishonest from what genuine. They realized that the means and ends are different, and thus the end did not always justify the means. They enjoyed being by themselves, and having deeper relationships with a few people instead of more shallow relations with many people. These people tended to be autonomous, relatively free from physical and social needs. They had a sense of what was true beyond their culture, and were highly resistant to enculturalization and thus enjoyed being themselves and did not worried about fitting in.
Their humor was never a threat, and they often were the brunt of their own jokes. They tended to be spontaneous and simple in their nonconformity while also having a certain humility and respect for others. They had freshness, a creative spirit and were original in the thinking. These people had experiences of being moved by forces larger than themselves to enjoin peak experiences.
In reality, these people were not perfect. Indeed they suffered from what ordinary people do. Their anxiety and guilt was about real things, and their moments of coldness were brief and often somewhat justified.
Others saw them as natural, and flowing with life. They appeared to rise above distinctions such as the spiritual and physical and were indifferent to what others perceived as masculine or feminine.
The Hierarchy of Needs: A Theory of Human Motivation (1943).
The term "Self Actualization" was not created by Maslow, but was coined by Kurt Goldstein in 1940 and later widely used by Carl Rogers. Maslow died from a heart attack on June 8, 1970.
In the comparison table earlier presented, the 7th Chakra, the Crown Chakra does not have any correspondence in Maslow's Hierarchy. In strongly spiritual and religious people, this is a very important need. It is the need to do God's work. Perhaps we could add a 6th level beyond Self Actualization and call it "Spiritual."
In the chart below we compare Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs with the Seven Chakras from Eastern Psychology and tradition and with the three ego of states of Transactional Analysis (TA) created by Eric Berne.
The Parent, Adult and Child ego states are useful in understanding communications between two people. A cross Transactions in Transactional-Analysis (TA) occur when, for example, a person in their Parent Ego state communicates with a person in their Child Ego state. If instead, the two people are in their Adult Ego state, their feeling towards each other are not filled with disruptive emotions.
The idea of cross transactions can be extended to the seven Chakra states of one of the Maslow hierarchal states. For example, if a person is in their Crown Chakra, and taking with a person in their Throat Chakra, it usually does not go very well.
Consider that the brain is made up of billions of small neurons. Each neuron or group of neurons has a small job to do. If that was all there was to it, the neurons would defend themselves, have their own agendas, and might wall of themselves from the rest of the brain.
For the neurons to cooperate with each other, they must have use some type of organization. It could be like the Internet, with no one group in charge. Or it could be built like a company, with different levels of management.
A better analogy might be government, with not only a hierarchy, but different branches, and a balance of power at the top. The organization usually has a police department that can keep everyone from hurting each other managers who can fire employees that do not perform well.
The president or CEO, must have a vision, a direction for the organization. With this type of reasoning, the brain must have some top brain cells that make sure the person is generally doing what is good.
The top brain cells reference a belief system. This belief system could range from hedonistic to a true believer. These brain cells might communicate with a higher power through their imagination. But here imagination is not taken as making something up, but a channel to a higher spirit or spirits.
When a person loses their internal mental government, they can become mentally ill. Their brain can be spilt with different brain cells at cross purpose with other brain cells.
We do not know how many hierarchies might be in a brain, and if there is a pattern found in most people. Some interesting research could be done in this area.
I like the Four Agreements and thought about making them part of the comparison table, but it does not seem to work. These ideas seem to help us go up the Hierarchy, but are not part of the Hierarchy itself.
Self actualization requires honesty, loving one's self, wanting the truth, and doing our best. As we climb, we do not make as many assumptions or take things as personally.
I want to modify the first agreement, "Be impeccable with your word." When we reach higher levels yes we value truth. But Ruiz misses the idea that truth by itself is not enough. Truth by itself can be hurtful and lead to poor consequences. Just truth by itself is not enough. Truth needs purpose and direction to be effective and good. Truth coupled with wisdom and love is much better than truth by itself.
1. In a loving way, be impeccable with your word.
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0.999015 |
Efecto del pH en las propiedades de mantequillas para untar baja en grasa de búfalos y vacas. El objetivo fue determinar los efectos del pH (5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 y 7) en las propiedades de mantequillas para untar bajas en grasa de búfalos y vacas. La puntuación sensorial de las muestras disminuyó con el aumento del pH y durante los períodos de almacenamiento, además, la separación de fases se produjo con pH de 6, 6,5 y 7. Se observaron diferencias en los valores de peróxido e índice de estabilidad de la grasa de las muestras en comparación con las muestras control, mientras que los valores de peróxido incrementaron, el índice de estabilidad de la grasa disminuyó durante los períodos de almacenamiento. Se observan cambios en la composición de ácidos grasos entre los tratamientos de pH y durante los períodos de almacenamiento. Las diferencias en el contenido de grasa sólida entre los tratamientos de pH por separado y durante los períodos de almacenamiento fueron no significativas. La disminución en la dureza y la viscosidad de las muestras fueron proporcionales al incremento del pH, y los tratamientos aumentan los efectos durante los períodos de almacenamiento. En general, un aumento de los valores de pH no afectó a los perfiles de fusión de los untables. Además, se observaron cambios entre los perfiles de fusión de los untables bajos en grasa a base de mantequilla búfalos y vacas.
Citation/Cómo citar este artículo: Abdeldaiem AM, Jin Q, Liu R,Wang X. 2014. Effects of pH values on the properties of buffalo and cow butter-based low-fat spreads. Grasas Aceites 65 (3): e038. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0105141.
In recent years scientists all over the world have come up with general nutritional recommendations which aim at reducing calories and tending towards healthier habits have resulted in the production of different types of low fat butter spreads with a fat content of 40%. This has increased market interest and drawn extensive attention for food technologists. The fat phase in low fat butter spread makes an important contribution to its physical properties, rheological measurements and chemical reactions as well as organoleptic properties. The overall goals are to inhibit water droplet aggregation and to make the product’s process and shelf life stable, and to provide emulsions that break down easily and give good flavor release in the mouth (Mageean and Jones 1989).
The factors that have influenced low fat spreads can be generalized as follows: fat phase, stabilizers, emulsifiers, homogenization and aqueous phase. Such large reductions in fat content alter the nature of the emulsion structure and it is difficult to maintain the continuous fat nature of such products. In order to overcome this problem, stabilizers have to be added to immobilize the aqueous phase by increasing its viscosity. The most widely used aqueous phase stabilizers in low-fat spreads are milk proteins, alginates, starch derivatives and gelatin. In particular, gelatin is used in many formulations to provide the aqueous phase with a consistency and melting behavior close to those of the fat phase (Janssens and Muyldermans 1994).
Four types of such agents have been identified (Moran 1991). These are viscous (high levels of milk protein or high-molecular-weight polysaccharides), gelling (hydrocolloid agents used to gel the aqueous phase), phase-separating (with thermo-dynamically incompatible hydrocolloids) and synergistic (exploiting known synergistic interactions between hydrocolloids).
An appreciable portion of the population in both developing and developed countries, particularly young children adolescents, the elderly, and women of child-bearing age can suffer from nutrient deficiencies at borderline or pathological levels (Richardson 1990).
In the last three decades, due to economic and health factors, low fat spreads have been produced with reduced fat contents while attempting to retain the texture and flavor of butter. An increase in the water phase associated with the fat phase reduction in spreads significantly changes the rheological properties and sensory evaluation of W/O spread above a certain water level. This introduces specific problems in low-fat spreads such as the occurrence of loose moisture upon spreading. The properties required for W/O spreads include having a relatively firm consistency and a plastic rheology so that the product does not become much thinner during spreading (Bot and Vervoort 2006).
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the pH values on the sensory and morphological evaluations, peroxide values (PV), oil stability index (OSI), fatty acid composition (FAC), solid fat content (SFC), rheological and melting properties of buffalo butter-based low-fat spreads (B-LFS) & cow butter-based low-fat spreads (C-LFS).
Buffalo butter (Table 1) was obtained from the Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University (Ismailia, Egypt). Cow butter (Table 1), skim milk powder and sodium chloride (table salt) were purchased from a local market in Wuxi (Jiangsu, China). Halal gelatin (80-280 BLOOM) was purchased from Gelatin & Protein Co., Ltd (Hangzhou, China). DIMODAN®HP-C distilled monogelyceride was obtained from Danisco Co. (Shanghai, China). Citric acid anhydrous, sodium bicarbonate and k-sorbate were purchased from Shanghai Honghao Chemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical or chromatographic grade to suit analytical requirements.
Butter oil preparation was performed according to Fatouh et al. (2003) with some modifications. Both buffalo and cow butter were melted separately at 50 °C instead of 60 °C, and the top oil layer was decanted and filtered through glass wool. The oil was then re-filtered under vacuum to obtain clear buffalo and cow butter oil.
1. Water phase. The ingredients: Halal gelatin, skim milk powder, NaCl and k-sorbate were blended together with distilled water at 70 °C for 10 min using a JJ-1B Electric Blender (Changzhou Runhua Electric Appliance Co., Ltd, China).
2. The temperature of the water phase was then reduced to 40 °C and the pH was adjusted to 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 and 7 [with citric acid 20% (w/w) and sodium bicarbonate 20% (w/w)] while blending.
3. Fat phase. A portion of the melted buffalo and cow butter oil (~5×the weight of the emulsifier) was removed and heated to 70 °C with blending until the emulsifier dissolved, which was then added back to the melted butter oil at 40 °C.
4. The water phase was then slowly added to the fat phase while mixing using a homogenizer (IKA®T18 Basic ULTRA-TURRAX®, Germany) for 5 min at speed No. 2.
5. The mixture was then pasteurized at 75 °C for 10 min in a water bath while blending.
6. The mixture was homogenized once using a laboratory Homogenizer (Model: GYB, Donghua High Pressure Homogenizer Factory, Shanghai, China) at a pressure of 17 MPa at 60 °C.
7. The treated samples were kept in sterilized plastic cups (30 g) at room temperature for 15 hours (h) and then moved to the refrigerator (4 °C).
Sensory evaluations of the samples (B-LFS ad C-LFS) were carried out according to Patange et al. (2013) using a panel of 12 judges selected from Egypt, Sudan and Yemen. Both B-LFS and C-LFS samples were approximately 30 g and were presented to the panelists at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The color and appearance, spreadability, body and texture, flavor and overall acceptability, of the products were rated on a 9-point scale ranging from 1 (disliked extremely) to 9 (liked extremely). Spreadability was assessed by the panelists using a slice of bread onto which the sample was spread at 4 °C.
Morphology evaluations of the pH treatments were recorded with a digital camera (Sony Camera T500, Japan).
The PV was modified from International Dairy Federation (IDF) Standard 74:1974 (Alexa et al. 2010). The samples of pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) (40 g each) were placed into 50 mL conical centrifuge tubes and placed in a 50 °C water bath for 20 min, followed by centrifugation (RJ-TDL-50A, Low-speed desktop centrifuge, China) for 20 min at 5000 rpm. The top fat layers were decanted into a beaker and then dried over excess anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove residual water. The fat was separated from the anhydrous sodium sulfate by vacuum filtration through a Whatman No. 4 filter paper to obtain a clear fat. A 0.1 mL of melted fat was dissolved with 10 mL of a chloroform/methanol (70:30) mixture, followed by the addition of ammonium thiocyanate (0.05 mL) and ferrous chloride (0.05 mL), respectively. Using glass stoppers, the tubes were inverted and placed in a dark cupboard for 10 min. At the same time, a blank test with only reagents and no sample was carried out. The absorbance of the samples was read at 505 nm on a Spectrophotometer (Alpha-1500, China). After calibration, the blank value was subtracted from the sample values (1) and the PVs were calculated. All of the experiments were carried out in triplicate and the mean results are reported.
where, OD is the optical density.
The oxidation induction time (OIT) of the extracted fat (see PV) was determined by the AOCS method Cd 12b-92 (Firestone 2004) with the Rancimat 743 apparatus (Metrohm AG, Herison, Switzerland). Samples of pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) were prepared in triplicate by weighing 3 g of extracted fat into the reaction vessels. Distilled water (50 mL) was added to the measuring vessels, which were maintained at room temperature. Electrodes were attached for measuring changes in conductivity. The samples were heated at 120 °C under a purified air flow rate of 20 L·h−1. The induction time is defined as the time necessary to reach the inflection point of the conductivity curve.
The preparation of the methyl esters of the fatty acids was determined according to GB/T 17376 (2008). Briefly, 60 mg of extracted fat were weighed (see PV) into a 10 mL screw-capped test tube. Then, 5 mL of n-hexane to dissolve the sample, and 250 μL of 2 M potassium hydroxide in MeOH were added to the test tube. The mixtures were vigorously shaken for 2 min, and then 1 g NaHSO4 was added into the tube and the mixtures were vigorously shaken for 2 min. After vortexing, 2 mL from the separated upper layer was added into the screw-capped test tube, and then centrifuged at high speed (TGL-16B, Shanghai Anting scientific factory, China) for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. One μL of purified hexane extract was injected into a GC-14B gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a fused-silica capillary column (CP-Sil88, 100 m×0.25 mm×0.2 mm) and a flame ionization detector (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Both, injector and detector temperatures were set at 250 °C. The column oven temperature was as follows: 45 °C for 4 min, raised at 13 °C·min−1 to 175 °C, held for 27 min, raised at 4 °C·min−1to 215 °C, held for 20 min. Nitrogen was the carrier gas. The identification of the peaks was achieved by comparing the retention times with authentic standards analyzed under the same conditions. Results were expressed as w/w (%) total fatty acid.
The SFC was performed according to the AOCS Official Method Cd 16b-93 (Firestone 2004). The SFC of the samples was determined on a PC120 pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) spectrometer (Bluker, Karlsrube, Germany). A 2.5 mL melted fat (see PV) added by the micropipette into glass tubes of pNMR. The samples were tempered by heating in a water bath at 100 °C for 15 min−1, then at 60 °C for 15 min−1 followed by 60 min at 0 °C, and finally 30 min at each chosen measuring temperature. The determination of SFC was performed in the temperature range of 0–40 °C at 5 °C intervals. All of experiments were carried out in triplicate and the mean results are reported.
The pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) in plastic cups (diameter×height =4×2.5 cm) were kept in the refrigerator at 4 °C before the determination of the texture evaluation. The hardness was defined as the necessary force to reach the maximum penetration using a probe. The samples were removed from the refrigerator, and quickly placed on the platform of a TA-XT 2i texture analyzer (Stable Micro System, Ltd, UK). A puncture test was performed immediately using a probe (P/5–0.50 cm-diameter cylindrical probe) at pretest speed 1 mm·s−1, test speed 1 mm·s−1, posttest speed 1 mm·s−1 and a data acquisition rate of 200 points·s−1. The test was stopped when a penetration of 12 mm had been reached. All measurements were repeated at least 3 times in each test series.
Both B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values were removed from the refrigerator (4 °C), and kept at room temperature for 1 h, then the apparent viscosity of the samples was measured at 25 °C with the 5 cm parallel-plate geometry of the Physica MCR 301 Rheometer (Anton Paar, Austria). The shear rates were from 0 to 200·s−1, whereas the apparent viscosity was determined at a shear rate of 100·s−1.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC Q2000 V24.9 Build 121, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) was used to determine the melting behavior of the samples. The system was purged with nitrogen gas at 20 mL·min−1 during the analysis, and liquid nitrogen was used as a refrigerant to cool the system. Calibration was performed with indium, eicosane, and dodecane standards. An empty aluminum pan was used as a reference. The samples (5–8 mg) were hermetically sealed in an aluminum pan, heated to 80 °C and held for 5 min to completely destroy the previous crystal structure. The samples were then cooled to −40 °C and maintained for 5 min. Following this step, the melting profiles were obtained by heating the samples to 80 °C at a rate of 10 °C·min−1. DSC melting curves were recorded from −40 °C to 80 °C. Data analysis was carried out with the software provided with the DSC.
B-LFS and C-LFS with different pH values were analyzed separately, and values from the different tests were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. One–way analysis of variance using SPSS 16 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) was performed on all experimental data sets. The Duncan analysis was applied to evaluate the significance of differences between means at P<0.05.
Results from the sensory evaluation tests (color and appearance, body and texture, spreadability, flavor and overall acceptability) for the pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) are presented in Table 2 (a and b). The yellow color of the pH treatments (C-LFS) reflected the coloring agent (β-carotene) in the fat phase of C-LFS. In general, the differences in sensory evaluation tests between B-LFS and C-LFS with pH 5 were negligible, while with pH 6, 6.5 and 7, the differences were clear when compared to the control samples. In addition, the scores of all the treatments with pH 6, 6.5 and 7 were decreased in the following order: pH 6>6.5>7. On the other hand, all sensory evaluation values were decreased during the storage periods (3 to 90 days).
The sensory evaluation of color and appearance was in correlation with the morphology evaluation of pH treatments, especially with increasing pH values (Fig. 1). In addition, no separated phase was observed for pH 5 of B-LFS and C-LFS compared to the control samples. In contrast, the treatments with pH 6, 6.5 and 7 had a separated phase (Fig. 1) compared to the control samples, and the phase separation was increased in the following order: pH 7>pH 6.5>pH 6. Furthermore, the phase separation occurred due to the fact that the attraction potential (attractive van der Waals forces) was greater than the repulsion potential, and vice versa with both pH 5 and 5.5. Also, the pH was far from the isoelectric point of the protein molecules when compared to the control samples (Cheng et al. 2008). No darkness was observed in the color or appearance of the samples during the storage periods, while both darkness and mould growth were observed at 80 days with the samples of pH 7. This observation is quite different when compared to Kristensen et al. (2000), who observed a darker and more yellow color during storage.
Capital letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each row. Small letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each column. amean±S.D; n=12.
Figure 1. Effects of different pH values on the morphological evaluation of B-LFS and C-LFS.
A1) B-LFS with pH 5; A2) B-LFS with pH 5.5 (control); A3) B-LFS with pH 6; A4) B-LFS with pH 6.5; A5) B-LFS with pH 7. B1) C-LFS with pH 5; B2) C-LFS with pH 5.5 (control); B3) C-LFS with pH 6; B4) C-LFS with pH 6.5; B5) C-LFS with pH 7.
The decline in body and texture scores of pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) during the storage periods is presumably due to the proteolytic action for microorganisms in the non-fat portion of the table spread (Patange et al. 2013).
With regards to spreadability, we found changes in the sensory evaluation of spreadability in our treatments during storage attributed to the changes in the overall consistency of the product due to protein degradation and/or decreased water holding by the non-fat fraction resulting in an increased softening of the spread particularly towards the end of the storage period (Patange et al. 2013). The flavor scores of all samples had decreased effects during the storage periods, which can be explained by a loss in freshness (Patange et al. 2013). Furthermore, no rancid flavor in the samples was observed, due to the storing of samples at 4 °C, the addition of k-sorbate and the pasteurization, which led to the inhibition of lipase.
The fresh samples were highly acceptable in overall acceptability. In addition, the scores of samples decreased during the storage periods due to the decline in flavor of the spread as well as to softening of the product (Patange et al. 2013).
It could be noted that the pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) of all the parameters were accepted by the panelists. Furthermore, the highest scores in the sensory evaluations of color and appearance, body and texture, spreadability, flavor and overall acceptability related to B-LFS as follows: 8.77 (pH 5), 8.61 (pH 5), 8.67 (pH 5.5), 8.66 (pH 5) and 8.62 (pH 5) respectively at 3 days, while the lowest scores at 90 days were 6.13 (pH 7 with B-LFS), 5.90 (pH 7 with C-LFS), 6.18 (pH 7 with B-LFS), 6.95 (pH 7 with C-LFS) and 6 (pH 7 with C-LFS), respectively.
The effects of pH values on the oxidative stability of the pH treatments as measured by the PV test are presented in Table 3. The rate of increasing PVs in each B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values was higher from 3–30 days, but after 30 to 90 days of storage, the rate became lower. The differences among all the pH treatments compared to the control samples were slight. Moreover, the PVs of the pH treatments (B-LFS) were greater than C-LFS, due to the fact that the fat phase in the cow butter for the C-LFS samples contained a color agent (β-carotene), and β-carotene has been reported to be an antioxidant (Mallia 2008). In addition, Britton (1995) reported that β-carotene has been shown to protect lipids from free radical autoxidation by reacting with peroxyl radicals, thereby inhibiting propagation and promoting termination of the oxidation chain reaction. Furthermore, the PVs of all pH treatments increased noticeably (P<0.05) during the storage periods. On the other hand, the pH treatments were in accepted in an industrial setting, because the highest PV was 0.486 (pH 7 with B-LFS at 30 days); however, the samples are considered rancid and unacceptable when the PVs are over 5, while the ideal PV should be below 1–1.5 (Stathopoulos et al. 2009).
It is remarkable that, the oxidation was promoted in our treatments due to the incorporation of air and the commencement of oxidation during the preparation of the butter oil (Alexa et al. 2010). Furthermore, the heat treatments caused the oxidation of samples (Mallia 2008). Interestingly, the viscosity of each B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values increased during the storage periods; however, the viscosity was not able to delay the process of oxidation during the storage periods (Basaran et al. 1999).
Capital letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each row. Small letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each column. amean±S.D; n=3.
The effects of pH values on the OSI values of the samples are given in Table 4. As indicated, no significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the OIT between each B-LFS and C-LFS samples and the control samples, while the OIT significantly decreased (P<0.05) during the storage periods. However, our results were in agreement with those observed for the OSI of NaCl and CaCl2 treatments, which are still under study in our lab. Likewise, Krause et al. (2008) noticed that the OSI values for stick cow butter decreased during the storage periods under refrigeration conditions. The correlation between the OSI values and the PVs (Table 3) were reversible. In addition, all OSI values in the pH treatments (B-LFS) were lower than C-LFS (see PV). Furthermore, β-carotene led to a prolonging of the OIT for C-LFS samples as compared to B-LFS.
The effects of the pH values on the FAC of each B-LFS and C-LFS are shown in Table 5 (a and b). Obviously, the differences among pH treatments (B-LFS) were significant compared to the control samples, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) (at 3 and 90 days), C14 (at 90 days), C15 (at 3 days), C15:1 (at 90 days), C16:1 (at 90 days), C18:2C (at 3 days), and the total FA (at 3 and 90 days) were not significant. Likewise, the differences among pH treatments (C-LFS) were significant compared to the control samples, while the SFA (at 90 days), C14 (at 90 days), C15 (at 3 days), C17 (at 3 days), C18:2T (at 3 days) and total FA (at 3 and 90 days) were not significant. Furthermore, there were changes in the proportions of fatty acids within pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) during the storage periods, presumably due to the degradation of fat under pasteurization and oxidation (Samet-Bali et al. 2009).
With regard to the differences among pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS together), we found the percentages of SFA and trans FA (TFA) to be lower and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to be higher for all the pH treatments in B-LFS than in C-LFS. In addition, the percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were close to each other in the B-LFS and C-LFS samples although our results were in contrast with those observed by Varricchio et al. (2007), because they found that buffalo milk fat contained higher amounts of SFA and lower amounts of unsaturated fatty acids than cow milk fat. However, results of the previous authors were from other breeds which are different from the breed of Egyptian buffalo animals. Furthermore, Samet-Bali et al. (2009) reported that the FAC depends on several factors such as animal species, nutrition, climate and environmental conditions. However, our results were in agreement with those observed by Haggag et al. (1987), who reported that unsaturated fatty acids for Egyptian buffalo milks were higher than Egyptian cow milks.
The proportions of C4, C15, C16, C17, C14:1, C15:1, C16:1, C17 and C18:2T with pH treatments (B-LFS) were higher than the C-LFS samples, while C6, C8, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14 and C18:1T with C-LFS were higher than the B-LFS samples. More over, Patel et al. (2002) found that an averages of C4, C16, C17 and C18 in buffalo milk fat was higher than cow milk fat, while C6, C8, C10, C10:1, C12, C14, C14:1 and C18:1 in cow milk fat was higher than buffalo milk fat.
It is clear that the changes in FAC during the storage periods of the samples were slight; although our results were in agreement with those found by Mallia (2008), who mentioned that the differences in FAC before and after 8 weeks of storage were negligible in each unsaturated fatty acids/conjugated linoleic acid enriched and conventional butter. On the other hand, the differences observed during the storage periods of the samples, are presumably attributed to degradation of nonenzymatic, pasteurization and microbiological aspects.
Capital letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each row. Small letters mean average values with different letters are statistically significant (p<0.05) within each column with the same fatty acids. amean±S.D; n=3.
The effects of the pH values on the pH treatments are shown in Table 6 (a and b). The SFC was defined at a number of temperatures, typically from 0 to 40 °C, covering the range of practical uses. The pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) exhibited a gradual decreasing in the SFC with an increase in the temperature from 0 °C to completely melting. In addition, the differences in SFC among the pH treatments and during the storage periods were negligible.
The SFC of the pH treatments (C-LFS) was higher than B-LFS from 0 to 15 °C, while both C-LFS and B-LFS were completely melting at 30 and 35 °C, respectively. Our results resembled those observed for the SFC of CaCl2 and the NaCl treatments (data not shown). Furthermore, there are correlations between the SFC of the pH treatments (from 30 to 35 °C) and the melting behavior, with regard to the high melting zones (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Effect of different pH values on the melting behavior of B-LFS and C-LFS at 3 days (solid lines) and after 90 days (dashed lines). The letters indicate the main endothermic peaks.
It is worth noting that the SFC of our treatments was not increased during the storage periods. In contrast, Laia et al. (2000) found that the SFC values of table margarine showed an increasing trend during storage. The differences in our study could be explained by the experimental samples of previous authors were stored and measured at 20 and 30 °C without the tempering by heating at 100 °C·15 min−1, and then 60 °C·15 min−1 before measuring by pNMR. Fatouh et al. (2003) determined the SFC of buffalo butter oil as a follows: 41.7, 34.6, 28.0, 18.6, 11.9, 9.6, 3.3 and 1.4 g·100g−1 at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C; however, the differences between our results and those observed by previous authors may be due to seasonal variation, geographical location, the ratio of solid to liquid fat present, and the shape and size of the fat crystals.
The highest and lowest decreasing trends in the SFC values of each B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values were at 15–20 °C and 0–5 °C respectively; however, our results were in agreement with those observed by Nahid (2007). Furthermore, the decreasing rates in the SFC values of the pH treatments (C–LFS) at (0–5 °C), (10–15 °C), (20–25 °C) and (25–30 °C) were higher than in the B-LFS.
The effects of pH values on the hardness of the pH treatments are shown in Table 7. The texture evaluation showed that the differences in the hardness of each B-LFS and C-LFS with pH 5 compared to the control samples were slight, while the differences between other pH treatments compared to the control samples were noticeably decreasing (P<0.05); the decline in hardness was in the following order: pH 6>6.5>7. Furthermore, all the pH treatments had an increasing effects (P<0.05) during the storage periods, due to the slow post-crystallization processes and development of bonds within the fat crystal network that took place during storage, which resulted in an increase in the solidness of samples at 4 °C (Alexa et al. 2010). Kolanowski et al. (2004) noticed a slight increasing trend in the hardness of the control sample and fish oil-enriched spreadable fat during storage, which is explained by the changes in the β-structure of fat crystals during storage. Furthermore, Glibowski et al. (2011) found that a slight increasing in the hardness during the storage of O/W emulsions with inulin. Although the hardness in all the pH treatments during storage was increased, it was shown that the hardness was decreased with an increase in pH from 5 to 7. This can be explained by the fact that the stability of B-LFS and C-LFS began to decrease at pH 6 to pH 7 (Fig. 1).
From 0 to 15 °C, the SFC of pH treatments (C-LFS) was higher than B-LFS [Table 6 (a and b)], whereas the C-LFS samples were softer than B-LFS from 30 to 35 °C, thus the SFC values at the 30–35 °C range affected the hardness of pH treatments more than in range of 0–15 °C. Therefore, the hardness of the pH treatments (B-LFS) were slightly higher than C-LFS. However, we also noticed that the pH treatments (B-LFS) began to crystallize at a higher temperature than C-LFS (data not shown). Therefore, it is clear that both the solidifying point and the crystallization are responsible for the hardness test results. The range of the solidifying point for buffalo milk fat (16.0–28.0 °C) was higher than for cow milk fat (15.0–23.5 °C) (Patel et al. 2002), thus the fat phase affected the texture evaluation of B-LFS and C-LFS.
Table 8 shows the effects of pH values on the viscosity of B-LFS and C-LFS. The differences in viscosity of the treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS) with pH 5 were negligible; while with pH 6, 6.5 and 7 they were noticeably decreased (P<0.05) as compared to the control samples. The trends of pH from 7 to 5 were accompanied by a reduction in the negative charge on the protein, which results in a large increase in the viscosity of B-LFS and C-LFS due to partial aggregation (Keogh 2006). Furthermore, phase separation occurred with pH 6, 6.5 and 7 in both B-LFS and C-LFS, and the phase separation was increased with an increase in the pH from 6 to 7, therefore the phase separation affected the viscosity values. Moreover, the differences in all pH treatments during the storage periods were increased significantly (P<0.05) due to the post-crystallization processes (Alexa et al., 2010), and to the changes in the β-structure of fat crystals during the storage periods (Kolanowski et al., 2004). However, Glibowski et al. (2011) found that the viscosity of O/W emulsions with inulin increased during storage due to the conformational changes in the inulin chains.
The SFC values at 25 °C in each B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values were similar, while both C-LFS and B-LFS samples were completely melted at 30 and 35 °C respectively [Table 6 (a and b)]; therefore the pH treatments (B-LFS) were greater than C-LFS in total high melting species, which was in correlation with the hardness and viscosity results (Aguedo et al. 2008), and the viscosity values of the pH treatments (B-LFS) were slightly higher than C-LFS. However, our results have shown that the samples, which had the same SFC values, various crystal types and/or network structures that are formed upon crystallization of hard fats can result in variability in hardness and therefore the viscosity (Braipson-Danthine and Deroanne, 2004). The viscosity was highly correlated with the hardness of samples (Glibowski et al., 2008); however, there are studies that reported an increase in viscosity during storage, for instance Glibowski et al. (2011).
The melting thermogram of the samples before and after 90 days from the storage periods are presented in Fig. 2. The differences in temperatures of the endothermic zones of each B-LFS and C-LFS were negligible with an increase in pH from 5 to 7, while the endothermic zones of F were only detected with pH 6.5 (C-LFS at 3 days) but disappeared after 90 days of storage.
The differences in the temperatures of the deepest peaks (A and G) for pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS separately and together) were slight with an increase pH values and during the storage periods. In addition, we noticed that the intermediate zones of C (at 3 days) were shifted to the endothermic zones of B and D after 90 days from the beginning of storage. Furthermore, the endothermic zones of K were detected with pH 5.5, 6 and 7 with C-LFS at 90 days from the beginning of storage. With regard to the intermediate zones of C and H (at 3 days) we found that the temperatures were with in C and H and together were close to each other. Moreover, the differences in the temperature ranges of high melting zones (E and L separately) among the pH treatments and during the storage periods were slight; however, the temperature ranges for the endothermic zones of E (B-LFS samples) were greater than L (C-LFS samples). This mean a slight increase in total high melting species (Aguedo et al. 2008), which was in total agreement with the hardness and viscosity. The temperature ranges of the high melting zones in our experiments resembled those observed for the melting behavior of the CaCl2 and NaCl treatments (data not shown).
The sensory evaluation scores showed that B-LFS and C-LFS with pH values were accepted by panelists. The pH values did not have any influence on protecting of samples against oxidation. No significant differences were observed in the OIT between the pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS separately) and the control samples, while the OIT significantly decreased (P<0.05) during the storage periods. An increase in the pH values were accompanied by changes in the FAC of the pH treatments. In addition, the pH values did not affect the SFC among B-LFS and C-LFS separately or during the storage periods. An increase in the pH values led to a decrease in both the hardness and viscosity, and in turn had an increased effect during the storage periods. The changes in the melting profile between pH treatments (B-LFS and C-LFS separately) and during the storage periods were slight; however, there were differences in the melting behavior between B-LFS and C-LFS together.
This work was supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program in the 12th Five-year Plan of China (Contract No. 2012BAD36B06). 2011BAD02B03/04. Also, the authors wish to express their thanks to the China Scholarship Council (CSC), which financially supported our research.
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○ Nahid A. 2007. Modeling Heat Transfer in Butter Products: A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) in Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Massey University, Palmerston North.
○ Patange D, Patel A, Singh R, Patil G, Bhosle D. 2013. Storage related changes in ghee-based low-fat spread. J. Food Sci. Technol. 50, 346–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0339-7.
○ Patel A, Gupta V, Singh S, Singh A. 2002. Advances in fat-rich dairy products. National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal-132001.
○ Richardson D. 1990. Food fortification. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49, 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PNS19900007.
○ Samet-Bali O, Ayadi M, Attia H. 2009. Traditional Tunisian butter: Physicochemical and microbial characteristics and storage stability of the oil fraction. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 42, 899–905.
○ Stathopoulos CE, Chockchaisawasdee S, Doyle J, O’Kennedy BT, Mounsey JS. 2009. Effect of mineral fortification on textural and oxidative stability of reduced-fat spreads. Int. J. Food Prop. 12, 368–378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942910701799231.
○ Varricchio M, Di Francia A, Masucci F, Romano R, Proto V. 2007. Fatty acid composition of Mediterranean buffalo milk fat. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6, 509–511.
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0.945469 |
How do you use communication in the workplace to make your customer's experience more meaningful? Now, that you have customers buying your product or service, you want them to continue buying it.
How do you do that? By coming up with new ideas and ways to make your product or service better.
You need to make it more meaningful so that the customer perceives it as something they need or want.
If the customer can choose between your ski resort and others that aren't too far away, then you need to find a way to entice the customer to visit your resort.
How can you come up with new ideas? By asking your employees.
They work with the product or service all the time. They might see ways to improve it that you won't see because you're stuck in a corner office doing paperwork and making decisions.
By using communication in the workplace, your employees can help you come up with ways to make your product come off the assembly line faster, which makes it to the customer faster.
They could suggest tweaking of something that makes it perform better. Or, they could come up with a way to cut down on time while installing the product, which leads to more efficiency and less labor cost for the customer.
When you implement new ideas, it can lead to customers that are more satisfied with your product. These customers become loyal and start spreading the word about how great your product or service is.
This also works the other way. Without constant improvements and innovations, your company can become stagnant. The lack of communication leads to your employees becoming complacent. Your competition starts adding new products and then your loyal customer notices they can get a better deal or experience by going to your competition.
To keep these customers coming back and remaining loyal as well as finding new customers, you need to keep reinventing your products and services all the time. Coming up with new ideas helps you stay competitive in your industry.
Do you still need new ideas? Start looking at other businesses and even other cultures. You might be able to find something that you can apply to your business. One example is the way a company allows their employees to take time off for a ball game or let's them stagger their work hours.
Start checking out other businesses in other industries and see what works for your company and what doesn't. By starting a system that encourages communication in the workplace, employees will start contributing ideas to build business which leads to profits.
Another way to come up with new innovations is to create an inspiring environment. An environment that encourages communication in the workplace that rewards employees for being creative rather than penalizing them for trying something different.
Instead of asking "why" an employee is doing something, ask "why not?" If an employee is suggesting a way to make the ski lodge more inviting, then why not give it a try. But remember to stay focused on your goal for the ski lodge.
If you're working on making the lodge more inviting, then focus on all aspects related to the lodge, not the chairlift or parking area. You can work on those a different time.
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0.999952 |
Add the ".ar x" command to the shell. For extracting the contents of sqlar archives.
#define FSDIR_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(name,mode,mtime,data,dir HIDDEN)"
"CASE WHEN (data AND sz>=0 AND sz!=length(data)) THEN uncompress(data) "
" ELSE data END, "
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0.999998 |
Complete with the compound adjectives in these sentences .
1. We stayed in a badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know hotel.
2. My sister has just bought a badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know car.
3. Jim has just got a badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know job; he works four hours a day on Mondays and Fridays.
4. It was a very badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know article. I noticed several mistakes.
5. Our neighbours are very badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know . They can afford to go to expensive restaurants.
6. Julianna has got a small shop in the market where she sells badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know clothes.
7. John still has that badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know car. I don't think he will ever get rid of it.
8. badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know machines are necessary for working women.
9. In our culture, some of the traditions are badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know .
10. My grand-father finds it very difficult to read the newspaper. He's badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know .
11. To concentrate on your homework, you should usually study in badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know places.
12. It is important to provide children with badly-written brand-new brightly-lit deeply-rooted equal-opportunities five-star labour-saving long-sighted old-fashioned part-time second-hand well-paid I don't know in informal education wherever they live.
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0.867128 |
CANADA'S Supreme Court has given the Cree Indians of northern Quebec a boost in their fight to stop the Grande Baleine (Great Whale) hydroelectric project, which, if built, would flood a large portion of their traditional lands.
The Court on Feb. 24 unanimously upheld a 1990 National Energy Board (NEB) decision requiring Hydro-Quebec, the province's power company, to submit new facilities that would export electricity to the United States to a federal environmental review.
The ruling is a severe jolt to Hydro-Quebec and the provincial government, which must now cede some of its control over hydroelectric development. The decision gives the Crees and environmental groups time to fight the C$13 billion (US$9.75 billion) Grande Baleine project, which will be delayed due to the pending environmental review.
``It will certainly be a major stumbling block for [Hydro-Quebec's] grand vision of damming all major waterways in northern Quebec flowing into James Bay,'' says Stewart Elgie, counsel for the Sierra Legal Defense Fund, who argued on behalf of environmentalists in the case.
The 9-0 ruling may undermine Hydro-Quebec's efforts to sign new export contracts with New England and New York. Increasing concern over the environmental impact of big hydro-electric dams has created resistance to such contracts. American states will look now to see if the court's ruling has been complied with, Cree officials hope.
In response to the court ruling, Hydro-Quebec officials say they still plan to build the Grande Baleine project, but that lower-than-forecast demand for power will delay its completion another year until 2003.
``As long as the Supreme Court hasn't canceled any of our contracts, we are satisfied,'' said Hydro-Quebec President Armand Couture. He said the C$400 million the company has spent on Grande Baleine remains a wise investment. Critics of the project question whether building dams to supply export markets makes good business sense. Grande Baleine, company spokesmen respond, is not being built to supply export markets anyway, so there is no need for federal intrusion.
But with demand for power growing at just 2 percent annually in Quebec, some critics find it hard to understand why Hydro-Quebec is planning to spend C$25 billion between 1993-2002 to build hydroelectric facilities.
Robert McCullough, a former power-company executive retained by the Crees, says that the interest on all the borrowed billions is making ``cheap'' hydropower expensive.
Hydro-Quebec lost a C$22.7 billion, 21-year deal to supply 1,000 megawatts of power to New York when Gov. Mario Cuomo canceled it in 1992, citing lack of future power demands. The company still has contracts with Vermont, New York, and the New England power pool. But a key C$6.2 billion contract to deliver 800 megawatts of power to New York from 1999 through 2018 is uncertain. The NEB may require a federal environmental review before granting an export license.
The court ruling also significantly extends federal jurisdiction into the sensitive area of resource development over which Quebec has long claimed control. Former Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa was chief architect of the hydro-power as a key to Quebec's economic self-determination. But new Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson on Feb. 25 was forced to acknowledge the new federal role.
Environmentalists also say the court has handed them a legal precedent that will allow them to fight other types of resource-for-export projects, such as oil exploration in sensitive Arctic areas.
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0.999735 |
Can I use my own business expense categories?
I am using TurboTax for Business for the first time. I have an S corp, and I am the sole shareholder and employee. I have been categorizing my business expenses in a spreadsheet, but my categories are different than I see in TT. If I change all my categories to match TT it will be a fair amount of time and effort. Can I simply use the categories I have, which have been working for me for many years? Will it raise a flag with the IRS if my categories are different than TT's?
Yes. You cannot change the categories on the Form 1120-S, but you can use your own categories for "Other Expenses". To do, go to "All Other Expenses" at the bottom of the list of Business Expenses. It will not raise a red flag with the IRS.
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0.98848 |
I heard that your best friend wasn’t being so nice. Some solutions to become better friends are to ask each other what is going on personally. Another good solution is asking why. You asked if your friend is mad at you. They are most likely not mad at you. A reason could be something happened personally or they wanted to be alone for some time.
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0.989467 |
I have a Cheoy Lee ketch, and the sail track on both wood masts has become misaligned. What is the best way to reattach the track? I plan on having the mast taken down when I have the boat hauled next month.
The tracks are no doubt fastened to the masts with wood screws, and this is how you should reattach them. Once you remove the existing screws, do not reuse the holes, at least not with the same screws. You might be able to enlarge the holes in the track to a new shank size and those in the mast to the proper pilot size, and use larger screws in the same locations. Alternatively, you can shift the track up or down a bit to get sound wood for the new screws. Seal the existing holes with wood dowels glued in place.
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0.999998 |
If I had to sum up 2015 in a few words for the Maritime Craft Beer scene it would have to be growth, expansion, collaborations and tap rooms. Growth was at a rapid pace as seven new breweries opened in Nova Scotia, eight in New Brunswick and one in Prince Edward Island. The growth was not without a couple of losses with one closure in each of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
As far as expansions and collaborations the list of who did not is much shorter with over 20 maritime breweries participating in collaborations and many more increasing their capacity.
The ANBL growler station program was a resounding success serving over 80,000 litres in its first year and growlers moved in to all four private stores in the Halifax area.
All the beer festivals were stronger than ever with the exception of Brewers Bash which was on hiatus this year and Nova Scotia launched its inaugural Craft Beer Week.
In May we saw Upstreet Craft Brewing open in Charlottetown, Good Robot Brewing in Halifax and Distillerie Fils du Roy get the go ahead to sell its suds. Upstreet has been very successful with its brewery and tap room and released its beer in bottles as well. Good Robot has also done very well joining the craft culture in Metro and opening a large tap room at its brewery in December. Distillerie Fils du Roy was held up a few months from selling its first beer due to regulatory issues.
As we rolled into summer in June three breweries opened their doors. Breton Brewing on Cape Breton Island was welcomed warmly and had many visits to its brewery and tap room in the Sydney area. Up in Shediac Flying Boats Brewing took off with its homage to local history and a very succesful opening at Markie's in September. Finally the beer oasis in Truro that is The Nook & Cranny starting selling its own beer brewed in house on a Smart Brew system.
Things heated up in July with the addition of Unfiltered Brewing, Half Cut Brewing and Savoie's Brewhouse. Greg Nash and his partners brought his hop-forward brews to the brewery rich north end of Halifax. Unfiltered opened their tap room in December called Charm School. Half Cut is the latest incubation project at Picaroons on Queen Street in Fredericton following the very successful Grimross Brewing. Savoie's Brewhouse opened their nanobrewery in Charlo New Brunswick making it the most northerly brewery in the picture province.
As we finished summer and reached September Spindrift Brewing and Firkinstein Brewing swung open their taps. These breweries were both producing one beer but were on opposite ends of the spectrum. Spindrift opened a large ultra modern brewhouse in Dartmouth while Firkinstein cobbled a 1000 l brewhouse from gear put together in their words "like frankenstein".
In the last quarter the race to open in 2015 was on and and five breweries answered the call. River Valley Micro started brewing in the Woodstock area in October using Railcar Brewing's gear. First City Brewing opened in Saint John, Johnny Jack's Brewery began making beers in Oromocto, Maybee Brewing squeaked in opening at the end of December in Fredericton and lastly George's Island Brewing opened in downtown Halifax.
All the growth in 2015 didn't come with out a couple of losses. The beloved brewpub Rogues Roost in Halifax closed its doors but parent company PEI Brewing released their IPA in cans so the name lives on. Shiretown Brewing in Charlo also closed this year.
Several Maritime Breweries won medals at the 2015 Canadian Brewing Awards. PEI Brewing Company won Gold in the Brown Ale category for their Gahan Iron Bridge Brown. Red Rover Brewing Company also won Gold for Cider with Herbs/Spices with their Experimental Brew - Fire. Muwin Estate Wines got Gold in Specialty Ciders for their Bulwark Gold Traditional Craft Cider. Tatamagouche Brewing captured a Bronze for German Style Kolsch with North Shore Lagered Ale. Garrison Brewing also got a Bronze for Barley Wine with Ol’ Fog Burner. Lastly Les Brasseurs du Petit-Sault captured a Bronze in European Style Lager with La Kedgwick.
Railcar Brewing Company moved to a new location below AC Sharkey's Pub.
The inaugral Nova Scotia Craft Beer Week happened in May this year and will be returning in 2016.
Garrison Brewing Company completed its new brewery and had a huge party in the backlot with headliner USS.
Picaroons Traditional Ales cancelled the Brewers Bash this year but vows to return in 2016.
Stillwell's Beer Garden opened on the Halifax waterfont and was loved by beer fans and by all accounts a huge success.
Rare Bird Craft Beer was busy this year constructing their $8 million brewing and distilling project at Osprey Shores Golf Resort. When finished it will be one of the largest craft breweries in Atlantic Canada.
North Brewing effectively tripled their capacity by moving their old brewing equipment to Battery Park in Dartmouth and getting a new system for their breery on Agricola Street.
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0.997696 |
I'm conducting a research project for school and one of my questions asked about if this career field is on the rise in the next coming years and asked about the salary. I can't seem to find the answer anywhere.
Not if the jobs are tied to the area of snow and ice on the planet! Seriously, snow and ice are specialty study areas where specialized skills are usually acquired on top of basic science or technical training. There are not many places where cryospheric knowledge and training are essential job requirements. Some examples would be snow and ice analysts at meteorological centres, and researchers in University and government.
For the salary, it is difficult to respond as there is no such thing as a clearly-defined “cryospheric career." People who choose a career in science/research tend to do so without overly high salary expectations, e.g., an experienced researcher with a Ph.D. (6+ years university training) is probably looking at a salary of $50-75K in a research establishment.
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0.99886 |
What Does a Zoo Veterinarian Do?
Zoo veterinarians are specialists with advanced training in the treatment of exotic wildlife species who care for animals held in captivity. They are practitioners with extensive training in the care of non-domestic animal species. Their patients may include elephants, rhinos, giraffes, zebras, lions, tigers, bears, parrots, aquatic animals, small mammals, reptiles, and many other species.
Zoo veterinarians treat the injuries and illnesses of animals that live in zoos, as well as preventative medical care. They may use a variety of medical equipment, including surgical tools and imaging devices.
Zoo veterinarians usually are employed by zoos, aquariums, museums, or research facilities. Other options for zoo veterinary practitioners include positions in academia (as professors or biology teachers), veterinary pharmaceutical sales, various government organizations, and laboratories. They may also be involved with research studies and interacting with the public as a part of educational events.
The lengthy and rigorous nature of specialty training programs and the difficulty of board certification exams ensure that only a limited number of professionals are able to attain board certification each year.
Education: All veterinarians graduate with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree, which is achieved after completion of a demanding four-year course of study covering both small and large animal species. There are several accredited colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States that offer a DVM degree program.
Licensing: After graduating and passing the North American Veterinary Licensing Exam (NAVLE), a vet can be professionally licensed to practice medicine.
Board certification process: There are several steps a vet must complete to achieve board certification in the specialty of zoological medicine. First, the vet must complete a one-year internship following their graduation. They must then complete a three- to four-year residency in an approved zoological medicine program (under the supervision of a board-certified diplomate). Residents must also publish five times in peer-reviewed journals, complete a credentials package, and secure letters of recommendation.
Board examination: The final step is to take the comprehensive two-day board examination, which consists of both written and practical elements. Those who pass the exam are recognized as board certified diplomates in zoological medicine.
Problem-solving skills: Diagnosing an illness in animals takes logical thinking and educated guessing. Administering treatment to animals can also present challenges and require adjustments based on each case.
Communication and interpersonal skills: Working with potentially dangerous requires teamwork between veterinary and other zoo staff. Zoo vets must also consult with a network of experts to stay on top of the latest techniques and advice to keep the animals and their caretakers safe.
Compassion: Zoo vets must treat animals with respect, kindness, and sensitivity.
Physical dexterity: Zoo vets must be able to skillfully work with animals of all sizes—from very large to tiny—and accurately perform procedures and surgeries.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of veterinarians is projected to grow 19 percent from 2016 to 2026, which is much faster than the 7 percent average for all occupations. Those who achieve board certification in zoological medicine should be readily able to find employment in the field.
Zoo vets usually work onsite in zoos and aquariums, and their work may require being outdoors. When working with animals that are frightened or in pain, veterinarians risk being harmed or injured.
Zoo veterinarians may be on call for emergencies, and hours often include some nights, weekends, and holidays. Many vets work 50 hours (or more) each week, sometimes on call when a new animal arrives at the zoo, or if there is a disease outbreak that affects many animals.
You must have a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree to do this job.
You must pass the North American Veterinary Licensing Exam (NAVLE) to start practicing professionally as a zoo vet.
This could give an advantage to candidates. Choices include the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV) and the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZW).
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0.99961 |
Description: Most of all are so excited that Christmas is coming. It is a wonderful season full of happiness and like every year Santa appears and brings us a lot of presents. What about on Christmas Eve, when Santa arrives, we greet him with his favorite treats: gingerbread cookies and milk. Does it sounds great? We've already prepared all the ingredients so you just start help this beautiful girl preparing the cookies. Follow the instructions in game and make the most delicious cooking in the world. Santa will love this delicious treats and he's going to bring us a lot of lovely presents.
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0.944652 |
whats the difference between a mexican and a black person? They have different skin colors.
I like pancakes. I like pancakes.
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0.999629 |
When Joan Rivers died not long ago, an autopsy was performed.
There's only one reason why an autopsy is performed: To determine the cause of death.
An autopsy is a clinical examination of a person's body by a doctor known as a pathologist. The one and only reason to do an autopsy is to find out why that person died.
There are many instances where the cause of death is different than what the family thought it would be. Other times, the cause of death is directly attributable to carelessness by a doctor or medical staff.
What I found particularly unusual when reports about Joan River's autopsy results were discussed in the news media is that the autopsy was 'inconclusive'. I will tell you that in handling medical malpractice and wrongful death cases for 26 years here in New York, I have never, ever seen an autopsy report say that the cause of death was "Inconclusive." Just doesn't happen.
The medical examiner will always list a cause of death. They will always list secondary causes of death as well.
The news reports indicated that more specialized tests needed to be done to determine what the precise cause of death was. While it is true that certain post-mortem toxicology tests take time to evaluate and get the results, you never see a conclusion on an autopsy report saying the cause of death was "Inconclusive."
The cause of death might be hypoxia (lack of oxygen) leading to respiratory and cardiac arrest. It might be pulmonary embolism. It might be athersclerosis (buildup of coronary plaque and heart disease) as a contributing cause of someone's death. It might be hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (which is a reduced amount of oxygen leading to decreased blood flow and brain damage).
There could be many causes for someone's death.
I also found it interesting that the actual autopsy report was not made public. There was tremendous news coverage about the event surrounding Joan's endoscopy procedure, the involvement of her gastroenterologist, her ear nose and throat doctor, the investigation by the New York State department of health and even a police investigation.
Only through well placed 'leaks' by certain 'sources' did we learn that Joan's autopsy results were 'inconclusive'.
While it is possible that the medical examiner may have wanted to wait until the blood and vitreous fluid and brain fluid were analyzed before coming to a final conclusion, it's is highly unlikely that a well-qualified medical examiner would ever say it was inconclusive.
"Final toxicology results pending..." sure. "Inconclusive..." no.
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0.994615 |
Fulham secured just a fifth Premier League win of the season as Scott Parker’s already-relegated side outplayed Everton at Craven Cottage.
After their immediate relegation back to the Sky Bet Championship was confirmed last time out at Watford, the Whites ran out deserved 2-0 victors against a disappointing Everton.
Captain Tom Cairney opened the scoring with just the second Premier League goal of his career and his first since scoring against Everton for Hull in March 2010 and it was Ryan Babel who would wrap up a rare win for the home side.
Aleksandar Mitrovic passed up a number of first-half opportunities but Fulham struck twice in the second half to pick up their first victory since January and a maiden win for caretaker boss Parker.
It was also a rare successful day for the Whites’ defence, which could toast a first clean sheet of 2019 as Everton drew a blank, Dominic Calvert-Lewin hitting the post as their three-match unbeaten run came to an end.
An early mix-up from the away side set the tone for the afternoon as Jordan Pickford smashed a clearance straight at Phil Jagielka, although fortunately for Marco Silva’s side, the ball bounced harmlessly back to the England goalkeeper.
Mitrovic flashed a shot well over the crossbar before testing Pickford for the first time soon after as the hosts started on the front foot.
One word to describe this man's performance?
The Fulham forward should have opened the scoring with 11 minutes on the clock but could only shoot tamely at Pickford after beating the Everton offside trap.
The visitors slowly grew into the contest, Bernard drawing a low save out of Sergio Rico before Mitrovic again came close, Pickford this time pushing his header over the bar.
The Serbia international saw his header from the resulting corner deflected behind, with Calum Chambers the next to pass up a good chance as he failed to make enough contact with Cairney’s cross to trouble Pickford.
The first half was summed up when another well-worked Fulham move resulted in Mitrovic hitting the crossbar with yet another attempt as the scores remained level at the interval.
It did not stay that way for long as Cairney opened the scoring 31 seconds after the restart, sending a low finish past Pickford from just inside the area after good work from Babel.
Gylfi Sigurdsson had the ball in the net for Everton soon after but it was correctly ruled out by referee Lee Probert as Sergio Rico was caught by the outstretched boot of Calvert-Lewin beforehand.
Fulham, too, had a goal chalked off as Mitrovic was adjudged to have fouled Kurt Zouma to allow Ryan Sessegnon to fire in.
Calvert-Lewin clipped the post as Everton started to push for an equaliser but it was Fulham who would score again, extending their lead as former Liverpool man Babel collected Mitrovic’s pass before coolly dinking the ball over the onrushing Pickford.
Everton could not respond as the side – which had beaten Arsenal last weekend – were not at the races, Silva seeing his team miss the chance to move seventh with a fourth-straight win.
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0.901969 |
How can light help your sales grow? Clean, bright illumination gives your store a refreshing outdoor market feel. Fruit and veg look shiny and fresh, emphasizing the quality of your products so they are tantalizing to customers.
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0.986079 |
It was initially published in the Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) newspaper at the time,^http://www.realdirt.com.au/2008/09/08/hazard-reduction-burning-ecological-or-pathological-smhreal-dirt-exclusive/].
What is revealing about the following article is more the defensive comments contributed by members of bushfire management (in red) – reflecting the entrenched beliefs and practices of their ‘bushphobic cult‘ is being challenged and so they unleash sanctimonious vitriol to anyone who dares criticise.
The euphemism ‘Hazard Reduction‘ has become a bushfire management cult.
It has evolved as a consequence of generations of fire fighters denied proper and appropriate reasources by successive Liberal-Labor governments to fight bushfires when they occur. Fighting bushfires requires instantaneous detection technology and standby effective suppression technology. Instead Australian governments at all levels deliver urban firetrucks and hollow promises. The rest is left to fit and willing resident volunteers. It is politicians again sending ouir sons to fight their war.
Since government pollies have always denied bush fire fighting the ability to effectively detect and respond to ignitions, bushfire management’s response strategy has descended into the defeatist arsonist ‘burn the bush before it burns‘. Australian bushfire fighting has become an arson disgrace.
Such defeatism ignores the fact that native vegetation is the innocent victim of fire. Instead the cult belief demonising Australia’s natural ecological asset as ‘fuel’, a ‘hazard’, a liability. It is a similar simplistic attitude that early colonists had toward wildlife, considering them as ‘vermin’ and ‘game’. Hazard Reduction has been euphemistically rebranded ‘prescribed burning’ by the so-called ‘fire ecologists’. It remains arson no less.
The scale and frequency of hazard reduction has exponentially increased so that what was once a buffer of cleared land around specific houses is now broadscale incineration including remote aerial incendaries setting fire to vast regions of forest and bushland many kilometres from houses. The so-called ‘cool burns’ often reach into the tree canopies and cause the same irreparable tree damage as intense wildfires. Many hazard reductions escape and get out of control – such as the 2011 Perth Hills experience that destroyed 68 houses.
Then when a wildfire does occur, standard bushfire management practrice invariably leaves to burn until/unless houses are directly threatened. Remote wildfire has become default hazard reduction. And so, every year thousands of hectares of native vegetation understorey is destroyed and the dependent fauna are driven closer to exinction. Hazard Reduction is Australia’s worst ecological crime.
Start of Article:…’It’s spring, and soon we’ll start to get sensationalist stories predicting a horrendous bushfire season ahead. They will carry attacks on agencies for not doing enough to reduce fuel loads in forests close to homes, for unless those living on the urban fringe see their skies filled with smoke in winter they panic about losing their homes in January.
Fighting fires with fear is a depressing annual event and easy sport on slow news days. Usually the debate fails to ask two crucial questions: does hazard reduction really do anything to save homes, and what’s the cost to native plants and animals caught in burn-offs?
A new scientific paper published in the CSIRO journal Wildlife Research by Michael Clarke, an associate professor in the department of zoology at La Trobe University, suggests the answer to both questions is: we do not know.
they do not lead to irreversible damage to native wildlife and habitat. He argues we need to show some humility, and writes: “The capacity of management agencies to control widespread wildfires ignited by multiple lightning strikes in drought conditions on days of extreme fire danger is going to be similar to their capacity to control cyclones.” In other words, sometimes we can do zip.
Much hazard reduction is performed to create a false sense of security rather than to reduce fire risks, and the effect on wildlife is virtually unknown.
The sooner we acknowledge this the sooner we can get on with the job of working out whether there is anything we can do to manage fires better. We need to know whether hazard reduction can be done without sending our wildlife down a path of firestick extinctions.
An annual burn conducted each year on Montague Island, near Narooma on the NSW far South Coast, highlights the absurdity of the current public policy free-for-all, much of which is extraordinarily primitive. In 2001 park rangers burnt a patch of the devastating weed kikuyu on the island. The following night a southerly blew up, the fire reignited and a few penguins were incinerated. It was a stuff-up that caused a media outcry: because cute penguins were burnt, the National Parks and Wildlife Service was also charcoaled. Every year since there has been a deliberate burn on Montague, part of a program to return the island to native vegetation. Each one has been a circus – with teams of staff, vets, the RSPCA, ambulances, boats and helicopters – all because no one wants any more dead penguins.
Meanwhile every year on the mainland, park rangers and state forests staff fly in helicopters tossing out incendiary devices over wilderness forests, the way the UN tosses out food packages. Thousands of hectares are burnt, perhaps unnecessarily, too often, and worse, thousands of animals that are not penguins (so do not matter) are roasted. All to make people feel safe.
Does the burning protect nearby towns? On even a moderately bad day, probably not. Does it make people feel better? Yes.
Clarke’s paper calls for the massive burn-offs to be scrutinised much more closely. “In this age of global warming, governments and the public need to be engaged in a more sophisticated discussion about the complexities of coping with fire in Australian landscapes,” he writes. He wants ecological data about burns collected as routinely as rainfall data is gathered by the agricultural industry. Without it, hazard reduction burning is flying scientifically blind and poses a dangerous threat to wildlife. “To attempt to operate without proper data on the effect of bushfires should be as unthinkable as a farmer planting a crop without reference to the rain gauge,” he writes.
“The theme of this piece is the saving of wildlife that might be destroyed by hazard reduction burning. But the trouble is that Australian plant species divide into two broad groups: the pyrophytes or ‘fire plants’ and the pyrophobes, or ‘fire loathing plants’. There can be little argument about it: much of the Australian bush has incorporated fire into its life cycle, with eucalypts, acacias and many undergrowth plants loaded with volatile oils. All that is needed to convert them into incendiary bombs is a hot summer’s day. Even the old ‘banksia man’ with his beard of dried flower parts surrounding the seeds ready to go is designed by nature to catch fire, though his tree is not.
I regularly drive through the Warrumbungle Park. There is nothing so pathetic as the signs they have up everywhere warning people that gathering firewood is forbidden. Nor do they control burn there. So every few years the whole park goes up like a bomb and damn near everything gets burnt to smithereens.
This continent was ‘firestick farmed’ by the Aborigines, arguably back to 110,000 years ago. The animals and plant species survived their cool burns.
We need to adopt that practice, which was lost when the country was fenced and farmed, and preventing bush fires became the name of the (futile) game.
“James, read your piece in the Herald. I live on the edge of the bush in the Blue Mountains, and I disagree with you.
“As an enthusiastic CFU (Community Fire Unit) member in Sydney, I read your SMH article with interest – but then recalled my recent visit to the Garma Festival in NE Arnhemland.
There much was made of the controlled burns being increasingly managed by indigenous rangers on the basis of their traditions, but also increasingly funded as carbon offsets by international polluters like Conoco because the controlled burns were so much less polluting than uncontrolled ones – which would in time occur anyway.
“Talk about a sensationalist story. Yes there probably is no scientific data, but there is anecdotal evidence. Hazard reduction is only part of a holistic approach to protecting the community. They can reduce the intensity of a bushfire and allow the firefighters or residents to defend their homes.
This is also true for the environment, some plants can withstand a low intensity fire but would be destroyed in a high intensity wildfire. As for the wildlife, you just have to stand at the edge of a hazard reduction to see the multitude of creatures fleeing the burn. Do they all get out? I don’t know, but I’ve seen more dead and injured animals after a bushfire than a hazard reduction.
One thing most people don’t take into account is that the bush has evolved to burn at a particular time of year, usually when it’s hot and dry. But, of course, hazard reduction burning are done in the cooler months. It is reason to think that this must effect the plants and alter their community, but so does any fire or even lack of fire. After decades of natural fires and hazard reductions (mosty done with little regard to the environment, unlike what is done now), I still can look out on thousands of hectares of World Heritage bushland full of animals.
“More and more scientific evidence is surfacing showing that fire is not good for the environment as a whole including vegetation and in particular the soil biota. Even a so called cool burn devastates the top 25mm of all life slowing the future uptake of carbon into the soil.
Just look at the release of CO2 by reduction burning (any burning) and the subsequent inability of the burned area to capture CO2 for the next 10 years or so. We know far too little to make a statement that “burning is ok” while science could ultimately show that it is NOT.
“Good article James, interesting how you skillfully worked the Penguins into it.
The two questions the article was based on are only part of the this very complex issue. Others might be: Where do we get the biggest fire mitigation (protection) bang for the taxpayers buck? Do we need to focus mitigation more towards the “points of risk” (lives & assets), or towards the hazard (fuels).
The problem here is the politically perceived, remote fuel hazards being burned repeatedly at the expense of our biodiversity and water catchments, while the points of risk and their surrounds remain the primary part of the hazard.
How effective are low intensity, autumn, hazard reduction (HR) burns?
The wildfire that threatens the asset via the HR occurs across flat ground, under exactly the same environmental conditions as the HR burn.
The wildfire occurs within 14 days of the HR.
“Dear James, I regularly skim the Opinion & Letters sections of the Herald because I value reader input. It was refreshing to read your article on hazard reduction, and encouraging because I support your stated views; the sensationalist predictions of bushfire Armageddon, the bush morphed into threatening fuel loads, and questioning the post-War II practice of hazard reduction.
Thank you for investigating and publicising research on this issue. So often the research is not made public and little reference is made to research by those hell bent on perpetuating the bushphobic culture of hazard reduction.
The key problem is no one is measuring the environmental impact of hazard reduction, certainly not in the Blue Mountains where I live. As you state: “the effect on wildlife is virtually unknown”. Another key problem is the lack of investment in resources to detect and respond to ignitions promptly.
You refer to Montague Island. The Grose Valley Fires of 2006 was a defector hazard reduction of 14070 hectares of important conservation bushland including so-called protected World Heritage.
Ian MacDougall’s response [9 Sep 08] would have merit if we had similar large tracts of quality habitat across NSW that existed pre 1788, not the 25% of forested NSW that we now have. The Aboriginal firestick justification is reserved for a pre-1788 dreamtime.
“Your article on Fire was read with great interest. We have lived in the ‘bush’ for 20 years, are active members of a wildlife care group and my husband is an active member of the local bush fire brigade. We have seen so-called ‘controlled’ burns get out of control (causing the tragic death of a local in one instance), and have often wondered if these burns are really doing any good at all, for either the bush or the wildlife. Thanks for bringing this subject to the forefront and stimulating debate. It will be interesting to see the results of further research, especially by Prof. Michael Clarke.
“S. Ridd, your point regarding our fire authorities ability (or lack of it) to quickly detect and respond to fire, especially remote area fires is the key to fire suppression in this country. The recent Bushfire CRC Project A3.1 aerial suppression research, Pollack H. N. 2003, looks at this very issue. In summary, the research has found that the rapid deployment of aircraft and ground crews to a fire will have a high probability of suppression success even when high fuel loads and fire danger indexes exist. The cost of this type of approach is not big, especially when one considers the enormous costs associated with suppression of large fires, not to mention the life and property costs.
Indigenous burning practices have been around in a range of global climate scenarios over south-east NSW for at least 6,000 years up until European intervention about 200 years ago. These Indigenous burning practices put frequent small burns into areas that were inhabited, and allowed large ‘natural’ fires on an average of every 20 years into uninhabited areas. The small frequently burned areas contained the runs of large ‘natural’ fires.
Biodiversity 200 years ago was much higher than it is today. In a global warming world I think we can learn a lot from the Indigenous burning practices to apply in contemporary fire management.
“James, You may have bitten off more than you can chew with this story!
Fire management in Australia is a very complex issue and aside from the common view that fire is a natural part of the Australian environment we are managing it in a unatural world. We have built our homes next to our fire prone ecosystems and should a fire start by lightning – the fire is suppressed – in itself an unatural act.
I agree that more information is better than less when we’re managing the impacts of prescribed fire on the environment – for respondants to suggest however that low intensity fire has a greater impact on the environment than high intensity fire is a generalisation and does not consider frequency, ‘patchiness’ and vegetation community or forest type.
Further assertions by respondants that we should increasingly rely on emergency response and suppression of wildfires rather than also using land management approaches is niave and does not recognise the full range of fire management tools available for managing risk (such as established road networks, rapid response resources, suitable infrastructure for detection, prescribed burning, manual hazard reduction, development and planning controls etc) and balancing ecological outcomes with those for protecting life and property.
“I note that neither Michael Clarke’s original paper or your article say that prescribed burning doesn’t stop bushfires; all they say is that we don’t know how well it works. As a fire manager & researcher I couldn’t agree more.
Its not enough to say that it worked a couple of times in Jarrah forest or American Ponderosa Pine, we need to know how often and under what conditions it will work in Sydney heathland, Cumberland Woodland or montane Candlebark/Ribbon Gum forest. As you say, we need to know the effects of this artificially frequent fire regime on wildlife, but we don’t. We are also in no position to make the sweeping claim that “the Aborigines did it”, as if all of the indigenous nations used fire in the same way in all environments and communities from the desert to the alpine area. The traditions and evidence say that they didn’t and don’t.
The reality is that for such an influential force that we wield, we know far too little to say whether we are helping things or making them worse.
“There are some unbelievably ignorant or just plain naive posters on here. You obviously have no idea how difficult it is for us to get a hazard reduction burn approved because of the need to plan in cooperation with National Parks and Wildlife, the local council, and others, mostly to protect the environment. We don’t have a problem with protecting the environment, except that the bureaucratic process takes far, far too long.
In one of our most vulnerable areas in the Blue Mountains (Weemala) the process took 6 six years. It was a hazard reduction in an area where the fire typically jumps the Great Western Highway and the lower Blue Mountains then turns to sh*t.
Do you really believe we don’t care about the flora and fauna? You are fools if you do. Of course we care. We also care about people and their homes.
“I have been involved in the bushfire services for 13 years and can say that when hazard reduction burning is done correctly and in a strategic manner it makes a major difference during summer. I have been involved with many large scale fires where the only way they have been controlled is because they have burnt into low fuel areas.
Western Australia through DEC has always been heavily involved in bushfire mitigation efforts and it shows in the reduced frequency of large scale bushfires.
Argue all you want about terrain etc but the reality it is the strategic large scale burns that DEC conduct protects WA from similar large scale bushfires that you see on the East Coast.
Defeatist Policy: ‘Burn it before it burns, bugger the wildlife’!
This entry was posted on Friday, March 2nd, 2012 and is filed under Threats from Bushfire.
In my area there are hardly trees and so a burn off killing the few trees (including some truly old snow gums) is ludicrous.
Never the less, yesterday in Berridale NSW the Rural Fire Service (RFS) set fire to some “paddocks” surrounding Berridale. Berridale is a tiny country town surrounded by a good expance of rural farm land and a little further on, the Snowy Mountains. It is still snow time here, very cold, but Spring is approaching.
I tried to put out a fire for a gum tree on fire that was one of the few alive in that paddock due to past droughts. This tree was a livelihood for many animals, insects, and plants about it. Such trees are also vital to control erosion, help retain moisture to the soil and of course help oxygen breathers such as ourselves to breath.
It would be ridiculous to kill the few remaining live gum trees in this area, nevertheless, the RFS told me they were aware it would catch fire and intended to kill it. The person I spoke with clearly believed all were safer if all could just be burnt down. He showed no understanding of the destruction he was causing. There were several other young gums on fire and another huge gum tree about to catch fire. Though the gum tree I had tried to save was also huge and seemed to catch fire quite intensely, he seemed to think that another tree under the same circumstances couldnt catch fire. There was basically no logic involved.
It’s early morning and I will drive out to the areas put on fire and see what has become of the few live gum trees about. In a few months no doubt I will see cattle and sheep with no shade in their paddocks, more erosion, no koalas, less native wildlife and basically a desolate scene.
The most painful thing about that particular burn off is that it really is a no brainer – dont let the few large, centuries old gum trees still alive in the area catch fire in a “cold burn”. Sadly such obvious understanding was not available to the Berridale Rural Fire Brigade. Further it was clear from what I was told that the farmers were to some extent in charge of what I believe was in part a land clear paid for by the fire brigade.
Practically speaking clearing trees is a clear exacerbation of drought conditions and erosion. More vitally, these old trees enrich our very being and anyone feeling the wonder of existance would weep at such a scene.
We are truly killing our own family by such destructive action.
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I recently was asked by a friend how they could reset their wireless router back to its default settings since they no longer could remember the WiFi password. Ever happen to you? Me too!
There are a couple of reasons why you may need to reset your wireless router: 1) You used a hard to remember password, forgot it and don’t have the password stored anywhere or 2) It was setup by someone else and you don’t know the password or 3) You want to reset the router due to performance or connectivity issues or 4) You think your router may be compromised and want to reset it to block any unauthorized users.
Note that if you are simply having connection issues, you may not need to reset your router at all, but just need to reboot it. In order to reboot, just unplug the router from the wall, wait about 20 seconds and then plug it back in. It’ll take a minute or two for the router to restart, but most connection issues can be solved by doing this.
Once you reset the router, the password for logging into the web interface and the WiFi password will be reset to their default passwords. Check out my post on how to find the default password for your wireless router.
Just about every modern router can be reset by following a very simple procedure. Either flip the router upside down or look on the back for a small hole with the word RESET. All you have to do now is just find a small paper clip and stick one end into the hole while the router is turned on.
Normally, you will have to hold down the button for 10 to 15 seconds. At this point, you should see the wireless router lights flash, blink, or simply restart. Once it has fully rebooted, the router is back to its original factory default state.
That’s pretty much it! Some older routers may require you to turn off the router first, then hold down the reset button and then turn the router back on. If neither one of these two methods work, then you should probably take a look at the manual that came with the router or find the manual online.
The second way to reset a router is to restore factory defaults from inside the web admin interface. In order to do this, you have to know the IP address of your router and type that into your web browser.
Where you have to go in the web interface will vary wildly depending on which router you are using. The best places to check are under headings like Management, Administration, Advanced, System, Maintenance or something similar. I have Verizon FIOS and mine was located under Advanced for my Actiontec router.
There should be a button called Restore Defaults or Restore Factory Settings, which will do exactly the same thing as the physical reset button. The only difference is that most modern routers also have the option of backing up your settings to a configuration file that you can use to restore at a later point.
If you’re having issues with your router, you probably won’t want to restore the current settings, but it’s a very good idea to reset your router, setup everything and then save a backup of all your settings once you have it properly configured again.
Now that your router is back up and running, you are going to need to connect to it using your web browser to configure all the settings again. In order to do this, you need to find the IP address for your router.
If you are not able to follow the instructions from the previous link, you can also checkout a program called Router Detector from a website called Setup Router that basically finds the router for you.
Once you have logged in, you should do two things: change the default password for logging into your router and then setup your wireless settings.
Make sure to read my post on how to secure your wireless network so that others cannot use your bandwidth and how to disable SSID broadcasting for more security.
If you are having any trouble resetting your wireless router or are having problems maintaining a connection to your wireless router, post a comment and I’ll try to help. Enjoy!
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Bennett was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He played halfback and several other positions while attending Ensley High School in Birmingham, Alabama. Bennett was an excellent basketball and baseball player during his high school career. Bennett was an all-state performer his senior year, amassing over 1000 yards while carrying the ball 101 times. Bennett was nicknamed "Biscuit" by friends because he always had room for one more.
Bennett played for the University of Alabama from 1983–1986. Bennett was a first selection on the College Football All-America Team 3 times (1984–1986). He is one of only two Alabama players to be named to three All-America teams, the other being fellow linebacker Woodrow Lowe. As a senior, he won the Lombardi Award, SEC Player of the Year honors, and finished 7th in balloting for the Heisman Trophy. In his 4 seasons there, Bennett recorded 287 tackles, 21½ sacks, and 3 fumble recoveries. His most famous play was in 1986 when he leveled Notre Dame quarterback Steve Beuerlein, immortalized in a painting by artist Daniel Moore titled simply, ‘The Sack.’ In 2005, Bennett was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.
— Jets fullback Roger Vick, ranking the NFL's best pass rushers during the 1988 season.
After his college career, he was selected by the Colts with the second pick of the 1987 NFL Draft. This draft was deemed the "Year of Linebacker", but Bennett was considered to stand "head-and-shoulders above the rest." Bennett was Alabama's highest draft selection since Joe Namath in 1965, and as of 2015 remains the highest selected Crimson Tide defender ever.
Bennett and the Colts were unable to come to an agreement on a contract. Bennett was then dealt to the Bills from the Colts in a three way trade that also included Los Angeles Rams running back Eric Dickerson, and Bills running back Greg Bell. This trade occurred in the fall of the 1987 season, just before the trade deadline, and has been called "the trade of the decade" by the New York Times.
In the NFL, Bennett's talent at the left outside linebacker position helped the teams he played for to five Super Bowl appearances (four with Buffalo and one with Atlanta), but they lost them all (an NFL record he shares with Glenn Parker ). In his 14 NFL seasons, he recorded 71½ sacks, 7 interceptions, 112 return yards, 31 forced fumbles, 27 fumble recoveries, 78 fumble return yards, and 3 touchdowns (1 interception, 1 fumble return and 1 blocked field goal return).
At the time of his retirement, his 27 defensive fumble recoveries were the third most in NFL history.
Bennett is a cousin of Marquise Hill.
Bennett lives in Hollywood, Florida, with his second wife Kimberly Bennett.
↑ "Starting With Bennett, It's Year Of Linebacker". Sun Sentinel. April 27, 1987.
↑ "Property valuation of S 7th Avenue, Hollywood, FL: 800 (ELIO DIBIASE SR & ELIO DIBIASE LIV TR), 818 (CORNELIUS BENNETT & KIMBERLY BENNETT), 836 (KERRY E ROSENTHAL & JEANNE G ROSENTHAL) (tax assessments)". city-data.com.
↑ "Cornelius Bennett's putting brain where his mouth is for future NFL players". The Birmingham News. May 12, 2010.
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Is it OK to mount my remote filesystem using NFS and run unison locally, or should I run a remote server process?
NFS-mounting the replicas is fine, as long as the local network is fast enough. Unison needs to read a lot of files (in particular, it needs to check the last-modified time of every file in the repository every time it runs), so if the link bandwidth is low then running a remote server is much better.
I've heard that the Unix file locking mechanism doesn't work very well under NFS. Is this a problem for Unison?
What will happen if I try to synchronize a special file (e.g., something in /dev, /proc, etc.)?
Unison will refuse to synchronize such files. It only understands ordinary files, directories, and symlinks.
Is it possible to run Unison from inetd (the Unix internet services daemon)?
Why does synchronization always fail with Uncaught exception Failure("input_value: integer too large")?
This is because of an incompatibilitly in an underlying programming layer and shows up when you're synchronizing between 32 and 64 bit systems.
A workaround is the following one: on the 32 bit system nothing changes, but on the 64 bit system you don't use a native 64 bit version of unison, but a 32 bit one that is run in the 32 bit compatibility mode.
There are two possibilities to achieve that: a) there may be a way to run a usual dynamically linked 32 bit binary with a 32 bit compatible runtime environment or b) you use a statically linked 32 bit binary that doesn't depend on such a runtime environment.
To get a statically linked 32 bit binary there are in turn again two possibilities: a) you compile it statically (or have someone else do that and just download it) or b) you use a tool like the ELF statifier (http://statifier.sourceforge.net/) or Ermine (http://www.magicErmine.com) on a dynamically linked binary to convert it into a statically linked one.
Does Unison work on Mac OSX?
Spotlight (10.4+) and TimeMachine (10.5+) running in background can slow down your mac, and you may want to temporarily disable them during a big sync. Also, it may be possible to tell spotlight never to index a folder by making the name end in ".noindex" For example, you could create in /Users/Shared/ a folder named Downloads.noindex and tell Firefox to store downloads there.
Unison does not run on Mac OS 9 or earlier.
Can Unison synchronize an OS X machine with a Unix machine?
Installing Unison from Fink (on OS X) does not work.
We've had reports that fink installation only works when the unstable packages are selected. See here for more information.
How do I install a Terminal-only Unison using Mac Ports?
Mac Geekery has a short tutorial describing how to do it.
How do I install a Terminal-only Unison using Homebrew?
How do I build a GUI version of Unison for OS X?
As described in the Unison manual, there are two Mac GUIs: UISTYLE=macnew and UISTYLE=macnew09. Unfortunately, neither will build out of the box under OS X 10.8, Mountain Lion (and possibly under earlier OS X versions as well). The macnew09 GUI uses the BWToolkit plugin for Interface Builder; unfortunately, Xcode 4 currently does not support .ibplugin files. Both GUIs target OS X 10.5, which is no longer supported as a build target by Xcode 4. The macnew GUI could probably be revived without too much work, but you'll need to check it out yourself.
How do I pass environment variables to the Aqua version of Unison?
For more information about this file, see here.
How do I synchronize Spotlight comments using Unison?
In order to do a Spotlight import of files in directories whose .DS_Store has been modified, one may use the following script daily (it searches for modified .DS_Store during the last day).
echo "Spotlight importer starting at `date`"
echo "Spotlight importer finished at `date`"
I installed the command line version of Unison using the "Install command-line tool" menu option, but the wrong version of Unison is being launched.
The command-line tool is a very small executable that searches for an existing Unison binary to launch it. If several versions of Unison are present, one cannot predict which one will be launched. It is thus recommended to have only one version of the Unison OS X binary.
How do I install under windows? I install GTK and try to run unison and I get "This application has failed to start because libgtk-win32-2.0-0.dll was not found. Re-installing the application may fix this problem."
or you can do it permanently by right-clicking on your "my computer" and clicking on properties, going to the "environment variables" button, choosing "path" and adding ";c:\program files\common files\gtk\2.0\bin" (no quotes) to the end of that value.
If the libraries are not on your system, you can install them from http://gtk-win.sourceforge.net/home/index.php/Main/Downloads. Also check the GTK website http://www.gtk.org/ to ensure you have all the dependent packages. Install the GTK package and merge the files of the other packages into similarly named directories of the GTK package install.
Unison creates two different windows, the main user interface and a blank console window. Is there any way to get rid of the second one?
The extra console window is there for ssh to use to get your password. Unfortunately, in the present version of unison the window will appear whether you're using ssh or not. Karl Moerder contributed some scripts that he uses to make the command window a bit more attractive. He starts unison from a shortcut to a .cmd file. This lets him control the attributes of the command window, making it small and gray and centering the passphrase request. His scripts can be found here.
It is also possible to get rid of the window entirely (for users that only want socket mode connections) by playing games with icons. If you make a symbolic link to the executable, you can edit the properties box to make this window come up iconic. That way when you click on the link, you seem to just get a unison window (except on the task bar, where the text window shows).
MsgBox, The window does not exist.
It looks like the root preferences are specified using backslashes, but path and ignore preferences are specified with forward slashes. What's up with that?
Unison uses two sorts of paths: native filesystem paths, which use the syntax of the host filesystem, and "portable" paths relative to the roots of the replicas, which always use / to separate the path components. Roots are native filesystem paths; the others are root-relative.
I'm having trouble getting unison working with openssh under Windows. Any suggestions?
ssh: unison_win32-gtkui.exe: no address associated with hostname.
My guess is that this is caused by some incompatibility between the Ocaml Win32 library routines and Cygwin with regard to setting up argv for child processes.
The solution is to launch Unison from a DOS command prompt instead; or see section X.
How can I get Unison to talk through a Putty link on Windows?
Martin Cleaver has written up a set of instructions here.
I'm using Windows XP + Cygwin. Unison stops responding after I enter my ssh password. What can I do to fix it?
This appears to be a problem with the Cygwin DLL version 1.5.11, perhaps in conflict with Win XP. Downgrading to DLL version 1.5.10-3 usually solves the problem.
To downgrade using the Cygwin setup program, run Cygwin's setup.exe, chose the "Base" tree of packages and toggle the "cygwin: the UNIX emulation engine" package until it is set to install v1.5.10-3.
Thanks to Michael McDougall for this answer.
Is there a way, under Windows, to click-start Unison and make it synchronize according to a particular profile?
In order to make syncing a particular profile "clickable" from the Win98 desktop, when the profile uses ssh, you need to create a .bat file that contains nothing but "unison profile-name" (assuming unison.exe is in the PATH). I first tried the obvious strategy of creating a shortcut on the desktop with the actual command line "unison profile-name", but that hangs. The .bat file trick works, though, because it runs command.com and then invokes the .bat file.
Brian Mork (increa.com) created unison profiles and the syntax for a desktop shortcut. The result is a single-click Unison icon synchronization on the desktop that you can click and walk away. Synchronization happens through an SSH link from Windows XP to Max OS 10.6 (or Windows XP to whatever other computer you have).
Implementations of the FAT32 filesystem may have limitations not only on the lengths of individual file names, but also the length of full path names of the file (160 characters, I think?). When Unison is in the process of syncing, it performs its work in a new subdirectory, increasing the total path name length of your files. If your files are already pushing the limits of FAT32, your unison operation may abort. Giving your files or directories shorter names may help to avoid this problem.
File modification times are rounded to the nearest two-seconds on FAT32, but not on NTFS. So syncing between NTFS and FAT32 while preserving modification times may result in the file properties of all your files being updated on every synchronization. This may be corrected in a future update of unison by ignoring such 1-second differences.
This is very similar to the instructions referenced elsewhere on this page by Martin Cleaver (see: How can I get Unison to talk through a Putty link on Windows?). The main differences are: 1) I used freeSSHd for the ssh server; and, 2) operating on a vpn allows the luxury of dispensing with public/private keys and instead using just username/password for authentication. Another layer of encryption doesn't add anything of value.
2) add an environment variable named HOME if one doesn't already exist and point it to a directory that you might want to use someday as the root path when doing relative addressing. Do this even if you do not intend to use relative addressing as this environment variable must exist.
3) configure freeSSHd by clicking the icon in the systray and, at a minimum, confirm the port to use (22 is default), set up at least one username and password, and establish any ip address restrictions under Host restrictions that make sense for your use.
4) ensure that your router, if you are using one, will pass port 22 through to the server.
5) ensure that your firewall will allow port 22 and, to the extent it is program based rather than port based, will allow freeSSHd to communicate with the outside world.
6) copy the windows text-based executable to a place where it can be run. TIP: shorten and change the name so that it is easier to deal with. I use unisont.exe which is a lot easier to work with than unison-2.13.16-win-text.exe.
7) verify that unison will run on your system by opening a dos prompt and running the shortened executable with a command line option of "-version" (I would type "unisont -version"). This should echo to the screen the version of Unison.
1) download and install PuTTY here.
2) download or copy the Unison executables that you wish to use (either the text based, the GUI or both) to the client machine.
3) run Putty to confirm you can establish a connection to your server. You will tell Putty itself (via the Session screen) the host name (or host ip address) and the port number, along with the protocol (ssh). TIP: Once you have filled in the host name, select 'Save' to save the putty session information. This will be useful later. Then, click 'Open' (the connection). At that point, it should first display a relatively long message window and give you the option of establishing the connection even though there is no registry or cache that matches the server. At that point, if you answer "Yes", then the registry/cache item will be created which will allow future connections to operate without this interruption. Putty then opens a dos window and presents you with a login prompt. Use the username and password you established in step 3, above. If the username and password are accepted, you will be presented with a dos prompt for your server. Type 'exit' to terminate the connection.
@"C:\Program Files\PuTTY\plink.exe" -ssh -P 22 -pw mypassword -l myusername -load mysavedputtysession "unisont -server -auto"
As has been noted in other tutorials, the "@" sign is critical. Where I have typed mypassword, use your password. Where I have typed myusername, use your user name. Where I have typed mysavedputtysession, use your saved putty session name.
Where I typed remoteipaddress you can enter either the ip address of the server (e.g., 158.130.66.9) or a host name that windows can locate (e.g., myserver).
Remember that I renamed the Unison executable to unisont.exe on both the server and the client so that it would be easier to work with.
I'm having trouble getting GTK unison to work in windows.
After a lot of mucking around and experimentation I got Unison's native ssh transport working from one XP host to another, so I thought I'd mention a couple of items against which I was banging my head a while, to save others the pain. Sorry I don't have time (nor a posting place) for a full cookbook-style howto.
1. be in the SSH's environment's path - I messed around a lot with bash shell scripting etc., nothing worked in the end except copying it into my c:\windows (or c:\windows\system32) folder, and I think it needs to be named unison.exe that way.
I chose the latter so I wouldn't have to worry about remembering to upgrade Unison in two locations later on.
Note the drive letter syntax in the target URI; unisong.exe is my name for the gui version, and the weird IP address is because I'm doing all this within a Hamachi VPN/tunnel as well in order to punch through my employer's firewall. Now works like a charm, secure yet convenient. Wasn't able to get key-based authentication working, still have to put in my password every time, but that's NBD.
So that's it, I think I've hit the main gotcha's, but general advice is to start basic, following the tutorial in the docs - first get Unison working local-to-local, then on a LAN host-to-host in sockets mode, then setup SSH with COPSSH and Putty for testing. Take good notes and create self-documenting batch files as you go along, and of course backup your "live" data set before you start.
In fact, I reckon don't rely on this automated sync routine as your main backup process - have a completely separate one doing regular snapshots so you can roll back any mistakes, with Unison or elsewhere - I'm using Ghost 12 set to run in the background every couple of hours during the day.
Using Unison to sync files with a Linux SSH server operating on a non-standard port.
These instructions are for solving a specific problem: synchronizing data data between two Windows computers using SSH to access a central repository on a Linux (Debian Testing) server that is listening on a nonstandard port (in this example the port is 8000). These instructions are similar to the section above (many thanks) but have been repeated here in their entirety for clarity. A copy of these instructions can be found at http://www.sbtechsolutions.biz/synchronization/unison.
These instructions assume that the SSH server is already setup and functioning correctly. It also assumes that the Unison command line binary is installed on the server. This is important because part of the syncing process launches Unison on the server to facilitate communication. The following steps should be carried out on each of the Windows clients.
1. Download and install PuTTY. You want the Windows installer with everything, of course.
2. Make a connection to the SSH server with PuTTY. This lets you answer the question about accepting the server's key.
3. Download and unzip Unison. You can put the .exe anywhere; I have mine on my desktop. My Debian server currently runs version 2.13. It is critical that the server and the client run the same version (at least the same major and minor numbers). Otherwise they will simple refuse to communicate. You probably want the GTK+ gui version.
4. Download and install the GTK+ Runtime Environment. Of course, this is only important if you want to use the gui.
5. Run the Unison gui and create a new pair. You'll notice that when you select SSH for the remote location the port section is ghosted. But not to worry, we'll take care of that later.
Of course, you can substitute an IP address for the domain name. Sshcmd tells Unison to run the following command to create the SSH connection. This allows us to setup the custom port, which was the whole point of going through all this extra complexity.
@plink.exe www.mydomain.com -ssh -P 8000 -l username -pw password "unison -server -auto"
The "@" is important. I can verify that it doesn't work without it. If it's removed, it appears that the last command is broken into several segments. So just leave it in. (Everyone agrees it is highly desirable, even if we don't know what it really does.) Plink.exe is the command line binary that PuTTY uses for creating SSH connections. -ssh tells PuTTY we want an SSH connection (it can do other types). -P 8000 tells it we want port 8000. Linux uses -p, Windows uses -P. Go figure. -l sets the username and -pw sets the password. "Unison -server -auto" runs this command on the Linux server after connecting, which then talks to the local instance of Unison and makes all of that magic synchronization stuff happen.
8. Run Unison. Everything should work! If it doesn't, swiftly download and install the latest version of Kubuntu. :) All your problems will be solved.
"UseDNS no" disables DNS lookups by the SSH server. They don't make a lot of sense anyway because it is quite unlikely that I'm connecting from a computer that has a DNS entry. "AddressFamily inet" tells it that I only want to use IPv4. Seeing as how it is very unlikely that everything in the food chain between my system and the server supports IPv6, this just speeds up the process of having the server figure that out.
I have been using the cygwin port of Unison under Windows for years: just check out your preferred Unison version(s) with the cygwin setup tool and you are set to go!
# Merge only works when first root is local!
merge = Name * -> winmerge /ub /e /dl "Local" /dr "Remote" "`cygpath -w 'CURRENT1'`" "`cygpath -w 'CURRENT2'`"
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0.809572 |
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are believed to be involved in the pathologic processes behind Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to examine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in individuals with AD dementia and cognitively healthy elderly individuals, and to investigate their relationship with established CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
CSF was collected from 38 individuals with AD dementia and 34 cognitively healthy elderly individuals. The CSF was analyzed for MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, TIMP-1, β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ42), total tau protein (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). MMP/TIMP-1 ratios were calculated. APOE genotype was determined for the participants.
AD patients had higher MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios and lower TIMP-1 levels compared to cognitively healthy individuals. In AD patients, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio correlated with CSF T-tau, a marker of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the cognitively healthy individuals with risk markers for future AD, i.e. AD-supportive CSF biomarker levels of T-tau, P-tau and Aβ42 or the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, had higher CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels and higher CSF MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratios compared to the healthy individuals without risk markers. The CSF levels of MMP-3 and -9 in the control group also correlated with the CSF T-tau and P-tau levels.
This study indicates that MMP-3 and MMP-9 might be involved in early pathogenesis of AD and that MMPs could be associated with neuronal degeneration and formation of neurofibrillary tangles even prior to development of overt cognitive dysfunction.
Most cases of dementia are caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive accumulation of senile plaques, containing β-amyloid (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles, containing hyperphosphorylated tau . This process probably starts many years before the typical clinical symptoms of AD appear. However, the underlying pathologic mechanisms in AD are still to a large extent unknown and the target of extensive research. There is increasing evidence indicating that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play an important but complex role in the pathology behind neurodegenerative disorders [2–4]. MMPs are zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases, several of which are produced by neurons and glial cells. MMPs can be further divided into gelatinases (such as MMP-9), stromelysins (such as MMP-3), collagenases (such as MMP-1) and membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMP) [2, 3]. Their activity is determined through the induction of transcription by inflammatory mediators, through post-translational modification by free radicals or cytokines and through inhibitory proteins such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) . The different TIMPs often have inhibitory effects on most MMPs. However, they usually have a predisposition to one or a few MMPs, for example the inhibitory effect of TIMP-1 is primarily directed towards MMP-9 . The tasks and effects of MMPs and TIMPs are complex, and the same MMP can have directly opposite effects on the brain depending on the situation, location, and time point in which it is being expressed. Their beneficial effects include neurogenesis, angiogenesis, myelinogenesis, axonal growth, and apoptosis inhibition, whereas examples of detrimental effects are apoptosis induction, blood brain barrier disruption and demyelination [2, 3, 5].
In AD, the expressions of MMP-3 and MMP-9 are elevated in the brain and are located around neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques [6–8]. The activity of MMPs might be associated with the metabolism of Aβ, because Aβ has been found to induce the expression of MMPs by both astrocytes and neurons [9–12]. Moreover, MMP-3 and MMP-9 can cleave and degrade Aβ fibrils [8, 13]. Recently, it has been suggested that MMP-9 expression in the hippocampus is involved in Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction . These findings together point to the need to increase our understanding of the role of MMPs in AD and their relation to other AD-related markers in vivo.
Investigation of markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a valuable method to study pathologic processes in the brain. So far, the best validated CSF biomarkers for AD are low Aβ42 levels, high total tau protein (T-tau) levels and high levels of phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). These biomarkers may also predict future AD dementia with acceptable accuracy in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and they appear to be altered already in preclinical stages [14–20]. Apart from these biomarkers, the presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is another well-established risk factor for the development of AD dementia .
The aim of this study was to investigate MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the CSF of AD patients and healthy elderly controls, and their relation with the established CSF biomarkers Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau as well as the APOE genotype.
The study population consisted of individuals with AD and healthy elderly individuals, who were all recruited at the Department of Neuropsychiatry at Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden. All individuals with AD were patients who had been referred to the clinic due to cognitive decline and had undergone a clinical, routine investigation. Patients with AD fulfiling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IIIR criteria for dementia and the criteria for probable AD defined by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) were eligible for the study.
The healthy elderly individuals were collected from a clinical control group with four years of cognitive follow-up and were summoned for an additional cognitive assessment and subsequent CSF collection. There is no clear, universal definition of the clinical characteristics of a cognitively healthy elderly individual. In the present study the cognitively healthy individuals were not allowed to fulfill criteria for dementia or mild cognitive impairment after extensive clinical and cognitive assessments. In order to additionally decrease the presence of possible early-stage cognitive impairment in the group, a mini mental state examination (MMSE) score of 27 points or more was required. This score is supported by several large-scale, community-based, normative studies that have reported mean MMSE values of 25 to 28 for individuals between 60 and 85 years of age, depending on age and educational level [24–26]. As these studies might have included some individuals with minor impairments in cognitive functions, the MMSE cut-off score in the present study was set slightly higher than the previously reported community-based mean values. In the present study the cognitive assessment also included the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog 85 points), clock test, cube copying test and A Quick Test of cognitive speed (AQT). These results were taken into consideration in the decision whether dementia or MCI diagnosis criteria were fulfilled at the time of inclusion.
The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee at Lund University. All participants gave their consent to participate in the study.
All participants in the study had their APOE genotype determined through blood testing. CSF collection was performed with the patient in a sitting position. After disposal of the first 1 ml of CSF, the next 10 ml were obtained from the L3/L4 or L4/L5 interspaces and collected in polypropylene tubes. The samples were centrifuged at 2,000 g at 4°C for 10 minutes to eliminate cells and other insoluble material, and were then immediately frozen and stored at -80°C pending biochemical analyses, without being thawed or refrozen. Cell count was performed on the CSF samples and no sample contained more that 500 erythrocytes/μl.
The CSF samples were analyzed for T-tau, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau) and Aβ42. In the AD patients, CSF T-tau concentration was determined using a sandwich ELISA (Innotest® hTAU-Ag, Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) specifically constructed to measure all tau isoforms irrespective of phosphorylation status, as previously described . CSF P-tau levels were determined using sandwich ELISA (Innotest® PHOSPHO-TAU(181P), Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium). CSF Aβ1-42 levels were determined using a sandwich ELISA (Innotest® β-amyloid (1-42), Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) specifically constructed to measure Aβ containing both the 1st and 42nd amino acid, as previously described . In the healthy elderly individuals analysis was performed with xMAP technology using the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 kit (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) and the same batch of reagents . Results from the Luminex xMAP system were converted to ELISA levels based on previously published conversion factors . The results are presented in ng/l.
The CSF MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were measured using commercially available immunoassays according to the instructions provided by the manufacturers 'Meso Scale Discovery' (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and 'R&D System' (Minneapolis, MN, USA), respectively. For the MMP assays a 12-point standard curve was used. The detection limit of the assay was 0.008 ng/ml of human recombinant MMP-1, 0.04 ng/ml of human recombinant MMP-3, 0.24 ng/ml of human recombinant MMP-9, and 0.031 ng/ml of human recombinant TIMP-1 with an inter-assay variation of less than 10%. The results are presented in ng/ml. The ratios of MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP-3/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were additionally calculated.
For subgroup analyses, the healthy elderly individuals were divided according to deviant CSF biomarker levels and according to presence of the APOE ε4 allele, which are established risk markers for future dementia. Cut-off levels to define deviant CSF biomarker levels were determined at a CSF Aβ42/P-tau ratio of less than 6.5 combined with CSF T-tau levels of more than 350 ng/l. These cut-off levels were chosen because this combination has predicted future AD with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 87% in a large MCI study population .
Statistical analysis was performed using the PASW software (former SPSS software, version 17.0.1 for Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Non-parametric tests were used because normal distribution could not be assumed in the groups. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to test the degree of correlation between CSF biomarkers, MMP and TIMP-1 levels as well as the influence of age. Mann-Whitney U test was used when one of the variables was dichotomized (group comparisons, presence of deviant CSF biomarker levels, APOE ε4 allele carrier and gender). Fisher's Exact Test was used if both variables were dichotomized (group comparisons of APOE ε4 allele carrier and gender). The level of significance was set to P < 0.05.
The characteristics for the AD group and the group of healthy elderly individuals are presented in Table 1. The 38 AD patients had significantly higher CSF T-tau and CSF P-tau levels, lower CSF Aβ42 levels, lower MMSE scores and higher presence of the APOE ε4 allele compared with the 34 healthy elderly individuals. No difference in age or gender was observed between the groups.
Aβ42, β-amyloid1-42; AD, Alzheimer's disease; APOE, apolipoprotein E; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; F, female; HC, healthy controls; M, male; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MMSE, mini mental state examination; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.
* n = 28. ** Levels are in ng/l for Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau and in ng/ml for the MMPs and TIMP-1.
The CSF MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were significantly higher and the CSF TIMP-1 levels were significantly lower in the AD patients compared with the healthy elderly individuals (P < 0.05; Table 1). Moreover, increased CSF T-tau levels correlated with high CSF MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios (rs = 0.448, P < 0.01) and MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratios (rs = 0.351, P < 0.05) in the AD patients (Figures 1 and 2). APOE genotype, age and gender did not correlate with the CSF MMPs and TIMP-1 levels or with the CSF MMP/TIMP-1 ratio.
Scatter plot of CSF MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and CSF T-tau levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CSF T-tau levels are presented in ng/l. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.
Scatter plot of CSF MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio and CSF T-tau levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CSF T-tau levels are presented in ng/l. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.
In the group of healthy elderly individuals, both higher levels of CSF MMP-9 and MMP-3 correlated with higher CSF T-tau levels (rs = 0.494, P < 0.01 and rs = 0.557, P < 0.001) and P-tau levels (rs = 0.435, P < 0.05 and rs = 0.554, P < 0.001; Figures 3 and 4). As seen in the AD participants, higher CSF MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio correlated with higher CSF T-tau levels (rs = 0.352, P < 0.05) but in healthy elderly individuals the ratio also correlated with higher CSF P-tau levels (rs = 0.376, P < 0.05).
Scatter plot of CSF MMP-9 levels and CSF T-tau levels in the cognitively healthy elderly individuals. CSF MMP-9 levels are presented in ng/ml and CSF T-tau levels are presented in ng/l. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
Scatter plot of CSF MMP-9 levels and CSF P-tau levels in the cognitively healthy elderly individuals. CSF MMP-9 levels are presented in ng/ml and CSF P-tau levels are presented in ng/l. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
The seven healthy elderly individuals with an AD-supportive CSF biomarker pattern (CSF Aβ42/P-tau ratio <6.5 combined with CSF T-tau >350 ng/l ) had significantly higher levels of CSF MMP-9 (z = -2.37, P < 0.05; Figure 5) compared with the other 27 healthy elderly individuals. In addition, the nine APOE ε4 allele carriers had higher levels of CSF MMP-9 (z = -2.13, P < 0.05; Figure 6) and CSF MMP-3 (z = -2.23, P < 0.05) compared with the 25 non-carriers.
Error plot of difference in CSF MMP-9 levels between the cognitively healthy elderly individuals with AD-indicative CSF biomarker levels (n = 7) compared with those with unaffected CSF biomarker levels (n = 27). CSF MMP-9 levels are presented in ng/ml. AD, Alzheimer's disease; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
Error plot of difference in MMP-9 levels between cognitively healthy elderly individuals with at least one APOE ε4 allele (n = 9) compared with those without the allele (n = 25). CSF MMP-9 levels are presented in ng/ml. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
In the present study we show that AD patients have a higher MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and a lower TIMP-1 level in CSF compared with cognitively healthy elderly individuals and that the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in AD patients correlates with CSF T-tau, a marker of neuronal degeneration. In the group of healthy elderly individuals we observed that the individuals with risk markers for possible future AD, that is AD-supportive CSF biomarkers (tau and Aβ42) or presence of the APOE ε4 allele, have higher CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels and a higher CSF MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio compared with the individuals without risk markers. In addition, the CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels correlate with the CSF T-tau and P-tau levels in the elderly controls.
The findings of this study are in alignment with the elevated expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 that have been observed in brain tissue of patients with established AD [7, 8]. In particular, MMP-9 has been observed to have elevated expression in the hippocampus, around senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and in vessel walls [6, 8], whereas MMP-3 is expressed primarily around plaques in the parietal lobes . Hence, the expression of these MMPs is located in the brain regions and adjacent to histologic features that are closely related to AD. However, not all types of MMPs seem to be associated with AD pathogeneses. In the present study, MMP-1 (a collagenase) does not correlate with AD diagnosis or risk factors for future development of AD, a finding that is supported by a previous study that investigated the levels of different MMPs in plasma of AD patients .
The increased levels of several MMPs in the CSF of individuals with increased risk for AD, as observed in the current study, could be explained by several plausible mechanisms associated with AD pathology. In general, the CSF levels of MMPs are influenced by the production of MMPs by neurons and glial cells, the release of MMPs by inflammatory cells and extravasation of MMPs from peripheral blood. All of these mechanisms could be influenced by AD pathology. For example, increased levels of plasma MMP-9 have been observed in AD patients [30, 31]. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have further suggested that the production of MMP-3 and MMP-9 are induced by AD-related proteins such as Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42[9–12]. Finally, pro-inflammatory molecules, which exist in and contribute to the AD neurodegenerative process, are inducers of MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression both locally in the brain and in inflammatory cells recruited from the peripheral circulation [2, 12, 32].
In the current study, CSF TIMP-1 levels were decreased and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was higher in AD patients when compared with healthy individuals. This could suggest the presence of an imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in AD patients, which leads to a predominant MMP-9 activity in the brain. This idea is further supported by the association between high levels of CSF tau and high MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in the AD group.
A number of actions of MMPs and TIMPs, apart from the inflammatory response, have been closely linked to AD pathology. For example, MMP-9 has been shown to be able to cleave and degrade Aβ40 and aggregated Aβ42 fibrils both in vitro and in vivo[4, 8, 13]. In light of these possible AD protecting effects of MMP-9, it has been suggested that the increased MMP-9 levels observed in AD might be of the inactive form [2, 8, 12]. This could explain why Aβ still accumulates into plaques despite the increased levels of certain MMPs. It can further be noted that a specific MMP or TIMP has diverse effects on brain tissue depending on the situation, location and point in time of its expression and release [2, 3]. An alternative interpretation of the increased MMP levels in AD could be that the detrimental activity of MMPs, which leads to brain damage, exceeds its beneficial brain protective activity. Interestingly, Mizoguchi and colleagues have recently shown that Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in vitro as well as cognitive impairment in vivo is significantly alleviated by treatment with MMP inhibitors and significantly reduced in MMP-9 homozygous knockout mice, indicating that MMP-9 expression in the hippocampus might be involved in Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, another study has shown increased activity of MMP-9 after stimulation with neurotoxic kainate in organotypic hippocampal cultures and reduced neuronal cell death after inhibition of MMP-9 . Furthermore, in the same study, authors have shown that MMP-9 induces neuron death in vitro. Together these results indicate that MMP-9 might be involved in both Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction as well as in excitotoxic cell death in the hippocampus.
The progressive neurodegeneration in AD precedes the decline in cognitive function and dementia diagnosis by decades . The CSF biomarkers tau and Aβ are today well validated markers for AD pathology and they are associated with development of AD dementia in individuals with mild cognitive impairment [15–17]. Increasing evidence suggests that these CSF biomarkers indicate the presence of AD pathology also prior to the cognitive impairment, that is in cognitively unaffected elderly individuals [18–20, 34, 35]. In the present study certain MMPs and TIMP-1 levels were related to these CSF biomarkers. Interestingly, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were elevated in healthy elderly individuals with CSF biomarker levels implying an increased risk of future development of AD. In addition, increased CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels in healthy elderly individuals correlated with the CSF levels of T-tau and P-tau. In contrast, no correlations were seen with CSF levels of Aβ42, which is surprising due to the possible relation between MMP-9 and amyloid pathology seen in animal models and the fact that Aβ42 is thought to be the first biomarker to be changed in preclinical AD . However, a recent neuropathologic study reports that elevated MMP-9 activity correlates with Braak stage but not with NIA-Reagan diagnosis . The major difference between Braak stage and the NIA-Reagan criteria is that the former only evaluates presence of tau pathology, whereas the latter evaluates presence of both tau and amyloid pathology [38, 39]. In summary, our findings suggest that MMPs may be associated with AD pathology as well as with the presence of neuronal degeneration and formation of neurofibrillary tangles already in cognitively unaffected individuals.
Healthy elderly individuals with at least one APOE ε4 allele exhibit a three-fold increased risk of developing AD later on and are thereby more likely to have ongoing progressive neurodegenerative processes in the brain . The higher CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels seen in the healthy elderly individuals with at least one APOE ε4 allele in the present study, further supports a probable relation between MMPs and the presence of preclinical AD pathology. In alignment with this finding, Saarela and colleagues have previously shown that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele together with a certain MMP-3 polymorphism increases the risk for developing AD in cognitively unaffected elderly individuals more than the presence of APOE ε4 allele alone .
A limitation of the study might be that CSF T-tau, P-tau and Aβ42 levels were measured with different methods in the AD patients compared with the healthy elderly individuals. The aim of the present study, however, was not to make group comparisons of these three CSF biomarkers. Instead, they were used to employ correlations with other markers within each group and to define 'individuals within the control group with increased risk for future AD'. The group difference in the CSF analysis method should therefore not influence the findings of the study. Moreover, it should be stated that the present data do not suggest MMP and TIMP-1 levels to be used for diagnostic discrimination. For this purpose, the overlap between the groups are too great and the discriminatory ability too low compared with currently accepted biomarkers such as CSF T-tau, P-tau and Aβ42. Similarly, the specificity of MMP and TIMP-1 levels to AD can not be evaluated in the present study because it was not designed to study other dementia disorders than AD. Another limitation could be that extensive neuropsychological testing was not performed on the control individuals and that cognitive follow-up currently only exists up to the time of inclusion. However, the cognitive assessments performed at and prior to the inclusion together with the extensive clinical assessment should have minimized the presence of early-stage cognitive impairment in the control group. Despite these efforts complete absence of preclinical cognitive impairment in the group can not be ensured.
In the present study, the CSF MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was increased in AD patients, and correlated with the neuronal degeneration marker tau. More importantly, cognitively healthy elderly individuals, with increased risk of developing AD in the future, had elevated CSF MMP-3 and MMP-9 levels and an increased CSF MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio, indicating that MMP-3 and MMP-9 might be involved in early pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, CSF levels of MMP-3 and MMP-9 correlated with both CSF T-tau and P-tau in elderly controls, suggesting that MMPs could be associated with neuronal degeneration and/or the formation of P-tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in individuals who have not yet developed any overt cognitive dysfunction.
We would like to thank laboratory assistant Marit Emilsson for assistance in the TIMP-1 analysis. This study was supported by unconditional grants by the Swedish Research Council; Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor; Skåne county council's research and development foundation; The Swedish Society of Medicine; The Swedish Brain Power; The Trolle-Wachtmeister foundation and The regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Skåne County Council and Lund University.
ES participated in the design of the study, acquisition of data, statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. MB performed the immunoassays. SJ performed the immunoassays. LM conceived the study. OH conceived the study, participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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0.977789 |
Park the vehicle and stop the engine. Arm the system as described below.
2. Make sure that all doors, the engine hood and tailgate are closed and latched.
3. • Lock the doors by pressing the button of the front outside door handle with the smart key in your possession. After completion of the steps above, the hazard warning lights will operate once to indicate that the system is armed.
If the tailgate or engine hood remains opened, the hazard warning lights will not operate and theft-alarm will not arm. After this, if the tailgate and engine hood are closed, the hazard warning lights will blink once and the theft-alarm will arm.
• Lock the doors by pressing the lock button on the smart key.
After completion of the steps above, the hazard warning lights will operate once to indicate that the system is armed.
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0.988551 |
As a sketch comedy group which regularly uploads videos of their work to their own YouTube channel, the premise behind The Hard Comedy: Offline is a fairly logical one. Take their collection of videos, recreate them live on stage, all whilst promising to reveal the secret of how to make a good viral video. The inconvenient truth is that their type of comedy just doesn't translate well to a live gig, and is lacking in the punchy satire they promise.
There is certainly some kind of structure to the show, plenty of carefully crafted props, and the performers themselves really throw themselves into every sketch, with vigour, sincerity and quite decent accents. But the material itself is the problem, it's just too late to the party - a joke about internet buffering was made in an almost identical manner in 2011, by popular comedian Adam Buxton on even more popular panel show Never Mind The Buzzcocks. Two cutesy characters, the Snuggle Bunnies (Brittany N Williams and Clare Fitton) threatening violence against special friend Nick (Chris Dingli) is an old comedy trope. Think as far back as Tom and Jerry or Itchy and Scratchy - or in more recent years, Happy Tree Friends and the slightly more controversial Retarded Animal Babies.
An ongoing joke about Rihanna's unsuitability as a role model delivered by Williams and Catherine Povinelli did reference RiRi's recent battle with Topshop, making it vaguely current, but the meat of the sketch was a controversial song, and again, we've already seen something similar - this time on South Park.
Like Movie 43 - the justifiably panned celebathon which strung together YouTube clips - we were left with the impression that a lot of talent had been wasted, that the stars had done better and would go on to do better. With The Hard Comedy: Offline, we had a similar reaction - we saw glimpses of potential, but sadly nothing rip-roaringly funny.
Dingli's internet troll would have made a good throughline, it's a shame that he didn't reprise this character. And whilst the unicorn sketch didn't tickle us, we thought he cut a good David Bowie. Avita Jay and Emiko Ishii - and to a lesser extent, Emile Clarke - played to stereotypes, treading the difficult line between humour and racism. They managed not to offend, but didn't quite manage to make us laugh either.
Writing such a negative review feels a bit like voting off a group of young children on Britain's Got Talent, who are up against much better contestants. You know it's right to cheer on the other ones, but your heart breaks a little at the same time. What we would say to the group is stick to the online format, it works much better - the slick cinematography and background music polish off each sketch, and you just can't get that kind of editing live. And invest more time in the ideas stage, you have enough presence and personality to execute the ideas, but only if they're original. And here, they are frankly not.
All the performers seemed to have a lot of fun, not letting the lack of reaction from the audience faze them, showing an admirable "show must go on" attitude. But the audience also need to have a good time - and the applause at the end of the night felt more polite than enthusiastic. We wish all involved the very best of British, but The Hard Comedy: Offline is not going to get a million likes.
The Hard Comedy: Offline opened on 1st August and runs until 3rd August 2013.
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It is believed that approximately 20 percent of the diabetic population meet the criteria for a diagnosis of anxiety. Anxiety arises due to a number of thought processes including fear of social rejection by friends as a direct result of being diagnosed with diabetes.
It is generally the case that friends, family, co-workers and peers are accepting of diabetes, some might require a little help understanding exactly what it is. Explain the condition of diabetes can in some people cause anxiety, worrying about what they should say when asked about the condition and how people may respond.
Diabetic people may develop anxiety about getting a hypoglycaemic episode in public or at work or even alone. Distress and anxiety may arise over how a hypo could affect social relationships and concern over what could happen if it happened while alone, potentially unable to bring themselves out of the hypo.
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Apollo 8 was the first manned space voyage to achieve a velocity sufficient to allow escape from the gravitational field of planet Earth; the first to enter the gravitational field of another celestial body; the first to escape from the gravitational field of another celestial body; and the first manned voyage to return to planet Earth from another celestial body. The three-man crew of Mission Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes, as well as the first humans to see planet Earth from orbit about another celestial body. The mission also involved the first manned launch of a Saturn V rocket, and was the second manned mission of the Apollo Program.
Originally planned as a low-earth orbit Lunar Module/Command Module test, the mission profile was changed to the more ambitious lunar orbital flight in August 1968 when the Lunar Module scheduled for the flight became delayed. The new mission's profile, procedures and personnel requirements left an uncharacteristically short time-frame for training and preparation, thus placing more than the usual requirements of time, talent, and discipline on the crew.
After launching on December 21, 1968, the crew took three days to travel to the Moon. They orbited ten times over the course of 20 hours, during which the crew made a Christmas Eve television broadcast in which they read the first 10 verses from the Book of Genesis. The crew timed this reading to coincide with a full view of planet Earth hanging in the empty blackness of space while clearly showing the rich diversity of the living planet as indicated in Terran colors, seas, landforms, and weather patterns, rising over the dull gray horizon of the lifeless Moon. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo 8's successful mission paved the way for Apollo 11 to fulfill U.S. President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade.
Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.
Lovell was originally the CMP on the back-up crew, with Michael Collins as the prime crew's CMP. However, Collins was replaced in July 1968, after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair.
Originally, Lovell was the backup CMP, and Aldrin was backup LMP. When Lovell was rotated to the prime crew, no one with experience of CSM 103 (the specific spacecraft used for the mission) was available, so Aldrin was moved to CMP and Fred Haise brought in as backup LMP. Armstrong went on to command Apollo 11, but Aldrin was demoted to Lunar Module Pilot. Michael Collins came back as Command Module Pilot, bumping Haise to be backup LMP. Haise later flew on Apollo 13.
The Earth-based mission control teams for Apollo 8 consisted of astronauts assigned to the support crew, as well as non-astronaut flight directors and their staffs. The support crew members were not trained to fly the mission, but were able to stand in for astronauts in meetings and be involved in the minutiae of mission planning, while the prime and backup crews trained. They also served as capcoms during the mission. For Apollo 8, these crew members included astronauts John S. Bull, Vance D. Brand, Gerald P. Carr, and Ken Mattingly. The mission control teams on Earth rotated in three shifts, each led by a flight director. The directors for Apollo 8 included Cliff Charlesworth (Green team), Glynn Lunney (Black team), and Milton Windler (Maroon team).
The triangular shape of the insignia symbolizes the shape of the Apollo command module. It shows a red figure 8 looping around the earth and moon representing the mission number as well as the circumlunar nature of the mission. On the red number 8 are the names of the three astronauts.
The initial design of the insignia was developed by Jim Lovell. Lovell reportedly sketched the initial design while riding in the backseat of a T-38 flight from California to Houston, shortly after learning of the re-designation of the flight to become a lunar orbital mission.
Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 had been "A" missions, each launching an unmanned Block I production model of the Apollo Command and Service Modules into Earth Orbit. Apollo 7, scheduled for October 1968, would be a manned Earth Orbit flight of the CSM, completing the objectives for Mission "C".
Further missions relied on the readiness of the Lunar Module (LM). Production of the LM was behind schedule, with the first model arriving at Cape Canaveral in June 1968. Even then, significant defects were discovered, leading Grumman, the lead contractor for the LM, to predict that the first mission-ready LM would not be ready until at least February 1969. This would mean delaying the proposed "D" mission and endangering the program's goal of a lunar landing before the end of 1969. Even more pressing was a CIA report that the Soviets were expected to attempt to send cosmonauts on a Zond circumlunar mission before the end of the year. If the Soviets were successful in being first to get humans around the Moon, then that would greatly detract from having Americans being first to land on the Moon.
George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August. Since the Command/Service Module (CSM) would be ready three months before the Lunar Module, a CSM-only mission could be flown in December 1968. Instead of just repeating the "C" mission flight of Apollo 7, this CSM could be sent all the way to the Moon, with the possibility of entering a lunar orbit. The new mission would also allow NASA to test lunar landing procedures that would otherwise have to wait until Apollo 10, the scheduled "F" mission.
Almost every senior manager at NASA agreed with this new mission, citing both confidence in the hardware and personnel, and the potential for a significant morale boost provided by a circumlunar flight. The only person who needed some convincing was James E. Webb, the NASA administrator. With the rest of his agency in support of the new mission, Webb eventually approved the mission change. The mission was officially changed from a "D" mission to a "C-Prime" Lunar Orbit mission, but was still referred to in press releases as an Earth Orbit mission at Webb's direction. No public announcement was made about the change in mission until November 12, three weeks after Apollo 7's successful Earth Orbit mission and less than 40 days before launch.
With the change in mission for Apollo 8, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton decided to swap the crews of the D and E missions. James McDivitt, the original commander of the D mission, has said he was never offered the circumlunar flight, but would probably have turned it down, as he wanted to fly the lunar module. Borman, on the other hand, jumped at the chance: his original mission would just have been a repeat of the previous flight, except in a higher orbit. This swap also meant a swap of spacecraft, requiring Borman's crew to use CSM-103, while McDivitt's crew would use CSM-104.
On September 9, the crew entered the simulators to begin their preparation for the flight. By the time the mission flew, the crew would have spent seven hours training for every actual hour of flight. Although all crew members were trained in all aspects of the mission, it was necessary to specialize. Borman, as commander, was given training on controlling the spacecraft during the re-entry. Lovell was trained on navigating the spacecraft in case communication was lost with the Earth. Anders was placed in charge of checking that the spacecraft was in working order.
The crew, now living in the crew quarters at Kennedy Space Center, received a visit from Charles Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, the night before the launch. They talked about how before his 1927 flight, Lindbergh had used a piece of string to measure the distance from New York City to Paris on a globe and from that calculated the fuel needed for the flight. The total was a tenth of the amount that the Saturn V would burn every second.
The next day, the Lindberghs watched the launch of Apollo 8 from a nearby dune. Anne Morrow Lindbergh would later write a book about the Apollo program, entitled Earth Shine, which mentions both the launch and the mission.
being rolled out to Pad 39A.
The Saturn V rocket used by Apollo 8 was designated SA-503, or the "03rd" model of the Saturn V ("5") Rocket to be used in the Saturn-Apollo ("SA") program. When it was erected in the Vertical Assembly Building on December 20, 1967, it was thought that the rocket would be used for an unmanned Earth-orbit test flight carrying a boilerplate Command/Service Module. Apollo 6 had suffered several major problems during its April 1968 flight, including severe pogo oscillation during its first stage, two second stage engine failures, and a third stage that failed to reignite in orbit. Without assurances that these problems had been rectified, NASA administrators could not justify risking a manned mission until additional unmanned test flights proved that the Saturn V was ready.
Teams from the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) went to work on the problems. Of primary concern was the pogo oscillation, which would not only hamper engine performance, but could exert significant g-forces on a crew. A task force of contractors, NASA agency representatives, and MSFC researchers concluded that the engines vibrated at a frequency similar to the frequency at which the spacecraft itself vibrated, causing a resonance effect that induced oscillations in the rocket. A system using helium gas to absorb some of these vibrations was installed.
Of equal importance was the failure of three engines during flight. Researchers quickly determined that a leaking hydrogen fuel line ruptured when exposed to vacuum, causing a loss of fuel pressure in engine two. When an automatic shutoff attempted to close the liquid hydrogen valve and shut down engine two, it accidentally shut down engine three's liquid oxygen due to a faulty igniter line. As a result, engine three failed within one second of engine two's shutdown. Further investigation revealed the same problem for the third-stage engine � a faulty igniter line. The team modified the igniter lines and fuel conduits, hoping to avoid similar problems on future launches.
The teams tested their solutions in August 1968 at the Marshall Space Flight Center. A Saturn stage IC was equipped with shock absorbing devices to demonstrate the team's solution to the problem of pogo oscillation, while a Saturn Stage II was retrofitted with modified fuel lines to demonstrate their resistance to leaks and ruptures in vacuum conditions. Once NASA administrators were convinced that the problems were solved, they gave their approval for a manned mission using AS-503.
The Apollo 8 spacecraft was placed on top of the rocket on September 21 and the rocket made the slow 3-mile (5 km) journey to the launch pad on October 9. Testing continued all through December until the day before launch, including various levels of readiness testing from 5 December through 11 December. Final testing of modifications to address the problems of pogo oscillation, ruptured fuel lines, and bad igniter lines took place on 18 December, a mere three days before the scheduled launch.
Apollo 8 launched at 7:51:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on December 21, 1968, using the Saturn V's three stages, S-IC, S-II, and S-IVB, to achieve Earth orbit. The launch phase experienced only three minor problems: The engines of the first stage, S-IC, underperformed by 0.75%, causing the engines to burn for 2.45 seconds longer than planned, and toward the end of the second stage burn, S-II, the rocket underwent pogo oscillations. Frank Borman estimated the oscillations were approximately 12 Hertz and ±0.25 g (±2.5 m/s²). The apogee was also slightly higher than the planned circular orbit of 115 miles (185 km). In its first manned mission, the Saturn V rocket placed Apollo 8 into a 112.8 miles (181.5 km) by 118.9 miles (191.4 km) Earth orbit with a period of 88 minutes and 10 seconds.
All three rocket stages fired during launch; the S-IC and S-II detached during launch. The S-IC impacted the Atlantic Ocean at 30°12’N 74°7’W and the S-II second stage at 31°50’N 37°17’W. The third stage of the rocket, S-IVB, assisted in driving the craft into Earth orbit but remained attached to later perform the Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI), the burn that would put the spacecraft on a trajectory to the Moon.
Once in Earth orbit, both the Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control spent the next 2 hours and 38 minutes checking that the spacecraft was in proper working order and ready for TLI. The proper operation of third stage of the rocket, S-IVB was crucial; In the last unmanned test, the S-IVB had failed to re-ignite for TLI.
During the flight, three fellow astronauts served on the ground as capsule communicators (usually referred to as "CAPCOMs") on a rotating schedule. The CAPCOMs were the only people who regularly communicated with the crew. Michael Collins was the first CAPCOM on duty and at 2 hours, 27 minutes and 22 seconds after launch radioed, "Apollo 8. You are Go for TLI". This communication signified that Mission Control had given official permission for Apollo 8 to go to the moon. Over the next twelve minutes before the TLI burn, the Apollo 8 crew continued to monitor the spacecraft and the rocket. The S-IVB third stage rocket ignited on time and burned perfectly for 5 minutes and 17 seconds. The burn increased the velocity of Apollo 8 to 35,505 feet per second (24,207.95 mph) (10,822 m/s) and the spacecraft's altitude at the end of the burn was 215.4 miles (346.7 km). At this time, the crew also set the record for the highest speed humans had ever traveled.
After the S-IVB had performed its required tasks, it was jettisoned. The crew then rotated the spacecraft to take some photographs of the spent stage and then practiced flying in formation with it. As the crew rotated the spacecraft, they had their first views of the Earth as they moved away from it. This marked the first time humans could view the whole Earth at once. Borman became worried that the S-IVB was staying too close to the Command/Service Module and suggested to Mission Control that the crew perform a separation maneuver. Mission Control first suggested pointing the spacecraft towards Earth and using the Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters on the Service Module to add 3 ft/s (0.9 m/s) away from the Earth, but Borman did not want to lose sight of the S-IVB. After discussion, the crew and Mission Control decided to burn in this direction, but at 9 ft/s (2.7 m/s) instead. These discussions put the crew an hour behind their flight plan.
Five hours after launch, Mission Control sent a command to the S-IVB booster to vent its remaining fuel through its engine bell to change the booster's trajectory. This S-IVB would then pass the Moon and enter into a solar orbit, posing no further hazard to Apollo 8. The S-IVB subsequently went into a 0.99 by 0.92 AU solar orbit with an inclination of 23.47° and a period of 340.80 days.
The Apollo 8 crew were the first humans to pass through the Van Allen radiation belts, which extend up to 15,000 miles (25,000 km) from Earth. Scientists predicted that passing through the belts quickly at the spacecraft's high speed would cause a radiation dosage of no more than a chest X-ray, or 1 milligray (during the course of a year, the average human receives a dose of 2 to 3 mGy). To record the actual radiation dosages, each crew member wore a Personal Radiation Dosimeter that transmitted data to Earth as well as three passive film dosimeters that showed the cumulative radiation experienced by the crew. By the end of the mission, the crew experienced an average radiation dose of 1.6 mGy.
South America in the middle.
Jim Lovell's main job as Command Module Pilot was as navigator. Although Mission Control performed all of the actual navigation calculation, it was necessary to have a crew member serving as navigator so that the crew could successfully return to Earth in case of communication loss with Mission Control. Lovell navigated by star sightings using a sextant built into the spacecraft, measuring the angle between a star and the Earth's (or the Moon's) horizon. This task proved to be difficult, as a large cloud of debris around the spacecraft formed by the venting S-IVB made it hard to distinguish the stars.
By seven hours into the mission, the crew was about one hour and 40 minutes behind flight plan due to the issues of moving away from the S-IVB and Lovell's obscured star sightings. The crew now placed the spacecraft into Passive Thermal Control (PTC), also known as "barbecue" mode. PTC involved the spacecraft rotating about once per hour along its long axis to ensure even heat distribution across the surface of the spacecraft. In direct sunlight, the spacecraft could be heated to over 200 °C while the parts in shadow would be -100 °C. These temperatures could cause the heat shield to crack or propellant lines to burst. As it was impossible to get a perfect roll, the spacecraft actually swept out a cone as it rotated. The crew had to make minor adjustments every half hour as the cone pattern got larger and larger.
The first mid-course correction came 11 hours into the flight. Testing on the ground had shown the that the Service Propulsion System (SPS) engine had a small chance of exploding when burned for long periods unless its combustion chamber was "coated" first. Burning the engine for a short period would accomplish coating. This first correction burn was only 2.4 seconds and added about 20.4 ft/s (6.2 m/s) prograde (in the direction of travel). This change was less than the planned 24.8 ft/s (7.5 m/s) due to a bubble of helium in the oxidizer lines causing lower than expected fuel pressure. The crew had to use the small Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters to make up the shortfall. Two later planned mid-course corrections were canceled as the Apollo 8 trajectory was found to be perfect.
Eleven hours into the flight, the crew had been awake for over 16 hours. Before launch, NASA had decided that at least one crew member should be awake at all times to deal with any issues that might arise. Borman started the first sleep shift, but between the constant radio chatter and mechanical noises, he found sleep difficult.
About an hour after starting his sleep shift, Borman requested clearance to take a Seconal sleeping pill. However, the pill had little effect. Borman eventually fell asleep but then awoke feeling ill. He vomited twice and had a bout of diarrhea that left the spacecraft full of small globules of vomit and feces that the crew cleaned up to the best of their ability. Borman initially decided that he did not want everyone to know about his medical problems, but Lovell and Anders wanted to inform Mission Control. The crew decided to use the Data Storage Equipment (DSE), which could tape voice recordings and telemetry and dump them to Mission Control at high speed. After recording a description of Borman's illness they requested that Mission Control check the recording, stating that they "would like an evaluation of the voice comments".
The Apollo 8 crew and Mission Control medical personnel held a conference using an unoccupied second floor control room (there were two identical control rooms in Houston on the second and third floor, only one of which was used during the course of a mission). The conference participants decided that there was little to worry about and that Borman's illness was either a 24-hour flu, as Borman thought, or a reaction to the sleeping pill. Researchers now believe that he was suffering from space adaptation syndrome, which affects about a third of astronauts during their first day in space as their vestibular system adapts to weightlessness. Space adaptation syndrome had not been an issue on previous spacecraft (Mercury and Gemini), as those astronauts were unable to move freely in the comparatively smaller cabins of those spacecraft. The increased cabin space in the Apollo Command Module afforded astronauts greater freedom of movement, contributing to symptoms of spacesickness for Borman and, later, astronaut Russell Schweickart during Apollo 9.
Moon; Frank Borman is in the center.
The cruise phase was a relatively uneventful part of the flight, except for the crew checking that the spacecraft was in working order and that they were on course. During this time, NASA scheduled a television broadcast at 31 hours after launch. The Apollo 8 crew used a 2 kg camera that broadcast in black-and-white only, using a Vidicon tube. The camera had two lenses, a very wide-angle (160°) lens, and a telephoto (9°) lens.
During this first broadcast, the crew gave a tour of the spacecraft and attempted to show how the Earth appeared from space. However, difficulties aiming the narrow-angle lens without the aid of a monitor to show what it was looking at made showing the Earth impossible. Additionally, the Earth image became saturated by any bright source without proper filters. In the end, all the crew could show the people watching back on Earth was a bright blob. After broadcasting for 17 minutes, the rotation of the spacecraft took the high-gain antenna out of view of the receiving stations on Earth and they ended the transmission with Lovell wishing his mother a happy birthday.
By this time, the crew had completely abandoned the planned sleep shifts. Lovell went to sleep 32½ hours into the flight � 3½ hours before he had planned to. A short while later, Anders also went to sleep after taking a sleeping pill.
The crew was unable to see the Moon for much of the outward cruise. Two factors made the Moon almost impossible to see from inside the spacecraft: three of the five windows fogging up due to out-gassed oils from the silicone sealant, and the attitude required for the PTC. It was not until the crew had gone behind the Moon that they would be able to see it for the first time.
The Apollo 8 made a second television broadcast at 55 hours into the flight. This time, the crew rigged up filters meant for the still cameras so they could acquire images of the Earth through the telephoto lens. Although difficult to aim, as they had to maneuver the entire spacecraft, the crew was able to broadcast back to Earth the first television pictures of the Earth. The crew spent the transmission describing the Earth and what was visible and the colors they could see. The transmission lasted 23 minutes.
At about 55 hours and 40 minutes into the flight, the crew of Apollo 8 became the first humans to enter the gravitational sphere of influence of another celestial body. In other words, the effect of the Moon's gravitational force on Apollo 8 became stronger than that of the Earth. At the time it happened, Apollo 8 was 38,759 miles (62,377 km) from the Moon and had a speed of 3,990 ft/s (2720.45 mph) (1,216 m/s) relative to the Moon. This historic moment was of little interest to the crew since they were still calculating their trajectory with respect to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center. They would continue to do so until they performed their last mid-course correction, switching to a reference frame based on ideal orientation for the second engine burn they would make in lunar orbit. It was only thirteen hours until they would be in lunar orbit.
The last major event before Lunar Orbit Insertion was a second mid-course correction. It was in retrograde (against direction of travel) and slowed the spacecraft down by 2.0 ft/s (0.6 m/s), effectively lowering the closest distance that the spacecraft would pass the moon. At exactly 61 hours after launch, about 24,200 miles (39,000 km) from the Moon, the crew burned the RCS for 11 seconds. They would now pass 71.7 miles (115.4 km) from the lunar surface.
At 64 hours into the flight, the crew began to prepare for Lunar Orbit Insertion-1 (LOI-1). This maneuver had to be performed perfectly, and due to orbital mechanics had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a Go/No Go decision, the crew was told at 68 hours, they were Go and "riding the best bird we can find". At 68 hours and 58 minutes, the spacecraft went behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth.
The first Earthrise photographed by humans.
With 10 minutes before the LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and made sure that every switch was in the correct place. At that time, they finally got their first glimpses of the Moon. They had been flying over the unlit side, and it was Lovell who saw the first shafts of sunlight obliquely illuminating the lunar surface. The LOI burn was only two minutes away, so the crew had little time to appreciate the view.
The SPS ignited at 69 hours, 8 minutes, and 16 seconds after launch and burned for 4 minutes and 13 seconds, placing the Apollo 8 spacecraft in orbit around the Moon. The crew described the burn as being the longest four minutes of their lives. If the burn had not lasted exactly the correct amount of time, the spacecraft could have ended up in a highly elliptical lunar orbit or even flung off into space. If it lasted too long they could have impacted the Moon. After making sure the spacecraft was working, they finally had a chance to look at the Moon, which they would orbit for the next 20 hours.
On Earth, Mission Control continued to wait. If the crew had not burned the engine or the burn had not lasted the planned length of time, the crew would appear early from behind the Moon. However, this time came and went without Apollo 8 reappearing. Exactly at the predicted moment, the signal was received from the spacecraft, indicating it was in a 193.3-mile (311.1 km) by 69.5-mile (111.8 km) orbit about the Moon.
The Moon is essentially grey, no color; looks like plaster of Paris or sort of a grayish beach sand. We can see quite a bit of detail. The Sea of Fertility doesn't stand out as well here as it does back on Earth. There's not as much contrast between that and the surrounding craters. The craters are all rounded off. There's quite a few of them, some of them are newer. Many of them look like � especially the round ones � look like hit by meteorites or projectiles of some sort. Langrenus is quite a huge crater; it's got a central cone to it. The walls of the crater are terraced, about six or seven different terraces on the way down.
Lovell continued to describe the terrain they were passing over. One of the crew's major tasks was reconnaissance of planned future landing sites on the Moon, especially one in Mare Tranquillitatis that would be the Apollo 11 landing site. The launch time of Apollo 8 had been chosen to give the best lighting conditions for examining the site. A film camera had been set up in one of the spacecraft windows to record a frame every second of the Moon below. Bill Anders spent much of the next 20 hours taking as many photographs as possible of targets of interest. By the end of the mission the crew had taken 700 photographs of the Moon and 150 of the Earth.
A portion of the lunar near side.
half of the photo is Goclenius.
Throughout the hour that the spacecraft was in contact with Earth, Borman kept asking how the data for the SPS looked. He wanted to make sure that the engine was working and could be used to return early to the Earth if necessary. He also asked that they receive a Go/No Go decision before they passed behind the Moon on each orbit.
As they reappeared for their second pass in front of the Moon, the crew set up the equipment to broadcast a view of the lunar surface. Anders described the craters that they were passing over. At the end of this second orbit they performed the eleven-second LOI-2 burn of the SPS to circularize the orbit to 70.0 miles (112.7 km) by 71.3 miles (114.7 km).
Through the next two orbits, the crew continued to keep check of the spacecraft and to observe and photograph the Moon. During the third pass, Borman read a small prayer for his church. He was scheduled to participate in a service at St. Christopher's Episcopal Church near Seabrook, Texas, but due to the Apollo 8 flight was unable. A fellow parishioner and engineer at Mission Control, Rod Rose, suggested that Borman read the prayer which could be recorded and then replayed during the service.
When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed Earthrise for the first time in human history. Borman saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photo as he did so. In the ensuing scramble Anders took the more famous colour photo, later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century. Due to the synchronous rotation of the Moon about the Earth, Earthrise is not generally visible from the Lunar surface. Earthrise is generally only visible when orbiting the Moon, other than at selected places near the Moon's limb, where libration carries the Earth slightly above and below the lunar horizon.
Anders continued to take photographs while Lovell assumed control of the spacecraft so Borman could rest. Despite the difficulty resting in the cramped and noisy capsule, Borman was able to sleep for two orbits, awakening periodically to ask questions about their status.
Borman awoke fully, however, when he started to hear his fellow crew members make mistakes. They were beginning to not understand questions and would have to ask for the answers to be repeated. Borman realized that everyone was extremely tired having not had a good night's sleep in over three days. Taking command, he ordered Anders and Lovell to get some sleep and that the rest of the flight plan regarding observing the Moon be scrubbed. At first Anders protested saying that he was fine, but Borman would not be swayed. At last Anders agreed as long as Borman would set up the camera to continue to take automatic shots of the Moon. Borman also remembered that there was a second television broadcast planned, and with so many people expected to be watching he wanted the crew to be alert. For the next two orbits Anders and Lovell slept while Borman sat at the helm. On subsequent Apollo missions, crews would avoid this situation by sleeping on the same schedule.
As they rounded the Moon for the ninth time, the second television transmission began. Borman introduced the crew, followed by each man giving his impression of the lunar surface and what it was like to be orbiting the Moon. Borman described it as being "a vast, lonely, forbidding expanse of nothing." Then, after talking about what they were flying over, Anders said that the crew had a message for all those on Earth. Each man on board read the story of creation from the Book of Genesis. Borman finished the broadcast by wishing a Merry Christmas to everyone on Earth. His message appeared to sum up the feelings that all three crewmen had from their vantage point in lunar orbit. Borman said, "And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, and a Merry Christmas to all of you, all of you on the good Earth".
The only task left for the crew at this point was to perform the Trans-Earth Injection (TEI), which was scheduled for 2½ hours after the end of the television transmission. The TEI was the most critical burn of the flight, as any failure of the SPS to ignite would strand the crew in Lunar orbit, with little hope of escape. As with the previous burn, the crew had to perform the maneuver above the far side of the Moon, out of contact with Earth.
The burn occurred exactly on time. The spacecraft telemetry was reacquired as it re-emerged from behind the Moon at 89 hours, 28 minutes, and 39 seconds, the exact time predicted. When voice contact was regained, Lovell announced, "Please be informed, there is a Santa Claus", to which Ken Mattingly, the current CAPCOM, replied, "That's affirmative, you are the best ones to know". The spacecraft began its journey back to Earth on December 25, Christmas Day.
Later, Lovell used some otherwise idle time to do some navigational sightings, maneuvering the module to view various stars by using the computer keyboard. However, he accidentally erased some of the computer's memory, which caused the inertial measuring unit (IMU) to think the module was in the same relative position it had been in before lift-off and fire the thrusters to "correct" the module's attitude.
Once the crew realized why the computer had changed the module's attitude, they realized they would have to re-enter data that would tell the computer its real position. It took Lovell ten minutes to figure out the right numbers, using the thrusters to get the stars Rigel and Sirius aligned, and another fifteen minutes to enter the corrected data into the computer.
Sixteen months later, Lovell would once again have to perform a similar manual re-alignment, under more critical conditions, during the Apollo 13 mission, after that module's IMU had to be turned off to conserve energy. In his 1994 book, Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, Lovell wrote, "My training [on Apollo 8] came in handy!". In that book he dismissed the incident as a "planned experiment", requested by the ground crew. However, in subsequent interviews Lovell has acknowledged that the incident was an accident, caused by his mistake.
The cruise back to Earth was mostly a time for the crew to relax and monitor the spacecraft. As long as the trajectory specialists had calculated everything correctly, the spacecraft would re-enter 2� days after TEI and splashdown in the Pacific.
On Christmas afternoon, the crew made their fifth television broadcast. This time they gave a tour of the spacecraft, showing how an astronaut lived in space. When they had finished broadcasting they found a small present from Deke Slayton in the food locker�real turkey with stuffing and three miniature bottles of brandy (which remained unopened). There were also small presents to the crew from their wives. The next day, at about 124 hours into the mission, the sixth and final TV transmission showed the mission's best video images of the earth, in a short four minute broadcast.
After two uneventful days the crew prepared for re-entry. The computer would control the re-entry and all the crew had to do was put the spacecraft in the correct attitude, blunt end forward. If the computer broke down, Borman would take over.
Once the Command Module was separated from the Service Module, the astronauts were committed to re-entry. Six minutes before they hit the top of the atmosphere, the crew saw the Moon rising above the Earth's horizon, just as had been predicted by the trajectory specialists. As they hit the thin outer atmosphere they noticed it was becoming hazy outside as glowing plasma formed around the capsule. The capsule started slowing down and the deceleration peaked at 6 g (59 m/s�). With the computer controlling the descent by changing the attitude of the capsule, Apollo 8 rose briefly like a skipping stone before descending to the ocean. At 30,000 feet (9 km) the drogue parachute stabilized the spacecraft and was followed at 10,000 feet (3 km) by the three main parachutes. The spacecraft splashdown position was estimated to be 8°6’N 165°1’W.
When it hit the water, the parachutes dragged the spacecraft over and left it upside down, in what was termed Stable 2 position. As they were buffeted by a 10-foot (3 m) swell, Borman was sick, waiting for the three flotation balloons to right the capsule. It was 43 minutes after splashdown before the first frogman from the USS Yorktown arrived, as the capsule had landed before sunrise. Forty-five minutes later, the crew was safe on the deck of the aircraft carrier.
Apollo 8 came at the end of 1968, a year that had seen much upheaval around the world. Yet, TIME magazine chose the crew of Apollo 8 as their Men of the Year for 1968, recognizing them as the people who most influenced events in the preceding year. They had been the first people ever to leave the gravitational influence of the Earth and orbit another celestial body. They had survived a mission that even the crew themselves had rated as only having a fifty-fifty chance of fully succeeding. The effect of Apollo 8 can be summed up by a telegram from a stranger, received by Borman after the mission, that simply stated, "Thank you Apollo 8. You saved 1968."
One of the most famous aspects of the flight was the Earthrise picture that was taken as they came around for their fourth orbit of the Moon. This was the first time that humans had taken such a picture whilst actually behind the camera. The picture of the whole Earth taken on the way out became an icon of the environmentalist movement, with the first Earth Day in 1970. It was selected as the first of Life magazine's 'hundred photos that changed the world'. Apollo 8 is regarded by some as the most historically significant of all the Apollo missions.
The mission was the most widely covered by the media since the first American orbital flight, Mercury-Atlas 6 by John Glenn in 1962. There were 1200 journalists covering the mission, with the BBC coverage being broadcast in 54 countries in 15 different languages. The Soviet newspaper Pravda featured a quote from Boris Nikolaevich Petrov, Chairman of the Soviet Intercosmos program, who described the flight as an "outstanding achievement of American space sciences and technology". It is estimated that a quarter of the people alive at the time saw � either live or delayed � the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The Apollo 8 broadcasts won an Emmy, the highest honor given by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.
Touring the world after the mission, Borman met with Pope Paul VI who told him "I have spent my entire life trying to say to the world what you did on Christmas Eve."
Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair later caused controversy by bringing a lawsuit against NASA over the reading from Genesis. O'Hair wished the courts to ban US astronauts � who were all Government employees � from public prayer in space. Though the case was rejected by the US Supreme Court for lack of jurisdiction, it caused NASA to be skittish about the issue of religion throughout the rest of the Apollo program. Buzz Aldrin, on Apollo 11, self-communicated Episcopal Communion on the surface of the moon after landing; he refrained from mentioning this publicly for several years, and only obliquely referred to it at the time.
In 1969, the US Postal Service issued a postage stamp (Scott # 1371) commemorating the Apollo 8 flight around the moon. The stamp featured a detail of the famous photograph of the Earthrise over the moon taken by Anders on Christmas Eve, and the words, "In the beginning God…"
The mission parameters for Apollo 8 differed significantly from those of previous flights, for several reasons. As the first manned spacecraft to orbit multiple celestial bodies, the mission recorded two different sets of orbital parameters. The mission was also the first to execute a translunar injection.
While in parking orbit around the Earth, Apollo 8 maintained altitude between a perigee of 112.8 miles (181.5 km) and an apogee of 118.9 miles (191.3 km). The inclination of this orbit, or its angle in relation to the equator, was 32.51°. Each orbit had a period of 88.17 minutes.
In contrast, the spacecraft orbited the Moon at more varying altitudes. At its lowest altitude above the moon's surface, the spacecraft had a pericynthion of 69.5 miles (111.9 km), while the highest altitude, or apocynthion, was 193.3 miles (311.1 km). The spacecraft took 128.7 minutes to complete each of its 10 circuits around the Moon, at an inclination of 12°.
The spacecraft began its translunar injection burn on December 21, 1968, at 15:41:38 UTC. The burn represented the second of two burns on the Saturn V rocket's S-IVB third stage. The rocket burned for a total of 318 seconds, propelling the 63,531 lb (28,817 kg) spacecraft from an Earth parking orbit velocity of 25,567 ft/s (17,432.04 mph) (7793 m/s) to a translunar trajectory velocity of 35,505 ft/s (24,207.95 mph) (10,822 m/s).
The command module is now displayed at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry, along with a collection of personal items from the flight donated by Lovell and the spacesuit worn by Frank Borman. Jim Lovell's Apollo 8 spacesuit is on public display in the Visitor Center at NASA's Glenn Research Center. Bill Anders' spacesuit is on display at the Science Museum in London, England.
Apollo 8's historic mission has been shown and referred to in several forms, both documentary and fiction. The various television transmissions and 16 mm footage shot by the crew of Apollo 8 was compiled and released by NASA in the 1969 documentary, Debrief: Apollo 8, which was hosted by Burgess Meredith. In addition, Spacecraft Films released a three-disc DVD set covering the mission in 2003. Portions of the Apollo 8 Mission can be seen in the 1989 documentary For All Mankind, which won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival for Outstanding Documentary.
Apollo 8 was mentioned in the film Apollo 13, though only briefly.
Portions of the Apollo 8 mission are dramatized in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode "1968". The S-IVB stage of Apollo 8 was also portrayed as the location of an alien device in the 1970 UFO episode "Conflict".
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0.951441 |
Image caption Jodie Whittaker in the BBC series "Trust Me" - the story of a "Quacksalver"
Snout-fair, dowsabel and percher are among 30 "lost" words which experts believe are still in current use.
Researchers have drawn up the list to persuade people that these defunct words can still have a relevance.
Snout-fair is a word for handsome, dowsabel means "lady-love", and a percher is a social climber.
Dominic Watt, senior linguistics lecturer at the University of York, said he hoped people would re-engage with the language of old.
The team spent three months searching through old books and dictionaries to create the list.
Mr Watt wants to bring these words back into modern conversations.
"We've identified lost words that are both interesting and thought-provoking, in the hope of helping people re-engage with language of old," he said.
"Snout-fair", for example, means "having a fair countenance; fair-faced, comely, handsome", while "sillytonian" refers to "a silly or gullible person, esp one considered as belonging to a notional sect of such people".
"Dowsabel" is "applied generically to a sweetheart, 'lady-love'".
Margot Leadbetter, the snobby neighbour from 1970s BBC sitcom, The Good Life, could be seen as an arch example of a "percher" - someone "who aspires to a higher rank or status; an ambitious or self-assertive person".
The BBC series Trust Me is the story of a "quacksalver" - a person who "dishonestly claims knowledge of, or skill in, medicine; a pedlar of false cures".
Image caption Joey Essex: "Snout-fair" to some, to others a "sillytonian"
The list of 30 "lost words" are grouped into three areas the researchers feel are relevant to modern life: post-truth (deception); appearance, personality and behaviour; and emotions.
The final list also includes the words "ear-rent" - described as "the figurative cost to a person of listening to trivial or incessant talk", "slug-a-bed" - meaning "a person who lies in late", and "merry-go-sorry" - a phrase used to describe "a mixture of joy and sorrow".
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0.938676 |
Middle East Perspectives by Rick Francona: After the recapture of Mosul, what's next?
The Iraqi government's hard-fought battle for the recapture of the city of Mosul is nearing its end. Forces of the so-called Islamic State (formerly the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, ISIS) who had occupied the city for almost three years are now surrounded in a small section of the old city.
The estimated 300 remaining ISIS fighters, who have decided to fight to the death and make the Iraqi victory as expensive as possible, are slowly being eliminated. After the old city is cleared, there remains only the Yarmuk neighborhood in ISIS control.
The Iraqi government, in its desire for a catchy political slogan, declared the "end of the caliphate" on June 29, exactly three years to the day when ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi made his only pubic appearance - that was on June 29, 2014 in the Great Mosque of al-Nuri, famous for its iconic leaning minaret nicknamed al-hadba' (the hunchback). ISIS destroyed the beloved minaret, and the fighting still rages on.
The Iraqis, who routinely underestimate the amount of time required to secure military objectives, claim they need another 48 hours. I said in a CNN International interview on June 28 that I thought it would take Iraqi forces at least another week to clear the old city, and then turn its attention to the Yarmuk neighborhood.
That said, Iraqi forces - the Army, Counterterrorism Force, Federal Police, and the Iranian-backed Shi'a militias known as Popular Mobilization Units - will clear the entire city of Mosul in short order. There will be, and should be, a great celebration. However, the recapture of Mosul is not the end of the fight to expel ISIS from Iraq or eradicate it altogether. There are still sizable areas of the country which remain firmly under ISIS control (see map).
The three main areas fully under ISIS control are around the city of al-Hawayjah (called the al-Huwayjah Pocket), a large expanse of desert in al-Anbar province from just west of the al-Hadithah dam on the Euphrates River to the Syrian border (ISIS control extends far into Syria), and an area west of Mosul near Tal'afar. Military operations in the Tal'Afar area have been assigned to the Shi'a militias.
Given the location of the al-Hawayjah Pocket, it will almost certainly be the next focus for Iraqi forces. The area is close to the major north-south highway that serves as the main line of communications for not only Iraqi forces, but the entire country.
Over the last few months, the pocket has been the subject of a high level of aerial reconnaissance activity, while the other areas have been largely ignored. The pocket is already surrounded - the Iraqis will not have to encircle it first as they did in the fight for Mosul.
The Iraqis will have to fight for the territory, but they will likely not face the level of resistance they did in Mosul. Mosul is a large city, while the al-Hawayjah is less congested and crowded. We should remember, though, that ISIS has had years to establish their defenses. It will not be the proverbial "cake walk," but it will not be the intense street-by-street, house-by-house urban combat Iraqi forces faced in the confines of the old city section of Mosul.
Then, if I were advising the Iraqis, I would recommend they focus their efforts on clearing the Euphrates Valley. As long as they control sections of one of the region's most vital waterways, they pose a threat. As the Iraqis push northwest up the river valley, it is likely that the bulk of the ISIS fighters will simply withdraw to the relative safely, at least for now, of Syria.
That raises a host of questions, much of which we do not yet know the answers.
If ISIS withdraws to Syria, to the Dayr al-Zawr area that they have renamed wilayat al-furat (Euphrates state), will the Iraqis pursue them across the border? Or, will they consider territorial ISIS to be now a Syrian or a U.S.-led coalition problem?
Will the Iraqis and Syrian form an alliance and continue the pursuit of ISIS?
What will be the role of the Kurds on both sides of the border in the final dismemberment of the Islamic State? In Syria, the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) - made up mostly of Kurdish fighters - are currently mounting an attack on the city of al-Raqqah, the main ISIS stronghold in Syria, yet have no formal alliance with the Syrian government of President Bashar al-Asad.
This is different than the situation on the Iraqi side of the border, where the Kurdish peshmerga are a recognized force by Baghdad (as are the Shi'a militias).
If there is an agreement between Damascus and Baghdad on coordinated military operations against ISIS on either side of the border, what will be the status of the Americans? On the Iraqi side, we are allied with Iraqi forces, but on the Syrian side, Syrian and American forces are arrayed against each other, particularly in the area of southeastern Syria.
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0.999686 |
What is the final price of an item given: Item Price = $ 85 Dollars ($) and Tax Rate = 6.35 Final Price =?
What is Final Price including Tax of an item, given: Before Tax Price = $85 and Sale Tax = 6.35 percent (%)?
What is the Tax of an item, given: Sale Tax = 6.35 percent (%) and Before Tax Price = $85?
1) You purchase a item for 85 dollars and pay 6.35 % (percent) in tax. How much is tax and the final retail price including tax?
2) You buy a item for 90.3975 dollars after tax was added. You know that the applicable tax rate is 6.35%. How much is the before tax price?
Divide the percentage added to the original by 100. Here, a sales tax of 6.35 percent was added to the bill to make it 90.3975. So, divide 6.35 by 100 to get 0.0635.
Add one to the percentage, expressed as a decimal. In this example, add one to 0.0635 to get 1.0635.
Divide the final amount by the result of the previous step to find the original amount before the percentage was added. In this example, divide 90.3975 by 1.0635 to find the amount before the sales tax was added, which equals 85.
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0.929635 |
List Rules All people who have been in Google Doodles, listed by most recent.
Who are the most influential people in history? Here's a good place to start. This is a list of every person who has ever been immortalized in a Google Doodle, in order from the very first to the most recent. The first Google Doodle appeared on on August 30, 1998, in honor of Burning Man, surprising visitors to the search engine homepage. It wasn't until 2001 that the very first real person was commemorated. In November of that year, a Google Doodle honored Claude Monet, artistically drawn in the style of the painter's famous water lilies. For more than a decade since, Google has celebrated artists, inventors, poets, musicians, activists, mathematicians, scientists, singers, architects, and hundreds of other people who have made positive contributions to the world as we know it. Every famous person who has been in a Google Doodle is listed in the order in which his or her Doodle appeared on the famous website, along with the date—or multiple dates, when applicable. While most of these cool and interesting people were honored on their birthdays, many others have been recognized on important anniversaries of their work. There is also a picture of each person's Google Doodle, and videos for important men and women like Freddie Mercury, Jules Verne, and Maya Angelou, whose Doodles were interactive.
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0.999998 |
number represented as a fractional string.
This output can be Inf, -Inf, or NaN if the value you wire to number is infinity or is not a number.
The following table shows how the values of number, width, and precision affect fractional format string. In this table, the underline character ( _ ) represents a space in fractional format string.
4.911 6 2 _ _4.91 number is rounded, padded with spaces on the left.
.003926 8 4 _ _0.0039 number is rounded, padded with spaces on the left.
-287.3 5 0 _-287 number is rounded, padded with spaces on the left.
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0.997112 |
Basement Water Leak can be the source of floods.
Basement Water Leak can be seen in floors and walls and is generally caused by some form of drainage problem outside the home, and not with anything underneath or inside the basement itself. Poor drainage outside can easily penetrate floors and walls, causing water damage and annoying leaks. Basement water leak can go undetected for long periods of time.
Basements can leak because the soil surrounding the foundation and the walls of a basement has become overly saturated. Often this occurs after a long rainy season, and particularly if it was preceded by a drought.
A common cause of basement is leaking might have to do with the gutter system. Old and poorly installed gutters tend to promote pooling water and cause a build-up of standing water around the foundation of a home. The water will leak into a basement, eventually penetrating the walls and causing serious damage.
If water doesn’t have a direction in which to flow, it will settle against the foundation of a home and find its way into the lowest chamber: the basement. There should be a small grade of slope from a home to the street, allowing for smooth water flow.
Increase the chances of stopping leaks in a basement by decreasing the amount of water that comes near a home. If the basement is still leaking after checking these items, it’s good to consult a plumber. The reason for the leaks might be in your interior plumbing rather than from an outside source.
1. Make sure all water is turned off inside and outside the home. This test must be performed when no automatic water equipment is used, such as irrigation controllers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc.
2. Record the reading of the water meter, and wait 15 minutes. Be certain no water is used during this time.
3. Record the reading of the meter again. If the meter has recorded water use during the test, it might be due to a leak. Verify that the water use is not due to small appliances such as water filters, water softeners, or whole house humidifiers.
The meter test verifies large leaks. This test does not verify small leaks that exist within the home. Additionally, when leaks are detected, this test does not indicate the location of the leaks. Further investigation is needed to detect and locate all significant leaks.
Sometimes there are leaks between the meter and the home, in the water supply line. These leaks are often difficult to detect because the supply pipe is usually buried at least 3 feet (.91 m) below the ground. Sometimes the leaking water will travel along the pipe, and back to the meter. If the meter box contains water, and the water is not due to rain or irrigation run-off, this may be an indicator there is a leak in the supply line. Another common exit point for the leaking water might be where the supply line rises above the ground and/or enters the house. If the soil is constantly damp at this location it might indicate a leak. In the case of a severe leak, the water will seep towards the ground surface, usually directly above the path of the underground pipe. Most often, leaks between the meter and the house are the responsibility of the homeowner; leaks from the meter or pipes leading from the main to the meter are the responsibility of the water utility. The water utility should be contacted before any attempt to repair the water supply pipe. If the utility deems the leak to be the responsibility of the homeowner, a professional licensed plumber should perform all repair work.
If you suspect you have a basement water leak, call a professional plumber who does leak detection. It’s important to have the problem thoroughly diagnosed and get the proper solution to prevent a flood. Call Carter’s My Plumber today for a Licensed Plumber.
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0.967479 |
India, the Republic of India occupies most of the subcontinent of India in Southern Asia. It borders on China in the northeast, Pakistan on the west, Nepal and Bhutan on the north, and Burma and Bangladesh on the east. The country can be divided into three distinct geographic regions; the Himalayan region in the north, which contains some of the highest mountains, the Gangetic Plain, and the plateau region in the south and central part.
It is home to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes of the great empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the first millennium and shaped the regions cultural diversity. Gradually annexed by the East India Company in the eighteenth century and colonized by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, achieving independence in 1947 after a struggle that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance.
Economic reforms have become the second best-growing economy, however, still suffers from high levels of poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and environmental degradation. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
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0.893695 |
We study graph realization problems where a degree sequence is given and the task is to decide whether there is a graph whose vertex degrees match to the given sequence. Realizing a given degree sequence as undirected or directed graph is known to be polynomial-time solvable. In contrary, we show NP-hardness for the problem of realizing a given sequence of pairs of positive integers (representing indegree and outdegree) with a directed acyclic graph, answering an open question of Berger and Müller-Hannemann [FCT 2011]. Furthermore, we classify the problem as fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the maximal degree.
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0.999999 |
Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě יעל איזנברג.
יעל איזנברג je pohřben(a) na hřbitově Gadot Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
יעל איזנברג was 16 years old when Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion.
יעל איזנברג was 30 years old when During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21.5 hours on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit.
יעל איזנברג was 33 years old when Vietnam War: The last United States combat soldiers leave South Vietnam. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some US perspectives. The majority of Americans believe the war was unjustified. The war would last roughly 19 years and would also form the Laotian Civil War as well as the Cambodian Civil War, which also saw all three countries become communist states in 1975.
יעל איזנברג was 43 years old when Michael Jackson's Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, was released. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.
יעל איזנברג was 50 years old when Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
יעל איזנברג was 63 years old when Invasion of Iraq: In the early hours of the morning, the United States and three other countries (the UK, Australia and Poland) begin military operations in Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War. The invasion phase began on 20 March 2003 and lasted just over one month, including 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. This early stage of the war formally ended on 1 May 2003 when U.S. President George W. Bush declared the "end of major combat operations", after which the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established as the first of several successive transitional governments leading up to the first Iraqi parliamentary election in January 2005. U.S. military forces later remained in Iraq until the withdrawal in 2011.
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0.978981 |
Use the exact verb(has/have) in the blank place .
1. Tiya ----------- collected the toys.
2. She --------- signed in the every function.
She ---------signed in the every function.
3. Ram ---------- sited on the mat.
Ram ------ sited on the mat.
4. I ------- played with my friends.
I ------played with my friends.
5. Siya and Diya ------ played with friends.
Siya and Diya --------t played with friends.
6. I ------- spoken in Hindi and English.
I ---------- spoken in Hindi and English.
8. My mother --------- cleaned my room.
My mother ------------ cleaned my room.
9. I -------- done with my food.
I -------- done with my food.
10. We ---------- played video games in the school.
We ---------- played video games in the school.
11. Lucky------- cleaned his room.
Lucky ---------- cleaned his room.
12. Savya ------- done her homework.
Savya --------- done her homework.
13. You have eaten vanilla ice-cream.
You ----------- eaten vanilla ice-cream.
14. We ----------done shopping together.
We ------------- done shopping together.
15. She --------- done makeup.
2. She has signed in the every function.
She has not signed in the every function.
3. Ram has sited on the mat.
Ram has not sited on the mat.
4. I have played with my friends.
I have not played with my friends.
5. Siya and Diya have played with friends.
Siya and Diya have not played with friends.
6. I have spoken in Hindi and English.
I have not spoken in Hindi and English.
7. Siya has learned Hindi.
Siya has not learned Hindi.
8. My mother has cleaned my room.
My mother has not cleaned my room.
9. I have done with my food.
I have not done with my food.
10. We have played video games in the school.
We have not played video games in the school.
11. Lucky has cleaned his room.
Lucky has not cleaned his room.
12. Savya has done her homework.
Savya has not done her homework.
You have not eaten vanilla ice-cream.
14. We have done shopping together.
We have not done shopping together.
15. She has done makeup.
She has not done makeup.
No Comment to " Present Perfect Exercise "
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0.979264 |
Complete the slogan in the most creative way in less than 20 words.
Visit Golden Screen Cinema website for more details.
Watch the movie trailer of Iron Man 3, and download the awesome wallpaper for your PC/iPad/iPhone!
Watch what happen when Iron Man 3 is low on budget!
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0.995844 |
amounts of sand and put them into a bucket or separate container. Discuss the different measurements.
2. Make a sand art picture, using glue to keep sand in place.
3. Using funnels and scoops, fill bottles (plastic milk jugs, syrup bottles, etc.) with sand. Use two different size funnels.
beans from sand and put in a different container.
5. Draw a picture of beans in sand bucket, or make a picture out of beans.
Use rice as an alternative for sand. Let kids measure, pour, and scoop as long as they like. This develops eye and hand coordination and manual dexterity, and children love playing in the sand.
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0.99999 |
Detailed Review: I loved this book way better than the first book! The pace simply picked up from there and it was just amazing! I didn't think Amanda Hocking could surprise me anymore since the first book but Torn really had plenty of surprises too.
It starts with Wendy and Rhys being in Wendy's old house, where she used to live with her host brother, Matt and aunt Maggie. Matt doesn't believe the story his sister's telling him, which is that she and Rhys were switched at birth and he was actually Rhys' real brother.
Then, when Wendy and Rhys were alone in her room, Finn Holmes snuck inside and said that he was going to bring her back to Forening. He is no longer her bodyguard and is soon replaced by another one, Duncan, who is smarter than he looked. But she declines to go home.
But the Vittra caught her, Matt and Ryhs and took them to their place. She meets Loki, a Markis who's keeping secrets and seductive at the same time. There she finds out something else, the King of the Vittra, Oren, is actually her FATHER. But they manages to escape with the help of Finn, Tove and Duncan. And Loki.
You must be asking why Loki helped Wendy in the first place, when he was a Vittra. You'll have to read for yourself. I won't reveal anything.
Soon, the training for her powers start and her instructor turns out to be Tove. Day by day, she starts to improve, doing things she couldn't imagine even capable of. Such as moving things with her mind, like Tove.
Problems start to emerge after that. Her affection for both Finn and Loki start to tear apart, leaving her confused. And to make it even worse, she finds the Trylles' weakness when they harness their power. They begin to age unnaturally and become weaker if they continuously, like Wendy's mother, the Queen. Elora is slowly weakening, at only 39 and she looked like an old woman, sick and frail (no offense meant).
But it happened, the ultimate choice: she has to marry Tove, something she doesn't even want to do. She's ok with them being friends but not husband and wife. In the end though, she still did it for the sake of her country and mother, even though it meant breaking her own heart.
Brief Review: This book was really good. The overall story was actually well-crafted and I managed to see how the author's writing start to develop. This is a must-read!
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0.999997 |
Overall Bengali dominance began to manifested itself in various ways. They held urban professions, their language was more developed and widely used in Assam, and their educational and even numerical superiority became more than evident. With the halting spread of education in the twentieth century, the Assamese middle class slowly emerged, and with the growth of the Assamese middle class, the seeds of what has been called "little nationalism" were sown in Assam.
On the other hand, the various tribes on the lower ranges were less developed than both of these contending communities. Depending on the preponderance of one or the other in their local context, they felt pressured, even exploited, culturally, economically and politically by both groups.
Despite the existence of an international border, the migration from East Pakistan continued alongside migration from West Bengal. There is considerable dispute over the actual magnitude, but the most comprehensive estimate shows that between 1961 and 1971 the proportion of Assamese declined for the first time and that of Bengali speakers increased; between 1971 and 1981 itself, as many as 1.2 million migrants were added to a population of 14.6 million in 1971. Moreover, the number of registered voters increased dramatically from 6.5 million in 1972 to 8.7 million in 1979, a rise which cannot be totally attributed to the coming of voting age to the previously ineligible. This last discovery of the Election Commission was, in fact, the starting point of the present phase of the organized student movement supported by large sections of the Assamese middle class. The movement has wide-ranging demands including development of Assam and greater share of benefits from its rich national resources, including oil, for the Assamese. Why the issue of deportation of "illegal aliens" has come to be the focus of the movement needs some explanation.
Despite the general anti-Bengali sentiment, the expulsion of migrants that came from West Bengal - these migrants are predominantly Hindus - could not be brought about legally or politically. Interstate movement and residence are perfectly legal in India, and the Assamese economy and society, despite the antagonism, is inextricably linked with West Bengal.
On the other hand, the "post-1947 place of origin" of migrants from Bangladesh, largely Muslim, makes them "aliens" and their migration, for political purposes, can be called "illegal." The students thus found a ground for demanding their expulsion. Additionally, these Muslim migrants provided unstinted support to the Congress Party, now represented by Mrs. Gandhi, and the party in turn patronized them, so much so that local politicians of the Congress Party seem to have put aliens on the electoral rolls irrespective of whether or not they had Indian citizenship.
It is in this atmosphere that the elections were called. Mrs. Gandhi has been heavily criticized in India for her decision to call the elections. Two considerations seem to have gone into her decision: her need for an electoral victory due to the reverses her party had suffered in recent state elections, and her intention to negotiate with a new set of elected leaders who would possibly be more pliable than students on the issue of "aliens."
Large-scale violence and destruction of lives, property, bridges, and various other resources resulted. In addition to the predictable attacks on Bengalis in the towns, there were massacres in which first pro-election Boro tribals attacked Assamese villages at Gohpur and later, in the worst massacre witnessed in independent India, another tribe, the anti-poll Lalung, reportedly with Assamese support, killed scores of Bengali Muslims in Nellie.
The spread of urban conflict to villages seems to be partly a result of the emergence of support for leftist parties in the previous elections. The land reform-oriented agrarian program of the left and its attempt to create a base in the Muslim peasantry seems to have antagonized the Assamese landlords and wealthier peasantry. The most popular party of the left, the Communist Party Marxist (CPM), is in power in West Bengal and therefore is associated with Bengalis. Moreover, tribals seem to be involved in the struggle over land, attacking whichever community, Assamese or Bengali, in possession of most of the land in their respective local situations.
Hold over government, struggle for jobs, land scarcity, and population influx have thus intensified the historical differences between Assamese and Bengali into violent ethnic antagonisms in Assam. All of this took place in a context of acute underdevelopment of Assam and slow economic growth. The anti-aliens agitation is an expression, among other things, of the Assamese fear of becoming politically swamped by an ever larger Bengali presence in the state.
Starting in August 1980, mounting communal tension between Hindus and Sikhs in the state of Punjab led to violent clashes, in the last year in particular. Unlike Assam, Punjab is a state with the highest per capita income. It is the seat of the Green Revolution in India, whose biggest beneficiaries have been the rich Sikh peasants. In Punjab, Sikhs are a majority, Hindus, a minority.
Although religious symbols have been used for the mobilization of Sikhs and the secessionist slogan of Khalistan (a sovereign state of Sikhs) has been raised, the Sikh's charter of demands, drawn from the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, has strong economic and political components, unlike in Assam where the issue of aliens has sidelined economic demands.
The "major" religious demands by the Sikhs, including greater radio time for religious broadcasts over federally controlled radio, and a separate legislative act for Sikh religious shrines, were granted by New Delhi this past February. The major political demands are greater powers, including financial, for the states vis-a-vis New Delhi. A commission has been appointed to review these demands.
The economic demands include a greater share of river waters for irrigation and larger central investment in the industrial sector of Punjab. The territorial and the waters issues are the only unsettled points left. Other demands, minor at present, may later assume importance. The agitation continues unabated.
According to the 1971 census, Sikhs constituted 60.2% of Punjab's population and Hindus 37.5%. In the villages, the Sikh majority was even greater, constituting 69.4 % of the total rural population as opposed to 28.6% Hindus. In the urban areas, however, Hindus formed the majority, 66.4 % against 30.8 % Sikhs. Trade and services, rather than manufacturing, are the main sectors of urban economy in Punjab, and Hindu traders are dominant in both. The agricultural sector is dominated by the Sikh cultivating castes, known as jats.
Green revolution, based as it was on biochemical and mechanical inputs in agriculture and surplus production for market, has deeply linked trade with agriculture and made the latter dependent on the market. Both for buying modern inputs and selling surplus produce, the rich Sikh farmer has to go through the urban market, dominated by the Hindu trader. So long as the economic pie kept increasing, this incongruity did not much matter, but when prices of food grain and other crops stopped increasing, a clash of interests between the Sikh farmer and the Hindu trader was created.
Irrigation problems have worsened the situation. That Punjab has the best irrigated agriculture in the country is not enough for the rich peasant; while 1.4 million hectares in Punjab are canal-irrigated, two million hectares are dependent on tubewells. Due to its power and diesel needs, tubewell irrigation, is "three to nine times more costly" (India Today). The prosperity of the rich peasanty has thus slackened.
Other developments have occurred. Landlessness has increased from 17.3 percent in 1961 to 32.1 percent in 1971 and more later. The landless, mostly Untouchables and low caste Hindus and Sikhs, have also become politicized by the leftist Agricultural Labor Union. Sikhs in urban trades are neither economically nor numerically as dominant as the Hindus. And finally, the proportion of Sikhs in the Army has fallen from 35 percent to 20 percent.
Amid these mounting uncertainties, religion both divides and unites.
For the rich Sikh peasantry, faced with Hindu traders on the one hand and politicized labor on the other, religion performs a useful role. It unites the Sikh trader, who is also opposed to the Hindu trader, and the low caste Sikh laborer by dividing the agricultural labor into low caste Sikhs and low caste Hindus or Untouchables. Religious slogans appeal to the religiosity of the insecure small Sikh peasant and the unpoliticized Sikh laborer.
It is unlikely that these links would have automatically led to political action without the mediation of political parties. This mediation did not simply reflect the emerging socio-economic divisions; it deepened them. The two main rural parties, the ruling Congress and the Akali Dal, a party dominated by the rich Sikh peasanty, have contributed much towards this deepening. Scholars have noted the schizophrenic character of Punjab politics. It has a "dual political system and a dual political area," one secular and the other religious and confined to Sikhs.
Since the exhaustion of the green revolution in Punjab, this is the first time that Akalis have not been in power. Although they had their first relatively stable rule from 1977 to 1980, Congress returned to power in 1980. The Akali elite, when in power, did not take up any of its present demands with New Delhi where its partner in electoral alliance, the Janata Party, ruled, but soon after the rival Congress returned, agitations were launched in support of the demands. The power implications seem reasonably clear: unless the enhanced economic power of the rich Sikh peasantry is matched with political power, peace will be difficult to maintain in Punjab. Either political power should compensate for the halt in its economic prosperity, or greater economic incentives must return as expressed in the river waters issue. Interests of the Akali political elites have thus coincided with those of the discontented peasantry. Religion is a particularly effective vehicle of political mobilization in such a situation, for that alone can prevent the increasing differentiation in the Sikh community from fragmented and weak political expression.
The ruling Congress has also played an electoral game. In an effort to weaken Akali Dal, it has, in the recent past, supported rabidly communal factions, including the present messiah Sant Bhindranwale, in the SGPC elections. The Congress is clearly not interested in settling the problem unless some political or electoral gains are likely, or unless the violence reaches explosive proportions.
Of all the religious and ethnic issues in contemporary India, history has cast its deepest shadow on Hindu-Muslim relations. The most critical contemporary phase of this history was the partition of 1947. A Muslim sovereign state of Pakistan was born amidst ghastly communal violence but almost as many Muslims as there were in the new constituted Pakistan, for various reasons, stayed in India. The partition did not solve the Hindu-Muslim problems; it caused the situation of the Muslims in India to deteriorate. They were blamed for the division of the country, their leadership had left and their power was further weakened by the removal of all Muslim-majority areas except Kashmir. Most of all, the conflict between India and Pakistan kept the roots of the communal tension perpetually alive and pushed Muslims into the unfortunate situation of defending their loyalty to India. Even 36 years after independence, the problem has not been overcome; Hindi-Muslim riots have in fact increased in the last few years.
It would be wrong, however, to conclude that the entire Muslim community in India has been under pressure. First, even though a minority (according to the 1971 census, 11.2 percent of the Indian population was Muslim as opposed to 61.2 percent caste Hindus), Muslims are in a majority in one state and constitute 13.5 to 24 percent population in five states. There are 39 districts in India in which they comprise from between 20 percent to 94 percent of the population. Many cultural differences exist among them. Only 45 percent speak Urdu and there are caste and sect divisions. As many as 73 percent live in villages; only 27 percent are urban. This is particularly important, after 1947 the Hindu-Muslim riots occurred for the most part, in urban centers. Most of these towns are modernizing, middle-size towns such as Aligarh, Moradabad, Meerut, Ranchi, Baroda, Hyderabad, Trivandrum. In the big and/or industrialized cities such as Bombay, Delhi, Ahmedabad, the communal fury, whenever it has erupted, has remained confined to the older parts of the city. Villages have remained largely undisturbed. Acute communal consciousness occurs largely in the middle class; its most fertile bases lie in the lower middle classes of growing middle size towns of sizeable Muslim populations.
Discrimination exists at other levels in other parts of the country. Decline in the status of Urdu in north India, widespread use of Hindu mythologies and symbols in school textbooks and continuing controversy over the foremost educational institution of Muslims, the Aligarh University, have indeed done much to provoke Muslim fears. Evidence that the police and administrative machinery in recent riots have sided with violent Hindus has further deepened widespread feelings of discrimination.
The emerging character of electoral politics have made matters worse. Communal Hindu parties apart, even the ruling Congress Party, professedly secular, has, since independence, had a dualistic character. The secular strain in the Congress was represented by Nehru but the communal strain was also present in the form of Patel, India's first Deputy Prime Minister, and was more pronounced at the provincial level. Nehru's stature kept the communal strain in check, but in the seventies, the party machinery has been taken over by the new generation of leaders, whose power and mobilization is based less on secularism or socio-economic programs and more on exploiting caste and religious divisions at the local levels.
If Nehru showed the integrative potential of democratic politics, the new leaders have shown its divisive potential. Muslims are the largest minority. Their votes can swing political fortunes. Parties have not hesitated to fan communal flames for electoral gains. The most recent example of this was the openly communal campaigning by the Congress in the violence-torn Assam elections. This new mode of realpolitik has been adopted by the new provincial and local leaders of most parties. The higher recent incidence of Hindu-Muslim riots has a good deal to do with this new phenomenon.
It is easier to outline these problems than suggest what should be done about them. In a situation of mutual distrust, almost any solution will generate controversy. Still, three solutions seem plausible. First, further decentralization of power to states would be of considerable help. This would partly address the problems in Punjab and Assam, both of which have complained of the gap between the resources they are entitled to and the resources they actually process. Second, a conscious attempt needs to be made to improve the educational attainment and economic level is easily demonstrated of Muslims whose socio-economic backwardness is easily demonstrated. The Muslim elite could do much in this respect. Special educational privileges are constitutionally sanctioned but they ought to be worked on. Modern liberal, as opposed to religious, education would be of great help. The government, for its part, could allay the apprehensions of the Muslim community by better representing Muslims in the police and paramilitary forces. Third, the secular leaders, to the extent that they exist, must make a sustained effort to reintroduce and deepen secular, socioeconomic concern in democratic politics. Partisan communal leaders and communal electoral mobilization, both within and outside the communal parties, but particularly within the ruling party, should be exposed. Aware leadership - political, social and intellectual - has to work for this political reconstruction. Definitive resolution of problems may be inordinately difficult but substantial alleviation is not.
Source: Myron Weiner, 1983, p. 283.
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0.905314 |
Not to be confused with James Stanley (American football).
Jim Stanley (June 22, 1935 – January 12, 2012) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater from 1973 to 1978, compiling a record of 35–31–2. Stanley was also the head coach of the USFL's Michigan Panthers in 1983 and 1984, their only two years of existence. The Panthers won the USFL Championship in 1983.
Stanley was a three-year starter for Bear Bryant's Texas A&M Aggies teams in the 1950s. He was a member of the undefeated 1956 A&M team. He began his coaching career in Amarillo, Texas, coaching high school football from 1959 to 1960. He served as defensive coordinator at Oklahoma State from 1963 to 1968, before moving to the United States Naval Academy from 1969 to 1970, and then the Canadian Football League's Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1971 to 1972.
Stanley returned to Stillwater to become the head coach of the Oklahoma State University Cowboys in 1973. He coached at Oklahoma State from 1973 to 1978, amassing a career record of 35–31–2. His Cowboys earned a Fiesta Bowl victory in 1974 and his 1976 team ended the season 9–3 finishing as a Big Eight co-champions on their way to a Tangerine Bowl victory. His success at Oklahoma State earned him many accolades, including being invited to coach three collegiate all-star games: the 1973 East–West Shrine Game, the 1977 Hula Bowl, and the 1977 Japan Bowl.
In 1978, the Big Eight Conference initiated an investigation into the Oklahoma State University football program in response to allegations of violations of several NCAA rules and regulations while Stanley was head coach. Stanley successfully filed suit against the conference to require them to provide various due process protections in their final hearing on the charges. A decade later, however, the United States Supreme Court, in a case involving UNLV head basketball coach Jerry Tarkanian, held that the 14th Amendment's due process guarantees were not applicable to the NCAA and similar athletic organizations since their investigations do not amount to the requisite action necessary for the constitutional protections to apply.
Stanley served as the defensive line coach for the New York Giants in 1979 and the Atlanta Falcons from 1980 to 1982 before moving to the USFL. Stanley was in the running to be the head coach of the USFL's Birmingham Stallions, but was passed over for Pittsburgh Steelers offensive line coach Rollie Dotsch.
Stanley was later signed by the Michigan Panthers to serve as their head coach, a position he held in 1983 and 1984. His 1983 team won the league championship after starting off 1–4. Following the poor start, Stanley recognized that his offensive line was too porous to allow rookie QB Bobby Hebert to succeed and so he lobbied management to bring in some veteran NFL offensive linemen to fill the gaps. Management addressed the issue by signing a bevy of experienced offensive linemen: Tyrone McGriff and Thom Dornbrook of the New York Giants and Ray Pinney of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Dornbrook and McGriff made USFL all-league teams in 1983 and Pinney was considered one of the best tackles in the league. The team finished the regular season 11–2 and then ran through the playoffs defeating Jim Mora's Philadelphia Stars. His 1984 squad looked like a favorite to repeat, going 6–0 to start the season, but then star wide receiver Anthony Carter was lost for the season. Combined with reports of player salary complaints, that led the team to go 4–8 for the remainder of the season. The Panthers were eliminated in the first round by Steve Young's Los Angeles Express, 27–21, in a hard fought, triple-overtime game. It was pro football's longest game and the Panthers' last. Stanley finished with a 24–15 record in the USFL.
After the season the majority of USFL owners, led by New Jersey Generals owner Donald Trump and Chicago franchise owner Eddie Einhorn voted to move the league to a fall schedule. Panthers' owner A. Alfred Taubman had no desire to compete head to head with his friend, Detroit Lions owner William Clay Ford. Following the vote, the Panthers delegation surprised the league owners and commissioner by announcing the team would be merged with the Oakland Invaders in a pre-negotiated conditional deal. The new team went with a new head coach, Charlie Sumner.
Stanley returned to the NFL. He joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as defensive line coach before moving up to defensive coordinator in 1986. He was a defensive coach for the Houston Oilers for six years before joining the Arizona Cardinals' player personnel department. He retired as the Director of Player Personnel for the Cardinals after serving in that role for 12 years. Stanley was involved in the acquisition of quarterback Kurt Warner by the Cardinals. Warner's play was key in leading the Cardinals to their first NFL Championship game in decades.
Stanley also served as an assistant coach at Southern Methodist University and UTEP.
Stanley and his wife, Sylvia, have four children. Stanley suffered from melanoma and died on January 12, 2012 in Chandler, Arizona.
↑ "Jimmy Lee Stanley", Stillwater News Press, January 16, 2012.
↑ See National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179 (1988).
↑ Jimmie Tramel, "Former Cowboys remember the success of 1976", Tulsa World, November 29, 2011.
↑ "Former OSU Football Coach Jim Stanley Dies", KTUL, January 12, 2012.
↑ Mike Sherman, "Former OSU football coach Jim Stanley dies", The Oklahoman, January 12, 2012.
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0.992401 |
Let be a sequence of positive terms.
Prove or give a counterexample: if diverges then also diverges.
Prove or give a counterexample: if converges then also converges.
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0.999964 |
Stem cell research and therapy is allowed in Russia. However, medical tourists have to search for certified medical centers that are accredited by the country’s Ministry of Health.
Who is travelling to Russia for stem cell therapy?
The cost of the stem cell therapy packages in Russia depends on many factors, such as: the patient's overall health status, the condition being treated, and the treatment package’s inclusions.
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0.99413 |
From his stay in Egypt (around 1500 BC) Moses had knowledge of the Egyptian initiation mystery religions from where the idea of one God was well known to him. This knowledge he incorporates in the new religion which he began handing over to the children of Israel prior to the exodus from Egypt. His teachings have inspired a number of world religions in which to this day there is still to find traces of Moses' influence.
Moses is the first (known) the founder of a religion, and the author demonstrates from his thorough and comprehensive studies that Moses has included much of the mystery-gold from Egypt. The new religion is also the first written religion where the Bible (the Moses-scriptures) from the beginning has been written with the alphabet, which was established at Sinai.
According to the author Moses' own writings, the foundation of the Bible (OT) and its concept are still - even after the priest Ezra made some distinct corrections in the Bible - the faith related basis for millions of people around the world.
The author is driven by an analytical curiosity, and the book shows what a great range and depth of the work he presents, when he finds traces of all the world's writings, and he compared information which have not previously been combined.
This is the fourth volume of the story of Moses - and although the volumes complement each other they can be read independently of each other.
Knowledge of Reincarnation. - A special book, on many levels an extremely interesting and unusually activating, has been published - and indeed, containing part of the special light: "The Secret Religion", the work of Ove von Spaeth, the writer and researcher, presents new insights in religious history from ancient Egypt up till the modern, western world. One - also brilliantly and thoroughly prepared - aspect of the diversified contents of the book will be focused in the following.
Many people of the modern world ask the question to themselves why they should at all engage in something as distant to them as the thought of reincarnation. Or as the thought of that human beings may have lived several or many previous lives. And the thought, that perhaps they may also experience many future lives.
To some people this thought may seem immense, frightening, and very peculiar, because to a broad extent they have probably already have had plentiful decisions to take a stand on concerning events, which have happened, or happen, in this life. The reader may ask, "What's the use for me?". One can imagine that, what gives the life a meaning, may be the teachings of reincarnation: The fact that human life on this planet may be meaningful in a much larger perspective of development than we usually imagine.
Therefore, it is of extremely importance to do research on human consciousness - and to describe it - much more than has been the case hitherto. Ove von Spaeth, a Danish Writer, has done research in exciting finds and discoveries, not least in the spiritual parts of ancient history.
And in the veritable goldmine of knowledge that Ove von Spaeth has generated to us in his books and articles, a very basic knowledge can be seen, which may contribute to various future research on the teachings of reincarnation, together with research in consciousness. It is impossible to escape this knowledge - as Ove von Spaeth among other things is dealing with in his book, "The Secret Religion" (C.A. Reitzel Publisher and Booksellar, Ltd., 2004), especially the chapter: "Religion's Lost Dimension".
Reincarnation is only to be attached to one out of many lines of his authorship. But especially valuable is Ove von Spaeth's text about reincarnation, which presents an impartial survey not giving priority to any definite faith or religious conception. For instance, his texts seek to emphasize the important and meaningful role - often not recognised fully today - that these ancient ideas have had, and still have, behind our cultural history, religions, and ways of thinking.
Not least such contributions may help the future circulation of the teachings and the research on the conception of reincarnation. Because in these texts can be found the abundantly documented information, which are often missed in other works on reincarnation. In his books Ove von Spaeth presents also comprehensive literature references about kindred subjects - and his very discoveries are unique and are totally presented with a great spirit of research.
The individual may be able to extend the outlook of life to understand that being is not ending, when we stop breathing, but that life goes on - and that the human consciousness is an eternally valid structure, which will live on in the more subtle worlds as an eternal monad of light in the structure of the whole Universe.
It should make sense that the less good deeds we may do to others and to ourselves in a given circle of life, may provide us with a positive possibility for having them disappear from our mind by showing in a new incarnation, that in a similar situation in new incarnation we are able to act in a more positive or benevolent way in support of our existence. Consequently, here are possibilities for making progress through equalizing settling it in another incarnation. This may encompass being able to develop your own consciousness and your own understanding of soul.
Therefore, reincarnating deals also with the soul's "growth of experience" by the individual being - with, by such an extended consciousness can cause the human potential to develop to an even very beautiful degree.
Talking about extension of consciousness as a commencing and further development of insight, one of many roads to this may be reading about what was known in pre-historic times concerning these topics. This in order to focus on ion finding i which area we, at present, may do research to understand. For instance, here may be done research in, and if possible disclose what the human consciousness can get in contact with concerning former lives.
Within psychology much new knowledge are to be expected, together with major advances regarding imbalances of the human mind. And, here, everything for the purpose of bringing them to light and to dissolve them by working with the human mind's admission to conditions and possible problems of previous lives.
In order to do future research in the human consciousness, and in order to create new thinking of psychology in its many aspects, it is a leading point that the teachings about lifetimes after this life - and the life prior to the life, should be included. The following "codes" are known from old sources, but not always recognized: - Withdrawal from the physical body: Earth to earth, dust to dust, to resurrection. - Withdrawal of the soul: Light to light, light to be, to resurrect from light. Does it sound too religious? However, the light is not limited by religion.
As far as research is concerned, Ove von Spaeth has passed the major test of apprenticeship long ago with his treatise on the ancient Egyptian star map, the oldest star map in the world - and in addition the master test with his five volume work about the historical Moses. A hallmark of quality also striking in his many articles - and might be published as e-books, too. All seeking persons can find answers in Ove von Spaeth's texts. They inform today's women and men, the teacher, the vicar, and especially the researcher - here, everybody can find the most unique and subtle information. Such concentrated knowledge presented in such a way of clarity and wisdom is hard to find elsewhere.
Several of Ove von Spaeth's books and articles also dealing with associated subjects may, thus, contribute to consolidate one of the steps towards a greater recognition of the ego, the self, the consciousness, and not least the divine, and also the faith - and now also the knowledge which at all times have saturated the backgrounds for the perception of history and the information from the lot of religions and cultures. Altogether, veritable gems of wisdom have been born with Ove von Spaeth's texts - so read them, get insight, become worldly-wise and experienced - and have your perception extended concerning history, religion, and your self and YOUR life and the teachings of reincarnation. Happy discoveries!
The very book: Ove von Spaeth: "The Secret Religion" (2004).
(Merete Gundersen, Writer, Holistic SIQ Therapeutist, is the author of many books - including the book-series named "The Spiritual Human Being" , 2004).
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0.999829 |
For all practical purposes, probation is a sentence ordered by a judge, usually instead of, but sometimes in addition to, serving time in jail. It allows the convicted person to live in the community for a specified period of time, sometimes under the supervision of a probation officer. Technically, some jurisdictions do not consider the grant of probation, but the deferment or "suspension" of sentencing, or the Court may actually sentence the defendant to state prison, but suspend the "execution" (ie, the carrying out) of the sentence, and place the defendant on probation. The real essence of probation is the continued power of the Court over the defendant. Without probation, the defendant might be sentenced to a maximum jail term of one year on a misdemeanor for example. From then on, the defendant's only obligation to the criminal justice system is to serve his year. When he gets out, he is free of all obligations, conditions, and supervision. Courts don't like that, so even if the judge is determined to send the accused to jail, he usually prefers a probationary sentence so that if the defendant misbehaves in any way, he can be re-sentenced and put back in jail. As an example, if on a misdemeanor carrying a maximum of one year in jail, the judge grants probation on the condition that he serves 11 months in jail, the defendant is better off refusing probation and serving the maximum of one year. The judge cannot do any more to him than that. Yes, the defendant has to AGREE to probation.
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0.960699 |
LONDON, England (CNN) -- The humble sail is undergoing a revolution and is set to be thrust into outer-space for use on satellites, rockets and other spacecraft.
A design drawing shows the 'sails' that will be used to help return spacecraft to Earth more quickly.
A new form of sail, known as an "aerobraking sail," is being adapted by space engineers who hope to use it to speed up the return of various forms of space craft to Earth faster than they would naturally fall from the sky.
The development comes at a critical time when the volume of space junk in orbit is continuing to rise and poses an ever-increasing collision threat to new missions.
Brice Santerre and Max Cerf of European aerospace firm EADS Astrium are the researchers behind the Innovative Deorbiting Aerobrake System (IDEAS) concept, which was presented to the Fifth European Conference on Space Debris in Darmstadt, Germany, last month.
Santerre told CNN the aerobraking sail is almost the complete opposite concept to that of a conventional sail used on boats, as it will create drag to slow the craft rather than using wind pressure to propel it.
"It's not the same, it's only for drag ... actually it's much more simple. We can't use it for propulsion," he said.
In order to achieve a rapid return, Santerre and Cerf have designed what they call "gossamer structures," which are lightweight sails constructed of very thin membranes, that deploy when the object is no longer in use and create drag.
"If we sufficiently increase the drag without increasing the mass we can speed up the fall-out using the drive of the atmosphere."
Put simply; by creating drag and slowing down the craft's movement, it will help to pull it towards Earth's atmosphere to burn up much more quickly. The reason the sail slows the craft instead of propelling it is because the air pressure in space is too low to create forward momentum.
Santerre said he hoped the sail would be a cost-effective way of returning space craft to Earth within a 25 year time-period, whereas it would usually take 70 years without the assistance.
This is important as the growing danger of collision posed by space junk has led space agencies to set aerospace firms a guideline of removing craft from orbit within 25 years of their launch date, he said.
"There is a problem with debris population, especially in the lower orbit region. There are rules under construction to limit the debris. The (European) Space Agency more and more wants to apply these rules," Santerre said.
The other option available for getting rockets stages back to Earth is by using a powered dive towards Earth, however, this can be expensive due to the costs of a reignition.
Though still in its design and testing stage, it is planned that the aerobraking sail will be used on a French space project called "Microscope" that is scheduled for launch in 2013.
Santerre said there was also hope the new technology could one day be applied to existing pieces of space junk to help remove them from orbit more swiftly.
For now, Santerre said his company is seeking potential customers for the new aerobraking sail and they plan to continue improving the concept through research and by testing the deployment and rigidization of their materials in vacuum chambers.
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0.997502 |
Sculpt arms and shred your abs at the same time with the Single Leg Renegade Row exercise. This exercise is an advanced exercise. Although, the target is primarily upper back in this exercise, it is also great for overall core strength and shaping your upper extremities.
1. Start in plank position with your right hand across the platform logo, (board is lateral to the length of your body) and your left hand on the floor holding dumbbell.
2. Extend your right leg up off the ground and reach it behind you.
3. Keeping your neck long and shoulders in your back pockets, lift the dumbbell in a rowing position, towards your ribcage.
4. Lower dumbbell back to floor, touching lightly before pulling back up.
6. Switch to opposite side and repeat steps 1-4.
Tips: Be sure to brace your abs at all times. This will help stabilize the lower back while holding your isometric plank position. Be sure to keep lifted leg extended as if you are trying to reach opposite wall. If you find this too challenging, you can keep both feet on the floor. For more of a challenge, you can keep the dumbbell from touching the floor between repetitions. Be sure to understand and perform this exercise on the floor first or until you feel confident in your form and technique, and strong enough to complete this exercise.
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0.99754 |
How many grams should 18" and 28" dough balls weigh for the real deal New York style pies?
I want to use 500 grams for and 18" pie and 1000grams for a 28" pie . What do you guys think?
For each style of pie I make, I keep track of grams/sq. inch once I get the thickness right. This way I can easily scale the weight of a dough ball up and down.
For a 13" pie I use a 325 gram ball. This works out to 2.45 grams per square inch.
For this thickness for an 18" ball, you can use a 623 gram ball. And for a 28" pie 1,507 gram ball.
I'm assuming the 28" wasn't a mistake since it was mentioned twice in your post? That's ridiculously big and won't be easy to pull off. It'll fit in a commercial oven, and you'll need special pans and peels to make it work. Also, just in terms of stretching, it will be very hard to get right.
Thank you for your answer. I use 230-250gr dough for 12" pizza. Above those numbers pizza is too thick for my taste.
The reason i want to make 28" pie is that i want to offer the biggest pizza in my area. With 750gr dough i can stretch it 24 " without any problem. Wouldnt it a little bit doughy with 1500gr dough?
The numbers I gave in my previous post will be a little thicker than your numbers. If you're going with 240 grams (average of 230 and 250 grams) for a 12" pie, then to get the same thickness for an 18" pie you would use a 539 gram ball. For a 28" pie you would use a 1,305 gram ball.
Thank you Raj. Could you pls explain to me how you calculated it from the base dough 240gr.
Absolutely. To do this calculation we want to find out the amount dough contained per square inch in your 12"/240 gram pie.
To get the area of the 12" pie, we can use this equation: pi * r^2.
3.14 * 9 * 9 = 254 square inches.
254 square inches * 2.12 grams = 539 grams.
You're lucky that Raj only gave you his simplified explanation. If Raj were actually talking with you, he'd tell you that you may need to make further adjustments because the formula he gave you was just a back of the envelope calculation, which assumes that the pizza is a disc, that is, a flat circle with no cornichon. Because your pizza has a cornichon, it's a combination of two shapes, It's more like a disc within a donut ring (or as Raj would say, a "torus"). The calculation of the volume of the ring is way complicated, but what Raj would tell you is that if you want the thickness of the disc portion of your dough and ring portion both to stay the same as the pizza gets bigger, the numbers he gave you will be a little low, so you should start with the numbers he gave you and then adjust. It all goes back to that pizza relativity thing.
As usual, Adam's insight is spot on. I'd start with the dough weights we calculated in the previous replies. From there, you can easily make an adjustment.
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